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EPISTHMONIKOS UPOLOGISMOS I
I. (
40 b.)

Exetastik Febrouarou 2006

APANTHSEIS

1. Pte lme ti na ssthma arijmhtikc kinhtc upodiastolc ikanopoie thn arq akriboc stroggleushc?
Apnthsh.

Jewra: tan to apotlesma miac stoiqeidouc arijmhtikc pr-

xhc sthn a.k.u. (ep ttoiwn arijmn) epistrfei to apotlesma pou ja prokupte an h prxh gintan se akrib arijmhtik (peirhc akrbeiac) kai met qrhsimopoieto stroggleush. 2. Na orsete me safneia ti shmanei psw eustjeia ston upologism thc timc miac sunrthshc apstashc tou qn.
Apnthsh.

f : Rn Rm

kai na exhgsete pc an apodexoume

thn psw eustjeia enc algorjmou mporome na anaggoume thn eresh thc

f (x) ap to upologismno fprog (x) se na prblhma diatara-

An o upologismc enai psw eustajc tte mporome na brome

dinusma stw

xprog Rn ,

pou enai kont sto

x,

ttoio ste

f (xprog )

fprog (x) ,
sto ti

dhl. o upologismc thc sunrthshc me to sugkekrimno algrijmo me arijmhtik peirhc akrbeiac. An dexoume kti ttoio, isqei

se a.k.u. dnei to dio akribc apotlesma me ton upologism thc sunrthshc

xprog ,

f (x) fprog (x) = f (x) f (xprog )

epomnwc h apstash (to apluto emprc sflma) twn duo ja enai sh me thn apstash thc timc tou

sto

xprog ,

kai h melth thc, efson to

x ap thn tim tou f se na kontin shmeo x enai kont sto xprog , antistoiqe se
kai ti prpei na upologsoume to gin-

prblhma diataraqn. 3. stw to migadik mhtro meno

A Cnn

AB , pou B C min

nk

. Sth sunqeia upojtoume ti ta

k kai n enai pol

pragmatikn

megaltera tou 1. a) Na upologsete to a.k.u.) kai to tou

(pljoc prxewn

(pljoc elqistwn metaforn

pragmatikn a.k.u.)

meta-

x mnmhc kai epexergast/kataqwrhtn/krufc mnmhc gia ton upologism

msw thc parapnw kfrashc. b) Na dexete (epiqeirhmatologntac

bsei twn timn gia ta jewrhjon wc

Apnthsh.

min

kai

giat oi parapnw prxeic mporon na

BLAS-3.

a) Ap thn ekfnhsh fanetai ti mporome na gryoume

C = AB = (AR BR AI BI ) + i(AR BI + AI BR ). BR , BI Rnk . Kajnac ap touc parapnw polaplasiasmoc stoiqzei nk(2n 1) prxeic.
pou kai Epomnwc, to sunolik kstoc ja enai

A = AR + iAI , B = BR + iBI , AR , AI Rnn

= 4nk(2n 1) + 2nk,

pou o teleutaoc roc ofeletai sto ti prpei epshc na prostejon ta endimesa apotelsmata (dhl. ta ja enai

AR BI + AI BR , AR BR AI BI .

Sunolik,

= 8n2 k 2nk .

Enallaktik, mporete na pete ti o pollapla-

siasmc bajmwtn migadikn stoiqzei 4 pollaplasiasmoc kai 2 prosjseic pragmatikn (fanetai ston parapnw tpo an jewrsete ti la ta stoqea enai bajmwto) dhl. 6 prxeic pragmatikn, en mia prsjesh 2 migadikn stoiqzei so 2 prosjseic pragmatikn. O pollaplasiasmc migadikn mhtrwn megjouc migadikn kai kstoc ja

n n me n n stoiqzei nk forc n pollaplasiasmoc nk 1 forc prosjseic migadikn. Epomnwc to sunolik 2 enai nk6n + nk(2nk 2) = 8n k 2nk , pwc kai prin. A-

fo kje metafor migadiko isoduname me 2 metaforc pragmatikn, to

min = 2(n2 + 2nk) = 2n2 + 4nk .

b) Parathrome ti to gnwrzoume ti

min = (2n2 + 4nk)/(8n2 k 2nk) O(1/k). Epshc

me ekenh twn prxewn 4. stw o brqoc anexrthta

Apnthsh.

