Chapter 2.

3 - Tutorials Product Rule Quotient Rule Higher-Order Derivatives

Product Rule: If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are differentiable, and if we let h ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) , then h ( x ) is also differentiable and h ' ( x ) = f ' ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ' ( x ) . Lets work a few examples and then prove this rule is true for all differentiable functions. Example 1a: Let f ( x ) = 3 x + 5 and g ( x ) = 2 x 3 . Then h ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x ) = ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 2 x 3 ) = 6 x 2 + x 9 h'( x) = d d 6 x 2 + x 9 = ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 2x 3 ) dx dx

We want to show that the Product Rule will give us the same answer as we would get if just multiplied the two factors first and then took the derivative. Product Rule: d d h'( x) = ( 2 x 3 ) + ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 3x + 5) ( 2x 3 ) dx dx = ( 3 ) ( 2 x 3 ) + ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 2 ) = 6 x 9 + 6 x + 10 = 12 x + 1

Not Using Product Rule d h'( x) = 6 x 2 + x 9 = 12 x + 1 dx

Proof of Product Rule: Be definition h ' ( x ) = f ( x + x ) g ( x + x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) d . f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x 0 dx x

We want to manipulate the above to get the final statement h ' ( x ) = g ( x ) lim f ( x + x ) f ( x ) g ( x + x ) f ( x ) + g ( x ) lim = f '( x) g ( x) + g '( x) f ( x) x 0 x 0 x x

Step One: We are going to add 0 in the form f ( x + x ) g ( x ) + f ( x + x ) g ( x ) . h ' ( x ) = lim f ( x + x ) g ( x + x ) f ( x + x ) g ( x ) + f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) x 0 x

Step Two: We are going to factor f ( x + x ) from the first and second term, and we are going to factor g ( x ) from the third and fourth term. h ' ( x ) = lim f ( x + x ) g ( x + x ) f ( x + x ) g ( x ) + f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) x 0 x

h ' ( x ) = lim

f ( x + x ) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) + g ( x) f ( x + x ) f ( x ) x

x 0

Using the fact the limit of a sum equals the sum of the limits, we have

h ' ( x ) = lim

f ( x + x ) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) x

x 0

+ lim

g ( x) f ( x + x ) f ( x ) x

x 0

Using the fact the limit of a product equals the product of the limits, we have g ( x + x ) g ( x ) + lim g x lim f ( x + x ) f ( x ) h ' ( x ) = lim f ( x + x ) lim ( ) x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x x

g ( x + x ) g ( x ) with g ' ( x ) and lim f ( x + x ) f ( x ) with We can replace lim x 0 x 0 x x f '( x) . h ' ( x ) = lim f ( x + x ) g ' ( x ) + lim g ( x ) f ' ( x )
x 0 x 0

lim f ( x + x ) = f ( x ) and the lim g ( x ) = g ( x ) , we can finally simplify to The x 0 x 0 h ' ( x ) = f ( x ) g ' ( x ) + g ( x ) f ' ( x ) or f ' ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ' ( x )

10 4 Example 1b: Find f ' ( x ) if f ( x ) = ( x + 6 x + 3 x ) sin x .

f '( x) =

d d ( x10 + 6 x 4 + 3 x ) sin x + ( x10 + 6 x 4 + 3 x ) [ sin x ] dx dx

f ' ( x ) = ( 10 x 9 + 24 x 3 + 3 ) sin x + ( x10 + 6 x 4 + 3 x ) cos x

Quotient Rule: If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are differentiable, and g ' ( x ) 0 if we let h ( x ) = f ' ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ' ( x ) g ( x )
2

f ( x) , then h ( x ) is g ( x)

also differentiable and h ' ( x ) =

Lets work a few examples and then prove this rule is true for all differentiable functions. 4 x 2 12 x + 9 Example 2a: Find h ' ( x ) if h ( x ) = . 2x 3 We are going to work this problem using the Quotient Rule and then work it by simplifying the fraction first and then taking the derivative. Quotient Rule: h'( x) = f ' ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ' ( x ) g ( x )
2

