Keflaio

To

Aristo Oloklrwma

1.1

Orismc

Ac upojsoume ti mac ddetai ma sunrthsh

f (x),
h

gi thn opoa gnwrzou-

me ti qei prokyei san pargwgoc mic llhc sunrthshc

(x),

dhlad

d (x) dx

= f (x)

ka ti h

prosdiorsoume thn

f (x) enai gnwst kai (x), dojeshc thc f (x).

(x)

gnwsth.

Zhtetai na

'Ena ttoio prblhma lgetai

diaforik exswsh . H lsh thc enai mi llh sunrthsh, po onomzetai aristo oloklrwma kai sumbolzetai

f (x)dx.

Genik:

Jerhma 1.1

Kje sunrthsh

f (x),

suneqc sto anoikt disthma

(a, b),
ja

enai oloklhrsimh sto

Jerhma 1.2

(a, b). (a, b),

Kje sunrthsh, qousa aristo oloklrwma sto

qei peira arista oloklhrmata, ta opoa ja diafroun metax touc kat ma stajer posthta

C.

Epomnwc, o prohgomenoc tpoc genikeetai wc exc:

d (x) = f (x) (x) = dx

1.3

f (x)dx + C

H Stajer thc Oloklrwshc

H stajer

C , pou anaframe prohgoumnwc apotele domik kai anapspasto

stoiqeo tou oloklhrmatoc kai kal enai na mhn paralepetai pot. 'Otan ddontai orismnec plhroforec (arqikc sunjkec), h stajer aut mpore na prosdiorisje.

KEFALAIO 1.

TO AORISTO OLOKLHRWMA

1.4

Stoiqeidh Arista Oloklhrmata

Qrhsimopointac ton orism, mporome na apodexoume touc paraktw tpouc twn stoiqeiwdn aorstwn oloklhrwmtwn. Prgmati, paraggish twn deutrwn meln mac ddei pnta ta prta.

xa dx =

xa+1 + C, a R, a = 1 a+1

1 dx = ln |x| + C x

ex dx = ex + C

xdx = x + C dx = x + C 2 x dx = ox + C 1 x2 dx = ox + C 1 + x2
1.5

xdx = x + C dx = x + C 2 x dx = ox + C 1 x2

dx = ox + C 1 + x2

Basikc Idithtec

Isqoun oi paraktw idithtec:

[f (x) + g (x)]dx =

f (x)dx +

g (x)dx

f (x)dx =

f (x)dx, R

'Opwc blpoume den uprqei idithta pou na perigrfei thn sumperifor tou oloklhrmatoc sqetik me to ginmeno sunartsewn. Aut enai kai h aita thc duskolac upologismo oloklhrwmtwn, en antijsei me thn paraggish pou akolouje sugkekrimno algrijmo.

1.6.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS.

1.6

Lumnec Askseic.

1.1 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: Lsh: Diadoqik qoume,

(4x3 5x2 + 6x 1)dx.

(4x3 5x2 + 6x 1)dx = =4 x3 dx5 x2 dx+6 xdx1

4x3 dx dx = 4

5x2 dx +

6xdx

1dx =

1.2

x3+1 x2+1 x1+1 x0+1 5 +6 1 +C = 3+1 2+1 1+1 0+1 x4 x3 x2 x1 5 = 4 5 + 6 1 + C = x4 x3 + 3x2 x + C 4 3 2 1 3 q.e.d. 1 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: ( x+ 3 x )dx.

Lsh: Diadoqik qoume,

1 )dx = ( x+ 3 x

x 2 dx +

x 3 dx =

1 1 2x x 3 x 3 +1 x 2 +1 3 + x2 + C +C = + 1 = 1 3 2 + 1 + 1 3 2 q.e.d.
1.3 Prosdiorsate kamplh, dierqomnh ap to shmeo m klsh

M (1, 5) kai

4x.

y = f (x) h exswsh thc sugkekrimnhc kamplhc. Afo h klsh df = 4x. Me oloklrwsh qoume f (x) = 4xdx = dx 2 2x + C . Epeid to shmeo M ankei sthn kamplh, petai ti f (1) = 5, opte 5 = 2 + C , C = 3. 'Ara telik, h zhtoumnh kamplh enai h f (x) = 2x2 + 3.
Lsh: 'Estw
thc enai

4x

ja qoume

q.e.d.
1.4 Ta oriak soda mac epiqerhshc ddontai ap thn sqsh:

dR = 22 4q + 7 q dq
En thn qronik stigm mhdn soda den uprqoun, brete thn sunrthsh esdwn.

KEFALAIO 1.

TO AORISTO OLOKLHRWMA

Lsh: Ap thn sqsh

dR dq

= 22 4q + 7 q

qoume ti

R(q ) = R(q ) = 22q 4

Mac ddetai akma ti

(22 4q + 7 q )dq

q2 q 3/2 14 3/2 +7 + C = 22q 2q 2 + q +C 2 3/2 3

ap pou prokptei ti

R(0) = 0,

C=0

kai telik:

R(q ) = 22q 2q 2 +

14 3/2 q 3 q.e.d.

1.7

Askseic Proc Eplush.

Upologsate ta paraktw oloklhrmata:

1.5

4 x3 5 x2 dx. x2
Ap:

2x2 5x + C .

1.6

(2x2

1 x2

+ x)dx
Ap:

2 3 x 3

1 x

x2 2

+ C.

1.7

1 (4 x 5x2 + 6x 2 1)dx
Ap:

8 3 x2 3

3 5 x + 12 x x + C. 3 4

1.8

1 (x 4 +

1 4x

4)dx
Ap:

1 3x 3 +

4 3

x3 4x + C .

1.9

(3x

x x

7 x2 3 2 x

x)dx
Ap:

3 4 x3 4

2 x 2 + 3x 3 2 x 2 + C. 3 3

1.10

(ex xe )dx
Ap:

ex

xe+1 e+1

+ C.
1 (1, 2), ( 4 , 10)

1.11

Prosdiorsate kamplh, dierqomnh ap ta shmea

ka

m klsh antistrfwc anlogh tou

1.7.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSH.

Ap: 1.12

4 f (x) = x + 6.

En h sunrthsh oriako kstouc enai

5 6q 2 + 7q 3 ,

brete thn su-

nrthsh tou kstouc.

Ap: 1.13

5q 2q 3 + 7 q4 + C 4 16 4q 1 , q
brete thn sunr-

En h sunrthsh oriakn esdwn enai

thsh twn mswn esdwn.

Ap:

1 (16q q

2q 2 ln q + C )
dD dp

1.14

H oriak zthsh enc prontoc ddetai ap thn sqsh:

= 0.1.

En gnwrzoume ti, tan h tim tou prontoc enai zhtontai qrhmatikc mondec.
Ap:

3 qrhmatikc mondec, 11 mondec prontoc, brete ta olik soda tan h tim ja enai 4.5 11.3p 0.1p2

KEFALAIO 1.

TO AORISTO OLOKLHRWMA

Keflaio

Oloklrwsh

me thn

Mjodo twn

Prosdioristwn

Suntelestn

2.1

H Mjodoc

H mjodoc aut efarmzetai sunjwc se oloklhrmata thc morfc:

I=
pou

(x)(x)dx ex , 2x , 5x
2

(x)

polunumo kai

(x)

ekjetik sunrthsh. (p.q.

.) Jew-

rome ti to oloklrwma pou zhtme,

I,

grfetai:

I = (Axk + Bxk1 + xk2 + + E ) (x)

pou

nac, katllhla epilegmnoc, bajmc poluwnmou.

Afo to

enai

aristo oloklrwma, ja isqei profanc h sqsh:

dI = (x)(x) dx
Antikajistntac to touc suntelestc

I me to so tou kai knontac A, B, , . . . kai telik to I .

prxeic, prosdiorzoume

2.2

Lumnec Askseic.

2.1 Upologsate me thn mjodo twn prosdioristwn suntelestn to oloklrwma:

x3 e2x dx.
7

8KEFALAIO 2.

OLOKLHRWSH ME THN MEJODO TWN PROSDIORISTEWN SUNTE

Lsh: Upojtoume ti to zhtomeno oloklrwma

I,

qei thn morf:

I = (Ax3 + Bx2 + x + )e2x

pou

A, B,

kai

suntelestc proc prosdiorism.

Ap thn sqsh:

xe

3 2x

dI dx

, qoume:

(Ax3 + Bx2 + x + ) e2x + (Ax3 + Bx2 + x + )(e2x ) = x3 e2x

ra,

(3Ax2 + 2Bx + )e2x + 2(Ax3 + Bx2 + x + ) e2x = x3 e2x (2A)x3 e2x + (3A + 2B )x2 e2x + (2B + 2)xe2x + ( + 2)e2x = x3 e2x
Exisnontac touc suntelestc twn do mern thc exswshc, parnoume to ssthma:

2A = 1 3A + 2B = 0 2B + 2 = 0 + 2 = 0
ap' pou brskoume:

1 A= , 2

3 B= , 4

3 = , 4

3 8

kai ra to zhtomeno oloklrwma enai:

1 3 3 3 I = ( x3 x2 + x )e2x + C 2 4 4 8 q.e.d.
2.2 Me th mjodo twn prosdioristwn suntelestn upologsate to oloklrwma:

I = 5x2 2x dx. I = (Ax2 + Bx + )2x .

Ap thn sqsh

Lsh: Jewrome ti:

qoume:

dI dx

= 5x2 2x ,

(Ax2 + Bx + ) 2x + (Ax2 + Bx + )(2x ) = 5x2 2x (2Ax + B )2x + (Ax2 + Bx + )2x ln 2 = 5x2 2x

2.2.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS.

Exisnontac touc suntelestc parnoume:

A ln 2 = 5 2A + B ln 2 = 0 B + ln 2 = 0
ap' pou prokptei ti:

A=

5 , ln 2

B=

10 , (ln 2)2

10 (ln 2)3

kai ra to zhtomeno oloklrwma enai:

I=

5 2 10 10 x x+ 2x + C 2 3 ln 2 (ln 2) (ln 2) q.e.d.

2.3 Upologsate to oloklrwma Lsh:

I = x2 x dx. I,
qei thn morf:

Jewrome ti to zhtomeno oloklrwma

2

I =

(Ax + B )x

. H sqsh

dI dx

= x2 x
2

, ja dsei:
2 2

(Ax + B ) x + (Ax + B )(x ) = x2 x

opte

Ax + (Ax + B )2xx ln = x2 x
Exisnontac touc suntelestc qoume:

2A ln = 1 A + 2B ln = 0
ap' pou brskoume ti:

A=

1 , 2 ln

B=

1 4(ln )2

ra to zhtomeno oloklrwma enai:

I=

1 1 2 x x + C 2 2 ln 4(ln ) q.e.d.

10KEFALAIO 2.

OLOKLHRWSH ME THN MEJODO TWN PROSDIORISTEWN SUNTE

2.4 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh: Upojtoume ti to

I = (x + 1)1000 (5x + 7)dx. I = (x + 1)1001 (Ax + B ).

H

qei thn morf ja mac dsei:

dI sqsh dx

= (5x + 7)(x + 1)

1000

(Ax + B ) (x + 1)1001 + (Ax + B )((x + 1)1001 ) = (5x + 7)(x + 1)1000

A(x + 1)1001 + (Ax + B )1001(x + 1)1000 = (5x + 7)(x + 1)1000 A(x + 1)(x + 1)1000 + (Ax + B )1001(x + 1)1000 = (5x + 7)(x + 1)1000
kai aplopointac to

(x + 1)1000 ,

parnoume:

Ax + A + 1001Ax + 1001B = 5x + 7
ap' pou exisnontac touc suntelestc, prokptei:

A=

5 , 1002

B=

7009 1003002

' Ara, to zhtomeno oloklrwma enai:

I=

5 7009 x+ (x + 1)1001 + C 1002 1003002 q.e.d.

2.3
2.5

Askseic Proc Eplush

Upologsate to oloklrwma
Ap:

6x6 ex dx.

(4320 4320x + 2160x2 720x3 + 180x4 11x2 e2x+7 dx.

Ap:

36x5 + 6x6 )ex + C

2.6

Upologsate to oloklrwma

e2x+7 ( 11 4

11 x 2

11 2 x) 2

+C

2.7

Upologsate to oloklrwma
Ap:

6x3 x dx. + 2x 3 x2 + x3 ) + C 2
3 3 1 5x 3 ln 5

6 x ( 3 ln a 2

2.8

Upologsate to oloklrwma

x2 5x dx.
Ap:

2.9

Upologsate to oloklrwma

(2x + 8)999 (7x + 9)dx.

Ap:

7 x 2002

8962 2002000

(2x + 8)1000

Keflaio

Oloklrwsh

me Antikatstash

H oloklrwsh me antikatstash baszetai kurwc ston paraktw metasqhmatism:

f (g (x))g (x)dx =
Paratrhsh 3.1

f ( )d

oo

= g (x)

H oloklrwsh me antikatstash efarmzetai sunjwc se

sunartseic pou na tmma touc enai snjeto, thc morfc

f (g (x)) kai to llo

periqei
3.1

thn pargwgo thc

g (x),

mporome ekola na thn sqhmatsoume.

