Onomatepnumo: . . . . . . . . .

A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .; 'Etoc . . .

EPISTHMONIKOS UPOLOGISMOS (Septmbrioc 2001) APANTHSEIS

I. (40 b.) Na apantsete sntoma kai periektik sta paraktw erwtmata (stic erwtseic Swst/Ljoc prpei na dikaiologsete tic apantseic gia na bajmologhjete). 1)[6b] Na exhgsete ti enai h monda stroggleushc gia na ssthma arijmn kinhtc upodiastolc kai na th gryete sa sunrthsh tou arijmo twn yhfwn thc ourc t kai thc bshc . H monda stroggleushc enai h elqisth sqetik apstash metax diadoqikn kanonikopoihmnwn arijmn kinhtc upodiastolc kai isotai me u = 1t /2. 2) [6b] Poi sunjkh prpei na ikanopoie to mhtreo A ste na enai efikt h paragontopohsh Cholesky? Na enai summetrik jetik orismno. 3) [6b] 'Estw h sunrthsh f : Rm Rn thn opoa ulopoiome me kpoion algrijmo. Na exhgsete akribc ti ennoetai an sac poun ti o algrijmoc autc enai psw stajerc. Shmanei ti an trxoume ton algrijmo se na upologistik ssthma, tte to upologismno apotlesma f pou ja prokyei gia ta dedomna tou problmatoc kai pou ja emperiqei, kat' angkh sflmata ap touc diadoqikoc upologismoc, ja enai so me to apotlesma pou ja eqame an ektelosame tic prxeic me peirh akrbeia qrhsimopointac mwc sthn esodo dedomna pou mpore na enai lgo diaforetik ap ta akrib. 4) [6b] Swst Ljoc: An na mhtreo enai antistryimo, tte pnta uprqei paragontopohsh A = LU , pou L enai ktw trigwnik kai U nw trigwnik mhtreo. Ljoc: Gia pardeigma, A = [0, 1; 1, 0] den mpore na grafte wc LU giat tte l11 u11 = 0 ra u11 = 0, opte to mhtreo U enai mh antistryimo, kti pou apokleetai giat tte kai to ginmeno LU ja tan mh antistryimo. 5) [6b] Swst Ljoc: To antstrofo enc tuqntoc, antistryimou ktw didiagniou mhtreou enai epshc ktw didiagnio. Ljoc: Ac dome thn prth stlh s = [s1 , s2 , s3 ] tou antstrofou tou mhtreou 1 0 0 T = t21 1 0 0 t32 1
pou t21 t32 = 0. Isqei ti T s = e1 kai arke na dexoume ti s3 = 0. Ek kataskeuc ja prpei na isqei ti s1 = 1, t21 + s2 = 0, t32 s2 + s3 = 0. Epomnwc, an s3 = 0 tte s2 = 0, epomnwc t21 = 0, pou enai adnato. n 6) [10b] 'Estw ti na polunumo dnetai sth morf ginomnou pn (x) = j=1 (x j ). Na gryete, se MATLAB , algrijmo gia ton upologism twn suntelestn thc dunamomorfc tou pn (x). Antstoiqh diadikasa akoloujsame sth 2h skhsh. Eidiktera, qoume ton akloujo algrijmo: a(2) = 1; a(1) = r(1); a(3 : n + 1) = 0 for j = 2 : n t(2 : j + 1) = a(1 : j), t(1) = 0 a(1 : j + 1) = t(1 : j + 1) r(j) a(1 : j + 1) end

