Journal of Materials Science & Technology 33 (2017) 1457–1464

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Review

Recent progress in medium-Mn steels made with new designing

strategies, a review
Bin Hu a , Haiwen Luo a,∗ , Feng Yang b , Han Dong b
a
School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
b
Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: After summarizing the relevant researches on the medium Mn steels in references, two new targets on
Received 22 November 2016 the tensile properties have been defined. One is that both transformation-induced (TRIP) and twinning-
Received in revised form 5 February 2017 induced plasticity (TWIP) could be realized for the steel with a relatively low Mn content, which exhibits
Accepted 19 February 2017
the similar tensile properties to the classical TWIP steels with higher Mn content. The other is to achieve
Available online 29 June 2017
ultrahigh ultimate tensile strength (>1.5 GPa) without sacrificing formability. To achieve these goals,
new designing strategies was put forward for compositions and the processing route. In particular, warm
Keywords:
rolling was employed instead of the usual hot/cold rolling process because the former can produce a
Medium Mn steel
Retained austenite
mixture of retained austenite grains with different morphologies and sizes via the partial recrystalliza-
Transformation-induced plasticity tion. Consequently, the retained austenite grains have a wide range of mechanic stability so that they
Twinning-induced plasticity can transform to martensite gradually during deformation, leading to enhanced TRIP effect and then
Mechanical properties improved mechanic properties. Finally, it is succeeded in manufacturing these targeted medium Mn
steels in laboratory, some of them even exhibit better tensile properties than our expectation.
© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science &
Technology.

