Review of Useful Math

CH EN 3853 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Chemical Engineering
University of Utah
Prof. Geof Silcox

Geometric formulas
Circumference of circle: 2 r t
2
Area of circle: r t
2
Area of sphere: 4 r t
3
4
Volume of sphere:
3
r t
Area of triangle:
2
( base)( height )

Exponents and logarithms
x y x y
a a a
+
=
a a a
log ( xy ) log x log y = +

a a a
x
log log x log y
y
=
( )
log log
n
a a
x n x =
log
a
y
a y =
Algebra
x a bx
y b ay
=
1
n
n
x
x

=

1/ n n
x x =

Mistakes
a a a
b c b c
= +
+

x a x
y a y
+
=
+

Derivatives
( )
dx
dg
dx
df
g f
dx
d
+ = +

( )
dx
dg
dx
df
g f
dx
d
=
( )
dx
df
C Cf
dx
d
= where C is a constant
( )
dx
df
g
dx
dg
f fg
dx
d
+ =

2
g
) dx / dg ( f ) dx / df ( g
g
f
dx
d
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

( )
1 a
a
ax
dx
x d

=

| |
) x ( f
) x ( f
e
dx
) x ( df
dx
e d
=
| |
) x ( f cos
dx
) x ( df
dx
) x ( f sin d
=

| |
) x ( f sin
dx
) x ( df
dx
) x ( f cos d
=
| |
dx
) x ( df
) x ( f
1
dx
) x ( f ln d
=

Maxima and minima
To find those values of x such that
f(x) is a maximum or a minimum,
solve 0
df
dx
= for x. If
2
2
0
d f
,
dx
> then f
is a minimum. If
2
2
0
d f
,
dx
< then f is a
maximum.
Integrals
b
b
a
a
f ( x )dx F( x ) F( b) F( a) = =
}
if
) x ( f
dx
) x ( dF
=
}
=
+
=
+
1 a , x
1 a
1
dx x
1 a a

}
= x ln dx
x
1

Mean value theorem for integrals:
there exists at least one number c,
between a and b, such that
b
a
f ( x )dx f ( c ) ( b a) =
}

Partial Derivatives
( ) xy 2 y x
x
2
=
c
c

( ) ( ) x zt cos tzx 2 x zt sin
t
2 2
=
c
c

Partial derivatives of f(x(t),y(t)):
Chain rule
df f dx f dy
dt x dt y dt
c c
= +
c c

In differential form
f f
df dx dy
x y
c c
= +
c c

Order of differentiation
2
x
y
f f
x y x y
(
| | c c c
=
(
|
c c c c
\ .


2 2
f f
x y y x
c c
=
c c c c

Approximations:
( ) ( )
x
df
f x x f x x
dx
+ A ~ + A
( )
( )
,
,
x y
f x x y y
f f
f x y x y
x y
+ A + A
c c
~ + A + A
c c

Matrices and Inverses
Ax = b
Solution x = A
-1
b if A
-1
A = 1
Sums and Infinite Series
2
1
1 where 1
1
x x x
x
= + + + <

( )
2 3
1
2 3
x x
ln x x + = +
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2

2!
x
x
df
f x x f x x
dx
x
d f
dx
+ A = + A
A
+ +

Numerical Methods
Newtons Method
( )
( )
1
n
n n
n
f x
x x
f ' x
+
=
2D Newtons Method
0
0
x y
x y
g g x g y
h h x h y
A A
A A
+ + =
+ + =

Approximation of Derivatives

1 0
1
2
y y dy
dx h

~
2 1
3
2
y y dy
dx h

~
2
3 2 1 2 2 1 0
2 2
1
2
/ /
dy dy
y y y d y dx dx
dx h h

+
~ =
Iteration
( )
1 n n
x F x
+
= converges to fixed point
( ) ( ) if 1 x* F x * F' x * = <