Lumnec Askseic
dx . 2x+3

3.1 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma:

Lsh: Jtoume
gnetai

dx 2x+3

= 2x + 3, opte d = 2, d = 2dx kai to oloklrwma dx d 1 d 1 = 2 = 2 = 2 ln | | + C = 1 ln |2x + 3| + C . 2 q.e.d.

3.2 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma:

dx . 4 5 x

Lsh: Jtoume
gnetai

dx 4 5x

= 4 5x, d = = 1 5 5

opte

d = 5, dx 1 5 ln | | +

d dx = kai to oloklrwma 5 1 C = 5 ln |4 5x| + C .

q.e.d.
3.3 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma:

dx . (32x)3

11

12

KEFALAIO 3.

OLOKLHRWSH ME ANTIKATASTASH

Lsh: Jtoume
gnetai

dx (32x)3

d = 3 2x, opte d = 2, dx = kai to oloklrwma dx 2 d 1 d 1 3+1 1 = 23 = 2 3 = 2 3+1 + C = 1 2 +C 2 2

1 4(32x)2

+ C. q.e.d.

3.4 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: Lsh:

xdx . x2 +1
opte

Jtoume

= x2 + 1 x d 1 2x = 2

kai qoume

d dx

= 2x,

dx =

d kai to 2x

oloklrwma diadoqik gnetai:

xdx = x2 + 1

d 1 1 = ln | | + C = ln(x2 + 1) + C 2 2 q.e.d.

3.5 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: Lsh: Jtoume

(1 2x)100 dx.
opte

= 1 2x

kai qoume

d dx

= 2,

dx =

d kai to 2

oloklrwma diadoqik gnetai:

(1 2x)100 dx =

100

d 1 101 1 = +C = (1 2x)101 + C 2 2 101 202 q.e.d.

3.6 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: Lsh: Jtoume

ex

3 +2

x2 dx.

= x3 + 2,

opte

d dx

= 3x2 , dx =

d kai to oloklrwma 3 x2

diadoqik gnetai:

ex

3 +2

x2 dx =

e x2

d 1 = 2 3x 3

1 1 3 e d = e + C = ex +2 + C 3 3 q.e.d.

3.7 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: Lsh: Jtontac

diadoqik gnetai:

3x dx.
d kai to oloklrwma 3x ln 3

= 3x , qoume

d dx

= 3x ln 3, dx =

3x dx =

3x

3x

d 1 = ln 3 ln 3

d =

1 1 x +C = 3 +C ln 3 ln 3 q.e.d.

3.1.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

13

3.8 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: Lsh: Kat' arqc grfoume

xdx. x,
opte

d dx

= x, dx = xdx =

x x = x kai met jtoume = d x kai to oloklrwma diadoqik gnetai:

x dx = x

x d = x x

d = ln | |+C = ln |x|+C q.e.d.

3.9 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: Lsh: Jtontac

1 dx. 2 x
kai to olo-

= x,

qoume

d dx

1 , 2 x

dx = 2 xd

klrwma diadoqik gnetai:

1 dx = 2 x

2 xd = 2 x

d = + C = x + C q.e.d.

3.10 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma:

3 xdx . 4 x d kai to oloklrwma x

Lsh: Jtontac
diadoqik gnetai:

= x, qoume

d dx

= x, dx =

3 xdx = 4 x =
d (1 2 )x x = 4

2 xxdx = 4 x d 4

(1 2 x)xdx = 4 x

d 1 1 1 1 = + + C = + +C 2 3 3 33 x x q.e.d.
xxdx . xx+x

3.11 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma: Lsh: Jtontac

= x x + x, qoume

d dx

= x x, x xdx = d

kai to oloklrwma diadoqik gnetai:

xxdx = xx + x

d = ln | | + C = ln |xx + x| + C q.e.d.

3.12 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma:

dx . x(ln x+3)

14

KEFALAIO 3.

OLOKLHRWSH ME ANTIKATASTASH

Lsh: Jtontac
diadoqik gnetai:

= ln x + 3,

qoume

d dx

1 , x

d =

dx kai to oloklrwma x

dx = x(ln x + 3)

d = ln | | + C = ln | ln x + 3| + C q.e.d.

3.13 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma:

x2 dx . 4 3 x +2
kai to olokl-

Lsh: Jtontac

= x3 + 2,

qoume

d dx

= 3x2 , d = 3x2 dx
3

rwma diadoqik gnetai:

x2 dx 1 = 4 3 3 x +2

3 4 1 4 d = + C = + (x3 + 2) 4 + C 4 3 9 3 4

q.e.d.
3.14 Upologsate to aristo oloklrwma:

x2 2x4 dx

me

0 <

x<

1 . 2
Jtontac

Lsh:

= 1 2x2 ,

qoume

d dx

= 4x, d = 4xdx 1 4

kai to

oloklrwma diadoqik gnetai:

x2 2x4 dx =

1 2x2 xdx =

d =

1 3 /2 1 (1 2x2 )3/2 = = +C 4 3/2 4 3/2 q.e.d.

3.2 Askseic Proc Eplush.

Upologsate ta paraktw arista oloklhrmata: 3.15

1 dx ax+b
Ap:

1 a

ln |ax + b| + C

3.16

1 dx (ax+b)n
Ap:

1 a(1n)(b+ax)n1

3.2.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSH.

15

3.17

xdx . (x2 +5)5

Ap:

1 8(5+ +C x2 )4

3.18

xdx . (x2 +4)3

Ap:

1 4(4+ +C x2 )2

3.19

(5 + 2x)1000 dx.
Ap:

(5+2x)1001 2002

+C

3.20

(ax + b)n dx
Ap:

(b+ax)n+1 a(n+1)

+C

3.21

x3 (x4 + 2) 4 dx
Ap:

1 (2 7

+ x4 )7/4 + C

3.22

(1 x3 )2 x2 dx
Ap:

x3 3

x6 3

x9 9

+C

3.23

(2x2 + 3) 3 xdx
Ap:

1 9 ( 2 8

3 x2 )(3 4

+ 2x2 )1/3 + C

3.24

(x2 x)4 (2x 1)dx

Ap:

x + x6 2x7 +2x8 x9 + x5 + C 5

10

3.25

ax dx
Ap:

ax ln a

+C

3.26

(ax + b)dx
Ap:

+b) (ax +C a

3.27

x(3 + x2 )dx
Ap:

x ) (3+ +C 2

3.28

1 dx 2 x

16

KEFALAIO 3.

OLOKLHRWSH ME ANTIKATASTASH

Ap: 3.29

x + C

x5x dx
Ap:

5ln 5 + C .

3.30

xdx
Ap:

ln(x) + C

3.31

2xdx

1+2 x
Ap:

2 1 + 2 x + C .

3.32

oxdx 1 x2
Ap:

1 o2 x. 2

3.33

eax+b dx
Ap:

1 ax+b e a

+ C.

3.34

x dx 2 x
Ap:

+ C.

3.35

e2x 7ex +2 dx ex
Ap:

2ex + ex 7x + C .

3.36

e x dx x2
Ap:

e x + C .

3.37

e x2 dx x3
Ap:

1 e x2 + C . 2

3.38

3 ln x+2 dx x
Ap:

2 ln x + 3 ln2 x + C . 2

3.39

x5 + 3 x4 dx

3.2.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSH.

17

Ap: 3.40

1 (2 5

2 x5 ) 3

3 + x5 + C .

dx 4 x2
Ap:

o(x/2) + C .

3.41

(x+1)dx x2 +2x4

Ap: 3.42

x2 + 2x 4 + C .

1 x2 x
Ap:

1 (1 2

x2 )1/3 ( 3 + 4

3 x2 ) 4

+ C.

18

KEFALAIO 3.

OLOKLHRWSH ME ANTIKATASTASH

Keflaio

Oloklhrmata

msw

thc

ox

'Otan qoume proc oloklrwsh klsmata, me jroisma tetragnwn ston paranomast, tte sunjwc qrhsimopoiome ton tpo:

u2
To sunrthsh.

du 1 u = o + C 2 +

u, ston parapnw tpo, mpore na enai ma apl metablht kai olklhrh

4.1

Lumnec Askseic
dx . x2 +4

4.1 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh:

Diadoqik qoume:

x2

dx = +4

x2

dx 1 x = o + C 2 +2 2 2 q.e.d.
dx . x2 +6x+13

4.2 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh:

Diadoqik qoume

x2

dx = + 6x + 13 =

x2

dx = + 6x + 9 + 4

dx = (x + 3)2 + 22

d(x + 3) 1 x+3 = o +C 2 2 (x + 3) + 2 2 2 q.e.d.

19

20

KEFALAIO 4.

OLOKLHRWMATA MESW THS

OX

4.3 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh: O paranomastc gnetai:

dx . 3x2 +4x+11

1 3x2 +4x +11 = ( 3x)2 +2 1 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 x+11 = ( 3x) +2 3 3 x+11 = ( 3x) +2 3 3 x+( 3 ) ( 3 ) +11 = 2 2 ( 3x + ) + ( 29 )2 kai epomnwc to oloklrwma grfetai: 3 3 I= ( 3x + dx
2 2 ) 3

+(

29 2 ) 3 du kai antikajistntac 3

Jtontac

u=

2 3x + , qoume du = 1

3dx dx =

parnoume:

I=

du 3

u2 + (

29 2 ) 3

u 1 2 +C = o = 29 29 1
3 3

2 3x + 29 3x + 2 1 3 +C = +C o = o 29 29 29 29
3

q.e.d.
4.4 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

dx . x ln2 x+10x
opte

Lsh:

Kat' arqc jtoume

w = ln x,

dw dx

1 x

dx = xdw.

Antikajistntac parnoume gia to oloklrwma:

dx = x(lnx)2 + 10x

xdw = x(w2 + 10)

dw = w2 + ( 10)2

1 w 10 ln x = o +C = o +C 10 10 10 10 q.e.d.
4.5 Upologsate to oloklrwmv:

xxdx . 4 x+ 4 x

Lsh: Diairome arijmht kai paranomast me to

rwma gnetai:

4 x

kai to olokl-

x x dx = 4 x + 4 x

1 x 2x dx (2 x)2 + 1

4.2.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSH.

21

Jtoume

w = 2 x I=

kai qoume

dw dx

1 = 2x 2x ,

opte

dw 2

1 = x 2 x dx

kai to oloklrwma gnetai:

1 dw 1 dw 1 2 = = ow + C = 2 2 w +1 2 w +1 2 1 = o(2 x) + C 2 q.e.d.

4.2

Askseic Proc Eplush.

Upologsate ta oloklhrmata: 4.6

dx 22 x+5 2 x
Ap:

1 o( 3

2 3

x) + C .

4.7

xdx 2 x+7 6 Ap: 7

o(

1 7

x) + C .

4.8

xdx x4 +9
Ap:
2 1 o( x ) 4 3

+ C.

4.9

ex dx e2x +1
Ap:

o(ex ) + C .

4.10

xdx (ln8 (x)+4)x

Ap:

) 1 o( ln(x ) 2 2

+ C.

4.11

xdx 9 2 x+4
Ap:

1 o( 3 6 2

x) + C .

4.12

dx 5x2 +5x+3
Ap:

x ) + C. 2 o( 7+10 21 29

4.13

dx x2 x+1 2 Ap: 39 1 o( 2x ) + C. 3

4.14

dx
11 6 x x+ 8 3 7

Ap:

21 o( 23

7 (22x 69

3)) + C .

22

KEFALAIO 4.

OLOKLHRWMATA MESW THS

OX

Keflaio

Paragontik

Oloklrwsh

5.1

O Basikc Tpoc.

An kai den uprqei genikc tpoc gi thn oloklrwsh ginomnou, h paraktw sqsh mpore na aplopoisei poll oloklhrmata:

f (x)g (x)dx = f (x)g (x)

Onomzetai

f (x)g (x)dx
'Estw-

paragontik oloklrwsh kai prokptei sunoptik wc exc:

san do sunartseic f (x) kai g (x). Isqei ti [f (x) g (x)] = f (x) g (x) + f (x) g (x), oloklhrnontac qoume [f (x) g (x)] dx = f (x) g (x)dx + f (x) g (x)dx. Epeid de, [f (x) g (x)] dx = f (x) g (x), antikajistntac qoume to zhtomeno.

5.2

Empeiriko Kannec

Den uprqei akribc diadikasa gia to poi sunrthsh ja sunduasje me thn pargwgo. Molotata, oi akloujoi empeiriko kannec enai exairetik qrsimoi:

'Otan qoume dnamh tou x kai trigwnometrik sunrthsh, sunduzoume

me thn pargwgo, thn trigwnometrik sunrthsh.

'Otan qoume dnamh tou

kai ekjetik sunrthsh, sunduzoume me

thn pargwgo, thn ekjetik sunrthsh.

'Otan qoume dnamh tou x kai logarijmik sunrthsh, sunduzoume me thn pargwgo, thn dnamh tou x. 'Otan qoume ekjetik sunrthsh kai trigwnometrik sunrthsh, knoume do paragontikc oloklhrseic me ton dio sunduasm kai met lnoume exswsh.

23

24

KEFALAIO 5.

PARAGONTIKH OLOKLHRWSH

Enote kai apl oloklrwma mpore na metatrape se paragontik pol-

laplasiazmeno me thn posthta

x.

5.3

Lumnec Askseic

5.1 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

xxdx.

Lsh: Diadoqik qoume:

x(x) dx = xx

(x) xdx =

= xx

xdx = xx + x + C q.e.d.

