Trigonometric Functions

Prepared by:
Esperanza Dario Pascua, EdD
National University
Trigonometric Identities
Trigonometric Functions
 Find the derivative of each of the following functions:
Example 1: Find Dx (cos x – 2tanx).
Dx (cos x – 2tanx) = Dx (cos x) – Dx (2 tan x)
= – sin x – 2sec2x

Example 2: f(x) = x3 + sin x + 4 cos x

f’(x) = 3x2 + cos x + 4 (– sin x)
= 3x2 + cos x – 4 sin x

Example 3: f(x) = 3 csc x + 9 tan x – 4 sec x

f’(x) = 3 (– csc x cot x) + 9 (sec2x) – 4 (sec x tan x)
= – 3 csc x cot x + 9 sec2x – 4 sec x tan x
Example 4: y = x2 (sin x)
f(x) = x2
Product Rule:
f’(x) = 2x
y’ = f(x) g’(x) + g(x) f’(x)
g (x) = sin x
y’ = x2 (cos x) + (sin x) ( 2x)
g’(x) = cos x
y’ = x2 cos x + 2x sin x

Example 5: y = x3 (cos x)
Product Rule: f(x) = x3
f’(x) = 3x2
y’ = f(x) g’(x) + g(x) f’(x)
g (x) = cos x
y’ = x3 (– sin x) + (cos x) (3x2) g’(x) = – sin x
y’ = x2 (3cos x – x sin x)
 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒇
Example 6: y = →𝒈
𝒙𝟐
f = sin x
Quotient Rule:
g f’ − f g’ f’= cos x
y’ = 𝒈𝟐 g = x2
𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 −(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)(𝟐𝒙)
y’ = 𝟐 g’= 2x
𝒙𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 −𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
y’ = 𝒙𝟒
𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒚′ =
𝒙𝟑

𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒇
Example 7: y = 𝒙−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 → 𝒈
f = 1+sin x
Quotient Rule: f’= cos x
g f’ − f g’
y’ = 𝒈𝟐 g = x - tan x
y’ =
(𝒙−𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 −(𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)(𝟏−𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙) g’= 1 – sec2x
𝒙−𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟐
 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒇
Example 8: y = 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 → 𝒈
Quotient Rule:
g f’ − f g’ f = sin x
y’ = 𝒈𝟐
𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)−(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)(−𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙) f’= cos x
y’ =
𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟐 g = 1 + cos x
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
y’ = g’= – sin x
𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒚′ =
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
𝟏
𝒚′ =
(𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
 5
Example 9: f(x) = sin (5x) Example 10: f(x) = cos (x3)
Chain Rule: f’(x) = -sin (x3)∙ 3x2 = – 3x2 sin (x3)
𝒅
[𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 ] = f’(g(x)) ∙ g’(x)
𝒅𝒙
If u = g(x) f’[u] ∙ u’ Example 11: f(x) = sec (x2)
f(x) = sin (5x) f’(x) = sec (x2) tan (x2)∙ 2x
f’(x) = cos(5x) ∙ 5 = 5 cos (5x) = 2x sec (x2) tan (x2)

Example 12: f(x) = sin2 (3x) = [sin (3x)]2

f’(x) = 2 [sin(3x)]1 cos (3x) (3)
= 6 sin(3x) cos(3x)

Example 13: f(x) = [cot4(sin x3)] = [cot (sin x3)]4

f’(x) = 4 [cot (sin x3)]3 [-csc2(sin x3)] (cos x3) (3x2)
= -12x2 cos (x3) csc 2(sin x3) [cot (sin x3)]
Example 14: f(x) = x2 cos x + 2x sin x – 2 cos x
(Product Rule, Sum Rule, Difference Rule, Chain Rule)
f’(x) = x2 [-sin x (1)] + cos x (2x) + 2x (cos x) (1) + sin x (2) – 2 (- sin x)
= -x2 sin x + 2x cos x + 2x cos x + 2 sin x + 2 sin x
= -x2 sin x + 4x cos x + 4 sin x

Example 15: f(x) = sec32x – 3 sec 2x

(Product Rule, Sum Rule, Difference Rule, Chain Rule)
f’(x) = 3 sec2 2x [ sec 2x tan 2x] (2) – 3 sec 2x tan 2x (2)
= 6 sec32x tan 2x (sec22x – 1) (tan2x = sec2x – 1)
= 6 sec 2x tan 2x (tan22x)
= 6 sec 2x tan32x
 Example 3: ‫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐨𝐜(׬‬− 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
= ‫ 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝐬𝐨𝐜׬‬- ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝐧𝐢𝐬 ׬‬
= sin x – (-cos x) + C
= sin x + cos x + C

