Maths Extension 2 - Integration

!
!
!
!

Standard Integrals
Function & Derivative
Product Integrate by Parts
Partial Fractions
! A, B
! A, Bx + C
! Completing the Square
! Substitution
! Normal
! Trigonometry
! T - Formula
! Reduction Formula

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

INTEGRALS
*c is a constant

x n +1
+ c _________ n 1
=
n +1

x n dx

1
dx
x

= ln | x | +c

(ax + b )

dx

f ' ( x)
dx
f ( x)
1

Standard Integral

(ax + b )n +1 + c
a (n + 1)

= ln | f ( x) | + c

1
ln | ax + b | + c
a

e ax dx

1 ax
e +c
a

x
a dx

ax
=
+c
ln a

ax + b

dx

x + a2

x a

1
2

dx

= ln x + x 2 + a 2 + c

dx

= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c

1
dx
a2

1 xa
ln
+c
2a x + a

1
dx
x2

1 a+ x
ln
+c
2a a x

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

1
sin ax + c
a

cos ax dx

sin ax dx

1
= cos ax + c
a

sec 2 ax dx

1
a x
2

1
tan ax + c
a

dx

x
= sin 1 + c
a

dx

x
x
= cos 1 + c __OR__ sin 1 + c
a
a

a 2 x2

1
dx
2
a + x2

1
= cot ax + c
a

cos ec ax dx
2

sec ax. tan ax

1
x
tan 1 + c
a
a

dx

cos ecax.cot ax

dx

1
sec ax + c
a

1
= cos ecax + c
a

Integration by special properties Theorems

*notes, all these are with respect to dx

0
a

a
a

f (a x) dx

f ( x) dx

f ( x) dx

= 2 f ( x) dx ___if f (x) is an EVEN function

f ( x) dx

= 0 _________-__if f (x) is an ODD function

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometric Identities
sin2 + cos2 = 1

! sin2 = 1 cos2
! cos2 = 1 sin2

tan2 = sec2 1

! sec2 tan2 = 1
! sec2 = tan2 + 1

1 + cot2 = cosec2

! 1 = cosec2 cot2
! cot2 = cosec2 1

sin
= tan
cos

cos
= cot
sin

cos2 =

1
(1 + cos 2 )
2

sin2 =

1
(1 cos 2 )
2

sin =

2t
1+ t2

cos =

1 t
1+ t2

tan =

1
1 t2

T-Formula Substitution
2

t = tan
2

a 2 x 2 = Let x = a sin

x 2 a 2 = Let x = a sec

Trigonometric Substitution

a 2 + x 2 = Let x = a tan

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

STANDARD INTEGRALS
Basic Form
n +1

dx

dx or x 1 dx

(ax + b )

dx

(2x + 3)

dx

f ' ( x)
dx
f ( x)
2x
x 2 + 1 dx

dx or x 1 dx
1

ax + b

dx

3x + 2

dx

ax

dx

3x

dx

a
3

dx

dx

x
+ c _________ n 1
n +1
! General Integral
x6
+c
=
6
= ln | x | +c
! 1st special function
=

x dx
n

(ax + b )n +1 + c
a (n + 1)

! Linear function
7
(
2 x + 3)
=
+c
14
= ln | f ( x) | + c
! Function and Derivative
= ln x 2 + 1 + c
Logarithm and Exponential
= ln | x | +c
! 1st special function
1
= ln ax + b + c
a
1
= ln 3x + 2 + c
3
1
= e ax + c
a
1 3x
= e +c
3
ax
=
+c
ln a
3x
=
+c
ln 3

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometric Functions

sin ax

dx

sin 3x

dx

sin

x dx

1
= cos ax + c
a
cos 3 x
=
+c
3
= sin 2 x. sin x dx

(1 cos x ).sin x dx
= sin x cos x. sin x dx
=

cos 2 x.sin x dx

Let u = cos x
du
= sin x
dx
du
dx =
sin x

sin x dx

= cos x

= cos x +

cos ax dx
cos 3x dx
cos x dx
3

= u 2 . sin x

du
sin x

u3
=
3

cos 3 x
+c
3

1
sin ax + c
a
sin 3 x
=
+c
3
= cos 2 x. cos x dx

(1 sin x ). cos x dx
= cos x sin x. cos x dx
=

sin 2 x. cos x

cos x dx

= sin x

Let u = sin x
du
= cos x
dx
du
dx =
cos x

= u 2 . cos x
=

du
cos x

u3
3

sin 3 x
sin x
+c
3

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

sec

ax dx

sec

3x dx

tan x dx
tan

tan

1
tan ax + c
a
1
= tan 3 x + c
3
sin x
=
dx _________Function and Derivative
cos x
= - ln cos x + c