1. Epomnwc, h prxh parousizei topikthta antstoiqh BLAS-3.

nagryete qrhsimopointac xetligma mkouc

for i=1:n, z(i) = a*x(i)+y(i); end. Na ton xa3 kai pou na leitourge swst ap thn tim tou n. MATLAB ,
ti h sunrthsh

Ja jewrsoume, pwc sth

epistrfei to uploipo thc diareshc duo arijmn exc:

rem(x, y) x, y . O brqoc ja enai wc

m = rem(n,3); for j=1:m, z(i) = a*x(i)+y(j); end for j=m+1:3:n z(i) = a*x(i)+y(j); z(i+1) = a*x(i+1)+y(j+1); z(i+2) = a*x(i+2)+y(j+2); end

5. H sunrthsh

rank

thc

MATLAB

ektim to pljoc twn idiazousn timn

enc mhtrou pou enai megalterec enc rou

tol

pou orzetai wc

max(size(A)) norm(A) eps.

stw ti o upologismc afor na mhtro

A = DQ,

pou to

Q R77

enai orjognio kai to

A pou dnetai se morf ginomnou D diagnio me stoiqea

D = diag[100, 1, 0.00001, 1e 10, 2048, 1e 32, 0]

kai ti qrhsimopoietai arijmhtik

IEEE

diplc akrbeiac. Na upologsete

kai na exhgsete thn tim pou ja epistryei to

Apnthsh.

rank(A).

D enai diagnio kai to Q orjognio. Grfontac A = ID(Q ) , D enai to diagnio mhtro pou periqei tic idizousec timc, to Q periqei ta dexi idizonta diansmata, en ta aristra idizonta diansmata enai ta diansmata thc tupikc bshc e1 , ..., e7 . Epshc, norm(A) = 2048 kajc h sunrthsh epistrfei th 2-nrma tou A pou enai h mgisth idizousa tim tou enallaktik, fanetai ap to ti h 2-nrma
To pou

enai tautotik mhtro, fanetai ti to

enai ametblhth an pollaplasisoume to mhtro me orjognio mhtro, epomnwc

= AQ

= D

2 . Epshc

max(size(A)) = 7, eps =

= 252

(to yilon

thc mhqanc gia a.k.u. IEEE diplc akrbeiac). Epomnwc

max(size(A)) norm(A) eps = 210 (23 1)252 239 1012 .

Uprqoun 5 timc tou enai 5.

pou enai megalterec tou

1012 ,

epomnwc h apnthsh kai ti jloume na qoun tic paraktw

II. (

30 b.)

stw to dinusma

upologsoume mhtra idithtec:

e = [1, 4, zeros(1, 6), 2, 2] M R1010 kai H R1010 ta opoa

a) To M enai ktw trigwnik me mondec sth diagnio kai ttoio ste M e = eye(10, 1). b) To H enai orjognio kai ttoio ste H e = eye(10, 1) gia kpoio bajmwt . 1. Na upologsete ta stoiqea ta mhtra krimno

M kai H kajc kai to gia to sugkee. Protenetai na ta upologsete sth morf I + uv pou u, v R10 kai bajmwtc. Prpei bbaia na upologsete ta , u, v gia kajna ap ta M kai H . Merik ap aut mpore na enai tetrimmna, p.q. = 1, kai na mhn exartntai ap to dinusma e gia to merik mhdenism tou opoou
kataskeusthkan.

Gauss kai to to stoiqeidh Householder antstoiqa. Eidiktera, to M = I be1 pou b = [0; e2:10 ] = [0, zeros(1, 6), 2, 2] ja enai sth zhtomenh morf. To H = I 2uu /u u pou u = e + e 2 e1 kai kajc ekola fanetai ti e 2 = 5, 2 u = [6, 4, zeros(1, 6), 2, 2] . Epomnwc H = I 60 uu pou enai sth zhtomenh morf. Tloc, epalhjeetai mesa ti He = 5e1 .
Apnthsh.

Prkeitai gia to stoiqeidec mhtro

anaklast

2. Ddetai to dinusma

z R10 . Na dexete kai na gryete pc mpore na upolo1 giste fjhn, qrhsimopointac apokleistik prxeic BLAS-1, to (M H) z.
Apnthsh.

