EPISTHMONIKOS UPOLOGISMOS I APANTHSEIS Exetastik Septembrou 2006

I.

1. Na anafrete na pardeigma prxhc BLAS-3. Ti pleonkthma qoume tan ulopoiome algorjmouc me prxeic BLAS-3 ant me enallaktikc ulopoiseic me llec prxeic BLAS? Apnthsh. Pollaplasiasmc mhtrwn. Megalterh topikthta, efson bbaia axiopoihje ap thn ulopopohsh. 2. Gia kje nan ap touc paraktw upologismoc na anafrete ton exqonta lgo sflmatoc kat th dirkeia twn paraktw upologismn (Oi epilogc sac enai metax sflmatoc stroggleushc kai sflmatoc diakritopohshc): a) To sflma kat ton upologism tou ajrosmatoc 100 arijmn kinhtc upodiastodf lc. b) To sflma pou upeisrqetai tan proseggzoume thn pargwgo dx thc sunrthshc f (x) sto wc f ( +h)f ())/h (mporete na upojsete ti ta h kai h/ enai mikr kai ti oi timc h, +h, f ( +h), f () ddontai akribc wc arijmo kinhtc upodiastolc). g) To sflma pou upeisrqetai tan anaparistome to me ton plhsistero arijm kinhtc upodiastolc. Apnthsh. a) STROGGLEUSHS, profanc den diakritopoiome kamia suneq sunrthsh, telest, k.lp. b) DIAKRITOPOHSHS, mia kai prkeitai gia sflma pou prorqetai sqedn apokleistk ap thn prosggish thc paraggou. g) STROGGLEUSHS, mia anafermaste se sflma pou prorqetai apokleistik ap thn apeiknish enc pragmatiko arijmo ep tou sustmatoc twn a.k.u. 3. stw to mhtro A = [4, 8, 1; 6, 5, 7; 0, 10, 3]. Poi ja enai to stoiqeo {odhgc} sto prto bma a) an den qrhsimopoihje odghsh? b) An qrhsimopoihje merik odghsh? g) An qrhsimopoihje plrhc odghsh? Apnthsh. a) 4 (to stoiqeo sth jsh (1,1) ), b) 6 (to mgisto se apluth tim stoiqeo thc 1hc stlhc), g) -10 (to mgisto se apluth tim stoiqeo lou tou mhtrou). 4. Gia kje na ap ta paraktw mhtra na exhgsete an qoun kal kak dekth katstashc: a) [1010 , 0; 0, 1010 ]. b) [1010 , 0; 0, 1010 ]. g) [1010 , 0; 0, 1010 ]. d) [1, 2; 2, 4]. Apnthsh. Dekthc katstashc (A) := A A1 gia poia nrma dialxoume. a) KAKOS: giat A1 = [1010 , 0; 0, 1010 ] kai se lec tic nrmec (1, 2 ) qoume (A) = 1010 /1010 = 1020 . b) ARISTOS. Kal (tleio) giat A = 1010 I pou I o tautotik mhtro kai epomnwc (A) = 1. g) ARISTOS: Omowc me prin. d) KAKISTOS: mhtro summetrik kai o dekthc katstashc enai h mgisth proc elqisth idiotim. Profanc to mhtro enai mh antistryimo, kai min = 0, epomnwc (A) = ). 5. stw ti gia na mhtro A gnwrzete ti oi paragontopoiseic LU kai QR enai kai oi duo efiktc. Me bsh ta kritria tou episthmoniko upologismo, na anafrete nan lgo gia ton opoon sunjwc protimtai h LU gia eplush tetragwniko sustmatoc Ax = b kai nan lgo pou ja mporose na katastsei th qrsh thc QR pio epijumht (anafermaste pnta se tetragwnik ssthma). Apnthsh. H LU enai fjhnterh (ekteletai taqtera, mikrtero kstoc) en h QR (p.q. me Householder) enai psw eustajc anexarttwc twn dedomnwn. 6. stw o brqoc for i=1:n, z(i) = a*x(i)+y(i); end. Na ton xanagryete qrhsimopointac xetligma mkouc 3 kai pou na leitourge swst anexrthta ap thn tim tou n (jewrome ti enai pnta jetikc akraioc). Apnthsh. To jma enai na leitourge swst gia timc tou n mikrterec qi kat' angkh pollaplsia tou 3. nac trpoc enai na upologsoume to uploipo thc diareshc tou n me to 3, p.q. me th sunrthsh rem thc MATLAB kai na gryoume: m = rem(n,3); mp1 = m+1; for i=1:m, z(i) = a*x(i)+y(i); end for i = mp1:3:n /* prosxte, to n m enai pollaplsio tou 3 z(i) = a*x(i)+y(i); z(i+1) = a*x(i+1)+y(i+1); z(i+2) = a*x(i+2)+y(i+2); end