(sec

x 1 dx

x dx

x dx

= tan x x + c
= tan 2 x. tan x dx

(sec x 1). tan x dx

= sec x. tan x tan x dx_____Let tan x = u
=

tan 2 x
+ ln cos x + c
2

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

u = f (x)
du = f ' ( x)dx

Function and Derivative

[ f ( x )] . f ' ( x )
n

dx

f ' ( x)
dx
f ( x)
f ( x)

n
sin x.cos x dx

f ' ( x)

1 + [ f ( x)]

dx

n +1

= e f ( x) + c
= sin f ( x) + c
sin n +1 x
=
+c
n +1
= tan 1 f ( x) + c
= ln ln x + c

x dx

du
= sin x
dx
du
dx =
sin x

= sin 4 . sin x. cos 4 x dx

(1 cos x ) .sin x. cos x dx

= (1 2 cos x + cos x ).sin x. cos x dx
= cos x.sin x 2 cos x.sin x + cos x.sin x dx

x+3
x 2 x 4 dx
2

split the integral

take out constants
complete the square
standard integrals

!
!
!
!

[ f ( x)]n +1 + c

= ln f ( x) + c

f ' ( x).e dx
f ' ( x).cos f ( x) dx

x ln x dx
sin x.cos

=
=
=
=

cos5 x 2 cos7 x cos9 x

+c
5
7
9
1
(2 x 2) + 4
2x 2 2 x 4 dx
1
2x 2
1
dx + 4 2
dx
2

2 x 2x 4
x 2x 4
1
2x 2
1
dx + 4
dx
2

2 x 2x 4
(x 1)2 5
1
2 x 1 5
+c
ln x 2 2 x 4 +
ln
2
5 x 1 + 5

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

uv' dx = uv vu ' dx

Integrating by parts

x cos x dx

Let u = x
du
=1
dx
ln x dx

dv
= cos x
dx
v = sin x

Let u = ln x
du 1
=
dx x

dv
=1
dx
v=x

Let u =
du
=
dx
= x sin x sin x dx

Let
v=

dv
=
dx

= x sin s + cos x + c

= ln x.1 dx

= x ln x 1 dx
= x ln x x + c

These integrals have only one step, other integrals have multi-step

Let
du
dx
Let
du
dx

cos x dx = I
u = ex
= ex
u = ex
= ex

dv
= cos x
dx
v = sin x
dv
= sin x
dx
v = cos x

= e x sin x e x sin x dx

= e x sin x e x cos x + e x cos xdx

I = e x sin x + e x cos x I
2I = e x sin x + e x cos x
1
I = (e x sin x + e x cos x + c)
2

Let
du
dx
Let
du
dx

sin x dx = I
u = ex
= ex
u = ex
=e

dv
= sin x
dx
v = cos x
dv
= cos x
dx
v = sin x

= e x cos x + e x cos x dx

= e x cos x + e x sin x e x sin xdx

I = e x cos x + e x sin x I
2I = e x sin x e x cos x
1
I = (e x sin x e x cos x + c)
2

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

1.
2.
3.
4.

Split to Standard Integrals

A, B
A, Bx + C
Completing the Square
x +1
1
=
+
dx
x +1 x +1
1
= 1 +
dx
x +1
= x + ln x + 1 + c

Partial Fractions
x+2

x + 1 dx

( x 2)( x + 1) dx
****************
1
( x 2)( x + 1)
When:
1
1
x = 1
1
x =2

=
****************
A
B
=
+
x 2 x +1
= A( x + 1) + B( x 2)
= ___0___+__3B
= __-3A

x 2 + x + 1 dx

1
1
1 1

dx

3 x 2 3 x +1
1
= [ln x 2 ln x + 1 ] + c
3
1 x 2
= ln
+c
3 x + 1
=

P( x)

Q( x) ______ P( x) Q( x)
3x 2
2 x + 1 dx

=
=
=

2x2 x + 1
x 2 dx
******** LONG DIVISION **********
2 x + 3 r7
2
x 2 2x x + 1

=
=

x=4
x=0
x =1
A=1

__17
__1
__5

(2 x + 1) 3 12

dx
2x + 1
3 12
3
1

dx
2 2x + 1
3
7
x ln 2 x + 1 + c
2
2
7
(2x + 3)dx + x 2 dx
x 2 + 3 x + 7 ln x 2 + c