5.2 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

x2 ex dx.

Lsh: Diadoqik qoume:

x2 ex dx =

x2 (ex ) dx = x2 ex

(x2 ) ex dx =

= x2 ex

2xex dx = x2 ex 2

x(ex ) dx =

= x2 ex 2xex + 2 (x) ex dx = = x2 ex 2xex + 2 ex dx = x2 ex 2xex + 2ex + C =

= ex (x2 2x + 2) + C q.e.d.
5.3 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

x2 xdx.

Lsh: Diadoqik qoume:

x2 xdx =

x2 (x) dx = x2 x +

(x2 ) xdx =

5.3.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

25

= x2 x + 2

xxdx = x2 x + 2

x(x) dx =

= x2 x + 2xx 2 (x) xdx = = x2 x + 2xx 2 xdx = x2 x + 2xx + 2x + C q.e.d.

5.4 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

x3 ln xdx.

Lsh: Diadoqik qoume, efarmzontac paragontik:

x3 ln xdx = x4 1 ln x 4 4

x4 4

ln xdx =

x4 ln x 4

x4 1 dx = 4 x

x4 1 x4 ln x +C = 4 4 4 x4 x4 ln x +C = 4 16 x3 dx = q.e.d. ex xdx

5.5 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh: Orzoume

w = ex xdx

kai efarmzontac paragontik oloklrw-

sh, qoume diadoqik:

I=

(ex ) xdx = ex x

(ex (x) )dx

= ex x +
pou

(ex x)dx = ex x + I0

I0 = ex xdx. I0 =

To no aut oloklrwma upologzetai me ma akma

paragontik oloklrwsh kai qoume:

(ex ) xdx = ex x

(ex )(x) dx

= ex x
ra telik parnoume:

ex xdx = ex x I I0 = ex x I
Lnontac algebrik wc proc

I = ex x ex x I .

I,

1 I = (ex x ex x) + C 2 q.e.d.

26

KEFALAIO 5.

PARAGONTIKH OLOKLHRWSH

5.6 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh: Jtoume

gnetai:

(ln x)dx
To oloklrwma

w = ln x I=

kai ra

x = ew dx = ew dw. w(ew ) dw =

wew dw =

= wew

(w) ew dw = wew Io ,

wew dw = wew Io

Upologzoume tra to oloklrwma

qrhsimopointac pli paragontik:

Io =

wew dw =

w(ew ) dw =

= wew = wew +
Antikajistntac thn tim tou

(w) ew dw =

wew dw = wew + I
sthn sqsh gia to

Io

I,

qoume:

I = wew wew I 2I = wew wew I= 1 (wew wew ) + C 2

Me antstrofh antikatstash parnoume telik:

I=

x [(ln x) (ln x)] + C 2 q.e.d.

5.7 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh: Orzoume

x (3x)dx

I=

x (3x)dx =

(x) (3x)dx =

= x(3x)

[x((3x)) ]dx =

= x(3x) + 3

x (3x)dx = x(3x) + 3Io

5.3.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

27

Upologzoume tra to

Io ,

pli me paragontik:

Io =

x (3x)dx =

(x) (3x)dx =

= x (3x) = x (3x) + 3

x( (3x)) dx =

x(3x)dx = x (3x) + 3I I,
qoume

Antikajistntac kai lnontac wc proc

1 I = x(3x)+3(x (3x)+3I ) I = (x(3x)3x (3x))+C 8 q.e.d.

5.8 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh: Orzoume

x(ax + b)dx.

I = x(ax + b)dx

kai qoume diadoqik:

I=

1 a

x( (ax+b)) dx =

1 1 x (ax+b)+ a a

(x) (ax+b)dx =

1 1 x (ax + b) + a a

(ax + b)dx =

1 1 x (ax + b) + 2 (ax + b) + C a a q.e.d.

5.9 Upologsate to Oloklrwma Lsh: Zhtme arijmoc

xex dx. (x+1)2

kai

tsi ste:

x A B = + = 2 (x + 1) x + 1 (x + 1)2 =
opte

x Ax + A + B = 2 (x + 1) (x + 1)2
ra

A=1

kai

A + B = 0,

A=1

kai

B = 1.

To oloklrwma tra

gnetai:

xex dx = (x + 1)2

ex dx x+1

ex dx (x + 1)2

28

KEFALAIO 5.

PARAGONTIKH OLOKLHRWSH

Upologzoume prta to prto oloklrwma me paragontik:

=
ra telik

ex x+1

ex (ex ) dx = dx = x+1 x+1 1 ex ex ex ( ) dx = + dx x+1 x+1 (x + 1)2 ex dx (x + 1)2 ex ex dx = +C (x + 1)2 x+1 q.e.d. I1 = eax (bx)dx

xex ex dx = + (x + 1)2 x+1

5.10 Upologsate tautqrona ta oloklhrmata: kai

I2 = eax (bx)dx. I1
paragontik:

Lsh: Upologzoume prta to

I1 =

Omowc

1 1 1 ( eax ) (bx)dx = eax (bx) eax ( (bx)) dx = a a a 1 1 = eax (bx) eax b((bx))dx a a 1 b (5.1) I1 = eax (bx) + I2 a a gia to I2 qoume: I2 = 1 ( eax ) (bx)dx = a

1 1 = eax (bx) eax ((bx)) dx = a a 1 1 eax b (bx)dx = eax (bx) a a 1 b I2 = eax (bx) I1 a a
Epilontac to ssmhma twn exissewn (5.1) kai (5.2), wc prc qoume telik:

(5.2)

I1

kai

I2 ,

I1 =

1 [aeax (bx) + beax (bx)] + C 2 2 (a + b ) 1 [aeax (bx) + beax (bx)] + C + b2 ) q.e.d.

I2 =

(a2

5.3.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

29

5.11 Upologsate to oloklrwma: Lsh: Blpoume ti

2 x dx.

1 (x) = 2x

kai epomnwc ja doulyoume parago-

ntik. Diadoqik qoume:

x dx = 2 x

x(x) dx = xx = xx xdx

(x) xdx =

Xroume ti

xdx = ln(|x|) + C

kai ra telik

x dx = xx + ln(|x|) + C 2 x q.e.d.
5.12 Qrhsimopointac paragontik oloklrwsh upologsate to oloklrwma

2 xdx. I = 2 xdx
kai diadoqik qoume:

Lsh: Orzoume

I=

2 x dx = 2 x =

x x dx = 2 x x 2 x

x (x) dx = 2 x xdx =

x x + 2 x

= x +

(x) 2 x x( 2 x) xdx = 4 x 3 x + 2 x 2 x = x + dx = 3 x = x + (1 + 22 x)dx

' Ara qoume:

I = x +
kai lnontac wc prc

dx + 2

2 xdx = x + x + 2I

I,

parnoume telik:

I = x x + C q.e.d.

30

KEFALAIO 5.

PARAGONTIKH OLOKLHRWSH

5.13 Upologsate to oloklrwma

(x) (x)dx,
pou

=0

(x)

polunumo

-bajmo.

Lsh: Oloklhrnontac paragontik qoume:

(x) (x)dx = 1 1 (x)(x)

(x)

1 (x)

dx =

(x)(x)dx = dx 2

=
' Ara dexame ti:

1 1 (x)(x) +

(x) x + dx = 2

(0) (x) x + 0 =
pou

1 (0) 1 (x) x + 0 + 2 (x) x +

2

(x) x + 1 (x).

dx 2

(0) (x) = (x)

h mhdenik pargwgoc tou

Epanalambnontac ta

dia gia to oloklrwma

dx,

qoume:

(x) x + 1 1 (x) x + 1 + 2
ra genik qoume:

dx = 2 dx 2

(x) x + 2

(k) (x) x + k = 1 (k ) (x) x + k + 2

(+1)

dx = 2 dx 2

(k+1) (x) x + (k + 1) k = 0, 1, 6, . . . , ,

Upologzontac la ta oloklhrmata gia yhn ti

lambnontac up

(x) = 0

kai antikajistntac antstrofa, qoume telik:

(x) (x)dx =
=0

1 +1

() (x) x +

2 q.e.d.

5.4.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSHN

31

5.14 Se na arqik keflaio ependseic bsei tou tpou qronik stigm

500 qrhmatikn mondwn, gnontai 0 .2 t I (t) = e . Brete to keflaio thn

t = 3.

Lsh: Isqei h basik sqsh:

dK dK = I (t) = e0.2 t K (t) = dt dt

Ja oloklhrsoume me antikatstash. Jtoume

e0.2 t dt
kai qoume

= 0.2 t

d = 0.2

1 1/2 0.1 t dt = dt 2 t t d = d dt = 0.1 0.02 1 e0.2 t dt = e d = 50 e d 0.02

Qrhsimopointac tra paragontik oloklrwsh qoume:

e d = e
' Ara

(e ) d = e

e ( ) d =

e d = e e + C

K (t) = 50 0.2 te0.2 t e0.2 t + C

Gi

t = 0, K (6) = 500

kai epomnwc

500 = 50(0 1 + C ) C = 11

kai

telik

K (t) = 50 0.2 te0.2 t e0.2 t + 11

kai me antikatstash brskoume

K (3) = 503.792. q.e.d.

5.4

Askseic proc Eplushn

Upologsate ta oloklhrmata

5.15

xxdx
Ap:

xx + x + C

32

KEFALAIO 5.

PARAGONTIKH OLOKLHRWSH

5.16

oxdx
Ap:

x ox +

1 x2 + C

5.17

x oxdx
Ap:

1 (x2 2

+ 1) ox

x 2

+C

5.18

3 x
Ap:

dx

1 1 2x x + 2 ln x x + C

5.19

x ln(x2 + 7)dx
Ap:

x +1 (x2 + 7) ln(x2 + 7) + C 2 2

5.20

9 ln(x) 2 x dx
Ap:

9x + 9 ln(x)x + C

5.21

1 x

ln xdx
Ap:

1 (ln x)2 2

+C

5.22

x x + 1dx
Ap:

2 ( 15

x + 1)(3x2 + x 2)

5.23

(x + 3)(x + 2)4 dx
Ap:

1 3(2+ x) 3

1 2(2+x)2

5.24

3x xdx
Ap:

3x (ln xx x) ln2 3+1

5.25

x o

a x

dx
Ap:

x2 o 2

a x

ax 2

x2 a 2 x2

+C

5.26

x3 (ln x)2 dx
Ap:

x4 4

ln2 x

x4 8

ln x +

x4 32

+C

5.4.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSHN

33

5.27

ln( x 1)dx
Ap:

ln( x 1)(x 1) +

1 x 2

+C

5.28

x2 2x dx
Ap:

2x

2 ln3 2

2x ln2 2

x2 ln 2

5.29

Na apodeiqje o tpoc:

f (x)dx = xf (x)
5.30

xf (x)dx

Na apodeiqje o tpoc:

f (x)g (x)dx + f (x)g (x) =

5.31

g (x)f (x)dx + f (x)g (x)

Upologsate to oloklrwma:

ln[ (t)]ert dt
pou

rR

kai

(t)

sunrthsh tou t.

5.32

Upologsate to oloklrwma:

U (C (t))ert dt
pou

rR

kai

(t)

sunrthsh tou t.

5.33

Upologsate to oloklrwma:

T =k
pou

u2 (A u) 1 du

AR

kai

> 0. p(x)
enai polunumo

5.34

Dexate ti, en to

n-bjmo,

tte:

ex p(x) = ex [p(x) p (x) + p (x) + (1)n p(n) (x)]

34

KEFALAIO 5.

PARAGONTIKH OLOKLHRWSH

Keflaio

Anagwgiko

Tpoi

6.1

Genik

Me thn bojeia thc paragontikc oloklrwshc mporome na apodexoume tpouc anagwgc enc oloklhrmatoc se llo aplostero. onomzontai Auto oi tpoi

anagwgiko.

6.2

Trigwnometriko Anagwgiko Tpoi

Oi ktwji tpoi enai qrhsimtatoi: En

I = xdx,

tte:

I =
En

1 xx 1 + I 2

I = xdx,

tte:

I =
6.3

1 xx 1 + I 2

Anagwgikc Tpoc Rhtc Oloklrwshc

O ktwji tpoc enai exairetikc spoudaithtoc, afo qrhsimopoietai ston upologism oloklhrmatoc, rhtc sunartsewc. 'Estw

I =

dx , tte: ( x2 + a 2 )

I =
tan

1 x 2 3 + I 1 2 2 2 1 a (2 2)(x + a ) 2 2 1.
35

diforo tou

36

KEFALAIO 6.

ANAGWGIKOI TUPOI

6.4

Lumnec Askseic.

6.1 Upologsate to

5 xdx.
Jtoume
1 I = xx +

Lsh: Ja qrhsimopoisoume ton sqetik anagwgik tpo.

xdx

kai qoume, antikajistntac ston

I5 1 I 2 :

I5 =
Gia to

4 xx 5 1 + I3 5 5 2 xx 3 1 + I1 3 3 xdx = x + K

I3

qoume:

I3 =
kai

I1 =

Me antstrofh antikatstash kai ektlesh twn prxewn, qoume telik:

I5 =

4 xx 4 2 xx 8 + + x + C 5 15 15 q.e.d.
1 dx . (x2 +3)3

6.2 Upologsate to Lsh:

'Estw

ja qrhsimopoisoume ton anagwgik tpo rhtc oloklrwshc.

