:

) (

.
) = f (x

) dF (x

f ( x ) dx = F (x ) + C dx

.
:
x r +1

r
r 1 x dx = r + 1 + C

x dx = ln x + C
x
x
e dx = e + C

sinxdx = cosx + C
cosxdx = sinx + C

.
:

Antidiffrentiate

 F ( g (x ) ) g (x ) dx = F ( g ) dg = F ( g ) + C

f ( x)dx
) u = u (x :
du = u (x )dx
) f (x

) f (x

f (x )dx = u u dx = u (x )du
)f ( x

)u( x

u:
)f ( x
))= h (u ( x
)u( x
f ( x)dx = h(u )du

f
u
u

= ) h(u

. tanx
.
sinx

tanxdx = cosx dx
dcosx
= sinx
dx

u = cosx .

sin xdx
dcosx
du
=
=
= ln u + C = ln cosx + C
cos x
cos x
u

cotxdx = ln sinx + C

xe
2

. du = 2 xdx u = x
2
1
= e x +C
2
1 x 2
) = e d (x 2
2

dx
2 xe
1 x
= e
)(2 xdx
2
2

= dx

xe

) x = h(
:

f (x ) dx = f (h ( )) dh ( ) = (foh )( ) h ( ) d
.

1
1 x 2

1
2

1+ x

. x = 1 x du = 2 xdx x = 1 u
1

1
1
1
dx =
du
2
2
u 1 u
1 x
.

x = sin

1 x 2 = 1 sin 2 = cos 2 ; dx = cos d

2

x < 1 (1 x ) > 0 x = sin

, x .
2 2
cos
d
cos

cos d
cos
2

= dx

1
2

1 x

cos > 0 ,
2 2
= 1d = + C

dx
1 x 2

x = sin 1 ( x ) x = sin

= sin 1 ( x ) + C

1
2

1+ x

dx
2

1 x

x = tan dx = dtan = (1 + tan 2 )d = (1 + x 2 )d

x , :
2 2
d = d = +C

) = tan 1 ( x

tan 1 (x ) + C

1+ x 2
1+ x 2

dx
1+ x 2

dx
2

1 x

.
= sin 1 ( x ) + C

dx
2

1 x

dx

1 x

:
y = cos 1 (x ) cos ( y ) = x

(cos ( y ) ) = 1 sinyy = 1

1
1
y = cos 1 (x ) =
=
siny
1 cos 2 y

1
1 x 2

(x ) =

(cos

dx = cos 1 (x ) + K

1
1 x 2

.
K . C
G, F

F (x ) G (x ) = C :

) sin 1 ( x ) cos 1 (x .
:
] y [o,

) y = cos 1 (x

x = cosy

cosy = sin y
2

-y
)sin( _ -y
2

y
cos y

x = sin y
2

) y = sin 1 ( x
2

] y + y [o,
2 2
2

sin 1 .

cos 1 (x ) = sin 1 ( x ) cos 1 ( x ) = sin 1 (x ) +

2
2

= C :
2

1
2

1+ x

K+

 . x = tan 1 + tan 2 d
.
2 .

)cosh(x
1
)sinh(x
x

e x e x
2

= ) sinh ( x

e x + e x
2

= ) cosh (x

) ( sinh (x ) ) = cosh (x
) (cosh (x ) ) = sinh (x

( )

1 2x
1
) e + 2 + e 2 x = 4 + e 2 x 2 + e 2 x = 1 + sinh 2 ( x
4
4

= ) cosh 2 (x

cosh 2 (x ) sinh 2 ( x ) = 1
) x = sinh (
cosh
d = +C
cosh

hyperbolic

dx
1+ x 2

= sinh 1 (x ) + C
.
= cosh 1 (x ) + C

dx
x 1
2

x 3x + 1
.
dx
4
x 1
. Q :
)P ( x
Q( x) = n
)Pm ( x
Pm , Pn m, n Q .
:
)Pn ( x

Q( x) dx = P ( x)dx
m
Pn Pm
:
) Pn (x ) Rl (x
=
) + Pk (x
) Pm (x ) Pm (x

= ) Q(x

Pk , Rl k, l . l < m , k < n .
Pk .