____ 2 x 2 4 x ___
_________ 3 x + 1
_________ 3x 6
_____________7
1 + 4x
(4 x)( x 2 + 1) dx
1 + 4x

3
2

Bx + C
dx
x2 + 1
1
x
=
+ 2
dx
4 x
x +1
= ln 4 x + 12 ln x 2 + 1 + c
=

= A( x 2 + 1)
= 17A
=A
= 2A
B=1

+ ( Bx + c)(4 x)
+0
+ C4 0
+ Bx + 3
C=0

4x +

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Finding x in terms of u
Let u =
du

=
dx
dx =

Substitution

12

(4 + x )

dx

Let u = x
du
1
=
dx 2 x
dx = 2 x du
x = u2

=
dx

Let u = x + 1
du
2u
= 2x
dx
udu
dx =
x
2

2 x du
Changing the Limits
Let u =

x2 = u 2 1

1 x

tan

4
2 3
2
tan 1
tan 1

2
2

3 4

12
x 3 udu
=
u2 x

IMPLICIT
DIFFERENTIATION

x = 12
x=4

12

x2 + 1

1
du
4 + u2
1
u
= 2 tan 1
2
2
u
= tan 1
2

= 2

x3

(4 + u )

u=2 3
u=2
2 3

u
= tan 1
2 2

3 4

12

x du
= (u 1)du
2

u3
u +c
=
3
1
= x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 + c
3

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Trigonometry Substitution
a2 x2
x a
2

Let x = a sin
Let x = a sec
Let x = a tan

a2 + x2

x
4 x2

dx

Let x = 2 sin
dx
= 2 cos
d
dx = 2 cos d

Trig Identity

4 sin 2

2c cos d
4 4 sin 2
sin 2 cos
= 8
d
4 1 sin 2

= 4

sin cos

x = 2 sin

x
= sin
2

d
cos 2
= 4 12 (1 cos 2 ) d

x
= sin 1
2

sin 2

+c
= 2
2

x
= 2 sin 1 2 sin cos + c
2
2
x 4 x
1 x
= 2 sin 2
+c
2
2 2

4 x2

2
x x 4 x
= 2 sin 1
+c
2
2

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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

t = tan (2 ) ________ < <

T-Formula
sin =

2t
1+ t2

cos =

1 t2
1+ t2

tan =

2t
1 t2

4
d
3 + 5 cos

2dt
d =
1+ t2

dt 1 2
= sec
d 2
2
2dt
d =
sec 2 (2 )
2dt
d =
1 + tan 2 (2 )
2dt
1+ t2

d =
4

2dt

3 + 5( ).1 + t

3(1 + t

8 2t

4t

1 t 2
1+ t 2

8
dt
.
2
) + 5(1 t ) 1 + t 2
1+ t2

dt

dt

***

= 4

1
dt
4 t2

1
2 + t 4
= 4.
. ln

2(2) 2 t 0

2 + t 4
= ln

2 t 0
= ln 3
***By Partial Fractions

t=2
t = 2

4t
1

4 = A(2 t)
4= 0
B= 1

+ B(2 + t)
+ 4B

4 = 4A
A= 1

+0

dt
1

2t + 2+t
= [ ln 2 t + ln 2 + t ]
=

2 + t 4
= ln

2 t 0
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Maths Extension 2 - Integration

Reduction Formula
Show:

In = 0 cos n x dx_______n 2

In = (n 1)In-2 (n 1)In

In = cosn 1 x. cos1 x dx
Let
n 1

u = cos x
du
= (n 1)cos n 2 . sin x
dx

dv
= cos x
dx
v = sin x

=
Take out constant, and
expand

[sin x.cos

n 1

x (n 1)cos n 2 x. sin 2 x dx
0

= 0 + (n 1)cosn 2 x.(1 cos2 x )dx

= (n 1) cosn 2 x dx (n 1)cosn x dx
= (n 1)In-2 (n 1)In
Find:

I6

I6 = 0 cos6 x dx
I6 = (6 1)I6-2 (6 1)I6
I6 = 5I4 5I6
6I6 = 5I4
6I6 = 5(3I2 3I4)
6I6 = 15I2 15I4

6I6 = 15I2 - 15 34 I2
6I6 = 154 I2
I6 = 58 I2

I4 = 3I2 3I4
4I4 = 3I2
I4 = 34 I2

I2 = 0 cos 2 x dx

I6 =

I2 =

sin 2 x 2
sin
x

2 0

I2 =

1
2

5
16

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