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 Example 5:
Example 4: ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝟐𝒔𝒐𝒄 ׬‬ 𝟏− 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝟐𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝟑 ׬‬ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
=‫׬‬ ∙ 𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
= ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝟐𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝟑 ׬‬
= ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏𝒂𝒕 ∙ 𝒙 𝒄𝒆𝒔׬‬ 𝟏
= sec x + C
= ‫𝒙𝒅 𝟑 ׬‬
𝟏
= 𝒙 + C
𝟑
 Example 6:
න(𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

= ‫ 𝒙 𝟐𝒔𝒐𝒄 ( 𝟒 ׬‬+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

= න 𝟒 𝒅𝒙

= 4x + C

Example 7: Example 8:
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
න 𝒅𝒙
න 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= ‫ 𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔 ( ׬‬+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
= ‫ 𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝒔 ( ׬‬− 𝟏 ) 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= tan x – x + C = – cot x + x + C
 Example 9: Example 10:
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
න 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 න 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= ‫𝒙𝒅 )𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒔𝒄( 𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔 ׬‬ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 =‫𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 ׬‬ dx
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
=න 𝒅𝒙 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 =‫𝒙𝒅 𝟐 ׬‬
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
= ‫𝒙𝒅 𝟏 ׬‬ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
‫׬‬
=x+C = tan x + C
Example 11: Example 12:
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
න 𝒅𝒙 න 𝒅𝒙 cos2x = cos2x – sin2x
𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 sin2x = 2 sin x cos x 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = (cos x + sin x) (cos x – sin x)
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
=‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = ‫𝒙 𝒔𝒐𝒄 ׬‬+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
=න 𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙) (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟐 =න 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
= + C
𝟐 =‫ 𝒙 𝒔𝒐𝒄 ׬‬− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= sin x + cos x + C
Example 13:
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 cos2x = cos2x – sin2x
න 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 1 – 2sin2x
𝟏 −𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 2cos2x – 1
=‫׬‬ dx
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
=‫׬‬ − 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
‫׬‬
= – cot x – 2x + C

Example 14:
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
න 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 (𝟏+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙)
= ‫׬‬ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙)
=න 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
=‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒔𝒐𝒄 ׬‬
= sin x + C
 Definite Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
Example 1:
𝟑𝝅
න (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟓𝝅
𝟐
𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
= ‫𝝅𝟓׬‬ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ‫𝝅𝟓׬‬ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
= sin x – (-cos x) + C
𝟑𝝅
= sin x + cos x 𝟓𝝅
𝟐
𝟓𝝅 𝟓𝝅
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝝅 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝝅) − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
+ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐

=[0 +(-1)] – [1 + 0] = – 1 – 1 = – 2
Example 2:
𝟔𝝅
න 𝟗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟏𝝅
𝟐 𝟔𝝅

=න (−𝟗)(− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟏𝝅
𝟐 𝟔𝝅
= −𝟗 න − (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟏𝝅
𝟐
𝟔𝝅
= −𝟗 − −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟏𝟏𝝅
𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝝅
= -9 cos 6π – cos 𝟐

= -9 [1 – 0] = – 9
Example
𝝅
3:
𝟑
න −𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
−𝟑𝝅
𝟒 𝝅
𝟑
= −𝟔 −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 −𝟑𝝅
𝝅 𝟒
𝟑
= 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 −𝟑𝝅
𝟒

𝝅 𝝅 −𝟑𝝅 −𝟑𝝅
= 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒

𝟏 𝟑 − 𝟐 − 𝟐
= 𝟔 –𝟑 − 𝟔 −𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟑− − − +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟑 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
= 3- - =3- + = 2.52
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 Finding Areas between Two Curves |
Areas of Plane Regions Using Definite Integrals

=6 – 8/3 – ½ - 1/3 +2
−𝟏𝟔−𝟑−𝟐 −𝟐𝟏 𝟕
=8 + =𝟖+ =8 -
𝟔 𝟔 𝟐
P1 = (3, 9)
P2 = (-2, -6)
 Thank you!

Prepared by:
Esperanza Dario Pascua, EdD
National University

Copyright Disclaimer:
No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without
the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other
non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law.