(M H)1 z = H 1 M 1 z = H M 1 z
all epshc epalhjeetai mesa ti

M 1 = I + be1

kai

= H , epomnwc

(M H)1 z = H(I + be1 )z = Hz + Hb(e1 z) = Hz + Hb1 = H (z + 1 b),

pou

enai to prto stoiqeo tou

z.

Epomnwc, to dinusma

z = z + 1 b

mpore na kataskeuaste kalntac mia prxh eidik morf tou

saxpy.

Antikajistntac thn

H,

ja qoume

(I

u z 1 uu ) = z z u. 30 30 dot gia to u z

Sunepgetai ti mpore na upologiste kalntac mia for to kai mia prxh

saxpy

gia ta uploipa.

3. Na upologsete ton (nw trigwnik) pargonta ntopohshc

Apnthsh.

QR

tou mhtrou

R (kai qi to Q) thc paragoA = tril(ones(4, 3)) me bsh ta parapnw.

Ja qrhsimopoisoume anaklastc (stoiqeideic metasqhmatismoc pou qoun thn dia morf me thn prohgomenh erthsh.

Householder)

Eidiktera, an jsoume tra pou

e = [1, 1, 1, 1] , tte H1 = I 2u1 u1 /u1 u1 u1 = e + e 2 e1 = [3, 1, 1, 1] kai H1 e = e 2 e1 . Epomnwc H1 e = 2 2e1 kai H1 = I 12 u1 u1 . Epshc, 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000 0.0000 0.5000 0.3333 . H1 A = 0.0000 0.5000 0.6667 0.0000 0.5000 0.6667

Jtoume

H2 = I 2u2 u2 /u2 u2 , u2 = 0.5[0, 1, 1, 1] +

kai

3e2 = [0, 0.5(1 +

3), 0.5, 0.5] .

2.0000 1.5000 1.0000 0 0.8660 0.5774 . H2 H1 A = 0 0 0.5774 0 0 0.5774

Sto teleutao bma ja qoume:

H3 = I 2u3 u3 /u3 u3 , u3 = 0.5774[0, 0, 1, 1] +

2e3 = [0, 0, 0.5774(1 +

2), 0.5774] .

2.0000 1.5000 1.0000 0 0.8660 0.5774 . R = H 3 H 2 H1 A = 0 0 0.8165 0 0 0

stw h sunrthsh u : R R gia thn opoa gnwrzoume ti oi u(j) (x), j = 1, ..., 4 enai suneqec gia x [1, 1]. Gnwrzoume epshc ti u(1) = 0, u(1) = 1 kai ti h u ikanopoie th diaforik exswsh
30 b.)

III. (

pargwgoi

u(2) (x) + u(1) (x) + u(x) = x2 x (1, 1).

H akribc tim tou bajmwto

den enai gnwst all exarttai ap to prblhma.

Jloume na proseggsoume th lsh arijmhtik, lnontac grammik ssthma pou prokptei ap kentrismnec peperasmnec diaforc deterhc txhc gia thn prosggish twn paraggwn. 1. Na diakritopoisete thn exswsh qrhsimopointac plgma isapeqntwn kmbwn pou

x0 = 0, x1 = 1 + h, x2 = 1 + 2h, ..., x6 = 1 sto disthma (1, 1), h enai h apstash metax diadoqikn kmbwn (oi kmboi x0 = 1, x6 = 1 antistoiqon sta kra tou diastmatoc). Na gryete prosektik to grammik ssthma Aw = b pou prpei na luje. Ta stoiqea twn A kai b
prpei na enai so pio aplopoihmna gnetai (aplc arijmhtikc ekfrseic, endeqomnwc exartmenec ap to
Apnthsh.

.) 1
kai

To plgma qei 5 kmbouc (ektc twn akrawn shmewn

1)

epomnwc ja qoume ti

h = (x6 x0 )/(5 + 1) = 1/3.

Ja prokyei na

ssthma 5 exissewn me 5 agnstouc, pou ja enai timc

U1 , ..., U5

pou ja

proseggzoun th sunrthsh

stouc kmbouc

x1 , ..., x5

tou plgmatoc.