1. Introduction in weight percentage unless stated elsewhere). Their yield strength

To meet the requirement of fuel economy along with crash
worthiness for safety and stiffness, the current automotive design
requires advanced high strength steels (AHSS) with a good forma-
bility [1]. Descriptive terminology has evolved to describe the
“First Generation” of AHSS, i.e. steels that possess primarily ferrite-
based microstructures, and the “Second Generation” of AHSS, i.e.
austenitic steels with high manganese contents (Fig. 1) [2]. The
first generation AHSS include dual-phased (DP), transformation
induced plasticity (TRIP), complex-phased (CP), and martensitic
(MART) steels. They generally have limited elongation (<25%) when
the strength is higher than 600 MPa, which limits the applica-
tion of these high-strength steels for the automobile parts with
complex shape. The second generation austenitic AHSS include
twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels, Al-alloyed lightweight
steels with induced plasticity (L-IP) and shear band strengthened
steels (SIP steels) [3]. Among them, high-Mn TWIP austenitic steels
are particularly appealing due to their outstanding tensile prop-
erties. Bouaziz et al. [4] have summarized the tensile properties
of typical TWIP steels containing 12%–30% Mn and 0.6%–1.2% C (all
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: luohaiwen@ustb.edu.cn (H. Luo).
(YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation (TE) are in
the ranges of 300–450 MPa, 1200–1800 MPa and 40%–50% respec-
tively. However, high alloying cost, the difficulty in manufacturing
process, the susceptibility to delayed fracture after forming and the
relatively low yield strength all limit the immediate commercial-
ization of TWIP steels. This leads to an increased interest on the
development of the “Third Generation” of AHSS because they show
a similar trade-off between strength and ductility as TWIP steels
but have lower alloying cost and less difficulty on manufacturing
(Fig. 1).
Most of the developed third generation AHSS are multi-phased,
such as lightweight steel [5], quenching and partitioning processed
steel [6] and medium Mn steel. In particular, the medium Mn steels,
which usually contains 5% − 10 wt% Mn, has attracted more atten-
tion because they can exhibit the similar to or even better tensile
properties than the high-Mn TWIP austenitic steels but at lower
alloying cost. This is primarily due to the enhanced TRIP effect
resulting from a larger fraction of austenite retained with proper
mechanic stability than that retained in the classical TRIP steels.
In contrast, a reverse transformation during intercritical annealing
(IA) is usually required for the formation of such a large fraction of
austenite in the medium Mn steel, which is crucial for the quantity
and stability of retained austenite and the resultant tensile proper-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.06.017
1005-0302/© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.
1458 B. Hu et al. / Journal of Materials Science & Technology 33 (2017) 1457–1464
Fig. 1. Summary of tensile strength and tensile elongation data for various classes
of conventional and advanced high strength sheet steels (AHSS) [1,2].
ties. This phenomenon is different from the annealing of cold rolled
TWIP steels, during which only recrystallization happens [7].
In this work, the tensile properties of medium-Mn steels have
been first reviewed and the relationship of properties, Mn con-
tent and work hardening mechanism is summarized. Next, the
targets of new medium Mn steels are defined for development:
they either have better tensile properties or lower manufacturing
cost. To achieve these goals, some new strategies are presented on
the microstructural designing. To validate these strategies, some
new medium Mn steels have been recently manufactured in labo-
ratory and the experimental results are also presented to confirm
these proposed ideas.
2. Tensile properties of reported medium-Mn steels
The recent intense efforts have result in a significant progress
on the development of medium Mn steels. Fig. 2 summarizes the
tensile properties of medium Mn steels that have been already
reported [4,8–24]. These data scatter in a wide range as they are
just simply classified according to the Mn content. In Fig. 2(a), both
5 Mn and 7 Mn steels can own UTS more than 1400 MPa. How-
ever, the elongation of 5 Mn steel is limited at this strength level,
which hinders its real application; in contrast, 8 Mn–11 Mn steels
often exhibit excellent elongation whilst their UTS are mostly lower
than 1200 MPa. The 12 Mn steel, which exhibits the UTS value of
1.8 GPa and elongation of 50%, is actually a TWIP steel that con-
tains 1.2 wt% C [4]. It appears that the medium Mn steel is difficult
to have the UTS higher than 1.5 GPa and a good formability at the
same time. Therefore, the tensile properties of new medium Mn
steels should be beyond this boundary, i.e. the UTS and TE values
should exceed 1.5 GPa and 15%, respectively, as defined in Fig. 2(a).
Our designing philosophy for this steel is to increase strength via
a pronounced precipitation in the ductile matrix so that enough
plasticity can still remain even after the deterioration due to the
precipitation hardening. The ductile matrix often contain relatively
high Mn content, like 9%–10% Mn in Fig. 2(a); the alloying elements
of Nb, V and Ti have been widely used to form fine carbide particles
in the matrix for effective strengthening.
The product of UTS and TE of medium Mn steels were summa-
rized with their dependence on the Mn contents too and shown
in Fig. 2(b). It is apparent that the best combination of UTS and TE
increases with the Mn content, since higher Mn content generally
results in better ductility, as shown in Fig. 2(a). In particular, the
TWIP effect seems only to be observed during the deformation of
medium Mn steel containing no less than 9% Mn when Al or Si con-
tent is no more than 3%, which might explain why poor ductility is
obtained at low Mn content. Therefore, it seems that the excellent
tensile properties require the heavy alloying of Mn. This, however,
shall result in the similar difficulties in the commercial production
as TWIP steels because their compositions are getting close. There-
fore, it is necessary to develop a new medium Mn steel, which has
the similar properties to the typical high-Mn TWIP steels but lower
Mn content, so that it has reduced alloying cost and there is less dif-
ficulties in manufacturing. The designing strategy for this new steel
is that the TWIP effect can be realized at a relatively low Mn content,
like 7%, so that both TWIP and TRIP effects can contribute to work
hardening during deformation. In this case, the stack fault energy
of austenite grains retained after intercritical annealing should be
controlled in a proper range by carefully designing the composition
and annealing process, which shall be discussed later.
3. Designing philosophy for the new medium Mn steel
grades
3.1. Compositional design
The chemical compositions of the recently developed medium-
Mn steels are summarized in Table 1. It can be seen that C, Mn,
Al and Si are the major alloying elements. It is well known that
the higher C content leads to increased stability and lower Ms
temperature of austenite grains. But the usual carbon contents of
medium-Mn steels are in the range of 0.1%–0.6% because higher C
content may result in poor weldability and the severe carbon segre-
gation during casting. Both Al and Si are ferrite stabilizing elements;
they are added to prevent the precipitation of carbides so that car-
bon atoms can only be partitioned into austenite during intercritical
annealing. The solute Si also leads to increased activity of C in fer-
rite, resulting in enhanced partition of C from ferrite to austenite
[31]; however, the excessive addition of Si may affect the surface
quality and cause some difficulties in continuous casting, welding,
surface coating and galvanizing. The addition of Al, like Si, could
inhibit the precipitation of cementite by the increase of carbide
nucleation temperature [12]. However, the excessive addition of Al
leads to the formation of delta ferrite phase during solidification
[13,14], which is often very coarse after casting and difficult to be
refined during hot rolling. Besides, high content of Al also causes
extra difficulties during melting, secondary refining and casting.
Therefore, the contents of Si and Al contents are no more than
3 wt% in general unless the low density is a critical requirement.
Mn, as the major alloying element, has a great effect on both frac-
tion and stability of retained austenite grains, which then affect the
mechanical performance of medium Mn steel. In Table 1, it appears
that the maximum RA fractions are proportional to the Mn con-
tents. Therefore, the lower Mn content leads to smaller fraction of
austenite retained and larger fraction of martensite formed after IA.
The formation of martensite leads to high strength but poor plas-
ticity; consequently, 5%–7% Mn contained steels show higher UTS
but lower elongation than 8–12% Mn steels, as shown in Fig. 2.
As for the first target, superhigh strength steel, 10% Mn con-
tained matrix was chosen for the desired excellent elongation.
Meanwhile, the typical microalloying element like V is added for
the precipitation hardening so that enough plasticity (>15%) can
remain even though it is deteriorated due to the significant pre-
cipitation strengthening. 2 mm-thick steel sheets containing both
10% Mn and 0.7% V have been manufactured at laboratory via warm
rolling process, whose values of YS, UTS and uniform elongation are
1150–1200 MPa, 1500–1800 MPa and more than 15% respectively,
as given in Fig. 3. These are perfectly in the defined range for the
first target in Fig. 2(a).
The second target is that a new medium Mn steel has similar
tensile properties as TWIP steels but lower Mn content. The critical
factor is to control the SFE values of retained austenite grains in a
proper range so that both TWIP and TRIP could occur during defor-
 B. Hu et al. / Journal of Materials Science & Technology 33 (2017) 1457–1464 1459

