Electronic Transformer for 12 V Halogen Lamp

1. INTRODUCTION

Lighting that uses halogen lamps is commonly found in residential environments, where it offers a warm light in
comparison with that generated by fluorescent tubes, and greater efficiency than conventional filament bulbs.

These lamps are available with voltage ratings of 6, 12 or 24 Volts, and so a transformer is needed in order to
provide the lamp with a low voltage supply from either 110 V a.c. or 220 V a.c. mains. They are generally
available with power ratings of 50, 75, 100 and 250 Watts.

The “electronic” transformer represents an alternative means of power conversion to the more standard iron
core, 50 Hz transformer technique. The advantages of the electronic transformer compared with the classical
solution are: · The output power from the electronic transformer to the lamp can be varied, thus dimming
control can be added;

2. It is possible to include protection against short

circuit of the lamp filament;
3. Weight can be reduced and the construction made
more compact; and
4. Acoustic noise (mains hum) is eliminated.

2. THE ELECTRONIC SOLUTION

The topology of the circuit is the classic half-bridge. The control circuit could be
realised using an IC (so fixing the operating frequency), but there is a more economical
solution which consists of a selfoscillating circuit where the two transistors are driven in
opposing phase by feedback from the output circuit

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Fluorescent lamps are available usually in these color temperatures:

 Warm white (2700K)

 Cool white (4000K)
 Daylight (6000K)

Most often we meet with "warm white", which is close to classic bulb and which is most
pleasant to people.
Compact fluorescent lamp use vacuum pipe similar to classic strip lamp and princip of
energy transformation to light is same. Tube has on both ends two electrodes faced
with Barium. Kathode has high temperature about 900 degree Celsius and generates
many electrons which are accelerated by voltage between electrodes and hits atoms of
Argon and Mercury. There arise low temperature plasm. Overflowing energy mercury
radiate in a UV light form. Inner side of tube is faced with luminophore, which
transform UV light in to the visible light. Tube is powered by alternating current, so that
function of electrodes (cathode and anode) is still changing. Because there are used
switched converter, which works on tens of kilohertz, that CFL lamp doesn't "blink" in
comparison to classic strip tube lamp. Converter, which is present in a screw cap,
substitute classic ballast with a starter.

Electrical construction

Princip of function we explain on a LUXAR 11W lamp.

Circuit contains supply section, which includes interference suppressor L2, fuse F1,
bridge rectifier from 1N4007 diodes and filtering capacitor C4.
Starting section includes D1, C2, R6 and diac.
D2, D3, R1, R3 have protect function.
Other parts have normal operation function.
Repair of electronics

Repair of electronics usually means change of capacitor C3 if he is brobek. When burns

fuse, probably will be damaged transistors Q1, Q2 and resistors R1, R2, R3, R5. You can
replace fuse with resistor 0R5. Failures can be multiplied. For example, when is shorted
capacitor there can be thermally overloaded transistors and will be destroyed. Best
transistors for replacing of original types are MJE13003, but it is not easy to find them. I
replaced them with BD129, but they are not available now. There exists other variants
like a 2SC2611, 2SC2482, BD128, BD127, but I am not sure if they will be long-life.
Original transistors are not available on our market. If doesn't matter size of case
TO220, it's possible to use transistors MJE13007.

Precision Power Supply 0-40V 0-2A adjustable

current limiting
This Precision Power Supply is a nice addition on your workbench as
primary, or in my case, a supplementary power supply. With zero to 40V
and 2A with adjustable current limiting it will surely gets lots of use on
your bench. On average the most amperage for a power supply someone
needs is around two or three amps. The sensitivity for current limiting is
fully adjustable. Have fun building!" Test instruments are considered to
be some of the most useful tools available when constructing a project.
They are also considered to be the most expensive tools one could buy.
For instance, a power supply of any quality and usefulness can range
from several hundred dollars to several thousand dollars. The alternative
to buying a power supply is to build one. The power supply in this article
has a voltage range from 0 to 40V and a current range from 0 to 2 amps
with current limiting set by the user. The quality of the supply is
determined by the time and care the builder takes while constructing it.
The first parts to look at are the two power supply sections. The output
supply section consists of XFMR1, Br1, C1, and C2. They supply the
appropriate voltage and current required at the output. The IC supply
consists of XFMR2, Br2, and C3. The two power supply sections must be
separate from each other because a floating ground is required for IC1.
The next section is the voltage control. RV1 and R2 determine the
operating point of a constant current source out of pin 3 of IC1. By
varying RV1 the maximum output voltage will be set. Pins 8 and 9 are
inputs to a high gain differential amplifier contained in IC1. By adjusting
potentiometer P1 the voltage at pin 8 will vary; this will cause the voltage
at the output to change until it is equal to the voltage at pin 8. Due tothe
high...
touch alarm system
Adjustable SMPS Laboratory Power Supply
UCC28600 0-30V 5A
Adjustable Laboratory Power Supply SMPS design a lab power supply switching
concept, which will work in kvazirezonancním fashion. The source should have one
symmetrical output 0 to ±30 V / 5A (UCC28600) and one output single-ended +5V /
2A.... Electronics Projects, Adjustable SMPS Laboratory Power Supply UCC28600 0-
30V 5A "power electronic projects, power supply circuit, power supply project,
smps circuits, smps projects, smps schematic, " Date 2019/08/04