Oi

kentrismnec peperasmnec diaforc deterhc txhc gia thn prosggish twn paraggwn uprqoun (lgw twn suneqn paraggwn wc kai thn 4h txh) kai ja enai (ap th jewra):

u(1) (xj )

U (xj+1 ) U (xj1 ) , 2h

u(2) (xj )

U (xj+1 ) 2U (xj ) + U (xj1 ) , h2

Prosxte epshc ti oi suntelestc tou pou ja prokyei, ja enai

mloc thc diaforikc exswshc den exartntai ap to

u kai twn paraggwn tou sto arister x, epomnwc, to mhtro tridiagnio Toeplitz (ra arke na upologsoume

treic rouc). Antikajistntac sthn exswsh ja qoume:

U (xj+1 ) U (xj1 ) U (xj+1 ) 2U (xj ) + U (xj1 ) + + Uj = x2 , j = 1, ..., 5. j h2 2h

Sugkentrnontac touc suntelestc ja qoume:

2 1 1 )U (xj1 ) + ( 2 + 1)U (xj ) + ( 2 + )U (xj+1 ) 2 h 2h h h 2h

(1 + jh)2 ,

dhl.

(9

3 3 )U (xj1 ) + 19U (xj ) + (9 + )U (xj+1 ) 2 2

(1 + j/3)2 .

Prosxte ti oi exisseic gia ta shmea sto snoro (x1 , x5 ) ja qoun th morf:

19U (x1 ) + (9 +
epeid

3 )U (x2 ) 2

4/9

U0 = 0,

kai

(9
epeid

3 3 )U (x4 ) + 19U (x5 ) = 4/9 (9 + ), 2 2

U6 = 1. Epomnwc, mporome na gryoume to ssthma AU = b, pou: A = b = 3 3 , 0, 0, 0], [19, 9 + , 0, 0, 0]), 2 2 3 [4/9, 1/9, 0, 1/9, 4/9 (9 + )] . 2 toeplitz([19, 9

To

mporete na to gryete kai wc

A =

trid5 [9

3 3 , 19, 9 + ] 2 2

2. stw ti efarmzete apaloif

Gauss

me merik odghsh gia thn paragoNa upologsete se poio se poi

ntopohsh tou parapnw sustmatoc. enallag grammn

pragmatik diastmata epitrpetai na brsketai o

sto prto bma

ste na

mh

qreiaste

thc apaloifc (dhl. ekeno kat to opoo

mhdenzontai ta stoiqea stic jseic 2 kai ktw thc prthc stlhc tou

A).

Apnthsh.

Gia na mh qreizetai enallag grammn sto 1o bma, arke to

stoiqeo sth jsh

(1, 1) tou mhtrou na enai to mgisto stoiqeo, se apluth 3 | 2

tim, thc 1hc stlhc. Kajc to mhtro enai tridiagnio, arke

19 | 9
epomnwc prpei na isqei

19 9 +

3 56 20 19 . 2 3 3

3. stw ti isqoun oi parapnw periorismo kai ti ekteletai to prto bma qwrc enallag grammn. pwc gnwrzete ap th jewra, to arqik ssthma ja metatrape se na isodnamo thc morfc (metasqhmatismc stic jseic

Gauss)

enai epilegmno tsi

A(1) w = M b pou to M (1) ste to A = M A na enai

0 stic jseic 2 kai ktw thc prthc stlhc. Na dexete ti to upomhtro

1 (2 : 5, 2 : 5) tou A(1) mpore na grafte wc G e1 e1 pou G R , e1 = [1, 0, 0, 0] kai bajmwtc (endeqomnwc sunrthsh tou ), kai na dexete poia enai ta stoiqea tou G kai to . (Prosoq: Den qreizetai (1) na upologsete ta stoiqea tou A .) 44
Apnthsh.

Prokptei mesa ti to zhtomeno mhtro ja enai to

A2:5,2:5 A2:5,1 A1 A1,2:5 , 1,1

dhl.

G = A2:5,2:5 .

mwc epeid to mhtro enai tridiagnio,

A2:5,1 = (9 +
kai

3 )e1 , 2

A1,2:5 = (9 +

3 )e 2 1

A1,1 = 19.

Epomnwc, to zhtomeno ja enai

A2:5,2:5
epomnwc

1 3 3 (9 + )(9 )e1 e1 19 2 2

9 = 19/(81 2 ) 4