Fig. 2. Summary of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation (TE) (a), and the products of UTS and TE (b) for the medium Mn steels that have been published in
references. The new targets have been defined in the inset.

Table 1
Main chemical compositions of different medium manganese steels.

C (wt%) Mn (wt%) Si (wt%) Al (wt%) Mo (wt%) V (wt%) RA (%) Ref.

0.092 4.60 0.03 22.0 [25]

0.120 4.98 3.11 3.05 0.05 15.2 [3]
0.190 4.96 3.09 2.99 0.03 9.0 [3]
0.200 5.00 34.1 [10]
0.400 5.00 40.0 [10]
0.120 5.80 0.47 3.00 31.0 [12]
0.050 6.15 1.50 11.0 [26]
0.080 6.15 1.50 2.00 0.08 17.0 [27]
0.200 7.00 44.7 [13]
0.099 7.09 0.13 0.03 43.5 [13]
0.220 7.15 3.11 3.21 0.05 13.0 [3]
0.230 8.10 0.01 5.30 53.0 [15]
0.260 10.00 6.30 45.0 [14]
0.200 10.02 3.17 3.19 0.06 53.0 [3]
0.300 10.00 2.00 3.00 67.0 [21]
0.200 11.00 1.40 68.5 [28]
0.180 11.02 3.81 66.0 [29]
0.600 12.00 [30]
0.200 12.40 0.90 5.20 71.0 [15]