7. stw ti gnwrzete ti sac ddetai na prgramma (p.q. h sunrthsh MATLAB myfun), gia to opoo gnwrzete ti gia n dedomna eisdou, qei poluplokthta O(n2 ) arijmhtikn prxewn kinhtc upodiastolc all den gnwrzete ti akribc upologismoc ektele. Mporete mwc na trxete to prgramma kai na qrhsimopoisete qronometrhtc (p.q. tic, toc) gia na metrsete ton qrno pou analnei. Me bsh ta parapnw, poic enai o elqistoc arijmc metrsewn pou qreizetai gia na ektimsete thn poluploktht tou (dhl. na ektimsete touc pargontec 2 , 1 , 0 sthn kfrash poluplokthtac = 2 n2 + 1 n + 0 ). Na perigryete sunoptik all xekjara pc ja energosate gia na ektimsete thn poluploktht tou (p.q. se morf 2 n2 + 1 n + 0 me gnwstoc pargontec 2 , 1 , 0 ). Apnthsh. Gia na ektimsw touc 3 pargontec qreizomai toulqiston 3 metrseic me to qronometrht. Sunjwc mwc qreizontai pol perissterec gia na qw mia kal ektmhsh. O trpoc enai na prospajsw na upologsw touc pargontec qrhsimopointac elqista tetrgwna kai lnontac na prblhma tou tpou 2 V a = b, pou kje gramm tou V Rn3 periqei stoiqea [1, i , i ] pou i enai kpoia tim gia to n kai h antstoiqh jsh tou b qei th qronomtrhsh gia thc sunrthshc gia thn tim n = i . To dinusma a = [0 , 1 , 2 ] .
II. Dnontai dianmata x, y R4 . Upojtoume ti la ta stoiqea touc enai mh arnhtiko arijmo kinhtc upodiastolc. stw o upologismc s=0; for i=1:4, s=s+x(i)*y(i); end

1. Na dexete ti o algrijmoc upologismo enai psw stajerc. Apnthsh. Smfwna me ta stoiqea pou gnwrzoume gia thn didosh sflmatoc ja qoume:
(s) = (((x(1)y(1)(1 + 1 ) + x(2)y(2)(1 + 2 ))(1 + 3 ) +x(3)y(3)(1 + 4 ))(1 + 5 ) + x(4)y(4)(1 + 6 ))(1 + 7 ) = x(1)y(1)(1 + 1 )(1 + 3 )(1 + 5 )(1 + 7 ) +x(2)y(2)(1 + 2 )(1 + 3 )(1 + 5 )(1 + 7 ) +x(3)y(3)(1 + 4 )(1 + 5 )(1 + 7 ) + x(4)y(4)(1 + 6 )(1 + 7 ) = x(1)y(1)(1 + 4 ) + x(2)y(2)(1 + 4 ) + x(3)y(3)(1 + 3 ) + x(4)y(4)(1 + 2 )