I3 =

1 dx tte: (x2 +3)3

I3 =
, opte

1 dx (x2 + ( 3)2 )3

kai diadoqik qoume:

1 x 233 + I2 I3 = 2 ( 3) (2 3 2)[x2 + ( 3)2 ]31 2 3 2 1 x 223 + I1 I2 = 2 2 2 2 1 222 ( 3) (2 2 2)[x + ( 3) ] I1 = 1 1 x dx = o + K 2 + ( 3) 3 3

x2

Me antstrofh antikatstash kai ektlesh twn prxewn, qoume telik:

I3 =

12(x2

x x 1 x + + o + C 2 2 + 3) 24(x + 3) 24 3 3 q.e.d.

6.4.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS.

37

6.3 Upologsate to

(x2

1 dx + x + 2)2 x2 + x + 2
san jroisma tetragnwn:

Lsh: Ja gryoume kat' arqc to

1 1 1 1 x2 + x + 2 = x2 + 2 x + 2 = x2 + 2 x + + 2 = 2 2 4 4 1 = x+ 2
2

7 1 + = x+ 4 2

7 2

To oloklrwma tra grfetai:

I2 = x+
1 2

1
2

7 2

dx 2 2

Qrhsimopointac ton anagwgik tpo qoume:

I2 =

1
7 2 2

x+ (2 2 2) x+
1 2

1 2 2

7 2

2 2 1

223 I1 222

I1 = x+

1
1 2 2

7 2

2 2x + 1 dx = o +K 7 7

Me antstrofh antikatstash kai ektlesh twn prxewn, qoume telik:

I2 =

2x + 1 4 2x + 1 + o +C 7(x2 + x + 2) 7 7 7 q.e.d.

6.4 Upologsate to

(5x2

1 dx + x + 1)3

38

KEFALAIO 6.

ANAGWGIKOI TUPOI

Lsh: To oloklrwma diadoqik grfetai:

(5x2

1 dx = + x + 1)3 = 1 125

1 53 x2 + 1 x+ 5 1
3 dx 1 5

3 dx

x2 + 1 x+ 5

1 5

Metatrpoume to

x2 + 1 x+ 5

1 se jroisma tetragnwn : 5 2

1 1 1 1 1 x + x + = x2 + 2 x + 5 5 2 5 10
2

1 2 1 + = 10 5 2 1 2 19 1 2 19 = x+ + = x+ + 10 100 10 10

To oloklrwma tra grfetai:

I3 =

1 125

1 x+
1 10 2

19 10

dx 2 3

O anagwgikc tpoc ja dsei telik:

I3 =

10x + 1 10x + 1 15(10x + 1) 300 o( + + )+C 2 2 2 38(5x + x + 1) 361(5x + x + 1) 361 19 19 q.e.d.

6.5 En

I = xdx,

dexate ti

1 xx 1 + I 2 I =
Lsh: Ergazmenoi paragontik qoume:

I =

1 xxdx =

1 x(x) dx =

= 1 xx = 1 xx +

[x( 1 x) ]dx =

[x( 1) 2 xx]dx =

= 1 xx + ( 1) [ 2 x 2 x]dx =

6.4.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS.

39

= 1 xx + ( 1) [(1 2 x) 2 x]dx = = 1 xx + ( 1) [ 2 x]dx ( 1) [ x]dx = = 1 xx + ( 1)I 2 ( 1)I

Lnontac autn thn teleutaa exswsh wc prc anagwgik tpo.

I ,

parnoume ton zhtomeno

q.e.d.
6.6 En

I = (x2 + a2 ) dx, I =

dexate ti

x(x2 + a2 ) (2a2 ) + I 1 (2 + 1) (2 + 1)

1 = 2 .
Lsh: Oloklhrnontac paragontik, qoume diadoqik:

I =

[x (x2 + a2 ) ]dx = x[(x2 + a2 ) ] dx = x (x2 + a2 ) 1 2xdx (x2 + a2 ) 1 x2 dx

= x(x2 + a2 ) = x(x2 + a2 )

= x(x2 + a2 ) 2 = x(x2 + a2 ) 2 = x(x2 + a2 ) 2

(x2 + a2 ) 1 (x2 + a2 a2 )dx (x2 + a2 ) 1 dx

(x2 + a2 ) dx + 2a2

= x(x2 + a2 ) 2I + 2a2 I 1
Epilontac thn telik sqsh, c prc

I ,

parnoume to zhtomeno.

q.e.d.
6.7 Brete anagwgik tpo gia to oloklrwma

(ln x) dx.

40

KEFALAIO 6.

ANAGWGIKOI TUPOI

Lsh: 'Estw

I = (ln x) dx. I = = x(ln x)

Diadoqik qoume:

x (ln x) dx = 1 (ln x) 1 x dx = x

= x(ln x)

(ln x) 1 dx = x(ln x) I 1

o opooc enai kai o zhtomenoc anagwgikc tpoc.

q.e.d.
6.8 Brete anagwgik tpo gia to oloklrwma

x dx. (x2 +1)

Lsh: 'Estw

J =

1)x 2 x 2 =

x x2 dx, tte J = x2 x 2 dx all (x2 +1) +1 (x 1 ) antikajistntac, to J gnetai: 1

(x 1 ) = (

J =
diadoqik tra qoume

1 1

x2 (x 1 ) dx x2 + 1

J =

1 1 (x
1

x2

1 (x 1 ) dx = +1 (x 1 ) dx = x2 + 1 x 2 dx = x2 + 1

1 = 1 = =

1 ) dx 1 ( 1)

x 1 1 1 1 x 1 1

x 2 x 1 dx = J 2 x2 + 1 1

o opooc enai kai o zhtomenoc anagwgikc tpoc.

q.e.d.
6.9 Brete anagwgik tpo gia to oloklrwma

0.

dx , x x2 + a

= 1, a =

6.5.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSHN

41

Lsh: 'Estw

J =

dx , diadoqik qoume x x2 +a

J 2 =

dx = x 2 x 2 + a = 1 x
1

x dx = x 1 x 2 + a

( x2 + a) dx = 1 x 1

x2 + a x 1

( x 2 + a)

dx =

= = =

x2 + a + ( 1) x 1

x2 + a dx = x

x2 + a + ( 1) x 1

x2 + a dx = x x2 + a adx x2 + a

x2 + a + ( 1) x 1

x2 dx + ( 1) x x2 + a

kai telik qoume

J 2 =
kai epilontac wc prc

x2 + a + ( 1)J 2 + a( 1)J x 1
parnoume ton zhtomeno anagwgik tpo :

J ,

J =

x2 + a Jn2 1 a( 1)x a( 1) q.e.d.

6.5
6.10

Askseic proc Eplushn

Upologsate to oloklrwma
Ap:

7 xdx

1 6 24 48 7 6 xx 35 4 xx 105 2 xx 105 +C 1 dx (x2 +7)2

6.11

Upologsate to oloklrwma

42

KEFALAIO 6.

ANAGWGIKOI TUPOI

Ap:

x 14(x2 +7)

1 x o( ) 14 7 7 1 dx (3x2 +5)2

+C

6.12

Upologsate to oloklrwma
Ap:

x 10(3x2 +5)

1 o( 10 15

3 x) 5

+C

6.13

Upologsate to oloklrwma
Ap:

1 dx (x2 x+7)3

2x1 54(x2 x+7)2

2 x 1 243(x2 x+7)

4 o 729 3

2x 1 3

6.14

Upologsate to oloklrwma
Ap:

1 dx (7x2 x+2)2

14x1 55(7x2 x+2)

28 o 55 55

14 x 1 55

Keflaio

Anlush

se ' Ajroisma

Apln

Klasmtwn

7.1

Genik

To phlkon do akerawn poluwnmwn

f (x)

kai

g (x)

kaletai

rht klsma

rht sunrthsh

wc proc

x.

Analutik grfoume:

k (x) =
pou

f (x) am xm + am1 xm1 + + a1 x + a0 = g (x) bn xn + bn1 xn1 + + b1 x + b0 ai , bj

ankoun sto

am , bn = 0

kai

R, i = 1, 2, . . . , m, j = 1, 2, . . . , n.

7.2

Anlush se Apl Klsmata

Se pollc efarmogc qreizetai na analoume mia rht sunrthsh se jroisma aplosterwn klasmtwn. Akoloujome ton paraktw algrijmo.

Algrijmoc anlushc se jroisma apln klasmtwn. Bma 1on. En o arijmhtc qei bajm megaltero tou paranomasto, knoume thn diaresh diareshc qoume: pou to klsma nomasto.

f (x) : g (x). Qrhsimopointac f (x) = g (x)p(x) + v (x) kai ra

thn tautthta thc

f ( x) g ( x)

= p(x) +

v ( x) , g ( x)

v (x) qei plon arijmht bajmo mikrterou tou parag ( x)

Bma 2on. En o arijmhtc qei bajm mikrtero tou paranomasto, tte

paragontopoiome plrwc ton paranomast.

43

44

KEFALAIO 7.

ANALUSH SE AJROISMA APLWN KLASMATWN

Bma 3on. Qrhsimopointac ton katllhlo tpo, exisnoume to

f ( x) me g ( x)

na jroisma apln klasmtwn pou periqoun stajerc proc prosdiorismn.

Bma 4on. Prosdiorzoume tic stajerc.

7.3

Tpoi anlushc se apl klsmata

H anlush sto 3on bma tou parapnw algorjmou, gnetai bsei twn tpwn twn ktwji periptsewn (

Heavaside).

Perptwsh
dhlad

I : En to g (x) qei mno aplc pragmatikc rzec p1 , p2 , . . . , pn , g (x) = (x p1 )(x p2 ) (x pn ) tte

f (x) f (x) A1 A2 An = = + ++ g (x) (x p1 )(x p2 ) (x pn ) (x p1 ) (x p2 ) (x pn )

pou

A1 , A2 , . . . , An

stajerc proc prosdiorismn. rzec, dhlad

II : En to g (x) qei kai pollaplc p1 )(x p2 )(x p3 )k (x pm )l , tte

Perptwsh

g (x) = (x

f (x) f (x) = = g (x) (x p1 )(x p2 )(x p3 )k (x pm )l A1 A2 B1 B2 Bk + + + + + + (x p1 ) (x p2 ) (x p3 ) (x p3 )2 (x p3 )k M1 M2 Ml + + + + 2 (x pm ) (x pm ) (x pm )l A1 , A2 , Bi , Mi stajerc proc prosdiorismn. =

Perptwsh

III : En to g (x) 2 (2 x + 2 x + 2 ) tte

qei thn morf

g (x) = (1 x2 + 1 x + 1 )

f (x) f (x) = = 2 g (x) (1 x + 1 x + 1 ) (2 x2 + 2 x + 2 ) Mx + N A1 x + B1 + + 2 1 x + 1 x + 1 2 x2 + 2 x + 2 A2 x + B2 A x + B + + + 2 2 (2 x + 2 x + 2 ) (2 x2 + 2 x + 2 ) =

Perptwsh

IV :

'Otan isqoun sugqrnwc oi periptseic

I, II, III ,

tte

efarmzoume tautqrona touc antistoqouc tpouc.

7.4.

PROSDIORISMOS TWN STAJERWN

45

7.4

Prosdiorismc twn stajern

Gia na prosdiorsoume tic stajerc qrhsimopoiome do mejdouc: Ete knoume ta klsmata omnuma kai exisnoume touc suntelestc twn omoiobajmwn rwn twn arijmhtn, ete knoume ta klsmata omnuma kai jtoume aujaretec timc stic metablhtc

x.

7.5

Lumnec Askseic

7.1 Na analuje to klsma

x2 x 1 (x 1)(x 2)(x + 3)
se jroisma apln klasmtwn. Lsh: Akoloujntac ton algrijmo kai thn perptwsh

qoume:

x2 x 1 A1 A2 A3 = + + = (x 1)(x 2)(x + 3) x1 x2 x+3 = A1 (x 2)(x + 3) + A2 (x 1)(x + 3) + A3 (x 1)(x 2) (x 1)(x 2)(x + 3)

exisnontac touc arijmhtc parnoume:

x2 x 1 = A1 (x 2)(x + 3) + A2 (x 1)(x + 3) + A3 (x 1)(x 2)

gia

(7.1)

x = 1 h (7.1) gnetai: 1 = (4)A1 A1 = 1/4, gia x = 2 h (7.1) gnetai: 1 = 5A2 A2 = 1/5, gia x = 3 h (7.1) gnetai: 11 = 20A3 A3 = 11/20
kai h anlush telik enai:

x2 x 1 1/4 1/5 11/20 = + + (x 1)(x 2)(x + 3) x1 x2 x+3 q.e.d.

7.2 Na analuje to klsma

x2 + x + 1 (x + 2)(x + 3)2
se jroisma apln klasmtwn.

46

KEFALAIO 7.