Fig. 3. Engineering stress-strain curves of developed 10%Mn-0.7%V steels after
warm rolling and intercritical annealing. A, B, C, D represent the tensile properties
of studied steels that have been warm rolled at different temperatures with various
rolling reductions in thickness. A: 750 ◦ C, 50%; B: 750 ◦ C, 63%; C: 600 ◦ C, 50%; D:
600 ◦ C, 63%.
major alloying and the contents of C and Al were varied so that the
possible compositions of austenite retained after various IA tem-
peratures can be calculated; next, the Ms temperatures, fractions
of retained austenite and stack fault energies can all be estimated.
Such material computation based on thermodynamics could help
us to select some promising compositions for experimental tests.
With such a material computation, a steel with the composition of
7%Mn–3%Al–0.3%C have been successfully designed. The detailed
thermodynamic calculations are given in Fig. 4(a) and (b), in which
both phase fractions and the composition of austenite are given
with the dependence on temperature. It is found that both austen-
ite and ferrite phase fractions are 50% at 700 ◦ C (Fig. 4(a)) and the
austenite grains have the maximum C content at 665 ◦ C, which
are often considered as good references for designing IA process
in practice [35]; in addition, the equilibrium contents of C, Al and
Mn in austenite are 0.54%, 2.1%, 10.8% at 700 ◦ C (Fig. 4(b)). With
the known composition of austenite phase, we can calculate the
Ms temperature using the following empirical formula [36]:
Ms = 545 − 423C − 30.4Mn − 60.5V −1/3 (1)

mation. It is known that the SFE in the range of 12–35 mJ/m2 favours
the formation of mechanical twins, while that below 18 mJ/m2
favours the transformation to martensite [32–34], which means
that the SFE for both to occur should be in the range of 12–18 mJ/m2 .
Since it has been known that the 7 Mn steel can exhibit a good
combination of UTS and TE (Fig. 2), 7% Mn may be chosen as the
The calculated Ms point of 7 Mn steel after the IA at 700 ◦ C
is
−86.8 ◦ C after assuming the effective diameter of austenite grains
as 1 ␮m, which is far below room temperature; thus, we may
reasonably assume that the austenite grains formed after long
duration IA treatment are retained with the near-equilibrium com-
position. In this case, their SFE values can be also estimated as
1460 B. Hu et al. / Journal of Materials Science & Technology 33 (2017) 1457–1464

Fig. 4. Calculated equilibrium phase fractions (a) and the composition of austenite (b) for the developed 7 Mn steel; (c) the engineering stress-strain curve of 7 Mn steel
sheet, which was manufactured by hot rolling, warm rolling and the intercritical annealing at 700 ◦ C for 5 h; (d) XRD patterns of studied 7 Mn sample before deformation
and after fracture, which confirms the significant TRIP effect during deformation due to the large decrease of retained austenite fraction; (e) mechanical twins observed on
the fractured specimen, indicating that TWIP effect can occur during deformation.