x
.
:
x3
.
9
x2
= dx
+ 3x + ln x 3 + C
x 3
2
2

2
x
x 9 + 9 dx
dx
=
x3
x 3 x 3

= (x + 3)dx +

9
2

x + 3 +
x x 3
x 3

P
. n
Pm
.
R
. l dx
Pm

) : ( l < m

Pm
. Pm (x) = o a :
Pm (x ) = P j (x ) (x a )

m . j = m j .
j
) P j (x .
2

:
Pm (x ) = A (x 2 + b x + c ) (x a )

 .
) Pm(
:

B j x +C j
Ai
Pn
R
= l + Pk = Pk +
+

2
i
j
Pm Pm
) i =1 ( x a
) j =1 ( x + b x + c

= ) Q(x

Pm = (x a ) (x 2 + b x + c )

Ai
(x a )i

B j x +C j
j

) (x + b x + c
2

.
ln x a

dx =

i
1
) (x a
1
1 i (x a )i 1

i =1
i 1

b
b
b
b 2
b

= x+ + c
x + bx + c = ( x + 2 x + ( ) ) + c
2
2
4
2
4
2

2
b
c .
4c > b > o
4

4 = 2

= c 4
x + 4 = tan x = tan 4

x + bx + c = ( x + 4) +

x+
2

( x + bx + c)

4
1
2( x + 4)
+
2
2
2j
2
2j
( x + 4) +
( x + 4) +

2
2

1 d (x + 4) +
dx
+ ( 4 )
dx =
2
j
j
j
2 (x + 4) 2 + 2
(x + bx + c )
(x + 4) 2 + 2

x +

1
2
2
2 ln (x + 4) + ; j = 1

=
1
1 1
; j 1
2 1 j
2
2 j 1

(x + 4) +

I = ( 4)

d [ tan 4 ]
2 j 1 + tan 2

2 j 1

+I

d
1 + tan 2

j 1

1 + tan 2 = 1 +

I =

2 j 1

sin 2
cos
2

cos

1
cos 2

2( j 1)

. j 1
.

3x + 1

dx .
4
3
2
x 2x + 2 x 2x + 1
. .

4
3
2
3
2 2
4

x 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 1 = x 2 x + x + x 2 x + 1

) (

= x 2 x 2 2x + 1 + x 2 2x + 1 = x 2 ( x 1) + ( x 1) = x 2 + 1 ( x 1)
2

:
2
A
A21
B x + C11
3x + 1
= 11 +
+ 11
2
2
2
2 x 1 ( x 1)
x +1
x + 1(x 1)

: x = 1 ( x 1)2 A21
2

A21 =

3x + 1
x +1 x =1
2

4
=2
2
:

2
A
B x + C11
3x + 1
2

= 11 + 11
2
2
2 (x 1)2 x 1
x +1
x + 1(x 1)

A
B x + C11
x +1
= 11 + 11
2
x 1
2
x +1
x + 1(x 1)

: x = 1 x 1 A11
A11 =

x +1
x +1 x =1
2

=1

B x + C11
x +1
1

= 11
2
x 1
2
x +1
x + 1(x 1)

B x + C11
= 11
; B11 = 1 ; C11 = o
2
x +1
x +1
x

:
2
2
2 x + 1 + (x 1) x + 1 x(x 1)2
2
1
x

=
2
2
2
(x 1) x 1 x + 1
(x 1)2 x + 1

2x 2 + 2 + x 3 x 2 + x 1 x 3 + 2x 2 x

( x 1)2 ( x 2 + 1)

(x

3x 2 + 1
2

+ 1 ( x 1)

: .
2
1
3x + 1
2
x
dx
dx =
+

2
2

x 1 (x 1)2
2
1
x
+

(
)
+
1
1
x
x

= ln x 1

2
1
1 2 x dx
2
1
1
2
= ln x 1
ln x 2 + 1 + C
3
3
3 ( x 1) 2 x + 1
3 ( x 1) 2

secx .
1

secx dx = cos x dx
sinx cosx .
.

cosx
2

cos x

dx =

cosxdx
1 sin x
2

dsinx
1 sin 2 x

u = sinx

1
1
2
du
=
=
=
+ 2
(1 u )(1 + u ) 1 u 1 + u
1u 2

du

= ln

= ln

= ln

1+u
+C
1u
1+u
1u

1
1
du = ln 1 u + ln 1 + u + C
2
2

:-1 u 1

+C

1 + sinx
+C
cosx

= ln secx + tanx + C

cos (ax )sin (bx ) .