II. (60 b.)

1. (20b) Na dexete a) ti to emprc apluto sflma ston upologism thc orzousac D = ad bc tou mhtreou [a, b; c, d] (sumbolismc MATLAB ) enai fragmno wc exc: |D D| Au + Bu2 , pou u enai h monda stroggleushc kai na upologsete ta A kai B wc proc a, b, c, d. b) 'Oti to sqetik emprc sflma tou parapnw upologismo mpore na enai pol meglo. Shmeiseic, enthta 3.4.4. 2. (20b) a) Na efarmsete paragontopohsh LU me merik odghsh kai na upologsete ton pargonta U gia to mhtreo A = [1, 0, 0, 1; 1, 1, 0, 1; 1, 1, 1, 1; 1, 1, 1, 1]. b) O dekthc katstashc, wc proc thn eukledia nrma, gia thn eplush sustmatoc me to A enai 2 (A) = 1.8. Ti sumperanete gia to

emprc sflma sthn eplush tou sustmatoc Ax = b gia tuqn b kai to parapnw A tan qrhsimopoietai merik odghsh? g) Poic enai o pargontac U pou prokptei an qrhsimopoisoume plrh odghsh? Shmeiseic, enthta 5.7. To sumprasma enai ti to emprc sflma mpore na enai meglo, kai ja ofeletai, kat krio lgo, sto psw sflma gia thn paragontopohsh LU me merik odghsh, pou exarttai ap to suntelest axhshc gia to parapnw mhtreo. 3. (20b) 'Estw h diaforik exswsh (DE) du (t) = Au(t) pou A = [2, 1; 1, 2], u = [u1 (t), u2 (t)] dt kai oi sunartseic u1 , u2 enai epilegmnec ste u1 (0) = 2, u2 (0) = 1. a) Na qrhsimopoisete thn emprc mjodo Euler me stajer bma t = 0.5 gia na upologsete arijmhtik prosggish thc lshc sto shmeo T = 4.0. b) Na qrhsimopoisete thn dia mjodo all me bma t = 0.8 gia na upologsete arijmhtik prosggish thc lshc sto shmeo T = 4.0. O algrijmoc perigrfetai sthn enthta 8.2.2. Prkeitai gia thn anadromik sqsh U (t + t) = (I At)U (t). Efarmzontc thn, ekkinntac ap to dinusma U (0) = [2, 1] , prokptoun ta aklouja, me tic parapnw epilogc bmatoc:

t U_1 U_2 t U_1 U_2

0 2.0000 1.0000 0 2.0000 1.0000

0.5000 0.5000 1.0000 0.8000 -0.4000 1.0000

1.0000 0.5000 0.2500 1.6000 1.0400 -0.9200

1.5000 0.1250 0.2500

2.0000 0.1250 0.0625

2.5000 0.0313 0.0625

3.0000 0.0313 0.0156 4.0000 -2.6886 2.6896

3.5000 0.0078 0.0156

4.0000 0.0078 0.0039

2.4000 -1.3600 1.3840

3.2000 1.9232 -1.9184

g) Enai gnwst ti h akribc lsh tou parapnw sustmatoc twn DE tenei sto 0 kajc to t . Me bsh aut to stoiqeo, na sqolisete th sumperifor twn proseggsewn pou lbate qrhsimopointac to (a) kai to (b). (Updeixh: Gia mia plrh exghsh, enai qrsimo na upologsete tic idiotimc tou A.) Parathrome ti tan t = 0.5, se kje bma oi timc twn U1 , U2 fjnoun, en tan t = 0.8, oi timc auxnoun se apluth tim en to prshm touc allzei kje for. 'Etsi fanetai ti kajc to t , h prth prosggish ja tenei sto 0, pwc dhlad h akribc lsh tou problmatoc, en h deterh diarkc megalnei (se apluth tim). Gia mia leptomer anlush tou ti sumbanei, mporete na exetsete tic idiotimc: Afo U (t + t) = (I At)U (t) kai Q AQ = diag[3, 1] gia Q Q = I , tte U (t + t) = QQ (I At)QQ U (t) = Q(I diag[3t, t])Q U (t) ra U (t + t) = Qdiag[1 3t, 1 t]Q U (t). 'Otan t = 0.5, tte max(|1 3t|, |1 t|) = 0.5 < 1, tan mwc t = 0.8 tte max(|1 3t|, |1 t|) = 1.4 > 1, kai se kje bma, h prosggish auxnei se apluth tim.