about 16.6 mJ/m2 , which is located in the targeted range for austen-
ite grains to both transform and twin. This steel sheet have been
manufactured in laboratory by induction melting, hot rolling and
warm rolling. The warm rolling process is discussed later in details.
After intercritical annealing at 700 ◦ C for 5 h, the retained austen-
ite grains can indeed both transform to martensite or twin during
tensile deformation (Fig. 4(d) and (e)), leading to the UTS value of
950 MPa and TE of 63% (Fig. 4(c)). Such excellent properties are
close to those of classical TWIP steels, and hit the second target as
defined in Fig. 2(b).
3.2. New manufacturing process
Rather than the cold rolling or hot rolling process that is often
adopted, a novel warm rolling process have been employed for the
medium Mn steels. The employed warm rolling processes for 10 Mn
steel in Fig. 3 and 7 Mn steel in Fig. 4 are shown in Fig. 5(a). Firstly,
the studied steels were hot rolled to a thickness of 4 mm in a pilot
hot rolling mill with a finish temperature of 800 ◦ C, followed by
water cooling to room temperature. When these hot rolled steel
sheets were warm rolled to 2 mm in a four-high cold rolling mill,
they were first heated to a temperature in the range of 600–800 ◦ C
and isothermally held for 10 min in a box furnace, namely the soak-
ing treatment, then taken out and rolled to the thickness of 3 mm
in three rolling passes. Due to the rapid decrease of temperature
on the steel sheet during warm rolling, they had to be put back
into the furnace again for the same soaking treatment, followed by
another warm rolling to the final thickness of 2 mm. It should be
mentioned that the temperature of steel sheet should be kept above
250 ◦ C during the warm rolling. The warm rolled steel sheets were
then intercritically annealed at different temperatures, as shown
in Fig. 5(a). In particular, the retained austenite after both the hot
 B. Hu et al. / Journal of Materials Science & Technology 33 (2017) 1457–1464
Fig. 5. Warm rolling process used to manufacture 10 Mn and 7 Mn steels (a); XRD patterns of 7 Mn steel after hot rolling (b) and after warm rolling at 600 ◦ C (c).
rolling and the warm rolling of 7 Mn steel have been examined
using XRD technique, as given in Fig. 5(b) and (c) respectively. It
can be seen that a small fraction of austenite grains was retained
after hot rolling and none of them observed after the warm rolling to
2 mm at 600 ◦ C. This means that the retained austenite grains in hot
rolled steels may act as nuclei and grow during the soaking treat-
ment at 600 ◦ C of warm rolling process; but all of them transformed
to ferrite or martensite during the deformation applied at relatively
low temperature and the subsequent cooling, i.e. the warm rolling
process.
The starting microstructures of IA could make a great influ-
ence on both the annealed microstructures and the resultant
tensile properties [11,37–41]. For examples, the IA of hot rolled
steels produces many austenitic laths nucleated at the initial
martensite lath boundaries whilst the IA of cold rolled steels pro-
duces mainly granular austenite grains with larger size because
recrystallization often takes place prior to the reverse transfor-
mation. In contrast, the warm rolling leads to only a partial
recrystallization of deformed matrix during IA because the driv-
ing force accumulated during warm rolling is much lower than
that during cold rolling. In this case, the unrecrystallized lath-
like martensite and recrystallized ferrite grains shall transform
to lath-shaped and granular austenite grains respectively during
IA, leading to austenite grains retained with the two types of
morphologies, as shown in Fig. 6. The percentage of each morphol-
ogy depends on both the warm rolling and intercritical annealing
processes. Moreover, the granular austenite grains have a wide
size distribution as the driving force for recrystallized nuclei to
grow is uneven. Such the mixture of austenite grains retained
with different morphologies and sizes is expected for enhanced
1461
TRIP-assisted effect, because they have a range of mechanic stabil-
ities so that they can transform to martensite sustainably during
deformation rather than in a very short period. This shall result
in a more thorough load distribution between different grains
in bulk and then better tensile properties. This philosophy of
microstructural designing is different from the previous idea that
ultrafine austenite grains with a uniform size are considered to
be beneficial for the mechanic properties of medium Mn steels
[42–45].
3.3. Tensile properties of the new developed medium Mn steel
grades
Seven medium-Mn steel grades have already been designed and
manufactured, which contain 7%–10 wt% Mn and other alloying ele-
ments like Al, Nb and V according to the above strategies. After hot
rolling, they were either cold rolled or warm rolled before inter-
critical annealing. The tensile properties of all the developed steels
are summarized in Fig. 7. It can be seen that most of them are in
the range of third generation steels for automotive. In particular,
some experimental data are even better than our expectation. For
examples, both cold rolled and warm rolled 7 Mn steels exhibit the
product of UTS and TE in the range of 60–70 GPa·% after intercriti-
cal annealing, which is not inferior to the properties of typical TWIP
steels at all; thus we have attained the target of new medium-Mn
steel with excellent tensile properties but at lower alloying cost.
The 9 Mn steels even show a better combination of tensile proper-
ties since the product of UTS and TE could reach 90 GPa·%, as shown