.
cos (ax )sin (bx ) =

1
sin ([a + b ] x ) + sin ( [b a ] x )
2

1 cos [a + b ] x cos [b a ] x

a +b
b a

cos (ax ) sin (bx ) = 2

=

+C

1 b {cos [a + b ] x + cos [b a ] x } + a {cos [b a ] x cos [b + a ] x }

+C
2
a 2 b 2
a sinax sinbx + b cosax cosbx
a2 b 2

+C

ba
a = b

cos (ax ) sin ( ax ) =

1
sin 2ax
2

1
cos 2ax
sin ( 2ax ) dx =
+C
2
4a

xe
x

e
.
. 2 xdx
2
2

xe dx = 2 dx
x

de == e dx
x

xe dx = ln(e )de

.
.

? = fgdx
:
d (uv) = vdu + udv
du
dx

fg = f

u = gdx
du

fgdx = fudx = f dxdx = fdu

Part by Part

fdu = d ( fu ) udf = fu udf = fu uf dx

.

x . ) (g
) ( f . g, f
.

. ) ln( x
.
1

lnx dx = d ( x lnx ) x d lnx = x ln x x x dx = x ln x x

g = 1 . u = x

2 x

. x e
2 x
? = x e dx

. g f
2

f = e , g = x
3
3
3
3

xx x
x
xx
x x
=
e

= d e

de
3 e dx

3
3
3 3

3
x x

x 2

e x dx = e d

 f . f = x 2 , g = e x
.

2 x
2 x
2 x
2
x
x e dx = x de = d x e e dx

I = x 2e x 2 xe x dx
x

f = x , g = e x xe
2 x
x
2 x
x
x
I = x e 2 xde = x e 2 xe e dx = x 2e x 2 xe x + 2e x + C

e ax cosbx .
2

( b ) cosbx .
. f = cosbx , g = e ax
I = cosbx e ax dx =

1
1
b
cosbx de ax = cosbxe ax + sinbx e ax dx

a
a
a

ax
ax
ax
ax
sinbx e dx = a sinbx de = a sinbx e a cosbx e dx

b
1
= e ax sinbx I + C
a
a

I =

e ax
a

b
cosbx + sinbx I + C
a

b 2 e ax b

I 1 + =
sinbx + cosbx + C
a a a

I = e ax

acosbx + bsinbx
a2 +b2

+C


2 j 1
( j 1) , cos ( ) xdx .

. cos n xdx n . .
.
I n := cos n x dx = cos n 1x cosx dx
= cos n 1xdsinx = cos n 1x sinx sinxdcos n 1x
= cos n 1x sinx + ( n 1) cos n 2 x sin 2 xdx

(1-cos x ) = sin x
2

I n = cos n 1xsinx + ( n 1) cos n 2 x cos n x dx

I n = sinxcos n 1x + ( n 1) cos n 2 xdx ( n 1) cos n xdx

In

I n 2
nI n = sinxcos n 1x + ( n 1) I n 2
1
1
sinxcos n 1x + 1 I n 2
n
n

= In

I n I1, Io
I n .
) C (

I o = cos o xdx = 1dx = x + C

I 1 = cosxdx = sinx + C

 (n = 2( j 1)) .
. x 2sinx .
.
2
2
2
2
x sinxdx = x dcosx = cosxx + cosxdx

= x 2cosx + 2 xcosxdx
= x 2cosx + 2 xdsinx
= x 2cosx + 2xsinx 2 sinxdx
= x 2cosx + 2xsinx + 2cosx + C
g, f
2

f g =1
f = g
:
2 ff 2 gg = o ff = gg
f = g
g = f
f g .
2

. f g =1
) ( f = g :

f 1

= f f =1 f
2
df
= f 1
dx
df

= dx
2
f 1

df

= dx

f 1

+ ) f > o ( g - ) f < o .( g
2

f 1 f = g + 1 f y = 1 . y = 1
f .
f 1 f :

) [o,
2

f = sec

, f ) f (x x,
.
df = dsec = sec tan d
sec tan

d
sec 2 1

df
1

sec 2 = 1 + tan 2
tan
d = sec d
tan

tan
2

< o .