Adjustable Laboratory Power Supply SMPS design a lab power supply switching
concept, which will work in kvazirezonancním fashion. The source should have one
symmetrical output 0 to ±30 V / 5A (UCC28600) and one output single-ended +5V /
2A. (TOP243) Equipment opatrete digital indication of the output voltage and current
and the electronic protection during short circuit. Characteristics of the resources to
simulate in the program PSpice, design of each board printed circuit con in the Eagle
program.

UCC28600 Adjustable SMPS Circuit Schematic

Adjustable 0-100V 50 Amp SMPS Circuit
The high power adjustable switching power supply is perfect for the purpose of laboratory work. The topology used to
design the system is switching topology – half controlled bridge.

Using IC UC3845 as the Main Controller

The switching supply is powered with IGBT transmitters and is further controlled by
UC3845 circuit.
The mains voltage goes straight through the EMC filter which is further checked and
filtered on C4 capacitor.

As the capacity is high (50 amps), the inflow in the limiting circuit with Re1 switch and
also on R2.

The relay coil and fan, taken from AT or ATX power supply is powered from 12V. The
power is obtained via the resistor from 17V auxiliary supply.

It is ideal to select R1 so that the voltage at the fan and the relay coil limits to 12V. The
auxiliary supply on the other hand uses TNY267 circuit and R27 facilitates protection
from under-voltage of auxiliary power.
The power will not turn on if the current is less than 230V. The UC3845 control circuit
results to 47% duty cycle (Max.) with the output frequency of 50 kHz.

The circuit is further powered with the help of the zener diode, which actually helps to
reduce the supply voltage and even helps to shift the UVLO threshold of lower 7.9V
and upper 8.5V to 13.5V and 14.1V respectively.

The source initiates the power and starts working on 14.1V. It never goes below 13.5V
and further helps to protect IGBT from desaturation. However, the original threshold of
UC3845 should to set as low as possible.

The MOSFET T2 circuit controls, which helps to make Tr2 transformer work offers
floating drive and galvanic isolation for the upper IGBT.

It is through the forming circuits of T3 and T4 that it helps to drive T5 and T6 of IGBT
and the switch further rectifies line voltage to Tr1 power transformer.

As the output is rectified and reaches an average, it is smoothed by L1 coil and C17
capacitors. The voltage feedback is further connected from output to the pin 2 and IO1.

Furthermore, you can also set the output voltage of power supply with P1
potentiometer. There is no need for galvanic isolation of feedback.

It is because the control circuit of this adjustable SMPS is connected with the secondary
SMPS and leaves no connection with the network. The current feedback is passed
through the current transformer TR3 right onto 3 pin IO1 and the overcurrent
protection threshold can be set using P2.

12V input supply may be acquired from an ATX power supply

The Controller Stage Schematic

The IGBT Switching Stage
+U1 and -U1 may be derived from mains 220V input after appropriate
rectification and filtration

Using Heatsink for the Semiconductors

Also, please remember to place diodes D5, D5 ', D6, D6', D7, D7 ', transistors T5 and T6
on heat sink along with the bridge. Care should be taken to place snubbers R22 + D8 +
C14, capacitors C15 and diodes D7 close to IGBT. The LED1 signals the operation of the
supply and LED2 signals the error or the current mode.

The LED glows when the supply has ceased to work in voltage mode. When in voltage
mode, the IO1 pin 1 is set to 2.5V else it usually has6V. LED light is an option and you
may exclude the same during making.

How to Make the Inductor Transformer

Inductance: For power transformer TR1, the transformation ratio is around 3:2 and 4:3
in primary and secondary. There is also air gap in the ferrite core which is EE shaped.