in ‘A’ region in Fig. 7. The developed 10Mn-V steel shows a super-
high strength of 1.7–1.9 GPa and TE values of 10% − 20% (region ‘C’
1462 B. Hu et al. / Journal of Materials Science & Technology 33 (2017) 1457–1464
Fig. 6. Typical microstructures of 7 Mn steel after warm rolling at 600 ◦ C (a) and after the intercritical annealing at 700 ◦ C for 5 h (b); the magnification views of regions ‘A’
and ‘B’ in (b) are given in (c) and (d) respectively, in which ␥G and ␥L denote the globular and the lath-like austenite grains and their corresponding selected area electron
diffraction patterns are given in the insets.
Fig. 7. Tensile properties of medium Mn steels recently developed in our laboratory,
some of them are better than those reported [46–49].
in Fig. 7) after warm rolling and intercritical annealing, which also
meets the requirement of the first target on the superhigh strength
medium-Mn steel. Moreover, the cold rolled 9 Mn-V steel shows
exceptionally excellent tensile properties, including the UTS value
of 1.6–1.7 GPa and TE value of 40%–50%, as shown in the region
‘B’ of Fig. 7. All the compositions and the relevant manufacturing
processes have been patented for legal protection [46–49].
4. Alternating TRIP and TWIP effects during deformation
Medium Mn steels are composed of multiple constitutes that
can deform with different mechanisms according to their inher-
ent properties (anisotropic elastic constants etc.), leading to the
uneven stress partition. Ferrite is usually plastically deformed by
dislocation slip; in contrast, the austenite grains could either trans-
form to martensite or twin during deformation besides they can be
plastically deformed by dislocation multiplication too. However,
the occurrence order and the interactions of different deformation
modes are not clear yet, although they may have a strong influence
on the tensile properties.
Lee et al. [21] studied the 10.1Mn–3Al–0.3C–3Si steel, in which
the retained austenite grains have a uniform size around 1.5 ␮m
after intercritical annealing. Due to the partition of C and Mn from
ferrite into austenite during IA, the SFE values of some retained
austenite grains could increase to a proper range so that they can
twin during deformation. When the secondary twins are formed
and intersect the primary twins, nucleation sites for the strain-
induced martensite are created at the intersections. Therefore, they
concluded that the twinning should take place first and then the
transformation is induced. In contrast, Lee et al. [14] found that the
coarse austenite grains first transform to martensite at the initial
deformation period of 10.1 Mn–6.3Al–0.26C steel, then the austen-
ite grains with the sizes less than 10 ␮m start to twin. This suggests
that grain refinement could induce the transition of austenitic
deformation mechanism from TRIP to TWIP.
He et al. [50] discovered the two phenomena at one material that
has a bimodal austenite grain size distribution with the composi-
tion of 10Mn–0.45C–1Al, as described by the schematic diagram
in Fig. 8. It shows that the coarse austenite grains start to trans-
form earlier due to their lower stability, which provides the high
work hardening at the initial deformation period. The fine austenite
 B. Hu et al. / Journal of Materials Science & Technology 33 (2017) 1457–1464
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of elements partition during intercritical annealing and the deformation mechanism under different periods.
grains often have high C contents. Some of them have high mechan-
ical stability so that they can transform later during deformation,
contributing the work hardening via the continuous TRIP effect.
Other fine austenite grains may have too high mechanic stabil-
ity to transform during deformation; but they may have a proper
SFE energy after the partition of solute elements during IA so that
they can twin. This may not only contribute to the work harden-
ing via the TWIP effect but also provides the nucleation site for the
subsequent transformation at the large strain regime. Therefore,
the continuously occurrence of TRIP and TWIP during deformation
could result in improved properties of medium Mn steel.
5. Summary
In this paper, new designing strategies have been presented for
achieving better combination of strength and ductility of medium
Mn steels. One is to apply the significant precipitation hardening
via V alloying in the highly ductile matrix that contains a large frac-
tion of retained austenite due to the 8–11% Mn content. The other is
to realize both TRIP and TWIP effects during deformation at the rel-
atively low Mn content. In addition, the novel warm rolling before
IA process has been adopted to produce austenite grains with dif-
ferent morphologies and sizes. As a result, the RA grains have a
wide range of mechanic stability and some of them even have the
proper SFE, which leads to both sustainable TRIP and TWIP effects
during deformation. By adopting these new designing strategies
together, we have successfully manufactured the targeted medium
Mn steels with the exceptional tensile properties. The 7 Mn steel
exhibits the similar tensile properties to TWIP steel; the 10 Mn-V
steel shows a superhigh strength (>1.5 GPa) and enough elongation
(>15%). In particular, some of them even exhibit better combination
of strength and plasticity than expectation.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the joint financial support from the
Natural Science Foundation of China and Bao Steel Group Co. Ltd
(Grant No. U1460203) and the International Science & Technology
Cooperation Program of China (Grant No. 2015DFG51950).
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