pou wc sunjwc |j | u kai |j | j := ju/(1 ju) pou u enai h monda stroggleushc. Epomnwc (1h sunjkh psw eustjeiac) ja mporosame na qoume ta dia apotelsmata qrhsimopointac gia esodo ta diansmata x kai
y := [y(1)(1 + 4 ), y(2)(1 + 4 ), y(3)(1 + 3 ), y(4)(1 + 2 )]

kai epeid |j | j := ju/(1 ju) ja qoume ti y enai kont sto y (2h sunjkh psw eustjeiac). ra o algrijmoc plhro kai tic duo sunjkec gia psw eustjeia. PROSOQH: Meriko (lanjasmna) den qrhsimopohsan aplutec timc, p.q. frazan ap ta dexi qrhsimopointac mnon to , k.lp. 2. Na dexete ti to SQETIKO emprc sflma ja enai mikr. Apnthsh. Suneqzontac ta parapnw, qoume ti to sqetik emprc sflma enai fragmno wc exc:
|(s) s| |s| = = |x(1)y(1)(1 + 4 ) + x(2)y(2)(1 + 4 ) + x(3)y(3)(1 + 3 ) + x(4)y(4)(1 + 2 ) s| |s| 4 + x(3)y(3)3 + x(4)y(4)2 | |x(1)y(1)4 + x(2)y(2)

|s| |x(1)y(1)||4 | + |x(2)y(2)||4 | + |x(3)y(3)||3 | + |x(4)y(4)||2 || |s| |x(1)y(1)| + |x(2)y(2)| + |x(3)y(3)| + |x(4)y(4)| 4 |s|

all epeid enai la mh arnhtik ja qoume ti

|s| = s = |x(1)y(1)| + |x(2)y(2)| + |x(3)y(3)| + |x(4)y(4)| |(s) s| |s|

4 ,

to opoo enai pol mikr. 3. Na sqolisete ton isqurism: {An den isqei h propjesh ti la ta stoiqea twn x, y enai mh arnhtik, den mporome na emaste bbaioi gia kpoio ap ta prohgomena (dhl. thn psw eustjeia, to mikr emprc sflma, kai ta do) }. Apnthsh. Tte den mporome na emaste bbaioi gia mikr emprc sqetik sflma kajc den uprqei bebaithta gia to mgejoc tou s pou brsketai ston paronomast, mpore dhl. to |s| na enai pol mikr se sgkrish me to |(s) s|. 4. An o algrijmoc ulopoihje se ssthma pou diajtei thn entol FMA, na exhgsete sunoptik (qwrc plrh anlush sflmatoc) giat h qrsh thc FMA mpore na epidrsei eunok sthn akrbeia tou parapnw upologismo. Apnthsh. H entol FMA ulopoie thn prxh s = c + a b me na mno sflma stroggleushc, dhl.
(s) = (c + ab)(1 + ) ant gia (s) = (c + ab(1 + 1 ))(1 + 2 )

epomnwc mpore na epifrei mikrtero sflma ston parapnw brqou tou opoiou kje epanlhyh enai mia FMA.
III. stw ti qoume efarmsei ton algrijmo paragontopohshc QR sto mhtro A R33 pou epistrfei sth jsh tou A mhtro me stoiqea 3 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 2

1. Na upologsete to arqik mhtro A. 2. Na qrhsimopoisete ta parapnw (aparathto gia thn plrh bajmolghsh) gia na lsete to ssthma Ax = b pou b = 1 [5, 16, 4] . 3 Apnthsh. Wc gnwst, to R thc QR enai to mhtro 3 2 1 0 1 4 0 0 2 en ta diansmata Householder ja enai
u1 = [1, 2, 1] , u2 = [0, 1, 1].