ANALUSH SE AJROISMA APLWN KLASMATWN

Lsh: Apo thn perptwsh

II

qoume :

x2 + x + 1 A1 B1 B2 = + + = (x + 2)(x + 3)2 x + 2 x + 3 (x + 3)2 = A1 (x + 3)2 + B1 (x + 2)(x + 3) + B2 (x + 2) (x + 2)(x + 3)2

exisnontac touc arijmhtc qoume:

x2 + x + 1 = (A1 + B1 )x2 + (6A1 + 5B1 + B2 )x + (9A1 + 6B1 + 2B2 )

sugkrnontac touc suntelestc twn omoiobajmwn rwn, parnoume:

A1 + B1 = 1 6A1 + 5B1 + B2 = 1 9A1 + 6B1 + 2B2 = 1

kai ra

A1 = 3,
kai h anlush enai:

B1 = 2,

B2 = 7

x2 + x + 1 3 2 7 = 2 (x + 2)(x + 3) x + 2 x + 3 (x + 3)2 q.e.d.

7.3 Na analuje se jroisma apln klasmtwn to klsma:

x4 + 1 (x2 x + 1)3
Lsh: Epeid qoume ston paranomast polunumo 2ou bajmo, ja qrhsimopoisoume ton tpo thc perptwshc

III :

x4 + 1 A1 x + B1 A2 x + B2 = + + (x2 x + 1)3 x2 x + 1 (x2 x + 1)2 + A3 x + B3 (x2 x + 1)3

knontac ta klsmata omnuma qoume, exisnontac touc arijmhtc:

x4 + 1 = (A1 x + B1 )(x2 x + 1)2 + (A2 x + B2 )(x2 x + 1) + (A3 x + B3 )

7.5.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

47

kai knontac prxeic:

x4 +1 = A1 x5 +(2A1 +B1 )x4 +(3A1 +A2 2B1 )x3 +(2A1 A2 +3B1 +B2 )x2 + (A1 + A2 + A3 2B1 B2 )x + (B1 + B2 + B3 )
Exisnontac touc suntelestc twn omoiobajmwn rwn parnoume to ssthma:

A1 = 0 2A1 + B1 = 1 3A1 + A2 2B1 = 0 2A1 A2 + 3B1 + B2 = 0 A1 + A2 + A3 2B1 B2 = 0 B1 + B2 + B3 = 1

Ap pou brskoume ti:

A1 = 0,

A2 = 2,

A3 = 1,

B1 = 1,

B2 = 1,

B3 = 1

Kai h anlush enai:

1 2x 1 x + 1 x4 + 1 = 2 + 2 + 2 2 3 2 (x x + 1) x x + 1 (x x + 1) (x x + 1)3 q.e.d.
7.4 Na analuje se apl klsmata h rht sunrthsh:

(x2

1 + 1)(x2 + x)

Lsh: Paragontopoiome plrwc ton paranomast kai qoume

(x2

1 1 = 2 2 + 1)(x + x) (x + 1)x(x + 1)

Gia na analsoume se apl klsmata ja sundusoume lec tic periptseic:

1 A B Gx + D = + + (x2 + 1)(x2 + x) x (x + 1) x2 + 1
Knontac ta klsmata omnuma kai exisnontac touc arijmhtc parnoume:

1 = A(x + 1)(x2 + 1) + Bx(x2 + 1) + (Gx + D)x(x + 1) =

48

KEFALAIO 7.

ANALUSH SE AJROISMA APLWN KLASMATWN

= (A + B + G)x3 + (A + G + D)x2 + (A + B + D)x + A

ap pou brskoume ti:

A = 1,

1 B= , 2

1 G= , 2

D=

1 2

kai h zhtoumnh anlush enai:

1 1 1 1 x+1 = = (x2 + 1)(x2 + x) (x2 + 1)(x2 + x) x 2(x + 1) 2(x2 + 1) q.e.d.

7.5 Na analuje se apl klsmata to klsma

x3 x2 2x 3
Lsh: Afo o arijmhtc qei bajm megaltero apo ton tou paranomasto,
knoume diaresh kai qoume: ja gnei:

x3 = (x + 2)(x2 2x 3) + (7x + 6) to klsma

x3 (x + 2)(x2 2x 3) + 7x + 6 7x + 6 = = (x + 2) + 2 2 2 x 2x 3 x 2x 3 x 2x 3
ja analsoume tra to klsma

7x+6 , x2 2 x 3

x2

7x + 6 7x + 6 A B = = + = 2x 3 (x 3)(x + 1) x3 x+1 = A(x + 1) + B (x 3) (x 3)(x + 1) 7x + 6 = A(x + 1) + B (x 3), jtontac A = 27/4, B = 1/4, kai h anlush telik

exisnontac touc arijmhtc qoume :

x = 1
gnetai :

kai

x = 3,

brskoume

x3 27/4 1/4 = (x + 2) + + 2 x 2x 3 x3 x+1 q.e.d.

7.6 Upologsate to jroisma

1 1 1 + + + 13 35 (2n 1)(2n + 1)

7.5.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

49

Lsh: Analoume to klsma

1 se jroisma apln klasmtwn: (2n1)(2n+1)

1 A B = + = (2n 1)(2n + 1) 2n 1 2n + 1 =
kai ra

A(2n + 1) + B (2n 1) 1 A= , (2n 1)(2n + 1) 2

B=

1 2

1/2 1/2 1 = + (2n 1)(2n + 1) 2n 1 2n + 1

Diadoqik tra qoume:

1 1 1 = 13 2 6 1 1 1 n=2 = 35 6 10 1 1 1 n=3 = 57 10 14 1 1/2 1/2 n=n = + (2n 1)(2n + 1) 2n 1 2n + 1 n=1

Ajrozontac kat mlh, brskoume:

1 1 1 1 1 + + + = 13 35 (2n 1)(2n + 1) 2 2(2n + 1) q.e.d.

7.7 Na analuje se jroisma apln klasmtwn to klsma

2x2 + 3x 5 (x 2)3
Lsh: Ja lsoume thn skhsh aut me ma llh mjodo. Diairntac ton
arijmht me to

(x 2) 2x + 7 = 2(x 2) + 11
epomnwc:

qoume ra

2x2 + 3x 5 = (x 2)(2x + 7) + 9 all 2x2 + 3x 5 = 2(x 2)2 + 11(x 2) + 9 kai

2x2 + 3x 5 2(x 2)2 + 11(x 2) + 9 = = (x 2)3 (x 2)3 2 11 9 = + + 2 x 2 (x 2) (x 2)3 q.e.d.

50

KEFALAIO 7.

ANALUSH SE AJROISMA APLWN KLASMATWN

7.8 Na analuje se jroisma apln klasmtwn to klsma

2x3 3x2 + 5x 3 (x 1)5

Lsh: Ja gryoume ton arijmht wc jroisma dunmewn tou
simopointac ton tpo tou kntro to

T aylor.

Gnwrzoume ti to anptugma

(x 1), qrhT aylor me

enai:

jtontac

(x 1) (x 1)2 + f (1) + 1! 2! f (x) = 2x3 3x2 + 5x 3, parnoume: f (x) = f (1) + f (1) 2x3 3x2 + 5x 3 = 1 + 5(x 1) + 3(x 1)2 + 2(x 1)3

kai to klsma gnetai:

2x3 3x2 + 5x 3 1 + 5(x 1) + 3(x 1)2 + 2(x 1)3 = = (x 1)5 (x 1)5 1 5 3 2 = + + + (x 1)5 (x 1)4 (x 1)3 (x 1)2 q.e.d.
7.9 Na analuje to klsma

2x+1 x4 +1

Lsh: Paragontopoiome ton paranomast:

x4 + 1 = x4 + 2x2 2x2 + 1 = (x2 + 1)2 2x2 = (x2 + 1)2 ( 2x)2 = = (x2 2x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 1) 2x + 1 Ax + B Gx + D = 2 + 2 = 4 x +1 x 2x + 1 x + 2x + 1 (Ax + B )(x2 + 2x + 1) + (Gx + D)(x2 2x + 1) = x4 + 1

kai to klsma analetai wc exc:

Exisnontac touc suntelestc twn omoiobajmwn rwn twn arijmhtn, brskoume ti :

1 A= , 2 2

1 B = (1 + 2), 2 2)

1 G= , 2 2
1

D=

22 2 2

kai h anlush telik gnetai:

1 (1 + x+ 1 2 2 2 (x2 2x +

2 x + 22 2 2 2 + 2 1) (x + 2x + 1)

q.e.d.

7.6.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSH

51

7.6

Askseic proc Eplush

Analsate se apl klsmata tic ktwji rhtc sunartseic

7.10

(x2

2x + 7 4)(x + 1)
Ap:

3 4(x+2)

11 2(x2)

5 3(x1)

7.11

x2

3x 1 5x + 6
Ap:

8 x 3

5 x 2

7.12

x2 + 11x 2 (x + 2)(x 1)(x 4)

Ap: 7.13

1 9

29 x4

10 x 1

10 x+2

10x2 + 32 x3 (x 4)2
Ap: 7.14

1 x

1 x2

2 x3

1 x 4

3 (x4)2

x5 + 2) (x2 + x + 1)3
Ap: 7.15

(x2) (x2 +x+1)

x+3 (x2 +x+1)2

x 1 (x2 +x+1)3

x2 x + 1 (x2 + 1)(x 1)2

Ap:

1 2(x2 +1)

1 2(x1)2

52

KEFALAIO 7.

ANALUSH SE AJROISMA APLWN KLASMATWN

7.16

x2 (x2 2x + 5)2
Ap: 7.17

1 x2 2x+5

2 x 5 (x2 2x+5)2

5x2 4 x4 5x2 + 4
Ap: 7.18

1 3

4 x 2

1 2(x1)

1 2(x+1)

4 x+2

x3 x3 3x + 2
Ap: 7.19

1+

1 3(x1)2

8 9(x1)

8 9(x+2)

2x3 2x 2 2x2 + x 6
Ap: 7.20

1 +x+ 2

2 x+2

1 2(2x+3)

x4

5x3

x+1 + 9x2 7x + 2
Ap:

3 x 2

3 x 1

3 (x1)2

2 (x1)3

7.21

x2 x + 1 (x 1)3
Ap: 7.22

1 x 1

1 (x1)2

1 (x1)3

8 x8 1

7.6.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSH

53

Ap: 7.23

1 x 1

1 x+1

2 x2 +1

4 x4 +1

x3 (x + 1)5
Ap: 7.24

1 (x+2)2

3 (x+1)3

3 (x+1)4

1 (x+1)5

x4 1 (3x + 1)2
Ap: 7.25

1 27

x 2 +x 81(380 81(34 27 9 x+1)2 x+1)

2x2 3x4 + 2x + 1
Ap: 7.26

Na breje to jroisma:

1 1 1 + + + 23 34 (n + 1)(n + 2)
Ap: 7.27

1 2

1 n+2

Na breje to jroisma:

1 1 1 + + + 13 24 n(n + 2)
Ap: 7.28

1 1 [ 2 n

1 n+2

Na breje to jroisma:

1 1 1 + + + 123 234 n(n + 1)(n + 2)

(Updeixh: Analsate to klsma n(n+1)(n+2) se jroisma klasmtwn me paranomastc n(n + 1) kai (n + 1)(n + 2)).
7.29

Dexate ti:

1 1 1 1 n + + + = 25 58 (3n 1)(3n + 2) 2 3n + 2

54

KEFALAIO 7.

ANALUSH SE AJROISMA APLWN KLASMATWN

Keflaio

Basik

Rht Oloklhrmata

8.1

Genik

Ta oloklhrmata twn ktwji rhtn sunartsewn qrhsimopoiontai gia ton upologism poluplokotrwn rhtn oloklhrwmtwn, all qoun kai autnomh axa.

O1 =

dx , (ax + b)

O2 =

dx , (ax + b)n

O3 =

ax2

dx + bx + c a1 x + b 1 dx + b1 x + c1 )n

O4 =

a1 x + b 1 dx, O5 = a2 + b 2 x + c 2 x2

(a1

x2

dx , O6 = + b1 x + c1 )n

(a1

x2

Sta tra teleutaa oloklhrmata h diakrnousa tou paranomasto jewretai arnhtik. Ja antimetwpsoume to kje na xeqwrist.

8.2

To oloklrwma

O1

To oloklrwma aut upologzetai bsei tou tpou:

dx 1 = ln |ax + b| + C ax + b a
Prosoq sthn perptwsh

(8.1)

a < 0.

8.3

To oloklrwma

O2
w = ax + b.

To oloklrwma aut upologzetai me antikatstash, jtontac

55

56

KEFALAIO 8.

BASIKA RHTA OLOKLHRWMATA

8.4

To oloklrwma

O3
tou paranomasto kai meletme tic exc

Upologzoume thn diakrnousa periptseic:

Perptwsh 1h:

> 0. ax2 + bx + c = a(x p1 )(x p2 ) A 1 dx + (x p1 ) a

kai

Paragontopoiome ton paranomast

analoume se jroisma apln klasmtwn:

ax2

dx = + bx + c

dx 1 = a(x p1 )(x p2 ) a

B dx (x p2 )

Perptwsh 2h:

= 0. ax2 + bx + c = a(x p)2 kai met knoume perptwsh O2 .

Paragontopoiome ton paranomast antikatstash, smfwna me thn

Perptwsh 3h:

< 0.
kai met qrhsimopoiome ton tpo tou

Se autn thn perptwsh metatrpoume ton paranomast se jroisma tetragnwn:

ax2 + bx + c = a[(x l)2 + d2 ]

dhlad qoume:

o,

ax2 = 1 a

dx = + bx + c

dx = a[(x l)2 + d2 ] +C

d(x l) 1 xl = o 2 2 (x l) + d ad d

8.5

To oloklrwma

O4
Epeita dia-

Sqhmatzoume ston arijmht thn pargwgo tou paranomasto.

spme to klsma se duo klsmata kai epomnwc to arqik oloklrwma se duo oloklhrmata. To prto oloklrwma upologzetai me antikatstash,

to detero ankei sthn kathgora

O3 .

