. . . . . . . . .

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . .

 
   I  


   !" # !$ !"% &!&'% (!)*% +

,!" (! &
-.#/ 0! (12). !" +! 1
3
)! # !" +). !" "/ ) !+!2- '  ) ,'% 4&-#

, ' 5 )*
,/ 6!&* +
 (!(* !" (12).3
 !"/ 78   $ "/ (" ) +
$) ! !1
!(*%  !)9# ')! . "/

       

     !" #!$%"" 

%&  '  

 $!   
!!%$  $!  ( !'  )
*" +,  #%""   !' ( &
 $ 

!%&  %$
-$+
  ". ( /)!%* % "  "" 0*" ( /)!%* %   $12)

 ! 3  3
4 $  2)   ' !%$) * * )$ $ ' !!%'  +* $(


!%*)
("%& 5 %"  ' !!%' 
!%' '!
+*) 26   * 
) #7!*, $ $ 
!%' '! 
!%*)

* /  *(   '! 

) *+  +"& )" " */ 
+* $(
!*% !!%' -  *(.   #7!*  ,"& "  "" +,
 $/!" -$+  !%$).  '+ $ (*" "
8 $  2)   # " "%* BLAS-2 '+
 !& %!&" $" $ 
# 
$! "% 
+*) 26  " %!&" $" -min = O(1/n) % $/!"  
*+" (" n. "
'+
  # BLAS-3 -!!!$ "    #" k >> 1 !&" %  
"9
  !! (# '!".
: $  2)    '! IEEE %%
!&
 ' )$ x R   !"'
)$ "
(!  * " ( %%&!
" +& $ fl(x) = x(1 + ) $

+*) 26   $ * fl(x) = x(1 + ) $
||  (!!  ) &  * 
!& %!  $!
" 
; 7' 
 8 (7 + 
) &  +"")& $ " Mathworks
%  (!%
 " 7*" " 
"" flops $ $7 (+' MATLAB.
+*) . 0( 
 &%+
 #%'  +$ 
+, % " '!"  #"
 
'+ %* !& $ $  +$ 7  *+ ((' )* $ 
!)  # ( *  ($ 
+$

!%& /.  )'"" "  

!*""   

!)
  # /&  
!$ +$ '!" -  " 

(( * $ " $7" 7*" " ! (  )  $ +   
&  7)&.
<  $ +"& )" "
(! (! */ -("! . $

+

<8 bits   (($ = >     ?"7* * 4   )$ * "' (!!
@ -
$ * 
(+)* $  status flag bit  ($ +"  (7  ( 7
" "".   $ +
()
)!(
+
!#)
! - !(
' )* "
(! & 
)&
$   A)'
+*)  )*
"' )* '+
 " 7 0. ... $
 bits (# "
(9
! ( * $! @ 0' &  
 $!
 
 (
(& $  0 . . . 01 
 1 . . . 11 ("! 252 1 )&
B  $ +"& )" IEEE  $ " /!" realmin '+
 )"&  !+
"' )$ "
(!  #"%     ( '7 4  @ "
/!" boole -' $ * $.
temp2 = realmin/2; temp = 2*temp2; boole = (temp == realmin);

+*) 0'7 4   " (*" '+  '!    -%!&.

9

"' )$ -
%'  0.100000 2 emin  $
emin *  !+ )'".   $
(!$ 7'  realmin
C   $%
+
  !' s=0; for j = 1:4, s = s+ x(j)*x(j); end; D x '+
! & )& "
(! -$+ (& )&. 
!%* !$ 
7% %  $ +$ 7!  !$ '!   ! 
$  $ $ "

!*"" +"* !' FMA  $ ( ("

%*
+*!" 
+*!" 0* !&) 
+" $ $ !
" 
7! 
+*) 6'
 s = 4j=1 x( j)2  u " ( %%&!
" - "%&"  "" 
/!*"
 . 6 '+
 " # 
!%    

s = fl(fl(fl(fl(0 + x(1) x(1)) + x(2) x(2)) + x(3) x(3)) + x(4) x(4))


 " +" " FMA % )
!%$ -+"   +* $(
 '+ s, x(j) )
'+

s =
=

(((x(1)2 (1 + 1) + x(2)2 )(1 + 2) + x(3)2 )(1 + 3) + x(4)2 )(1 + 4 )

x(1)2 (1 + 4) + x(2)2 (1 + 3) + x(3)2 (1 + 2) + x(4)2 (1 + 4)

'  +$ $ 7! 7  #

|s s|
|s|

|x(1)2 4 + x(2)2 3 + x(3)2 2 + x(4)2 4 |

|s|

|x(1)2 ||4 | + |x(2)2||3 | + |x(3)2 ||2 | + |x(4)2||4 |

|s|

|x(1)2 | + |x(2)2| + |x(3)2 | + |x(4)2|

|s|

!! !$% " )$"  $ |x( j)2 |  )  )" * *" s '  $
4u
7! 7 $  4 := 14u

E  #"%  7   *  #  +* 
x  " '!" 
9
 % (+' )' !' !'     $  
$ $ 7!  
!%$
+*) 0( ) '
 $ 
)* s * " "$ * $  

)*
 7& #
  +* 
x 5 &#
 $!
"  * " ()*" (#"
F"!(  |x( j)| < |x(k)| % j = k $ " )"  "%")* " $)" 
x( j)2 $  x(k)2
 "%& 7% *( $
|s s|
|s|

|x(1)2 ||4 | + |x(2)2||3 | + |x(3)2 ||2 | + |x(4)2||4 |

|s|

'  #
   +& $ |x(1)2 | |x(2)2 | |x(3)2 | |x(4)2 |  '% 7!
) * $ $  '% 7! " )" +* #$""
G  " #" = + x (xy ) p $
x, y Rn  p )$ '  +"' * -*
 
  '%)$ 
$  
7,$.  %? !%$) /' !
 # &
BLAS-1 % 
!%$ 
 
!* *  7  # '
 %  !  MATLAB !! % " )  ) '  7'   #" BLAS-1 9
+*  "  '  !+*  !)  # )" "
(!
  $ 
$ * !&)  +"  ($" " % !%/
+*) $  (  ((' ' $  ) * (
 % %')
 n 
% +* 2$% "  ($"  
!%$ *  #%7*
8



+ xx(y x) p1 y

'  !%$) *  !*  # -%7 % (

$!
" " $"  ""
  $   
.
temp1 1 x x
 DOT
1 = 2n 1
temp2 y x
 DOT
2 = 2n 1
temp1 temp1 (temp2) p1 !' # /)  3 = 2
 AXPY
4 = 2n
+ temp1y
4@  
'+ 
"%&
 
/!*,
  
)  min = min / $
* 
)$ #  
 min  !+ )$ 7  #& " & "  " 
7
"   +"  
!%*  min  
""  p, n
+*) 6 '+
  /"   * %  '
 $ = 4j=1 j = 6n 0*" )
2
1
'+
 min = 4n + 1 $ min = 4n+1
6n = 3 + O( n ).