Oi antstoiqoi metasqhmatismo oi
H1 2u1 u1 1 = I = 3 u1 u1 1 2u2 u2 = I = 0 u2 u2 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 . 0

H2

Prosxte: Enai summetriko kai orjognioi (anaklastc) kai isqei ti 2 5/3 2 2/3 4 . H2 H1 A = R A = H1 H2 R = 2 1 4/3 1 Tloc gia na lsoume to ssthma Ax = b qrhsimopoiome ti
H2 H1 Ax = Rx = H2 H1 b = [2, 5, 2]

epomnwc lnoume wc proc R me psw antikatstash,

Rx = [2, 5, 2] x = [1, 1, 1] .

Prosxte ti nac enallaktikc trpoc ja tan na pollaplasisete me Q kai na lsete to ssthma me suntelest R: x = Q b. To endiafron mwc enai ti den qreizetai na upologsete to Q. Epshc, st' aljeia den qreizetai na upologsete ta H1 kai H2 , en la ta parapnw mporon na prokyoun msw twn dianusmtw u1 , u2 kai qrhsimopointac th dom twn Hj gia fjhn pollaplasiasm H1 H2 A.
IV. stw h diaforik exswsh (arqikn timn) du (t) = Au(t) pou A = [2, 1; 1, 2], u = [u1 (t), u2 (t)] kai dt oi sunartseic u1 , u2 enai epilegmnec ste u1 (0) = 2, u2 (0) = 1.

1. Na qrhsimopoisete thn emprc mjodo Euler me stajer bma t = 0.5 gia na upologsete arijmhtik prosggish thc lshc sto shmeo T = 2.0. Apnthsh. Gia eukola sumbolzw to t me h. Sthn emprc mjodo Euler efarmzoume ton tpo
U (t + h) U (t) = hAU (t) u(t + h) = (I hA)U (t)

Epshc, I hA = 1 [0, 1; 1, 0] epomnwc ekola upologzoume: 2

1 [2, 1] . 16 PROSOQH: Orismnoi grayan ton tpo sth morf U (t + h) = U (t)(I hA). H kfrash aut den enai gkurh! U (2) = (I hA)((I hA)((I hA)((I hA)U (0)))) =

2. Na qrhsimopoisete thn dia mjodo all me bma t = 1.0 gia na upologsete arijmhtik prosggish thc lshc sto shmeo T = 2.0. Apnthsh. Omowc, I hA = [1, 1; 1, 1], ra
U (2) = (I hA)((I hA)U (0)) = [2, 2; 2, 2][2, 1] = [2, 2] .

3. Enai gnwst ti h akribc lsh tou parapnw sustmatoc twn DE tenei sto 0 kajc to t . Me bsh aut to stoiqeo, na sqolisete th sumperifor twn proseggsewn pou lbate qrhsimopointac to IV.1 kai to IV.2. (Updeixh: Gia mia plrh exghsh, enai qrsimo na upologsete tic idiotimc tou A.) Apnthsh. Profanc, uprqei prblhma tan h = 1.0. Eidiktera, oi timc thc lshc megalnoun (kai mlista allzoun prshmo). Epomnwc uprqei sobar ndeixh ti qoume astjeia. Aut exhgetai ap thn fasmatik aktna tou I hA. Gia na uprqei eustjeia prpei h fasmatik aktna tou I hA na mhn enai megalterh tou 1. Oi idiotimc tou A enai = {1, 3}, epomnwc tou I hA ja enai {1 h, 1 3h}. Gia dedomno h, gia eustjeia apaitetai max{|1h|, |13h|} < 1. Epomnwc, sthn perptwsh tou bmatoc 0.5 qoume eustjeia, en tan h = 1.0 ra qoume astjeia. 4. Na efarmsete na bma psw Euler gia na brete th lsh sto shmeo T = 2.0 kateujean me bma t = 2.0. Apnthsh. Sthn psw mjodo Euler efarmzoume ton tpo
5 2 U (t + h) U (t) 2 U1 (2) 5 U2 (2) = hAU (t + h) (I + hA)U (t + h) = U (t) 2 0.5714 = U (2) = 1 0.4286