8.6

To oloklrwma

O5
2

Kat' arqc metatrpoume thn posthta gnwn: tpo:

a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 se jroisma tetraa1 x + b1 x + c1 = a1 [(x s) + K 2 ] kai met qrhsimopoiome ton

2

In =

1 K2

xs 2n 3 + In1 , 2 2 n 1 (2n 2)[(x s) + K ] 2n 2

n=1

8.7.

TO OLOKLHRWMA

O6

57

pou

In =

1 dx. [(xs)2 +K 2 ]n
O arijmc

PROSOQH:

a1

ja bge xw apo to oloklrwma.

8.7

To oloklrwma

O6

Me katllhlec prxeic dhmiourgome ston arijmht thn pargwgo thc posthtac

a1 x 2 + b 1 x + c 1 .

Met diaspme to klsma se do klsmata kai

epomnwc to arqik oloklrwma se do oloklhrmata. To prto upologzetai me antikatstash, to detero ankei sthn kathgora

O5 .

8.8

Lumnec Askseic
dx . 2x+6 dx 2x+6

8.1 Upologsate to

Lsh: Bsei tou tpou (8.1), qoume

=1 ln |2x + 6| + C . 2 q.e.d.

8.2 Upologsate to

dx . 5 x

Lsh: Ap ton tpo (8.1) qoume, gia

a = 1,

dx dx 5 x

= ln |5 x| + C . q.e.d.

8.3 Upologsate to Lsh:

dx . (2x)100
Jtoume

Ja doulyoume me antikatstash.

w = 2x

kai ra

dw = dx dx = dw.

To oloklrwma tra gnetai:

dx dx = (2 x)100 =

dw dw = w100

w100 dw =

w100+1 w99 1 1 +C = +C = +C (100 + 1) (99) 99 (2 x)99 q.e.d.

8.4 Upologsate to oloklrwma

dx (7 13x)13

58

KEFALAIO 8.

BASIKA RHTA OLOKLHRWMATA

Lsh:

Jtoume

w = 7 13x,

ra

1 dw = 13dx dx = 13 dw.

To

oloklrwma gnetai:

dx = (7 13x)13 =

dw 1 dw = 13 13w 13

w13 dw = +C =

1 w13+1 1 w12 +C = 13 13 + 1 13 12 = 1 1 +C 156 (7 13x)12

q.e.d.
8.5 Apodexate ton tpo:

dx (ax+b)n

1 = a(n1)(ax + C. +b)n1
kai

Lsh: Me antikatstash qoume

to oloklrwma gnetai.

1 w = ax + b dw = adx dx = a dw

dx = (ax + b)n = 1 a

dw 1 = n aw a

wn dw =

wn+1 1 1 +C = +C = +C n 1 n + 1 a(n 1)w a(n 1)(ax + b)n1 ) q.e.d.

8.6 Upologsate to

x2
Lsh: Blpoume ti
ranomast:

dx 10x + 21
ton paklsma

= 16 > 0 kai epomnwc paragontopoiome x2 10x + 21 = (x 3)(x 7). Analoume tra to 1 1/4 1/4 = + x2 10x + 21 x3 x7

1 x2 10x+21

1 se jroisma apln klasmtwn. 'Htoi (x3)(x7)

kai to oloklrwma epomnwc gnetai:

dx = x2 10x + 21

dx 1 = (x 3)(x 7) 4

dx 1 + x3 4

dx = x7

1 1 1 x7 +C = ln |x 3| + ln |x 7| + C = ln 4 4 4 x3 q.e.d.

8.8.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

59

8.7 Upologsate to oloklrwma

4x2
Lsh: Parathrome ti

dx + 4x + 1

= 0 kai o paranomastc grfetai 4x2 + 4x + 1 = dx = + 4x + 1 dx = (2x + 1)2

(2x + 1)2 ,

epomnwc gia to oloklrwma qoume:

4x2 1 dw 1 2 = 2 w 2

w2+1 1 1 + C = w 1 + C = +C 2 + 1 2 2(2x + 1) q.e.d.

8.8 Upologsate to oloklrwma

dx 7x2 + 4x + 3
Lsh: H diakrnousa tou paranomasto enai

68 < 0

kai epomnwc ja ton

metatryoume se jroisma tetragnwn. Diadoqik qoume:

x 3 7x2 + 4x + 3 = 7 x2 + 4 + = 7 7 = 7 x2 + 2 2 4 4 3 2 x+ + = 7 x + 7 49 49 7 7

17 7

To oloklrwma tra gnetai:

7x2

dx = + 4x + 3

1/7 x+
2 7 2

17 7

dx =

2 x + 1 1 17 7x + 2 o 17 7 + C = o +C 17 7 17 17 7 7

q.e.d.
8.9 Upologsate to oloklrwma

I=

7x + 9 dx 11x2 + x + 1

60

KEFALAIO 8.

BASIKA RHTA OLOKLHRWMATA

Lsh: To oloklrwma ankei sthn kathgora

rijmht thn pargwgo tou paranomasto oloklrwma mac gnetai:

O4 . Sqhmatzoume ston (11x + x + 1) = 22x + 1 kai

2

ato

7x + 9 1 dx = 22 2 11x + x + 1 7 7 = 22 7 22
sthn kathgora

(7x + 9) dx = 11x2 + x + 1

22 7

22x + 198 +11 7 dx = 2 11x + x + 1 11x2 1 dx +x+1

(8.2)

22x + 1 7 191 dx + 2 11x + x + 1 22 7 O3 .

Diadoqik qoume

To prto oloklrwma upologzetai me antikatstash, en to detero ankei

22x + 1 dx = 11x2 + x + 1
pou

1 dw = ln |11x2 + x + 1| + C w

(8.3)

w = 11x2 + x + 1, dw = (22x + 1)dx. 1 1 dx = +x+1 11 1 x+

1 22 2

1 x2 +
1 x 11

11x2 1 = 11

1 11

dx =

43 22

x+ 1 1 1 o 22 + C = dx = 2 43 11 43
22 22

=2

43 22x + 1 o +C 43 43

(8.4)

Antikajistntac ta (8.3) kai (8.4) sto (8.2) qoume telik:

I=

7 191 22x + 1 ln |11x2 + x + 1| + 43 o +C 22 473 43 q.e.d.

8.10 Upologsate to oloklrwma

I=

(11x2

dx + x + 1)3

8.8.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

61

Lsh: Grfoume kat' arqc to oloklrwma sthn morf

I=

dx 113 x2 +
x 11

1 11

1 113

dx x2 +
x 11

1 11

Grfoume to

1 x x2 + 11 + 11

se jroisma tetragnwn

x 1 x2 + 11 + 11 = x+

1 22

43 22

2
kai to oloklrwma gnetai:

dx x2 +
pou

x 11

1 11

= x+
1 22

dx
2

43 22

2 3

dX (X 2 + K 2 )3

X = x + 1/22

kai

K =

anadromik tpo thc perptwshc

13/22. Ja qrhsimopoisoume O5 . To n = 3, ra X 3 + I2 2 2 +K ) 4

tra ton

(X 2

1 dX = I3 = 2 2 3 +K ) K I2 = 1 K2

4(X 2

X 1 + I1 2(X 2 + K 2 )2 2 1 X o K K I. q.e.d.

I1 = X K

Antikajistntac la ta prohgomena antstrofa kai lambnontac upyin tic timc twn kai brskoume telik to

8.11 Upologsate to oloklrwma

I=

x7 dx (x2 x + 1)2 O6 . Ja sqhmatsoume x x + 1, (x x + 1) = 2x 1. To I

2 2

Lsh: To oloklrwma aut ankei sthn kathgora

ston arijmht thn pargwgo tou gnetai

I= 1 2

1 2

(x2 (x2

2(x 7) 1 dx = 2 x + 1) 2

2x 1 13 dx = (x2 x + 1)2 (x2 1 dx x + 1)2

(8.5)

2x 1 13 dx 2 x + 1) 2

62

KEFALAIO 8.

BASIKA RHTA OLOKLHRWMATA

To prto oloklrwma upologzetai me antikatstash.

Jtoume

w = x2

x + 1 dw = (2x 1)dx 2x 1 dx = 2 (x x + 1)2

kai ra

1 dw = w2

w2 dw =

w 1 1 +C = 2 +C 1 x x+1
(8.6)

To detero oloklrwma ankei sthn kathgora se jroisma tetragnwn: oloklrwma tra gnetai:

O5 .
1 2

Grfoume to

x2 x + 1 = 1 x
1 2 2

x2 x + 1

3 2

2
. To detero

1 dx = (x2 x + 1)2
pou

3 2

2 dx

1 dX (X 2 + K 2 )2 O5
qoume:

X =x

1 , 2

K=

3 . Qrhsimopointac tra ton tpo thc 2

(X 2 I1 =

1 1 X 1 dX = I2 = 2 + I1 2 2 2 2 +K ) K 2(X + K ) 2 2x 1 2 +C + C = o 3 3

1 X o K K (x2

1 4 x 1/2 dx = 2 x + 1) 3 2[(x 1/2)2 + 3/4] 2x 1 1 2 +C + o 2 3 3

(8.7)

Antikajistntac ta apotelsmata (8.6),(8.7), sto (8.5) kai knontac tic prxeic brskoume telik :

I=

2(x2

1 (x 1/2) 26 (2x 1) 13 o +C 2 x + 1) [(x 1/2) + (3/4)] 3 3 3 q.e.d.

8.9
8.12

Askseic Proc Eplushn.

Upologsate to oloklrwma
dx . 3x+7
Ap:

1 3

ln |3x + 7| + C .

8.13

Upologsate to

dx . 128x

8.9.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSHN.

63

Ap: 8.14 8.15

1 ln |12 8x| + C . 8

Apodexate ton tpo thc perptwshc Upologsate to

dx . (2x9)20

O5 .

Ap:

1 38

1 (2x9)19

+ C.

8.16

Upologsate to

dx . (105x)123
Ap:

1 5

1 122

1 (105x)122

+ C.

8.17

Upologsate to

dx . 4 x2 8 x
Ap:

1 8

ln

x 2 x

+ C.

8.18

Upologsate to

dx . x2 9
Ap:

1 6

ln

x 3 x+3

+ C.

8.19

Upologsate to

dx . a(x2 A)
Ap:

ln A

x A x+ A

+ C.

8.20

Upologsate to

dx . 2 x2 6 x 7
Ap:

1 2 23

ln

2x323 2x3+ 23

+ C.

8.21

Upologsate to

dx . x2 6x+9
Ap:

1 x + C. 3

8.22

Upologsate to

dx . x2 4x+4
Ap:

1 x + C. 2

8.23

Upologsate to

dx . x2 +2 2x+2
Ap:

x+12 + C .

8.24

Upologsate to

dx . x2 6x+13

64

KEFALAIO 8.

BASIKA RHTA OLOKLHRWMATA

Ap:

1 o 2

x 3 2

+ C.

8.25

Upologsate to

dx . 2x2 +3x+4
Ap:

2 23 o 23

4 x+3 23

+ C.

8.26

Upologsate to

dx . x2 x+1
Ap:

2 3 o 3

2x 1 3

+ C.

8.27

Upologsate to

dx . x2 8x+17
Ap:

o(x 4) + C .

8.28

Upologsate to

7x+8 dx. 4x2 16x+52

Ap:

7 8

ln |4x2 16x+52|+ 11 o 6

x 2 3

C.
8.29

Upologsate to

2 x 3 dx. 4x2 +11

Ap:

1 4

ln |4x2 + 11|

3 o 2 11

2x 11

+ C.

8.30

Upologsate to

dx . (x2 +2)3
Ap:

x 8(x2 +2)2

3x 32(x2 +2)

3 o 32 2

x 2

+ C.

8.31

Upologsate to

3x dx. (x2 +7)2

Ap:

3 2(x2 +7)

Keflaio

Oloklrwsh

Rhtn Sunartsewn

9.1

Genik

Jloume na upologsoume oloklhrmata thc morfc:

P (x) dx Q(x)
pou

(9.1)

P (x)

kai

Q(x)

polunumo tou

x.

Autc oi sunartseic lgontai

rhtc

kai ta antstoiqa oloklhrmata

rht.

9.2

H Mjodoc

Gia ton upologism tou (9.1) akoloujome thn exc mjodo:

BHMA 1on: En o bajmc tou

P (x)

enai megalteroc tou bajmo tou

Q(x),

knoume thn diaresh kai diaspme to arqik oloklrwma (9.1),

se na poluwnumik oloklrwma kai se na oloklrwma rhtc sunrthshc me bajm arijmhto, mikrtero tou bajmo tou paranomasto.

BHMA 2on: En o bajmc tou arijmhto enai mikrteroc tou bajmo tou
paranomasto, paragontopoiome plrwc ton paranomast.

BHMA 3on: Analoume to klsma

P ( x) se jroisma apln klasmtwn. Q(x)

BHMA 4on: Diaspme to arqik oloklrwma (9.1) se epimrouc basik

rht oloklhrmata, ta opoa upologzontai kata ta gnwst.