d d 4 x 2 12 x + 9 ) ( 2 x 3 ) ( 4 x 2 12 x + 9 ) ( 2 x 3 x ) ( dx h ' ( x ) = dx 2 2 x 3 [ ]

h'( x) =

( 8 x 12) ( 2 x 3 ) ( 4 x 2 12 x + 9 ) ( 2 )
4 x 2 12 x + 9 48 x + 36 ) ( 8 x 2 24 x + 18 ) 4 x 2 16 x + 9

( 16 x =
=

8 x 2 24 x + 18 =2 4 x 2 16 x + 9

Not Using Quotient Rule:

4 x 2 12 x + 9 h ( x) = = 2x 3 2x 3 h'( x) = 2

Proof of Quotient Rule: f ( x + x ) f ( x ) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) . Be definition of the derivative, d f ( x ) = lim dx g ( x ) x0 x f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x + x ) We can simplify this by multiply by 1 to g ( x + x ) g ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x + x ) to lim x 0 x f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x + x ) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) lim x 0 x

x 0

lim

f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x + x ) xg ( x + x ) g ( x )

Step One: Add 0 in the form of f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) to the above equation. f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x + x ) x 0 xg ( x + x ) g ( x ) lim

Step Two: Factor g ( x ) out of terms one and two and f ( x ) from terms three and four. g ( x) f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( x) g ( x ) g ( x + x ) xg ( x + x ) g ( x )

x 0

lim

It is not quite it the form we want it because we want g ( x + x ) g ( x ) , so factor -1 from the term f ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x + x ) to get f ( x ) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) . g ( x) f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) xg ( x + x ) g ( x )

x 0

lim

We can rewrite the above using what you know about fractions to g ( x) f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x )
x 0

lim

f ( x) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) x

g ( x + x ) g ( x )

Step 3: Rewrite the above limit using the fact that the limit of a quotient is equal to the quotient of the limits. g ( x) f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) lim x 0 x x lim g ( x + x ) g ( x )
x 0

Step 4: Rewrite the above limit using the fact that the limit of a sum is equal to the sum of the limits. g ( x) f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) lim f ( x ) g ( x + x ) g ( x ) lim x 0 x 0 x x lim g ( x + x ) g ( x )
x 0

Since the factors f ( x ) and g ( x ) do not contain x we can rewrite the above expression again as f ( x + x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) lim g ( x + x ) g ( x ) g ( x ) lim x 0 x 0 x x lim g ( x + x ) g ( x )
x 0

This express can now be written as

g ( x) f '( x) f ( x) g '( x) lim g ( x + x ) g ( x )

x 0

g ( x) f '( x) f ( x) g '( x) g ( x + 0) g ( x ) g ( x) f '( x) f ( x) g '( x) g ( x )

2

Derivative of the Tangent Function Using the Quotient Rule f ( x ) = tan x can now be written as f ( x ) = sin x . Now we can use the Quotient Rule cos x

(which we have just proved) to find the derivative. d d ( sin x ) ( cos x ) ( sin x ) ( cos x ) dx f ' ( x ) = dx 2 ( cos x ) =

( cos x ) ( cos x ) ( sin x ) ( sin x ) 2 ( cos x )

2 2

( cos x ) + ( sin x ) = 2 ( cos x )

1 or sec 2 2 cos x

Higher Order Derivatives The first derivative of the function g ( x ) is g ' ( x ) .

The second derivative is

d g ' ( x ) = g '' ( x ) . dx

The third derivative is

d g '' ( x ) = g ''' ( x ) . dx

3 2 Example 3a: Find the fourth derivative of f ( x ) = x + 2 x 6 x + 5 .

f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 + 4x 6 f '' ( x ) = 6 x + 4 f ''' ( x ) = 6 f(

4)

( x) = 0