= sec

df
1

 sec d = dx
+ f > o - f < o.
:
df
) ( x ) = sec tan ( x
d

= ) f (x

) [o, sec tan f

2
.
:

) [o,
2
)) sgn ( f ( x )) = sgn ( ( x
) ) sgn ( h ( x ) h(x :
+1 h > 0

sgn ( h ( x ) ) 0 h = 0

1 h < 0

:
) 1 ; f = f sgn ( f
f 0

1 = sgn ( f ) f

f (x ) = f

) sgn ( f

= ) f (x

 f = 1 f = 0 :
1
2

f 1 = f

f = sgn ( f ) f

. f = 1 f = o

. f ( x ) = o , x 2 , x 1 , x

) ( ) (

f x2 = f x1 = 1 c
f (c ) = o
x2 , x1 x [ x 1 , x 2 ] , f ( x ) = 1 .

) (

xc f xc = o . f xc

2

f f =1
:
2ff 2f f = o
f = f

) (

) (

f xc = 1 f xc = 1

:
) ( xc

x > x c f > o

) x = x c f = o sgn ( f ) = sgn ( x x c

x < x c f < o

df
f

= sgn ( f ) dx

xc

= dx + d x
xc

x + x c + k x < x c

x x c + k x > x c
. k

sgn(f)

xc

:
x c x + k x < x c

sec d =

x x c + k x x c

sec d = ln sec + tan

sgn(f) dx

xc
k
xc

1 , sec = f

tan = f
1 = ( x xc ) + k

ln f + f

) (

f xc = 1
ln (1) = k k = o
. xc
.
x x
) 1 = e ( c
2

f + f

x x
1 = e ( c ) f

x x
2 x x
) 2fe ( c ) = 1 + e ( c

+ x xc

x < x
c

m x x
x x
) e ( c ) +e ( c
= f
2

+ x xc

+e

x xc

=e

x xc

+e

+ x xc

f =

x xc

+e
2

x xc

: x

(x xc )
1 x xc

g = f = e
e
2

. g = sinh ( x x c ) , f = cosh ( x x c )

d
.
3 + cos
.

z = tan

1
1

=
; cos = 2cos 2 1 ; cos 2 =

2
2 1 + tan 2
2
1+ z 2
2

cos =

2
1+ z 2

sin = 2sin

dz =

1 =

1 z 2
1+ z 2

2z
cos = 2tan cos 2 =
2
2
2
2 1+ z 2

1
1
2dz
2
2
1 + tan
d = 1+ z d d =
2
2
2
1+ z 2

d
=
3 + cos

2dz

(1 + z )
2

1 z
3+

1+ z 2

dz
2+z 2

2 dz / 2

2
2
z
1+

2
2
z
tan 1
+C
2
2

2
d
tan / 2
=
tan 1
+C
3 + cos
2
2

. tanx dx .
.
tanx = u

du =

tanx dx =

1 1 + tan 2 x
1 1+u 4
dx =
dx
2 tanx
2 u

2u 2
1+u 4

du

. .
.
2

4
4
2
2 2
2 2

u + 1 = u + 2u + 1 2u = u + 1 2u = u + 1 + 2u u + 1 2u

2u 2
1+u

Au + B

Cu + D

u + 2u + 1 u 2u + 1
2

1
u
u
2
2

2 u 2u + 1 u + 2u + 1

2
2 u 2

2 u +

2
2
1
2
2

+
=
+

2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
+
u
+
u +
+
u +
+
u
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2u + 1 + C

2
tan 1
2

})

2tanx + 1 + C

2u 1 +

2 1
u
+
2 2
1
2

= tanx dx
ln
+
tan 1
2
2
2 2
2 1
u +
+
2 2

2tanx 1 + tan 1

1 2tanx + tanx
2
tan 1
+
2
1 + 2tanx + tanx

ln

1
2 2

.

.
..., Maple, Mathematica .
Mathematica V.5 :
Integrate x 3E xp [ x ] sin [ x ] , x

) Enter + Shift (

3 x
x e sinx dx

( (

1
] Out [1] = e x x 3 3x + x 2 cos [ x ] + 3 3x + x 3 sin [ x
2

. :
) % Dt [%, x ] (:

1
Out [2 ] = e x ( x ( 3 + 2x )cos [x ] 3 3x + x 2 cos [x ] +
2

)] (3 3x + x )cos [x ] + x (3 3x + x ) sin [x ] + ( 3 + 3x ) sin [x

2

( (

1
] + e x x 3 3x + x 2 cos [ x ] + 3 3x + x 3 sin [ x
2

.
.
) (:

] Simplify [%
] Out [3] = e x x 3sin [ x

.
..., Series, Limit .
Plot .