65

66

KEFALAIO 9.

OLOKLHRWSH RHTWN SUNARTHSEWN

9.3

Lumnec Askseic

9.1 Upologsate to

x3
Lsh:

dx 1 x3 1 = (x
1 se jroisma apln klasmtwn: x3 1

Paragontopoiome kat' arqc ton paranomast:

1)(x2 + x + 1) kai analoume to klsma x3

1 A Bx + G 1 = = + 2 2 1 (x 1)(x + x + 1) x1 x +x+1

Me prxeic brskoume oti

1 A= , 3
kai to oloklrwma gnetai:

1 B= , 3

G=

2 3

dx 1 = x3 1 3

dx 1 x1 3

x+2 dx x2 + x + 1

Upologzoume ta epimrouc oloklhrmata. To prto enai:

dx = ln |x 1| + C x1
To detero ankei sthn kathgora pargwgo tou paranomasto:

O4

kai sqhmatzoume ston arijmht thn

x2

1 x+2 dx = +x+1 2 = = 1 2 1 2 x2

x2

2x + 4 1 dx = +x+1 2

2x + 1 + 3 dx = x2 + x + 1

2x + 1 3 dx dx + = 2 +x+1 2 x +x+1 2x + 1 3 dx dx + = 2 x +x+1 2 [(x + 1 )2 + ( 3 )]2 2 2 x+ 1 2 o 2 + C 3 3 2

1 3 = ln |x2 + x + 1| + 2 2
Antikajistntac qoume telik:

dx 1 1 3 2x + 1 2 = ln |x 1| ln |x + x + 1| o +C 3 x 1 3 6 3 3 q.e.d.

9.3.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

67

9.2 Upologsate to

dx x3 19x + 30
Lsh:
Paragontopoiome kat' arqc ton paranomast: kai to oloklrwma gnetai:

x3 19x + 30 =

(x 2)(x 3)(x + 5)

dx = x3 19x + 30

dx (x 2)(x 3)(x + 5)

Analoume se jroisma apln klasmtwn:

1 A B G = + + (x 2)(x 3)(x + 5) x2 x3 x+5

kai upologzoume oti:

1 A= , 7

1 B= , 8

G=

1 56

kai to oloklrwma metatrpetai se

x3

dx 1 = 19x + 30 7

dx 1 + x2 8

dx 1 + x 3 56

dx = x+5

1 1 1 = ln |x 2| + ln |x 3| + ln |x + 5| + C = 7 8 56 1 (x 3)7 (x + 5) = ln +C 56 (x 2)8 q.e.d.

9.3 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

x2 + 6x 1 dx x4 + x
Lsh: Paragontopoiome plrwc ton paranomast:

x4 + x = x(x3 + 1) =
se jroisma apln

x(x + 1)(x2 x + 1).

klasmtwn:

Analoume tra to klsma

x2 +6x1 x4 + x

x2 + 6x 1 x2 + 6x 1 A B Gx + D = = + + 2 4 2 x +x x(x + 1)(x x + 1) x x+1 x x+1

Me exswsh twn suntelestn twn omoiobajmwn rwn brskoume

A = 1,

B = 2,

G = 1,

D=4

68

KEFALAIO 9.

OLOKLHRWSH RHTWN SUNARTHSEWN

kai to arqik klsma gnetai:

x2 + 6x 1 1 2 x + 4 = + + 2 4 x +x x x+1 x x+1
To arqik oloklrwma tra gnetai:

x2 + 6x 1 dx = x4 + x

dx +2 x

dx + x+1

x2

x + 4 dx x+1

Ta epimrouc oloklhrmata enai:

dx = ln |x| + C1 x dx = ln |x + 1| + C2 x+1 x2 = = 1 2 1 2 x2 x + 4 dx = x+1 x2 x2 x4 dx = x+1 2x 1 7 dx = x2 x + 1

2x 8 1 dx = x+1 2

2x 1 7 dx + x+1 2

dx = (x 1/2)2 + ( 3/2)

x 1/2 1 7 1 = ln |x2 x + 1| + 3 o 3 + C3 2 2
2 2
Me antikatstash kai ektlesh prxewn brskoume to telik apotlesma:

x2 + 6x 1 1 dx = ln |x| + 2 ln |x + 1| ln |x2 x + 1|+ 4 x +x 2 7 1 x 1/2 + 3 o 3 + C 2

2 2

q.e.d.
9.4 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

x3 dx x2 + 1

9.4.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSHN.

69

Lsh:

Epeid o arijmhtc qei bajm megaltero tou paranomasto, ja

knoume thn diaresh: epomnwc

x3 : x2 + 1 kai brskoume phlko x kai uploipo x, x = (x + 1)x x. Antikajistntac aut thn kfrash ston
3 2

arijmht, to oloklrwma gnetai:

x3 dx = x2 + 1 = x2 1 2 2

(x2 + 1)x x dx = x2 + 1

xdx

x2

x dx = +1

2x x2 1 dx = ln |x2 + 1| + C 2 x +1 2 2 q.e.d.

9.5 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

x2 + 2x 1 dx x2 + 1
Lsh: Epeid o arijmhtc qei ton dio bajm me ton bajm tou paranomasto, ja knoume thn diaresh. Brskoume phlko son me me

kai uploipo so

2x 2,

epomnwc

x + 2x 1 = (x + 1)1 + (2x 2)

kai to oloklrwma

gnetai:

x2 + 2x 1 dx = x2 + 1 = 1dx +

(x2 + 1) 1 + (2x 2) dx = x2 + 1 x2 2x dx 2 +1 x2 1 dx = +1

2x 1 dx = x + x2 + 1

= x + ln |x2 + 1| 2 ox + C q.e.d.
9.4 Askseic proc Eplushn.

Upologsate ta ktwji oloklhrmata:

9.6

2 x dx 5x2 +4x7
Ap:

17 70

ln |10x 3|

31 70

ln |10x + 11| + C

9.7

x2 7 dx. x+2
Ap:

3 ln |x + 2| +

x2 2

2x + C

70

KEFALAIO 9.

OLOKLHRWSH RHTWN SUNARTHSEWN

9.8

2 x4 dx. (x2 +1)2

Ap:

2x +

x x2 +1

3 ox + C

9.9

dx . x3 +1
Ap:

1 3

1 o ln |x + 1| 1 ln |x2 x + 1| + 6 3

2x 1 3

+C

9.10

dx . x3 1
Ap:

1 3

1 o ln |x 1| 1 ln |x2 + x + 1| 6 3

2x +1 3

+C

9.11

x4 x3 x 1 dx. x2 x
Ap:

x3 3

+ ln |x| 2 ln |x 1| + C
2x 2q 2q 2x + 2q 2q q 2 +2qx+x2 2 q 2qx+x2

9.12

dx . x4 + q 4
Ap:

1 2 2q 3

+ o

+ 41 ln 2q 3

C
9.13

dx . x4 +x2 +1
Ap:

2 3

2x 1 3

+ o

2x +1 3

+1 ln 4

x2 +x+1 x2 x+1

+C

9.14

x5 dx x3 + x
Ap:

x3 x

x ox + C

9.15

x2 +5x6 dx. x2 7x+9

Ap:

9.16

5x6 dx x+7
Ap:

5x 41 ln |x + 7| + C

9.17

x2 +2 dx. (x+1)3 (x2)

Ap:

1 2x 6(1+x)2

+2 ln 9

x 2 x+7

+C

9.18

x3 7x2 +11 dx (x2)2 (x+1)2

Ap:

1 x 2

1 3(x+1)

10 9

ln |x 2| +

19 9

ln |x + 1| + C

9.19

2x dx (x2 +1)(x2 +3)

Ap:

1 2

ln

x2 +1 x2 +3

+C

Keflaio

10

Oloklrwsh Sunartsewn

Trigwnometrikn

10.1

Genik

Parti uprqei genikc trpoc gia thn oloklrwsh twn trigwnometrikn sunartsewn, ton opoo kai ja exetsoume sto tloc tou kefalaou, merikc trigwnometrikc sunartseic oloklhrnontai eukoltera. to keflaio me thn parousish autn twn eidikn morfn. Ja xekinsoume

10.2

Trigwnometrik Ginmena

Metatrpoume ta ginmena se ajrosmata, bsei twn tpwn:

(Ax) (Bx)dx =

1 2 1 2 1 2

(Ax + Bx)dx +

1 2 1 2 1 2

(Ax Bx)dx

(Ax)(Bx)dx =

(Ax + Bx)dx

(Ax Bx)dx

(Ax) (Bx)dx = 1 2

(Ax + Bx)dx + 1 2

(Ax Bx)dx

(Ax)(Bx)dx =

(Ax Bx)dx

(Ax + Bx)dx

71

72KEFALAIO 10.

OLOKLHRWSH TRIGWNOMETRIKWN SUNARTHSEWN

10.3

Oloklrwsh perittn dunmewn, trigwnometrikn sunartsewn

Isqoun oi ktwji empeiriko kannec:

To oloklrwma

2n+1 xdx

upologzetai me thn antikatstash

w=

x.
To oloklrwma

2n+1 xdx

upologzetai me thn antikatstash

w = x.
To oloklrwma

2n+1 xdx

upologzetai me thn metatrop

x =

x x

kai thn antikatstash

w = x.
upologzetai me thn metatrop

To oloklrwma

2n+1 xdx

x =

x x
10.4

kai thn antikatstash

w = x.
trigwno-

Oloklrwsh artwn dunmewn, metrikn sunartsewn

Isqoun oi ktwji empeiriko kannec :

Gia na upologsoume to oloklrwma n tpo: bajmo.

2 xdx

qrhsimopoiome to-

2 x =

1 2x , gia na proume oloklhrmata mikrotrou 2

Gia na upologsoume to oloklrwma tpo:

2 xdx

qrhsimopoiome ton

2 x =

1+ 2x gia na proume oloklhrmata mikrotrou 2

bajmo.

Gia na proume to oloklrwma ginmeno

2 xdx

metatrpoume to

2 x

se

1 2 2 x 2 x kai qrhsimopoiome ton tpo 2 x = 2 x 1.

Prokptoun do oloklhrmata, to prto upologzetai me thn antikatstash

w = x kai to detero enai moio me to arqik all mikrotrou

bajmo.

10.5.

OLOKLHRWMATA GINOMENWN DUNAMEWN TRIGWNOMETRIKWN SUNARTHSEWN7

Gia na proume to oloklrwma smfwna me thn sqsh

2 xdx

paragontopoiome

2 x

2 2 x 2 x w = x

kai qrhsimopoiome ton tpo

x = 2 x 1.

Prokptoun do oloklhrmata, to prto upologkai to detero enai moio me to

zetai me thn antikatstash

arqik all mikrotrou bajmo.

10.5

Oloklhrmata ginomnwn dunmewn trigwnometrikn sunartsewn

Isqoun oi ktwji empeiriko kannec:

Gia na upologsoume oloklhrmata thc morfc

x 2k+1 xdx , x
kai qrh-

, k

akraioi, ekfrzoume to oloklrwma sunartsei tou

simopoiome thn antikatstash

w = x x 2k xdx , , k x
kai qrhsi-

Gia na upologsoume oloklhrmata thc morfc

akraioi, ekfrzoume to oloklrwma sunartsei tou mopoiome thn antikatstash

w = x.

10.6

Oloklhrmata phlkwn dunmewn trigwnometrikn sunartsewn

Gia na upologsoume oloklhrmata thc morfc jetiko akraioi, ta metatrpoume, qrhsimopointac

x dx , x 2 ton tpo x +

2 x = 1,

se oloklrwma enc mno trigwnometriko arijmo kai

diaspme to klsma.

Gia na upologsoume oloklhrmata thc morfc

1 dx , x x

- jetiko akraioi, antikajistome thn monda tou arijmhto me thn posthta

2 x + 2 x = 1

kai diaspme to klsma.

74KEFALAIO 10.

OLOKLHRWSH TRIGWNOMETRIKWN SUNARTHSEWN

10.7

Genikc trpoc oloklrwshc trigwnometrikn sunartsewn

'Ena opoiodpote trigwnometrik oloklrwma thc morfc

f (x, x, x)dx

metatrpetai se rht, me thn bojeia twn metasqhmatismn:

dx =

2dt , 2 t +1

x =

2t , 1 + t2

x =

1 t2 , 1 + t2

x =

2t 1 t2
H mjodoc

Oi metasqhmatismo auto prokptoun apo thn sqsh

t = x . 2

aut, parti antimetwpzei opoiodpote trigwnometrik oloklrwma, odhge sunjwc se perploka rht oloklhrmata kai gia aut kal enai na apofegetai.

10.8

Lumnec Askseic

10.1 Upologsate to oloklrwma

(5x) (2x)dx.

Lsh: Ap touc gnwstoc trigwnometrikoc tpouc qoume:

1 1 (5x) (2x) = (5x + 2x) + (5x 2x) = 2 2 1 1 = (7x) + (3x) 2 2

kai ra

(5x) (2x)dx = =

1 2

(7x)dx +

(3x)dx =

1 1 (7x) + (3x) + C 14 6 q.e.d. 3 xdx.