If you are looking for to wind all by yourself, use a core as it is in an inverter which
should size around 6.4 cm2.
The primary is of 20 turns with 20 wires with each having diameter measuring 0.5mm
to 0.6mm. The secondary 14 turns with 28 diameters is also of the same measurement
like that of primary. Moreover, it is also possible to create windings of copper strips.

It is important to note that application of single thick wire is not a possible idea
because of the skin effect.

Now since the winding is not required, you may wind the primary one first followed by
secondary. Tr2 forward gate driver transformer possesses three windings having 16
turns each.

It is by using three twisted insulated bell wires that all windings has to be wounded at
once leaving any air gap at the wound of the ferrite core.

Next, taking the main power supply from AT or ATX power supply unit of a computer
with the core section of around 80 to 120mm2. The current Tr3 transformer is of 1 to
68 turn on ferrite ring and the number of turns or size is not critical here.

However, the process to orient the winding of transformers must be followed. Also you
need to use double choke EMI filter.

The output coil L1 has two parallel inductors of 54uH on iron powder rings. The total
inductance is finally 27uH and the coils are wounded by two magnetic copper wires of
1.7mm in diameter, which makes the total L1 cross section to approx. 9 mm2.

The output coil L1 is attached to a negative branch which results no RF voltage in the
cathode of diode. This facilitates mounting the same in heat sink without any
insulation.

Selecting the IGBT Specs

The max input power of the switched power supply is around 2600W and the resultant
efficiency is above 90%. In switching power supply, you can use STGW30NC60W IGBT
type or you can also use other variants like STGW30NC60WD, IRG4PC50U, IRG4PC50W
or IRG4PC40W.

You can also use a fast output diode having adequate current rating. In the worst case
scenario, the upper diode gets an average current of 20A while the lower diode in
similar situation gets 40A. Thus it is better to use upper diode half-current than the
lower one.
For upper diode, you can use, either HFA50PA60C, STTH6010W or DSEI60-06A else two
DSEI30-06A and HFA25PB60. For lower or bottom diode you can use two HFA50PA60C,
STTH6010W or DSEI60-06A else four DSEI30-06A and HFA25PB60.

It is important that the diode of the heat sink must lose 60W (approx.) and loss in IGBT
may account to 50W. However, it is quite hard to ascertain the loss of D7 since it is
dependent on Tr1 property.

Moreover, the bridge loss may account to 25W. The S1 switch enables shutdown in
standby mode primarily because of the frequent mains switching may not be proper,
specifically when using it for laboratory. In the standby state, the consumption is
around 1W and S1 can be skipped.

If you are looking to construct a fixed voltage source of supply, it is also feasible but for
the same it is better to apply transformer ratio of Tr1 for maximum efficiency, for
instance, in the primary use 20 turns and in secondary use 1 turn for 3.5V – 4V.

0-300V Adjustable MOSFET Transformerless

Power Supply Circuit
This simple MOSFET controlled transformerless power supply circuit can be used for
delivering a continuously variable 0 to 300V DC output and a current control from 100
mA to 1 Amp.

To protect against my higher voltage research projects from shooting up in smoke

permanently, I developed an easy circuit which is able to render a variable voltage
supply of 0 to 330 Volt.

But please be cautioned, the circuit is not isolated from mains potential, and therefore
can inflict a lethal shock.

The supply is short-circuit proof: the current is restricted to approximately 100mA.

Circuit Operation

The design does not require a transformer, rather a 100 watt bulb is introduced at the
input in order to provide ultimate safety in case of a short circuit or a component
failure.
The mains voltage from after passing through the lamp is rectified with bridge D1
(1Amp / 500V) and C1.

T1 is configured as a source follower: the source of T1 complies with the voltage of the
wiper of R3. D2 is insured to safeguard the gate of T1.

T2 and shunt resistor R2 establish the current limiter. Whenever the output current
results in being excessive, T2 quickly discharges the gate of T1.

This stops the current from increasing any further. The value of R3 was basically
identified experimentally; however it actually depends on the Hfe of T2 which means
you may need to adjust the value of R2 appropriately.

Keep in mind T1 requires a large heatsink: in nastiest situation T1 would probably

disperse 330V x 100mA = 33Watt!

You may try mosfets such as a BUZ 326 (400V/10.5Amp) or you may likewise use an
IRF740 (400V/10Amp).

The output impedance of the power supply varies according to the beta of T1,
therefore the bigger the MOSFET, the lesser the output impedance!

Circuit Diagram