Diadoqik

10.2 Upologsate to oloklrwma Lsh: Jtoume

tra qoume:

w = x

kai ra

dw dx

dw = x dx = . x

3 xdx = = 2 xdw =

3 x

1 dw = x (1 w2 )dw =

(1 2 x)dw =

10.8.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

75

(1)dw

w3 3 x w dw = w + C = x +C 3 3
2

q.e.d.
10.3 Upologsate to oloklrwma

5 xdx. w = x.
Diadoqik

Lsh:
qoume:

Ja qrhsimopoisoume thn antikatstash

5 xdx = = = 4 x dw = w5 dw 2 w5 =

5 x dx = 5 x

5 x 1 dw = w5 x (1 w2 )2 dw = w5

(1 2 x)2 dw = w5

dw + w3

dw 1 1 dw = + ln w + C = w 4w4 w2

1 1 + ln |x| + C 4 4 x 2 x q.e.d.

10.4 Upologsate to oloklrwma

4 xdx.

Lsh: Diadoqik qoume:

xdx = 1 4 1 4

( x) dx = 1 4

1 + (2x) 2 1dx + 2 4

dx =

[1 + 2 (2x) + 2 (2x)]dx = 2 (2x)dx = =

(2x)dx+

x 1 1 1 + (2x) + 4 4 2 4 1dx + 1 8

1 + (4x) dx = 2

x 1 1 + (4x) + 4 4 8 =

(4x)dx =

x 1 x 1 + (4x) + + (4x) + C 4 4 8 32 q.e.d.

10.5 Upologsate to oloklrwma

4 xdx.

76KEFALAIO 10.

OLOKLHRWSH TRIGWNOMETRIKWN SUNARTHSEWN

Lsh: Diadoqik qoume:

4 xdx =

2 x 2 xdx = 2 x dx 2 x

2 x 2 xdx

1 1 dx = 2 x

=
dx 2x

To prto oloklrwma upologzetai me antikatstash kai ra:

w = x dw =

2 x dx = 2 x

w3 3 x (w )dw = + C1 = + C1 3 3
2

Gia to detero oloklrwma qoume:

2 xdx =
kai telik

1 1 dx = 2 x

dx 2 x

1dx = x x + C2

4 xdx =

3 x x x + C 3 q.e.d.

10.6 Upologsate to oloklrwma

3 x 2 xdx.
dw w = x kai qoume dx = x

Lsh: Qrhsimopoiome thn antikatstash

kai ra

3 x 2 xdx = =

2 x x 2 xdx = 1 dw = x

(1 2 x) x 2 x
2 2 4 2

w5 w3 +C = (1 w )w dw = (w w )dw = 5 3 1 1 = 5 x 3 x + C 5 3 q.e.d.
10.7 Upologsate to oloklrwma

5 x dx 2 x

10.8.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

77

Lsh: Qrhsimopoiome thn antikatstash

ra

dw w = x dx = x

kai

5 x dx = 2 x = =

5 x 1 dw = 2 w x (1 2 x)2 dw = w2 1 2w2 + w4 dw = w2

4 x dw = w2 (1 w2 )2 dw = w2

1 dw + 2 (1)dw w2 dw = w2 1 w3 1 3 x = + 2w +C = + 2x +C w 3 x 3 = q.e.d.
10.8 Upologsate to oloklrwma

dx 2 x 2 x
Lsh:
qoume: Sqhmatzoume ston arijmht thn posthta

2 x + 2 x = 1

kai

1 dx = 2 x 2 x = = 2 x dx + 2 x 2 x dx + 2 x

2 x + 2 x dx = 2 x 2 x 2 x dx = 2 x 2 x

dx = x x + C 2 x q.e.d.

10.9 Upologsate to oloklrwma

dx 1 + x
Lsh: Ja qrhsimopoisoume thn mjodo thc genikc trigwnometrikc antikatstashc. Jtoume

x =

1t2 , 1+t2

dx =

2dt , pou 1+t2 2 1+t2 t2 +1 1+t2

t = ( x ) 2

kai qoume:

dx = 2 + x

dt =

78KEFALAIO 10.

OLOKLHRWSH TRIGWNOMETRIKWN SUNARTHSEWN

2 dt = 6 + 4t2 dt 1 dt = +3 2

2t2

dt +3

to teleutao oloklrwma ja gnei:

2t2 1 = 2 dt

t2

dt dt = +3 2

1 1 t = o +C = 3 3 2 2 t2 + ( 3 ) 2 2 2 2 t 2 +C = o 3 2 3
x 2 dx 2 2 +C = o 1 + x 2 3 3

kai me antstrofh antikatstash qoume telik:

q.e.d.
10.10 Upologsate to oloklrwma

dx 2 + 3x + x
Lsh: Me antikatstash qoume:

2+ =2
Analoume to klsma

2 1+t2 t t2 3 t22 +1 +1 1+t2

dt = dt + 6t + 3

2t2

dt = + 2 + 6t + 1 t2

t2

1 se jroisma apln klasmtwn: t2 +6t+3

t2

1 1 1 = + 6t + 3 2 6(3 + 6 t) 2 6(t + 3 + 6)

kai to oloklrwma gnetai:

t2

dt 1 = + 6t + 3 6

3 +

dt

1 6t 6

dt = t+3+ 6

1 1 ln | 3 + 6 t| ln |t + 3 + 6| + C = 6 6

10.9.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSHN

79

1 3 + 6 t +C = ln 6 t+3+ 6
kai me antstrofh antikatstash qoume telik:

3 + 6 ( x ) dx 1 2 + C = ln x 2 + 3x + x 6 ( 2 ) + 3 + 6 q.e.d.
10.9 Askseic proc Eplushn

Upologsate ta ktwji oloklhrmata:

10.11

) ( x )dx ( x 2 2
Ap:

( 5 x) 3 ( x )+C 3 5 6 6

10.12

x(nx)dx
Ap:

2(n1 ((n + 1)x) + +1)

1 ((1 2(n+1)

n)x) + C

10.13

(10x)(6x)dx
Ap:

1 (4x) 8

1 (16x) 32

+C

10.14

x (nx)dx
Ap:

1 ((n 2(n+1)

+ 1)x) +

1 ((1 2(1n)

n)x) + C

10.15

3 xdx
Ap:

1 ln |x| + 2 2x + C

10.16

4 xdx
Ap:

1 3 x 3

x + x + C

10.17

6 xdx
Ap:

1 5 x + 1 3 x x x + C 5 3

10.18

2 3 x

dx

80KEFALAIO 10.

OLOKLHRWSH TRIGWNOMETRIKWN SUNARTHSEWN

Ap:

x 2 x

1 1 +2 ln + x + x

3 x

dx

10.19

dx 54 x
Ap:

2 o(3( x )) 3 2

+C

10.20

x
Ap:

dx

1 x + C ln x

10.21

x
Ap:

dx

1 ln + x + C x

10.22

3 x
Ap:

dx

x + 1 ln 1 x + C 2 x 2 x

10.23

3 x
Ap:

dx

x 2 x

1 +1 ln + x + C 2 x

10.24

3 x 4 (3x) dx
Ap:

1 2 (3x) 6

1 4 (3x) 12

+C

10.25

dx 1( x ) 2
Ap:

x 2

+ 1( x ) + C 2

10.26

dx 1+x x

Ap:

ln

( x ) 2 1+( x ) 2

+C

10.27

dx 1+ (3x)
Ap:

1 (3x) 3(3x)

+C

10.28

dx 12x

10.9.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSHN

81

Ap:

3 3

( x ) 2 3 2 +C ln ( x )2+ 3 2

10.29

x dx 1+2 x

Ap:

2 4

2 ( x )+32 2) ln 2 (2x )+3+22 + C 2

10.30

dx dx 2+x 2 Ap:

o 3

2( x +1) 2 3

+C

82KEFALAIO 10.

OLOKLHRWSH TRIGWNOMETRIKWN SUNARTHSEWN

Keflaio

11

Oloklrwsh Sunartsewn

Arrtwn I

Sto keflaio aut ja asqolhjome me thn oloklrwsh arrtwn sunartsewn me prwtobjmio uprrizo.

11.1

Oloklhrmata thc morfc:

f x,

x + dx , x +

= =
n

Ta oloklhrmata aut upologzontaai me thn antikatstash metatrepmena se rht.

x+ , x+

11.2

Oloklhrmata thc morfc:

f x,

n1

x + , x +

n2

x + dx , x +

Gia na upologsoume aut ta oloklhrmata, metatrpoume tic eterobjmiec rzec omoiobjmiec, me thn bojeia tou elaqstou koino pollaplasou

n twn

n 1 , n2

kai met qrhsimopoiome thn antikatstash

x+ . H antikatx+

stash aut metasqhmatzei to arqik oloklrwma se rht.

83

84

KEFALAIO 11.

OLOKLHRWSH ARRHTWN SUNARTHSEWN I

11.3

Oloklhrmata thc morfc:

f x,

n1

xm1 ,

n2

xm2 , . . . ,

nk

xmk dx

Gia na upologsoume aut ta oloklhrmata metatrpoume tic eternumec rzec se omnumec, me thn bojeia tou elaqstou koino pollaplasou

n twn

txewn twn rizn n1 , n2 , . . . , nk kai met qrhsimopoiome ton metasqhmatism n x = , gia na metatryoume to oloklrwma se rht.

11.4

Lumnec Askseic

11.1 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

Lsh: Qrhsimopoiome thn antikatstash:

qik:

dx (x + 2) x 7

x7 =

kai qoume diado-

x = 2 + 7 dx = 2d ,

kai to oloklrwma gnetai:

dx = (x + 2) x 7 =2 2

( 2

2d = + 7 + 2)

d d =2 = 2 +9 + 32 1 2 x7 = 2 o + C = o +C 3 3 3 3 q.e.d.
11.2 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

2x 3 dx 3 x2
Lsh: Jtoume

x2 =

kai qoume:

x = 3 + 2

kai

dx = 3 2 d .

To

oloklrwma tra diadoqik gnetai:

2x 3 dx = 3 x2 =

2( 3 + 2) 3 3 2 d =

3 (2 3 + 1)d =

6 3 6 3 (6 4 + 3 )d = 5 + 2 + C = 3 (x 2)5 + 3 (x 2)2 + C 5 2 5 2 q.e.d.

11.4.

LUMENES ASKHSEIS

85

11.3 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

1 x(x 1)

x dx x1
3

Lsh: Ja qrhsimopoisoume thn antikatstash:

x x 1

= ap' pou qoume

3 2 d . To ( 3 1)2

x=

3 3 1

kai me paraggish parnoume

dx d

3 2 ( 3 1)2

dx =

oloklrwma tra diadoqik gnetai:

1 x(x 1)

x dx = x1

1
3 3 1 3 3 1

3 2 d = 3 ( 1)2 1 x +C x1 q.e.d.

3 3 d = 3 3

d = 3 + C = 3 3

11.4 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

I=

1 3x+1 dx x+1+ 3x+1

Lsh: Metatrpoume ta eterobjmia rizik se omoiobjmia kai to oloklrwma gnetai:

I=
6

(x + 1)2
6

(x + 1)6 +

Qrhsimopoiome tra thn antikatstash kai

dx (x + 1)2 = 6 x + 1,

ap pou

x = 6 1

dx = 6 5 d .

'Eqoume tra diadoqik:

I= =

1 2 6 5 d = 3 + 2

( 1)( + 1) 6 5 d = 6 ( 1) 2 d = 2 ( + 1) 6 6 = 6 ( 4 3 )d = 5 + 4 + C = 5 4 6 3 = ( 6 x + 1)5 + ( 6 x + 1)4 + C 5 2 q.e.d.

86

KEFALAIO 11.

OLOKLHRWSH ARRHTWN SUNARTHSEWN I

11.5 Upologsate to oloklrwma:

I= 4 x3 4

x dx +1

Lsh: Metatrpoume ta eterobjmia rizik se omoiobjmia kai qoume:

I=
Jtoume tra

x2 dx x3 + 1
kai to oloklrwma diadoqik gnetai:

x, dx = 4 3 d

I= =4

2 4 3 d = 4 3 + 1

5 d = 3 + 1 f rac 2 3 + 1d =

f rac 2 3 + 1 d = 4 =

d 4

4 4 4 4 x3 ln | x3 + 1| + C 3 3 q.e.d.

11.5

Askseic proc Eplush

Upologsate ta ktwji oloklhrmata:

11.6

dx 3 x 5
Ap:

2 3

3x 5 + C .

11.7

13x+2 dx 1+ 3x+2
Ap:

1| + C .
11.8

1 (3x + 2) + 3

4 3

3x + 2 4 ln | 3x + 2 + 3

1 x

1 x dx 1+x
Ap:

2 o

1 x 1+x

+ ln

1x1+x 1x+ 1+x

+ C.

11.9

3 x 2 x2 dx 4x
Ap:

4 15/12 x 5

24 17/12 x 17

+ C.

11.5.

ASKHSEIS PROS EPILUSH

87

11.10

dx x 1 x
Ap:

ln

1 1 x 1+ 1x

+ C.

11.11

dx 3+ x+2
Ap:

2 x + 2 6 ln(3 + x + 2) + C .

11.12

3x+2 x 3
Ap:

11.13

1 x2

1 x dx 1+x
Ap:

1 ln(x + x2 )2 + C . x

11.14

dx 2 x 3 x
Ap:

11.15

dx 1+x+ 3 1+x
Ap:

2 1 + x 3 3 1 + x + C.

11.16

4 x+ x 2 dx 3 x 2
Ap: