BATTEAH :NANAATOY

TOY NEIPAMATIKOY MAOHMATIKOY AOHNQN TOY NANENIETHMIOY EXONEIOY

-EIPEIEIPEI NPATMATIK()N APIOM()N AYNAMOIEIPEI ENAAAAIIOMENEI IEIPEI IEIPEI IYNAPTHIE()N IEIPEITAYLORMACLAURIN IEIPEIFOURIER ANEIPOIINOMENA
IYN()NTIKH OE()PIAMEO()A()/\()IIA4OO AYMENEI ATKHIEII

uAl0PA, Brptrro0{q Avrirrepov MoSnporrrriv

np6q rKlirool Mdroq 1991 A0Tepn eKninoon Mdros 1993 TpftIrKrunoon louvroq 1997

A[oyopeusT0l rl 0v0ll0p0y0\ri I dlouTou ouro0, omodn' Bdpous PgL(ou Us (OrdQopoL Xo}pC yponnl norcTpdno v{iUo0 q doslq ouyyp0Q60. rou

rsBN 960-7007-30-1 A(0po 047 flovenoqlroKd 9Lplio

1997 Copyrighl: Bqyy6Mq Irovodyoq TpouIo0 epyosirq: fpoerKis NT0(I tTtovddyou ix6oo4q: Enrpdlero Po[].o

EKA0IEI: .Al0PA' 0YIlK0MA0HI/ATIKEI - BlBAl0n0AEl0

- TII. - 33.02.622 l\4E:0A0rn0Y 106 AoHNA 33.01.269 81 1" fu.33.02.622

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- g0oprlolxs ordnryo nopoleto0otv vo oelptq ovoo0powor ltyoolxorit nou oe oprolouq, 616It our6q oupnspdolpdvowor FrSIlo ouyypooto, TlTlo .Ityoarh luropr{F oro rou U0 cc|q'. - 0 owpo06oq q 06sn gorlporrxd Inovldyou Tqunoon6 ounleuxoptorslTrl ylo Po0to po{ocrd oq 6rdp0mq Xapoypdoov rov 6oxuiov. qq 6ei(eq xorrq rqg nrrv rol

Aorlvo rou Mdioq 1993 EoyytlmInd|0dyos

ln Fonfloripo fou Elivq L Mdoxou.

BIBAIOTPAOIA
A' EMHNIKH BIBAIOTPAOIA 1) f. Avqoroord6ou-L Mndlli: .fevKA Maen\and. (Auro6K6oon Oeo/viKn1978). 2) O. Boo eiou: uAvdrepa Ma14panrcd"(AurodK6oon Agrtva 1964). 3) E. fo^qvi: .AoKlaeC Avarepov Maq4panxdv" (AurodKdoon Agnvo 1964). 4) A. AooKqtr6noul\oui "Avdrepa MdgmrarKd. T6UoqT (AuroeK6oon Aeivo). 5) A.Oeo^oYirn: "Zuuoyi AaKiae(Dv npayparKdv auvdprioeav. (University-StudioPress OeoooloviKn). 6) A. Kdnnou: .AaK4aerq AvaA'oeag" Telxoq B (AurodKooon Aoivq 1965). 7) f,. Kov6l^ou: "AaKioeC AvardpDv Ma04parx6v" Tduoq B' (Auro6K6oonAeivo 1955). 8) f.A. AEvdrou: "Znpet^oeg fevKbv MaqnLlanKd'v" Te0xoqf (Auro6K6oon, Aeivo 1972). 9) f. Nevpen6wn-E. florr6noulou-f. frowoKo!fu(': .AneeoorK6q AoYop6q", TdUoS| ((Aiopq'- 1989). 10) E. Nroovto: .AnapoonK6q AoVtoU'q (nov/Uro loovvivov,loowrvq 1> 1984). 11) n. Pevrgen6p\i "EoayaYt ornv Avd\uo4 Fourier' (froxo!6n-Tronouln Oeo/viKn1995). (Zfltl OoolviKn 12) f. fxorvd: nEr6rxd xerpdAan avaripov pa0nuarrK6v", 1990). 13) f. To6yKq: *Av.brEpdMagnpdrtKd.(Aqor KuploKi6n Oeo/viKn 1990). 14) f. Xofvn: .Maeipara Avar'p(Dv Mag4yanxd*" (AuroeK6oon Aoitvo 1988). 15) n. Xooorou: "e4)dra eEerdoEav" (Aurodr(6oon, Aonvo 1979). B' =ENOTAOIIH BIBAIOTPAOIA 1) K. Knopp: "Theorie und Anwendung det unendlichenReihen" lBerlin1947). 2) P. Panko-A.Popov-T. Kogevnikova:"Exercices problemesdes et Malhematiques superieures" (i/oscou 1985). 3) B. Budak-S.Fomini "Multiple lntegrals,Field fheory and Series" ( M o s c o w1 9 7 3 ) . 4. B. Demidovich "Problems in Mathematicalanalvsis" {Moscow i 1976). 5) M. Krasnov-A. Kiselev ,(.d. "MathematicalAnalysis" (Moscow 1990).

6) F. Ayres: "Theory and Prcblems ol dilterential and lntegral Calculus". 7) M. Spiegel:"Theory and Ptoblems advanced ot calculus". (N. York 1959). 8) M. Green: "Theoryand Problems.on Series" 9) H. Palrik: "Problems Series" (N. York 1968). on (Cambridge 1952). 10) Hardy G: "A courceol pure mathematlcs" 11) RoudinW.i "Principles Mathematical ot Analysts (N. York1953). " 12) BourbakiN. (6rdeopor r6uot). 13) f. Hfrschman2 "lnfinite Series (N. York 1962). " (Moscow 14) S. Nlkolsky:"A courseot Mathematical Analysis" 1981). 15) O' Hara: "lntinite Series"(N. York 1950).

KEOAAAIO1

Eep6g rpoyFarlrdlv qptOFdrv

:ulBolrotdq dpoLou&urv
f E v L K 6 : o n { r q L v o rv v o q t 6a v o d e p o r o u on q u o p a i qq r + o 2 + q 3 + . . . + q v r e vpdero! oulrBo,\rKd: o , * o r * o ,* . " * o , . i 0 . . q o : 0 o u u B o i L o u 6K = l K d r { ,rJ u o u u B 6 , \ o uo n t o l v L 6 r L o q p L e l d c1 L K=v ndvuj vqL n npdrn rLuil nou noi,pvel o 6ei.rtnq K, vd o ouugolLoudq r T o u q u u B d i o u, o n [ o t v e r -d r r o 6 l ( r n q x 0 o n d p e l 6 , \ o u q o u q e u o L K o uq ) q p f e u o t q u e x p LK q r x o u e u o L K oq p L e u o t . v i tlqpqb[v pqrq :
1

q) Eivqt

1+2+3+4+5+6+7= K t K=1

I g ) 1 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + 4 3 + 5 3 + 9 3 + 7 3 + 8 3 =r 3 f 8 Y l x ! + x 5 + x6 + x7 + x3 = z x r . r=+

I6[drntCrou ous$6lou t
1

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ll) III)

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|
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K

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VII)

s
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Aorlioer.q^uu6veq l. ils 6erx0[6rL: L K-=l 2. K

t'
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A0on: Eavqr t
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rr;t)

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( s- _ 4 v 2 + 3 v ) a

t'

--

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1 v(v+ ) , v ( v + ) ( 2 v + 1 -2 '--T-- 1 '----T-----' )

(4"p.)'=(i+l)("+l)
*Avuorirnto Cauchy-Schwarz

ftion: oooo0pe rqur6rnro rou Lagrange: rnv ; q , )2 1 o ! + c+ .. . + o l )( B l + g+ . . . + B ' ? ) - ( B r+ o . 8 + . . . + o u B u= l -u p ) g =( o 1 , - o 2 1 2+ .. . + ( o r u - o u B 'r? * . . + ( o u _ r Bo u B u _',? p ) . ) . 'Aoq T o 6 E 0 T p o l o c t v q Lu n q p v n r r K 6 . ua +... )2 )92 1ol +o!+.. . +ol) ( Bl+BA +B'? ( orBr+o2 +... +q!B! > 0

-( i":X i.e;)'(j,".0")'
ro 4. tb BOEet 60potouc: A0on: rlvou ^-,oS = + .*g
0K+1=(A+B)K+A I

<l_ff ":=1 + - 1 = A ( x + l ) ++ r = ( A + B ) K + A Bl
|

I A=1

I n-o=o I o=' +

I B=-r

Enoucvoq nin = 1- - *, - j ui--, =:t l+ xouus

=(, e i )..... -.,,+# = (1 )='- "+ ;).

ro 5. o Bpo|. $porouo J x(r+2)(r+4)
K=1

#]

Aoon:
^=L

:,I : :{lv + l ) ] ' ? + v ! ",^: I t K ( K + 2 ) ( K + 4 f) . ( r r + 6 x ' z + 8 x ) = * ' . 6 . I l r ' z + 8f r ='l, | =

f=I (-L r..L

- (v -l 2 _ ) o {v+ ' o v_ _+ -)-(e .v-+ l- - -* ^ v_ . 2 .' l.)

o-.,, 6. lto6rxoL (i.

n0sn:

I )' . " (r- 'l)

(doKnon Bd<ovroq 3) fl ovLo6rnrq rov Cauchy-Schwarz 1 q r =.1, 1 1 = - f - , o . = - i - , . ' . , q u =- ' 02 KqL = B != 9 ,= 8 3 . . . = B v : 1 6 [ v ! :

10

(,. 1r, +..... 1,r )'.(,'. t,. tio' . . E i . v q6 u 0 q 1 ' * . ) - , * - 1 , - . . . . l ? . L

l- \ (1'?+1':+...+1'z1

u i. ( i + )'= (r'* r.'...i-, ) t,

,
A n d ( 1 ) x o u ( 2 ) n p o x 0 n r e rn q n o 6 L K r t q . -

rrr
t2)

( n 0 1 1 6 6 ne t v o L e uK o i n K o L y l v e T o L e l l q v o v L K d ) , LE

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fevL(d: or,ipo0ur oKoloue(q(qu) ue 6pouqo r , q 2, o 3, . . . , q . . . rnv ! 0p{, u ro dgpoLouo eou O-, , = O , * O r * " ' *-O , , i= o O
K=I

(1)

(ov) rov rpdirrrv dpovrnq qKo,\ougloq , 'EroL Cxouue v

or:gl o2=ql+q2, o3=ot+q2+o3,...

' E r o L6 L o u o p e d v o u u v a oo K o l o u e l q 6 p o u q trLq uE
ol, 02, o3,.,.,ov... (2)

2 H o K o I o u g L(o ) o u u 9 o l l < r q r : q r + q 2 + . . . + o v + . .n . f.o, i fo,

dopoLouo Io,, - lcverql oerpd rr,rv To ouuBo.\LKd roqvuorLKdv opr8udv o .

v=l

(ov) v IN*, n qnrLpooe[pd. Kdee 6poqrnq oKo^oue|:o ovoud<sroL vlocsi logq i vroord ruito rnq oELpdq. usplr6 60po H qKolougtq (ou) ltveror crolou0|'s tt,ry !plxtilv o0por,ou6ruv ostrnq ooq z o.,. (sv) ovoud<ovrql 0L 6poI rnq qKolouei.oq 6pol rne olpdq. yevrKdq 0 6 ov ovold<roL 6poc/l vuoor6e 6poqrnc oelp6q.
npooqv{irc i.vql:
o -o -:q

flqpor|lpnon noIIaSoopbq l. opXLeL rov lroord opc, on6 lLo oELgd 6 n l q o i q + o . r + . . . + o + r r . o n 6 r e o d r o o u u ie l v " ,
u !+1 "=;,

lt
_,

q
f
o

trnv rL6L<n
o".

q n e p l n r o o rn o u y = 0 6 x o u y e ' + q r + o 2 + . . . + o v + ' . . n l

o" n

v=o

\_ T0T VpO0OUU O\r. Z

noparipnon orqv 6v uoq evduqetper nLo dpo qpxl(r n osLco 2. ofl6 nopqTitpnqn 'Evqqdiloq oor"oudc olodc elvqL o nduvoq.03. rnq

12 v o u 6 < o u / o E r o q1 o v 6 p u j v 4 q q ( o I o u i o q( o v ) K o Lo u u B o i t ( o u u c : r qr+o/+or-...-ov+..'= l_o, '

v=l'

( ro bLorrrovutvoE-yoc((ov) ,(ov))

6!0u

o = io
Ilopornpnon 4. fLo vq opLoel eE oloKlflpou n oeLpq ! o op*ei

( v o u o ( 6 o 0 c i u i o o n d r L c o ( o l o u e i . qo u ) , ( o u ), (ou) ovruori-,ul nqpoTipnon :e KdeqKoiouolq npovuorL(dvopuoyrirv 5. o x e ; u " o o L o o .: u v ( E K p L u i v n o , * f . ( o . - o ) u=t "*' ' nopsripnon6. Oooo[u rnv oLpd f. o , *o, 6oruJ(o ) n oKoAouelo v v=1 V '0 r u r vp p L K d ov o o L o u d T un v o L p d q o . , : o r + o 2 + . . . + q . , I= o . . r rq u " [-1 ' Av oL 6po! rns orlAt [\rol u6vo orlKot f p6vo qpvnrlxoi r6re q oKolouoLq (o!) riwr stEouoo i oolvouoo qvriqEolxq. llqpc6 [yuqrs : ( l . O e o p o l u r n v q K o i o u e t q o u ) u e o . , = r , r u - l( l ) u e 6 p o u q1 , t . r , r , r ' ? , JV 6 ' , , , . , r , J - - , . . . N q v o o e r l n o K o l o u e l o o v p o L K r io e o o L o u d r d v . r Ation: H qKolouelq l{dv ueprKdiv ogpoLotrdr{,Jv (1) lvqr n rnc o =l * 6 * o , r . . , * o ' - 1 H ( 2 ) o u u p o A i < r o t u (Z)

f o"-l=1+tt*o'*...*ru-l*... v ( v + ] ) . N q g p e e e a o u p t K dr n q q e p o L o u o r

2 . A a v r q rn o e r p d ;
!=1

Kor o vlooroqrnq 6poc,

Aoon:
t t o e u p d I v ( v + 1 ) = 1 . 2 + 2 . 3 + . . . + v ( v + 1 ) + . . .L o r ( 6o e p o L o u o eX u o v = 1 . 2 + 2 . 3 + . . . + v ( v + li ) r ( x + 1 ) = i - * r . .= K=1 K=t
_J

,= K : .1

( - v . 1 J .-(v -) - l v - { - v ) *- l + z +* . -= v

'-r-'--/-\-'--'1

H l.6Lootrpd txE[ vLooxddoo rov vLoord 6po rnq oxoov=v(v+l).

l o u e L q s( q ) ! t

t3 3 . N aB p r e a o v K o t o o v r n c o l p d e ' I o u v v . o
v=0

A0on: v e v u K '6 p E I r n o e u p d I o u v v = o u v 0 + o u v l + o u v 2 + " ' + o u v v + "d e o q { . v q t

!=o

qv:ouvv Ko! n oKoloueio r{,lv ueplKdlv oopotopdtovelvou 11 '. 1+ouv2+ '+quv(v- 1) ov=ouvo+cruv 4. Aivovrol oL oeLpbq

ql
B)

r + T . T t 1 , T . 1* T . r f i t o * " '
1-1+1-1+1-1+"'
11',I

^5+ .6-. .'. . +3+ lZ pe Nq vpq{pro0v ouuPoiuriuooon v) 1* A0or1:

r.:.s.2...(zvt) q) LLvqL Z 7a;7;16::@

0) Elvor. )- (-l)v=1
d

v) LtvoL Lv

-'

r,-1

rov depolouq oeLpdv: 5. No Bpelro vtootd uprK6

q) ) lrrv., ' \-" " ,) D: ) l

v=r.

2v 1
27

;t 2
Zz

t 3 + (- l ) v l ! (.-_1_)!.r
2,

tuion:
O ] L L V qL O

.3_ * .4. _ ._5__ ....*

.23 24 Zs

B l E l v o t ov = ' :tivKllon oLpds

-!* 21

1'*l*-1 23 42

4u

l-. Z"

1- *.''* --'-1---, 4. t3+(_t)vl

0prou6s1. 0q 16! 6rL n

npoq rov noqvuqo! ouvKlLvEL*

^ H ieue

orL

oeLpa eLvqL uvpoLoLLit.

14 rLK6 ople!6 g Kor vpdpouue oupBolLKdI.ou=l* 16r" KoLu6voT6rs ov n qKo^oue(-o ueptxtivoopor.oudlt'lv rov ov=ql+q2+...+ov npoqrov qouvK^('vtL p l e u dr , . O { ( 6 n f o b ir 0 l i n o ) i a y e r q r@ l o L o l cr 4 q o e r p d g I o u . l tuuBolrK6:

e o u = . C . 1 i m o u = 1 i ( q r + q 2 . . . + q v) = l i m + m

f q,-=r

ncpdbelytq.No6rxe dru n o..po i [ l o e l r o 6 8 p o t o ! dn q . A0on:

KqL orv*rtuet vo Bp-

(o\,) rnv lrprKdjvoepoLoudrov H sKoloueaq

ueo,,=_!-+-+. -33'3'
0-l 2 - -:f
,l =-z

*...* -f
3"

suvrtrtver. npdvuorr Eavor

1 - _ -5 "v(*)'-'

--t

1, 3
"

'Apo r n oE pd

-T' o u v K l i v e LK o L6 x e Ld e p o L o u o

Ilp6un. Av l oerod f q., ouvK^tver r6re ouvKl[v L KqL Kde dAIn

ornv qoxit eoelpd nou rooxl:,nrer ourfi ov flopoleluouu npooedoouue ond ri vq nellepooucvo fllieoq 6p0v.

2. oprouoc A6u6rL oeLp6 l. ou onerot(erol 0errx6 xoL vpdeouu lo.,=+(ou) oneu0t(eror" TK d . e r r6re xqu u6vor6re qv n qKoloue[o

> u t r B oKrd : l
) o"=*- I i n o v =I i n ( o I + q r + . . . + o v ) = + 6

lhp66elvpo:

Nq 0pe0e[ ro dopouolqrnq otpdq f v

!=1

A{,on:
v(v1l) Etvol ov=l+2+3a...*u= .-.

'Aoq

)- v=+"

* tuuBolC<ou!raL

t \'=1

t5 0puou6q . A A u e r r n oLpd I o orrpl<rrol qovnrlrd KoLvpd3 6 oouue I o

vnrtKq. > u p B oL K d : l
=-T6T KqL

(ou) oneloiCeror, r6re ov n qKoloue('q opud'vo

lloposlvuq: Nq Bpe8t ro dopououq rnc oeupdq I (-v) v=1 Arioq: qe o H o K o i o u e [ q o v U e p L K O v p o r o t ] d r o(v v ] e x s Ld p o u qo r = - 1 , o r = - 1 - 2 r v (T ) ' o : = - 1- 2 - 3 , . . . , o u = - 1 - 2 - 3 - . . . - v . L v q L v r r o r 6 r L : 1+ 2 + 3 * " ' + v =- - -v +-1 E 6 v
.A p o ' vrv*tt o v = -j - \ - : Z r - r * .. vlv+l) =-*. :. ' l i m o v = - i i m+ tnolavoq :1(-v)=-.

Lq nqoqqOlioe : (2) l) >rrq fieprrlr6oErc opLourjrv Kor (3) ltu drl n orLod ouyrrov K I I v e LK o r ' E K 6 o X f t . 2 ) A v g r o o e u p d e v o u v K l L v o 0 T e r r p i < r o e e r L K d o p v n r l K d 6 r o L i q|rc(trtrloumh xuuotvog6vn, rdr l6verqr tbpddryud. NqBp6eiro d0poropo orrpdc I (-t)"n1 2, rnq != 1 ,i\uon: H q K o l o u e l oo v u o L K O v p o u o p 6 r(o v ) C x e r6 p o u q r = l , o z = ( - 1 ) 2 + ov r oO o + ( - 1 ) 3 = 0 , 3 = 1 + ( - 1 ) + 1 = 1 , = 0 . . . H o K o t r o u 86 o o q u r i s r l o K l i v 1 . ' A p o o o,. tg q
n oLpdoIIoKl{,veL. qKpLBdq odpnuq.frq x60e oerpd LoX0Er ![o qn6 rLq enduevec nporOo C: L o ) H o L o d u V K l L v En p o c 6 v q n o q v l o r L K d p L e u d n o e r o d X r d o L o { 0poLouo). ( e B ) H o e u o do n r L p i < e r q L r L ( d l t o o v n r r K o n o L p do u v K l L v e L K o r ' e16oxft). (K V ) H o e L p dq n o K , \ L v L U u q L v E r o L ) , nqpqqpnon l. Aev npeneLvo vLvrrq! o0yxuontorv vvoL6v"oKo^oue i o , , K q r " o L p d , , . H q K o l o u e l q( o ! ) , v l N L v q Lp l d o u v d p T n o n d r o I N o r o I R , on ) e u r o o e u p dX p n o r u o ' l o L o 0 !q o r o L X L r n c o K o l o u 8 t o q ^ l d ! E r n v r e q o

16

qnlpoufiIneouqororxeiov rnq qKo^ouei.oq. otod H evvoLorrlq no6oeone IaveroL KoLdoporolo !e drerpoue6pouq. Aur6 6uoc 6Ev onuolvLdrt npen e l v q y l v e r o ! o 0 v x u o n n c e v v o L o qn q o L p d q e r n v q I V e B p L K i e v v o L o r r u qvoeeprqro nfipoouavo rllieoq rou qepoiorqroc 6LdrL ro dopoLotq ro ro 6pouqKqLopL<eLuov6rponc avq npovuqr[Koopr-oud evtl o uLq qelpd depoLoldrnq 6ev opieroL ndvro ee doov n orLod EivoL 6uvqr6v vo ffterpl<erqr i vq qnoKltvsL. AIld KoLqv oKbuon oelpd ouvKlivr ro depor q o u q r n q 6 v B p { , o K s r q l t r v e B p ! K d i d B p l o K r o lu e r n v e v v o t qr o u o p L o u , ol llqpqriprlon2. To o0uBo,\o f o., noprordurt,KqL rnv oeLpd KoL ro v=1 d 0 p o r o u 6 n c , ' E T o Ln . X . o v r o o U u B o i o | - - 1 , n o p u o r 6 v eo a L p o r o r T L

L
v=1

r - - : = ' :1 -'
3v 3

r
32

r
33

+"'+

-r i
3u

+"'

r'=1 .3" ev6qv

n o p L o r d v ErL 6 e o o L o u q o

,:i

3'

npdLc orlq oErp6q O e o p o r j u s qo c u o t q f o , , , 11

v=1

v=1

:0.,.

qurdiv 1) 0voud(ouue deporouo oLpdJV r0.rv Kqr ougBolieouu

+ z,gv Tnv oeLpq 2- (qv+FlJ.

(oL outBo2) ovoud<ouue Drcgopd 6e0repnq rnq oerpdcond rnv npdTn l l ( o u u z - o v - ) _ F u a l u o 1 0 0 u t o - u v j. qpLepd ylvdurvo rnq oerpdq !_ou u rov npovuorLK6 3) 0vopd<ouge
A KgL OUUpOAL(OUUC Z O.. rnv OLoO Z Aq.. A

:xeoELqurqqrlqgpolqgdrovKcL q!fliv (Ynoeetouu 6rL oL tnduvEq oL o a c 6 e v L v o Lx u g o r " v o p e v e c ) 1) iax0er 6tr- f 2l Av0<o <B ou s :o! v t q K d e vlll* (qr ?0, vLo xdo v e l N , ) .
O S
v ':: '

v l o K d o ev = 1 - 2

r O I E L V O TK O L )

3 ) A v 0 < _ s vs 9 v v r o K d e = 1 , 2 , . . . K o Lo v o < B u ov r , ox d n o r o v

rdreexouu - . IP,,. Io., v=l v=t

l7

4 ) A v n o e r o d I o v o u v KL v e [ , q . . : 0 i
Y LU (UIIULU

y L o K d e e v l N * K q Lq . l 0

\' z-

<e Fo.

nportoelq orlq ouyrtrivorroE oLpae

t
flr:
flrr flq:

=ouVKI Lvouoo (o!) qpoyuevn

A v ( o u ) 6 x r - p q v u a v n : q v 6 e vo u v K i l v r . o
ol I o u - o u v x , \ L v o u= oi n u u = 0 ( r o q v r i o r p o e o6 e v L o x 0 L ) A v ( o v ) 6 X Lu n o e v L K+ i f_ou 6evouvxilver.
:

> 0 v t q , ( d e cv l N K o L( o . ) a p o v u C v-' l

ouvKliveL.

o u o e r . o e ci o o0vrluon.

exouvrnv 16LooulnpLoopq* nooc rnv ljq

pd : K d e u v K i L v o u o e L p dn o o o r p e o q ooouodnnorE 6pouq Kqrd oEL vq l r o u qo u u n r4 o u u ' e v o6 p o . b n , l o b l l t o onou ealouUE Bd<ouu vo lIIopoup flqprvaorq**.

oeopoir!rnv orLpq ) o., fiou ouyKl[vL 6010oxo e, 16r n npooe/lKn

6pov(ornv opxi rnq oeLodq) nou vq exouvdepo i n otloipeon upLKdv

o u o E u o q 6 { , v !o L p d o u o u v r , \ l v e u r o g + E , i 0 1 6 t - E q v r L o r o L x o n o
)o-

> 0 WelN Kot (ov) un gpqvuavn :lov=++ < 0 v v l N x o u ( o u ) l n r o o o v u e v- J q = - - . n

* Anfo6ri ev q puo ouyxljveL xdL n cillt olyrlivEL.Av rt uua cneupriqeroLgetLrid ri oplnrL)rd xoL n cilln aneepiqerou $erurr! rj aprrlrr-rd.Av n pec or o r i l | : v e L ) r c r rn d l l n o n o r t r i l e L . L " * T o o v r d o r p o r p o6 e v u o X J e u 6 t t r d 6 i 6 v n L r p d r r c L v , : c r p c r , p o r i p e u 5 r u 'EroL r r.X. n oELpd (1-1)+(1-1)+...+(1-1) X d v n a p e v . 9 6 0 e L so u L r n d p X o n v . + - . . o u y x l f v e L r d L d X e L c ( S p o L o u oo 0 , 6 L d r L o r : 1 - 1 : 0 , o ? - ( 1 - 1 ) + ( 1 - 1 ) = 0 r o . , : ( 1 - 1 ) + ( 1 - 1 ) + . . . + ( 1 - 1 ) = 0 . E v r , jn o e u p d 1 - 1 + 1 , 1 + 1 , 1 + , . . o n o ) r l j v E L ,..., 6Ldru oi:1, a2-7-7-A, o3:1-1+1:1,...,02!-1:1, o2!:0.

1B
llrr: Av Iq,,=Q',, ) 8.,=tz, (1r,4, e IR) rdre
Z ( o..! F..)=l(r!(z

Ol

A/l v

S k ^ u \ ,= ^ o r , -r ( . z. ^

/ Y\.rl ,R /\ \^ \

YJ

2-

(-q. l=-v1

6)

r : - { K o v + i B v ) = ( c+ 1 1 .,,

K,l lR

Ilr2:Avrt

o u v K l \ L vr ru n ) . 8 , 6 vo u v K ^ L v e L o ,.fro, ltto6 ' oo :r(sutB.,,) 6vouvKllveL

r o v u V f B u e C u o 6 u O e L p 6 c e q r = B v L qK d e e > v o r o T en

llrr: Av )ror,

v o u v K l i v o ur q r o u 6 0 o i q r o K ^ l v o uK o r o L 6 0 0 . v 0euelrd)6rq oELp6c n or]vxlr.oirouq Kq[ o) H opLeunrlxdotrpd: IoX0ouv efidpvs: ro

0 >0 (,l<0

[o+(v-l)o1

q,(,J ]R

v tq+( - | )rJl= 0qv

0=0Koro>0 0=0KoLo<0 (,).= 0 KsL q = 0

sel06: F) H yeouerpuxi Ioxiouv rq [6t]vq:

qv l(,jl < 1 qv 0:1KqLo>0

qv {l):l KqLq<0 qnoKl(vr ov Gr -l S

oeroo: L Y) H opuovLnl
v=l

-_t__o x 0 rd r L I
I -:; .Iox0ouvrq en6levoi

6) H qpuovlKil oelptr t6err p,

H 4 OeLoC .TOU Dlrrcnret.

19

v=l v'

r += i
-:
V -/

+-

qV p<l

t ouyxllvet qv O > l.
--:- ouVKIivt o v o > l
v' !=1

nopqripnon: opuovrKi H oerpdP-rdqeoc: ) H o u v 6 p r n o< ( p ) = ) n

v=l

ouvdprnon rou Riemann* . , - p , > 1 ovo!6<ror <

2

'orov o p {, noLtr6q vor. 6v6XL ontr/l rnq Bpeo(' EKapaon- ouvdprnonq e. ' E r o rn . a v qd l u r o n p d B l n u o t r u " ^. "n . l t L v q r r o d g p o L oL'|.|o' U c L l' J u \ " f ' T 'f X,
furo6tqrlq rov llponyoul6vov ougltepogdrr,,v q ) E ( ' v q t o . . = q + ( q + o ) + { o+ .2 . + [ q ] ( v - 1 ) o l = ( d e p o r o ud p o vo p u 0 v o ) + .t -) 2 o + ( v - 1 ) ( ,. p n r r . r i qn p o 6 6 o u v
,ann limd -1i. 2 o + { v - 1 ) r !, , = [ .qv o > 0

Io10er <{2)= +j_"+ 6ru : ,1 ;S7' 3, E>

-," n 'u i , <(4)=:1= .jr .; ';1 v{ e

AV (t)=0TbT avOLo :q+O+.!.+q=vo. qv q>0 I +'Apo

1imo..=1in(vo)= | " | --

qv o<0

A v [ v o r o = 0 K o Lo = 0 r 6 r e e l v o r -o u = 0o l i m p v = O . 1= +. . rouq v dpov veoperpuriqnpoB) ELvor, p.,,=crs6+qo2 . +qov- (depo ,.J- r ^ ^,.,v

a-; = --: - ;+ 66ou)=s

I ) A v l r , r l< 1 r d r e ) i m o u 1 $ =

(n oeroa uyKlCvEr). o
=
+-ov o>0 qv q<0

9: II) Av 0 > 1 rdre I impu=lims l

III) Av u=l ror Etvql Zqov=1. | +qur/l txoupe limp..= | ollroron " l--=

'APo )o. Pr=o+q+"'+q=vq. :rnv ntv=1 ov o > 0 ov q<0

I V ) A v o J = - ln o e l p d 6 e v o u V K I i v L
i B . R i e m a n n ( 1 8 2 6 -1 8 6 6) : l e p u o v d s : 4 d g n u o r L l 6 s , o u o u x 6 r a u o ! t r d o o q o s . s

20 npdvuqrLrdTe n qKo^ou8('q rlJV lepLKdtv oepoLoldrovElvoL: p r : q , 0 2 = o + ( - q ) = 0 ,p 3 = q + ( - o ) + o = q , p q = 0 , . . rlou6sv oUVKIT:vt.

p V) Av o < -1 rdTe cxouue !=q-oo+oo2-qo3+...tor,rv-1 Kolouolo l q 6 ! o E q u x i tb v o u y K l L v E L .

(o e q v ) o o p o 0 !r n v o K o l o u e i r o v u e p L K d re p o r o u d r o v r ) u e : ov

--|ou=t* - +

-+

*.'.* +

-$ ELvqL ov+l-o!= ' o.

'Aoq

q , o u + 1) o u . E r l o t 6 v o n ( o v ) r l v q L V v n o i o q 0 q o u o qY n o e a r o u ud r r 4 ( o u ) q e ' e l v o t e p q v u 6 v nd r e n ( o v ) o u y K I L v e L . E s r d f i m o ! = t . T d r v L q r Kde e > 0 ( d p o K q LV L o = d ) u n d o x e L l K r n qv o l N * r d r o r o q n o u , f lou-l . i v vro KdeE >vo. EXou!:

) l o r u - o u= l ( o r u - l )+ ( s - o ! | < l o 2 , ) l

-.s.+lo!-!.1 .++=+. -o,l + . {1) lo2u

. f +...+ -- -;rT..... # )-

'Aoo:

: E l v o l o x d p o o z v - o v =l + i (
-

/11111\

/,
\i+

1 -z +'..+

1 \
v

)= viI

+ - -I

r +..'+ -2.v ,

r
fv

r
N

l +..'+ -Tv =

=u

fi-=j

' I . ono.r or,-o.,1=oru-o,

eJ

0 L ( 1 ) K q L ( 2 ) o 6 n v o i ro e 6 r o r o . ' E r o L , \ o L n d v o K o l o u e i q o v u e p L r 6 v v r n qepoLouoxov opuovLKnq qrrLpL<rnq oeLpdeoov q0ouoq KqL !n epqvuevn r o L e r r r d D n ^ o b ni m o r = + - . l 'Apo i, * ---

6 ) I ) f L o p = 1 t x o u u er n v o p } r o v L K / L p d ot

BsrL d. K II) froo<

!=1

nouoneuotcerou

t,Ay l lxouue v:

Sr E n L b h ) . - . f - = + - e l v o ur o u f v
rilplo 1, III)

,,p

V IN. -L -+(oriprpovq ro Kp!!e

v=1

fiou Bo 6oiue ornv oii6o 3B. 'Exouut q.,= l- * ' E o r o jp > 1. ' 1P

2p

*' ..* -L
3p

n o p o r n p o 06e r o v s o v + 1v r q K d e E l N d n l o o t n ( o v ) l v o l u t o lr v o!ouoq ooLeu6v, {Tdoouu (o!) oe npoq oKotrouoLq noovuorLKbv 0o Tnv

TO opoYlo.

EIvoI 2v=(t+1)v l+v /t v<2v-1 -o!:o2v I

-1

( 1 ) . ET vor duoq:
j 3P

-.1-*
lP

t *1r..,*
2P
5p

1
(2u-l)P
7p ,/

= l_

3P
6p

.l1 \2P

l_*_1 *_L*a)*...*
4p

I
L

I
).

_J__ ___l____- ___-l______ , + . ... =

cP.-I I tp-7\2

120-11v-l

--l{'tl_
o<o u -<o
'Apo

1- --l----

.
,1 '' ;;'1

TelL Kd

1- - 1 -r 2p-

.- --a---,'-

2u-1

' z'=

(ov) Elvor qpovuevn, (o!) oqv oo{ouoo gpoyn oKolouetq H xor" -t- , p> 1 ouvKllvr.

. u a v no u v K l l v 1 E n o u v o qo e u p 6 i n Aopo [<6uvq oLpq

ovotd<ovTqt sepoL<duvq oLp6q oLp6q oI orLc ofloiquflopolju !E 6Ldqopo tXvdotqrq urloiovl<ouu vLoordueoLKo vo ro dpoLouq o

M66s|ron
f L q v q t e r d o o u ! q v l u q o e L o d u v K l l v e L 6 x u r q l y u ov o B o o 0 o i pe ro opoLouo (qv ouvKli,vsL) rnq epyo(dtloor etriq; 0Jc BpLoKouue ouvqorioeL v ro deooLogo (ro v-ueolK6 depoLopq) rou ov o v e u o l K d L v q L u v q r d q g p e E ( ' * .r n o u v e x i B p [ o K o u uo ] i m q b v > .q re

y A e v u n c i p X e u v L - t i l r d g o 6 o su n o l o l u o p o r l r o u v u o o r o r j u . p L x o L j o s p o [ o l l o r o s u L c s o e e p d s , o u v c p r r i o e ur o u v .

22
MaeoooL ro Vrq vq gpo0ue depotouqTov v fipdrn 6pov opLotevovuopqdrvoeLpr;v( oeporcduvrq orLpdq) d A . T o v r o o r d u r p L K O e p o l o u o ! L v q L u v q r d vv o u n o l o v L o e l ! o 6 dpov qoLounrrKiq rnv Boileetorurov fiou 6tvouv ro qepoLopq rujv v fipd]Tov npo66ou,i ! tnv BoieELorqurorirov qnd ro oqroonueL{rrrq h Ve{rurpLKr'lc tlnJ\iKq*. Ihg66elyuo. NqBpee ro depo L rouo r4c A0o4: t L v o Lo

pdq OEL

t l 2 / 3 ) ". / _2 - --3( -:-l

/2

l+

:-l '

+...+ tn

\3

1- T--

r / =rL,-r /2 \ " 1 \ |

- 2 (1 - 0 ) = . 'Aoo | 2

(-i
Tnv

Av o yvrK6q 6@q qv rnc qrpqc z o,, unoptv(I rqoL

0poLo!q q! E[.vq!:

uopaio! = p ( v ) - r p ( v + 1 )(,6 r o u a ( v ) oxoloueto)rdr ro vroqE6 uaprKd do v = a ( ) - p {v + 1 ) 1

( n o , = a ( 0 ) - a ( v +q v) n o L p o r v o L z q u j . 1
oLpdq

nop6Lyuo: goei, dopououo v np{irrov to No rov dpovrne

. . - ' - ' r - ' - - - K q e i qK q Lr o d e p o L o l d n q , r ' v ' ? ( v +)1z
2--1

) v.t

A0on:
EL v o r
" 2v+1 ( v + 1) ' ? - v ' ?

= -l- - --l---, =a(v)-q(v+t)

v2 ( v+1)'?

v'?(v+l;'? v2(v+1)2

( 6 r o ua ( v ) =- J z ) .

rroL lolrdv LvoL

-1" ou=r0( 1)-o(v+1)= I E L v a r i m o= li m v ' * 2 v = 1 .

( v + l) , * Y n e v . 9 u !e o r , r u e u : L dr o) *'1+ou-2B+ou382*,

1*-]1-

=t-

v' +2v Iv+-fl2

'Apq

. . *Bt-

l =

"+

+ B ) a . r ( , x +)o (s + 2 d + . . . . r [ c + (v - r ) o ] = ) r) a+ol+ol2+ctr3+...r.1'-1=* {|f

l z o +u - r r , l u i

6) c+ol+ai2+ctr3+.-.*ot'-l*,..= f,

ou lrl . r-

23 f. Av o yevrK6q6poc qt rnc oslpdq Io., unopet vo |t6pel r0v uotr u

oii qv=lo(v)+Bg(wl)+fO(v+2) u A+8+f=0 16r m vloor6 !Ep[r6 or [vo!: 1)-ro(2) -Aq(v+l )+fg( v+2) o =Ao(
v=l

6@roto

lhp66etyuq: Bpeel depoLouo v np6rov6povrnq No ro rov KoLro depoLoud rnq. ,,r,;rii;lzr-

oELpdq

Aton:

o r 3v+2 = -rv:-+ -v;J + ''--' I Anoloiqouue nopovouo;r;-ii-r; ortq KoLtLorivouu rouq ouvrstrEorbq outtiv buvdueov v on6t tttv tou 'Apo 1 B p l . o K o uA B = K o Lf = - 2 . ( e i v o r A + B + f = 1 + 1 - 2 = 0 ) . != Elvqr ov= 1 ' 1 - 2 ^v-iI v-+2 ",= V' 'Eoro A ( v ) =- 1 - - . T 6 . " [ v o Lo u = 1 a ( 1 ) + z r p ( 2 ) - 1 q ( v + l ) - 2 a ( v + 2 ) =

=2n_r V.1 . EtvoL .-1-. =linov=2' =rt"" = rimo=rim/z- - .?-.)=z Aoc i.----l-r*-2..-l' 0." v \ v+t v*r 7 *)r"C"iif"';a nd
. qov:

=1 1 1-1 r 2 ,2i ii

-2

d. Av o vvLxoq 6oocou rqq oeuo6c l_o,- (vor rov enoq6vorv 1lopv=t

I)

qv-f(v)+to(v)

q u = f( v ) + , pv ) * - q v ) ( (

( 6 n o uf ( v ) , a ( v ) , g ( v ) o L y e v L K o 6 p o r o e r - p d y L o r L q o n o l e q L v tov dpov). vvrloril n 0ponrou qepoLouoroq v rlpdrnJv II) qu=f(v)x-

eLvqu

ro { 6 r o uf ( v ) n o l u d r v u uo u v ) (6nou f(v) pnri nopdoroon u v) ro

III)

| q=f(v) I

T 6 T r o 6 e p o L o ur o v v n p d l r o v p o vr n q o L p d q n o l o y l < E r q r . 0 r p 6 f l o q q 6 u epvooloc qqLvroLorq eTrdlrew nopobetyporo.

1. rov _ nqod6ervuo NoFpeeelro depoLogo v npdrovdpovrnc oLpdq c rd ) . : . - - . K o e d jK o Lr o d e o o L o u n q . ftlon:

u Y E V L K oo p o q r n q o e l p d q v p O q r o L : C

24 3"-l
3t\-z

3'
32r-2
-2v-2

(6nlodil [ v q [ o ) u=f(v)*q(v) f L o v = l npoKtlnrer +, -{-' +.-{-o, " v=2

"

o,=e.,l-- -g.-J-3292
^t
31'

rpdo8.

f rq v=v npoK0nreL ou

^l
9v

o,=c;*o.*...*ou=9 (-l--

1
Jz 1

1\
ev,/ I'

^ tT-/

/ t \"t1

1 -3-

-9

1. 9 - -8-[ . / I \ v l L'- \-r' / J

]- -r
oo -i-9(| -0)- --:f-( 1-0)=e6

'Apo

L,
_

v ^ n- -T 1z-,1:i

_\)

' J -l

doov rnq oeLpdc rtlv 2. no@eryuo Nc gpEoEtro 60pouspc v fiodrrov

I vxu
A0on:
6poeqv rnc orp6qtvqLrnc lopaic f(v)xv. O vvrK6q +J13 1 su= 1+2;12 +' ' '+Y1v (t ) EIvor

rov Or 6por rnc (1) Etvot depololqvrvouevov 6povrnq quriq rdEnol/le rnv (l) ! Tov l6vo rnq npodoou. u,sqptgunrrKftq y(dlCrptKiq Kqt 'Erot xouu: onlqoi u ro x' veoperptxiq[po66ou +2)(! +' 1sr=)(2 +3xu ' '+v)(!+1 (21. rqr6 !6trnrlc-(1) Kot (2) or6rs exouu: Aaoipo0ue +13 ou-xou=x+1z +. .. +x!-vxt+l ov(1-x)=x f=-f -uxttt

- o.=x---1--.rl-"lt:-1.
" (x-I)t l-x

25
nao66rvuq3. Nq gpE[ xo depo[oto Itdv v npdrllv dp0jv rnq KqL ro dgporoud rnq. t (v2+v+l) Ko6q

o[p6q

A0on:
d 0 v e v u x b g p o qr n q o e l p d q L v o Lr n q u o o a i c q v = f ( v ) , E L v q L :
vv\)

o-\ , =) r v - + v + , r = v + L
v=.I v=l

-+ L u - j r = - " - 1 : : 1 J l z y - t--.)u - 1 - ) -+ v e + 6 .
v.1 v:I

'Apo

) i (v'*u*t=*-.

q E . A v o v v L ( 6. q p o q r n q o e L p d q f o . , e l v o ur n c uo0Qiq d . \) g dpou L o q o r g u n ou=[c+(v-l)r,r]pxv-1 6q,\o61 .tuor,vruouruo vevuro0 ioi o

rloo66ou,(prKrit rpdorLKiq rlpo66ou rov vvIKd 6po uLqqVrogerouKhc !

(! r 6 o q ) , r d r r o , \ / u o ! 6 t r nt n q o u = o r + o z + o 3 + . . . + q 1 ) ! rov ^6vo rnq xou orn ouvaxLo lpo66ou orloupo0ue Lodrnrq rnv rlou FpnKop veouerorxilc ord rnv (l).

IbgioLvtro- Bogea vLoord Nq ro depolouo oLpdq rnq ueoLKd I v x " - 1 = 1 * 2 x . 3 x ' * 4 y 3 + . . . + y ; ' - x l, . 1 l1 Arron:
v - lEi.voL v=l+2X+3X'+'"+vX- (1) o

1o,r=1+2y2+3y3+...+(v-1)Xv-1+vx! (2J E C v o t ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) + ( 1 - x ) o u = 1 + 1 + y ' + x ' * . . . * x u - r - u-x u( 1 - x ) o u =. l ; -"r'

, (r_x),

1_x"

vx"

: T . Av o vevLK6q 6poq qv rnq oer06c ivql rnq popq{e: ,f,ou 9tv, ^ -v-_ --v-l- 6rloue(v) Iloludrvu[o rou v, rdr 6lvou! oro q(v) rnv uopqn: v ( v - 1) + A 3 ( v -1 ) ( v - 2) + . . . + A K v ( v -) ( v - 2 ). . . ( v - r + 1 ) 6 1 1 0 K L v q L v 1 u o Bqeudq o u q ( v ) * . r
* trn!
2

repa{rurof duril dxou!E undrl,rt nou rLs y!(,rords oxdoE!s:

) c

d:ci+

sv-2

1
!:

Z)

6ooq o! rnq oeuooc l-o, Av o vevLKdq

v=1

urlopavo fldptl

rnv

u o p q i tf ( v ) - f ( v + K ) , v , K l N ,

v 3 x tdte elvol:

p = f ( 1) + f ( 2 ) + ." + f ( x ) - f ( v + 1 - f ( v , 2 ) - . . . - f ( v + K ) )

ttqpddLvtro. FpO[ dOporouo oLpdq Nq ro r4q

Ailon: Elvqr

vi= 1

'" *],-r,

v(v+r) v

-1.-- = -1-.

--B-

v+J * t o= +
1 -. -. -. -u.r \ =f{v)-f(v+3)' )

-+ B=-

'

I'

Aeo
1 j-

1 1 / 1 = -3- ( -; v-av-+3'EroL

'onou f(v)=

e x o u u : o ! = f { 1 ) + f ( 2 ) + f ( 3 ) - f ( v + 1 ) - f ( v + 2 ) - f ( v + 3= )

1 1 - --t- * -6-- -9- = 1

-r-l+= ls o* l, . l+ ".-1AorioLq Aupevq

"

:au*-tJ

XII+ZJ

3-fii3]

=-

:-(-v-;llTv+Zl-wf)-

3v'?r12v+1'l

' 11 f8'

l. lla ypoqro0vor 3 rpbror dpor"uov oerpGvrol ol 3 npdrror 60or" rnc qxolouloq &Jv uoLKOv !o!6rov. oopo

q)I.,1,
i.1
A{,oq:

B) -

|
. , o,=- r3O

3r Vt

q1 tivoLo,=

;l+t

ur o,=-1. ,

",= t

21

-z' 1 -+' -+- , a2= I + -t- ' o'= o,= dK6uo Elvc1
2 1"'+ '[zTT o"= -l- + !-, or= ;*-- ' g) E{.var s!= --- ye or=1 \1 \, 1 V3
U O! = 1 , O 2 = l +

v5

Elvor qK6tq o"=1+ .;'

,tz

*. l-, * --1-- .'* --l- ,

,tl VN

,tz

.. --l--* -J- . at=,. 17 V3

i --r: ouY.tttve"' L -4-Na6slxgl'Orr'n oelo6 ) 1; 2. A0on:
4 * ELvot ou=-iU - ii"

'1-0 lu('.-l

4 1-o -s-= T' -10

'Erot Lvqr # = + f,
rnq oerpdq nt"t ro $r 3. o unoloyrooe! ffiporoua
,tlon:

'Exoule

' ."'.;al,-;;ivIN o E{,voL ,= l.;' l;. ,1; - r'=rp(v)-q(v+1)

= -l' = . ;,-l;;; I ;u;t ;,'l';;'
=t
rnq olgd ro Ir" 4. t5 unoloYtoEt @oorogc

5n6p6vr'rc ot-l,;tl : ' A p q o =r,,1,,r,"-t, o"=r-'u-]-11' !

A6on:

v(v+l) - -"'t "' E l v q L d =1 + 2 + 3 + " ' + v =

'Aps

n oeLoo z r-r' 5 . N o uIrerngt[

<-,

rr!

'

?8 ftisn:
E i v q I o v = ( 1 ) + { 1 ) ' ? + (1 ) ,= . . . * 1 - 1 ; ' = 1 - 1 I - ( : - 1 I u 1 E L v q L1 i m o r , = 1- * im

-]'tt-'1'-,1.

t(-r)"-rl=o *0|,

'l i m o r u _ ri= l - J . , t t - r t 2 ' - 1 - | - - r . m

'Apq

( n ( o v) x q l o v r e i r o Lo r o d , l v L ) ,
6. t{o Boe0el. ou ror ro limu TnCoLpdq o

Aton:

EtvqL uv .p =,i o
K .o . K . 'Aoo

_rr"f.E o u v- 2 ,
,

=-

II - ,auv-u

2+| 2+v2

ouu--I--

'ETo!

EavoL L zouv ---]---

rIE X O U I El m q : l l n z o u v - : : , - : 2 . l

qq oe!o& 7. tla BpeoEt 60porouc ro

Aio4:

2v+3

,.,v

lv*lTftia-t-r'

ecvoLau-*if*2, = o],' - -o]".

'noo

q,= =+# rv-*?ji#4 --l# =-l# +# =e(v)-0(v+l).

>tpeovque rnv leeodolovisnou [60! 0o elvor.:

- i, ov=e(-0(v{l)= l)

- t+i-

,.'v'1

IoxiieL rr d

--! rirnou=- . Erop6voq a"{{ii"- (-r)'=--l-i

ro 8. lls unoloytsoel 60potsrc oLodq i t"n(t- -]) rnc A0on:

rivouo,=roo(r- )=r"n(-# )=r"n(# 'r;L )= {=

', . rv+1 8 H a x o t r o u $ C(o v ) u c 8 v : c ' t v a Ll n 6 E v L x i , --

29
--1 ' -l 1l = 1 q 9 v - * * Lo g . Y - - = . o s- v i l - t o s . v - h = a ( v + l ) - a ( v )

'Apo

v+l ^ 'no r l - t o- Z- t o g l - l o g 2 = - 1 0 9 2 . s = o , = 0 ( v . 1 ) - o ( 2 ) = l o S ' U l o g z r - v \/ " * . -u-.)1

'aoq ). loqi 1- -., I =-tog''
r=2
r\

o-.. e. *o6erxei ,i,

A0on:

. =t "iy-i4rlo

t1 truol ;i;lg.- -'- - '-'t . Aoo 1 w? 1 .-l --. =rp(v)-ro(v+1) o,= uiu-h 'i:= (v*t)2. ;2",t

exo!!oillqovq U Tnv oXErtKi !re0o6olovLo Eflouev0Jq

- l ov=a(r)-a(v-1)=lt"1,rri

=t' LvoL Aoq ;' ], "iJ.-,r ouvx^tver'

(-! 6rL r0. ro d'rxel n oLpd :it +:,-k, \ ' )" / v(v+t
A0on:

eLvqL : rnv Ueptr{ivoopoLo[drovrnq oeLpdq H oKotrouelo I ^ 1 u+2 '

(ov)uov= Tn'
ttvor. lfufn
!+2

'zh'

t, -"'- t( niil
vCv-;T) V
1\
v'2 -2 =

;;

60p u O qu n o l o v L o o ur o n p o n v o 0 p e v o o L o u q '

B - ;-r ;t

uit

1'

'nooo,= u + 2 uif1

(-i.) = \-'; 1rt-/2

' E r o L o 0 u Q o v!o r n v n s p l f i r o o n ( A ) e = 9 ( v ) - < p ( v + 1 )e r p ( v ) = v 2 ' - 1 ' u (oILdq 22) txotvE.. qxxLKftc ug060lovLqq
/ I \vl

".r

i"= ,z"t' (;,ii

rnq

ou=rp(1)-o(v'l)=1rll,,ri
'Apq ' o n oeLPq uYKlLvL ll.

rlimo=liml i-f t i ll=1-0-r' EivoL

-

ov lb Erqora n sLPf

s (-F )"
\8/

ouv(^rvel'

A0on:
ELvqL ov=

(*).(+).
1 -( 5 / 8 ) 5 'T' ' T-l5ttl-!

5'

1-0 = 5 3 3-

'

30 'Apq n o e r p do u v K l i v r rn p o cr o v o p L 0 l d - j - , .
:

12. ib Errqsrsi oq [poc rq otyKALor| oerpd n

Iv*'TfuiZI .

Elvor. l.=. k * fa *'..* ..-c-.-',tu.a o,=

0 vvLKdq 6poq xnq oLodqqv vpdqrqr:

= ou= fu;-Otu-+A"+

-;" =a(v)-q(v+1) 6nou , p ( u ) = 4 . ' E r o L o l i u i".=

e u j v o e r n v o x e r L K!n e o 6 o l o v Le L v q ! : u q

o.,=rp(1)-rp{vf1)= # I
'Apo

o np 4 o e r . p d u v K l L v L o qr o v o p l 0 u 6 j - - .

13. t{o Bproel ro vlootd leplx6 &porol'tq Tns oLod v=l 2"-' A0onr q .= - l l . - e l v o u rnq popqiq c vevrKoq dpoqrnq oeLpdq q \ , = X v v() . ' E x o u u e f o"=1.2 (?1-) * (* )'*

lz- 7 *"'*v (;-)*'

r)

(u LKri ro6o6oq. ) llol/! rq 600!6ln rnq (l) ue rov ldvo xnq vo!rpLxrlc noo66ou o116T npoKi,nxeL 1^

u=

.r.*,

\2

\.-1)

-"

\3

t?./

-...*'

(+ )" e)
)"

0 L { 1 ) K q L ( 2 ) ue sqqlpeon olvouv
r / o,- '-l- o,=1.'-i-. 1 \2

""i1-

*2,

= _\__:_/__ __
I ( -r- -r

(-f"-' -v
)

'tz) .' (-l)"

'

-"(;-

(+
)"

o =2 \-'-- ) "

(+
1 2

-,

(+ )"

(j-)" ]-" (-L)' ",=o['-

(o. 1 4 . o BprS[ oerod I s, qv yvnol(ou!6r! n qKolouolq ) uro v pep!Kdrvo0po tqrtu,,v elvor,ov =l- --'-- ?v

Afon:
|-l1E L v q [ o = o - o! - r- = l l - - - v \ \ 3\/
132
^v ^v

/r\/

t\

| + --l_- =
3u-1

'

oLPd lvqL L" --n EroL lo Ln6v n <nro0levn

15. o dLxoe0 n oerp6 I 6rr

ft]on:

ouyKllv1. 'r=1 lTv--Z)T3[+-17

= ErvqL rr"=zfts*ui (+ ov=

ov=qr+o2+.,.+ov= -# + (t-

- -#

(1)
J"
.
1

K H ( 1 ) v r q v = | , 2 , 3 , . . . , v K q rn p d o e e q no r du e l n 6 i v e L :

).'Aoo

i,-(, linou=tim
1-'

)=

ouvKl{,vr ro o8por.ou6 [vq[ to rqr Tnc Ero!6voq orpd n 16. o) Av

, !R r6re linnu=0, \Irou=r, 6rL ouvKtCvel. 9) Nq6erxe[ n qrpd j..u-*-, "r

A0qq:

o ) T o v l o o t o u e p r r 6d o p o u o lrrn q o s [ p d q L v q L v = q r + s 2 + . . . + o v . q o E [ r 6 i i i m f , o u = l e l v o ux q r ] i m o v = - l i m o u _ r = I . . e
'Erouu=l =o -o ue o
v v v-l

e lino =1im(ov-ov_t)=t-s=0.
dv

p)

L o T oo T L n o L p q 2 _ - - f

o u v K ^ L V e L .o r n o T r E L r

'Apq = q l i m q v = l i m, v - ; f= 0 . E i v o L6 u o C i m o u = 1 ; 6 - ; - f 1 . l n oLpd roKIeLv veL.

qv 17. ilr qroqTet ouvK^lve[ oeLp6 I n Ai,qn:

EavqL q =

!!TGT)( \rv+\6+T)

u fiiTjT(fwWIT)

W;T.6

WT';TI

\tr,4n
22) exouvet

=*

-#=e(v)-a(v+1) 6noue(v)=1.
20uq,lvoue rnv oxerrK/l le0o6oloviq (oit6o

3?

o\J=o(1)-o(v+1)=* al
-/r\v-fv=l

- t-o=1.'Apq

;1 \6(ilT)(r'-wr'GT)
u lN* , ltil<l

mv ro 18- u) l|q gpeoa @poLouo oeupdtv: I *u-1,

-;-'J B) : v(1+ '

!=1

A0sn:
o ) E i v q L o v = l+ 2 o + 3 t t ' z + . . . + v o ! - 1( 1 ) .

A v L v o r = 0r 6 r e l i n o v = ] . o
'Eor{d

'loo

j,

uru-1=t
(2)

v-l otO. H (1) 6i.vL ttou=t!+2t1z+3trt3+...+( )ttv-1+vto!

' E x o u r s1 ) - ( 2 ) ( 1 - o l o u = l + 6 a 6 2 . " . * t t u - 1 - v o Y - " " ' ( = .+ l#

o=--riC-+"1. '-t u
1l-o1,

-t-(1-o)'z

.nooio=--J--uTr u

(l-r,r)'

r* rn B) otrouue {- =o rdr 6xou! oELpd fru"'-t. n voolrvn eplmoon): l

, o-r-_ 1 r,r" vo\r t = ---v 1 t- o ) ' ? ( l - t . r ) ' ? 1 - t ' t
e

E[vq! (rpor-

/ r\v / 1\"v'?-v'z( --i-..) *v'(.t* - v - ) t+

=v-r+6.

npo

) v(l+ v=1 '

\ ' - .V - 1 1

vt

19. lto 6elxoel'o.L i

A0o1:
E('vqt ou= ---,jl---

.v-'-fr-}h-l =a*t
1 l=- {- =;l;) I * (;];) I - - v IT = (v-l v-l

v 2 + 3 v1 -

--vT +3 --.'r 1 (v-l)l (v > 2)

= Lu--_1U l "
(v-l):
= ---1---- *

( v -1 ): vl

(v-1)i

(v-l)l

( v - 2 ):

41 (v - l ) :

'Exouue o!= i lou=or+ lou=3+

3z (v-21'.

vlvlvl ) -----

r{

u-t: ( u-t t :

>

-__-- _-

,f,2 "

=,- y-+

*[ 5' ]. -,.l.- ; v:o-v=o_6v=o

+, +2=3+e+4e-4-e+z=4e+r.
-v-'-.1up=+'t.

'Apq ov=4e+l 4e+t ontobrl i

* Eiva! !tdyuard

t
"F,,o-:rrt-

-L

-r

rn"

efxold 'aiveraL xcL ard .c cvc-

33
20. ilo 6sq04,orl ll6on: -, v2-1 v2 l LLvqL qv= -fl *=-vl- -= v 1 ='Tv:bT - -rT( v - l ) + l rv:T)-I v>2. =
1

t # ="t

- -l-- =--l = - . . . - u l -* - l - * ---L--- - --L- , (v-2)! (v-l)l v: (v-l): (v-l): v:

1 'Aooou=v v --\l. rrri?T- 'I=,I,-lnr u=I-,o"=o,* J, "?, "1",". ! I ,t-2 , / r-I t \ / \

_t !=o

--h

{ ' ! : oI

-'i -'l-r

I ' ! = Io

-2.) --'r- =e+e-1-e+2=e+1

.t.v(v+l)(v+2).

21. lb unolovlool. Oolquarnc sslpdc ro l6on:

EIvot

( " / " 1 1 ( v + 2 )v + 3 - ) = ) qv=v( v+1) ( v+2) = -'-]:i---i-!-'--:l-'----:--!-v + 1-

rlULvl-Q_LL*-3lJldLIIf:UIlj-2-L=q( )-0( v) 6110 = v_( v+r u

-,., 'Apo (v-l)v(v+l)(v+2) 6 n l o 6 i n 6 o o ! v no E L _

, , /u r r \ r w r z ) ( v + 3 ) _0 , +-, o!=O(v+l ) -a( 1) = -'!'-r-j-r-!4'r

p6 oIIrpCerrq[orxLKd.

22. tb uno^ovloga dporoua oerpdc i ro tnq

Aton: ', E x o u u ef4 v - 1 - = A I - "--^ +.-#Z
-tel

u:I

u*El-, a*t '\ - -'

a4v - 4 v - 1 = A ( v + 2 ) + B v - 1 = { A + B ) v +-2 A

Il r*e=c t
| 2A=-1 _. I
k
1

I o=).
| ^ e | B=2.
Erou6vrrc

'Aoq -"f;;-lf =,. 4v-l

3' Zfirn .

1v+1 ev-i o,= ZL'*Z-- -i-- =o(v+2)-ro(v)

'EToL CXouu: 3

34
q r = 0 { )- a { 1 ) 3 oz=9(4)-tp(2)

or=o(5)-o(3)
v+2 ov=o( ) -0( v)

_____i-!ll.sje.\ +q2+.. , +ou:ou:e(v+ l).i0(v+2 -a( I or ) )_q( Z )=

2 (v + l)

1t-- - s-"--l- : *
2(u.2\

-+6.

Aoo io=*ulr "

rnq 23. tq urolovLosE! 60por.ouq oeupdq. ;f+:*:.{ii# ro ; A0on:

I o x l L6 r L
npdo0on: 1 1 . o r + o 2 + o r + . . . + o !.:, i , - * 9 r - B u * o u = 4, 1.3.5". (2v+1)

l Kir rnvFonenroKo^oue,:o L oeopouu B,= l-:+.+:.iiJ-;N-G"--f

v , B . , - E r _ r = - o uo u = B u - r - B uv t q K d o z 2 ,
, oz=Brlz, oj=p2-93'..,,o.,=Bu_r-Eu. Mt 3 - - ? _ 3f..5 ...;',(i2 v +-1 )j - - = 1.. S 7"- Z i-

I 'EToL d x o u u eq r = - i -

=t-;i.6..g;:.i7ffi

+ l-0=1.

Loo dxer qepoLouo !t l. Apon oeupd

",, I'l-v1-r.l-t ro 24. q uno,\oy!oo[ mpolouqrnq otlpdq i v=l ouv -v'ouv -f+T Alon:
I = (v+l)-v Ecvol-v-lwf) iir-;il'= -, I

__r _

-*r I

dnlobi
= 0 ( v ) - a ( v + l ) . E l o L l v o L

ou= --\i__" - # = 8 0- - J - - e a guv v ouv v-jT o r = r p ) - p (2 ) (1

qr=Q(t)-q(3) -

rlu t--l;- - .,,r )

lt

r\

I
| I : !n o o o s , = qr+q2+!..+qv=ov:e(1)-rp(v+l)

"""""""t
q v = 0 ( ) - a ( v +1) v

=e,lt-eq -h - Eal-0=e41. v

'Apq

lou=eol .

25, Aawrur orp6 i n

v = 1"("*t)

o) lh Yparst o Ysvlxdq rnq 6Poe B) IiluBDftro vloor6 utpLx6 rnc mpolops y) th goS(!o @@lout rrq.

35 Ato4: q ) E L v o r v = v ( v + 1 )( p e o r = 1 . 2 , d 2 = 2 . 3 , 3 = 3 . 4 . . . ) o a + B ) o u = 1 . 2 * 2 ' 3 * 3 . 4 + ' . . + v { v + l }( u e o , = 1 . 2 , a 2 = 1 . 2 + 2 ' 3 ,3 = 1 . 2 a + 2 . 3 + 3 . 4 , . .). 'Exoupe dnoqetvor yv(,Frd v) . "J 1. 2+2.3+3. . . +v1u. 11= l-t-t.-Du-t-2-v-.-L) 4+. |t'-l |" ..,..., /. . ) \ 'Aoq 'l 1 ) ' imo =liml -'-t-v:!+'-v-',! ' v (v += il = - - ' v o 2 L 'Erou eL v q r : I v ( v + l ) = + - .
q< 26. tlq Bpe6 ro ddpor-o1.ro oLo6G L

+ / 2 \ 3 +"'+ / 2 \ ! \-E-/ til

A0on:

l . "'

( +)"
2 *3-5

-t' -3.' --!-' o'= , o'= * (+)' ' ' o,= * (i )' . F3- (:-I )'."'.
( 2\,t
ELvqL o = \r./

H oKolouet:q rov ueoLKrtv ogoololdr{rv(o!) lvoL

2
I

2
I

"2 2^

2
I

2
'Apq

(-+ \
\r./

=timo =t_
v 3

t7 q)

^tvovEqlor qLp6q t

t:l iIv+Z;

iq 8pOln|,lcsuvoeovrq!o! 600 oLoec. m F ) s Bpooov oopolopcroruv 6uo qr06v. TL ltqpqrnptr;

q)

,-4, fu;Zlf"rC)

Aion:
H r I 0 6 T n L p oe l v o L n : o
-1 1 1 - + --- + ---, +

1'3

2'4

3.5

_r_,....* -_,]__ ___l_____ " ( v + 1) ( v + 3 ) .... 4.6 v(v+2)

H 6eiitpn erp{ elvou n o

' - 1 - -* 1 - * . . . * - , 1 - - - - - . ' , - - 1 - ' - - - . . * - - - - - , 1 - - , - * . . . *. (v+2)(v+4) 3.5 4'6 v(v+2) {v+1)(v+3) nopqrnpo0lre n oetronoLpd 6rL npoK0nrL rnv flpdjrn rnv nqpdon6 ue IrLqn rurv6uo np6rov6povrnq, t", , ,10 . l-

36 B) EivqL o..=--l-- * -1-- * -i- *'.'* -j-v(v+2) " 1.3 2'4 3.5
v(v+2)
..)-

'Exoru"

- ""=+,,-+''+# L"i" +
-f-]- timou= ,. -+ . + -o= .
* ou= --1-- --1--*..,. 3.5 4.6 (v+2){v+4)

(,+). +(l #)- ""=--} +(+-+). (+ ;)*.*+(+#) qKduo: Exouu

-+). (+ +(+-+)...'. ";=-+(+-+)'+

1l'7 . -T- -u-u= -?4 T ouv ro deporolqr{,)v6uo d6rL rnc noprrnoo0u ro 60porouo veqcoeLpdq qn6 rnq Rlv nounopoligenKqv rnv npbrnoelpd 6ivtL ro dopotouq 60r-

A.;-i;=

+ ('h tlt)'enou6vurq:

=+ +'+''l * oh+ #- +" +.

*

. ; ( l--# ).r" (#--"++-(# # )= ).

-fipnq oerodc onroorr . t\,

lo = ln - i" = i
---'--- * ---l--- . ---l--- *.. . 1.2,3 2.3,4 3.4.5

28. l|r Boga &por.sgcrnq oelp& ro

Aron:

H oerpd vpdtperor. nfv.T)Tv*Z) . Exouut: ), I = .A. - -B ";'l t = A ( v + t ) ( v + 2 ) + B v ( v + 2 ) + f v ( v + t( t ) ) v v+1 v+2 v(v+1)(v+2)

'

-rL H ( l ) v t o v = 0 ,- 1 , - 2 6 t v e r : A =

'

U=-l' f= |

'

-l('-'+'+'' +.-+.+ lq.'*.+-+ +'"'= -1"-'+

-r\ *-*,....* 3,. # . - # )=

'Apoqv=+ H

-'k.'or)

'rxo,uer,i,oo

37

=+( +_#.#)" + . .0* :*.,#;, = _t_4

29- Alvelqr n oerod 0,6ro,51{Ot$t +0,5001+.. . o) [a Bpoea vevrx6cE|e 6F o 8) lh 6tx0et6rr n oeup& oryrtrlvL dv i\to1: ], [ q ) H o e r o d p d 9 t x q r[ 0 , 5 + ( 0 , 1 ) ] + [ 0 , 5 +)(r0 +1 0 , 5 + 1 6 ,r1 * . . . v ; 1 'Apq [voL: ( f t o ,s + O ,t ) " 1
!=-1

il 9 ) E ( v o rI i m o u =m t o , 5 + (, 1) v l = 0 , 5 + 0 = 0 , 5 1 0 . 0 'Apo oLpd6v ouyKl{ver. n 9,. o EEUrl rn rpoc rny ooyrrrlol I oELp6:

/ldon:

v:2

- | | v-. . .1""1"*z ry* z -. ..|-.

?'
*

+
I

W c ! - a , - - , v r ::-i;:f 4:1j- f EtvqL qv= vv 3 v 2 + v * 2

'rimcu=riq(1r'-.$u-4 V; l5)'=r,,vt ri, -3-"]3;--r nu/ = ri,

='. .i .,= $ n. yooo v 6ev n oerp6 ouvKltveL.

3B

Kprrilprq quyKllooq oeLpd)v To npdB,\nuo uEtrcxnq rnq oq !Loq oeLpdq npoq rnv oljvKiLone[voL avo oTrd 6uoKo^0rpq rlpoBlnlqro rou qnE[posrLKo0 ,\oyLsl]00 ro KL'ourd vLqr[ vLo vo qxdsoug oirvKlLon Tnv vq ro uLqq oerp6q npCnL goor]u lino 0 unoloyroudq 6uoq rou limov 6rv etvoL [dvrq tKoln Eovqolo. H ouoKo^lqrnq uelernq ljq rrpoqrnv o[]VKironurqq oerpdq flqpqKdu ( m r s L e v u C p e L e d r d o o p q p o r d o e r q K p L r i l p l o )! r n v B o i e e L q o v o n r u nolov unopoiu o Bvdlouus uuncpqouq !rq oeLpd uyKlLv1. v o ov o XogoKxrlpLorLKb 6uoKo,\Loq ularnc uLoq oeLpde fipoq rnv rnq oe rnq oivK,\Lon eLvoLKqu n tnoptn rov nolldrv KoLrnotov, :To snduvq dvoeepouuE 04!qvrLKorpq Tq KprrilpLo.

1o Kprrfirlo (KprrripLo ouvKpLooq oLodrv, conparison test) 6 s u r p o 0ru o . t o a q ) - q ! , Lq vlo (m v > v, llR. q ) A v n > 8 . , o u v ( I I v r1 6 r o u v K l L v x o r - 1f o , , L 1 !=1 v:1

E I B u v t o r l q o n o l e q t v o L0 1 o < i 9 v

B ) A vn
e rL X 6 .
Ibp66 !y!a

.i"o"
l.

ge q r L p l < e r o r r L ( d o r * o l ,n r

.ie,

oreLoa<roL

N q 6 E L X 0 6 1 r n o L p d I . . - l - - - ' o u v K l i v c L . L v = 1 2 " (v + 3 ) 1 ---.--'---2'(v+3 )

,,t

/liron:
tivqL --:
v+J

<

-'2"

y r o K d e rv l \ .

H oErpo 6!oc ) x l o u y i L v e.

' . - . i o u v K , \ L v 1 "A o o K o Ln o e r o d .

2"(v+3)

Kd.

.lnoporylq 2. N q6 L X 0 d r l n o r o d : l v=r W

q n r L p a < e r q lr r [ e

A0on: 1 LrvsL -1'' <

* ELvo!: I 2

6!'
r r+ -

v L ox @ ev eI r u .
1

1 ' -zz ''

,
21

(*)'-r
2-r

2-

1 2

-1 -2 t

39
) Efle tbi n otpd _ V ---qrlLo LaEroL etrtKd ( n p d K e r r q I L q r n v o p v

g K lov rKitoELPd) or n oer0o ) ---- onLpLqroL rLKd. vv, v=1 2 0 K p r r i p [ o ( o p r o K d o r r i t o L o u y K p I o L J q m i t c o n p a r i s o ne s t ) K Li. t r u e u J p o u uL q o E L o e q z q , , K o L z

!=1 " !=1

p , , v t o r L q o n o t qt o x u L
' o

> 0. B

> 0 V L o K d e ev l N

A' '- "v r r n , n r A , , . '6 r r l' i' m . - -g - =^ ' T- . r 'r .

r q o ) A v 0 < K < + 6 o L o L p C q L v q L r q a b L q qK q r n y o p { o{ 6 n l o L 6 i i K q Lo L 6 0 0 o u v K i l v o u v K q Lo r 6 0 0 q n e L p l < o v r q8 r r K di K q L i oL Dro qlroKllvouv),

P] AV K=U KOL4 L L Z J J . ,O U V < A L V I I O T E O U V K A L V K q L N Z q , , .

Av

+ I o . , = * r 6 r e ) 9 , , =- .
!-1 "

6 Ko V ) A v x = + -x q [ n I o . . o u v K t r L vr rr e o u V K I L v E L Ln
Av n K r ) B . o n r p L < r oe r L ( d r d r q n E l p l ( t r q L e E r L K d q Ln oeLp6

f o.,.
tlapouipnon; 'orqv eelou! vo ro xpurflor,o seqpudoouu nponvo0tevo

KO n q rn K A V o U U E r q A n n AO r 0 O Z F v r n q o n o i , qv v o o [ < o u u v o 0 V K l L o n .

n : u v n e o q oi o v o u u en v o E L o o r r

,l__

l. _ nooa6lvuq Nq(roorl |lq f l p o qr n v o l v K ^ r o nn o L o q I v+l I -v-;2 --:; '

Aion:
_, E[voL
1

:v + t ;n

-|

,.| ^ > 0 , y r o K 6 0 ev I N . u o r p o u u v o L p q ) Tn
!=o

6 E [ v q L - - ' - ' > 0 v l q K d 0 ev l N . I o X 0 e L r L J v*1 l \+2 I it -.--_-,_--1"- =t ' 3\'

E n L Dn o r p d ) h
, v+t I n aELPo L, v-+Z -^, . . v=o

- - " - o u v K i i v L6 n o q i 6 o u r )s u v K i L v L K q L (
J

40
_1

lbp66Elyuo2. Nq teroorl oq [poq rnv suvxiton n oLpd

i;;; ( o L p dA b e l * ) .

A0o4:
_ I^
\=2^l

1^ r r E l v q Lq u = v i r i t > 0 V t q v = 2 ' 3 , . . o e o o o i u e n v B o n e n ( ir -lL n o u q n e u p L ( e r qO e r L x d .

1

oELpd

i r i v o r l i m - - l- r = r i , - { j l - - - = r i t p
orl[pt<rqLTLKd. e

"

-n'

=0, Enoutvt,q boouevnoElpd n

(rou Cauchy) 30 KpLrftpro ,

H o e r o d ) _ o v o u y K I L v 1q v K o Lu 6 v oq v , 4 o K o ^ o u e l q o u ) r o v , { qpoLspdTrrv ppLK6v rne, eivqL BooLKioKoloueid i oKolou0Lq rou
v: -L

C a u c h y , 6 n l on iA E L O O 6

O. OUVKALVEL ov

Kq[ uovo qv y[q Kdee>0 +

undpxer vo ouoLKdq T6roLocllou vLo rdes v , u I N , v > V e r u > V o lo!-ou < . I KpLrnp[ou nqgoEilpnon. tloplolororou nponvouuevou eivql rd:
n o p r o u q. l

l t l l q o E L p d > o , , o u \ / K i i v e rq v K q Lp d v o q v , v e > 0 u -

p X Le u o r K 6 q o T 6 T o L o6 0 r : v q ] o! .r,. , + of. ,."t * . . . + ou.+ x . I s e , ., . r ! vro Kdoe lN: u !z vo, KlN.

2. ll6olouo l'lro oerpd >_ov ouvKltveloro R qv Kor u6voqv vro p Kdee > 0 undpxel IN 6roL drorE l ol i.r. . 1 * o u t z^ l + . . . + l o s v vLoKdee >!:p. vLq

m p r o u o . M u q e r p 6 I o , , o u v r i l v e ro r o R q v K o Lu 6 v oq v 3 o deee>0 u n d p x ep I N 6 1 0 1 o r e L 6 I s e v t o x d 8 eu : o K o LK I N '

ltoL , , l + l ot.a,z 1 ' " ' * 1 o .u.r n " . ' r

fhpddlyto. No delxel dxt n oeLpd )

ar - - - 6 e vo u v K l a v [ .

A6on:
flq vq ouvKl[vrL n orpd 1106rr[yLo xd8e e > 0 vq urldoxereuoLK6c
* lliels {anrik Abel ( 1802-1829): Enuqsvis NopBnr6sMc!$n!orLx6s.

.41 qpre!6cuo ,6roroc lrou vLq K6O IN, v > vo, !t > vo vc exoutl: v,u u=2vondrnpenel lo:u-ou| < vLo Kdeev > vo lol]-o!I < . nqtpvouue
KqL Vlq

quorK6 opludv exoulE; Kd6 > 0. AlId vls Kdg 1 1 1 1 1 +'.'+ -Ti o2\)-sv=!-+T + i/-+Z > u -T- = -Z-

-+o,= -

v / voc Erlo!6 e l v o r .1 o 2 , , - o u l + - v r q K d g l N . A n ^ q 6 6tt v L o x u t 2 'Apq n n n o e l p d6 vo u y K l \ [ v (L o p ' 6 ^ o o u l o z u - oI < e v l q K d e E > 0 , u 0). v t l o e u p 6 I u -, , u t o . , : 0 v t o K 6 e e l N o u v K ^ ! v=1

tlo lordplo.

qgooLoudrlrvrnq vE[ qv KoLpovoov n qKo^ouoiq(o ) Tnv uEoLK6v d o e I v q Le p o v u t v nH [ 6 L o o E L p 6 n e u p l ( e t o r0 E T L Kq v K o Lu 6 v o q v n . ( o ) 6 v i , v q L p q v ! d v n . o

2 oq rnv llqp66!vuo. e{roorl npoq oirvxlton oeupdf v-l No n v=l wT)Auon: t EavqLov= uT?;n- 0 v v IN Kqrn qKoloueiqo"= -fU, ,2U . 2 * . . ' . u C i f n , e l v o u r o o o v u d v n . v u q eL o u u E nod rx

o,=2(T' +
Enopdvoq oeLp6ouvKli,v1. 4

/1

r \ 2 +"'+ vTv*n J=2-ui-t . z

"'=

ritpLonnltKr,rv 50. folTt Lo- ( Kpr rou D'Alembert*) o H o e u o d i q u , q ', , > 0 v v l N , o u v K l l v r v u l d p x rv o I N

q"v \. roloc rloTe, --;--. s I < I , v=1 o',+1

sL v v > v o K o Lo l r t p L < r o r l K d qv

--u-41 )' > l. r lbo6!woll0o[:

V v No lelerng | LJqrpoc r n v o 0 v K l [ o n o L o d : n
v=1

--v-f

uv ELvqL ov= -'--- > 0 vvN'

'Exouu;
v l ( v + l) (v+1 l )

v - - - -l-

--vT* Jean Baptiste

(v+1)l

v = / - -+-ll\ " t \v'l

d' Alembert (I711-1'183)t fdllos

MognudrLxds.

42

)"

{_!*ll_:_( t =
{ v + l) I

i-)"

> l . ' A p qn o e r o dq n L p t < e r q L 0

TLKd.

rou noonvouuavou 60 Xorrfioro(n6otouq o e o p o 0 u tn v o e r p d I o . ,-, o . , > 0 v v N , v l o r n v o n o l qL o x i L : r =t. lim --!-11 oo v=L

tr R. Tdre:

o s) Av 0 s l < 1 n oELpd uvKlLveL o L 9 ) A v l > 1 n o L p d n L p l < r qo r l K d s v) Av l=1 6v Bvo[vsL uun6pqouo. nop66eLyIq. Ns eeTqmilJq npoq rnv oivKlLon n oeLod |
!=1

-:-

i0on:
.J

^v+1

E i v g l o ! > 0 vto K@v N KoLlim --i"

, l-viftl-=ttt -'-'-'1+- - v:

= ] i m. - . J = 0< 1 . ' A p on o e L p d u y K i l v r . o noocEipnon. fim -$ ev

=1 r6re on6to nponvo0lsvo p r r n p L6 t v K o

\)

quri ov lin -1u111 ' ( d n l o b f t = trnv outncpoouo. nplnroon BvqLvr

o l6voq --]ia

rru6q) r6tt n oELpd relve r. wo I on6 !vo^0repEq

e oreLpl<erqL rLKd.

nopdbeIyuq rnv o ie^rneeioq npoq ouvKlton orrot f n Aoqn : ..-t-t-t-t-"---u.. o-:-*-t=" tit =',r* --(-u-*-r-]-'--t--EivoLlim e " vI
V.

e'-fl
vu

u=l

'Apq 6v

sulTlEosqlq.Ert6i dttrc 1Y-t-= --r--1--Bvo[veL

*or.

.,""."i0r.r"1'rril]nqKo^ouero )" , v=i,2,3,... (,- ],-. +l'-,

n p o K i J n r L r l i r n - { - r - 1= 1 * . dr o A p o n o L p d n t p l ( r o u0 e t u r 6 .

I
3

t:

.q

43 flnl[KtJv rou 0'Alem70 rpLrftplo. (fvLKi lopai rou KpLrnpaou bert). 6tL: ov > 0 vv ll urloedrouu Tnv oeopo0! oelod ,f,ou, z o .r /o . lirn inf { -vl+)=A, lim sup{-ll^'-r a rdr: }=
t "v/ t"v /

q) Av B < 1 n oLod uvK^[vr o B) Av A > I n otupd o[eLpi<rol errK6. g 6 v B v q i . v eo u u n e p o o l o . L v) Av A:1S

lbodoryls.No qroorioc fipocrnv o!vK^[onn oLpd Airon:

l, - l, - +,.+-...- 1--... +o\v

'Exouue -15r' riminr( )=tt" (-4J'=o . ri'rro( -o;-1 = )

=* KoL A p ou e r n v B o r i e e rrq u n p o n Y o u u d v o u r n p a o u o ) rlq vq 6Evlrlopo0u qnoqovoo0le rnv o0vx,\uon oetodq. vro = j-' lim (-i
80 KplEftplo. (KpLrfiprovLooriq pi.<qqrou Cauchy). oeooo[ru v o[od )_ov, ov:0 rn vvN.
r / r

qv vo H o[pq ouril ouvKlavL undpxL N reroLoq 6orE fr-. i< 1 vv>v^ r q l o n e L o i ( e r q L e r r x do v O 6>I>l

-/

Ibp6E[yIq. Nq !ir40[ oq npoq Tnv o0yKlrsn o L p o ) | n

+)"

A0on:

_1 -Tn < -z-

1 E[ v q t q _ 1 \" v- \-Zv / ,l

> 0 v L o K d e v yLoK60evN, 'Apo

ror 6

.' f7- ;---it =v\-zrl=

n o L p do u v K i t v 1 .

90 KpLriip!0. (n6protorou flponvouuavou). 0 e o o o 0 u e v o e L p d ! o . , , o J -. 2 0 v v N . A v u o x O el r m F o= l rn . i

l R r6re: < l n o E r p do u v K l l v l . o) Av0:l 6 B ) A v i > 1 n o r o do n e r p i ( e r o u e r r r d . y ) A v I = 1 6 v B v q l v e [o u u r e p o o t q .

44 tlapddrvuo. uelrnei oq llooc rnv o0VKlLsn oelpd No n (v(v+1)(v+2) v) "

_ Z

A604: f L v o r " o = t i / i - v * t ) ( v . 2 ) - v l u> 0 VLqKdeEvN,

E I v o L K 6 u oi m t { = ] i m V t { v . r t t v - a o l =li r ,g-),(-!-*?":-v-'=...= l2

-v)u=lim[y'iviTf[i2)-u] =

{iliill*Zf*v

EneroiI= -j

, 1 n oelpdffielpl<e-

roL eETLKd.

l0o Kprripro. Cauchy).

v

(fvlKlt uoo0/lrou Kprrflplou yLsorie plcoq rou qv, qv: 0 V v N vLq rnv ofioiq LoX0-

e e o p o 0 ur n v o e u p o I e

v=1

eu I insupt6-=r, dre T o ) A v K < 1 n o r p 6o u v K l a v e r q ! B ) A v K > I n o L p d n e l p l e r qe T L K d ou V ) A v x = 1 6 vB v o L v E L l n 6 p o o t r o . 1 1 Ilopd6e ryuq. N d 6 e l x e i . 6 r [ n o e l l q -2.' + -T1 2"

_L-....
3'

* -J--r -J- *...

21 3v

ouvKi(.vEL.

A0on: ' EXou! v I i m s u po

. 1 . ' O o on o e l p do u v K l l v e r

qvdrruvuqfloovuqrlKd,v qoretdjv) eEdpnuq,( 6KqdLK6 . o E o p o 0 urro v q p L o u d u e 0 3 o < 1 , T d r e : o YndoleuuLq qKolou0Lq(ou) @uorrdrv oole!{iv ! 0: ov s 9 0or oo) ( 6 t - - - I = o = 0 rs r o 2 o 3 . . . ( n q K o l o u e l o o v ) o v o u d ( r r q r6 K o 6 r Kq v 6 [ r u v v=r 10" pq rou o). -

noovuqrLK6c oproldq0 < o: 1 exer 6vq uovqdrK6 6eKsdLK6 B) K6ee q v d n r u v t oo u ) , t i u r er o o 0 v o , \ o{ v N : q " l o } e i v q Ld n L p o . (

llp6tuq. o) Z 06rou! o = : -Ka =l+ --i-- . 1

--l-., v=l,2,3,... Tdra:

*_l_ ._l:..=". *....' *.

45
| - --

B) 0 < e-o . -i.

Y L qv = l ' z ' J ' . . .

AorfiotcAuu6vtc

.1. lb ulrnoao".pt i n
lltot:

v=r

If:z- ,c npoc o0v(lLon. rnv

3 r E[vd! vvoqt6drr n olod I --rU ouvxrtveLqv o > 1 v6 cnerp[-

< e r o Lq v p < 1 .

._

LXoulE --ur- =

lti+Z

Vt
;t

2
vt

1
u5/z

^1 -

vt

. .Aoo t6 , r_"{_{ I _i__. I z --,= * v' ,J=L t' v=l v v=1

r)

r x 6 E n e L d i- . | - > I K o L3 > I o l o e u p 6 q o u6 e u r e o o!u ^ o u q n c ( 1 ) o u y r ' A p o 6 o o u e vo e L p q u v K l i v 1 . o n KIIvouv. n 2. lto lelelnott i,E tloog rnv o0YKllonn otpd A6on: E L v o Ls

s w;r-\6
,6

v=l

Vw1 -6

V;
v v > 2 . ' E X o u U qKouo: = _!ftl ):-u-Fr---EW(W+T+W) vn

I o x t E r6 r L

Vv.1-6

Vv.t.6 V'
(2) (3)
5

vt

( tJ

ttr ztGt .

,+

r A n 6( 1 ) K q r{ 2 ) n o o x r } n r e 0: < - f n
tner6i I

fri,r-v+t-y'v

g qrd t -L =*- nporrlnreL rnv (3) o0uoovq e r o l o K p r i p l o

0rr Z_ .-----. v=I !n

V"* -Vv = + - ' r

n 3. lb !lrnoE[ lrq npoqrnv o0vK^ton oetpd z- ---: Ai,on: ELvqL q = -'-- > 0, rou EQoouovi 6ou KpLrnpiou. oq Kdvouue
q .= ---"----o {u*t;t ""
?\r+ I

"

iou

ElvoL oKdlo

46 0.... ftiD-roI i m _ : 1 4= l i m- - _ _ _ _ _ - _ =,1 j m

v-rd 3v+1

3 v ' o =lim z.---+-\- ' (v+1;'o _;

-- =3 > 1.

i.1.

)'

'Apo

L n o e L p dq n L p i < e r q e E r L K 6 . 4. No uelErqgl oq npoq rnv otyKlLon n oLpd

A0qn:
q - = --r.'-;i.\,; ut o. > 0 V v N, 0o EivoL q = -'--v r v+] 5!/ e q q p p o V ir o u 6 o u K p L r n p L o u . v+'l o. ' E l o u s ei m =tIt -1,=-1-.1. l

(dvouu

i -v v a

-i!'-t-'Z =,.',n-".,\5

\6

'Apq o n oELpd uyKIi.v1. 5. Nogelerngea llpoqrnv otyK^ronn oLpd oc l0on:

Elvor. ou= -P-- t o v u 6 N xoL ou+1=
E l v q L q K 6 ! q ( 6 0 K p L r i l p t o )l i n
,iv+l

>

-:-,

( v +1) :

o.

gv+1

'Aoq

n o L p do u v K l l v e L . 6.

rvnlT -9v v-a

=lim ._:._r < 1 =0

q uelrnoI. nq rlpocrnv oivKlron n oerpd

A0on:
ur+l ^ 'Apq v v+l ii2 v v+l

2-- \v-di VroKdervN =1* v-,iN ' 1'

0q eeopudoouue 50 KcLripLo. Eivot qv= --Y- > 0 ro

.--. (v+lij v(v+z] v',2y+1 vt+z\ v2+2v v'L/v
11

7-lfi

n o e L p do n c l p i c e r o L e : L K d . 7. ilo !lr40[ oe llpoc rnv o0yKlLs4 n oLpd

SV

Atort:
0q Kdvouue qqpuoyti rou 9ou xprrnptou. E l v o r o u =- - , : - - - > 0 y L q x d e ev N . (3v+1)"

l v = r ( 3 v +) " (ouorKd oo/vtKne)

47 ' E X o u t r I m V O = l I KA{,ver.

in

=l'im
(3v+l ' )

-,,1=i= '' |'

{

'Apo n orpdouvl*ouv21vx;

8. llo us^rno[ {,Jq llpoq rnv o0vKAron oerpd n

A0on:
'Exouut: V L q K d e ev N .
l l n v q =l l n
IoXiJL 6TL;

(noturxve(o nqrp6v)
1-".2 / .,. t = --:-"-:--\-'lY, > 0

q 0q Kdvoupe q q p u o v i u 9 0 u K p L r n p i o uE ( v q L e ro .

(: 1 + o u vv x ) =.t.r n - , 1vo, < --L- WE i v o r KqL ll rllvo =

lv-

Vl+ouv.(vXJ

1 'z- 5 =1 rn-+'-w 'z- .

Enu6n --^--= --- . lrm

1 -7"

11

'Apo n o e r p oo u v K i l v s L .

9 , ga;,folle tnv 0e194 L qv !e o! > 0 yro xe v fl. lla 6rx0e[ 6rr o! oetpC : a.,, q0yrl Lon.
\)=1

a. Trc-

avoL rnq [6rae Kaf,nyoploq rlpoq qv oc

(ouorK6 loqvvlvrdv)

A0on: 'Eon:6rl r.pd f.ou ouvKlLvu. n oe T6relimou=0. O{doo0!E v6rov qllid) c KctL -o-Y = -*---u-- =1+o., l+O=1. I[uer,tvo!e ro Otrpo + n oELoo )
v=1 ""v -

vr.rd dpo pu= Td;

u=1

.aq dtrpnq oelpdq. ELvoL > 0 vLo Kdee v N Bv

KoLrnO[o

T-:

o u v K i a v [ .A v L v o r l i m o v l o r 6 r e n o e u O o f o u 6 e v
o " a v:-l

ouvKI[vEL. T6re dpoqiinr a-'- l0

veL.

dpq odr n orpd

, v,' ^.

I_ 1;i-

ouvr.li-

10. lb 6e!x0e[oTt tinr -Lv# =0 vn0on: ooPoi,u ot r,po rnv

EL v q ! l i n 6 =lim

([ognuor!K6 Kprirnc)
> !e q,= l-v-;-l-: o vLo Kdov N. (1).

Y/ (v:t"

4B

ouJpoiu rnv ocrod Kor

v=.1 v.

--u-.. u e B v =- I ;
=

> o vLqKde N v ,uo rptrrlpuo).

B."
D rIrrT_--i1-

-l-

l1+ --'- I' v./ \

',

A p q4 o r L p o 2 - 9 . , o u v K i i v 1 . : n o u 6 v 0 r em B = 0 . H ( l ) 6 i v s L Ii l i m v o v = l i r n- " - ' - -= l i m B r = 0 ' e l j r n q= 0 .

(90 KpLrnpLo) oeLOd n :,qv ouvKilvL

v=1

'11. q uelern0an orpd

^toq:

r=I

-t.---,
1+2" '

{dcrpoq rnv o0vxllon.

1 o n o o u u rn v o e L P o L

2;. i

= o"-'--!. . 1,,-....,"--r ; \ i / - -l_ u. --r'

.=,

u t o r n v o n o i oc x o u u e , /1\r'

Apq

F -!- .2. riuor- o . -1 rv-l

-,.-:_a

.'-l-- u,oioee e t. u

'Apo n oLpo

( o u y K t r l v L1 0 K p r r i l p L o ) .

12. tlqpelerqol *.ou n

A0o1: oupoiurrlvocrp6 F c
'loXUL 6TL 0< ' .'-

-f.
.1

.'-i
E , : u ov v o o r d r r , 6
yLoKbe v\.

. 1 ., . - ,

s : -"-\---1

'Apq n oerpd

,i,

2 . ] . - 1 " r r o r , e r oo e r r x d 1 0 K p r r i p r o ) . ( o r -"--.f * npoqrnv o0yKllon. (ouorxd oo,/vaKnc)

-]r, {no, oou qpgovLKi6ur6poq rdteoq

13. Noulxn6e1 orrot i n Airqn:

Oupolp rnv oeupo f

ouvK,\tver).Exouue ov=e},lf ' O, 8,,= ,l; ' 0 Kqr I in nu- - v 3 + v 2 Zir;t

= . -1 , , i O . ' A p q o 0 u q o v qe r o 6 r l , x p o p l r i p L o n 6 o o ! 6 v no e l p d r ! 6Xe[

49

rnv [6rq ouunpreopd rn otrpd ue t 4 . o uIrl|oel a oerftd I lloon:

Oopo0u o"upd I rnv
tl

f,

-{,u-onn"un ouvKltvt ' ,

rnv /-.1 * nooa oovxAton'

nou dnr,.rs elvql vvoor6ofieLpl<rqL e-

-l-

ruxd. E[vcr. ou=zhT t 0, Bu= l-

= > 0 Kor ]in -EuY -? t o. =- -. "lv=I

xortipuoetvcu ; >0!et !s ro 60rpo vo

15. o sItrr1to..oO i nu -{- . n

Mon: oet,po0ue oLpd : rnv o u = q- 1 - , o g
9.,
I

l - - n o uq n e u p l ( e r qe T r K 6 . E x o u u e : v-

6 r 6 r u 0 . -*1

. -{-

1 vuo xdoev e N, 9'= -u-- t o

xor,I in

l-'--

=l imvnu --v--=lim -T-l--

-+nu =1 >
-t-

o. r0prpt ue ro vq

K p l r n p o n o E L p o L \ u -{L v=1

oner.oi.(ercr.rr.xd. oe --'"-v

16. llq utrrntl q oerod )

luon:
E t v o r o . , =_ " ; > 0 , y t o x d o ev N , K o r
-. 1 / . _| \ . -. l i m _ _ : - .= t i m_ z _ \1+ v.l o.,+t
= -*'' ,.

o E n o p 6 v to t p r r r r vp s r o 6 0 K p L r i p r ,n o e L p d u v K i L v e L . c q o

f7. a uelsErBtotpdl+ 5-. n

Atqn:

-...- -i-,'--.'..

.,v Etvot, ou= --'-- t 0 v L o K d e e N , K o r v

-1"-q |fu'---l . "i =!":r]]: =!..]_Ll 1,- 1_)" = = \ (v+l)vv (v+l): v! vu

I int - - F : = t i t
o ."

{ l+ -- ) =e> 1.

r \v

ETrou 6v(,jq o0ug(,lvo ro 60 KpLripron orpdqflLot<roL errKd. ue

50 18. tlo !IrrBe[ n oerpd

( v + 1 ) . 1 vp e 0 S x < 1 .

Aion:
E i . v o to v = ( v + l ) X ' > 0 V L o K d e v N K o L V o u = X V v.+ 1 'Apo I i r v o v = li m ( X V v + 1 )i = lX l i n v v + 1 = 1 . 1 1 . n < Enoucvoc oi,lq,Jvq ro 90 KpLritpLo.n oerLpd ! ouvKIlvr, 19. tlo ulernE{. sELd n
v=1\

t (1. -j,-- )

Aoon: ..2 'r- / / r \v 1\v E t v o uo , = ( 1 - - - - . j > 0 v l o K d g N KsL vov=(1+ --v--,/ v

/ r \v = " t 1 . E n o l d v { . o0leovo!e ro 99 KpLxilimvqv=ii(1+ -;, ,rc p t o n s r P do n E L P L < E rg r r K d . or 'Aoo

20. t{a le^sEltrrt rE npoqrnv oovxlrqn4 oerpd ;

Kq[ ov ouvKJ\tvrL Bp[ dopoLoud vq ro rnq. A0on: ' Exoute 3 " 't1 KiLveL.
'Aoq

v=1 \ 2-

(+, . -t
3"

( nolurexvLKi 0eolvIrnc)

oigoovo!e ro nptlro (pLripLo KqL n oErpd > o! o u v K ) \ [ v E L , v=l . 1\ EtvoL o = J-r--+ --'--+...*.-'-- I* /-l- * --'-- +...* v \2 \3 22 2\ ,/ 32 3\/ \z / ----r----' -;- -1 | - -1--

='2'

'|

, (+)'
T -i--i (1).

21. tlq ulrnoetoc rrpoq rnv stiv(ILonn Arlo4:

ELvqL < -;.. 0
ln

,i.yro(d8e

vN

'Apo

e a- i V .

!l

iu --u-

E l v o l 6 ! r r c - Z V. e 0 i V
- j;,' < n! --:i- . Kp[rnpL0). EnL6i Z

( 2 ) . A n 6( 1 ) K s r ( 2 ) [ p o K l n r e L6 r t
-1 -ji; =+- tvoL KOr ) n! ---

={ (no{tTo

51
22. lb 6eLX0[, 6rL
I [

1.3.5.7...(2v-1)

A0on:
. E l v o ro > 0 1 . 3 . 5 . . . ( 2 v -) l KoL lim --'---- =lim -- -:---- =0. >tidauvo e r o 6 0 K p r r i p L o o e r p d u n
eopotilsrnv oerod l_o, !e ou= "v v ( 2 v + l) o v o u y K l t v e L , 1 6 r 6 u 0 ql i m o . = 0 . )

r 23. oq,lpoope rnv oErpd l-ou ue o (o.,), (ru) uE o!=ttr+q,+...+q KoloueLc

0VrqK60vNKoL +. tr=c, +2or+3o, ..+yq

rLq q-

6r! Yrcgrouu

lim --_--v-----' - =q,

O I+O2+' "-i!-

KqL

l im --v: =0,

(a R )

derxgel drl n oetpd t o., suyKl{,vr

(IogruorLK6 Kpirns)

A0on:
, E L v q L r v = ( q r + q 2 + o+ . . . + o u )+ [ ( o r + o 2 + . . . + o ! )- q r ] + . . . + [ ( q ! + o r + . . . + o v ) - ( q r + q 2 . . . + q v _ . l = o v + ( o ! - o r) + ( o v - o , ) + . . . + ( o . r - o u _ r ) = + ] = v o ! - ( o l + o 2 + . . . + c ' u _ r ) = ( v + l ) o u - ( o , + o 2 + . . . + o v _ 1 + q v ) .E n o u d v l 4

. t,=( v+1 ou-(or+o4+.. +ov ) )

I = .:-:7 -- .
6VV

T,

* u-Y ;

I' J -

--- -u---_-u_

O l + O 2 + !" + O

",= *

- 1|.:;;-:1Y
r

=
'Apo n oLpo

1.0+t.q=q.

z-ov ouvK^Lv1. r 24. ilq uslernoEl (,)qflpoc ulv oi,vxlLon

4 .,106

A0oa: o Elvou ,= -l- -t" -#

( oonu/Kdloqw('wv)

:r(-!"-

t" +)

-rn-j-, * -'.rl =(,.+ - +-...*{- )*..'.

-(rn--1,-r" j-.rn -t *....rn +)=,.*
, -rn = ('r 2 ' 3 . 4 . . . ( v + l ) = r + . 21 + I 1,7.j-.,-.-;-l] *-]*...* {,-'*) +...+ 1 -tntv+t)= v--

K o L o v : o l + o 2 + . . . + o , = r--{r-n - - j - ' -

*--|-*..'*-o1--

+lnv-tn(v+1)=

= (r- tr . + .. . -{- -'*) -r" -"-;1 v-o=v*.'Aeo ouvx.\rver. r.r oerpd

" 6 n o u r q o r c g e p dr o u E u l e r . ; i v q L \--A 5'1722I...

52 1 (Elvor 6rr 'l vvr,rr6 irn(r* -+- - -+ '. .'- - v . \ - r n v l = e

KOL

=rnIri'-Y.11ri'rn /Y-.1.\ l=rnr=or. v/ v

\ t I o q

25. lb 6rxga n oer.odf 6rr

sr=vd qu*r=6qvrc

;fr

ouyxl[,vel,

6[ou

x{e v tl, o > 0

Aoo4:

(ouo E"n')

'Exoule (dtL de[Xverqr erIqYoVLKd q! > 0 Vls Kd0t v N. E0xotrq r [ o n q e n o v o v l K d6 r L o v + 1> q ! ( 1 ) v t s K d o E N . v )

H (l) vpdoerot64' r ou< --li'::-.\6

..\li-:;=

qv oerpolle o"roo i8u u, o"=-fi > o. 'Eorr! pi . ,*ourc r"=

x.. o., .-Y = ---"-.Vvr=q
Fvr{tu_oou\J

> ou * o+ov si - qi-o.,-o> 0 = .'---'r-Y .\Ii-i-i= =qls ov < I . ',Aoo imou=.Q.4u rA'O f x.. AooI inr -: =lino =t > 0. >0u0uvo u
t
!=l

ro

60rpoKplritpron srlpd
o v=1

.-f
v'

etvor rnq tdroe Kqrnyoptqq rnv !r

oeuod l_8,,. H oerpd6pr,rq l_ 8.,,ouvxtr[ver.'Apo Kqt n oLpd -

*");

v=1

ouyrliver".

26. lb uelErnooiv npocrrtv o0yxllono! oelpeq oc o) Alon: :n!xv;

!:o

x (0,1)

B) t ln(l+xv), x(0,1)
v:o

q) tlvsl

q=nuxv>0,
!v

B = x u > O y L o K d g v N * . E i v o l o K 6 ! , o o

=tir ll,n -^-Y tu-d =t -oux'

tl oeup6 Jx" vLq x [0,1) ouvKlivl. 'Apq o0urpovo xo opl!e

qK6 KpLripLoouvKpioeoq Kqr n doouvn oLodouvKl{.vtr. g) Eivql o!=ln(l+x") > 0, B u = x "t 0 ',.- ov -,.ln(l*xv) rm .----:---iq

v L q K d 6 v N K q L
=l.

ErI[6in orpd f

-';
x-

dnroLo0uotjvo ro optqKd ouvxl(ver!s

ouYKlav1. oLpd 6rl Kp[rrlp[o ouvKploeuq rol n dooudvn (o.,,) oor0ud)v,s ov s 9 vro 0 27. oeooo0le oKoloueto ouor,xrirv ulo
@o

!=1

0:o

o'6\rqopletd q Kd8 v = 1 , 2 , 5., . . Tdr n oLpd f --{ ouyrtrtveL v=1 10. < l.

(Mognl(rrrK6 Aenv6v)

A0on:
ELvqL0sq..39+0 " .--is 10" ---.; 10"
q-q

(1).

H oerpd ) --i:: ouvv=r 10"

/o o o o_ - \ l K i L v e L . o d v l q r L i m o = l i m l - , 1 -+ - L + - : - - + , , . + n F \10 lo': 1or 10"' "

=iln,9. 1r* l- + --1--...- --1-) = 'lU

\' 10 10, lov-:./

/r\" , /r\" =1im --e. !-trJ--:- = * u ri,,.--\r[1- = *r U r / . \

10

"

-' (-,a)
/ I \

6q

'- t#)

---]-- =t (z) I

'--rD

KoL n oelpd Elou6v{dq orov q.

--Y

ouyxli,ver (KpLripro orjvroronc)

601t,t

'EXou! i 6 v ( , )r o v ( l ) K o L( 2 ) :
@o

USL-,,\-,:

v = 1 1 0"

Iq -:; =t *O sq:l )

28. llq uetrErago0v rrpoqrnv o0yKlLonoL oelp t,]c

. q,
Afsn:

3 /sv+a\" z (r";r )

p) | /zv \" L\T-v:I )

q, LIVqL llmVOu=lrm v

i[3"-4\" =r t'
\5v-+5/

pd ouvKlaveL. i B ) E a v o r1 i m \ - \ = f m

;{-:*
.)

'Apo

n o eL -

\zw-Tl

/zv\"

:I

'(.ii
'Apq

I 1 \"]-% =linL | \;--1'-- / I

n o e l o d6 v o u v K , \ i , v r .

a.

llz geleqoo0v oc npoe rlv oriy|(^loq oL oLg6c.

54
^\ \5
o\ PI \!=1
L

--"na

r -:-r v-

v.

Y' v=1 vV3v2+1 ', \3/2 7

"_ .1<1

Aton:
q.

--n-t::i;-.'t2-t;/ tv+ /

o) Eivor Iim --vll o

'Apq

-:; 5 " 37'

11 v + 1 1 v + : ;1 (v+1)"'-

5 7

n q L p do u \ l K i I v E L .

B) I jrn

ov+1

=lim

ltl!.!
(v+1)vu =11 lim (v+1)"(v+1) (rq L eerLKd. v) ''

=11lim -!vl]l_.1-"_( v+1)"*'vl

I im ---1-{1+--!
,l

= _11
e

r ,.

'Ooo n o e L p dq n e ! p [ -

)V3iv+Jlzf,T =lirn (v+1 lim -v-+-1, o

___,,1__
vtitfT

ro Kprrilpl,orou D'Alembert, 6v eooud<ErqL.Oo eeqpu6ooul] ro 'EXouu K p r n pL o o u v K p t o o q . r

'Apq

----L--- '
vvSFn
9o00urE rnv oerpo Z --!=1 v_
-1

Jv2

(1)

nou onoq tLvoL v v o s r d u v K l L v t . o

'EroL 6 u v . K q r r n q ( 1 ) n 6 o o u 6 vo r L p 6o u v K i l v 1 . n 30- th lslsrnoo0v ne npoCTev qtiyKrrron o!p6c or

", ;+
H oLpq ) 'Apq ---;

t B)

__!_

Y)

!=1 vv( v+l )

A0on: q ) E l v q Lv : t 2 u - 1 y l o K d 0 ev z 2 . 'noo --,1t-.

-12"-'

(1).

"

o u v K i L v E 6 r d r L [ v q r v o u e r p L Ke t I6vo L !/

r1-. 1

ouvKllvr. Tdre 6!{rq o0p<pr,rvo ro x p L T i O ro u v K p l o e o e n 60pe o KoL o u a v no e L p d u v K l I v 1 . o

55 B ) E ( w t v ! 2 2 ! y r . oK d e : 2 . ' n o q - L v S -1- , Ener6n Ve-

t]!erprKi o'Lod !

-J- ouvxltvet n uoorlun *o.. o"rpiouy*Mu".,,

y) EtvoL ol- = ---f--

(v;lF

\4-TCTI

ErELdin orp6

:-#

= >

qrLpi<erqL, s0pqrvo ro rplr/rpr.o ouvKpLoLE ue KoL

n o n o o o U e vo e L p 6 n e r p t < e T o L . 31. llo pIfinel oe nooq rnv oiyxllon n orpd

AUol:
51y61 6 = lL--L r 6 Kq1g.,=-].- t 6. " JV +5 v' Ei.vqL qK6po I im

2v+1 5 TvTi5 ,=z-_l

(TEI Aonvd,v)

-i

^
F.,

2v+1

=t -T.la - =ri, i. I

lvls

2 v " + v 3= -32

'

E n e L Dnt o E L p q ) l

-i-

o u y x l L v e u n e r o u( o p L o K d p L T i p r ,o u v K p i d K o

o o qO r L K q L o o o u e v n L p q u v ( l i v e r . o o

32. lh.6tx0t 6rr. 4 oerod I Arion:

ouyr<la,vEr. .'l--1 0 0 "v ' + W ) (

giuo. o = \lg1
=i im
'I

1 \"

=rir -]- Ti-

ruu

Qft-l'-/v.t =
v2*y'V

Itr0
33. q

l* Vl"
l;-

fU.

t. 'loo n oLpduvKlLvL o

or Bpsoodv npqvlmrxdq orrxeqrlpec rou x yto rlc otloi,r4 ouvxltveu.

1

n qeupd I

Airo4: 'Exou! 'lirnk =l im

..v+1

' ---

= 0 ' 1 = 0 < 1-

'Aoo o n o E r p d u y K ^ t v e lv r q ( d e e e E x [ K i r L ! / l T O UX . 34. r{q ue^rneo0v r,4 npog r4v ooyxltorl or. oELp6q

56

orL
A0on:

_.-_____v:__ 1.3.5...(2v-l)

e)i+

!=1 v2"

0q reqpu6oou! To K p L r i p L o o u D ' A l e m b e r t . r ! (v+1): 1 q ) E i ' v q rl i m - 1 1 1 = l i n 1 . 3 . 5 . . . ( Z v - 1 ) ( 2 v + l ) = l i n v + l = 'T' Tn.T o 'Apq

.5;.r2vr!__ 1_.1

n o e L o do u y K i L v 1 . 8 ) Ei v q r

1 -.-,.."+r I =tir+,1-u-*-!1--- =1in ,-l--, I ltv+tl

=*',.

'Apq o n oeLod uyKlLvrL.

u .Z ;

35. lla uelerno[ llq n@q rnv o0vrllqn A0on:

E l v o Lo

n o"rpo i -a-f
!=1 vq+l

3v-1
v +t

-1 u e o p o u u e vp o n u n r L K n L p q z - - v - t E u =-itt Tn oe u
v:l

'I

eq eqpU6oouu ooloKd KprripLo ouvKpLoeoq. ro

3v- | o 'Exoup ,l.i m - i\-lr;'f- ' - - =,1 i n 3' v uj--v 3=^ . : _ 3 r q L e n e L d in B o n e 4 r [ = I im --a-Y-Klt oerpd (6nt,Je l6qu) ouvKli'vLenErqr drL KqL n doquavn otrpd ouvKl\iVEL.
*.3_

36. ilo eErqore( (4 rpoe rnv ortyKllqn n oerpt

liot: 9q eeopudoouue oo!oK6 xort/)ouoouvror-oeoc. ro r'lv Oeotpo0ue BonenrtKi oeupd F . -v-'Y

v=1 Vv7-4v5+2v

----v-v-2-v-l!----

'
o =.--I@----

'Fr W'
vlrr o

tluqt

" fi:?t=?t

KqL

^vvvl

v;t

E r eL b i I j m . - . . - - = 1 i m

\2
,/v,

K q Ln B o n e n rK n o L L

pd

-2,

. -.-;-7-eouvKJ\(v ouvKlavLKot n doouevn r, seIpd.

57

3 7 . A v q < l, .vs 6elt0et 6rr n oelpd A0on:

E[vq[ q

ov

ouyxl('v1.

= _-q_

> u
l -F-

KqL nm --:-: =ltmo

( v + l) ' ? + v G T =limc (l+ -l

/ 1\2

=q < l, +

-_1__ 1 *

dpq n oLpd uvKl[v1. o

38. ib 6rxo[. I oelpd 6ru

116o4:

6rlplGra! Orrxd.

"''nll."1 lnsv i
r'v+1 <2/v. Aoo ---.i- L zfv EreLOi

ELvor

4 qLpd > !,= v=1 2Vv

I.

v=1{-v1

o n . r o c < r r o L r L K6 n e r o 6 r L K o L e L

n n d o o u e vo e [ p dm r p [ < e r q r x L K d . e 39. Av n orpd

_Vo

,1o,,

to" i 0) ouvr^lver r6rs ouvxl[vsLKqL n

oer.pO I

--rY

Aoon:

Elvor # o"+
E, olt
.

.11-

, r. J- rV
: 1 _

ouvKltveL(oov dOpouoyo ouvK^Lvouodv rr,rv oeLprirv I

--l-- 6

Tln

_],', Tr_ "..; v = l v " ' o e r p d ) . 2 . v - -V o vo u v K ^ l v l . A p q( q L n o e r p d

v=t

EnLd/r n oLp6 ,!,(:,. # ) 't

ouvrltver.Y=r ,
v=J v:t

40. Av oL o"rpcq iou

(o.. f 8,, ouyxlrvouv > o, 8.. > 0 yr.s -

(@ v N) 16rouyrllvL Kq! oelp6 n > 6T,. v=1 - " A0o4:

Ei.vqr 63-

< -|

tou*6,1.t orpd i f
v=r "

dgpo Louq r0jv ouvKlLvouqdv otptitv

f Vdj-- ouyrliver..

I o.., tB

'iir "

""-O"f 'npo O L K

suVK.\ L ivE L n O pq

oov

58
(tl o, > 0) ouyrltvel rdre xoL q 41. Av n qeLpd tav _ ouvxll.veuY=l t !6 l lL l
v+I

oeuod

A0on:
,l (l). I o x l , r 6 r L - z - -( o v + o v + t ) \ 6 - q - : . E n r 6 in o r p d : _ r i v ) _ -( o 'v * o u + r )o u v K i l v Lo o v d o p o L o l o o v o u v K l L v o u o {o}e r o d r v) o , , -'-

!r:f

o , + 1 t ' n E r o q n dr n v ( 1 ) d r l ( o L n o e r - o d f \ , 6 o . o u v ( I a v r . r
v=1 ""-

\,=1

"

42. s lrlerno(' {dC_rpoc orlyxllon n oLpt rnv -- --_l ----.t , o>o

v=t ( l+q+q.+...+o")v

A0o4:
q) Eoro q : 1 16r Lvor

_
l + q + o 2 + ' . . + q v> l + v 0 <

(rffil K6 Aenvdlv)
+

(1+o+o2+...+ov)v v(v+1). >

'Apc

( 1 + o + q z +' .. + q v ) v

v (v + 1 )

,:r E [ L o in q E L p d )

6 6 x ; n ; _ - n - o u v K I L v e(L n o qe i 6 o u e ) n e r q L , s r d o K p L -

r f l p L o u v K p L o r l c , K r L n d o o u e vo e L p d u v K l L v e L . o 6 or n o B) Eoro0 < q < I rdre eopo0ue oLpd i S., r. S,,=-lrnv \)=1 " 'Exoup(ooroKO KpLxipt-o vKplo0Jq) ou I -- -;o .:, lim -o-Y.=ltnrLrio-l{-11'io-J-v- -. =tim -----1 --.. =t-o.
Pv -]. v 1+o+o'7+'''+ov

E n e r d i l - o R * o L o e r p e q l v s l r n e C 6 r o q q r n v o p i o qE n r L o l n o L p d K . l [, o ) - - : i q n L o i . C E r qq n e L o l c r r o LK o Ln o o o p a v n L p d .

43. lq Belrnootv npoqrnv oivxlLqn oL orpec uC

q)

3*oru" Z. v-+3-v=I

^, Ft

v=l

v-nU z . o .'-",-y Z
ouvKli veL

l\io4:

o1rcuot -fJ{-'# . -*t* . --1, . I oeLoa -fz !

( e r 0 ' 6 o o vo r p d t - j 7 n K q [ n o p x L Koi L p d u v K I L v 1 . r o

o u v r l l v e r ( o p p o v l r rrld 6 n c2 ) ) . TOre 6u0q

59

^ , -,^(nu __ ( 11"-!- -/ \ . o,,=y'4p rr - ^ =to B) Etvcr. j ut-+_nq_t "- 1 0 ' 1 . 1 1 0 d p s n o e r p d vo u y K l i v E L . , 6 (ov) Ie vevrKo0q 44. t{o 6erx0[ 6rL oL oxolouo[c 6muq

'3

o) s..=-yLAio4:

" w vl

(l!. sl o.= -l
"
v+1

vu-

etvorun6vr(ee .
(Moo/x6 roovvr.vovl
L LvcrL;

o) oeopodls rnv oLpq ) i-r v=r v& vl v+2

q

'riErT-(v*i )I
Wvl

'-hr, =o 1.0.--l-- < 1.

'Apq

h vl (v*2) - v+2 1 -

,".,;;

v-+rv+T -

\F WTI

o\,=_L.l_ + 0 n orodouvxltvr, enou6voq

. ,

rE B ) e o p o 0 un v os tp6
I lmvq =ttm

Wvl
EXOUU:

r+
Xoupe
=tim

(1)

0t,tpo0u oeupd l. -i rnv

I irn

v=1 v(v+l):
_l

;-:]i+T =tirn - ( v*,r,1 -l*! p.. v;

v'
--!:v'

< 1.

Eno!6voc oelod I n

!:1

ouyxtrLveu,dpo - v : _ = 0 . ' E r o r n ( 1 ) lim

6 t v e r , . l i m h u= ui m_ + _ = 0 < I 6 n t o 6 in o e L p d -vl

-Lv-llouvxltver. o-

'.,6r rim -l!.|. =0.

v!_

45. l{q ltlgtnoet oq npos rnv o0yKlLonI orlpd A0o4:

.v.v : E ( v o Lo . , =- . | - . - . i g> O
5+b

4v+5v $ ---:--: zv=1 5'.6"

vlqK6e v N KsL

60
q.

,v+1 -v+f

""'

-o-

5v+6u 4v+5'

(-t)" .'
en

0+5 u+|

0+1 u+o

5 t)

1.

'Aoo oLpd uvKtrLver. o n

-,;-

l,)e 46. NquArnot noocrnv o0yKlLon oelpd ) 4 ! n

A6on:
I1

EL v q LI i n

-L--

= 1 . ' A o q v r o K d 0 es > 0 e n o ! 6 v o q q Lv L q K

e= -|ln

undoxeu euotx6qvo reroLoqflou v l o K d e ev N , v Z v o v o L v o l -

lnr-u-

|.+

.I-* -*"
v +v = -+ . L I -*r
"=1

n - , , _lI rrrr
TI -v_

-f-. --1 u-- tn

Eneubin oerpd :
v:1

." -n

nu-{-' --ft- -# .nu*geruxdmelpi(etoL ffieLplcerqL

o o e r l r d x q Ln S o o u g v n t p 6 .

47. Nqulqol oq rpoc rnv q0yxlLon ortot I

A 0 o 4 : E i v o uo u =- - v l r t 0 v t q K d g v N . F x o u ! :

v=1 v:v"

--"-1',,n t o.

ti,

oy.*-l =rr,n.'i-,Ilt.ou
vv(v+l)^ \

(v*l )l(vr1)' /

=1' (-u*!"lt'1L)-, . + . ,1y^ v"

vu vl(v+l){v+1)^

-rim(r..l, > =ri' J-:+11-1.-Y^ v )" ri'(,,|r)^ -e.r=e r.

r I p L< e r q Le [ L K d . L 48. lb pelernee[ 0E II@q lrlv o0YKtrLon oerpd n / n1

oAoq oLp6 n

ue f -fu nu'uo
( E.l'1. ) n.
n!'q=

oi0, ii-i
Aoon:

v ftvor q! > 0 vLq Kde N Kor = - 3--- ' r1t)'o '

"'f;

-17; nu'o= 2 " !----

-fn nv'o=znv'o.

vnt

q) Av 2n!?q <1.4nU2q<

-i .- o. o.-|

n oLpd ouYKlt:vet

ol

q 8 ) A v 2 n p ' z> | l v ) A v 2 n u ' q =*

) __:__

--ll- <o<-i4.

n o r p dm r p i < r o lg r L K d .

i n U z o- 2 - - I o t e n oLpdVpdQsroL =
flou ouvK^tvL ( o p u o v r . K it L p d r d { e o q 2 ) . o

,,lr

u'

--:i = ) --: 2" v=I v'

49. ttq lerraoet r.6 rpoc rnv otvdlon n o..oa

Arlon: ElvoL z r lf

!=1\ 2v+3

i ( !1!-)""u /

)'"u
l . ' A p on o s r p do u v K l l v l .

\-T'

50. t{o lelctneel 0c ttgoqtnv ooyKlLon oslpd n

22221 | 2r0 3ro 2n 410

A0on: ,\) EtvqL ov= f;

'Apo

g*ourt

1"_'_i__L._u-'_12 = o,.,
(v*l)to

L n o L p dq n r p l C r q e e r L K d .

(,'-#)"
.,2

2 > 1.

5 1 . t { oulTnooivoq npoq t4v oiyrllo4 oL oeLpac:

o)t
Aoqn:

t 4.2r 3

B) )- -;
v=I

1r*--l--'\"
I

2-

qJ urrpouut oe[po z Tnv

v=I o-v : llm -----llm -lv 'l

EXouu:
1 4

=l]m

. ^ \ r - J4.t

Enr6ll orrpd I, n

-l:-

ouvxliveL,ouvKilvLKo[ n 6osu6vn ! p d . o

"r(r'

rqr B) Exourrou'0 q=*

'Apq L n o L o qo n L p i C r q6 r L x 6 .

(t.+)"-+"'

't.

52. ih uelerrtootv rnv Boioelarou toou Kotrto.ou(.Errpoc rnv !e oL o0yxtrLon oLg6c:

62

a)

v=2 ( lnv)"

Z,

---'--.1

r1*-v-1
. t. A o on o [ p d q u v K i i v r - ,
l, 'Apq n oe[pd

Atron:
o ) E t v q rl i n s u pr ' i f n u t - ' = f i r 11.=0

.tir ::1?r' = limsup , 0) trlvor V a-J-'. *. .

ouvKA veL. L 53. lb lelrnol oq flooq rtv qtiyKllon n oelg6

\-v+t-\6 _-::----_

A0on:

(E.x. ) n.
1-

-6 -. V O L r'GT LL
,_t

l4rl -W = -----r---r ---1-, r !t W(r'wT+W) 2{ivi;T lr - " - >

14v

m L p i < e r o L E r L Ko d u e d

QOVO TO KplripLo ouvKpiooq U KqL n 6ooplivn oerpdsnLpi<rqI exLK6.

54. llo oerxeel6rL: q) H (6rqdrxt) oLpq i

tnq9) n6vrq ouvKll,vL. B) Av l6re =A I ..-^-j a *, v=0 10" v.o 10"

opr0poi m6 , (x,, qx6muor

qplepoa ulxo6repor rou 9) (Xv cK6poLoL v = | , 2 , . . K o Lx o = [ l ] ( 6 n o u [ ] = a x 6 p o r o

xv=novll-lOtlov-ll1,

. spoc) Aton:
--.:=X-+ L o ) EL v q L L KqL0 s xv< .,,- , 6nou xo=sKtPoloq v - o 1 0 " I v = r ,r--Y'. n 6e oeupd I --e- =g I U , X v q x 6p o r o . I o x ! [ ,
?\.,

10!

o u v KL v e u I

10"

v=r 10"

u=r 10"
-;'l
1\

L v o L o = -l- *.-1-, *.-1- *,,,* -J-v ru rcz 103 lov

' Aoq ( KplrnproouvxptoeoqxqL n orrpo j )

10

(/01"-, -:l;-rf'

lu
10"

o u V K l L v e [E r l o u , 6voq

K q Ln 6 o o u e vo e L p q u v K l I v ! . n o

i9
o
-tr N4 ^

t':
n "n

-l

.''M

"

5'
rl

f;r2,.

otx <i< nMi

. rt olx

iv" olxo'
<1 E

i r.z"
oix <1.

-i

iN/n

iM8
r !

=
iiN48

:
>i-a

nN.4^
rl

:Eo

i, r.a"
,t) cf

ti 5 x"t ^
l!r; ^ 9

o5
d -q o_ ox

li
I' h :

;6
-l

^N4 8

-lo.li
j1

lv

tv l ^ M ^

i r..,t ^

nN4 8

lv

>uufilnpouqrLKd KpLripLq ouvKlloeoqoLpriv

q : 1 : ( o r i r p nru o P r i n g s h e i m A v n o K o l o u e a( o . . ) L v o L L o a o l ou u ). v o u o q K o i o u e L o r L ( d jo p L e u ux v r 4 o e u p d ! o o 0 v ro o u v KL v r Lr d l r e I i m {v o v ) = 0 .

nqpdoervps. derxel6ru n oerpd i No AUon:

'Eoro

--l-r
uI+ .:

6vouvKlive!.

v=1

11 elpdouyKALveL. oKolouelq "= -. o o H

v" g e L v o u o o K o l o u e ( '0 e r r K d vd p o v , e n o u e v on p e f l L i m ( v o u ) = 0 ( 1 ) q q q 1 !Lq E t v q Ll i m ( v o ) = l i m v . - L . - . = ' l i r n v , . , . . . l i m - ] - , - = 1 l r J . = - - ] - = r l o u v v 11 -|vv'/ vil :f v y v vA p o ' n o u o v r i , r e l r o uo T n v ( 1 ) . n o L p d6 v o u v K l i v 1 .

1 '-ii -

v N ELvqL

2 z ' oe0poiru oeLod 2 - o! u e o1 r -> 0 V t o K d e e v N . rnv

.._.

I r m {v - o v J : A , r 0 r : ,, \i ) n z o \ , o u v K ^ l v Lq v p > l K q L i R

ii) H :qv

6 v o u v K l t v e Lq v p s 1 K s r I R * i l = + 6

lbp66!ytro. No EErqor[oq npoc rnv oUvK]\Lon oeLp6 n

1nv

Aton:
'Elvol ou= l-a'- > 0 vtq KdOtv N*, KqL \.[+ 1
/ r /r '1h,, \

' 1i n r ( v - '" o u ) = li m (v - ' , * ') v!+1

='', (-"+)"
3

I im I nv=-.

El]ouev{,}q oeup66ev ouvKiLv1. n 6oou6vn rou 2 rou > : (Kprripro Ouvduov qoteuo0 lt xottftotoouulluKvdoljc qK (o 0 C i u c t r y )A v n o K o i o u e L c u ) e l v o t { p 0 [ v o u o q o ^ o u e L q r r K 6 v 6 . e s ^v-1 /. -^v \ ., o ! r v ,r 0 r o L o L p e q z q , , K o L L z ' - o . . " l n Lz'o., louvKAL
v=t " \,=1 Z'-'r v=f 2"/

vouv* i mLpa<ovrol orLKd ouvxp6voq

* A u r d 6 e ! o r p c i v e u < i r uo u y n l f v o u v n p o s r o v ( 6 L o o p L g u d .

65 1

6ru n oeup6 nood6slwo-Nq6eux0e. ii,qn:

;rin;tt

' v z 2 ouvKl[vr
ivor.oe(-

ou=-ni';;7. E L v q Lq ! > O vv N, v > 2. H qKolou0lo

rnv 6oov. e{,roouue oeLp6 ; 2vq^,,= vouoo oKoloueLq ertKdlv \-.v--(1n2')' .=1rn2) .z,ae ! 2'"-u'{rnzl'- p. ," s -ru"-u'"u=26n6j i r=2
R LT!ON

-z-

,v+1

.-( c--1-J:a-- :2e-ce-zvc-'' 0

v+1)

2c

n oLp6 I Bu ouvxlL-

veL.

'Apq

roL n oLp6 :

o! ouvKli.veL.

nopaElipnon To nponyoJter.ro rpurripco r E r r i v e r c L r a L r r s E g d s : ' A v 1:

n axolou-$ia (or) ei.ru gsilouoo drolougda $6rLxo5!dpurv, rdr ou oELpds

a., xar

r"crv,

l=2,3,...

e i r . s u r n s r i 6 u c sr a r n y o p d a s . E n d o n s v

r n s i 6 L a s r o r n t o p i c s e r j v c ux . r u o . o e u p d s z c v l d L Z r q . u , ,
v:I

< i n o uI r , r " ] e i w u r o c n d p c r - o d p o s r o , r , , r " , v = 2 , 3 . . . " ! !ds !yalJrpos rou 1-

v:-t tl, J ( l l n p c y t r c r Lx d s d p L $ -

tlqpcdipryn 2: ou oeupds
v:4

s
v(fn! ) P

vtnvltn(tnv) ]P

vrnv[1n(tnv)][rn(rn(fnv) )]P rdguis 2,3, ro.L 4 cvrldrolxar', A v p > 1 o ! o L p 6 S l y r t r ( l o u v . A v p S 1 o u o e u p d so n e u p J e o v r c r . r o

ovoudqovrcu "dLpds ro\, Benttand*

g 9 . r r x c i . 0 u o x u p u o y d o , r r d s 6 e L i x v e r o u . r n v B o d $ u d n s r E x t d o E 0 rrso u r

> 4 : A v o ! > 0 V r q K d e v N K o L

I ou=l , ( t R ) 1 6 r e [ -

vqL rqu I

q1.--2q,--1q,ji-'-'_._v-q,_ = [.
1.

nopddE rygq. Nq 6LXg 6rL i Alrq:

ElvqI

t \r=1

l '' T'

* -*-*.'

.* -l-

12 b

'. +. +.....-l-vz-+f -------=

* J . B e r t r a n d ( 1 8 2 2 - 1 9 0 0 ) :I d t , \ o s t 4 a g n u a r L x d s .

66
.l
-\'

1.
12 22
l_

v( v+1 )

= t --------------"v ( v + l)

6 lOr+2o2+3O3+...+vq

-l,z pe ou= .

ErI[6il

L,

--vi = - r . 2 , npoKurrr[ md ro [ponvoiuvo 5-

K p L T i t p rd r L n 6oq!6vn orp6 eX o L

deporouo
oLpo z

.
q qnelp!(rroL ee!

>s: Av ov > 0yLqKdBvNKqrn

@q

r l x d , r d r e 4 oerod I
!=t

---Y (o t 2 ) o u v x l I v e u .
o;

nop66etyuo. No ouxerl n oerpd -F drl ,i: r n-qi-_..;fy v ouvKllv . L

Arrol: "=t, o O e o p o 0 ! v q K o l o u e l ( o r ) u e o u =- # rn -{- =* . 'Aps n oLpd
zv=l
\ ' l l s --; l

v/

t O . l o x , j r u6 - r ;
1

'

-rt = z' -T "v v=l '

ouvKIf,vEL. >6:

I l+ -jz \

+ --l--+...+ -'--lJ vJ

(KpLtilpLo rou lovqp('opou rou Catalan*)

l R, 16r: o) Avl > 1, n orpd uvxlLvel o 9 ) A v 0 t l < 1 , n o L p d r t L p l ( r c Ls r l K d o B = 1, 6ev urlopo0le qno{pqvoo0!. v) Av I vq

Av vLq rnv oer-06 I,ou roxi,L > 0 v v N KqL lim ---nF ov

tn-L
+

nqp66e[y!q: uelrrnos( 0c npoc r n v o i , v K l r o n o c r o d ) r o u u e Nq q u = v _ ' *, o > o . (MognuorLKd Aonvd,v) Atoni 0q Kdvoul.r qqpuoyirou Kplrnplou tou Cataldn. E L v o tu ! > 0 ylq KdevNKqr

--!--' r I i m { n - l - ; l n v)=rtr/rn l
. '.,1- o ' . '

=lim r'(-tttL--}nrt-ru) ( -l n q )= - l n q = "v)=r

* Eug6ne Catafan ( 1814-189q) | B d l ' y o sM . r S n ! a r L r d s .

.67
t q ) . E o r o n - ; - - , r - + .I1 ._ _ ^ _ _ l n e r > n - - = _> e 1 e

16Ts

o L n o L p d u v K lv E r .
B) .* 1V) . qs I

'Eoro 0: rn -{-' < 1 .- ln1 : tn -l-- < lne.. rdr n oerodqnerpl<ersL BrLKd.

-cl

'Eoxr! =f .- q= J-- . Eneudi xprrrlpuo ln { ro 6ev 6 [ v e l o u p n e pqqpq ovsTpXou! qpx!Ki oLod.EIvqL: ornv 1/e; ; vrn ; v1n1-rne-i i -1,- 4 oe'p6 quri qrt[o[' \,=1".,= v=1 v=1 v=1 ""-.= v=1
<erqL BerLKd.

r r t (K p r r r i p t o o v q p L o u r K 6 ) . A g v N K o r L o x 0 e lL n ( v t n i
\, su+t/ qu

r n v o e l p d I o . , , o , , > 0 y r , oKdrdre n qeLpd uvKlivL v.\ >1 o o

KoI qlreLpa<rqt 0rLKd l < l . cv

lbpd6Lytq:

No !irngl 14 npoq r4v o0yrllo4 n o e r p d I v .

v=1

Aton: 'EXouue or=v,

u e qv > 0 v L o K d e e v
-v_'

N. Eivqr i

I im{vl n --v-. =1iml n {. - L l = l ' i ml n { - - - ' - r ,} = l i n 1 n }

r;--1-1'=

-/ ----r--l\r "' :-. + ---, r rm\r J

,t

= l n 1 l n e = o - l < 1 . ' A p o n oroqqnerpl<rqt

g e rL K d . >B: Av qv > 0,8

>O vLq K6O N rqL .-v-'-l < v vo

o.

-l-+-l

rnrF.

o ) A v n oecpd l_gu ouyK,\Lvrr. rol 4 oelpd ! q., ouvKilr6re

vL
v:.t

B ) A v n o r l o d i o , 6 vo u v K l l v rrd r K o L o " r o c j r g u o r u n o u v K l l v[ .
nopd6Lyuq. 0opoljpe rnv oLo6 L
KlltsLl
--1V.

N qd r x e r l6 r L 6 e vo u v {E-M.n.)

ftion:
E L V q L p = ___r_ > u.

Eor0J

1 -1,-' '

E i v o r .o v = - u. t

0.

68

B ' Exoul.re: ;-'-'.

/ 1 \'+l

(vr1) e -atif)i u + 1----u - 1

1=. )"ru*t
v 1 v+J
)'

-'(t*
)"

l1+ '' 1 - ''--_e ---_- (,. o.B

A'

q"

,(t-

6niodi

H o L p o

sl

6v ouvKlIvtL.

'

Apo KoL n o r L o o ) . B 6 e v ou v K I L v 1 .

> o : ( K o L r n p r o i n i - K u n m e r * )q ) H o r o q ) o . D :

q >u

v Lo (dge KoL

q ( v N o u V K I L v o v u ] ] o p X E L q q K o ^ o u o Ler LKdv dpr,rv B ) L ul uLq oroepdK > 0 reroLq 60r:

B-8v + " 1.-t'l ' v t \ u! ,,

B) H oeupo i

K VLq

KdevN o n oL < r o S E r L K d v u L L o
-l

o . , , o . ' o y L q K d e eV N

ldoxL oKolouglooeturtiv 6puv (B ) reToLoooTEn oLoo z q n E oL < xL e t r r K d K o L L o KdovN

-?
-v

vq

u=1

nqpobLYto. 6txe[ 6rt 4 oeroo t No

TLKd.

-'-'-1+'-'-'-Y rp L(erou 0eone

Aton: (8 o e o p o u r n v o K o l o u e [ o . . )! 8 . , = v H o e u o d I pe .
v=1

t_ 9;

-:: o'

( n eL o < r o I e T L K d '.E X o u u : ^
'1-.-2 . .3 t.1 - ' - 7. , .

' (v+1 )
"

l 8v. . - 8+ r \, , {- - : 3 - ) = v - ( v + l )- -t-. . .-Jo l * l : - j - . . u -= v - ( v + 1 ) ' 1 = -< 0 . .. u . . v /

tl_-,-

'Apo

q oL n n o o o u C vo E L o q n E L p L < Te r r K d .

: " ^ ( K p L r i o L o * *R a a b e )

0 o p o [ ur n v o r L p d ) q u t q e

>0

* U , D i n i ( 1 8 1 1 5 - 1 9 1 8 ) : q ) 6 s M o g n u c t u ) 1 d [ .. K u n e r ( 1 8 1 0 - 1 8 9 3 ) : f p ! q v 6 s Ir s Mo0nlqrLx6s. ** To rpur{puo aut6 eqcpldaerau ouvi$urs 6rav 6ev laopor!!e vc eqdpldoouue to xpltrlpuorou DrAlenbert 6nlo6d dra! lim av+l/sv=l.

69

v v N . Y n o e 6 r o u u r l i m v ( l - ; l l - J = r 1 6 r : 6T o ) A vt > I n o l p d u v K I [ v L o
g ) A v l , < 1 n o E L p d n e L p i . e E T8 r r K d . o qL y) Av I = 1 6ev Bvqlveu oulrlepqouq.

..

6rr nqpddLvuq. NobeLxgea n oLpd ; j:l+'-'-:'!+"--l- ouvK^Lvr. {ro'o"'\ av+zl

v:l

Ai,on: Ervouou=l*:*::1;g
/ O

>o vLoKdee N KqL v

-"-"-*1 rimv(r- " \ ) =...=ri' =4,, #n

E n o u e v ln q e r p do u v r l L v e r . r n . ) a r : ( e n e x r o or o u K p l r n p [ o uo u R a a b e )A v n osLpd r t/s.,\'l K r L K o r l 6 p o u c q r l i m l v ( ; -v,+ 1 - t , ) - l l l n v = c . Tdr: q _
L \

)qu

q) Av ,\ > 1 n oelpd ouyKllv[ o l 8 ) A v I < 1 n o e L p d n e t p t q e r oe r [ K d o v ) A v I = I 6 e vB v q [ v e [ u t n e p o o u q . nqp66Lvlo. e[rqorl oc npocrnv ouvx,\Lon oLpd No n

t -lnv

Airon:
E L v q Lq

=llLY, 0 y r . ox d O e = 2 , 3 . . . r o r v
'lnv

= rt,[ (-'.ol'--- -r) -r]rnu=r u.,) r,F"h- -u-r]rnu i,Ir " --v-lT---

v1nv-1n ,_ = i m !vj]l-l n v.i+v1jJ(!*-1-J-n r, rv*rI -rTtvil ( v + 1,')'- ."r [ i v= ] f =tim '"" +l-?"]ij." tnv]r ti' [-,ur,, t"i.,$r ]= [-{v+r)

=ri'" # {5-,', ]=-r.r=-r .r [-

i.,.lu T" *i*D=(:+)=]Tx++o \'- -, \ ***+1

' A p o o L p d . . m r p ( < r o f r L K ( E I v o lt i m d n rn*lfl

=l otorl

*='r.
1 0<0<1).

S e o j p n u on s u d o n s r u l r i s d x o u u ed t u 1 n ( ! + 1 ) - ] n v : r

70 ( > 1 2 : ( K p t r i p L o * o u G a u s s * * ) '.E o r r J q ! ) u [ s o K o l o u e l o r r L K d v q r q 'Eoro pL8!6v. qpovutvn 6ru undpxeu npovuorLK6q opleu6cK Kqr llo (v., oKoloug[o ) rlure: o-v lo v-v = t - - ! ' -' 1
IOIE:

- . - . ) - -v , o K d o N . v

I) AvK>lnoeLpd

\.,=1

lo,, - ouyxllvel.

II) Av K s 1 n otpd fo,

oner.pi.(etot rr-rd. ee

lbp66eLyuo. ulTnef No xnv o(,vKIron oeLod oq.Ilpoq n 1 ( l 1 1 , . + t o ( o + ) ( q + 2 ) . ' .( o + v - ) l t 9 ( B +) i B + 2 ) . . . B + v -) l !=1 v'.y(y+1)(y+2)..'(y+v-1) qpLelo[ ( n oerpd ouri ovoud<rol dllouq,8,v BerrKoL oerunEpveoterpLKi p 6 ).

Aoon:
eo s{0qp!6oouu KorrnpLo Gauss.'Eoro o! o yvLxdc To xou dpoc Tnq ' orLpdqqurftc. Exoutl:

"-:--l= $:ytjgyl =vto+B-v+ J-o:fllp---v-)= |+v, o,

I t v+vJ v+v

= ;;1 (v*t)-(t*v-"-ptf"rij-|iv-il l i
o = t ,i.-i t

/^-.1/A-.\

'l

fLo vo orl^onoLioouUe urroIoVLoUo0C noi.pvouue: xouq I r^-.,rrq-_vj_ t ---'t--'!.. - l=,- _l_lf-_q _ (S:V_[S:U n(-v+T-]7 iv-(l+v-o-B)+ l-'";iu-tn =1- (-1-*1.-.q-!-),.t-g;!..-9+-l - ="a =t- i!t-s-Q + (-q:v)(!-r)v ^"r -' ---t----''-v'lv*v-l) o"_i o.,,_1 v v2TV-+l:T)-o,_t v2 uY '-'v:'r+-l-!'-o-t. = .(-1--l---o---B-)- , - --v?- 6[rouvv= tv-nlrA-v)v qKolouolq qosYutvn. =,d"_,

!:v-)-v. .1- .11 -,- (.1+v-q-8.)(-v:o-f (v+V-l)

v

* To rputrlpr,o outd eqopldfetcu dtcrv cttotulltiveu n eqcploytl tou xputnpriou rou Raabe** i(arl causs (1?7?-1855)I Ardorlpogf eppav65 l.ragnuarux6s-OnoL)r6s.

7A
> 1 2 : ( K p L r i p L o * o u G a u s s * *.) ' E o r { , ( o v ) u r q q K o i o ! e L o r r L K d v q r p L e u b v . E o r r !6 r r u n d p x L p o v l q r L K 6 q p L e u d q K q Ll L q qpqyUavn n K q K o l o u e i . ov r ) r i o r e : (
o v - d + f =,t -

_L, - - - Y - - u r o K d e N , v

T6re: I ) A v K > 1 n o Lpd

LA

ouvKILveL. o r l e o l< T o e E T L K d . L L

II) Av K s 1 n oerod ).4

Ibp66Erypq. No ueiernei (,jq.npoq rnv oiVKILon n oLoq ) t ) 1 , t q ( q + 1 ( o + 2 ) . . . ( q - v - 1 1t B ( F + ) ( B + 2 ) . . . ( B + v -)t l v=l v i v ( v + 1 { v + 2 . . . ( v + v -1) ) )

' f - - " / ,

d r l o uq , B , V e e r r K o I q p L e u o l( n o L p do u r / 1o v o p d ( e r o u n p v r ! ! E r p Lo e L Kri pd). Aion: 0 o e a q p u 6 o o u uo K p L T / ) p lro u G a u s s . ' E o r o q v o v E v r K 6 c p o c r n c re o d 'EXouu: oLpdq ur|,lq. o

q

-:rl
u,

(9_-_v_Up_1v.1 - !i._vlg-vl =v+orB-vr = I r-vl{v.vj Y+v

1 | t^ . .y,1 (v+l)-1t*v-o-pt.- . \ r a - . \ i";ij.liv_ir ] | 'l

T L qv q q n t r o n o L i o o u o eu f i o i o v L o u on o i p v o u u e : r! u 0q o ". ou - L =
= -

t | /4-'1t3--v-) l'v-q-B- - (-q:v-)!B:U r : l v - { t { v - o - B ) + . ; - + + ; )i l = ' u. v v (v + v _ t ) I

-o-",=,- (1-+f,-,q-B_), '-n---' - r_q:v)G_L) = ,_1'_- j_ljy;q-A) * (_q-v)(B-v)v -vliv.v-jT)- =,o.,_1 b; o. - ( v-o) =t- (_ _._v.-.0.-q1. (!-v )v -- ._1_.' v, ' -(v+y:-1 o,-L to,

='=,-

1t+y-o--B)- -- ' -

",_i

-vz- dnou rrljilf-''r-'- oxotrou0iq v,= opovlevn.

l-r--

/v-nllq-vlv

* To rpur{puo cr-rrd eQap}dfercru ritcv anotr-r11dveu eqapuoyrirou xpLrnp!n ou rou Raabe. ** Karl causs ( 177?-1855 : d r.donl.roIeplrov6 Mosrtuotux6 ) s s s. s-0r..roux6

71 1+v-o-B 1+V-o-9 o+B n o r p do u v K l ( ' v e L , 0 o+B n o e l p d o n e L p t ( e r q L e r t x 6 .

r : -r-J. ( K o t r i o L o o u Z a m e ' H o e t o d I o! u ov > 0 vrq Kdov N * )

v=l

ouyK^LveIqv u[dpxEl,optg!6q K>] rcrotoq

(l-h) ffi zr V L O K d rirore

0 e v , v o . H o e r , p d) q , u q , r . OY L o K d g ev ll* qlloKlive L drqv

(1-h;) < 1 iln

n lbpdolYuq. Nq qtqoeL 0q npoc tnv o0vK)\Lon oeLPd llio4:

-1 v i (,-,n)v \ "

'rxouue (l-ft]) ;[u 'Apq

Tnv

-"

Jn .,-[u r. =r,

n o e r p do u v r l i v e L . L A v n o e L p o I o , , o u v K l a v Kgr n oKo-

l > r L : ( K o t r i o t o r o u A b e) .

( 6 I o u 0 i . o B u ) t v o LT a r o L q 0 r B : > a ^ > a . > . . . > t l > . . . > 0 1 6 ro n oeto6 tq.,B,, ouYKllvt*

v=t

llqg66eryuo: Po 2- o.. --i;- .

Av n oetp0

LO

o u v x l i v e r 1 6 r o u v x l t v LK q Ln o L -

AUqn:
H oto6

d H q ) q , , o u v K j \ i , v 1 . o K o l o u e L( B u )u e 8 u = J - - e L v q u n o e

rivqL vvoord eeivouoq KqLgpqYucvn. 'Apq n oLod ) q.. .;- ouvKltv1.

To ripLrrioLo rou Abef xsL epo'yudvn

( n d x o t r o u g d oB v ) v c r . i v dL ! o v d r o -

72
>15: (Kp rh0 o rou Dirichlet'). L L
oLrpoiuEnv ocroo T

q v q K o I o u e L ( o v ) r 0 J V p L K d v e p o l o u q T ( , r n e o e L p d q L v q L e p q v U C v n , o u ( 6 n l q 6 ho v o v . o r + 0 r . " ' + o v l - l ' 4V r o v - 1 . 2 . 3 . . . . ) r o l n q K o ^ o u -

K e ouv e L o ( B v) L v q Lu n b e v L K i q L e t v o u or d r n o r p d t a q ,Bu (ILveL,

s, ,,!-1 L\-tt -I ; t ,

{rq Ibp66rVuq: No ETooreL npoqtnv ouvK^Lon oeLpd I

A[on:

(9u) ue 8.,= Jt H oKoioueLq

eivoL tgOivouoo --1- rou

0, H oKo-

I o u e t q ( o v ) u e q v=1 -1 + 1 - 1 + . +.( -1 ) ' - 1 e L u o , - p q v u a v n , 6 L d r o < l . . a L 'Apq v Kpt o n o o[uql,Jvo r o n p o n v o i J u e v o t l l p L n b o o u d vo s L p d u V K l t L . u > 1 6 : ( K p L d l p L o ^ o K , \ n p d J u q r o q )o p o 0 ur n v o L p o ! q u u g e r L o . e .Fr K o t q 6 p o u q L q . r n v o n o i q e l v q L q ! > o ! + 1 V L q K d e v . 00pouv KoL eeLvouoq f u K o Lr n v o u v d p r n o n{ X ) f l o u l v o L e t t K n , o u v e x n q v r v V L o x > v o K q Lr b r o L q6 o r e f ( v ) = o v y L o K d o E > v 0 . A L q KIp o u u e L q
nepLIIrdloe Lq:

o ) H 2 - o v o u v K , \ L v e L o u y K l L v L o i f ( x ) a x = 1 ir n l i ' (x )d X ov T .
u+@-

It

( o u v i t O tnc L p v o u u e= 1 . io vr ) g ) H q e L p d e vo u v K l L v q v 6 vo u v K l l v Lo o ^ o K ^ n o o u q . t L 6
llop66erylra: No eroqrei. npoe rnv odvrtrlon n oerpd oq

,l ;1'

Itior;: f E i , v o l ( o v ) e o i v o u o q K q L o ! > 0 y L o K d o ev N . H ouvdprnon( x ) =

l =.--

e i v o t e e r r < no u v c x n (K o Lo B i v o u o o I. L v o L q K Oo !

f(v)=.ir

KqL

| | f-( x ) d r = i . -r" - . d x -- . lin i tt t;

'Apo

i"r .. I i.-- dx- lln '!+.

I ,

,\

l ' '= | Jt

I im

.') ( -J,

=1.

I o !p d o u v K l i v 1 .

* Peter Dirichlet

(1805-1859): Ieptav6s Md$!lor!xds.

73

AoKlioe ilugdvec Le

l. llq Eeroortrlq npoc rnv otv(lron n o"rpC i Arlon: q.,= ELvqL ' ---]-^vl n"v

-- -1---

u:-: vlnpv

, p >L

go teo0tr6oouu KpLr/lpLo 6uvduorv op[euoLi rou ro

rou 2 ( i xo KpLuiproouuruKvdoeoc Cauchy*). q ( errL Kdrv prlv 0opod!e 6 . H q K o l o u e l o o ) E i v o Lo g i v o u o o K o l o u e i o

I4V oLPo Lza,= u=1 )"

:^"

Lz t't

:^,

1 : - = - - - ; - = - L - ' ^r - t ------) 2"1n"2" u=t 1n"2" !=1 v"l n"2

) .--. !=1 v-

= _t-_ s 1 -- -; z,
lnP2 1 I nP2
.,1

L n e L o nn o e L o q

o u V KL v e K q L n l L

oeLpd

)_

: ^ . o u v r i i v e u , d o o K o Ln b o o u d v o e L p d u v K ^ L v t . n o

2. lb uelerngo0vr.rcllpoq rnv otyKlLonor oLpeq:

q, L -----

^ pt.

v=r 4v'-5 Y) ) ------'---v = t ( v ' + 2 )" ' "

v=1

-;:-:-

v2v'+l

V_+ZV+J

A0ot:
. o l L L v o L l r m ( v _ q v = t i n ( v , - - - v - . -) = )
\ 4vr-5 '/

l 1.

o E n L 6 i = 2> 1

KoL

I= --i-- R

o0ur0r,rvo r o K p r r i p L o t 2 o E i l b o 6 4 n o r p d o u v K i L v 1 . l]e
\

g ) E i v q u I i m ( v t q )=rim /vk v
E n ! 6 ip = - |

W:t_

v 2+ 2 v + 3

\=ri' -{r /

=,l7=x.

v 2. Z v - 3

. t *or l= e n a oeLpd rnoKllveL*. c L ( v ' * 2) ' / I

z .. I stu v2 I " t+ v ) E i v o u I i m ( v ' qv ) = l i m I v " ' - - - - : - . - , = . | = l o = I . F n L O i I = + 6 , o

o=-j*.1norpd

q n o K t r L v K p r r 4 p L o: (L

oeii60

64).

3. lh EeroorE[.oc npoc rnv orlvxfuon o"rot n

* tl i6o 64,

ul2 v'ln2v

-1

74

Itoon:
(cu) ue ou= H oKolouelq u-|l-,1 txl v o u o oO o p o l pr v o u v d p r n o nX ) = . n f( errKouq 6pouqKqLivol eeL-

E l v o l f ( v ) = q v .H f X;Ti /(1,{o). t l v o L e r r K fo u v e l l qx o l e e I v o u o q'.E X o u u

o*=ri' u=inx)= ftff = lim J. ii-".O v * i | ;f-,{r' = (seroupe . L-*

i

= ri, I- -.r-l'= r'./J-.1In? t t Jr,-,J+\

\ 'lrrtr,=

'Aporl oeLpd ouvxtrLvL ' l-; '

4- lh Eelcrt ||q rpo< rnv oovrlrcn 4 oerod g [r .1.2...1tv_zl 2 1 A0on:

o- , =- ' : " _ 1 _ ' J J I - A _ . , o . l I [3.6.9 ...(3v) I
f, ^ ,^ ^, t2

?=rlile.g-]--ra"r I
yuoKdg N v Kqr

eq eqqp!6ooule Kp[rnpto rou Raabe ro

ElvoL:

' l i r u J , - - o : ! 1 =rr'I|" o,

'Apo n o r p do u v x t r L v e l :

_;_, , [r_(i#) ]=

rt"'tt2t

5. Io sEr6tl, rf rroc rlv o0yxllon I os[pd

f J r.r.s...1zv_rt )2 :=,174:;-:::'1;; J
(Mo0ryos116 9-7**, /l[qn: , , L,v o L^ v_ | [ 1 . 3 . 5 , . , ( 2 v - t-)- )1 ,> 0 ' T o K p l r i p r o E, ^, o = | r o u R a a b e6 v ; *. _ . . j . o ,- . ( Z V )^ qqp!6<rqr 6LdTr r r =rr, ri'"[r--"r"--l ] " [r-(7;))']=, o.,

0q eqqpldooulero KpLripto rou Gauss,

t - \ ir.l -'- -vErvqLl"-rr =/ z v i z \'=r- --r--; "-, . ; ; ; f

\ J s- --4-(vu) ue vu=;-, H qxolou0lq LT-T--. n ' \ir e. n o L pq r e L o l < e r o , . r * ] l

1 + -,' - - v - , - - v ? =

vu

eivqr epovpCvn x=l. ,Apo rqu n

75

6. q uslcrnol r,rs noocrnv otv(tLon 4 oer06 ;.

ftlo4:

-fn-*

0u 6gqpp6sou! KpLripro rou oloKlnp6Uoroq. sKolouolq ro H

It o r = - u - z l-u- - - - n , r
ll

v = 3 , 4 , . . . e X re s r t K o 0 c p o u q o Lr l . v o r0 e ( v o u o q . 6 K H

ouvdprnon f(X)= nu --f- n tvqr eerrKrioro bldornlq (2,+-) KqLaotTr vouoq.

Jot

= - -r

' E x o u u I f ( X ) d x =l i n 1 1 | l - - , - nu-{- ndx= { I xI2 u--rz

| -l t i m l o u v- - - - o u v- i - | ' Il..|

ri' [o'" {

"];=

quvxltvL.

-d- fouuo-ouu ++ ]=
' t ' t

'Apo n orpd

7. lb glqosl. oq npoq rnv o$yxluonI oerpt ! yevrr6 6@

-111

ou=o Atsn:

rol -{-t

(ouorrdro4rns)

0o EeqpudooutrKoLrflolo To TouRaabe,'Exou!lq!> 0 v[q Kde N v o, \ / / ^I+ -;- +-;r...+ ---1 \ --i (1- *-'-- )=timv (t- -o--,'--L-xor limv )=timv(t-qI/u)= \ -v_r/ . _j; / r*;+ i...+ =ijrngv.06rouUe-Ol-- drov v - +- r6re X - O. 'Exor dxouus =1

-."I-lls =-rno=rn --l rimo,= (+ )=(i ) = lir,, rin ' x \+b X-,o Xio
I) nvln II) Av ln

d--

,r *

-*-r".-o. .- o t

-{-1--

o n oeLpd uvKltver. q n oLpd roKlLv1.

l-,.

{--. "

8. lb eErqorEl, nooqrnv otvxlron n oer"pd I c,= rx v=2 ' VFT rnv ( v2+41 ini(iizf

(E.r,l.n. )

nton:
0o {pop!6oouu opLqKd ro Kprrip[o ouvKpLoeoq. e0]potJue 9on0nrnv TLKito[p6.

76

W lnv . Exouu: v' i4i; I i m -r,-:' =1im

o

Tnlf+Zf-

(1)

0o rdoouu llpoq orvK^Lon BonenrlKi {!q rnv rnv oeuoO, 8.,. 0o soqp! r u d o o u u n v n p 6 r o o(n : ) r n q f i p o n V o d u e v n qo U O A , r i , ,3 r " , noO roo I i m ' =r i mvp{]-,-p =r i r voBu - -, - - . -rJ-.']r1r-'1-1 -t " " v 'r.o. 1 n r 1-,^/t 11'nv 3 / 2 - p v'l4nv / 11
A v n o p o u u . p . l i 1 6 T ry t q e =

(2)

-1 -0,0.
1.

=1fu ELvqL timvpo -iJltt-? =n,," 'F---"'"o'

Enouivoe oeLpd | 9., ouvK^av[. n

To ouurleooouq o ouvdLooud r n v ( 1 ) o 6 n v i our6 ! oro ouur6ooouo d r L K o L| l b o o u e vo e L p d u v K l L v e L . n o

9. l|o Eer@re I ee nooq r4v otyrllon n o!of*

Aton:

----:-_. i 1_o:O_r_r4_tti-,Sl_._._._r,_r .-L_ i. ,=2"1 tg| , (IqenuoTr(dA0nvdtv)

0o erroo!6oouue xolrriproTouRaabe. ,Exouu: ro

ri'v f r-l .o-'-'ll .. . _ . . -( I =r," l,- ,l ":-:41IJ=tinvv*JJ_rAL-1q:v_B_r. L (v,I ) l0

( v + r )r ' l
rv( v+1) | BI - v I q- vBJ (v+t;'6'

11r -v-(-v-'tJA--v-(-v!_--oJ_=1 ;,
( v + l) B -v(v+l)B-v(q) r r - ----Tv-*T)6-----' V B=. . ' "" ' 't

ffi=-"*
I x --:-

ovB>o

-tl-;{iE=T qvB<o

y+) = 1._5 ). ,* : ftm i:j_: :l \*/ x-+r@ "r'^rz'l *-: ln! x+6 :::; 'r0L +1 t;?;, , r donror auri.,(1. 6o9ei ro)tr_,..,opdE oav 9duo erdour!.

rivcc rim r*

77 'npq fLq
Av
L -"

vLo
^+O

q*q'r** utl -n-

> 0 n oLoo uy(Iiv1. o < 0 n o c r D d6 v o u y x l t v e t o n 6 l u r q .

"gt.1*
drAl i -B

=l e

o = 0 n o L P dV O d Q e r o L :

-B{-zg)...t-iu-ttsl
.:f

t
lBl"

f
'=r

(-rt'-]eu-t(u-r)l
v: lB "

v=r
3 =)
v=l 1Bv

"

r_rrv-] r r---/-- . = ;t-P

3r_rrr-1 L r--i;--v=t

q (L L I o L p d u r { o u V K A L v eK p L r i O r o e i -

bniz, 816rI orq n6uevo l6q ] 10) . oel

10. llq ulrnoet oq npoq .r4v o0yxluo4 1 oe46

r' r;,7ryq-.{-13-";1

( u.B)

,lton: ou L 0q eqoudo u er o K p L r i po r o u R a a b e El v o L : . 3"v: | /g . - =11lnu_a_.I40_._._:Ir_uI[-, . | -1 .nmv I imv |

to,-,

I :'*'{ v*t): . L ifrytT;;.TIv i4)

i 1-;*1

3 v + q -'] .l

i!r:3#f!-)v=rimsu! . r. ,roo o e L p ds n t r p ! < t r o L g e r L K d . ={ =rim n

11. t{q ulerlos{' rE ngoernv oivxllon I olod

r (zv*,r it"_l{iil_l;,!iii:,l_}" l' r,r

A0on: 0q qopudoouu'KplripLorou Raabe. ro ELvoL:

-t

(r.l,l.T. )

', ."-"-1, r',"( -rlrr^[i]ll ( .^i+?)I=

/g

=1. 1,41._6_)_v_'_.,4_e-LtQv'z-+I_q121'-_1\1Ly =41*3 - 8.+*,6(2v+3)(v-tr),

>] )o n oLpd uyKilvr. o e n oeuod neuol(erqLxlKd. (1) (2).

I) AV4n+3>1ef II) Av 4tr+3<1en.-

I I I ) A v 4I+3=1<+ l=- -|6nou A ro - -{-

rore ovrLKoelqro[us ornv qpxLKl] osrpd

gploKouue rlc npdterc or,.oo i rnu urd "or-

2l;1

78 Etvor -"u,-,'-l-- . tntrut' n orrpc i- -l-- qrerp{.eerqr orlKd,qrLp[<tTqL 0TLKd Kor n oerpd

I zi*-t'

fqv 12. io 6rxot 4 oerod i 6ru ouyKt.'vL l > | v=2 v(lnv)^ (E's'L') A0on:
eq eoqpldoou! KpLrhplo6uv6peov To rou qpletou 2 (:3) (oelt6q 64). Elvql: o. = ---1----, I v(lnv)r

E l v q r o K d u s q . . =- : : - 1 - - . , , 6nlq6t1 2" 2"11n2"\"

zus =2u---!-=_ ^ = ---l-z" zul n2u; t ur0n2))

:-rEnop6vt.rq eLvor, I 2"o . -----.; I r = 2 z"= { i n 2 ) " v ; z v " "
:..

n oerp6 ourrl ouvKllveL u6-

vo 6rqv I > 1 ( 6ft.,qe[6q!e). >(,uqdvo To Kprritpto (t3) TOre ouvKll !e vL Kq[ n oeLod ! o,.,. \)=2

13. q lslernE[ oe moc rnv o0vxllon n seLpd

A0on:

1 u" o ' 1 n p < 0 t (-1)"r Lul]111;10 (u. P. "2 r. )

[ v + (- t )

u E [ v o L u= 1 - 1 1 - - - 1 - - - v ] P s o) Av p s O rdre lirn (-1)v ------l--.Iv+(-1)"]' 6 1 0 . A p or t o L p d e v s u v -

Ki {. r. v
ro 8) Av p > | 0oou6<ouu Korrnpro (:2) (oli.6q 6 4 ):

Elvqr I i ' n v P o v l = 1 i m l

p r l r d R > 1 K o LI = 1 n o r p d z q,, ouvKALvt,

ltt
t

( - 1) "

P = 1 . > t u o t d v q r o K p r r i p r o( : ? ) u

'Apq lovl ouyKlLveL. n 6 o o u 6 v no e I p d

79 WIZ ( v+l ) r{::_---a-Vv3+l ( v '+21

1 4 . o 6 e L x 0 e [6 r L n o e l p d il0on:

(ruYXl[VeL. (l|d/x6 Oolvtxnq)

0 q q o p u d o o u r o K p r r i p L or o u C a t a l a n E L v q L u t 0 V L o K d e v N . u q

'Eyouur

o . - - I V - 1 { - ( " \v - 1 I ) _ - _q - = - -1

\,t---

,..

'/i-i

-Et_]r'--?_ W]Z (v+l)

1u'*21

l n 1 _ -= i n y ' t q T ( v 3 + 2 ) - l n W ; Z ( v + 1 )

-j-+rn(v3+2)- in(v+2)-rniv+i) rn -{- = .+

i- '"["'(,- # )].

=-f,rnu* r'.(r.-l-).rrn*rn('. l" r"* -| (r. j-)-f1,)

- t n v - l n ( r *- { , - ) . 'exoru, roro, o

-r"f ?,)] '" '.[(,.'i) ]-'"[('.i)l*'. -]; "'(r-

- -z- - --Tnv - --_T__--__ _-|_ -!, _r*o.o_o_o= r. __ -:_ _f;_ ,

'Apo n o r p oo u y K l i , v 1 . q! 15. Av n olod ,t_ ouvxllvL16r KoLn o.rot ouyrlIveL. (otga Kqrorq(rnploverdqov) A0on: 0q oqp!6oouu KpLrripro Abel. ApKivo belouu xo rou 6rL n oKo_ ,Exous: loue{.q(9v) r.,.O"=(f- --1-- ,tuor, lovdrovnKar 0pqyu6vn. )' lor(rj_ )'

rn;. :inv- * .1,. + .'{:-'u-tJ . {."-.3r) " i

, '('.*) '('. -J-)

=-)-1,,"i/ - . v--,=(-",,. i.:1'-t . k \'- n7 = r- t )'..";_r

\v+I

\v+l

=('.1,1.-r)" ,('. "-"1 Ji| ) v;r= " t+: , r* Bu,r, B,.

'Apq . n ( B v ) L v o ro 0 q o u o oE L v o L K 6 u o O . r u . o ,-V L oK d e ev N

80 6 n l o 6 nn ( 0 ! ) t L v o r K o Lo o q v u a v ' IE r o u t v o q o L o 6 ) r o v ( l . n K,\LvtL. 16. ilq 6rx01, dr! n oeLpd

:/

+I

gUV'

(-l)unl

I IoS-t o u y ( l a v 1 .

A0on:
O o e o p u d o o u r o ( o L r i l o L o o u D ' j r i c h l e t . 0 e u r o o 0 p e = { - 1 ) u + 1o u u r ou r 1 'Exouu 6 r L l o u l = l o r * o r * o 3 + . . . + q !< I V L o K d e 0"= to* , v.:.2. ] q . v N K o L6 r r n ( 8 , , ) e L v o L O i v o u o qn p d v l s t r e l v o L B u * t . 8 u l o g v < l o g ( v + 1 ): 'Apq l n o L p do u v KL v r , . v < v + l n o u L o x i l [ . E i v o Lq K 6 u o v + 0 B

17. tlo Il8rno[ !,c [poq Tnv orivrllon n oLp6

.. s q(q+l)(q+2)...(q+v-l)

v:

q>0

A0on:
H o r p 6q u r i l L v o Lu n e p v s o i r e r p L K h .v v v t K i r n q l o p e t i r n v [6qu Tn oro rlqpddLvl.ro ovoeeperqloro KprripLo rou Gauss (oltdq nou ).

todvuorL orr06 yodqror f r r= . + :) t

'r {o:-rJ-';1-o-.-u-U B-1, V=l (dnuf Oolveror qn6

v=1

o'(-o :+ 1_ . _ : . 2_ . _-_ \ _ : v - _ _1-.' 2 ...j._ - - _r ) ( o + - )_ . ( q + _ ' 1 ) _ _ . v '

v: 1.2..'\

r o n o p d 6 L V U o u o v o Q a p q ! e ) .E n r b n + v - o - B = 1 + 1 - q - 1 = 1Kq r nq 1 -o 1-qs 1e-o j0=.o:.0 e n o r p dq f l [ o i < r o L r L K d .

t8.

Nq

oerxei n o"rot j, drl

,r-l-Yt

6roup > 0 ouvKltvL vLq

(lilqolluorr lonwtwv) K6 n o x o t r o u O( o , ) i8

Kde R , x Ntotl:
o o p o i r uT L q q K o l o u e l q q . n u ( v x ) , g = - 1 .
vp

( L v q L 0 l v o u o q q r u n 6 v L K iA v b r l E o l u 6 r L n o K o i o u e l o o v ) r o v u p L K e l.
rojv ouooLouorlJv Tnq oLpoq : ) o \, v=1

Lvo[ @povudvn, t6re o0lqovq ue ro

|K 0 K p L r n p L r o u D i r i c h l e t n q p X L Kq1 o i o uL o e q o u V K i l v 1 . o

B1

'rxouue -or"(-]']l (znu; )",=,iznr.)- nutxul= i,["ru.l-?"1'lL

=o,u-*- -ouu1-2-Li-1-)}'npq .

12-uN)-[ -Loru -; oru ,f- -ouu 1

1..... = = __...?___z nv i-) t\v 2'EroL

I$Jx *louv

.^ nu r ru . y Lo Kqu 7-

r 6 l o L [ 6 v y u o r d o e x r l o u L v o L L d e o p oo u z K n , ( K Z ) n o K o , \ o u e [ o 'Apo (ov) ('vq[ qoqvuevn. otiueirvo ro KpLripLorou Dirichlet n o[0d u g1 ( d e e x b L d o o p oo u z K n . t F - - - - .n u ( u x ) o u y x t r L v cvrl o L f u o 1 = 2 6 nn q o x L K io E r p dn d ^ Lo u v K l L v e 6 L 6 r r r d T e e x e t 6 o o u c n b v L K o 0 q l 19. ilo pelern0et oq rpoc rBv o0yrlLon n oLpd l'll * * * Z-\-nZ 3'l n3 4l-n4 "' Arion: (rq0ryaErx6 rciirtK )

. 0o 0qou6oouue KpLriplorou oloKlnotiro au;ni n.f*fl rnv oL npounoe6osrq). eopoiu ouvdprnon uoroq(uqxtouv oxrrKaq *_ dx 1 | ox x.f -f f ( x ) = ?=--i:-.-.--\Exouue I ,t r Tx*T)Tn-li-D I fnlx+llEtvouo,=
1 , =l 1 d[1r(x+l)]=litI rn,"?Tdtln(x+1)l= tln(1n(x*l)Ji 1im f u-* ' i "n;n (1

= | i n t ' ln (I n ( u + l) ) - l n ( l n 2 ) l= + o r E r I e L brfo o l o K i i p o u o n e u p { , ( e r o rE r L ( dK q Ln o e r p do n e u p l < e r qe r ! K d . l e

20. o Eeroore[ rooc rnv o(,yKlron *ro6 rr n Aton:

j f 1.2.f]-'-Llv=r2""(vl)" (llqgntrarrKd Imvvavov)

ro rov Dini-Kumer Klavouue xnv qKolou0o eoqpu6oouue KpLrnpLo 6

82
eiq Bv=v,
(

-1"-'1) =u-1u-il - . ,f?l-51t-:1.,"v/ t""''11v+t)l1.

q'."t."J =
t ( 2 v )l l 3
vlo K v I,1,(n qKolouetq
,.

1 2 6v+5

,-6-Lls->
8(v+1)z

.._. _ __i,j = .*

> 0

8 (v + 1 ' ) 'Apq 6 n 6 o o ; rv 4 o eu p 6o u v K i i v e L . 21. llq 6rx0E( 6rr- 4 oerod Ard6LE||/ 1 \v

e L v o LU L o aetvouoq un6vIKi qKolouetq !e nqirro dpo {}

j;

,;;

' (1- -v-' ) ouv'rt"eu

H oe[0o ) -L
-I- - - o u Y ( . L v e [ . A
vl00

\v

eq eqp!6oouu Kplriplo rou Abel To

H q k o l o u e l o , , = l{- . . ; J t v o L U o v d r o v n o r {opovtie npdvuqrr [vqL K 8 vn. j\\vrr'//. . l. 1 \v+r Fvrt ('- v.T-/ t'- v-*T, v-l /v'\"v-] v Pv v \v,-t / r\' /. /. 1\

\'- "7

\'- r /

1 \ u * r '--i l > / . v + 1 v= /, ,u' -, \'- u---r ) \,+ v'-r.)

'

fr,t' 1'Bu*r' Bu

*or. o. (t\v/

.], )"

. - ] - v r - ox d ev e N . Enoudvoq 6ooutvn oerpd n

o u v KiIv e L .

22. tb plrnol tG npoq rnv o0yxllo4 n otp6

To(qv2

A0on:
0 o e o p l d o o u u K p l r i p L o( : r ) r n q o I l b q q 6 4 . ro

' Exouu linv2xoqoqv'= Ll-id. =r rim

"va

= 'r,l,n = r;. (ouoru r-o-E?a-r,- (t-o,1ol-x-1)rm '

'* "' /1- \' \x"/

-{lut
x'

'*-.j-;

= r,
\-*

f]-, x'

=r

E [ e L d iI = 1 R K o r p = 2> 1 n o e L p d u v K l i v 1 . o 23. fb ulflrp.' oq npoqrnv otvdron n oxolouelo

g i'

Jr.r.s...1zv-ry 1, Lz'z't'-::(z't= )

(Ir

83

Auon: n . o ue 0 o e q o p u o o o u r o K p L r r i p Lro u P r i n g s h e i mo e o p o u ut v o K o r ..i.5.,,,2v_,lr ,_r IoLeio (o )Jc o 1.,,

I rlvor o - o 0. \ .oeirouut or. I o.tpo lr or\!Iiv.r. d-t no D.t

vc eLvoL

' :-!Lu:t-) l'=o timvo=0o ri'u I L'-3-'-!-: I z:q.6:::lrnf' ) "

nou 6ev r-oxlal. Apo n otpd dv ouvK^Lvl.

84

A[6lurn KoLuE suvei(n oi,Yxlrol H q[00 > lo,, axr dlouq roue 6pouq rnq un opvnrlKo0q npoKqL KlrrL oTrd oeLpd i o., ou ndpoul," qtdlurq rLudqrov dpnvrnq xnv rLq v=1

0groudc l. lulLo oLpd t_ov eo ^6ue 6rL ouvKlavL or6lwq ov rou u 6 v oq v n o L o d t 0olqr6c 2. lo.,l ouyrltver., eq leu 6rL ouyKl{.vL ouvo{xn (it te

MLooLpd tqv

qv drL ouvxll,vLoxgrrxd i 6TL rl,vql rtrlouyxla.vouoq) rou u6vo qv, ev6 n t 6 L oo u v K l L v e L o L p d I l o r l n 0apt|ralo. Av n oerpd ! 0ru ouyKILvEL. o.. ouyrllveu qnoiuro KoL (B ), qpqvu6-

vn oKoloueio, 6re n ocuod I q B. ouvrtrtvcu ndtrurq. r o gE(prIIq20. Av uLo oeLpdouyrtrlveuqrdlurq rdre n oELod ouvKli v L K q Lo I I I d ( r o o v r l o r p o e o v r o x 0 t ) . 6 :uUgoiLKd:

s l o rl o u v x l l v e u *

s ov ouvx^LVt. L

Od)pnuo 30. Av ulo orrpd suyKltveL ue ouveilKn, rdxe n oeLporov g.TLKriv do{,}v rnc Kori}e n oLpdTov qnoiiu,}v rLudlvrov qovnrlKdrv KqL 6pirv rnc qrl roacov rou oerlxd. floporitgrpn Av uLc oLpdaXrL eerLKoiq6pouqrore oL 6vvoL.q l. "o{ryxlLon"KqL "qfidlurn ortyKllon' ei.vqLrour6onuq. noporipnon2. '0lo rq KoLriplo rlou ovqeepovrqL oeLpdc u o ooouqeerLKoJqLoxijouv Kot oxnv nplnroonoerodrv rov ofioiov oeopo0uerLq qn6lure rlu6c rov 6pov rouc. 'Erot: To o0LqK0 KpLTtioLo ouvKpioe0jq 6lorundverouu4 e{/1q:

85
q

rL K t : 0 e o o o 0 u e c o eLpaq ' E o r o6 r t l i m
q

<or

)B

UEB

> 0 v L q K d e v N .

l=* R - r 6 x s : I

q ) A v n o e t p d i g . ,o u v * , l l v e u ,q L o L p d ! . o . ,o r u * n r u r r . K n v=1 u=1

i d B ) A v n o l p d i B . o n r r o < . r o r .6 . r L KK o Lq l O r d r
oeLpd :

KoL n

Lpi eerlKd. l q , , qrle CrsL

-- To KpLriplo finli.Kovrou D'Alembert 6rorun6vrdroc triq:

o2t

0e0polurnv oeLpd
rq

)o

uEdtu

yloKdervN. v:

Tdr:

o) l q v I . Av

--:--

< | VLo Kdoe

v o , ( v o N ) n oLoq ouv-

u rl Lve .
q-

B) Av K,\Lvr Kr: Av lim lia

1 v L o K d e v > v o , ( v ! N) n oLpd6v quy -

l o . . -r I - u R K q rq v l Ov L o K d e N ( 6 x s : v |

q ) A v l < 1 n o L p d I o . ,o u v r l l v e r , '
u=1

B) Av l>

1n oLpd vouyKllveL. 6

V) Av i = 1 6ev Ifioporjuvo onoeqv0otue.

t\4 : n . i , n . i , r
r,. d - ,". 'i - ' -r . S n

'3r-v'
l"r

zF B

u p
--)"

>0KoL

ovlo yLo Kd-

ee v N. Av uoxrleu .-l-'-1 . | ^0, n

v r q K d e cv > v , ( v n N J

6 ! B u o u v K , \ L v L , 1n r f o o u v x , \ L v e r .

86 K q : o e u J p o r lru o L p d 2 , o . . . A v L o X i L : nv s ) v l o , r l : i < 1 v r o K d e v : vo n oeLpd uyK,\LvsL. o on10[<-

B ) V l o ! l > i > 1 y ! o K d e v > v 0 n o r o o t _ , o v l xoLoerLKd.

<_ , ,. .Y--------: K 6 : U e O O O U U n v O L p O Z - O v . A V L O X U :L r m v l q v l = A' r l

r0I:

q) Av 0l Il) Avi>l

l < 1 n o e r p do u v K I L v e o n 6 i u r o . L L n o E L p d ) l o . , o n e ( o a a r oB c f r K d .

o V) Av i = 1 6vBVqlvL u!n6poo!o, \ :' q A V O r o r p . c ) o , , K q L u 8 . . o u v K , \ t v o u vr l 6 ^ u r o d T e o u v K l l r r=i " " "=r

' vL KoL n otpd: :, ) 1r,ou*x2Bu) VLo Kdo Kr,K2 R

o g ' ( KpLrnpLo nrv du Bois-Reynond)

Av n oELpd I

oo ouyrtrlveu oun x

(B^-B^,) ouvKlLvt q r

'rolulo, ror eo ouVKI[vLoL oLp6 x n t ', qo B . a

o g ' ( K p r r h p r o o u D e d e k id *) r n

Av r4q oerpdq : q^ n o(olouetq tov peplniv qeoo ropdr0jvCvqL '

^=1

e p q v u d v x o r o v n o e r o d > ( B ^ - B ^ _ r )o u v k l [ v Lq n d l u r oU n B - 0 , r d r e K q Ln o l p d I o o 1 o ' ( Kp Lrio Lo Riemann** )

L oopor! rnv oLpd I q n 0 u g u v K ^ L V e v d r v o u V K I L v eq n 6 6 L v
I l i c h a r d D e d e k i n d ( 1 8 3 1 - 1 9 1 6 ): f e p ! a v 6 s M s $ n l d r L a o s . Bernherd Rienann ( 1s26-1866) : M y d l o s l p u o v 6s l . i d s n u o r L x 6 s .
n=1 _ '

B ouvxllver,

87
AUIOlor: -+ q =+6. ) ' '=1

qv Enou6v(,ic (op ' o). (q

L rov ) e a v q I o v r L o r o X oo L ulloKoloueteq

v Kov rnq ( q v ) , r d r ! n o p v n r L K 0o p u v K q LT{rvqpvnTL 0p0}v

, q^ =+6. v=1 " ) o- =" v=l

AqKioLc Au!6vse

| . th plsrnOetoe npoqrnv odvrllol 4 oelpd

Ittrnn:.
E i v o r I n ! ( v q v ) l. l v q u l- I n ! ( v q v l)< v l q ! 1 .

v=l

; l|r( wv] uEI q I<l

Oeurpo0ue oer.pd l-9, ue Bu=vloulu lq] . 1. rnv ,

v=l "

'Exouue l*--l =,l' -rIrt-lol--1 =tim J--\ q = rim p v ft. v . ,

ulolu \ ./.r\ =lol ii(t+ -_, ,)=tot < 1 . ' A p on o e r . p d .1.8., o u v K l i v ! . T d r 6 u o cK q L

n o e u p oi

o * ) Inu(uov) uvxtiver,dpo , 4 olrpa i nr,uououvKllvsr. ouv*rtvsl or6lom.

2. lb 6eLxO[ n oeLo6 I_ 6rr ff-]f; Aton:

--' ' E t-v q rl . o .v - llY u . I l+ li

J -+ v , . - 1i - - ' E n t 6 n o e u o d ):r ' - ; , t o u v ( i l v L n 1

qndlurq. efiroLdrL n 6oouevn oLpdouvKlLvL

3. tlo 6err0t'6rr n oerpd Aoon: \i;

; -t+ u=1 6 Vt

6vouyxlavL or6lurq,

EivoLlqvl=]t-rl'-J- | = .1-.. Ja =r*o

'Apo
*Au

f n o e r p d6 e v o u v ( i L v L i d l u r o .
0, o1=Oov c < o,a-=O av o t o, o:=-o cu

o R, gdroute o+=c dv d-i o < 0.

88 4. Av q oer.pd f

lq,l ouvxltver, r6re xor 4 oeup6 I o] ouyxlt-

ver. lh 6elx0e[ 6rL 6v rox{,r! To cwtqxpo@Aibn: E n L 6n o s L p d i i L ] q u o u v x , \ l v ee r g x o L x L l o u i - 0 r o r -e n o p 6 6

v o c L o x 0 r e l l x d l o r l < 1 . ' A o oq i = l q r l , < L JouJ (reir_rd). j ouvxli,ver,,eq ouvKli.vL n oLod I o,., Kqr .I ]ou To ovrLorpoqo rox{,[. 6v f l p 6 v u o rq v o v = ( - 1 ) v J , u 6nerou tr.4 oeLpd j o,= j, d i-l "rrK i a v t v d n o L o d : . l o r l = I _ - 1 , - o n L p i . < e re e r l K d . r qL
v=I ,=l

Err-6in oLod

Ai,sn: 0o Erdoouj.l n 6oou6vn ov oeLpd ouVKIi,vL orl6^uro,bnlooi Oq _ ov n orod Erdoouu

:

5. q relrnt npoc o0vKlLono..pa i r_rr'+r/ 3v-t \' os rnv n ' \ swif / ;'

(-1)*'(AH+ )' l= f,(if;+)" ouvK^.vL

I im

X p n o L u o f i o l orrouK p L r i p l o n q p i < o q . E x o u u : i r r

'Apq o n oLpd uyr,\Lveu oluro nou6voc VKILvL tontr6, on e ou Ko

6. I{o npod roptqm0v ou rpovlorLKoaoOt0Uo[yr,c roue onolouq

*.pd > ( i+l-;,)

Arlon:

ouyKrtvL 0116Iurq.
2x+1

Kordro xourflouo plcoq o v I i m xnq

Tx+z

1(])

o e r - p o u v r l { . v eq n d i u r q ,H ( 1 ) vPaaroLim | 2 y + 1 d l I ITxa < + i 2 x + 1 1 l 3 x + 2 1 1 z x + 1 )< 31+z'?++ ( 5 x + 3 ) < e , I I x + 1 )> 0

l.

T6re n 2x+1 | T[+Z] < 1

x (-,-r) u {- ,$-, +-t.

89

7- Av I oLod

I o.. ouyrt[vel o6luu 'rr=1"

r6x ivql

I j,.,1_. ! 1o.,1 !=1 !=1

lllioq: E l v o u o u = o , + o r + . . . * o u ,t u = l o r ' + o r l + . . . + o u l . I o x 0 e L6 r L I o u| = | o r . o , * . . ' * o u] : . t . , = l o , l * l o , * . ' . * l o u l _ <s u p t ! =

= li m t . , = > l q . , l . u-u=1

'rpq

j + lqul:. ! 1o,l timloul=l o'',1:.i lo"l

v=1

',1 Av or oeupGcI o3, 8. ) '

t6re: 9f, ouvrhtvouv v=1 -

o) H oLg6 | o..S.. ouyxl{,vel on6luro,

B)Erw! ; to.,s,r:. Ii."3]' [fro;]]

Arlon: o ) f L q K d e , B R L o x 0 e6 r r o r 'Aoq Iq Bl :. zlq Bl : s"*8". ov.!P .| < o ' * P ? ( 1 ) : \r u
v=.I

ErLbi o L q L p c q f

ol,
-

v=1

o I 8 2 ,- ei , v o uo u y r h l v o u o erq l l o 1 l e u n ( l ) n p o

( KrlrueLd r L K o Ln o e r , p O l q . . B . .o u v K l [ v e r K p r r i p r o u y K p ( , o o c p 6 v ) I o oe[ l

B) E [ v o t 2 l x Q l5 X ' ? + q ' ' A o a .

o<Br
+ -------.-,

F,d-tll,)z ---41--/ \)

I , Iqk0r
\'tlv

( >":) (tB:) \ <=r '-l \K=1 -/

------- . \%
)o;

-.11____.___ =2

>8:
tB:

90 Z ,fLf o l'o.8. :. (:,"i) (:,ul) :. (j,"i)i2,0;,1 v / v \L/,v .\lt j^,ff

'' (:,"i) (:,ui') Jr'ouuu

f- i|o ulr4ettE rpoe rnv o0Y(llon n *"* jr." * ' o*

'L/-

.'L

A0on:

._,_"$;; = ".;.-: Lql##+_. =,",r"i* ,r*,1 l=

tctl

rLq e{iq rlprnr6otq: AroKp[voutrs o ) l = J - $ l< 1 6 n t q 6 n l q l < e . -e<o<er6re o n oLo6 uvrl(ver

g) l=Jgl>lonlqdi

lcl >e.-(o>efi

q < - e ) 1 6 r n

olpd

-5i""

devouyKliveL.
t-l
P

v) I= .l:-L =1 ''

{q=e i q=-e) t6re:

o ., . f q = e a x o u u . lq 1 \ v=\e - - - - r - - - - - I) Av /1 \ 'Aoo 6 n oeLp6 v ouvKhlv1.

> 1,

1r*__u-. .)

/ / 1 \" \ (e[vqt i1+ --,t- ) < eJ

t I I ) A v q = - e r o r 6 x o u u n v o e r p d l r ( - t ) u e "

J-:--

(l).

EcvoL n olod

(9u) 6ev eivcr- un6vlKn. g,,=1-l;vev *v; . H qKo^ouo(q " v( t ) 6 E vq u Y K l . ' v e r .

'Apq

rdr 10. Av oL oeupdqI Jo"l", I l9ul", (x lF, suvxrtvouv,

-!tu

xqr n oerp6 I lo..+B. ouYd[vt. l* A6on: I o x 0u : e

90 ,L lo.B.l=. (Aul)* (j,"i)1:,u3; (J,"il .I L.

-

/v

^\L/v

^\t

/6

\r/ -

; io,oul= (:,"i) (:,ui)

/-

,,4,-

,!E

f. ih letrsqot oe nposrrv o0vrlwn n oe.ot jrou d

A6on:

, c+O

rtvorj
=lql -1--.

= l_qt_'_-[-] t-:- . -- uu
{ v + l) v ' t lolvvl

= o | __-v_"___ =
{v+1)!

-# (,. )'

- -

.Jg1 un^oor,o!Je l=l-gl=n. '.',1u l l

ALqKpLvoupe e|1q TLq nep[nr6oetq: ot ^= +< | o n ^ o o nl q l < e . +

- e < o < e rdxn oerpd uvKlavL o (q > ei

B) l= .Er > 1 6nlq6fi lol > e -

q<-e) T6T n

oerp6

) q- -+-

6 vo u v K A t v r .

V) i= -EI =1 -+ (o:e i q=-e) r6re:

I) Avq=e txouue .-# =";-r;-r"

'Apq

q..,

1t*
n oLpd6v ouyKltv1.

--;-

.)
:
)

' 1, (etvqr -{- )". (r")

II) Av q=-e r6re 6xouuenv oLpd r 9u=(-l)vqv --t; .

l-11"4"

--'-'-,

lll

Fiwn,

v:1

v-

(9v) 6 v a v q L n o r v r K r l'.A p qn o e u p d tt qKolouo{.q u

( I ) 6ev ouv(llv r.

10. Av oL oer.o6cI
xqr n oerpd I
!=o "

lo.,l',

16r t lg..l", (x tF) ouvrtrtvouv,

o.,+.. " ouyx.ltv1. -

Atsn: Isx0u:

1o.,,*8,,1": tlo,l*lB"l)K (1).

lox0rqK6!q:

( 1iL4!-L)-: L"illl-']j.- (loul*lB,l).:. z"-1{ (2) loul.*lB.,l.)

Ard (l) Kor (2) npox0nreu l o . * B l t - . , " - t 11 o 1 t * , u , ' . , E n r 6 io L o e L p 6 q lovrK, I /'rl

.t^

J B u l o u y x A l . v o u v o u v x i l v LK q L n eo

o e u p d2 K - r E

, l o , l " . l u , l ' , . ' A p q s n dt n v ( 3 ) n p o r 0 n r e r p r r r , r o r . o ( ouv]o.,*g.,]..

K p l o r o q )d r L o u v K i L v L o Ln o e L p d K i

ll. t|odrxot 6rL n osrod

t# "i

ouYrtrtv'.

n0on:

En[6/l booudvn n orpd6v exsr osrLKodq dpouq,e{rpo0pr orrrnv . i tr-rrv., p o z l r - - 1 - : - l =- t _ _ ' _ _ ' E o q p p d < o uo s p l r / l p r . o ' A l e m b e r t . ru K d Gr I 2n | 3r-7
'EXoul.l: o--_

v+l z\2

/r--1-) \ v.,

l-

< l.

Enopav0q orn

pd ouvKii,v[ qn6luro, dpo KoLq[Id.

12. ih 6r)(Osa ov n oelpd 6rr Ilou I ouvxt(veu rdre xol n qetod I cu ouvrllvel. Ard6e [n: u 0vopd<ouue ou 0 0
ovo> ov qvo> qvo<

(E-X.n. )
0

oua 0

0 0

EtvoLrdr Iox0eL rr d
q<

-q.

o<

loul

(t).

9l

l o u * B . , l " :{ l c ul * l B u) K l
Iox0eL oK6!o:

(1).

( f5+!-!_:

-L"f+"fj.- r loul*loul)K_<loul"*loul") (zl z*-11

^_5 lou*9u 2 (lqvl'+l8vl") {3)

A n d ( 1 ) K o L( 2 ) n p o K 0 n r [

E n E L o olL o L p e c f
^.,nA ,K-t S /l^

:,,*
v:o

2- lqul ,

3,-..
v=o

v eL ) - l F v l o u v K ^ t v o uu o o U Y K A { , vK o L n

..

lK-la r"\ 'Apq ond rnv (3) [poK0[rt (xplriplo ouy-

K K p l . o r id r r o u v K l t v r q [ n o L p d I c)

lou*Bul".

lt. tto drxeel drr n oLpd

; C!! u1-r 2\)

ouvxll,vsL.

Jlton: rnv Erc16/l 6oou6vn oerpd6ev xer TLKoUq 6poue,eeopo0ue orn ^, od !, l(-l)'v lt1,-l- = I 3, v ;O Eoooud(ouua Kplxfpto d'Alembert. ro

' E x o u u t : t#l

=+ =*- (t.+)

- + < r. Eropfvoqnsr-

pd ouvK^LvLffi6lurq, dpq KoL 01116,

r6te xor n oerpt 12. fh 6el)dc( 6rL qv n orpd Iloul ouvxl{,ver" F o ouvxltvel.

u Ar66s rEn:

(r'l'n' )
lq

o:= Ovou6<ouu I "

q= I

'

qv

>0

l0 l0 l' v o -

ov ov ov

ou.0 o >0 o <o

E[voL T6T q =q* -q- .

v!

loxi,erdrl q' < lo I xqr s- <

ls |

(1).

92 EflLbi olpd Iloul n ouvKoiouvrtriver, l6vt! rov (l) KqLrou Kptrnptou tq;, K r d r e 6 ! o qs u v K l l v L o r n

o r o eo u v K l i v o uK q Lo L o e L p 6 ql o i , v oelpd I(o+ - or) = Io,. 13. f6

ioLtc rw6c tou x n oer.pd I

U+r, \t-21
Atlon:

1 &-a (f9)'*r*tu"" ,

(0uo!r6Aoqvdrv) 2 v - 1 x + 2l r' Zw1'I x--T_ l x + 2II' l=r l- x-r (xl1).

'Apq Trq

v[o

x+2 -"-ir | I l<

(l) n selpdouvKl[v1.

f*

lt

q , n o e L o d r L p [ C e r q L r L K d K q Lr d l o q v l o e ,

x + 2 1 1 ( 2 ) 6 vB y o L v o u u n a p o o U o . = L x-Tl * < <x H ( 1 ) v p d q r o r x + 2 1 l x - 1 1 x 2 + 4 x + 4 2- 2 x +.1 x .

H ( 2 ) r s x 0 e rv L q x = - - : 2 . r r . ox = - i . nou ouvKlLveL. 'Aoovtox.--l ' n q L p do u y ( l l v 1 .
o

--+,.

u v n o e o 6 t v e t o Lf . } ; l - {

14. q ulsEde I oq nooernv otvxllon n oerp6 > -t ,i Atlon: =lim | !-1J--z---- . =l:, | (v+1)'z - I )u-12u ( L 2 E n 1 6 ! i > I n o E r p dq f l r p l c e r o e e x L K d .
' , . . V^v+l

, --r.'--- ^ v . ' v-1

v2 --2!' - =2, (v+1)'z

15. f[o noLEc rLu6q x n orlp6 t rou A0on:

! F l v d l o = r" ---1, v v.3v

x u - 1 o u v lI v ; ( x l - 3 ) K r v.3"

o ) A v x = g n o E l o do u v x l l v e L . 0 ) T L qX l o 6 x o u u r

= ri'll o1":-1'lt i mI ul

ll yrt)3!rr

x . . - . , . - v - - 1l- . t i m . ' =
xu-' 3(v+l)

X=J#.

rlq r+- <

(l) n oLod uvKltv1. o

93

fLo Av

lll
l"l

t '' n oer-pd ouvKllveL. 6ev

=1 (2) ro Kptripto 6ev qopud<rot. + H ( 1 ) V p d a e x q Lx l < 3 . * - 3 < X < 3 . l = H (2) 6{.vetx=13. ftq x=3 n orpdvpA,p"to, -!..._ l_ i
v=1 "'

-i-

'Apo I l o uo f i e r p t < r og r L K d . r n o r l p d o u v K l i v e Iv L q x ( - 3 , 3 ] .

16- fLo noL6C rrt|Ee rou x n oerpd

Aoon:
E t v o L^ _ \ _ r /

v=r (Zv-l ) 1

U I ":tr1!t-

ouy*rtvel ;

/ .,v-1._2\J-1 ?(' ,^.

( 2 v _ 1I)

o . . I - \' + t rtml

( - t ) " x 2 " + 1 { 2 v - ' t ) : =tim -L2-v:-11-. -',.-l r"= r {zu*t):(_t)"-'x,u-, ( 2 v + 1:) =l im (2v-l): (2v+1)2v(2v-1) i

( 2 v + 1 )' t 2

'Apo orod ouvKllvr(o[6lurs) v r o K d e . n X 17. fb 6erx0t drr n oLgd rq yro lxl < l. A0ot:

i --.o]-l-u=l x._(r+_i_) x'-

qn6ruouvKl[vL

' E x o u u n Ii = ti m - v - j 1t i m i x I im

=i im

v+l

,*-i-)

1* -u-*-f

-'-(t' -1,-- =r.txt )" o"-(,;t)'' &.:-=tx

n oLpd ; ll!-fv = 1v " ' ' ouvrliveu flr6luro,

fuo lxl < 'l n oerpdouvKli.vr on6lurq. ,|8. Nqdtxel 6rL

A0sn:

qv Oo eqerdsouu ouyKlLvL oer,pd I 11

lnuvv I lVr, | '

94

ElvsL

r'+f+. |

1 --;r; -

Erle|,6i n qLpd

-lvC ouvxtr[ver, ouvx]rt-

v e l K o Ln o L o d z- -'{a;

19. ilq ulernoel npoq ooyKllon o".oo oc rnv n

A0on:
0o eeqpp6ooupe KpLripLoro! Cauchy. ro

ui

(i*r::

I'

'Exouu I in 4d=t it
= l i m r* --!'-!---, ."=1it |
v'-8v +21 ,'' . 11 v vz ---T--.-z--'vv2

= 1 i m1 + - - - l l
\ V'

1\-v

't

'Apo

oelpd ouyKlave!crldlurq rIoUCvoC n boouavn ouvK^{,vr Ko[ qntrd.

@

20. lll Ielernoea tlc flpoc rnv ouvxlLqnn oErpd > (-t)" 1.-i,!tor|:
u=1
I

o"z

E t v s rl i m

t.. 1-1yv+1211y*l1'. u' L , . r ? 1 _ u j _ + J . .= 1 _ 1 ' . v '" f l=,'m l-vTlf " _itf (2+v,)(v+l) t-2.*if

=0 < l. 'Apq n oeLpd ouvKltvELqndlurc, ellouevoc KoL qr^d.

95

AYIIAIIO>EIPE>
opLou6c- oer.o6j H

o r x v = o o + o , x + o . y 2 + . . . 1 q u * ! + .(. ) o v o u d ( e ,1

ToL 6uvqrooLp6fl oK6p|qLo otpd*. H o e t p d ( 1 ) o u V K i i . v E L v x qq v X = 0 . nd lbpg[lipnol: yndpxouv rpLc flplrr6o!e vlq rnv oivKiron !toq 6u_ vqu Lpdq. oo q ) H q l p d o u V K l L v ey r q K 6 R . L X H o e t P do r o K ^ L v r rV t q K d g R * , 9) X v ) H o e r p do u v K ^ { , v e Le v o 6 L d o [ n u q - o , q ) 6 n o uq R ( 6 n l a 6 i o' ( q u v K l l v e L6 x q vX ( - q , o ) ) . O o p L e u 6 o l d y r o L q K r L v o q ouvKlLooqqq r oeupdq,

e v { d L q K d J ex u J x i > - u v

1 6 r : q ) A v u = 0 n o e L p d u v K , \ L vv u o * c d e " xe n o r B) u=+- n selpd ouvKll,vr" udvovro X=0 1\ v ) A v ! 1 0 K o ru l + - n o e r o do u v ( l l v L r o v x</- -1..\ u,_n), ",
n o r p d6 v o u v ( I t v e L .

,torup=hrsupfuJ oe{irpruo: Oooo0u ouvouooeLpd rnv -i-ouru.

:rq dKoq rou oLoorriloxoq (eoi!.

, i-)

6ev unooo{rue qroeqvvq

llqpde [y! qro: l) Nq eETqori t,)qrlpoq rn o0VKi Lonn buvquosrpd

,ttat:

] E t v q u = li n s u p E = i m s uitl -vI u p
'Apo

fwll-r =ri'ffi=rim -T-

X' t w u--0 = li m t ^ =u i,+T

y o n oeLpd uvKl[veL lo KmX R.

rl;

MLa 6uvclroo Lpd lrnope vc dXer" I Z d u ( x - x o) 1 1t n v t o p q i

2
rJ:o

or,r{x)o(u).'

96 2) No eErqoreiorqnpoqrnv oiyKI Lon n 6uvqlooerpd Ar:lon: E r v o r y = li n s u p 'Apq 1 . t i n l / - - ' . = t i m . - u . j . r= t i m - - u , .. , .

I r--7YVIV+

-l__

-n'

o n oLpd uv(Ilver vLq Koe X (-1,1)

Maeodoc urolovLoUO0 6Lco[iUqroqouvKllooq!roq 6uvqUooeupdq. rou O t J p o 0 r n v b u v q u o o L p d o u x ! . E e o o u 6 ( o u u x p L r | o L or o u d ' uE To I 'Eoro !:o A le r n b e r t drl:

tim I .1. l.,t r6rerim] .-j." I lxt=r'x' l"u'

o) Av ilx o!rq, \i o L Xl < i n o L p d u v K t r t v eU e 6 L 6 o t n u o u v K l l 1 , -i-- ) . H aKrlvq ouvKllooqrnq oLpdqlvor n .tr->, -t *'X > .I.n o L O do n o k ^ L v e L .

rO",O-

.1*

E) AvIX

V) Av iiXl=1-

Xl

o 1 - . 6 vB y o l v r u u n e p q o u o .

6 ) A v i = 0 r 6 x e l l x l < 1 v L o K d e E R o n 6 r n o E l p do u v K l t v L L X v K d g rx R . q L ) A v , \ = 1 - x d I e n o L p d n o K l L v V r q K d e R * e v d o u v K , \ L v L X V L oX = 0 . nqcdipnol l. :To {0Lq ouurlepdouqrq oTdvouteqv rldoou!ro Korri-

p L or o u c a u c h yI:i m r ' J q J v l = l i n q o J l x l x o Lt i m V f o - r - = 1 .
'0rqv n q p s E i p q o2 . n d o u L o 6 u v o l o o e L oo u v K l l v e L d v q 6 r 6 o r n u o ( - q , o ) t 6 t o u V K l L v o E K d e e L d o r n u q [ - r , r ] c ( - o , o ) . : r o d x p o T o u 6 r q q T n L 6 yq lqroq (-o,q) 1106rlL vlvrqL [6rqlrpn ulern. nopq6s qTo: IVU l. tlq uelTnei oq npoq rn o0vKiLonn ouvotrooLpdi L.
v

t ..., ^

A0on:
-, 1 E L v o Lo = - - - - ,
!v-v+

1 .i v + . - , =.

o"
Apqlirn

-_

..

1 V..f =l im -1,
< 1.

= 1 = i - H o e r - O d u V K I l v LV L o I l X l < 1 o o

lXi <

97 fro x=l n oLpd vpdoerql i -# *" snLpt<roL errKd. ( x s Lq u v x t t v e L L e i b n i z ) .

y t - r , o = - 1 n o r p dv p 6 g r q r i t - f l ' *
'Apo
"=1 n oerpdouyKllvl yuc -1 < 1 < 1.

2. Nqulxn0el npoq oc rnv olvKironn 6uvqpoorpd v:tx-s) ". i

ll{ro,1: 'E66 v=1 o v r ! v L o X v t x o u t e ( x - 5 ) u , o r p d n o qe p y o o t o q t v o l o [ 6 L o q . (uil)l ='lim(v+l):ro. Elvqr qv=v:, o.,nr=(v+1)l .or, ttr n oLpdqnoxllveu Vrq KdeX-5 R*.

'Apq

f[o X-5=0.- X=5 n qrpd ouyKllvl.

3. NquIrrnee!oc rpoqrnv otvK^Lon buvouoorpd (-t:f]'r"^ n i \ v I (-1,t). orodLdornlo "lt A0on:

/.,.r \! YI /"- \" /urr \ ou= Ervou (-:'-l . 'Exouue v (+ ) =tim(+)='=^. tim )

'Apo

q n 0 1 0 6 u v K l [ v L r . oJ t l x l < 1 - l l x l v

< l--l

<x<

l.

, 3. lbpqEilpnon Av n 6uvquooeupd rnq uooqnq - ^ FvQ( . o ( v ) Tor elvql x) z

aaoudeoule xprripr-o d'Alenbert i rou Cauchy vLq rnv oKo. ro rou t r o u 8 (o v = B v a ( X")'" q
Ilop66erygo:Nq uIxne[ t,)q[poq rnv oiyKllon n ouvcuoorlpd s L
!=1

il_lt"(":1

A0on: ^ (x-1)'(u*1) E L v o L - ----n------ ' "v' E X o u u( c a u c h y ) :v l o u

l= lx-lI _<1 lx- I I > 1

.rpol inr'jilT=

0qv

9B y E n o u f , v o c o r p do u v x l i , v L u o l x - 1 1 : 1 e n -1 :. x-l-< I * 0-< x: 2.

ArdeoprqilE0o60orc nopornpfioerq YnouviosrcmLc ouvqtooLpcq

I) (6rltlq0q 6oi,uorq n6uevo)oulrlpLecpovrqL ev 0L ouvquooeroaq onlqoi flpoortevrol, oqqlpo0vrqL,rI0]vtveL 6rruqro flolu6vuuo nooqvovLeovrqL KoL oloKlnpdvovlonldoL6<ovroL,6uoupo0vtou, qurd. rqL dmdq unolovleerqt orld II) H oKrcvoouvK^Looq u[oq buvquooerp6c r0nouq: roue

r=lin

__l__

iFJ

r=tim

I I I ) H u b e o d ou r l o l o v L o uro 0 6LqoriuqroqouvK,\Lo0qLoq 6uvouoou u q orpdq 66enKr ornv oel[6q 9 6 . Aul|6vqAorfiolq

1. tfs ulsrnoe(oc rpoc trv otyxlron n ouvgtooetpd L v',x!=o

Aoon:
El v q r I i m ounlX'*t l . . (v+l)lx!+1 ---li=ttm = l i m ( v + 1 X l = + -v L o K d o l) | q..rX vlx-

6 v x = 0 r 6 t e n o L p d I I o cE L v q L v o o r do u v K l l v 1 .

2- l{q Bpge1n oKr0vq ouvxltosdq rnq 6urrqrooL!6c

I2uxu

Aoon:
' l i m o'+tX Etvor
'Apq

=lim

1_ n oKrlvo ouvKltooqrnq oelpdq eLvouro .-2.-

ol"

2v+lvv+l I :t-xt-_.i xl' =2

| Ls

x=rn
o e L p qv L -

f. o E l p d r [ v q L 1 + 1 + ' . . + 1 + . . . b n i q d f to f l o K t r [ v 1 [ q v e r o L 1- 1+1- I +. . . +( - 1) " 6 n i o 6 i q n o K I [ v 1 . 'Apo ro drdornuoouvKltosoqrnq oeLpdqtlvor

,=-+n

* (.+ ,+)

99

3. ilo urlrnol r,Eflpoc rnv oovrllon n 6uvqJoor0d t

i0o[:

(-1)v+

El.vot I irnl -Il

ro.

=l im

!:!l:'l

( - 1) " v + 1

= l i n -v-jT = |

H qKrLvq ouvKlloErdq ouvquoocrodq rnq l,vor 1. 'Apq o L n o L p d u v K i a v ey l o x ( - 1 , 1 ) .

l-r.ox=1 n oetpdvpdrperou -L-$ I_

nouOn,lC[ 6 o u o u v K l [ v [ . -|= \ ' 1 -:.; L IIOUOev OUV(^L-

T L ox = - t n o e u pv p d r r e r qi u f - , r ' r - t f ' 6
V1.

'Apoxo 6Ldornlo ouvKltoe0rq 6uvouoorpdc o cr o ( - 1 , 1 J . rnq eiv

v

4. lb !lr4g[ {,Krrpoc o0vr^tonn Euvqrooerpd: +-. rnv \=r 2"v' A0oa:

2uv2 Etvqu lilt l=tt' lim 2"*r1v+l;'?
rq ,

'Apq

q n q r r L v o o u v K l [ o r L J [ v o L 2 .
-.l

I Lo X:Z n oLooVoooetoLZ

--J)
'

nou ( 6lr(,]q e[6ou)ouvKlivr,.

rlou 6ruq [6ouEouvK,\lveL.

!=1

I Lq X=-Z n oLPq VPqqeTqL L

:----

(-t)u
\2

'Apq

o n o r p do u v K l L v e L r o 6 L d o r n u q 5. llq ulErno{. n duvquooeLpd

l'I

At04: o.. E [ v o L] i m 'Apo - r ' ; - I ( v + t ):

| -::-

l___1_

=tirn 1j}11 ri'

v-d

n q L p do u v K i t v L vrq Kd0sX R .

6. Norlrnoea, 6urrqrootLpd n
A6on i EI v o L I t n
. . . - v, r
lq l=llm

lluv*1 =lxl ---l-- tit _l limW

_

, -.

= l x I . 1. 0 = 0< 1 . A p q n 6 u v o u o o L p d y KII v eL V L qK d E X R . ou

100 7. tlq 6rX0E{. 6r! n ou\.qrooLpq U o.,X- xat n duvgpootpdfl,rv rq!=o

poYrryov rnc A0on:

Z wuX

\'-,1

txouv rnv (6Lq sKra,\rq ouyxltoetrq,

Ynootoule drl r > 0 avoLn oKrivq ouvKllo0jq rnq ouvotloorpdq _ L o r ou < l x o l < r . z qvx H b u v o u o o L p d o u x l o u v x . l t v e L .' A p o l i n o v x v = 6* l o u x j l < I .i^ v=o
<+ o.

"

<

1 --- -----:- Ytq Koe v > ,0,

lxol"
-

v-r, , ,,,v-l lvl!-l L x o u u ev o v x ' - l = v l o , l l x l ' - < v r - . r - - . l

lxol'
| . ,| v - 1

( E n L On o L p d I v 4 L ' , o u v K i L v e r x p r r i p u o ^ d v o u )V L q i u:0 lXo l l x ] . ] x " l < r , n o e L p d f l u o u x ' - - l 1o u v K l l v s Lq n o t u r o co K d O n o

u r ox d . A v I x > r r d r ' l i n q v x v l d p ox o r l i m v o u x v - 1 7 0 , 6 r e o e r p 6 O on 4 i uo.,x'-t6evouyKILv1. Enopevoq ouvKlLo{,rq oLpdq rnq n oKTLvo 5^uorxu-l eluo.' ". 8. Av n ouvq|ooErpd o.,x" ouyxltver vlq x=xovo 6stxe[ 6rr ouyf
(KIavLqlr6lurocro 6r.brr1pc lxol, lxol). Ario4:
v:o

v:0

( lvlognlsr rcirnc) rx6

EToL

Eodoov duvotrooespt o"xi ouyKlLvL [vor limou x o = 0 . n ) 'orxfr . I - 'oul . Or unopoiuvq unoetooupe L s ,--L,u

'Aoq > eiouse ' =|o,1IxIu . JrL-u-. vuo rrt Io,xu "aAIol
6 r . -r v

v o . E e 6 o o vn

6uvopooLp6 I

v : , , 0 + L l X ol -

lrl-;

o u y K I L v L o d l d o r n l o( - l x o ] , ] x o l ) or I

tneroL

qn6 To xpLrftpro ouvKpl.ooq ror n oeupd 6rr 9. lb EpEgo0v 6r6rilucro m

! = ! O +1

_ loux'l ouvKlivrr.

'i J;u

ouyxlaotc u.ry 6rr\rqtooErp6v:

B)

v=l v23"

-"t--_ (ocrpdnopoy6vrlqc roonyotpvnq

101
oeLO6C)

(l|dry(IEr(6

[a@6v)

ftlon: o ) E x o u ul er n l j I : i
| .,v+1 ( v*1)t3unt v'.3t

= lllt . H o e r p s u v K l a v rL - $ o , o 3
f r.o 1=34 oeuo6 vp6rperql I
K lI v [ .
v=1 v'3'

3 ( v + 1' ? )

txl

. | -L
v' !=1

lxl < 3 ..--3<x<3. nou6nur [voL vvoordouy(-ttu

--l-= = I

y fLs x=-3n oeLp6 pdoErql i

. Otlpo c L 1{-1)"1 = l:--:;-l L
V_l v:t

,=, ul'c
+

-r-ttu:u = i --

3', i

'
oeupd

v=1 I

ouvKll.vL on6lurq dpoKoL n

. t - - + - o u v x l L v e L'.E r o [ n b o o U a vo r p d U V K I ( v L o n o or

6rdornuq

B) H orpd rov flopovdry{rv vpdrperou I

L X O U U el n t

xu-1 v . 3"

-!rrl=...=ri, l x l = t x l or",n
lxl .3--3 < x < 3.
1 -3V
1t-

H o e ! p 6o u v K l l v o v - $ L . t . L
t.,t

n u , # . = l . - X = + 31 6 r r e x o u ur q o e u p a qI r ,
fiou onoKli,vL KcL 'Apq
F {-

l .v--

v=l

, ..v-lL t - r i; _ _ :il

| = i.

<-

u=1

(-ti )-. ,_- '.__

, ,.v-1

rou ouvKlLvl.

[ n q p x r K f lo r p qo u v K l ( ' v e o r o 6 L d o r n l o[ - 3 , 3 ) .

10. ih Bge8e(, 6l6otngooivKlronC ouvqroorpdq t-^-:r.1 ro rnc >

v:1 W

Aoon:
ElvqLl irn = l X + ll .

(E. .n.)

1"-+ l=ri,| {-t.J-),"l ou I

/v.t

vtr
( x + l) "

=lx+rlrim!fi=

H q e l p d ouyKlav on6lurq vLo l x + ll < 1 e - 2 < 1 < 0 . L

I L q X = U N O E L O O P q O E T q LZ . ; Y !=1 vv

-1-' nou6n0q et 6qur

vn

ofioK,\i-

v L ( q l l L p L < E r o re r r K d ) . e

101

oLpdc ) ftlon: o ) ' E x o u ! i m l = llll

f L o X = 3n K iI v e [ . t t o x = - 3 n orodvofurlqr H oLpd
-

(Idumrr6 =1im l-----I----,

| .,v+1

lbEpdlv)

'

vt.3u

l1v+l;23v+!

H qLoduvKl[vL o o vr

3 (v + 1 ' X' ) .+ lxl <3 -. -3 < x < 3. < |

=r ---lL- lx i.

qerp6 vp6orot ,i, *

o

:,
L-]-f
,.\v.u

-F
-

*" droq[vqL vv.rrdouv,..v

v=I v'3 "

= :

!--rl^v'

v=l

tr-l\"t

v:t

li--+-l i
V'l

= L
v=l

:::t
t

ouvKltvL qn6,\urq 6oq KoL n

oLod

)- l---: t- 3,31 .

' L o u v K t r { ' v E r.o t n b o o u e v n L o o u v K l a v Lo o d or

6Ldornuq

9) H orpdtov nooovritvttv vot,o"-o, f

v=l v.3"

I1-1 .

' E x o u u e r q - - Y, l - I' x t " t - -l 3 l - ^ - - . " .l i m l q u l = . . . =.l i r v rv.T)'|,rr.

., tYl H oelod ouVKILvcL v -rtl o

<t-lXi

.3--3<X<3. : 1

, r{ A v r Y.rr .=,t

x = : 3 , 1 6 r t x o u u r L q o e L p b c I t..rrv-l tJJu-- = , i l r - , ,' u--rl ) _ , _-

JO

f = -1 },

-}

j r o u o r o K l [ v LK q L 2 'Apq

nououyr]r[vel.

l o r [ n o o x L K io L o o u v K I L v e o r o 6 L d o r n u o- 3 , 3 ) .

10, tta Bpe[ 6r6otngo ro o0vdlonq rnc ouvqioorpdqf

]x-*U-'

u=.1 6

A[on:
Ei v o I I i m = l x + 1l .

(E'['n')

-";-+ l=ri'I r.l-_t--l I Vv+l "r

-l

fi
{x*1)"

=lx-rl ri'!"-i-,=
-2 < I < 0.

H o r L p qo u v K l l v Lo n d l u r qv L q l 1 + 1 < | a |
l = Z - __, v=1

I L o X = Un o t P oY o o o e l o LL . . ; . v=1 vv ! v L ( q r I E r o [ < e r qe r r K d . )

rlou 6rl{,rce[ 6qu qrloKAl-

102 f r . ox = - 2 n o e L p q p d e r o L > f - - l - ' v v=r W

1

(i).

dptdvKoL !nH oKoiou8lo B = --'-- eivoL urq 9e[vouoooKolouglo orLKdJv "Vv 'Aoq L 6evlKi. n o L p d( 1 ) o u v K i L v E ( K p r r i p L oL e i b n i z o e l l 6 q 1 1 0 ) . l [ L E T r o u 6 v n q p x u x fo e L p do u v K j \ t v eq r o d L d o r n u q - 2 , 0 ) . o q
d ,\,1

l l . l h u E l E r n o c [ o e t p d : ( - 1 ) " - 1' ] ; - + n
v= t

A0on:

'Exouuein Jl^ 11 I

=*, =,,' |=*,r,'. ],,1, [fli

-1 < x < 1.
: i ,,-r t-tt]

H o e l p do u v K l l v e lr r " - ' . " ; - :

v=1

x f L o1 = - 15 * o r u . n vo r p q ) ( - 1 ) ' - + # =
K I [ v L ( K p t r i p L oL e i b n i z o e l a 6 o1 1 0 ) . r r l q x = 1 6 x o u p en v o L p d
!=1

L (-1)'7ri

',

nou ouv-

v=1

(-t)u-1

1u.1

n o , n d l t o u Y K l ' i v E( K p t r f l L

p t o L e i b n i z ) . ' A p on o p x L Kote L p 6 u v K l l v s L r o d r - d o r n u[ o1 , 1 ] . o o i t2. lb lelEqol oe rooq rrtv o{,yxlLon4 durrqrooelgd i

1=6 (v+l ) I

r"']l , ,u.

Aoon;
r L X o U UrEm l - ; { v+1)'+1 I .v+t I : ttm -:-j----v-+r l.,vl

TvTll-i

'"

(v'?+2v+2){v+l)l =.l . m , X,l - - ; l ( v - + 1 ) ( v + 2I)

=lx lt im --lll1--'--

(v ' + 1 { v + 2 ) )

=o< 1 . ' A p q n b u v q l o o e L po u v x l l , v e lY t o K d e x R . d

13. ih !lrnet oC npoernv o0yrtron n duwlooeLpd i ,"ro { !=o 2' ( qlo) . A0on:
E L v q tl i m

=l im

l xJ ' * t t q * , . 2-' r! txr a--' q

t03

"'-i-=
1 . t x l _T
I tm

2v+1

.t -lt

=+ .

H duvouosLpd suvkltvEt vLo

Ixl --r

< 1:r

lyl <2-XeG2,2J. nou ono(ltver*.

flo X=26xou!rnv oLPd ) Z'80 --:v=o

f[o X=-2 6xouuE oer.pd I (-l )v2!eq Tnv noucnoxttver.. { v=o 2"

14, lb Bgeea 6r,bupo ouvxltoa,Etr|c duvq|ooLp& ; m

X > 0.

t2r:].!l
vx"

Aooq:
v

r . x o u u | l m l o vl =t r m

l(2x-1)'l

l-"r

=lxll,,'' =l+l.'= n--l

x
f[q vc ouvKllver n orlpd np6neu '| < r - 1 < 2 1 - 1. x - " - | . x< .

k)

<1 *

-1 <

2x-t

rtq x= i

xoupe oeupdJ rnv

/ r\" 1- --r,
.ffi \-:ri

= I.(-l)" lv=r
ertK6.

nou dnr,:c 0q

( 6 o 0 u o u v K l t v r r p r , r i p u o e i b n i t z o e l { 6 o l l 0 ) . L
fLq x=l xoupr4v oetpd

ar --lI,

nou firpi(rol

Enou6voq 6l6ornuo ro suvKlloer,r 6oop6vnc rnc oeuoAq etvoLf-f

, 1).

* EdvaL rih2veq *

=otit 2"

"q* 2'
d

=a.1:a10. Yr!9u!i(ou! (irL

x+0

--

104

15. lb 9o0tro 6 L6oEnrq ouyxltoE|rcrm 6uvqrooe!p6q

: (-l)" jlr*T
A0on:
'Ev^ii. 1i6 | v+f

--2\'+1

.l im

, - l,l, u + 1 - T .u + 3 x2 v+i \
r rrV X

2v+1

=rim #*
(-1,1).

. lxl,=lx

2v+1 , H oLpd uvKtrlverq lxl'?< 1 .- 1'?-l< 0X o vl f L o X = 1n o e t P d l v e t o r I v

v=o -

-1)' a';r

( t l o uo u v K l a v L x p u r r i p L o e i b n i t z ) L

fr.o 1=-1n orpd vp6@rqL t-tt' I

( o u v K l L v e LK o l r h p L o e i b n i t z ) . L 'Apo

' ' '2v_l

--1u*=,-= I (-1)"" 'u

=o

z#

Trou

r o 6 r d o r n l q o u y K l l o e o c { , v q r[ - 1 , 1 ] E

16. ih 8oortro 6poLqrs rnc bu\rqrooerpdg 1t*2*:*'..*u;xu-l i v=1 ?,|. dvxRrlxl A0or;: + . E t v o ro . v = l(I + 2 X + 1 + 2 + 3 ' ? + . .+ (1 + 2 + . .+ v ) 1 " - 1 )x . ) ( +( . 2 x o v = X1+ 2 ) X ' ?1 + 2 + 3 ) X 3 + . .1 + ( + . . . + v ) x v . +( Yr{ M o e q t o e oa x o u u ( 1 - x ) o v = l + 2 1 + 3 ; ' z + . ' . + v x-v -9- t " n t--d1+21+3x'?+v1v-1= H (3) EreLOi ;I-l^ vpdqrqr r(1-x)' ,r,.

--ull'- - -v-lt-11- I --]j:0- - 0-- --o-= o = l--d-xu (1-x)3 (l-x)' 2(l-x) (1-x)' 1-x' 2(1-x) "
= -__1___(l-x)3 'Apq ro (ntouuevo gporouq LvoL o d e t 1 7 . tlq ! - I -.

( | -x)'

rnol rdcnpoc rnv oiyxlrol n duvqroosLpd: 2.22 3.2t v.zv

v 2 x v- o .

I|l . -QL'-U-'* -(I1!-l:,...* -Q(rt-)-"*...

1.2
* e n e u 6 rlix l < 1 e i v a u X ' o. Eivcucr,riuc xv - 0, v

105

A6on: 'EXouur ri, o) Av U/-.

lvrl B) av t't;'

1r v - lx+ = ' "" I :Hl l=ri, l5;.]l-"---'-*r-oJrLlrJ- - v-+T_ -Z-- l l I 2 " " ( v + t) l x + tl \

|
I

f 3+ -3< x < 1 n oerpdouvKILveL.

t I*x

( - , - 3 ) u ( 1 , + * ) n o r p d6 v o u v i ( l t . v E L .

,. v) Avx=l n osLod vpdertor + . +....EavqLvvtJor6qnLp(<To eTrx6. L

-l- +... Kqr 6roc

-1, ypdrpetor. t t Av1=-3 oerp6 n + i-

- -;- -...=

I.{-t)'+

nou o0u0{rvq ro Kprrnpro rou Leibniz ouvKllvL. ue ,|8. q uelTro|.rq |It)oqqv o0vxlwn I ouvqrooLpd
1

\ _ X- - a - - - '

!(!-1)

ri A0oI: ' EXouuin I

w Xv( 1),/2 (v+1)l

v;

.,!( v-1),/ 2

=r itr-l-', I = i, v+l

0 ov lxlJ I

I - ov lx > 1

E T r o l t v o qo r p do u v K i [ v L r o 6 r d o r n u o- 1 , 1 ] . o n [ 19. tb rleqet oc npo<rlv oiyxllon n 6uvqiooelp6:

- - (x-t)"("*r) L
!=1 vt

A0ot; ' E X o u uI m flnJ=r i i'

i l1u l x - l1 v ( ( " + r-l, . - l x - l l ' * 1 -

v+r)

0 ov lx-lLJ 1

'Apq r n o e r p do u v K l L v ev L o l x - l 1 < 1 < - 0 < x: 2.

ov lx-11>1

20. tlq ueAernol, rr@crnv o0vKlron n buvctooLpd 2 , v . t x - f , oq Atot:

E { , v o Li m l ErrOfl I i m (
r ; .", .'v+l r

= t i m t_ 1 _ l * - r _ 1 - . l__ ?-tl.i.m (v + 1 )x _ 5 1 l l l
I vl(x-S)" I n o t L p do u v K l [ v L d v o o v l X - 5 ] = 06 ! 1 0 6 / l o v l

X=5.

106

21. tlo EsmoEe[ npoq Tnv o0yKlLonn duvouooElpd: t4

t. I" ztf*l-'rr"r v=1

A0on: 0ttouyeou=*- o*Y"-a . t + . .. a v
\ )

Xv' q > o
(0uorx6 fhrod)v)

v=l,2,...

ELvoulim | -"i-'ou

=rim r"ffi*-

=0.

'Aoo ouvcpooLpd ouvKliveL Kdo R. n oooubvn vro x 22, o uelrne[oClrpoernv o0y(lron n 6uvqrooc : Lpd
!=1
vt z- -;;s .,\)

v-

(Io0nuarrK6 nqrp6v)

A0o1: e l r o u p e u =- v 1 - , v = f , 2 , . . . E { , v qIr i m o 'Apo

n---

=lim

1l
/ 1\V | 1+ -:l

Tnq 6uvst/oo[o6C n oKr[voouVKl[oEoC oooldvnc (vol r=e KoL enop6ralq Duvouoorpd 11 ouvK^lvrvlq Kdge (-e,e). X T[q X > e q 6oo!6vn duvquooLpd oneloi,<rq[ eTLKd. nodvuorL X >e VLq q r L p < E r o o s r r K d( K p r r i p L o ' A l m b e r t ) . l L d
R

T L qX = e x o u u I - ' + a
v=1 v'

I B, xoL ""= u=1 '

-7{(''* oLpd

> 1.

' A p o( K p t t i o r o n n l t x o vr o u d ' A l s n b e r t) n 6.v uvKllv1. o

L--;-.

Etretdit 6!{rq 6xer 0etuxo0q L 6poucfi rpleerq orrrKd,

'noo

u=l

-"-' xv=r- vr.oxdue [ e , r - ) . x

vu

l - L ox _ <- e n d u v q u o o r K d t q L v r o r . p d v u o r6 0 1 0- v J - e , r 6 r e pu n L qKoiou0i.o ) rurvueprxtirv (o. o0ooroudrov orpdq: r4q

o 6 v u = t ( - t ) u 6 - . , 6 e v o u y K l t v L t r s n r p [ e e r o L ,l d r r n : (-1)'-+ v" v=1 v=r grLKdJv (02!) sKoloue[o 6oov Kor. n unoKotroue[q (voLvvno[ocotiEouoo (o2!_1) etvat vvnoloqe0[vouoo sKo,\oueto opvnrLKdiv dpojv n unqKotroueLq KoLeno!vrK Loxrlr 6rr; lir oru-r. < 0 < limoru.

107 23. tb Eroorea llpoCrnv otvxllsn n 6uvolooelp6: oC q*v z- 6;1 xv, B > 0, x ( - l ' + - ) v=o'

A0on:

O e r o u u qv = * . l Y , u = f 2 . . . . . P+v

'Apq qKr{,vo ouyxiloeoq rnq 6oou6vnqu v o u o o L p d v q l n r = 1 . E o n etq nouavoq 6uvoloorpd ouvKI[veL n vLo Kdg ( - 1 , 1 ) . f t q X = l n 6 u v o t o x o er p d o n e l p i ( e r o u e r u x d . S

np6vuorL n oerpd : 16r

Ki[vrL 0r"0rL o+v + d;, ilo.

I ffi xu vod.orror v=o

69fi "0, 6vouv

'EroL o l o l n 6 v n o o o u c v6 u v o u o o e Lq n e r p t n pd n osLpd nLo[<Eror rrKd. e d e E x o L T L KV u qK 6 0 [ 1 , + - ). X

Err6i 6 oL dpol rnq eLvqr xllKd 0rLKol,

24. NaoxnumloreI urd buvqJooerod vo ouyrl[veu yrq K@ex(0,4) nou ror r,u sflsLpleerqloerrxd vr.oxdX [4,{-).

A0on
E L v o L0 < x < 4 c

(llqonuqrIx6 Aonvd)v)
-2 < x-2 < ?. 0q qvqcnriqou! sro!6v0q lLd 6u q . , ( x - 2 ) " ! q K r L v oo u v K t r l o o q 2 . p=

vo!0o!po rnq p o p o i s t

'Aoo npcnr rruot t trVl;-rt -f ,o

(1).

A r o L r o 0 uv q L o x 0 Eo r 6 u o ( 2 ) r t r L Ky L q 6 i o u q r d l--5 ou(x-2)u r o u q b e l K r e q = 1 , 2 , . , , K q LV L oK 6 e [ 4 , + - ). T d r n 6 r , v q u o o t p d v eq x , r r r O L < r e r r K d L o( d e eX [ 4 , r - ) . qL V (1) A p K e i o L n d vv o 0 p 0 e ! 1 6 o K o l o u g L o uv o L K o v o n o LrE q L no Lt l 'Apq x o u ( 2 ) . M r o r e r o L oo K o J \ o u e il,v o Ln q . . = 1 , , v = t , 2 , , . . e o n <n2" r o t u v no u v q u o o L L v o L I - - \ , ( x - z t u . pd n

v=o 2"

25. ilr lrlErnoEt oc rpog rnv ooyrltorl lt orr*

qrq onpl,cX=0, X=1.

zL ' \ 7-x+2 -' ) !=I

/4-x\"

108

Aoon: :ro onJi.o n oerp6 vodoerou *r-, (*)" x=0 i_ !:r

. ?" 'Exouue -zi-_l-Kqr ov+r= zv+r . ou= Iv;T
o 'Aoqrim -".^{=rt' ?-.. , . "v+1 J?::l) =zlin rl;l =z> t.

= i

v:i

,?,"-, .

2" (2v+1J Erou6vLlqoeupd ffitLo[<roLertKd. n

l

r u o y . l n o e L o d o d o r r q L-; v - I ov +.-

- ' v,_-r ( + ) " . 4] \ r /

Ei.vqL.,= .'l--ou

3"(2v_1)

---]----

lin o u " " ' . 'Apo 114 =11rl-'1zv-1= -1 r,r ?u-'f 3 "" 2v+ ,v+112v*t) 3v+:(Zv+t)

= - i . . 1 . E n o u C vn q e r o o u V ( I L v E r . o oo 26. tb Bpgtro 6r6ornpqouyxllooq rnq oLpdq: 2x x*q' 1 /2x\'z. T'\i+T 7'"'1 / 2x \". v--\ l+T / ""

A0on: -*-fi =t utnopqrnpo0u n boolavnoLpd rnv qvrLKordorqon 6rL ue t. o r o o x n u o r l ( r q rr n v o u v o t , o s r p d - I t'. -l tt*...* J-- 1v+"' nou

ru n 6 r l o q [ v o ! y v r , J oo6 v K l I v Eo r o 6 t " d o t n u[q1 , 1 ) . E r l o u e v o q o o u d vo e L r n6 p d 0 o o u v K , \ L vv lL r l q r r u l q r o u x v u q r u q o n o l e ct l v q L - l < - # . , , q 6L H i t o n r n q b r r t r i qq u r i l qo v L o d t n r o q v L l - 4 / 3 , 4 ) . X 27. l|q 8p0o0v drsorliuqrs ouvKll,ooq duvquooLgiv: u,f !q
3 aY c ) | + ; + 2 ' . 1 2 + 3 1 1 . . + . l ; 1 v a..' r I -/-z

91 t*

0+21+g|*

(x+2)!+...+-u;17 tr.z)u*--. 1x+2)'?+ 37-'-,=

^..

A0o4: v 'tot{,iqv=v: etvql lim WT =+o) 'Apq orpd o u v r t r L v e td v oy t o 1 = 9 . u 4 rnv X+2=t. 8) Kdvouu ovrlKordoroon t t* --L--t. ---1---tr...* --a1 2. 2 2 2- 2 2 v z. 2 '

(E.r{.) n.

'EroL flpoK0nrL Duvquoot0d n (1)

tu *...

109

' E X o u uIm i

=1im

1 v *11 ' . 2 u + 1

I --:1:t - =-z-2 < t < 2,

' A p o 6 o o u 6 vo e L p d n o u v K I L v e Lo - | - r 1 1. , * vr n fLq t=2 nooK6nreroetpd I n -l-

n o ud n o qe L v o rv v o o r d u v K I L v 1 . o

T L qt = - 2 n p o K t n r en o e r p d i t - t ) " - - 1 ; , rn o un o l u g u y K iLv [ ( K p L T i p r o L
v-I 'EroL 'Apo o e L o d( 1 ) o u \ / K i i v s ty L s - 2 < t , < 2 . Leibniz). n n - 2 _ < X + 2 < 2 - - 4 < X _ <0 . o e L p do u V K A L v e L q VL

6 o oa v n u

110

E\rsl ooo6!vq qrLp6q

0 o r q r 6 cM r oo L p d 6 p o u q v q l l d te r L K o 0 q L p v n r r K o ^ e v s . Kq o uq ! roL volloooouevn vqlldqoouoo i nopdbrvrq. oeLpd :(-1)'.' H

*
11

- ; - .= 1 -

)-

-...r

t-l

Zu

+"'

(vqL evqtrlqoodlsvn '

f v L K d L o X 0 [o e r l d l E v o qo p L o ! 6 c :

0pro!6s. Evqltrdooouoq ovoud<ouu oLpd i o.,.0-ouKqLu6voouLq rov orou+l- 0, vto KdeE N. < v tlooqripnon: urq Evqlidooouoor pd ouvieoqo nodroq6oocfiqlovs: oe rgt rpoonlqoufvoq errKd, frvrKd 6uoqfxouuerov flopaKdro ouuBolLotd: 6 K I ( - 1 ) " . ' s . . u e q . . > O q v o n p 6 r o q p o ce l v o Le e r L x 6 q o L I ( - t ) ' o , ,
v=1

u"--t ! e o ! > 0 o v o n p t l r o q6 o o q e l v q L o p v n r L x d q .

l,le66euqn: fLo vq urlrioou! rnv oivKl\Lonurqq vo^lqoo6uevnq oELpqq eqpu6<oup o) To KplrilpLoLeibniz (Bi6rlr oro efiOurvq)lt L o B ) T o B e d r p n l q : v ! r d o L p do u V K I L v o n d ^ u r qr d r n o e L p d u v K l l "A v a l K o Lo n ^ d " .

o u e l u 1 6 c L r i p r o L qe v q , \ t r o o o d o eLp 6 s ( K p r r i p L o e i b n i z ' ) Kp L v uev q

A v ( o ) s l v o L u t d u n b e v u r i K o L e e l v o u o qo K o l o u 0 [ oe x l K b v d p o v l d r n oElJJ ) (-1)"'q ;\, ouvKI[veL.

n o p d 6 e L v Nq e t e r o o r llr c n p o q n v o 0 v K l r on o r r o C u o. r n
H oLpdourn ouvKILvtL qTrd^urq;

.i,i-t)u*1d,

A0on:
T4v oeopoiruE qKoloue[qeu= -v-- , v N nou eLvoLqglvouoo KoL un6 v r K i q x o l o u e [ q e r r K d Jd p o v . 6 v
*Leibniz Sottfr.ied Wilheln (1.646-1?16) xou pc!dyos lepuavds putr<iooqo5 s n l c r un d s .
1

111

'Apq oLo6 n F,(-l)'*1o,= I (-t)u*r -J- ouvx]t(veL.

v=1 " v=1

E t v q L> l ( - l ) " ' i

l=

- - ' - - r o u o n e r p t < E r e r L K d'.A o qn 6 o o u e ol

vn oeupd ev ouyKILveono^urq, L 6

llqpoTnpngn:o K o L r h o r o o u L e ibnrz f i o p o u s L d ( r q L LL]er:i'lvu00T K0LTn0Lo Lerb n i z fiopousLo(rqL l0 Tou r KqL Kq " A vv L or n v o r t . o o f l'v + 1' v < l = l vv L (-1)u*Lou e vu=(-1)u'Iou oxieL rL: L o u

v-1

v = 1 , 2 . 3 . , . r o r l i n v = 0 r d r n o e r 0 do u v K l i , v r . , , .

nu!6veq Aoi(do[c . l. ils lelrqe{, oc rr9oq ouYK,tLonoLpq z rnv n _ ouv( vn) -------v

A0on: o { E [ v o L u vv r ) = ( - 1" . )

'Apo n v n d o o u e vo e L p d p o q e r q L :
1', -i--'

(1)

1 o o e L v o tq g L v o u so r o l o u o l o r L K dd o { , rK o L H o K o l o u e L(o u ) u e o r - - l e Jv v 'Apo q ( r u n d e v r - x r i . q 0 u e o vu r o K o r ! ' l p r o o u L e i b n i zn s e L p d 1 ) , d o o K q L o n 6oo!vn uvKtrLveL.

2. lb ul8rnoe0 oq rpoc rnv otyxlrol n oelpd: f Ario4:

(-1]u*r -1.;

1 q q o H q K o l o u e i . ( q v ) ! q , , = . . . L v o L e L v o u o e r L ( 6 vd p u v x o u u n b e ' 3" 'Apo vtKfl. ooutpovq ro K p L r i l o [ o o u L e i b n i z n D o o u e v o r p ds u V K l a v 1 . r n ue q 6rxgl 6rL n oer.pd I (-l)u't --'-, v=1 v^ yro r_< 0. K I [ v e [ q v K > 0 K o L d e v ouyKtrtvL 3. Atro4: v^ 6 u n b e v L Ke e r L K d v p tv d p q o 0 u q o v q E r o K o L r n p Lr o u L e i b n i z n i o u ouvKiIv . L (oerod Riemann) ouv-

o ) A v K > 0 r o r e n o K o t r o u e(l o . . ) u e o . , = - J

ei . v o u e l v o u o oK o L o
oroq

112 B) Av x=0 r6re --1-r=1 dpq n o r r p d ) ( - l ) ' v^ v) AvK<0r6te -1-.1 onoK^[veL,

K q Ln o u p d6 e v o u y K i L v l .

4. q ulrrnget oq Irpocrnv o0yxllon I oLpd (al qpvFrxo0 . orEpaLou) A(,on:

o+v

v vo Y[6pXEL ouoLKdq Teroroq TIouq+v > 0 vro K6 > vo. npoeqvdE

r.o"xier:
' o+v
. .,

_t-, -q+* i (-1)'-1 -(-t)u-t !=! 0+1

( - 1) u - 1 Kdo I t..o v > vo "f t^

(1)

Ioxteu rr: 6

q+v+l

l o r l Y t o x d e ev > v o x o t I i r n ( -1 ) ! - 1 c t + v - '

Enouevoq e L p 0 : no

(-1)u-' -6!

o u v r l l v e r ( L e i b n i z) .

'EroL l6vt)

o o r o r ,r n q ( 1 ) n 6 o o ! 6 v n L o d u v K l [ v s L .
{nq tlq Esrqorro0v npoq Tnv qoyxlLon oL oELpCC:
q)

i r-oury!u1-')
"=r v2

yJ B) ! 1-11"
v=1

v3+l

A004:
q) ELvqt

l---11-":u-t-ri11 1
-Jouv"fLueLnpoKimL dtL xqu n oeLpd

ErtLbil oLpd i n

v=l

l ( - t ) u n r r ( u - 3 1I2 )ouvKll,veL. 'Apq KqL n 6oouvnotpd ouvKtrlvsL. z- 1-----;---| ' vB ) E t v o L I ( - 1) "

t.,

v-2

''t+2

2v

EnEL6ir oLgd I n

--'-- ouyxtrl.veu, Kr ouvKtrLvEr n oelpd

u=.L v2

l-:31 i l,-',"

o 6 p q o u y K l t v s rK t n 6 o o u b v n e l P d .

112
B ) A v K = 0r 6 r t .1 -, = 1 d p o n o e L p d t ( - 1 ) " ' - . 1 o n o r l i v c L . , v^ v=1 > 1 K o Ln o e L p d v o u y K i l v e L . 6

v) Av ( < 0 16r .-:

4. llq !trrnot oc npoe Tnv o0yKllon n oerpd (ql qpvnrlxoi, oK6oslou) . A0on:

d+v

quoLKOq r6ToLoqTrou Yndpxer vo o+v > 0 vrq Kdeev > vo. llpoeovdc
LOXUeL:

-*

(1)

I o X 0 r L6 r Lr
lq <

'

o+v+|

(-1)*1 -q.1, v[qKdev>vo v o K o LI i m ( - / -"' a-+v

o I vto Kdoe

Eno!6vt.rqoeLpd > n
!=! o+1

(- ) u - 1 -I

sgyxtriy r ( L e i b n i z) . ' E r o L I 6 v { , ) e

K q r r n q ( 1 ) n b o o l a v n e t p do u v ( i i , v e L , o 5- Is EsEoom0v ngoCTnv o0yxlLon oL oerpc: rE

rytCllt o) ; (-r)u
v=1 V'

v -2_ B) : (-1)u
v3+1

Ai,qn:
o) [ivoL

Lill-ry-t-r-311
]-

E n e r o ln o L p d i i \-1/ a) \, ( | ( - 1 ) -n u v " '

o r v * l f u a un p o r 0 n r ed r L K q Ln s L p d l '. o u y K l L v e L A p qK o Ln o o o p vo e r p do u y r l l v e L . n v-2 |
v3+1 |

v=1 '

v_

9) t Lvot" ( - 1 ) u
_t

v+2
v3+1

2v
v3

2
v2

EnLon oLpd ) it

----- ouvKli,vr, uvKlLveL Ln oeLpd o K

v2

v=1

v i l,-,,"2 1
-:|

n r d p oo u y K l t v K r n 6 o o u vo t p 6 .

113

6. lb glerqot. rtos rnv otyrllot n oerpo dC d \ I ,1 rr (0

l0on:
/ ^-\

i.nr[(".-; )"J,

<o < l]

$ elvoL E L v oo u = n u ( v - -+ I - = f - t l " n u- 9 ! ; , H o r o i o u 0 tB u = n-u L n1 o ) 'Aoq (KprrnproLeibKoL orLpd ouvKltvEr eelvouoo g46ev!rn. n ooouevn ni2). 7. l|o sslsrnoeL npoqrtv ouyxlronn o".ot oc
/lto1:
I nu

j
u=2

!:tl'try

H oKoloue[o -':u::: ou= etvor,qeLvouoq oKolouolo oTLKdiv (n oudpov f(x)= -f vdptnon oro (e,r-)) .
Iol0et 6r[

c*"'" opvnrlxi nopdvnvo x < e doo s[vo[ qolvouoq vLq

16" ]im - j:-: =0

/ei.vor ln -I = lim / - -p : - \ = t i , r ( x \ / *-,.x-,t'EroL o 0 l q o v q! t r o K p L r i p r - oo u L e i b n i z n o L p d u v r ( l { . v 1 , r o

j- ')

8. q Bpoel @oolqrc orp6c ro rnc

A6on:
ELvqr v=(-1)o
2vt1

:,

a--li#fiaD

t---j-

=(-l)"

.,i

., 1 +(-1)".v+T 'Apq .

^-+,,," uv- z_\-r,

2x.1 -f ,.,r - -1 ' xTxTTJ z_rr-'r

|..,"

z\-r,

t = v-jT

=(-'. i-+. +*...*(-,)v +).(--i.++. ..

-(-1)" -v+j =-1+f-1)" t;I
l v q L - 1 .
.' 1 \

- l + 0 = - 1 . ' A p qr o < n t o i u v d e p o L o u d o

f. ilo rterm[ oc rpoernv o0vKllon orrpa i (-t)u(t-q1lu) n

o>0. v=l

A0on:
'Eoro o 0 < q < 1 r 6 T e n q K o l o u e i ,o r / ' , v - 1, 2 , . . , E i , v o L r l ( o u o q q [ o K > 1 rdr n o K o ^ o u o o L / u v = \, 2 , . , . e l , v q le 0 t v o u o c K o L Lo , I imot/!=1 . 'Eqrojq
I irnol/!='1.

114 1n oKo,\ouoLoo1/v, v-l,2,... qlqouoo Lqq > l. v 'EroL i . v q re o t v o u o o L q0 < q < 1 e i v o r V

KoL orLq 6l,0 npLnrdoLq elvou lou*, _< lou 'Apq o E L v q u x 6 u o( - 1 ) ! { 1 - q L l " ) . 0 . o 1 1 e u p d u y x l i , v e u 0 u r p r , . ru e o o vo K p L r l t o Lro u L e i b n i z ( 6 e l r e p nu o o q i ) . o 10. Nq etErqorel qv n oerpd:

ro

.', 5 ' ' i 0 - " ' + (,- l ) " -

vJ'

3"-i

-"'

ouvxAtver'

A0on: = H o e r p d l v o Ln : _ ( - 1 ) u + 1 j - l - f . n o K o ^ o u o r : q 3 + i - , e ".,= " = 1 2 , .. . e a v o r p o L v o u o q . L ,

E n e u 6d u o ql i m q v = l i m T ; i n
v+2

= . -1 1 0 , n s e r p d6 r v o u v K l [ v e l . i --!, ouyrttver.r<qlvq gp-

ll. tlq 6eLXo[ 4 oLpd i t-llt-t 6rL eE[ ro dprd rnc , A0on:

H qKolouolq u= -O /v=1,2,... eivoLurd eetvousq Kolouolo erlo o e Kdv 6p0v KoL!4Devtrit. 'Apc o o r n 6 o o u 6 v n e L p d u v K t r i v ( L e i b n i z ) ,
.,-r 1 ou=l-+-, i-. - ri-....-(-r)"-'-+Efvou 1 1 1

(aLexouu:

"2"='-

-T - -4'-

-{

-g -""t-rr

Zv

/ 1 1 'f 1 r:-\ / rz 1 1.\ ri ."'- z" )-2\-T'

4- . i

'"'- 2" )=
I

/ 1 / 1 =(1'+1 + 1 +"'+-i" \ -(. '- I ^ --j ."'.; + i /

,)=

\*

= 1 v + l n 2 v + 6 r . , ) - ( v + l n v + 6 ! ) = l n 2 + l n v + 6 2 ! - l n v - 6 v = l n 2 + 6l2 v -+ 0 - 0 = 1 n 2 . - n2 6v 'Apo )(-l)".;-=in2.

* ro1,ier, dru r*

-1-

-f-

*.:.*

:y+In!+6! <inou(6r) ln6vLxrioxotrou-

$da xoL y orogpds dpLgUds (oro.0epd rou Eu-Ier)

115 3c 12. t{q utrTnol npoq rqv o0yrtrLon oeLpd: n 1 -Z' 2 3 4 +"' + Ttn 3r{T TF{T A6on: H o E r p d p d a r q Lf ( - t ) u - t - - u - - -. v
v=.1 v 2+ 1

o H qrolouolo .,= l" v'+1

elvqr

q o 6 { r l e eL v o u o q K o ^ o u o [ o e r L K d v p o v K q t u n 6 v L Kd ip o n o E L p d u v K ^ l v e L K o L r n p L oL e i b n i z ) . 13. ib Islsrml . oq llpoq rnv oWKlLon n oerpd:

1 , 1 - 1 , 0 1 +,' 0 0 1 - 1 , 0 0 0 1 + " ' l

A0on: H o e l p d p d q e r q lI t - r l " - t ( r * - t - , ) . v '

v=I 10'

oK o H o K o l o u e a o . = t *4 . o '. L v o L L q0 e r : v o u o o o i o u e l0 e r L K b vd o o v . u 10"
E n E L b 6 u o q 1 i m {1 + - i
/1\

'

lo"'

b ) = 1 1 0n o e L o d v s u v K I L v 1 .

ric 14. o ueArnot llpoc rnv oovKllonn stpd

uT.L

i r-r'-':'1S) 4v2+v+3
oKo^oueLo erLK{iJV elvou uro eeLvouoo

Aoon:

H oKoloue[qg' = ---L"-1_ 4v2+v+3 oPrlv. / ,n \ q!n',l

4v2rv+3

. - . / _a_\ r*nui u n,

il, I 'Exouu '-'j\ 5-,/ =ri' s*av( rim f c.J \ :I)l L

4y2+y+3

^r

=o oqvvLvd-

K u e v ou n 6 v t K i q q L( o p o Y ! e v n . ' A p oo r j u r 0 o v q r o K p L r i p L r o u L e i b n i z o e L p d u v K , \ L v e l , o o n ue 15. ilo t|trnot (,lq[poc rnv o|.lvKlrorrt oLpd: 1234 +"' + T 2!+1 3:;T 4z+-l' Alon: t o r o , l o u 0 i{o , ) u e o " - u } r 1 H o e L p d p d o E r q LI: l - r ) " - t - * - . 0 v 'Apq oLod uvh o q d e L v q ru r d 0 0 L v o u op n 6 v t Ko K o i o u e ie t r L K { i v p o v . n o ( K t( , v e L L e ib n i z ) . r

116

Ielp6c o16 avo6rdrutn - leupcq nou ouyxltvouv g (4 x|f{-s) nepropuop6frv6ue,vooerpriv - AopoaorlEe oe!p6q.
qvc6r&tqEn >eLpd 0116 o(!po0pE oLpd f o r o u u r d o v q b r d r o q n o L o u v d l o u 1 , 2 , 3 , xnv r' t .-lv ' E r o L[ p o K U 4 , . . . . ) r o r v6 L K r r l vo v 6 p 6 i - r n c ,6 o t o t r l v { r , , x r , x 3 , . . } . r
nTEL lLO VO OeLpq ), !-1

oK rlouovoud<erol rnq orpdond ovodLdTo6n opq

t

o xrKnq rrp6q,
ooroydc.l. Atuedrt !lo orpd t o u y K l ( v e l1 t p [ q n e p u o p t o p 6

q I K u ou L T d T o L d v o v d T q v n s L p d u r i "=_- v K l L v en p o qr o v q p L e ! 6 ( o L e r qn'quri ue ovobrdro{n ni ntr6ov xdeoLod t ox..nou rov dnpoK0rrrL p o v r n q o u v r t r L v e u l o n q o LL o X U LJ o = F o - = 1 . K en

*-o ' ,,a "u

IhpaEipnon:Av pLs oeLodouvxll,vrL xrrptq nEpLoplou6 Lox0LqnEpl6pLoxon urdeeonrov dpov rnc. oglqr6c 2. I'tLqorpd to,, eo ^cu, 6rr suyrltvr ! npLoprou6 uLo

o v K o LU 6 v o v v , 4 o e r p d ) o . , o u y K l \ [ v L q Lu T r d p x rrL u l d x t o T o o o K q n d o v o d L d r q qo e r p d > o , n

i n o n o L q6 v o u v K l t v L K o Lq v o u v K i l v r ,

npoq rov onoio vo outKlLve[ npoq evq Troovuorrxo oprold 6rdaopoxLvou

uuY^^LrcL 'r 2.,,.

'Eoro x s u v x t r i v e(u p u r i p r o e i b n i z ) . l , r o d 8 p o r o pT n q . d L Auort:

6 o p o 0 ! en v o v o b r d T q { r o u o u v 6 l o uN : { 1 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 7 , 4 , . . . , 4 K - 3 ,4 K - 1 , n r qurfl npoKtlreL n oLpd: 2K...,rHrnv qvob Ldxq4n
* H qr)quxrl 6rdTdEn rou ouldlou rorv qrioLx6v o p L v u ( / J E L v o L n u , r , z , J t { . v ,,,\)... ovotcieou!e arEoLdtagn tou o'.rvdlol, rrd! gr.)olnuh dp!$u{,5u r{dg ol]q L,! ovoo{}iavrn creuxdvcon rou duvdtrouaurorj o r o v c u r d T o u .

tta66eryuo, tH oerod +

-+

*...*1-t1u*1. . *-.

,,,

117 1 1- -T
l

+.+.-f-+.+.+-+
(2).
n nO r n v q p x L K io e L p d p o K 0 m s r r L : O

-....

*=3

*_

t..

1-lf- *Jr:
111

5
b

Lq q^^ou exouue 4?- * 4K_1 - 2* 'Eorur r.,r^,r^,...,r

6 c exouu < -i

, u

q ( r r . . . r o u p r K d e p o i o u q r qn q o e L p d q 2 ) r 6 r e

=t, . ru ( r, (..' < r3u < ...

ottouooufloKolouelo (Tv) rnc ornc Yndpxeleflou6voq Vvnoloq urd qn6 l, notqq ou dooLqptooovrq!npoqxo Kdr{,J ro depoLouq rns qLpdq {1) l T b r e6 p o q6 x o u u i m s u p r !t x , t l . E n o u d v o qo e l p q( 2 ) 6 v o u v K l L v e L n 'Apq (1) ( ouvKI[vu fieptopLor6. L T r p or o & o o l o l q r n c o e L o d e1 ) . q n
qndiurq 16r n ottpd ouv 06oquq.A v l L o o r p d F q o u v x I L v e L IIepLopLoud ovrLorpoqq. KItvr x|,jptq KoL

XphonnqpEvoeoov
oe o { i | p r u 1 . A v o L d p o Lu L q qo u y K l L v o u o q q L p d c u o d o n o t n e o u v q ollqvit tnq rdqnq I O V djor vq npoK0(]eL v6o orpd x{,Jp[q fiqpvgeoeLc, !Lq KqL 6p0.rv rnq qpxuriq, n oerpd nou flpon]nrL,ouvKlLveL 6XLro L6Lo e p o o u qu r n v q p x L r / 1 . L

n q p 6 6 E r v u q .o o o t ure v o r L o d - - Z - . ) n 1 oc

'" i=

..

6 H o e L p dq u r i l o u v K l l v e L L d r L s l v o L y e o r u e t p u x i ^ 6 v o l = - j u

(ue fl <ft

'Lxo,u' drL - +-: "2

ljm o v3 -'..

....(-1) I ;.--,, ,l-.: " L t-l- -r'I / '

\

,?
/

q o r A r I dT f v 6 o o u b v n e L p d x n u o r L < o u un v o L p d :

/ \,-

r\ r\i,/1 z.)

1\./r z )-\2,-

'\ '2il+".-

: l u e o v ou e r o n p o n \ / o 0 l ee d p n un o r L p dq u r i f l p f n L o o u v K i L v eK o L vo q v L i jn v o i x eu r o L b r oo e o o L o u o r n v o o x L K n , d n i o b- , n o d v , or o uo u u g o iue 'EroL v L 6 L O T I n v 6 oo e u o d i . v q r o u e r p r K ^ 6 y o ^ = e . LvqL: v !n +

118 1 ^ , - -7' "r'Aoo I i m o ' =- { - - .

,l
r...r

1 1__:, T

noparilpnon: dpon rov nq0eve6onv u[d olod ELvqL6uvot6v vo H o ovorp6q.JL otvKlroit rnq, fvlrd 6v |rLrpeitrqLqnoldKpuvonfiqpv rnv 8eqsl,)v Krdqov n oelod ouvrltvL qrdluro.
Ilqpd6[vuq: oLpd( 1- I ) +( I - 1) +( 1- I ) +' . . +( 1- 1) +' . . ouvKtrivEu H xoraXeL60poLouo Av rIq llqpveaottqnpoK0nreL n UnOCv. 6!oq ogoLp6oou! . o e L p 6 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + . 'n o u 6 r & J q L v q L v o o r dq n o K I i v e L . e V rov 6pov lLdq oeLpdqflou ouvKllvL qn68e6oryo2. IlLq ovodLdxotn luro, 6ev uero9dj\L deooLolqrnq oerpdq. >e lrq 6uoq oeLpdrou ouvto KILVEIue ouvoiKn (lvol ryrlouyxlivouoo)n qvobrdtoqnrov 6pr]v ueTq F6lr 1600ro depo[otq rnc oerpdc 600 KoL rnv eljon rnq,

I l q p 6 6 L y uo { r p o u un v o e l p d I , ( - t ) u - 1 - - . 1 - ; ( t ) . 1. r o u t i lo u y r l l v e r -n 6 l u r of.l p d v u q nLo e u o d) . , 1 ( - t ) ' - 1 o r

ouvKilvr oov vr,JurpLKil lovo !e 1 -z'' !=r

H orrpa #

l=.I,

( H oeLpd1) 6xeL epolouo j-, 6

, t? )3

f l p d v u o rrr| u o r ,
,V-l ,

o\ J=t- -1- - -1- - 1- *...*{-t)u-r 1- = - limo,= +

'-\--z'/
I I I

l-

= I J

( A I I 6 < o u u n v r d q n r o v 6 p r ! vr n q o E L o d q 1 ) r , r s i c : r e

6 e o q u e r d q n 6 K d o r L K b p o V p d q o u ur u q n d u v o u6 i o q p v n r l K o u q e r o r nooKtnr n oELpd: [

l,
\

r
2

--_

r \./t j't'
1

I
2s

I
Z'/

\./r
\Z-

I
?a

r\
Ztt/

23/

\/

1+ . ' - + r -1 \2zv

24r+1

- - 1- , \| + . . . 2\v+3 ,/

q x n OELpd uril ouvr,\iveu qu txer

dporopq +I b p d b e L vz .qA l v e r o r o . r p o i ( - 1 ) u - 1 1 ' u n

!=1

(1)

q ) N q 6 e r x g e (d t r , 4 o e l p d L v o [ n t l o u v K l f v o u o q . F) Nq [roorl oc [poq rnv o0vKiLonn oelpd nou npoKinrel qn6 Tnv

119 grtKd (1) ov ol,\dEoutE rdqn ruv dp{rv r4c, Vpdqovroq rnv uErdqnd Kdes 600 6po xo!e fidl]EVouq opvnrLKo[,e. A0on: Le o ) H o e L 0 d 1 ) o u v x i L v e(rK p L r i t p L o i b n i z ) , { H o e r p d6 u o c : l(-r)'-' .l- l= I - - L 6 vo u v K i i v L n 0 i q L 6

vou yvoor6. ' A p o o e r p d( 1 ) o u v x t r L v e r o u v e n K(n l v q L u n u t o u v K l L v o u,o t o r { , r o) n ,, ro depoLouqq oLpd(1). In q

/ | ervotn (r_ H vrooLpo )_ *"'* (2r:t

/1

(') ,- + 0r lroLod YPdoroL . +

1 1\

4*:z

1* )."'

\ lj a )_(_i (2).

, r\ z-ef

'Eor0J d o v r o v l o o r d p e p L K o e p o L o uro q ( 1 ) K o Lo v T o v L o o r d u e p L n K d d o p o L o ur n q ( 2 ) . o

'rxouuc (r o'- \ ' r

! - I' l \-/-1 - -l o ,'\J

l)-.... d./

1\ 1 r\l 1 1 1 | 1 .l 1 .\ z*-r-4r-2--ax \ z l l , z i . / r - -T.l ""-\'z':r - z.)) /L\'/'\-T

1 l, = -z-\,'Apo

r - -T--5 r -"'* r - -TK\ r 1 1 _ I z'*'a z*--l )--2'4,-

1 -T

, r

( n oer"pd2) ouvKlIvr. Kd q dn q o q r n p o 0 l 6e r n o e u p d( 2 ) 6 x e u6 r " q e o p e t L d e p o L o go n 6 r o rr ( r r e p o L o u qn c o L p d q 1 ) , A u r 6o u u g o l v e 6 L 6 r L n o s L p d( 1 ) e t v o r n u L o u v K I Iv o u o q . edprlJq 3. : urq oLpdtlou ouyKlivL q[6,\uro o v n o L p d o v e t r r r l,r KoL n oLpdrorv opvnrL dp0v ouyK{iv K6v 6p0v ouvKtr L ! depoLouq Lv

d Ktr L u depoLouo 2 , t d r n o e L p d u v x i i , v t L p o qr o v q p L e u l r - r , 2 . t n Lve o

L 23 2\ o n s l v o L u L o v o g T p L K n L p d o u o u v K l i v e ro r 1 6 l u r q d p o K q r q n ^ d ) u e { rov eerLK{irv 6pov rnc EivtqL qfld rn oelpd: opoLouq1. To depoLsuq l l o p d d L v u qt - o e t o 6 I { - 1 ) - I . v=1 2" 2
<-1111

l----'--

1 . z'1

1--

d-

'71

2'"-t

2'

2'

120 quri 6xer,dOpor.opo -fH oeLpq . H oer,o6 6povrnc rov opvnrlK6v

2'"/ 22 2' 26

60-

ouevnc LvoL oLpd ; n

')=1

1 /- +,) -- --L-- - \ ( l)= {=r.

- --}- . nooo,nooi,ue 6ru JL

( L eE&orps Av puo oelp6 o u v K I i , v eK s r do u v e n K n ,e l v q r n u L o u V K l r : 4. vouoo)r6re 1600n orpdrov gsrrKdrv 6prrv rnq 600 Kor,n oeLpdrov opvn6g!v 6v ouvKl('vouv. r LKdrv

f rv6ur\r om6v 0prsuk. oeopoi,ue oeLpcq Iou, rrq

_ v=o

yLv6uevo u,w I gu ooi(oupe

\=o

600 oerpov rnv oslpd

!

= I o " B r _ i , v = 0 , 1 , 2 , . , . ' A p ov 0 = o o B o ,r = o o B r + o r Bv 2 = q 0 9 2 + o r B ' + o 2 8 0 , . . . v 0, 6ev 6tu ouvKlLvouv ouvdYexoL An6 tlqpcrfipnon. ro vEvov6c 600 oeup6q TouqELvo!ouvK^[vouoo oetpd. ndvrq6r[ ro vrvduvd

v=o

. Bv_2+. . +qv_ r +q.,8 I vu 6nou v!=qoBv+q o= r Bv_1+o2 18

n@blvro. ALverqLorroa f n

1 ul Vv+ q ) N o6 e [ X 0 d r r o u v K J \ [ v e - . [ rnq oeupdq our/lconiqdi ro vuvduevo Loe B) t{o urlolov | ro rerpdyovo z qv'zov. ourd. ro v) Noeerqorrl {rq npoqrnv or:rvKllon vLv6uevo Aton: o o) li olpd quvKltvr6LdrLn sKolouolo ! = -a,_. eivou ootvouoo Vv+l
v L o K o L! n b s v l K i o K o I o u g Le e r L K d ld p o v ( K p L r i o L o e i b n i z ) ,

!ll]

(i e)riuor. l_;uf (; tJ ) =,-( \; Vv+1) \uio {*t / / \ +. \A

.f -!*

l-). VZ /

\ vt

1 *-1-* ,lrr2 .-l-\-/-1\ !t !5 / ri a

lln

* 1 )*...=iv ' onou ,q ,=o

1H axolo\'9io (y. ) ovouciaercuouvdtuEn i yL\rtilcvo cauct{r rorv arolougLtiv ( a v ) , ( B ) ) , ! ' J ! d o l L j q o u pu e ( o u ) r . ( B u ) = v u . e

121

v+2 --f' '

Enouevoq
6ev

tY,,t z

?+# )_ ii7 =

v2

Aoo iimYllo,6nrq6i oelPd s . _ n

ouvxltvel, xor lvlertens). l. Oeri,pnuq (Cauchy rLq oer.odc f. o,=1.t, I Oopo0u ouvxlLvouoeq
v:o v=0

B"=,9,, Ynoeerou-

ouflrol0roc. Tdr ro VLvdtevo !s 6r[ ur,orou^6xlorovsn'qur6couvKlLvr K r { i v 6 n ^ o 6 in o e u o dI v v u E v v = I o . B u - . o u v x t r l . v e [o Lu d l L s r q

v=o v=o v=o v=o K:o

) - v r = 2 - o , r ') F u = ) ( r ' r : . Ourporju oeLo6q lqu, rLq Ilq066Lvua. f o" ! O < o <'l . No

v:o belxgeL drr- ro vLv6!v6 rouq quvKJ\[,vEL.

v=o

It6on: (r f H o e l p q f o ' o u v x t r L v e v e r + e r p l rote r p d 0 < o < 1 ) K o ru d i L u

v=o 1

otq 6xer ffiporolq lai

v=o !=o

qnd,\urq. . H l6Lo orLpd suVKlLvL

'EroL

KqL ro

B o v r u 6 u " u oi o " i o u = i t v * t ) q " n o u [ v q L L K r i r p d o b o(c t A n e x e !

r[Kd oro 1o Kq06lq[o) ouvKllvl npoq tov spleu6 ---l---( 1-q)'
v:o

(et*, j"";"=;',=
= qu i r=(v*r)o" ) K=O

j"

(v+]Jq" 0L0rL v=

)
K:O

u< v - < = L s o
K=O

xou fv IB ;r ;' v o u v ,6 n o u( v ) = ( q ) * ( B ) n o u v C I L rn. r v o ) , ( B ) r 6 r e : t (

O o p r y 2 . ( A b e l ) . A v o r o e r p d:q ! q , q ' u

ouvKIL

fv,= )o,
v=o v=o

IB,.
v=o

122
Aopoto[leq oLp6q 'l or.rpo Z o l6vLroL o0po(oLUn cropolstunK q r d c e s a r o ( i ( C , l t ) !=1 o-t-*-o-':1-'-'*-o-'l4 , qepo(olun) ue depoLouq ,q, = ov I im d n o uo ! = qr + q : + .. . + nqloTignol: Kdeeou\/KiIvouoq oelpd eLvoLoeooLoLtnKqL ro oepoLold T n eo u u n l n r L e r o o u v n e L o u e v o p o r o l r q * . de u n p d r o o n . A v n o L p d I o u e l v o L o e p o l o l u nu e d o p o r . o l o r q ! 1 I K v o v + 0 r d T n o L p d u V K I L v e(L o Lu d i L o r oe X Lo u v n e L q l d vq e p o r o u q , ) o o ! n p 6 r @ n2 . A v q . , : 0 v r q K d e v N K q Ln o L p q i o . , u e l v o u o e g o l .=t v=1

o L U nU s e p o L o Ug , r d r e n o e L p do u v K l L v L o L6 X Lo u v n 0 L o U 6 d o p o r , o y o o K v

Y n o q L p [ q c o c L o d c .0 e L ] 0 o [ , . / n v o r o l o u o i o ( o , ) . T !d ' E o r 0( o ! r rq ) uLo u[qKo^oueLnq (v] < v2 < ... < vK < ...) rdr o e u p d I q , , o v o u d < e r au n o o e L dr n q o e u p d g I r
-1 "r

o.,.

v=1 "

nqsibeuysq.tt o.upd i ou = i 'r

-.1

.=l

;- '

tvqr uLo unooLpo oeLrnc

r = 1 , 2 , . . . r l v o L u r - ou n o -

pdq )

1 - - ; ' , e ' 6 o o vn o K o l o u e l q . . = , r . r o

( o ^ o u 8 L on q o r o i o u e L q q . r o ngir@n:

-,

,I

,v=1,2....

l'1Lo oLp6ouyK,\LveL ondiurq ov xor" u6vo ov KdounooLpo rnq ouyKlLv1.

Auueveq AsxtloLq l . t l o b c r x O ed.r r n o e u p d I ( - f l ' - t i rnv nPonyo0uEvn oeupdt|)q{iq:

2y+1 qnoKl [,vL. fp6goup

ib 6erx0e[drr. q oer,o6

..... /4v-1 _ (. *). (3 +).( # i1) \zv__I?"t). quri quvxllvr..

: q rd-re lim

.)

(t.14.n. )

* 6udrL q! lino

:r, ro o\)Iiorpogo 6ev uoxrleu,

ta3

A0oq: E [ v o LI i m o ! = ] i m ( - 1 y * 1 2 f , * 1 0 . ' A p qn o s r p 6q r o K . \ l v r . 1

d., _ .nqpqxnpouuPul.| i*
,?;

a-"lZ;

. {-, . ,nr.u,, oLpd n

o r t " l [ u . , o u v K ^ t v eK o t n o r p d( 1 ) . L 2. Av ovoxqmrteou! muq 6muq qq ouyrl{.vouooq orpdq

t- -+-.-+ - + '+ - -+ .... xqd Efc r-+ - + qv .dEn

. |+-+ --+-... (6nlo6t 6ooe 6vqq erlxde cpvnrurol) 600
t/q 6LXL 6T! e vcq oerpd 6sv 6x! ro [6[0 dooLquo rnv opxLx4. ! A0qn: H npdrrn oerpd6noqeLvour'vooro CxE!deporouo lnz. H ro 6Uron

oLpd onor^r.xorrprdoq (rond oo'u,

+... 6 n i q 6 i 0 1 1r p L d o r n e u o p o i q : 6 q

+ )- (+

+)

-{", io.-{.rruo,ou,cj_
'Apq

_io=+(;_-+) a]o="

n 60ronoerpd 6Xeuv-Loqrd leptKd deporoto

(,";=+ +. + I. .*-' iu)

EfvqLlimo'= lr lnz. 'er,o,loln6v n rp6rn oeup6txet dOporouq ln?, t nz. n n b r l r p o e r p 66 x e uc g p o r o u o *-

- -Ti *. . . - zi-_T 4r:2)

,"'=r('' +. I -1--+.+-+ -+..... + r11\

3. odaxo.r--l- - +- + -+ - + -....*r, - ** 6n

A0o4: H o [ p dr o u f i p d r o u6 l o u qo u v K l l v [( K p r T i p L L e i b n i z ) ,d p o u n oo ! o o u ! ev q B d l o u u o p v e a o e r q . n 'Erqr 1--l\ / - I \./ o n oLp6 uri vpdqerqL'- I \-(1

.'...(i,-"-= .; -i':.)l #)...+ ;3;'--;,I'

T o 6 0 r e p o 6 i o q n o u e t v o L u L q o L p 6 u v K ^ [ v o u s(o e . i b n i z )v p d g e r q L : L u o

124
.l 1- -r

,[(

-'t
_,|

1+ 4

+'+.-+o +"'+t-,+rrrv * . iu. .t^lrtu."']=

tt3

-*L---io)."' +). e + $."'. (-#'l

6rL 6Lxs[ n oetpd r'l
:v5 ....

( ? ) . A r d ( 1 ) K q r ( 2 ) n p o K 0 n r en o l o d L K r e q . L

't

6r1\5't7\4

- f- - -f- - -J- - --! -

6{T

qn6 otrpd: nourtpoK0nrr rn ouyxltvouoo pe otrhoyii rdqncrr,rv6flrv qc 6ev ouvrns

(tlqgnuqr!Kd loavvIvuv) nou dn.,c

l- -l- * :- - -l- . -l- -... V5 v3 V4 v2 KItver. Arlon:

H 6.nrr^n d.rn6

e o u v K ^ L v e(L I v q L o t o o I ( - t ) ' - 1 - ] vv v=1

e 6E.tqu ouyKIi.veL). i 'EoTl,) vo drt n [p6rn oeLpdouyK^lvtr, unopotueenou6v0q 86,\ou!nqpevgaoe Lq.

'Exouu (r. ! - ]- ). f-l . + ^oLn6v: rV5 \ v7 V2/ V3 (_ )__ -1_-__ I .... _ _1_ .
\V4uJ VA"I n\; /
t^vnr, ^r, --l--*-.1--.---1r-1 *-a-VZv v4v v4v V4v-3 V4v-I

-l

v4 )-....

.'-. YZv

11

6\6
l
VZ uIt Vv

trz!

,/N

(1). An6 nv r

) r r L 6 in o . . o t i '--'"-

'ir 4"

f z ! - = rV-t 2

erLKflenroL6T[ Kot n oLoo: onErpL<ero!

2 t t ..,- \q;

l- - L) onerpi<etor..oeruxd. Yzv1 iou-,

6tt 5. tb6txoet' n otpd;

\Y'rl t

- -! ."'+ . i

e. - ( - 1 ) ' - 1 f . " * ) + . . . 6 vs u v K ^ ( v rv dl o e u p d

( tA0on:

i )- ti

\./5

D -"'{'i;'-" ' t 5.) 6\.

'"-'

ivri }+"' ouv'.r(veL'

oerpd6v ouYn nprirrn E l w r I i ml o vl = ' i m ( - 1) u * 1 l e K I L v e L r o R . f L o r n v 6 t r e o ne L p o x o u u e : o o

'oo" ii{ l='ro'

l3 o"=(?

4\ 6\ - -T-l - l 5?r-- -r-) ....- l 2 v + 1- 2 v + 2 \ \ \-Tv rv;I)

11 ' zi(Tn;TT-' -z- '

(ov) tvqL lovdrovnKqt 0poyuevn dpo nopornpo[,le n qKolouo[q 6rr Kli' ouv veL. rov EIIouvoq eroqvovit fiqovoeotov uLo n uerorpeneL !n suvKitvouoo s r L p do o u v K l l v o u o o . | 1 -"'* 6 . l a . v r o L q L o d 1 - - - l - -. - - L ' - - ' * n

+... vq ueltno{, npoernv ottvKllon.TL vlvror"qv Edlou!qvd rpi,c oC 6poucoe Trcpv86oLe; (nolurexvrnl ncrpdlv) A(o11': -r-- . H oerpqouri ouvKliveL Jr,-,,unt ( K p r r i p L o e i b n i z K o L! d , \ r o r q u v K l a v u t r p L o p r o ! 66 r d r Ln q t t p d , L o r H boou6vn orpdvpdqrqr rrrv orlolirrrv ll"udv oniodi n otpd i * on.rpi<"-qr gerLKd) .

a666'lfr:fvN

| ---l-

r6re exouutrnv oELpd: ovd Av Bdlouu nopveCoELq roLc6pouq oe

--t---| , (r L - l- ). f l- . -l-. .l- \...../ J-, ,l4vJ - '/n ) .... U Vg ,/Z / \,/, ,17 {q ! \!tu-3
n o uq n e p C e r o 0 e r r r d 6 r , 6 r u : LL t

-J:.J---!'+.!
V4v-3 V4v-l

V2v

V4v

vlv

+=! v2u

Vv

(r--l ) . vZ '

"oKd6vNt

rql n oelpd ) -: v=t Vv

o {1- } q n E r p l < t r q L r L x d .( 6 r d l t v o d q r o L ' V2' e i . v o u p u o v l ( nr o n qK = i - < l o

K q Ln o L o d ) . ; { 1 - : ;v 2 /) ) :v;v \ v:l v=1Vv 6po qnLpaerqL eErLKd) .

7. ilq 6rt0tdrl ro ylvdlevorrv oLp6v i

t(^(vel. v=t

-1,,
2'

v=l

-J- orrV3

A0on:
(n oeupdq 6nt$ elvot yvtnrd ouvKilvouv np6tn etvor-ve0r 6oq!6veq o o u e r p l r i s e l d v o l , l I l < l ) K o r n b l r e p n p u o v t K r il)'.l r dq I I ' o u r e c 6 6 { on K q Lo t 6 0 0 )o u V K l i , v L d i u r o .

126
Apo r oEloo

) tt= I

Irir

-. 2'

)_ --v=l V3

ouvKiiv1.

8. Av I orpd

.i,ou

,('"o, o0po(orun uE d$poLotq t KqL vqv i 0 16-

te n otloo

!=1

Z o.. ouv(ltvL U quvnoloutvo depoLouq [dlr ro C -

A0on:
'Exouuc o - q . + o ^+ . . . + o . . K q L

( q0nu(rtr(6 eo/v(xns)

sV =V-o-rj9:ijjilor V

= -!:( gr-*-o3lj:j_{_nr_*_q,l:_'.q,1, =

= !9'+!:ll-q:
=t'

r (_v:!Ils_+t:lsv = (_vLl(-l'-rs_?.._._'jg"lil_n I 'f?.!?i::.-*fg!_)

o\,--u- (or+2oz*.'.+vou)r

| 1 ^ v+l 1 su= ( o r + z q r + . . . + v q v e o ! = L S v + - ' _ ( q r + z q r + . . . + v o,vl ) J v ) ouu l-IrjT

. - o..= t v v + l v -..Y- -!r;!qz_+-'-'_+_v!J (t) + s.* vv+

s!-c, Eneloit # -1 3i.:::ilq"- -o Kor -o-tzg,j3gv
!=1

(eo'6oov

l! . v o u- 0 ) , n ( l ) b i v s r o . ,+ 1 . . Q , + 1 . 0'=O.o i o . , = 4 . '
9. tio trelernol oq rpoc Tnv o(,yxlton n oLpd:
'| |

Q._t ,li+l

| + __-_

V.s_r 6+t

| _ _____ +t . r

(E. .n.)

A0on: Av 3o,\ouu nqpveeoLC npoxtnreln oerpd:

( : \ \'2_l
"tt1\

) v2+l/ \v 3_l
Vv+]rl /

-l-

-f-l-- - l-- )*... 6nrobi oeLpd: n v 3 + 1/

|=
v=l

v=t

|\ v---- - 1 - -=;v,1

*-'

n oetod t
"=

-1- 6ev ouvK)\lvr (o'

/ n e t p i < r o o e r l x d ) ' A p oK o r n q p x L K ot r p d6 v o u v K l i v r( e a v q L v u o r 6 r . v qv Pdlouu drL ov lJLo oelod ouvrlLverr6xe nopevotoeLc,xnp(q Bld0n rnc r d e n qr o v 6 o r ! v n q , n p o x 0 n r e t 0 L p d o u o u y x l i v L ) . r o n

127

rnv 10. eoporrus orpd t

!=1

(-t1u -L =-1*
23 3. 43

(1).

tlo eemorea ouvrllyel I oLpd: ov -t43

(-t -t - -r-- -...) . / -t-. .

\ 33 53 / \2.

. --l63

."')

el

A0on: H oer.pd I (-i)u -|v=1 v3

o u v K I L v so n d l u r o .n o d v u q rn o L p d : L r

'r=1 v' v' \)=1 Enou6voe 11 xqr oelod (2) (nourrpoK0[rL !rdeonrov 6flproplou6, u polv xnq apxrKfiq) ouvKltvEr.

> l(-1)- --- l= > -"'

'. ( o u v K l L v tE r o rn o L p q1 ) o u v r l l v e ux o p L q

11.lb 6erx0e[ n oerod t. + - +. . lt - -rtt -... 6tl

ouvKlIveL.

6v

(I'8's) q (1). H oeLpdur/t uvKI[vEL o dv=l

Non: o o p o r ir n o e u p d I ( - 1 ) " - 1+ !v

( n o q L v q L v o o r d K p r r i o r oL e i b n i z ) .H o L o d u o q u r i 6 s v o u v K l l v e L d o V ondlurq r6rLn oELpd t 6

v=l

l(-1)"-1 * '

t= :

-L

6 e vo u v x i l v e l . ' E r o r

v=l

Aotrtdv 6oou6vn oelpd elvor,nuLouvKlavouoq. H olpd (1) vpdeetqr: n

-(+-++."') '-+. +--l-.-+."'= (r.+.+'"')

)optfl,tvq ro oetipnuq rnq orlLosq 120, l oelpd r(,rv0e![K6v doov (4) ue tnc oetpdq(l)* (6qo xor,4 oelod Tov opvnrrKdlv 6oov) 6v ouvKl[veL.

*6nl06ri

rt 6ooudvrtoeupci,

128

A TEilIXH ArcOMAI(DH Ardeogecltl8odr0oe rc-nopornpfloe !q-Ynouvioe srLc ogLBuntLKec Lq oerf L o v q u r l r i o o u u e L oo e L p d I 0 . , o c n p o qr n v o 0 v x l L s n6 r e : r u v=1

ro I ) Ynolovl(ouu I imo!. o ) A v l i m o v l o1 6 r n o L p d v o u v K t r t v r 6 6 u o B ) A v l i m o u = 0 e vo n u o l v e 6 x L n o e L p d u v x l l v e L .
II) npoonoeoru unotrovLooule 60poLouo Tov v npdjrov 6oov vo ro ov rnq o[pdq ouvoorioEL Tou v KqLorn ouvexrqvq BpoUUe ro I ino

III) npoonoeoiue Kdvouu vq qqguovil v6qKqrdlinlou KpLrnplou, u oLpd nportlnonq(ovd^ovq rnv gopei rou VvLKo[, 6oou rnq ue
oLpdq): o ) K p L r / t p r o 0 V KL o n q p L L B) Kp rnp o ^6You v v) KpLrilpLo Loorie pL(oq 6 ) o n o o b n n o rd l l o K p L r i l p L o . L go vvr,Jo L<ouue L: dr q) Av o vvLxdqdpoq lLoq orpdq 6xeL fispovovrlK6KqL ealoule v o 6 e L t o u u E r I n o L p d u V K t r L v o r e 8 o x p n o L l o n o r o t ure 6 o r[ o K p L T iLp r o u D ' A l e m b e r t . lo r r B ) A v o v v l x 6 qd p o qi X L b u v d u r q d r 0 q X o n o L u o n o L o i t E o Ko rllp o rou Cauchy. L L eo axou! 6!oq undun6rL 6v etvoL e0Koio Trdvrovo UEiEro0Ue ULo oLpd{rq nooq rnv oivKilon. Aur6 dlloor 6eLXveL KqLro nligoq flrv L l K p r n po v .

l v ) fLq vo rdoouue dflo(rn otr6 ouvKILooq onoLo6itnoTt opLeunULo

qrl6luro.Av 6v ouvKlt'rr,xfioelpd [rd<ouge ouril ouvKlLvr ov (ov) yodvELondlurordre {rdcouu doLornq q(olouei,oq ro qovroco =F,-v 6IIouB. ro deooLouq eErLK{iv rov 6povKoL -v
qpvnr[K6v6pov rnq orodq IIou nptCxovror oro r0 dpolouorr,JV
q. v^lr,\

V) To dgoorouo orpdqnooo6Lopi<erqr ouviooqqnd !LoCouvKlLvouooq o x o 6 o L or n q o K o l o u 0 l o(q v ) .

129

qnlouor0rrq[ xou 6rqv ro vr,oord 0 YrIo,\oVr-oudq qepotouoroq ueploe 6oovrou oK6 dopououq i,voL o! 6uvqr6vvq ovoluge{. depoLouq 6poc rnq viKouvoe oupeq vvoordqopotouoro 6rov o vvrKdq fl ue orpdqunopelvq vpoqte[, rnv looqil o!=e(v)-a(v+1),ondr i.ue v o t o u = A ( 1 1 ,v +1(). -O
qoqLpo0vror,noj\iooerpeqnpoo06rovrqL vl )01 onol0udsquvKlivouoq rlou 6xouvrIrI[lqqldeovrqL KqL6rolpo0vrql druq ro oeooi,ouorq Oqou6vorllieoe 60t,)v.

TEilIXE> A>K}EEI:AI}IEI{E>
-

l. ilq 6tx6[6rr A0on:

f'l9ul

--2-.

=+". (liloont orrx6 IOnrdv,

'ExoL 6Xouue:

( E L v q L ' ? + 3 v = - 1+ 4 v + vv - 1) . v Is

.'-ii-, ). v ' + 3 v - 1 = )

v{v-l)+4v-l . '-'---.'r'--'---

v{v-]) , -.tu-:t..a- >

v=o

-1 - !)-*
\,:o

(1)

loxuel oTL L 9 v ( v - l') -

-r- =" v(v-1) -T-

KoL 1 = - 1 ="' = \L, uuoLo exouut: T-v-21. ,u--n

fi
q I

"-.

"1,
t_1 !=1 \'

-J-l =4 )

=4 ) -ru-_t-1.. K = o "
v=o

=4e.

-, 3 v':+3vl E r o Ln ( l ) 0 L v L> - ' - - - - + - -= e + 4 e - e = 4 e .

2. Nqdcrx0t6rL t

-.J-----=-

u=1 yvy+l+(y+l )Vv

=1 .

Aoon: = ------ 1------ = f-r-]---f"-=,1- - --1--E[voL o! = -------]----, q (n v{-v*r+(v+r){ {tu.rttW*t*4t ((".1)

'AOo (1). o . . =- - - - - - : - '(v t/v+ 1 B d < o u uo r n v ( 1 ) 6 f l o uv = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , vK q Ln p o o e 6 x o u u . 'Eror - 1B p C o K o uo v = o r + o 2 + q 3 + . . ' + q r =v + . u 9

130 E L v q Li m o\= t i m l / r - l I . v

'npo
)=1.

i ou=1.

3. llo 6eux0e[ drr n o Lpd Arlon:

., LLvoL ] o.,= ,_-_f__n__

"
'Apo

v l n (1 + -v' ,-/ I \

='-("+)-" l ,l lne
1-

"'-(;lD

6 vo u v K ^ l v E r .

f =rru.

6 n oeLpd ev ouyKiLv!.

4. lh 6rxe[6rr Aoon:
ElvoL

--.==---

- -t_.w-;r
EnsLoh o n rpd t

+Y'
1 A'
KqL

!!Lv_

., lv"4 . 2v -

_1 s

L ( s n sL p c e r q Le E r L K d q p u o vK n L
1Vv2+1 v=1

!=1

orpdnp{irnq rdteoq )

orle L<ovroL eerLKd. Lp 5. Iq 6erx0[6rr

v+4

( v+l ) Wii

A0on:
0o xono Luono Liooutro opLqK6 Kprrflp ouvKpioet,)c, Lo
v+4

re u l j p o u un v o r p q z

':

v+l ) WJT L X O U U le m - - T - - - r 6

= l i m v{ * 4Vi =l im vVv

]{--1[
vVi
=1im

(v+I)WIT

til16 vW

(r

.+)

1* --u=1. Apq

qgxLKil oLpq qnsLpL<TqL erLKd qeod qur6 o u u B q l v e L q L! T n v o E L p d : K 1 I -,i: .

* H e x l o l f 6 e v y i v e r c u o u 0 s [ p e r d , t r n v 6 o o u d u o r p d o 8 o g ] r d sr o \ J d p ! g t u n r i r o u ' f e v e r o r 3d p o u e i r c u 1 , e v d o B d g t r d so u n c p o v o t c o r r i. l \ o , L 3 / 2 o B o g l d st o u n c p o v o t a o r r t n s B o n g n r L x d s e u p c i s p d r e u v c e ( v c u l o r 3/2 -7=r/2.

t3l .:r 6. lla selooEel. tl|C tpoc rnv ouvKllon n oeLpd ) -:: v=1 vy(v+l I t !vol
11 v+l

ii"-1)(;l)
i';' = )
v=2 v

{?v't )
n o[pd

H osrpd Z
v=1

- _ . ' qrlErp {,<ror TlK6. 'Apq KqL e

onlp[<erqt8erLK6. t -=+vv( v+l ) v;r 7. lb 6e!x0e[ 6rL n oLp66v ouyxlIvL ,,160r: E L v c r o\,=---i-:::-l-:-:- 4v'+2v "
?vIr2.2..-l

?!3-2t:,v!!
4vt +2v

-+- 10. 'Apo n oerp66v ouvK^lvr. 't

8. tt elercomtv oq rlpoc rnv o$ykllon oL oelp6c:

q)

f--1

3r-Tr

p)i+
2r_

A0on: a) Etvql v: f 2u-1 v,,q x60e v > 2. 'loo -[ _. --.!-=- . H ort,pe _ v. _ L

fr;.,h

(yeorerorxh !e l6vo -*-'. tt. out*^ruer oer.pd *

--1.;T quvKl[vEL.
" u=1

>0uqowu ro KoLriproouvrploeoq n orpd ; Kor B) El,vorvu> 2v y1o rd0e v> z.

,Apo -l=, . --1-, Erteldn oern -v"-2" od : -:i dr;vKllvrxor.4 oelpd I -4 ouvrrtver. \=f 2u=r vu 9. lb 6rlet 6rl n oer.pd i --t-- _-, ouvrllver. v=2 ( I nv''"" lilqn: f l q v o p K r de v d l o K o t p > 1 l v s l l
(1nv)rnv

_l=_.=

= t_
vP

1"o1rnv ernvY
vP

eneuoit qerp6 n i
v=l

-+

ouvKi[vL,error. KoL 6oo!6vn drL oerpdouvn

ktr(ve[( Kprripro ouvKolqeoe).

132 ,|0. Airol: u 0 0 0 u u vo r L o d ) Tn

-l

lll ulstngel oe rroocrnv ooyxllot n orpd \i

2v+l 5vn+5

- - : - n o uo u v K t r L v e L .
vJ

v=l

Elvou o,= *ij

ELv o r .o x d p ol i m

' ,,' o,=-j;'

0 vLo K6e N. v
2
5

2v+1
! _ =1 1 p _fvq+_5 = 1 1 p 1 tq+5 v"1 p

o -1 EnL6i oerpd f f ouvrl{.vetKcr o l6yoe -tL n re r:vet o j=r v3 nenepoopevo d0ro, n 6oo!6vn oerpdsuvxll.vt(opLqK6 KpLripLo ouyKoLoElJC).

I t. rh eqroarslnc rooc rnv olvxrlqn n or,oc A0on:

= E iv o r .I i m V o l i m = -L
('.
!_

.i

(t- *)-'-

( oenuqrtK6Aonvdrv) =lim --- | =

/r- -L)" . 1. 'Apqoi,uqrvq ro Kprr/tpr-o pledrv rou Cauc lvqY:/ hy\e u

-". t -v2

*t,

3 r-

(4 oer.pd uYKI[vt). o

12.ltqE{rqorl nooq oivKlrqn oLp6 oc rnv n

:,

=r"+d

(llco4porrxdAoqvriv)

0eopo0!e oeupd i U.,=i rnv '

v=1

-\

v=1 2"

predrv tiuo,- (KoLripro cau-

c h y )l i n v' 2- i u = t i r - u ; = - i - .

v /--::-

l.

qrvo u ro KpLr{pro oivxplonq npoK0nTL Kor n 6oo!6vnoeLpdquvK)\[6TL veL.

A o o o e r p d : 8 , , o u v K i i v e r .> 0 ! n "=r "

13. lb Eerqor(' flpoq riv oliyxlton n oer,pd ]i oq Arlon:

Elw!:

v3_l uit 2va+v+1

tJl

u3-1

u
@

1\

= u ' - 1 = - i - - - L = s r o . E l v q r6 u r , E :
2vq+vq+va
: I

2v!+v+l
/1

4vq

4v

4vt

u:

--i - Irr:11 ' I. (riv - r;,)= .l:. N vI= 1 a:u"=+ , > l r J=

v=l

t"-;o =-'

Kqr n qPLe!6c)=r-. 'Apqoiugovo rd rpur plo qlvKplone !e -(npovuqrIK6q l(erql e e r r K C . oelPd ffie LP 6oou6vn
14. s) p)

'l . a 6LX0[6rt inflt ( v lzne)=0

o 6erx0[ 6rt

I rU(v i2ne;=+-

t1 E i v q r 1 + --1: * 1 --v 1 -

--rl

*...*+*1-1-. e .r.{.-f

1 + -;,_

| 1 t \ v: * (r* il . -il *. . .* -rT ) v:* 11jT. . u:e. ( t

..1-.'.-.*)",
'. '.,/

' - v I- .

/ 1 t 'r o a r o u u e1 1 +- - ; - r+ - - t r + " ' + - -v ,- \ u : ,1 \

11 N* KqL rr* v-iT . v:e < K!+ -l-- 1n

on6r VLq Kdev N"

K\) 6Xouu

-u-fl < 2Ttxu+

vl2ne<2nru+

r ..?L

- 0.#i

< v:zne-zrKv. +.
i1)

?n

ll -i

-;f{ . nu(vl2ne) -+< nu nu

E r e L dlii n n ! # =litnu #

( = 0 t n e r q u r L I i n n u v l 2 r e) = 0 . 6

otL B) Elboue nu-,r$ < n!(vlzTle) ( 2 ) .

EIvor l im

n!.9
TI

! -{I onerolZerqu e0 "" v+l

orL KoL n orpq rtKd, nTqrqTr6 opLoK6 ror.ripuo ouvxploeoq ro

v11-

Inu $ \,=l

u6 0e . o n e u o i ( e r o r r u x 6H ( 2 ) o e o u v o L q ou e r o 6 r t
_

.:

u=l

Inu #

= + -6 i v 1 ,( K p l r n p Lo u v K p [ o o q ) n U ( v l 2 n e ) = + - . I

15. 0etrooriue oeLp6 I rnv

r=2 r[ lnv

lla delxei 6ru n oetpt outtl

134 el,vgr TnC [6loq xsrnyoptoq rnv orod t t"= 2 t(t_ ur

Aton:
' E x o u ! ( o p L q K d K p r r i p L oo u v K p l o o q ) I im _o_ :lin

a"*

,)

8.,

/ = I imrn( 1+

\trvfnv

__l_
'Apo

v-vl nv,)

=l ne= ' 1

Vll nv
o L 6 0 0 o e r p C q I v o ur n c l , 6 L q q o r n v o o i , q q . e x

( E i v q r y v o o r d6 r L l i n ( 1 + o ! ) 1 / d v = e 6 n o u ( o v ) u n 6 v L Ko K o l o u e a0 r L K r l v q i dpov, E6(:J e[vor ou= ). U;;

15. esopo0u oLpd fcu (r) yLq rnv oroaoov > o yLo Kdo rnv v N. 'Estr 6Tr. ou=or+or+...+ou lim o,.tao-eil:'+&^+ R. eeopog! xor
r n v o K o ^ o u e (o v ) ! s 8 v = o r + 2 q 2 . r 3 o 3 + . . . + v cul!i,m lB xo r ] 6rt n oerp6(l) quvrtrlveu. = 0 . N q6 e ! X 0 e (

A0on: ( E i , w t ! u = o , +or + o 2+ (o , + o , + o , 1 +'.a ( o u + o u + . . . + o u ) = . )

=( o . . + q v) + ( o 2 + q 3 + ...+ o v ) + .. . + (q 3 + q , . + , . + o ! ) + . . . + ( o , r _ a + o u ) u = +o r+o2+. = o u + { o r - o) + ( o u - o ,) + . . . + ( o u - o u _ ) = v o ! -( o + o 2 + '. ' + o v _ 1 ) : , , r 'Apq = ( v +1) o v - (o ! + o r + . . . + o v ).

o,=v.j.

9B

o-Li9.v-i:j'g'= -rl. .

;-Y

. -J|.f . -o-,-lo-,'j:'1tu+ 1.0+r.^=^.

Aniq6nlinov=^. Eno!6voq oELpd ouvKtri,vsr. n v=r 2Z" o) ih dsLXO( o.,= -\ oo -* -ooq 0.r, ' 2u z')

t7. l{.verqln o"r'oa f

-l., rt --1

B) o 6rxee[ 6rr

v=l

--l=, -.t= = ! 2 " "o Z "

-ooo (alKn, x z)
-Zo,o -fr. fnoudvoc

A0on: 'Apq q) Elvor eqr=oe{r-2oa2o. -\ eo -q- =o,g q..=J "2" ge _o_. _1_ o. _l_- _ __1 =

135
'Apo

- ov= f ( v + l ) - f ( l ) = - - 1 - o , p 9 - - o p o . 2" 2-

B) E[vqr lino v=rir /-L o, --L -oro\=tir l'-j-\2v o\ 2" / \2u

=1ir 1-l-- oru-9\u

-o,oo) -{- rimouv =

zv
(

__L \
2'' /

7
(6uyq

= i-

g\

ouu(t' -9i

) . 1 - "ro=

-*- ouvo-ogo= -o,po. -a-

^ j'r 1 8 . lb udenost oc npocrl|v oovx^ron ored n .L Iroosrp6).

ftloq:
LLVOI

X lx l q u l = -]au- l ! r o L 1 i m y ' l | = li r n

l l m vl n v

v I n ( ' : . ! - L- ' E i v q L i m h = r * o , 1 ; r f i ; = r' '.* T n T - - =' r A p o r r m ' t q ! t = t x t . l ' E r o r6 x o u u :v A l x l < 1 - - 1 < x < l , n o t p d qflol0r{,}v rrldrv ouyrov Kl[ve! 6poxqun 6oou6vn oeupd ouvxliver. rLq x=1txoute rnv oer.od )-- lP .
v=2 v

_. 'rv llmy

rn oe O0po0! v BonenrLKh uod ! v. r=2 E L v o Li n l - - l - - = t i r ! - l l f = 0 . E r e r d in o e u p d J v o n e t p ( ( e r o 8 e u

Pv u' v=2

rrK6, qnrpi.<xql eerlKd Kqun i

]f:f

'

fro x=-16xou! nv oeupd t r

8i,q 'I \=2

( - 1 ) u J S Y n o uo u v x l l v e L , 6 L o r Lq K o l o u n

"2'-f

o , y = 2 , 3 , . , . e L v q LO e L v o u oK o L! n 6 v L K i .
\r=-t

19. lb unoloyloesa Goorouornc o..ota i m

Atoq: ,_ v Lxouuqv=-l: 2 = v

,".i
+

qvdluonquri rou o! Loxtel 0rt6rov ddrtpo6po rol Tu-fX . H

I""

rv-Tl.

v-1+l

fv:T[-

v-l * I = .l ' (v-l-)-T i ,-_-,-,1 l,_r, ,

uerd

136 --ll- =,. En0!6voq xouge ov=qr+(q2+q3+...+qv). vdJ LvoL e 6 ",= / 1 1\ / 1 1\ / 1 1 I \ t .[

1111 -ir 1 =[1-1 f 1 1 - ' ]

I ='' t/ - \-ir - -i:./-( 'z:* -it) *"'.1tuzt - r*rt:J= tiil

--i.. -Zl ,.... .(v_Al . : zl ..... -J[1. ]-u_rrI

' i A o ol i m s u " g * g = 2 eE T o L o L [ 6 v I .

K d e e v ( u ^ n e L V E L p o qr o v o p r o u d e . o n t
Lvqr ) -:-

z ,,, = 2 e .
I t= r ( 2 v - l 2 v ( 2 v + l =-z +1n2. v

20. ih derxel6rr Ausn:

=+('-+.-+

+ ) +(+-+' +--l*"'* -";*=

| + - +,n2*]- nz- =-)- rnz.

o,= + (+ *" ) 'eoo--f (,-* . + - + ."', *r' *)

q!= ELvoLtr [d"

^ttro.n | (;]=

#)

Jo). ('-1". f *-1-."'.1"=')+

21. tiq pelerne! rpoetnv otvxllon I or"oc f nu+-r" oq

A0o1: E L v o u pJ O - o r u { 4 vn oetodvpdrperq! -* i, = * * -?, .

') ( n ! 2 o = 2 n ! o o u v qA.p on 6 o o ! d rnerotr * Y =, Inerqu dtt vLq

* {-

c I op q K e E > 0 u n d p x e L o L K d q r e u 6v o r e r o L o T r o uY eu
8 v N, v: vo,

-tl .evro16-

rr.o * e=
r r o x =f n o.,pa i
-

ecvou -!

.+.+-.rLqx>0etvot4px>-f
t$

n p o K 0 n ro rL ,n uf Er { -'

( t ) v L qK 6 o e r ' I ,v : v ' . E T I r 6 l t v

o n e L o l e e r o r . 0 e r L K d , r o oK 0 n r1 1(6 ) 6 r r n o e t p d x q t0 L 1

I nu -*
xLK6.

^ u=1

'Apo qnLpa<Erqt eEKsr n doopevn otpdqntpa<eroL eertKd.

137 22- Nt eaerooaeL rgoc riv o(,yxlron *cot oq n

l -^v+i
crF, fi* 1{n -}r-1

i--10 "0-|

=ti.

o ' +:r 2-',

l rrn 2\ 2')

1 -T

*th'

,,-'o

tt 1 . --i- = -.1- < l.

.04, r-L
'Apon oetpd ouYKl[veL,(sivot lim e9x

*t* 23. lv n orpd Iq,, outxllveu ue eooLouoI KqLo > 0 vlo xd8e v N, r6re ot, oer,pc :_ (au*su+1).

t fiF;

ouvKtrtvouv.
'Eonr o, KcLo' ro ov-

Aoon:
rLq eEopo0le oerpEg I o", ) (c"+o"*r). - -v=1 v=]

+o2+{t3+...+ct!, ogpo louqrd Touq.' Exouu ov=dl rtorouxc vt oord uorKd

. o;=(cr+o2 ) +(o2+q3 .. +(dv+ov+t)=qr+2(q2+q3+. . +o1r)+c\,+1= )+.

=or+zov-2ct +qv+1=zo\r+ov+1-gl ( 1 ) . E r r d in o e r o d I o u o u y K l [ v e [ 6

n e r o [ 6 r [ l i m o , r =-0 l i m q v r l = o , H ( 1 ) 6 [ v Lo u = 2 o r { u r 1 - o-, o ' - 2 a = =ov+l-oro 1im(o'-2ou) =l'im(or+1-o,- I ittto'-2'l o imor=o-o, I imorl-21=-o, )

+- limo-=21,-or. Enr6i z!-ql [vqr llpcvuqrlK6q qpr0!6E n oeu06

) I (c.,+o,*.,ouvK^[vr. Iox0er" fr-.o,*, J -f 6tr. 6vv+-L-z

Z
v=1

(o.,*ou*r) x6e v N K o L n o E L p d vrc

ouvKl L. [v

A - , . - ( o . . + o . . , ,o u v x j \ t v e u' . p ox o u n o e l p 6 t fi--; ) _

24. Ymorou! s > 0 y r a K 6 s v l l 6rL 6etx0[6rtov0<l<

3 vo I

=l < 1. l{s K o tl l ! # 0 < l , urdpx! guoLrdcopr,0!6cvo r6roloq drors

3rX-

"l\.

ouo T;p

138 A.qn: [o ooov q > 0 vlo (de v N Ko[ lim

q --L*-rou

undpxeL euoLxdq > 0 vo rox0tL

q p L e ! 6 q o , T a T o l o f i o uV L o K d e s > 0 d p q x q u v l o v q

ll;rj
'ETor
o

^l . e (1) vroK6ee vo. H (i) 6rvL v?

qlrl < q v V L q K d o t v > v o 4 q v + 1 < p o v V L q K d e ev :

=o< 1+

vo (o<1).

Loxi,ouv ov[odrnrq: o!
o. voo -<o \)t+2 ,o<e vo+.r
v=l -

-<o vo+r

!o
v=_

92,...,o
-

<q

pn (1). uo

Err6t )o= "Jr

v=I

I o , ,- = I o , , + t o . ,"^ *", + t ,
v=l )i=1
!O )1 vO

q \ r -t q , , =
vO

=o lino =q lim(o+02+...+pn)=o lim 3

:+_o-=o", 1-]O 'noo .

)o < >oo:o vo+tt ,4, fi'; , ^x+1

) o,,- : o., . o.,_-r-l; . 25. Av n orrod icu ouvxltver xsL cv > 0 vro x$e v l{, 16rr

vo

xoL or oe!96c lc' xor I o-c-.. w .ouyxl{,vouv. (ihenuorrx6 v=r " v=r vrr eo/vi.xnql

Aoon:
q E [ s L 6 in o e L p d l - o , o u v r t r t v e0 o r s x 0 e L ! . 0 . r T d r e6 u o c v l o dLKTnq TtToLoq yrq vo Irou Kd8 Kdet > 0 dpq KqLvLo =l ulldpxr< v N, v> v6- 1o.,,11+0 <ou < 1-o2.o.,, (l)*\,ou_t < ou (2) i A n 6( 1 ) K o ! ( 2 ) n p o x 0 n r e rr r n e r 6 fn o " r p O i . q , , s u v ( l I v e L8 q o u v d
!=1 "

K K I L v o u v o Lo L o s L o C c J o : , ,

. I o . , o_ , .

6sv ouyxl[vl. Ar1or1: E q 6 o on o r p d ! o . , o u y r t r l . v e lo e l v o l o . 0 . E n E r b i q ! > 0 u v e

2 5 , A v n o e r p 6 ! o , ,- o u v r l t v e r o d r r x 0 e a r L n oerpq z_ tv 6 !=1 v=l \)

U:.t

qu - 0 rdre --r-']-

T6re6!oqvuornv oelpd I ---- 6ev rox!r v=l ' l p o o " r o o6 e vo u v K l l v l . - o. i r-.

r39
27. Atvsrqr n sLpd 2- qu !a

q:

I qr=1, I
{

= Ou 3

"l

I ou+2= -Z- ou+1* - - | - o u , " u e H

llo 6txeE[6rr

i o,,=,-.

A0oe: ( H XopoxrnpLorLKlt l.o0ion oKoioueIoqo , ) e i v o L r 1 rnc y2=--.!r- --i, e x+ pe 2xr-x-1=0 pl<c1 ,

0 o v o o p o u L K 6 q r o ql v q L r n q u o p o i q o ! r 2 = K q_+ A q u t Tu' t
^ /1\2 1 K ' + 4 f =f - - ; - - | + 4 - : o - 7 9 . ' A o o o v L o o r 6 c p o c Tnq oKoloueiqqe LvoL o d \4 /

4 -T

l-

--r'|

-l
+ { ,

!---------

([vqr (- -]

1 - -2.-- |

f" - ol

28. Av (qv), (Bul etvor 6uo sKolou[rq xol (o!) CvoL orolou[q n tlrv !prKdry doorordurv r4q oerpdq i o.,g.,.o,. (s..) n qrclou0l.q rov
6 v=I'-

dootou6utv rnc oelpdq I o., rdre loXieu drl: ueprrdry '

_ v=l

ov r x - ov = t A0on:
'

o--1p

s ( B - Bp + . 1 - s u g u * r * s u * n B u r n . ) p (nolursxvrr|l oxoli A.n. 0.}

E x o r . r u e= t q n B n = o rr+ o ,g , r o 3 0 + . . ' + o v 0 v = s + (s r - s ) 8 2 + o, j , B _ w r Br P e r
o_1

+(5:-Sz)B:+'..+(Su-Su-r)Bu=S,(8,-Br)+sr(Br-83)+...+Su-r(Bu-r-Bu)+Srgu=

140
!-1 ! + ) 1 -1

= ) s - ( 3 .- B o . ' r).S B,.

o=l " " " " ,)+r-1

A p oo \ - ! = t
!-1

So(Bo-Bo,t)+Sv.nB,,*c" "

o,*.-0.= z =
v+r-: pi

s " ( B ^ - B ^ * r ) - S . , - , 8 , ,t- "S . ( 8 " - B ^ , , ) - S , , 8 , , = -SB= p +- ) { sv + l B + x v v i v

v+x-1
L p:v+1

v+r1-1

t s ( S - 0o ,

t
o _ * _ t+

sp B p B o r i-' ) + s B - s v v + l + ( B vv

+s

B - SI Bv \ ) +v , - - .

S. l( Bo B o + I" ) - SvBv + l- + s + r I v l , v

2e. a 6!xora. n oLo6 i drL

!=1

f^!ffu.lf?:::!f*f!J
Vv

ouyxlIvel

VrqxdesXcR*

(MoonuorLK6 Aonvdv)
.*v / i+ ( \ u = i,r m :x ' v / - . : - f -I t \ " _ _ .- +t (, / l*_u_ "-+ v

Aoon:

o.' lim --n-- =...=tit Elvcr.

=l *"

1i

= -"

< 1 . ' A p on o r L o do u v K l [ v e l r o R i o

30. !h 6eLxgel. 6rL qv n orp6 i o., to., > 0 ylo k60 v tl)ouvKA[vtrdr xst 4 oetpd I
v=1

/-o-v ouvxllve1.
v2

(ouotK6 Aonv6v)

Aton:
.1 toluf ort g +--! vt Z- 1 0 [ o E L p a'q q . , Z "v* -

>z

o * -j--

(1)

-'.

o u v K l l v o u v .A p oK O Ln O L o d z ( o v +- v r / o u v 'Ero! K q L n o L p d: 2

Kl Lve[ oov depoLouo ouvKlLvouobv oeIpdrv. ouvKlaveL,Ilo!6vt,)q n oELpd s G . KoL

-6
v2

o u v Ka v e r . i

31.Av
roT UovoR)vQ

f
-

o =+_ ue q >0
)
d-. r,-,,^- =+

(sv) EavorrelrK6 Kqr n cKolouo[q (llo0nuqrrx6Aonvdv)

v=o-

A0on:
q) 'Eor0drL n (qv) lvql rrtrLKd q0ouoq rdre LoX0L < ovo<ov 0 v vLo KdgE > vo.

141
oq

r[vor KoL f*uifl- J Enou6voc v0

6O

f*io- . =--.

v> vo. vro Kdg

6uoqelvor. ETrrbi
6O

.l

f-uif-

qpreu6c)Ei(ro olo elvoi. orqep6q

vor KqL I fdA- =*. v:o

B) ' E o r o6 r L q to n ( o u ) e L v o tr,e t r r K d B c v o u o 6 t e r " o x 0 e r :
^ v+r u:< r*fv;rl5
@qo qq

:' 1;\
rdre dloq eo tvqr KqL

( d p q o 0 u e r l v o r o K p r , r i p L o r i n g s h e i mo r i l d q 6 4 ) , q v n o L o q P u

v=ovv vqv r 0.

61f

ouvxflv1eq tvoL u '*uo- -0, ,

eq Etouevoq ufidpxrLepdvpoq > 0 rCxoLoflou vqv 5 e yLo kd8. g u e v = 0 , 1 , 2 . . . E r I e L O i n o e b o u6 r r n o s L o d I T l u a o * o u v K l L v e L ,n e r o L6 t 0 undoxelouqLKdq v0 rtroloc 6ore:

ru vuq xdoe i*qi

ov 0
1+v^o., yrox60ev>vo.

'

oun+1

ou

l;i-4.tto,J

T.v\

E - r'0

(1)

E n t d i o X 0 ta * ; L :
. k# -...{;".

. a - , - 0 , v = Q , 1 , . .m b r n v ( 1 )
-f6 d p qq v o + q v o + 1 + . . . + q v < 'Aoo I lia =. -.

npoKtrreL: *

6ntrq6it oLpd I ou ouvx,\Lver npdvuq drono. n

32. Ym06rouue 4 oerp6 I ou !e cu > 0 ouvxllvr fipoq 6vq 6tl g=o nlpsou6vo opL0u6.omuuru= Ic* vo 6rxe( 6rL:
K=! (t

q,

-r--- =+6,

8)t-" u=oE

ouYKlivL " (l,lq04uqr[x6 oq,/vtKnc]

A0o4: o ) ' E o r o6 r L n o e u p o I
v

- - , Y , o u v K l l v e r , 6 r e u n d o x e0 < < 1 , r u

t6rolo nou

K=v.+ I

-i"vqvq

O.-K

v=o

< e vro Kdee > v0. En[Oi6e rv > rv+1 vLq v

^ =vo+l "vorI

v = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . t n e r o Ld r L :

;L

<=vo+1 "K

-;i

< .

Eoro:

142 f q=0. q>0 exouue r0r ----- 1 -vo+

g-o
K:vo+1

>

o"= --!--Jo-

o-o

g.

o ! = o 0 + o r + . r . + o ! e o v < e q + ( 1 - ) o v oy L q K d e v > v o,enoU6v{l{ + 1 i m o , r =_ < ( 1 - e ) o ! o + o+ q _ < ( 1 - e ) o v o + E q q ( 1 - ) < ( 1 - E ) o o ' droTro6LdrL s > ovo. EropEvoqn o[pd t --:
vo

+ o <-o

vc

6v ouvKli.vr, 600

{ o q o e u p 60 r r L K r l v 6 p o v ) q n r l p L e r q r 0 r t K d .

B ) I o x i r t6 r t
.-1,

<Vi-vT-.
\iv. 3 3

O A K 6o L O X U A T T L : !

) (vi;!tfr)=
6q

Vt--5 , (o= z frl-l ittrir-1nr=

o. J.

A o qn

orpd

2- ---:

KqL uqlloro nPoqevo 8 e rL K 6q p r 0 ! 6 I ! ouYKALvL

s _<\,6 = rql 33. Av n oLpd f c.,,ouvrtr[ver. ov > 0 ylq v=1,2,... r6x n !=1

oero6 I A0on:

Y-o-"ouvrltveu.

rou xnv 0eopotue qvuo6rnrq Schwarz: / ! \, /:,\/ ( ) x"u,* <()x;I- / \ ' 'J J \K=1 \ r=t
06rou!r xK=6;,
/ v

K=l

.,\ z {,K/ -/

U=-?
.rF \2 /

Exoule:
\

{ Kt"# - /}:( \ =t
E n L oo L o e L p 6 q I o * , n _
K:l

Io.)( I K=.1 / \.:I

-{7

-z } '

lK=1

o u v x r i v o u vd n e t o t6 r L r o 6 t 0 r t p o ,

(,pdooercL xqr ; ",,= 7 ^ ry "r= l oru6r [ L d n q K o , \ o u e( o . , ) e l v o uq l q o u o q , e n s r q Lr n o e r p d n I ?

(i LveL.

qpdooeror.'Aoo Kqt ro r4c ovlodrrjroE ,re.loq

34. Av I osrp6 I o.., (4.. ' 0) ouyxltvsr 16r ouyKl[vL Ks! '
v=1 "

o"rod I
v:I

9r139_,l}_.j9.'-'-'-*:g-- Ksr !6l!mo oL 6uo oelpec 6xouvTO vt vrt '

143 [6ro doporouo. A{,ot: H 60repn osrpd 6XL vroord upLKd 6poropq: ^ o, si+zo, )u= r1i * Z.3- -.... q,+2q"+...+vo., l'1 + I ..'."- =qr [-l.Z t;3 "-l;rD--1 I r / r \

(lt.r.T.)

1 I uTu;D ].

*2o,

Lf4

=o,(t+...+ *...*vo, *r /. 3-.4 v[i*11.] Oa;'n

1 \ +" '+vov I =qt v *q, v - l +o3 u - 2 +" '{ ...n-fi ,1 v;'1 vTT vlv-+-

^ +zoz | 1 12-

*o,

11

u-h

= -;T

Ivqr+(v-1)qr+(v-2)q3+...+ov]=

= -q'_*_(_q,_tgr_.(g'_*_q_r_*g,l_*_.j.*]!qljg?il.-.-+!]|I =,o,tjqrlgll_.aor
v+l rnq npdTnqoeLodq. 6nou ou=or+or+'..+o,,eLvou ro vLoo:d uprK6deooLouq E r L 6 in o E t p d l - o , 'Eoro ( ouvxllver, aflsrqL rL n qKolouetq or) ouvxlivel 6

I i m o v = L ,r 6 r E e i , v q LK q L - - - - i ; l - - - ' - " " ' =rr- 9.liola'-'-'-+-o:r . -I -o-r:ol-+.':'-+gv-- ' --v--.''-" =o.r=o v;T

ri""'

( KpLTilpr-o CesaroorLq oKolou0teq). ' A p ql i m s v = c . ' E T o L i o r r d v K o r n 6 i r p no r L p do u v K l l v e [ .

v=1 L (4v-3)'? (4v-212 (4v-t), .l q) ilo 6rx0t6rr n oLp6 ouvK^aveL, 6tl n oerpd rtou ttpoK{1rr5el qv monyotlpvn 8) Nq 6eLX0e[ fi6 orpt av ql@o&v ot nopv06oelc ouvKl(vEr KqLu6^Lordexer ro a6Lo6_ plo U rnv qpxlKi. ----t--- -- 6xL ro COLo depolouo! rnv qpxlrtl v) H oLpd I v7t 2?v-ll2 o e r p d( l ) . (MognuortKd o/vtKnc) Ai,on: q) Oeopo0ue seupd : B = t rnv
!=1 " \,=I

3s. os,poou oe!p6 i r4v

| ---t-- , --?--

- ---t--

I trl

-|-

'-

nou 6noglvql vvuoroouv-

K I t v E L . E t . v q rr d r e ( o p L q K 6 p u r i p u oo u y x p i o e o q ) : r

t^
!J(D+bO-O olclP al .rN

N19 I

o> , o

uLdd-r o c -i

'PrO10+>l O o :) o o

I t> i<t l+ lry l^ l(!

i^ i-

3 rt l-.r o aJ o>.1 J!

:l Y o

:
6 J < d o > 5 b r o < iv .r f

il, i!

N il

>

Pttouotro o9l'.-ro2 !oorvlroPo>

J ro J

t> i+ liN

O O, c ^ @ P > t r uJ . 2 aa t

< o o r o
-

CJ + l > o
I

> :1 .ooc O tr I ^ o p "< v

i(\r

{t

o *

o o

L oJ

J o P

{t o J
c

i>
I E o

I
ll N F.Ji>

9. at ^i

l ((' ', , 1
l> l+

.rt r
P b o O v

>o

:r
>

i^ (!l ic! +

lN

J a > .2 o f o P P

.(! f 9 J

O P ' rl + 6 .iN

P.I'<DJO>-.JJE^ o > G) P tr too>++ lc -l N +

o<foo r l* iv P J u s . f .< O P (D f to v * ld i^ :e + o i r-r r i+ >_ I _ > f o o 2^ b iN r^ i l+

8I
a L/! n

'l

ld

l,

I I -ll

o o

tr .=

Ni(o i

ld

.o >c) o><r/voJ o aJ 6 xJ

1 i<r i_

e r.) > ra J +.d "< J >.o ^ > o .2o o .E _ o E {t f o E P

(d 8t^l .ld o, tr

.rJ

*lt" *i-

t, ._Y

io _ir{ o i <oP>-<)(rldEoorP tr+-oO-P.rrO,!!gE

. o <' o rl -i iN

tr

o r

>tr o P
^

o v ^
!.

. .

o(,cboJ > 3

-o o |' -> 9._O0)

r at oaYdO

o o
-C!

I -f I

cJ

q 2lr

i
i n

!
^J ^(4o<vJo-r:P> > o = o > jq N I <\J ^ .\J @ c) v

o:,oo. v E

r
P

o
-! 5 r-O o

J
.r

3
<D

Fl

L-t

1..,

o-td

F!J . . > -3 .o r a cr . >o vo>u E

*t-

{J

J d 6t

-l-

ld

t45
=al -+ --11232

-[r

* _1-*..,* __.r____ * __1_- _--r--..I * [-_l__ *...* I

5, (4v-l), I L t2 32 (4v-i), I

' E o r o g ' T o d o p o L o qn q o r p d q3 ) , ' E x o u po n dr n v n p o n v o 0 u o x 6 e ( rq vn on: ) ,' r = f i m ( 2 o v= 2 r +e.' tt 2t"=3c.' h*

+ i

a'*

36. llq ulrnol oc rpoc rnv oliyklton n orod: - !v+1)n' s I n!-x

.i" i t. a'

Mon:
X=(v+l)n E=I]I

(u.r,i .)
vts

ornv 6oouEvn oLpd L 06touue X=vll+t.Tdr V L O = v n ' t = 0 K O X

_ r ^,,r(vn*t) or = L I H orlpd ypdqTqL ) I lr-.-un-- , * I < _ l )

o
1l lI

o.': #ull I t+li,*.

1 "z''

II

I -s zTw-In

| f - , . rLru-.,.| 1-auvzt L TviDn J - --z) "v

oo tt

FT

. (erqL orrKd dErerdi (6Troq st6qu) oerp6 :+ on[pI CTrrqr n "fT rL qnLoi,<rol oerLKd n doouevn Kor o!p6. 37, lb t lrn&a os rpoq Trlv o{,yxlton n oelpc /10o4:
r=2 'Exouue: opuox6 puriplo ouvrpLoeoq. r
lin qu --L =ii6 -L IJv vt( I nv)l
:

;qfep ",^t*
( A . U . B) .
gq qqpudoouu To

earpo0u BononrLKri rnv orpd t 9.,= t -

r=2

=tim ---1, v ^ - u (l n v )n

(l)

AroKpi,vou!e rlq np[TrrdJo[q R K q L : l o)K>lKoLl<u<KTdre I n oELpq z -lv=2 v-

( 1 ) 6 l . v E Li m - - o - " - '= g K q L n 1 6 / l l

o u v K A L v Lu > 1 ) , o u v K l ( v e L o r n 6 o o u d v n K {

* Muc oeupri ouuBoldqr0L raL

I "u.

t0

146 B ) f u o x < 1 K o LK < u < 1 n ( 1 ) 6 [ v E Ll i m

.:1 Lne[onn oLpq L--

o -ov- =.-

.',lz vu

L o n s r o L < e r q0 r r r K d q I I L o l < e r o0 T L K d L

KqL4 6ooU6vn oerpq.

T v ) f r q K = l e x o u u n vo e l p d : Kp Lxilp rou oioKinodjuoroq. EXouu: ro

I -;---.T'

0o 0opu6oou! To

=ri' dx= |I --1---- | g(l.lxJ [ -.-,--r ----. '

x(lnx)r |
lLqKpLvou! rrq ullotepLflt{iro Lc: I)

{tnx)r .-.rJ. (t-t')(tnx)^-r

r;
KoL n oELod6sv KqL

Av l < 1 rdrE ro oloKlftpopqeivsL loo !r {o

ouvxlLvel. II) Av i > 1 rdr ro oloKlipouq etvqL loo ue #:ri n r -Al-t t '(1n2) oUvKALVL n oeLpd

I I I ) A v I = 1 r d r e r o o ^ o K ^ i p r l l q l v q r L o ou e l i m l l n ( l n x ) ] ^ = ] . x q u E *N n gElpd oev ouvKltv1. tr \ _ /ch 38. tb sItloorct oc rpoq rrv otiryrlLon n oerpd I I ,ilr "/--5--) / \ouv

$_

(lqOnlorrr6-0uorKd lt"svvtvuv) Arlon: 0o e@op!6oouue oprqK6 ro ouvKpLooq BonenrLKi oerpd KpIl'lpr"o ! rnv
v=l

--u, .
'-/

q..
EIvqL I im .;i
p-.

=l irn-------f'--

------' " ' t o,,u-I--. / r

v'

/ ch -JL- \

--- -- -. =Tlt 6LdrL etvot

rn(-_--*-.)
1im ------+------\ouv--v/

/cn

L-

''

/^\ \ouv--"-. / = (-f-) =tr'n ---:--7-TI1,-:-=..'=n'z.

Y+r I ---a- |

r :--*- l ), | lr"{ L J

ch --n-

x'

\ x'./

' A p o o r r p do u v K l [ v r L . n
?(l

ila !lrnol (f npocrnv orivxluoa 6uvqrooeuo6 n |

lf E f

v=1

dl#)ii I
nglpoud)

147

A0on:
' Exouueou= L-----. , v (v - L ) / 2

- Kor q\,+1= r-Cu;ilT

..!(u+1)/2

KoL

(n

li,,':.;rr +# =I I " l=

' ovrxr-< |

|. +- ov lxl > l

E n o p e v on o s L p do u v K l [ v LV L q - 1 < X _ < 1 , q

{0. q uelrnol rpoc rnv sivxlrot n duvcpooerod (-t)u-1uxu nc i (T.E.I.Agnvdrv) ll0or: ' o e o p o 0 p e = ( - 1 ) "u , o u r r = ( - 1 ) " ( u ' 1 ) < o t ou |
'lim

' A p q o u v q p o o l p d v K l l v L r . ol l x l < 1 y ou n

='=^ I$ 1o'' l3*i1'l

llxl < l.+
-

lxl < 1 :.

c e - l < X < 1 . f u o 1 = - 1 e x o u g en o e r p 6 I - ( - 1 ) u v n o u 6 r v o u v K i i v L r
u=.t

li e { 0 ' 6 o o vm ( - l ) v v l 0 . f r q x = 1 6 x o u p r n o e u p d I ( - l ) u - l v , r r o u6 v o u v e KItver.

4l . ib 6rxo( n oero6 ; ?+# OrL

v:ru ,loon:

6Ev ouvKltvsl
(l.c.s. )

ro rou 0o e0qp!6oouu KpLrrlpLo oloKlnpduoroc.Exouue:

.t. ^l.nt .Lnx,

J 10

' - - , , - - - . =d- = l i m -x
XINX | ,In(]nx) ' t!

!r

J u-'r@ 10

^-Lnt z - - --Lnx-J --.

,-

XINX

d 1 = l 1 a| 2 ' n ( ' n * ' d 1 l n 1 l n x ; 1 =

,_J ' I0

= lim
ll+r

| -

.Ti,Z-

=*. | -10

'Apo

6 4 oeup6 v ouvKiLv1.

42. llq !Ierneloc rpoc rnv o0yKAronorrot i n

*-l
( E'll 'n)

v=z v(l nv)c

Aosn: 0o gqolooouu Kortioro oloK^npbuqroq. ro eopo0u ouvdornon Tnv f(x)= -.J-- ;, x(l nx)* ELvoL:

148

= I r(x)axI
2

ll

dx = iim I = 1i, u-+'J x(lnx)a u-J 2 x(lnx)a -"+1 ( ln2) -o+1

dr

[ ( ] n x ) -t o + 1 t'| -o* J2qv o>1

,. r =,9I
'Apo

-o*1 (l nu)
-o+l

rl

0-

(ln2)-dal -o+i

ov

o<1

n oelpd o u v K l I vL o v q > 1 K q [ 6 v o u v K l ( v rq v o < 1 . T L oo = 1a x o u u e

,I= rnlrn'l-lnlinzl "#*T

Lo' ' '8"

r-

bnlson n

ot Lpd6v ouyrllveu.

43. lq 6Lxet6ru n oerp6

ouVxlIvrt. E t w r 0 < q < 1 < 8

xcr o e[ysr o ogl0!6s ruv Urtgtr.wTou opr0!o0 A0ot: ro Kprrttplornq vlooriq oi(oq. 'g1srrr.
=o-. E{.vorolrK 10" ,

(E.[.n]

S'
^

v = o . o - o / v , g o 2 / '-o *oo/ - ogo'/

p-1 1n -'-'-^2 ^2

< v < 10" +

< --l-

<

lop p

_-9_<-_e_<__q__
tnp v: inp-l

l i r n - ! - = 0 . E t v o r qKduq =l-- < .,Y-, < _!-- + v: loP lop-1

-.-p' /,
oPt v

l i m - i : = 0 . E r o rt x o u u e

= l in\q=l imYP-.:-- -i!i p 6 o u v K l v . L r

=0. Andrnv un60on 61oupe < I . .Apon sLo

44- Av 4 olod I o,, 6xr, oetlrorle 6poucKqt otrEroleerqL BrlKd tdr n orpd I ;--::-. ( --- (E . l | . n )

v=1

o r + 1 )( 4 , + l ) ( q g+ l ) . . . ( o , + l )

6xL6po Lsuq1. A0o4: H 6E0rpn osrpdvpdoeror:

r49
(a,+1)-l cr+l (o"+1) 1 ( (qr+1) qr+l)

cl2 jt+ g r + 1 ( q r + l) ( o r + 1 ) (q3+l )-l

q3

( q r+ l ) ( q r + l ) ( 4 3 + 1 )

( o 1+ 1 ) ( 0 2 + l ) ( o 3 + 1 )

.-..= u]"t . Iul-,.r";#o-,.-r]....= [r- ]

- k,,+ilo,+rr ] +....
I
j-

'Apo

",=['-

-#

] , [#

Gr+lTfqr+f)+r.To]ft I ror.lru-.**t.=-r-",ru( o r+ 1) ( q r + 1 . . . ( q v + 1 ) ) (1) ( o L e v o L d t e o o6 p o l L

t_
vqu qvr[erroL) . ( 2 ).

> E f v o L6 u o c ( o r + l ) ( o r + 1 ) ( o 3 + 1 ) . . . ( d v + 1 ) o r + q 2 + . . . + o \ ) E n r 6 in o e l o d ! o . , o n e u o i e e r oO e r t x d6 n e r q Ld r r : t v=1 ' I i m ( o l + c 2 + "+ g u ) = + -

'EroL (1) 6lvt 16rn (2) 6tver- 1im(ot+1)(or+l)(o,+1)...(ou+1)=r-. n limou=l-g=1. 'Apq n 6iTonoLpdouvKll,vr, 1. Kcr 6xr dgpoLouq

45- o urrsqoel rpoqrnv o&yxl.o,r *r" oq n

^6on:
r o.. 'liml--:1 r Etvor l=lim1y:-lI ,l-il .v?, | ("u | I

i,-# u=1-'

( #? ) \ ^

( nol/vrrfi golvt(llc)

x+2

x--r| '
l. r< lx-rl-x11x.21 lx-tl-*. . z '
quri ouv. H orpd
-* j.

oeup6 ouvrAtver f{ vLoI

rr.ox=l-

vpderoL t-rr" -r5 n orod i

x l ( v e L( L e i b n i z ) . ' A o on o L o d u v K t r L vu r o x o L (*,-

46.tb 6euxer, r oerp6 J+-+::l 6u .8,

E L v o rl i m l

ouvx^(vr xag vLo

=rim _S_;.1.]+ x,

l=
=0<1

'Apo

150 o oLpd uvKii.vL qKdo R. vL x 47. llq unolovrsgEl ro deporquq rnq oelpdc
i\0o4:

\ t ro[e l___1-_

j - -1 - ; . 1 v 1 I -... .-^.^ q..=rOt,eo ..--. =Toa,eQ ....1--.- 1 -- =Toq9 i;.- -roqe<0 1 -.-I LVOL v+T= , l+v+v2 l. " "_f I = o (v ) - o (v + 1 u E o ( v ) = r o q o . A p qo u = o 1) - o ( v + l) e o v = r o E o ( l ) v/

1\ - r o -q l - v - + - l E n o u e v o ci : o v = l i m ( r o q 0 1 - r o { e e ,1 l m ) V+1 =ro(eot- 0 = - . i . . ' E r o Lr o < n r o 0 u v o p o L o u o v o u - f -ljmroqe = d0 et ri ;if

48. q fToorE[ npocqv oovKlronn oelpd: oq

-!, . _{:- , 1_._1 . _f'_. t_._11 _I'_* ... .

2 3 2'4 5 2.4.6 7 (ouotx6(OiqC)

A0on:
2.4,5,,,2v 2v+1 u. I o x i i [d r L l i m - ] f - ' ' = x ' ? . H o r o do u v K l L v v r . ox 2 < | o - ' l < x < 1 . r frq x=1 ro Kprrfiplorou ,\6vou 6v oqpuderqu. ro rou Raabei Eeopud<ouus KpLripLo
/A

l'3'5"'(3v--D ' q 0 v e v u x 66 p o q n q s L p d i v o l o' = q r

x2u*1 .

limv {=I

wv+l

-l}=tinl
./ L

\ ! J _ + _ z . t l ! : :-!t) l = ti m . _ _ q Y l = O< 1 d o q n o r p 6 _r..

(Zv+1)2 ) l?v+1),

o n r p i < r o L rL K 6 . e q f t o x = - 1 n p o x 0 n r e r L p o v r L e r x nn c n p o n v o t ! v n e uq n L p i < e r o tp o no o r vrlt ux6, 49. llr e[raor[ tjc rpoc otv ooyKlLonn os!p6 :,v-" (lld/r6 narpdrv)

A!on:
ou=v-! ELvotK(IL

]!s;l=
lnv .

I nv' 'lnv
,2

vlnv lnv
6 p o n o [ O d u v K l f vL ( K o [ r i i P l o o E

Enouevoq v > 2 eLvsL 116' vuo lnv loyopteutKd)

151
50. lb ET6T8[ ov ouyxltvL n oelpd u yvrx6 6po

x
( 1 + x()l + x ' z ) + x 3 . . . ( 1 + x " ) (l )
A0or1:
tw - | -- _--:

EtvoL

v+l

| 1+x"

'Apo ouvquooetpdvKll,vr Kd8 ou n v[o X R-{-1}.

*t il,r :,; lri

51. lb e[el(rorsl, ov ouyKl{,vL oLpd! yeyrr6 6@: n

A0o4:

o"=t-*" ) $

glust q =2.r'/ -l. Exoupr: u \ 2vP)

v29o =

+--l .l

nu(-rtt
)

'r )'-+

_i_ 2vP
,|

'

Aoq odpetlvq vv'ue

n qeL-

ord KprtnpLo* vuq p p d 6 vq u v K l [ v 1 .

o n o L p d u v K l t v rK q Lv l q p <

52. th 6rx0t6rr n oer.pd

gsl ro d0poLou6 rnq. A0on:

/1\/r\v'1

Ir

t(t- -l;

ouv"rr""r, vq BpEKqL

-- 'n --: =lnl-lne=o-1=-1. )=1(1) En[6i etvqL v2q-.' -1 u sKearnxou v ]jyql[rrporou 1, n osrpd ouv (oell6o 64). KlCvLo|]uoovq yvLror6KpLThp[o To deporoJJo oeupdc r1q ! Elvor v'qv=v'ln (tgploKercL0q iq:
/ 1\ -jz ou=]nf1-

-tt

/ 1\ / +l(1- --;zJ +...+ln(1-

1 a =1.-i- *1n_i *...* nz)

1\

. -1- 3 . !r-.ll\ -r"\ 1r'i\l tJ --1--. . 1-. J3 ... J-"---ll v = ''' vr 2 v \ 2

)
* oeli6a 6r+.

laz

+1 1 = ,r n / -vZ v \ - / 1 + - T \ \ )=tn l-T )

- rn-+

ro d0por.otrs .'Apo 4nro0uevo

etvor. -f- . ln

52. ils 6elx0rl, 6rr or rdlevcoLptc6v ouyxlt,rouv:

o) i r-,'Lil
!=1
A(ro1: q ) H o K o l o u e l o u = ( - t ) !J {

aI o'

fr\ mTt .t

f / zv'-l\u'

6 e vq u y K l l v e u L d r L1 i m o r . , , = i 6

'. l i m o 2 v + 1 = - 1A p qn o r t p d 6 r v o u v K l I v e L .
lr.t LLvqL

-'-u-- =e-t;o 'noo '

n oelpd 6v ouvK^l,vL. 53. ih eEEtqorra, npos rnv ortyxlLon oer-od I t)c ., n ----_ 1

.j9.ll"f_ y1y+t
lbrOrilv)

(nolut/ril

A0on:
ELvoLqv > 0 K,qL o

"= vrFII
1

cos2v

'
\

i;f)r

= 1_-*
<l. Aoq0<o

KcL

o.,=tq".t K=1

v!

I;-,+.
K=1
\K

/1

I=l-+-

<1.
otpd

qepoLotdTov ErtLdi n qKolouelo rrrv uepLKriv elvqL epqv!6vnn ouvKltveL.

54- lto elerooretoq rpoqrnv o{ryx}rrono".pa i, n

Aion;
E t v o L 2 < 5 + 3 ( - ' l ) v - <8 V L o K d e v N .
--2v+3

=SS
(G.s.D)

'Apq

5+3{-1)v

i<

B
Zv+3

I
Z\)

3r E r L d in s r p d ) _ - ; -

u=1 2"

o u y x l [ v e l , o u y x l \ l v er o r n doouevn r orpd.

153

55. ilo eEraomov npoc rnv otvxlron oL o!p6q !e vvrro0c 6nc

pouc:
c) qv=

3v+ln'z( ) v+l

8)

u w?;5fr72
6rov v
/"

2v2+5wl

(G.s.D)

lton:
o) Etvql e!+vr - sv, 3 ! + 1 n 2 ( v + l )- 3 " ,

Erouavoq - --., o,,

" 3"

ErrLbi n oeLod )

!=1

i+-

( )uorv*liue,- e L v o L

-$- < 1)

ouvr,llv[ KoL n 6oou6vn o10d. (Av ov - gv drov v ' +@ rdr K Ipu lvqL rnq i,6Loe qrnvoplqq).

o L o s L p qI o " ,

'Aoq B ) E i v q r 2 v ' ? + 5 v + l2 v 2 , f i a l 3 v i l l - v 3 6 r q v v - + q ,>2 gtrLKd rou 1 6oovdv4 q.. --.2, EneLdin oLpd I --,? oneLpt<erqL '
v=l

Lp oLpdoTr [<roL etLKd.

56. lh qeroot! npoq odvKlron oeLot i lrq rnv n

(!!:l)"-.
(2v)::

!=1

(Moe/Kd lt'iow[vt'v) A0on:

q ELvoLv +-=,GY:ll-:I r
\

=q = :( -2 v -1 ): : ( 2 v + 1 ) - ^ -

2v+1

'Apo

[2(v+l)ll:

l2v)'.i(2v+21

" 2v+2

ri'u /-1'- -r) =ri' u/ILfI -r) = zv+ \ou+r ,,

( KoLrftproRaabe) . 57.

+.1.

d E n o u e vn io L o o u v K i i v e L u c

o glrngel rlq [poq rriv otvKlLon n oLpd

;z-r vTInOl-tin-nv-I Aton: ro ouunitKvoonc Cauchy. ElvqL: rou 0o qopu6ooupe Kpr.xipLo

-^t

sl

'l:

2'ln2'tn(tn2')

---- J--- -- = t

-. -- . . .1-- -

r ' = zm t n 2t n ( m t n 2 )

Arld

1__,. __,^_ t m__ J. m t n m 1_ mtnztn tnz

( 6 L d r Ll n 2 < 1 ) .

154 E n e L d i4 o"Lot
VEL.

-u{t

o"u ouvKl[veL Kqr n oooudvn sLpd6rv ouvKli'ln'v i1-1y'-r v=1 v

58. lto esroorei 0K rrpoqrnv o0vxllst n olpd Aoqn: H o(oloueto ov= -'-l-:

[voL pLo qKolouBioeErLKdvdprlv. H ouv6pTn-

t^2on f(x)= l1i ( 2 - 1 n x ) . ' 0 r q v 1 > e 2 e i v o uf ( x ) < 0 . txer f'fx)= # ' A p of ; s 1 e ( e ' ? , + -.) E n o u 6 v u r eo u ) e l v o uq 0 L v o u o o , ov > e 2 . yr n (

Elvqr oK6uq f(x)= lim -f^ =,1' -'!$tim

, I ** x-i6 " x-n@

1^2"

l-

=ri' -2-$-- =
x-+6

=lim -_lA-- =0, 'Apo lirno,=o. 26rtruo ue to xpuriplo rou Leibnitz n n 6 o o u 6 vo r L p do u y K ^ i . v 1 . 59. fh 6er;0e[ 6rr n 6uvqgooerp6 f

3 -r | |---r-',-|
A0on:

'l

v=1 vln'(v+l)

-l"-!r.-1l-l ouvKlcvL oro

y EIvou r,o ou=

v l n ' ?v + 1 ) (

, 1in - .i-. X.

= ,2-, , 1 - -T'

Apon duvouooL-

po ouyK^LvLo lx+ll . 13 * v i Ito x=- -;

?r

it vr"ox=- -:7. rt oELgd ( KPIrflPLo ouvK,\LveL oloKlnPriUoroq )

60. NqeEsrqoroov npos q orlyxtruon rnv qlroluTn otiyxllon o! oC xol sn6[eveq oe[pcq:
-r ut r _ n -_--J _ n=l ll3+tl
Z-

B) i r-rt' lz:tl-' 'z

:r;r 1n1)

A0on:
-.

(E.t{.n}
';!e

LLvoL u

n'?r

':'

.2-?

B-= + nnF.t

elvqt lim -i3..= t'', =,. 'Aoo (oprq(6 KpLripro {4ii-O

orLplesror esrlKd616rl rt p, +onel -

"-+i-

".= ;+i

' oe{tpo0! oetpd : rnv

j.s' ouvKpiosoq) n oeuod p l < r oe r L K 6 . r

155
E n e L 6 in o L p d )
v=1

q., qneupl(erooerlrd tflerql 6tu rqL t

'

o e r p oz l o - l

qIIELpt<rqL oer!K6.

.1 - rr"r' B) E[vou ) (-1)" 'L:r:-

1nt),

.! e on= ( - 1 ) n . ! _ 2 I L=
(n:)2 . = ( - t l" , n (n+l)"'(2n)

1.2...(n-1Jn
E I v o L6 u o q :

(n+1)... 2n) >-1 ( 12...(n-l)n

' A p oo l o K l e a r q L e l v o Ll i m o n = o . vq 6po lorrl2 l. ouveilKn ouVKtr('ooq orpdv) rov Enou6voq oeupd{cn6 rnv ovovKqlo n , onl6 6pq o0rr Kor on6luro. 6E ouvKl[vL rLc 16roqn6 rrq onoiqro oloKlipqJq 61. s) Arqrundlore ouveiKEq f(x)dx xor n orpd ).f(n) ouvKl[vouv cmoKl[vouv fl ouyxp6vr]q. I i'n = l a r t l -i- . 8) Am6{.{re6rL I_ ir-, . *l 4-- t. ( E. M . n ) ASon: q) Bleno^oKlnporrKo ouvKllouiq oLpdlv. KpLrflpro rnv B) otjporirte qvLodrnrq

j I r(n)- | r(x)ax Ir(n) n=N n=N+1

,l

(1)

it

H ( 1 ) V t , of ( n ) = o n = - - r-l11 n=z

xqL VLoN=l 6[vtL

L^ nz-4 ' j
,

x;;t n

ox n

qMd j
'Aoo
1

dYfi

x-2ii

-Z' =troqaxl1=
I I t

< --r z' n = 2n 2 + l

\ - I T --I

s . r -^a-1 L

<

I 'T'

- lL,
4

qr= 1 1 1 = -zl;-1_,

62. NorErrqor[ {dC nooqrn ouvxl[on oerpd s n

(I.-l-1(-a)"
n2n

(E .n.)

156 ll0o4: i
L.---.;:-

( n : ) ' ? + ( 2 n=n )

l'll-:l- + L

....-:

n_"

. E[rd<ouunpoqrnv oq

o [ r v KL o nr [ q o e L p e q : l (o ) )
n=I

l]l:l-rl

(2n)"
'EXou)l-'-.1--.
nlD

f L q r n v ( q ) n q L p v o u ! o Kor,r/lp rou l6vou vro x Lo

((n+1):)'
'l in

2 D ln + 1 ) : 1 , ( 1n*1;2(n+1= l im n ) (ni): (n+1)2("+1)(n:), n

/ 1., / " = lin i;+ \l2 n -#-t 2 / h . 1 \ 2 = lim (7. I _nn \ z = 1 .1 E /) (1.1),(nl), n+ \ (1+ n+ \,"r z +)

'Apo n

o , .o u v x l L v e r . , - 5rouu"

rnc pi<oq vr"og = 1Af rto rnv (B) rqlpvoutr KplritpLo ro n nrn

-=il;;F lim \ sr- = tlr

n-'

ji

,^ = l i n , = 0 = < 1 . ' A p on o e r p d f _ B n o u v f
n=1

K l r : v 1> u v n 6* o r .n . c

( o n + B n )o u v K t r ! v e r . yvrt, 0 <o < e, eavqL _ -rn! =" E

63. (q) Adl.Ere n ouvdprnon 6r! tfxl=

oloq fetvouoq oro 6r6orruo (0,+-). (g) tlr uetreqge[ oc rpoc rn otvxllon n oslp6
A0oI:
q)

(E,M.n,) E l v a r t ' 1 x ; =(
qlDx{

l ---

I nox-q-"^ | x2 tn+
o

x- )=

'Apo

o1 ( x ) = --- " ^ ( I n q -1 ) ( 1) . E [ v q r 0 < x?--lno-l < 0. :uvrn{!q q n 6 ( l ) -

o<q

lno<lne-lnq<1*

f'(x) <0=f

157
6

F' LLVqL

Z_ -r--

-Inv

, Ue qv = L v

^Inv

rnv . oeooouue f(X)= :L-x

^lnx

n o [ H f r a v o l o p r . o l t v n r o 6 r d o r n u o1 , + - ) K c r o l o K l n p d o l pp e f ( x ) : 0 dTt KplrflpronpoK0nreL n : f v. An6 To oloKinporLK6

v=l

Kot

q,, xctLrc
-

.[.

rt*la*

q o u v r , \ L v o u vo n o K l i v o utv u t 6 x p o v q . i

o',',=[#f dT.o,=J-"'* =]:#-r-ij {,). i,,*,.*=f rrt'

Arorolvoupe rrq nprnrdEErq : (i) fLo0<o<1[vol lim ornx=0. n d o A n 6 ( 1 ) n o o r ( j n r e u T L r o V e v L K u u eo lo K , \ f l p u lo u v K l L v e L p o K q L 6 vo o[pd. (ii) f r o I < o < e L v o Ll i m o l n * - .

A r I dr n v ( l ) n p o x i n t e l o r L r o v -

v l x e u u 6 v o l o K l i p o u oo n o K ^ [ v e d p q K o Ln o e l p 6 . o L (iii) frq q=1, n qelpq v[verou: | -]n o u 6 m , n L v o Lv v t r o r 6 r e l p l o

' p('erqr gerLKd.

64. (o) fb eeloort. lloocrrl otyxlron n oer.od I.s", oc t' j N o.,= ---{ o"j_,= -+:i
'J

6nou

3J

-r

3J',-

(B) ilr 8ot m 6rdoqtq ouyxlloet4 rqq otpdc

-J-t!--* (I-*-1-)-'. ... - -(lgl-l-'- '- l'1I

1'2 2.22 3.23

." ' (E.r.n.)

n.2n

A0on:
q) Etvqr I_o.= . ) - -o z i * ) - o z i _ t ' n e o r r d v d o { r v ) . E x o u u . : L @ / ,
<_-tFrt\'

( d o p o t o uro v 6 p r [ o vK q L r o v t
\l

) o"1= )

--- - :

i-i-

oeuno ) , ver,ruerou<i ue ldvo

"= i---

. 1 , r o u o u v K t r l v (r] ) , 3 : r r
) (-.--l j=l

o; , E n l o n q , . L q _ , - _= ) . i ; , _ = - t j=l 3, .=1 ( i6vo r,r= l.<l n o uo u v K I l v E L 2 ) . J

3rrrj

oE ' veuJurglKn lod uE

158

(l) A116 Kqr (2) npor0rneu n orpd :_ oK ouvKlavr. 6rr

2-2' n.2n #l n.2n o x o u uX + l = t ( A ). ' E r o r r I O o K 0 n rn L u v o u o o e l o 6 _ L - a " . , 1o * . i t e6 i ni n'2n vq quvKiisoq on=1= elvorvro -1ro- | R = I i m l - j - 1 =irr - - q ? L - rFs '-n+r '* i-"-1) 'Fi - '|i' r'{ n + l) ' ? n + 1^ n'2"

rlrB) E[voL -$:tI"-..... !x.t)] *...= i t-I:J-)l

1.2

=
ver (1).

lt:

(+L) 'r=t

'Apq yto ltl < 2 n ouvouooeLpd ouvK^i-f

f r o t = 2 6xouue)

n=1 n.2"

--= z"= |

nouq r o K l i v r
t+-

(2).

f L o t = - 2 tyouyef

n=1n'2"

-L _-{-2)n= :

n=1 " - , ..n

n=1

rcu t,)CvvoJor6(KpLTrl-

p r o L e ib n it z ) o u v K l [ v L3 ) . ( > u v r d o q 6 ( l ) , ( 2 ) , x o r .( 3 ) E x o u ud r r y r c : Jn e -23 t < 2 n 6oo!6vn olpd ouVKIavL qld (A) npoxrjnteu: Kor -2: X+l < 2a-3: 1 1 +)l n
n=i n.2"

x < 1 o n l o d i r o d r d o r n l o 0 v K l i o e 0rl r t c o c

oupdq

6 5 . ! b 6 e r x 0 e6.r r l
A0on: H qerpd
6

1rlr\n

..;' = lim (tItsra\

')

(Mqg/r6 Aonvdlv)

]^
;-

'{-- ouvxr{.ver. vLor[ -]-- -. * ] .

6 /. \n-1

K q Ln v r ' u r p ' -

Ki otpd :

--"_n=:

n=o2'-

n:o\'/

i+)

o u y K l ( v r c LpqtrLoro K nL6n

rr fil
^l

g (+)' e zr rn-r=2.\i=--=z <1 eivoLt(-;-)

n=o _2-

n=o\-

r (o-) =z--._ i _ j l , lD

1_

-z-

rcy

t fvo
:

tn 'I

\ /--'-f=

)(
2

.n

)'-....(t)(+I=
| .:l

(n-2 ) + Il-L 1 ) 3: /1\"

n,/

+,..

...+

= i-i* I$!t)- . -!- * n(n-l}(n-z)J- * . , . * n ( n - 1 ) ( ! - 2 ) . . . 1 _ _ 1 . =

=1.1. ('-rJ - + ('_ ) ('_ + + *)....

rim Er16i,(t- +) =
xou!:

= r.r-*(r.J-+(+ +)-....+(+ #

1\ n)

.-* ('-+)('+) ('-+)

= ..= (r- -r =r-o=r eoe) H (' +; H
= r+$ .r.i+...+ rr.r...r1 { = yvr,,or6 EtvqL 6rL :+
= :+ =.
o"

* (" *)' = r*r*{. = r*{*+-+*...*+

ri' (r* -.1-" = e. 'Apq rvol: r* (r. eo f) )"

66. lh |rleqesl tE IrOoC rlv oivxlron I oelpd (6roua > 0). A6ot:
Eqop E[vq[: I Avq<l Avq>1
TO KpLTll0Lo xou

I (r' -t-" )'

Ca c h y : u
'('. *)
q= | .q=q.

tm

('.".1-)"

OU K t r i , v E ! . V

6 v o u v k l i v s L .

160 A v o = 1r d r n o r L p dv p d oersL I

('.-i,- n o u 6 v o u V KLt rv L 6 L d T L
)"

l i m ou = il m ( t *
67. geo@iu rnv oLod )

t)"
o
v!

0.

! 0r!(o0c 6pouq, Eoro (d ) lrq

cKotrou00q Oerrrdv oplgud,v rarorq dpr n oe,oA ) /-|-) vq lnv ouv \ "v/ (9..) rou opierar qrd rnv qloerort: Kl[vE[. eopo0ue sKo^ouolc rnv a=d
-d _.

lb derxeEIdr!:

o) H oelpd lo m ! ouvKl[ve! ov undpx!baKTnC rcroloc diorvro v g a v o lg v > x > 0 .

qv B ) H q e u p d I q v 6vouvxlaver uldoxL 6e[(Tnq m r6Toloc dlre gv v L o v > ] vo {,vor, < - K < 0 , ( K > 0 orq0ep6c).

A6on: s) Ecvot g=6

' ,

o ---:
'',+l

-d

"+do-d

1ov+1=9rror,+1'

'Apo otlo Tnv nponvoi,uevq ox6or1 r4v gu > K > 0 6 X o u U : xor

duou-dunlou*1=9rou+1> xo.r+l > 0

Ko[ rlqv(,vIKd:
du+1ou+1-d.,+2ou+2=9v+1ov+2 t Kou*2 t 0

q d o >Ko d >0 v-+j:lllrg-_l - - _v_+l__v_+_0_ __- __vl0 _-

l,lenp6oeon 6xoupe:
d + + o-d o >K(q -+q ^+...+o )>0 v vtp v+p v+t v+2 v+p, q q d o-d >0+do >dq-d v v vap vrp vv v! \J+pv+p v d q > K(o -+o ^+...+q ) +

, ou+1*our2*.*qra, .

d ;*o -l-Y .

VLqKdev>mKqLpN,

flo vo > m{ o ..+o .^+.,,+q voaf v0rz vo+p

sd . . - v - 9 . - Y -Ao - o r o e c o d ) ,H r c 1 t u =- ( K

rq[q ox6qnonloivsr drr n qKolouotorov pplKrlvq8poLoldllrv(o ) rnq oelpdq-eivot 6vr,r KoL neL6i or- dpou rnq lo., e.ivor-geiuroi oopovu6vn

161 q P t o U o L , o e r p doUVKI{,veL, n
F ) E t v o t g u = d. - - d . , . qll6 xo N. 'Apq dvov < d . o npoK0nr1.
-!+1 "; _!+ 2 dq-d

< v+r$v+i=gvdv+r 0 vlq Kdov,m

--

(1)' 'Apo rnv (1) qnd

d d.q, 7q

d o

d-l
od - ;v + o ->e -v+p-1

(2) vrq KdeE

"u+p

v>mKoLVLoKdeep fLo vo > n Xoupe qn6

N.

rnv (2):

'd1] ouo*o
vorp

od

= El+ t !o
dv o + P -L (3). 6 v o u v K l a v e6 r L n o e l r

( 0 6 o o u o u - d u= x o x o e 0 6 ) o " . * o t e 'o 'o

A n 6r n v ( 3 ) n o o K 0 r r e n e r . 6n1 e r p d I L t o f p d : o v 6 e vo u v K l [ v r ,

68. Av n oeLpd I.o,, ue 6erlro0qdpouc ouyKlaveL (9,,) etvqu ror, ' v=1 uro gpqvlevnoKolouo(qgrrKdry 6ftr rdr n otpd I B.,q.,ouyxltve[.
v=l ""

(fog/x60olvIrnc]

A6on; 'Apootueovq H oLpd t q., ouvKlLvr. rou u ro edjpnuo Cauchy

( o e l l 6 q 4 0 ) v r o K d o e > 0 u n d p x e L u o L K dq p L e p 6 q o r d x o L o q o u v L o v r e q x d 0 ev > v o K q LV r o K d e p N v o L o X U Ll : , r + 1 * o u * 2 * . . . * o u +.o l, * o

(14 0). Eneroi n (B\,) 0pqvu6vnrolter 6rr. Bu<_M vr.o Kd8v N. > 'Apq 8!_r1qv+1+8!+ *. . . *Bu*pou+p 14(ou*r+ounr+...*ou*p). 5 2ov+2

Mf

=..

Apo n oLpd I_ Buou uvr.\Lveu. o

11

69. Alvovrdi or oLpct av,

-

t 9u.
/d.. \

' Av n I g, ouvrl[.velar6lurd rar n sxolouota( 6: ) etvcL 99oYuin16\-vl re n oerpd > qv suvxllvr m6trurq.
v=1

A6on:
H oer.pdI Bv ouvKllvLffi6luro +
!=1 v=l

]Bu ouyrliveL

v {ruoLKOc v;(s) reroLocfiou vlq KdOe > v; r'>0 ufldpxer vlo Kdee

rcr ylc rdoe pli vq roxriL: ( l B u * 1 1 + l g u - r 2 l * . . . * l B u * o l ' e 'l ) ( c a u c h y ) . . /o" \ npoKunreL 0rLi l.voL ErIeLdfl qKotroue!" -E; 9povuevn' n ( /
q..

< M + lqvl< lB\,l.M

(2),

vetrt, vlq Kde 6rL vq O6louu 6lEouu n o.rpO iqv

orl n oLpd )
v:1

ouvKllvsLqrdluro, dnlqdf

lqvl ouYKALvt.

go 6e{.louu nou 6tL VLo Kqgee'0 uldpxeLguoux6qvo(e) xCToLoq vlq K68ev > vo Kor V[q KdepI{ TlpoKlttrL:

. l o u r .l , l o u * , | * . . . * l o u *loe . * e = -fr- cxouUr Ano rnv (l) ov e!.rp/tooupE . , 8 , - . + l B u r 2 l + . . . * l B , , e l+ : l uv+_L l c .v+z+ . . . + l o .v+p e .l. ' ..l+ ' ^l
,

E+ + 1 4 ( l B u + 1 1 * l B v + 2 1 + . . . + l.B v + e l ) + I loul ouyxltveL.

v:l

.I

toJ
6 {'.,

v=o l0pLoUo[Uv, pe v OUoLK6, stvqt .6EKq6rx6 0no(q,. Ittlc6tl, Vr.oxdo v l{ e l \ r q L0 v { 0 , 1 , . . - , 9 } . T d r n o r p 6o u y K ^ [ v ! .

70- 0o0o0! orpd I rn

--_'-, onou qK6pqtoq {r^

KoL dIoL oL q-

Alon:

(r.x.T. )

n ot(olouglq rov ueprr6vogporoudr6lv seLpfiq.T6r rnq VLo r60e v 0uour6eLvqr

/ / , 1 =u,-, t ' . . L ! , ).: 'r,o*s-...-;i \ = (-i#.' # \ ( in ""= ;: ) A " u,

'Eortl (o!)

-\y0-''--+---:

, .,,

1 | -T0'\

m---'/

.\

1 =r[r"+9-J-Y-lo-

1. -rr -'
'Aooou-o<r1o*1

'Apo

n oslpd

u =o 1 0 "

t-:

ouVKIlvEL.

'7t. 'Eoro

pnr6q, |l,0To oKfpolo !6poq rou, (0r) n oxo x erLK6q

loulc rov beKqdLKOv 0nqlov rou KoLU r . , . r i , p o o x l r i T o unolo6oq n ( X i t o , 0 , . . . { , e { , r . . . ' 1 , e . . . ) . l l q v p q r t o X u E u o p a rK t r q o u a r r K i l o l{ (IqenucELK6A0nv6v) Aton: 6u 'noo, ELvoL = f --{ o x o v ( o u ) e l v o LQ q K o l o u e l r o v ! p L K 6 v v=o 10 quxhe,r6re ov - X. o0oouou6rurv oLpdq rnq
An6 rLq npoufioeeoer-q doxnotq 6nroL6rL vLq Kdoe u o L K 6 p L e rnc o u 6 v e L v q u :0 ( r - t ) o * r = 0 r , . , . , U 1 u - 1 ; o * o = U u o = 0 0 e o o o l p e n v q K o , \ o u e L q . r (ovp) rnq (ov), T6rovp- x.
'p r!/ ttt

fLq v > I Lvq[:

(

(.1; j ","=,J-:.n,- .* ).(,F".,# I

/Ut0^r . (,;to,.t,ort ."'.

;i

)t,.

(0,10p-1+"'*r1o; +

* . 1, , { , i ,t,0 o - 1 * . . . + { r p ) + . . . + , { , ; { o , t o o - t * . . . * , 1 , 0 ) . .

164 u e T o u u r t 0 " - * . . . * { o - V . E [ v q Lo v p - r r o'= - * - ! - - + . . . + - - v v {r

^, ^-1

lop

jT2p

10"p

To 60xspo u6loc ournqrnq LodrnTqql v o Lr o v L o o r d e p r K 6 e p o L s d u

opo rnq oLpdq )
: v:1

{-r; Y ' ) H oerpd quul lvor VsolrroLKi!s \10 /

/.

\\)

ldyo

1. lop

,y

enoue*c /-t_-= iffi)'=

1op
ov^ + 0o+ --Y-- . 'Apo x=0"" ' --!-' 1 0 " -1 tov_ 1

Exouu:

l U o ( 0 P -I ) = ______:_-,+ v

t0"-l

oTIOU

ur' "up'

y = U , Q P - l + . . + r r oe L v q ! o oKEpq[oC oro 6eKoO l nou rK6 o0ornuo vo60erol:

72. ttq unoloyloo{. 60polotro org6c i ro rlc

.oero ,-." l=-

(.eorpo'pe!6rpq .ot"r r..:;; rs rov

A0on: Oeopoirue vwrqr6rov r0no:

";;

r;";;;rr"Hr',;.

;I

(mnrrE!:6 6eomlovtrnc)

roterpo- teeg=16 -f-!ro 6se < -{- , 0 < ro{oF . {('ouv o: roeroo xoL l-err -ff"g_ < ' ; i

Ei'vou; xoqee( )-roEeov=roce .,{i+l+j_ =roEeo v+t =ov, v:+vl+_t_ (610 ro

rdtq otoootvroL er[K&KoLurKp6rpo rou ]- ). Av loln6v looodjoouue (B r n v o K o l o u e L o u ) u e v e v r r 66 p oB r = r o [ e q e q s l v o r , v L o K d e r6 e { , K T n v v , o u = B u . r - B uu v e n d 6 ,o u = I o " = B u r r - B r = r o { e p ( v + l ) - r o { e 9 l . ). '
K:1

-+Eavql6u{rq roql=

-, roL pu=roqsey --n .

Eroutvoq:-+-o z

+=+..npo 4 4

i roqee2 + v-+ 1 --tr . , - . -.L. = v 4-

'165

73. lb urolovroee[, depolotq orr& : ro rne

--zff!

(v+4) v=1 (v+l) (v+2)

(I's'B) Atun:
qpruo0c tr,u, rov 0s n oKoloueLo 6ft)v rnq oeupdq. Bpo0le p r6Torouq 6ore vlc rde guolK6oprguov vq i,vor.: 'v3v+4 _J\,u-p ' ' ' ' TII+T)Tv-II)TvTO- vTI v?Z v-+T 'Esro (ov)

qp[0u6v vo [rq I, 0o npoo6r,opLsouue u, p, djorvLo Kdee euolK6

VO : L

=(tr+g+p) +t 3v+4=I( ( v+4) ( v+1 ( v+4)+o( ) ( v+2) v+2) v+l v'z+(61+5u+3p) v+ ) + ( 8 I + 4 u + 2.p )

eopo0u o6orntq: ro
t4

I
I
|

r4+P=q
6I+5!+3p=3
4^+21+P=2

le B p t o K o u u= - 3 _ , u = 1 , e = - - i
!v

E l v q t v L ov :

5:

ov=t o<=^ lir * _I.riz* f.riq = L

1 I 1 -v- 1 \ =^/(+ - +. +1 +J- +...+I * *-I ,r*

*,(*-**-. *....* lu . #.-,+" )-

.e (-+.....'+.*. *.#)= #.
=o+u+e1 *) (* .+. +.# ( * *...* "
Atrr6 r+s+p=Q.'Aeo - +.-l).u ou ^ (+-

).

.u *+.#'#).o (*.#. #. # ) (*
(+- --+ ) =
'
l3l+ _ , '12- + 3t,. . 4 + 3 = -12- 7 ! _ -Til 2 1 -T6- = -Tr =n 6 + 4 , 'tz = 13+ _ 34 - 17 =

Enou6v,c: i,""i#ra"-

=r#

74. Nq e[Tomo0v 0Jqnpoq rnv s0vt(llon or oLpdq

q)
Ai,on: o)

In(l:nvl J (-t)v

Ol I (r-ouv *- )
-.\ f /

E o r u(ro . ) n o K o l o u e lu o \ = ( - l ) ] f - [ n Y l . q E l r 6 < o u u s n p 6 o n uro u o v . E [ v o L : o ro ln(lnv) > 0 ln(lnv) > ln1 <+lnv>1lnv>lnerv>e

'Aoq K v r o v : 3 o r 6 p o Lu e n e o l r r d6 e [ x r n e [ v o uo p v n r r x o [ q Lo ! 6 p o L 'Alld ro v q o u v x , \ i v en o r p 6r o u 6 6 0 n K u ! r 6 o r r o6 i K r n i v o l 8 r L K o [ , r.ooouvopet ro vo ouvKlLvsln oerp6 i f -rl" u

!=3

l{1-9

oo {er6oou-

rn rq x t r r o v q q p u 6 < E To L p r r i p l o r o u L e i b n i z .o e o p o 0 u v o r o l o u o l o( l o u l ) l n ( 1 n v ) . n c p o r n p o i J !r L : g y e vr K b 6 p o : 6 lo,1=

llt$[.Jtt- :. f4+"J Lounrl: (ouoo"r loul )

v l n ( l n ( v + 1 ) ) - < ( v + l ) 1 n ( l n v )o lnv(v+1)-. l nutlv
v+ 1_

1 n ( l n v ( v + l ) )- < l n ( l n ! + l v ) *

E l v o r 6 u o q ,v l o r L q r L y 6 qr o u v ( : 3 ) n o uo o o o 0 u ,
'Apo
11. LvoL: fiT ln(v+1) < -.. lnv.
,Ll / 1\

E n o ! 6 v u qn ( v + 1 ) < - : - ' - l n v = ( r { - t - . . Jl n v . l
,. / r \v

Eror bxouuE:

lnv(v+l) <(1. d t " " " < e l n v v . A A t r < l n y - s e < v . "L-) 'Aoo e i v o ! , r e l u r d , l n v ( v + 1< ( l n v ) ( l n ! v ) = l n u + ] v . ) 'Apo 6q v u n d p l e lr p u o r " xq p r 0 u 6 q 0 > 3 6 o r e v u o r d o ev : v o v o E [ v o ! (J Q o l o " _ . 1 : . l o " l . H q K o i o u e L q o , l ) e l v o u . l o u d vr e j \ u x d e l v o u o q . 0 6 E i q K o l o u e [ ( o u ) e l v o up 4 6 e v l r f .: x n u o r ( < o u u E | i e 6 i oo p L o u o 0 q 6 u toupe rL n 11-l-P( xou erpqou6(ouue xqL f rov ro {0,+-) rn ouvdprnon ! r0no f(x)= r v 6 v or o u i ' H o s p i t a l v l q v q B o o 0 l e o l i m f ( X ) .

167

Ioxi,r: :iif:

I l n { 1 n v ) ) '= -lnx 1/2

1 = -xTnx r ln( Invl + 0.

lnllnv 'APql im -rri-Jl

=u'

>uvsfl6qlo

A p qV r o

rnv

or:LPd )

\-r,

, , ' v -l-n ( l n v ) uox0er KP 0 L o r o u L Ei b n iz . ' A p q n o t v ro LT'I

\r n o tpd z, ( - 1 ) In( InVJ -i

Kq EnouavoqL '\\ ouri elvql suvKlLvouoo'

Lvouoo. \\lt ouvKl

6 B ) 0 v v t K 6 q P o qr n q o t P d q

t (r- . T I - v P 6 Q r q r : l-ouvf- =lnr''X . nnalnu,fi .-X-. t

1

' A p o2 n u '-?_ _ 2 a * . H oLPd 2", _\ ( t - o u u- J u ! - o u v x , \ L v e u ' I ) 75. gadpoutrn oeuP& I

!=1

ouvKitvtt.

'Apo

K o Ln

o,,, 6r0u o-2 \ - t_:

4 __"_ t K(lL q^ ' : -;:. 7." |t'r-

-5

yrq x60ev N. lb gpgLro poroud rnqA0oq:

KoL oL e 0 L 6 o o Lr n q o e l p d cn o u 6 x o u vn e p l t u 6 D e | K x n [ v q L e e r l K o l l ' d p o Lr n q u e 6 p r t o 6 t K r n t v q L o p v n r L K o LA q E t e r d o o u ! f l n o q u n o p E L o v q e e q p u o o r etL r p u t i p t ' o r o u L e i b n i z . E [ v q L :

=;-r1*'o -to,unrl= lo,J ;i; V*rt=l# lor,_rl-lor,l= ,3^= t r# =!, , o. 7rk

oe n r r x o A o u e(L o u l ) e i v o ur p o L v o u o oq o q r n p o [ , !K 6 u 6 r t : la fl .

KcrL

'Aoo e v v L q K 6 e g u o r - x 6 ,L v o r l,o r . , - r l t l o r r l t l o r u n r l . E n o u 6 v o e

lor,-.1=--*; -o
'Apq

KoL lor,l= i;

-o'

o u . n q K o l o u e L ( l o u l ) e t v o r 'e r L o n q n b e v t K l i I o x t o u v I o L n 6 vo L r p o i i o l l l t o l o e l q o u r p t r n p i - o u o u L e i b n i z , ' A p qn o e L p d u v r , \ L v e u . r r

t68 (o!) rnv oKolouelo rnq. To 6p[o KqIo(]us rov !EpLK6v oepo[o!6rov ' A p qK q Lr o 6 p L o u r n q q K o l o u e L q q r h qe L v o L o d e p o L o u q e o e t p d q . T rn r n'q ( oz^r ') e l v o r e n l o r l q o ou r o d 8 p o L o u n q o e t p d s .0 v e v u r 6 qd p o q L ro '
T n c o K o l o u e l g c { o ^ ) v o d t r o t : 2r or,,= t \) s"=(or+... +qr.,_ )+(02+...+q | (o"o_.,*o"o)= 1 ",,)=

5 4 z: = !/ (;z-"-:- -_r;\ = lL- ':rz- . Z ) <=Lt/K=tI

'Apoo 6poqoru eLvor, rnq oLfooc ue ro vroor6 yeprr6 depolouo 23 odc:

76-rd 6erxot. (-t)"-1 -l- =rnz. I

v=l (MoonuqrlK6 Aonvd)v) ArJon: s e on o T o d x r n o 6 L p d u v x l l v e u l v o un p o q o v c g 6 T o K p L r i p L l o u L e i ' E o u , r r o d g p o t o ur n q o e L p d eo u bniz. o r o v { o u ) n o K o l o u e [r o v u t p r K b v 'Exou! q o p o u o u d T o v . E [ v q Lt 6 t e o r , - v . xne vrq v > 1: / , / I I or"= -+ + -j-- +...+Z*i \ - (l z. + -:n +'..+in \ = j (1)

_2l = -rl +...... r e. f ....- ) = (,. . D

=(1.+ .-i- *"'* i".) - 1r.i'."'. + ) .
/ 1 I r\ / r 1 \

8 q 6 tE o u r r6 r r v = I n 2 .E f v a r l n 2 = l n - 4 = 1 n 2 y - 1 n u .

'Apo o2,,-rnz=* . -* *...*-|n -r"2") ('- -l- - -+ -.'.. (t+ --'-- -tnv/. tl , (t K o t r o 0 u q v ) r n v o K o l o u 8 l ( o , ) u e o u =Z - K - l n v . E f v o t : o
s2!-ln2=o2v-qu.
{\

169 (cu) e[vor.ouvKilvousq. ApreI vo 6ellouue6Tr n oKolougco qp[u6 v prlntEI (o.,) ivqr uov6rovn.flc Kdee E{rdcouu ououK6
[vqL:

qu*r-qu= #-rn(v+r)+rnv= -t" # *

= .l-- - --l- =n
v+i v+l

. # = { ula-t)

'APq (ov) elvcr rp0tvoucu. n 0 o e e r d o o u u E 4 ( o u ) s l v o L0 p q v ! 6 v n . 0 q e l d o u u6 T L6 I q r o o ov d E q n 6 r o v o e t r e p o p o r q l n p o .e t v q l g r L K 6f.L o K d e r l K dv e [ v q t : 6 e

rn!-l_. r# _,= i,_

'Apo t -1 .,..--J-. ' In {-. -t" -rl +...+tn t-*-1 =

='('.

?)=rnrv*rr.

/1 r\ E n o u 6 v o qo v =( 1 + - - i - .- . . . + . - - - j - l n v > l n ( v + l ) - l n v> 0 . :

(c H o K o l o u e L o u ) e [ v o r t r o L [ 6 g o i v o u o qo l e p o v ! 6 v nd p oo u v K l i v r ,
v L . : u v n d j q : o2 ^ r - 1 n 2 = o 2 , )-- o0 ) A n l q 6 i o r r + 1 n 2 . .. 'EToL Lvq[i

i t-rt"-t J--=tnz.

KEOAAAIO 2

Eerp6gouvcpr4oeov Opor6popgq o0yrfuor1

l. oelpdrnq uopqiq oprouds MLq ( f r ( x)+f , (x ) + f 3 x)+ . .' * r r ( x) * . ' . = i t , ( x )

v=1

6 n o uf , f , , , , , f . . .

n p q v U o r L K oq v o p r R o r qe K o r v 6n e 6 t o o p L o p o l e tu , U q K o l o u e l o S u ( x ) = f ,( x ) + f r ( x ) * ' . . * f u ( X ) l d y e . V r o Lo e l p d o u v q p r i o e o vH ror vroor6 leplx6 dgouopqr4q oeugdq.

noo66ryuo. oeLpec t oL
vo0Tngll)v.

o'JY*

-+.""

etvqt oeLp6q ou-

0 p r o u 62 . O ol 6 u r 6 r r n o e r p d c

.i,ru{x)

o u v x l C v e uo [ o , B ] n p o c ot

r n v o u v d p r n ow ( x ) *r o r v p d o o u u s u B o l L KIO : . , ( x ) = w ( x d r e K o L d n ou r p r)
lo v o r d r e o v n q K o ^ o u o rq v ! p t K r j lq e p o L o u d r o v! ( x ) , v = 1 2 , . . . S v ,
v=1 "

S . . ( X ) = f l ( x ) + f r ( X ) + . . . + f u ( X )v K l ( , v Lo I o , p 1 r p o q r n v o u v d p r n o n( X ) ou or tt , doooropo orpdc. i u(X) ovou6<Tor. rnc

: uuBotr LKd:

i- rur* {*t -. lin su(x)=,,,(x) t=,

v= L \,--+6

0oLq!6c Ovotd<ouuur6lolro r4q oergdc.!,tr{*) *ot. suuEoll 3. v u ;JUue R,(x)'{ rnv osLpd I
" o=t'1

r- lxl. E('voR,,(x)=S,.(x)-l,l(x). " L

o 6 p n p oH o e r p 6 t f v ( x ) o u v x l L v e un vo u v d o r n l , n( x ) 1 s [ s , 9 1 , . sr o{ o
qv vLo KdeE > 0 Kq! xd0e x [q,8] urdpxer opuOudq
rpos rnv ou-

* IIo).).ls qopds rnv eiepool lor.ryrilfvL crld Xptouuorouorjlre !dprnaq'l **RmaiDderafter !-terms

N = N ( , x> O , r C r o r or i o r e l S u ( x ) - ! l ( x )> v r q K d e E > N . ) c v l 0pLou6c.eo leus 6rr n oer.od ) f,r(x) ouvKlrtvL ouolorcp@ (ouqld) 1,1(X) [q,B], ov o opreu6q rou nponvouuavou oro N eeopiltro oxnvouvdpxnon roq eEqprdrqL u6voon6 ro e KoLdxl ond ro X. 'Evoc flA(rriflq: roo60vquoq oor.o!6c lponvo6Fvou rou ivqL o : ( Oorou6q. itu drr n orpd tfv(x) ouvKlIvropoL6pop0qopqld) Oo f(X) npoqTnv ouvdprnon , X E r6!s Ksr lovo rdre ov n oKo^ouolq sv(x) f(X). ouvKlLvtL ouor6uopeq nooqrnv oul,qprnsn S n q p a E i l p n o n . n q K o l o u e l o , , ( x ) ,v = l , 2 , . , . o f l L p i ( e r qo r r K d i Av [ gerLKd qovnrLKd. oovnrr-xd t6re itu 6rL n oer-od f"(x) oneLoi.<srqL n I 0prou6q. ovoudceror 16l|0(qrydtotrc (anliq i ouor6uopqnq) oer!uqq pdq ouvqprnoov, o(Jvolo rltrlv rnc usro8^nriqx VLorLq otoirq n ro rov ( o L p d u v K l I v e Lo n l d i o p o L d u o p @ ) . o
tbpqdrl.yumq: l ) N q6 ! X 0 L r r 6 )_ ) v = 1 ( y + v( x + v 1 ) I (X+y)(y+v-1) X+v-1 X+v

( 1 ) , ( x 1 0 ,- 1 , - 2 , . . . ) .

n0on:
' E x o u u er ( x f )=

Elvoc;

li / ( su( x) - r , ( x) + r ,( x) +. . . + r ux) = ( , , - r \ . ( 1j T - t \) - . *.-f.) * xTZ 1 - 1 /\ - t 1 ' * f - x *1= (x E L v oo'x d r o t x f+u

\ts+

rim s' (x)=rim (JX - L ) = -L -o=-L X+v X

',',\ X

' A p qq ( 1 ) r o x l e L .A n l q o i o o o u C v n L p d u v K l L v o r o o o r o 0 v o ^ oR - ( x / x = n = 0 , - 1 , - 2 , - 3 , - . . 1 , n p o qr n v o u v d o r n orn ( X ) = | j + c 2 ) N o6 r x g l6 r r . n o e r p d x ' ( 1 - x ) o u y K l l v Lo l o t 6 u o p q q r o .f

lt \7A0on:

,r) , (r, {
H orpd

!(x}=x. nooc ouvdprnon rn ) ,

*,0)'

ln o or o : x " ( 1 - X )o u v K i L v e [u o r o u o o e on v o u v d p r 4 o , l ( x ) = 1 r o - Z j , o v y l o K d e > 0 u n o p o u u B o o 0 uC v og r L < 6 vq e (0.

172 qpLeld N nou vo eqoprdTolt/dvo on6 r o ( K o L6 x r q r d r o X ) , 6 0 r : S .( x ) - ! i ( x )| < (1) vLoKdeEv>N.

+x2 ( ('( E L v o t S ( X ) = 1- X ) + X (- X ) + X 1?X )+ . . . + x u - 11- X ) = l - x + x - x ' ? - y 3 + . . .- x = 1

H ( 1 ) y p o p r a Ll t - x ' - t l . e * :
I h.

xu] <e.*

]xl'< e o

vln X <lne

( 2 ) ( el v o L l n x l < 0 E o d o o v x . - 7 _ ) . E l v q Ld u u r q v > liII 1 -rnxl <rn-- I ' Aoo4 (2) blvrr v > -l-!+oeopou! lx,.-z r- |
"'-T qfl6 rov X n oelpd EnELdio N 6ev EqprdrqL

rn. oqv N rov opLeud --+ tn -T

ouvKILveL oUoL6uopqq 6oouevo oro 6rdornpo.

oedDnto Av Lq ouv6xerqq. n oeLpdI tu{x) ue opouqouvx ouvopriA oeLq suyxtrLvet ouoLduopeo 6tdornto r6re r o d g o o L o u o c ( x ) l oro rn qux6. oro vqLouvexiq ouvdprnon, 6Ldornuq
IbFripnolt. An6 ro rponvo0uvo eedpnuq xd BvqavL oupncpqouqdrr
lim

(!'.t-r)= i

'lilll

f"(X)

A ouvIhocriprlon.Av ff,(x)=l,l(x) oro 6udornuo Kqr n l,i 6v eLvoL 6 o q x i c q r o! , r 6 t e n o e u p d v e L v o L l o L 6 l o p eo u v K ^ i . v o u o o . nqp66ryuq. usirneEtoq npoqrnv o0vKironn oeLod t f,r{x) u Nq
V=U

fu(x)= Ai,on:

( I + v x [ 1 + v + 1x ] ( ) )

[ o r o 6 L d o r n u o 0 ,{ - )

Eivor

( 1 + v x )1 + ( v 1) xl t +

t#ax

'Exou,:

s,rxr= ) .(+ (r-+"

=r-Fd;nt
1 'noq f imS,,(x)=l,i(x)= I "l 0
pd ouvKlLvt.
qv

(# +r)."'. '*- )=
X (0,+-) X=0

o E r o u e v on 6 o o u t v n eu q

173 oro [0,{o) n o0vKllon 6ev ouvex/tc ll(X] 6ev LvoL ErILbi ouvdprnon n oro our6. ('voL ouoLdpopon 6Ldoxnpo oloxlmdr&E, Eoru6r[ n oelpd Oe6,pn!q l.fu(x) ouvrtriveroloc-

, , d u o p e o r o ( o , 0 ) u e d o p o u o u lq , l ( x )x ( q , 9 ) K s L6 r t o L d p o t r 4 q e l v o u q orq6pd Tdrt utdpxeL ro | 1',1(t)dt Kdee ouvexei.c ouvoprioLq. vLq E(o,g

(oL vlq (60 x (o,B) roL n oLpd !

,=r t

ro | fu(x)dt Tovo^oxlnp{tudrov v

o o L o d o o v r n c q p x L K i q L p d q u v K i L v e o u o L d l o o eo r o ( q , B ) ! d o p o L o u q
X

'

6L u1 oq ouu I r ( t ) o t . T o n p o 4 v o r ] u v o n t p q o u q o r - - n d l v r q L q n q :

I iJ'.r*ra,=Jl!'.,*r]0,
rqpqvoy('oet4. o) n oLpd : f,,(X), x (q,B) ouvKILvL Av edlpn[s ( q , B ) B ) Y n d o x e un q p d v o v dfq ( x ) , x ( o , B ) , v = 1 , 2 , . . . n

l,

VLOevoE KOLv)

H o e L p d t f : , ( x ) , x e ( s , B ) o u v K l l v r u o L d u o po rq ( q , B ) r d o qo

p 60r{,r f(x) , r xqr n oEtpq I f.,(x) ouvrtriverotoLdlopqo depo[ouo ( q , B ) ,u n d p x n n o o d v o v o f L q Andourd ouprlpoa vouu drL:
) q/ 6 \ I

K o LL o X 0 fL ( X ) = t
\
\-+

f',(x), x(o,9)
fv(x))

lX

z"'v\^/l-

r-\l-

'-- \ 0x

q0vKlron Kprr/lpLq ornv ouoLduopan Ardeopo

(l{eierstrass*) 19 611J1pr-o

Av lf (x) | < o

(q qKo^ouolq oroopdv 6pt!v)vtq K6es A KqL x

v = 1 2 , . , . K o Ln o s L p d ! o . , o u v r l i v e rT d r t K q Ln o e u p d f f .-, ( x ) o u v ,
v=] v=l

Ki [v[ ol./oLOUopqq A. oro

*!,{eierstrass, harl Theodor Wilhe]n (1815-1897) eruqavris fepuovds uogquat'-,ds.

174

(yevtxeusn [ponvo0uvou) 29 Kpurfpr-o xou

Av lf (x)l < l.l (x) v c ( f ( x ) . vl- ( x ) q K o j \ o u e l Eo u v q o r i o e ( ,v vo rr '! v r60e

x A K o Lv = 1 , 2 , . . . K o Ln o e t p d

tr,l, no ouvKliver uou6uooqo oc o f, |l e u u q o u v d p t n o nl ( x ) / A , T 6 rK q ! n o L p d t , f r ( x ) o u v K i i v r o u o L 6 u o o ( 0 o n p o qu r " q u v d p r n ofnx ) / A u e l f ( x ) l _ < t l { x ) . v l o K d o A . o ( x

39 6r-rt;or-o
'Eort R (X), ro X A, ro v u'rd^oLn4q oerpdc I',,(x) *or
eoTo

( d r u n o e l o do ' J v K , \ t v eA v u f l d p x u L q ! n 6 v L K io K o l o u e t o q ! ) L. L t

eTIKbv

q p L e u du l R . . ( x|)_ . q . y r o K d o e > v o K q LV L q K d e X A , T d T en oeLpd v ( ol z T , ,x J o u v K ^ L v e Lo L o u 0 p 9 q .

" o XpLripro (D'Alql|bert)

EOro oeLpo u r.,(x) tr), n

ul x A u r l c o u v q p x n o fL qA , v = 1 , kdec

q n 2 , , . . s u v x e LK q Lr e r o L e q o u 0 lf"(x)l:< qv, v=1,2,.., vlq 'Eoro qx6!o 6ru: qotetrdJv. oeruxdrv x A, dnou(o ) qxo,\ouBls

(" It,,., ) |

lft=lj
oro A. -o

o<K " u

( 1 , r d r n o e r , o d1 ) o u v K ^ L v L r o r 6 p o p o o ot

Kplripro ( Dirichlet).

q e o p o [ ur n v o L p d ) f , , ( x ) , x A , ! s x n v q K o l o u e rr:o v u p r K d v e qpo 4 o o p o l o l d r o v ( x ) ] , o u o r 6 u o p , p o v u t vo r o A . S (q e r i , r p o 0 r n v o r o t r o u 0 L{ v ( x ) ) x c A , v - 1 , 2 , . . . ! e 9 v + - ( X L g v ( x ) ue J y L q K d e A , v = l , 2 , 3 , . . . r o u o u v K I L v eo u o l d l o o { r o o 0 . T d r en o r L or x
Od , f . . ( x ) 9 . , ( X ) o U V K I L v E o t o L 6 ! 0 p e qo r o A . L

69 pr.rioro (Abet )
(or) x e A, T{rvnpqvuqrLKdv eopol!Tnv oKoloueCq ouvqpritoEu}v ue qv + 1 ( x ) s q ( x ) v l q K d o s A , v = \ , 2 , 3 , . . . r l o ue a v o r o p o t o u o p q o x - ..

175 qpqvltvn* oro A. 'Eor{,6r[ n oeLpd t f,,(x) ouvKtrivL ouoLOuoooo o qo A . T 6 r n o r p 6 f r ,-, { x t s , , ( x ) u v K l t v t ro u o L b u o po rq A . u=1 79 xpr.ripto (cauchy) H orpd
o n A o u y K i L v L l o [ d u o o o o p o q r n v ouvdprnon

t l ( X ) , x A 16r KsL !6vo r6rE KqL udvo ror 6rqv VLq Kdge > 0, uTrdpgx nou udvo qn6 ro xe$+SPreuocl K 6 qN = N ( ) Eopf,drq[ , ! fK(x) < e v l o K d B ev > N ( e ), p = 1 , 2 , . . . K o r v t q K d e x A . I

I t

Ardlurl o0yxtrrol Ks! oldluq otor6uoggt o{ryxllol o p r o u 6 c . A 6 ! ed r r n o e r p o : f v ( x ) , 1

6=1

L 6 x A o u v K I L v eq n 6 i u r q -

rqv n oerpd )lr,{x)l

ouvKlLv1. .l fr(x) , x A ouvKllvL on6trurq

oploudq2. A6usdrr n oeuod o u o r 6 u o p e q , 6 r oo e u o d l l f u ( x ) l a v

v=1 -

ouvr,\Lveu oLduopoq. op

L o e d p n ulo A v n o t r p d > | f . , ( x ) l o u y K l t v r d x K o Ln o e L p d . iu 6vLoxtL). { : f ( x ) o u v K l l v Lr o o v r { . o r d o 6 o odrpnuq Av n oLpd :lf 2.

-

( x ) ' o u v K l l v o u o u 6 u o or d r K q L n tpo r

v=l

(r 6 o o e L p d t f , , ( x ) o u v K l l v E L u o u d u o o g oo o v r ( o r o o g o e v L o x t l L ) .

ouor6uooot otvKtLsn 6ur,/ouooeLp6)v KqL o' ol.totdlootlo ondtruro oouvKltvL etpnuql. Mro ouvquooLp6 quYKlLoOc rnq. unoo0volo 6Lqornuoroq rou noLobinore ouvKltv[oro dvq n KoLoro 6uo d2. odtonuq Av uLq duvquooLod qurll flou ro rnc,TOIE 6Ldornuq ouvK^(,vL suvKlLod[ Kpqrou 6r,oor/luqroq ouxd. ro dKpofl xq 6Kpo otoLdlopqo,nepttrquBdvet
* M L a a r o l o u s i o ( g . . ) r p c l t r c r u n r , i vo l w p r r i o e o v l r x A t r d y e t d L o u o u d r o p p o q p c ' y y d v no r o A , i 6 t e n o u u r i v o r d t e c v u n c i p X e ro r d $ p d s 9 e r L x d s c l p u s , r o L Y t , d ) t d g Ex d . rdge !=1r2,3,... lds M rdroLos nou lg.(x)l<M^1ud

176 Odpnuo Av n duvquooelpd ! ouxvouvxllveuoro onulo 3.

v r o r r r r m |I -z o v xl ' l = ) l@lo

Xo

xtxo L v=o

v=o

( n n q v x) = ) q ! x ; .
x-rr(o v=o

oed|pnuo MLd6uvqrooLpd 4. nopovovleerqr oIoKInpdvETo[ npoq dpo i 6po o orolooinore 6[6ornpoIIou [vsL unoo0volo rou 6lqqrnporoc ouvKl Looq rnc*. edlonua MLsouvKltvouoo 5. ouvopooelpd axsr oov doporouc uLq ouvtxn suvdpqon oro 6r6ornpq ouyKlaod)q rnc. lhodtytaB: l) A0orr: = Lr v o Ln m v l x " l = r l m l x l l x l . H o s r p do u v K l L v e rt q l x l < 1 * v -1 < X < |, q 6erxeei6ru n oeupd Ix" ouvxllver,otoLdlopgs oro (-l ,l)

KoL Eneroin duvquooELpd ouvK^[veL (-1,1) ouvKlavL otoLouopoq oro oro [oLo drdornpq. q 2) A{.vrsr 6uvopooerp6 t
rol 6po rpoq 6po.
/w-it' H duvquooLpd tx-l' t

v=1

qv . Nq EEeroorEl nopovov((e-

A00n:

[ o u y K l i v r r o d L d o r n t q0 , 1 1 . A r " 6 r:t o

rinlif =ri. I#

I /

r'-t tv+f --]4-+{-

=tt'(#

Horrod )'lx-r1=1*-11. ouvK^r-l

vr vrq lx-ll<1:+-1

< X - 1< 1 . o 0 < X < 2 .

_
IIou

,i

fr.o;=2 n olpd qUVKI[vr6LdrL rdre npoK0nrL oLpd Z --i:T n o u y K l v L . I

*':roL y!o rrl! 6ulolooeLpd

a x

exouue

4' \ L (

aux r:

)- \ravx
c

rl

8 ) tI (

it
iI

z a\tt /dt= v:o-v=o-_

=T

177 q

f l o x = 0 r p o K 0 r r en q L p d t r

, .( : l.) v

n o uo u v K l t v l . E r o Lt r o L n dn 6 0 v 'Exoup:

o p d v ro e t p dn o p o v o v i < s r6 0 0n p o c6 0 0o r o b L d o r n u[s , 1 ] . l or 0

tx-rt'\- u(x-t)"-1 (x-t)u-1 /J -,frT \*rT)'(:-,.=_l_

ALdaopq orLq ueeo68oeLq-nqoornoioLq-unouvioerq oLpqouvopritoe(JV. I) f L q v q 6 t i E o u u r r u r d o t p d o u v q p r i o oq u v K l i v r o l o r 6 u o p d v q o , X p n o L ! o [ o L o r u p [ 0 J o K o L x f l p rro u l l e i r s t r a s s . KU rc o

u)

f r o v q D e l e o u u r l L d o [ p do l v q o r i o o6 e v o u V K I t vL o u o L 0r v e i.oKouurnv ouvdprnon l,l(x) npocrnv o n o i , o u v K l L v 1 , duooqo,9p o qflld KoL6[Xvou! n |/l 6v [voLouvXnq. 6tr

I I I ) T L qv o u e , \ e r i o o u u e flpoqrnv qnlil oijvKlLon orpd ouvopoc uLq 6Tr ond rioov unoecrouue n !rog^nr|'l rnv ofiolq qqprdvrqL oL (,)q qp rlui KoLrnv trd<ouuE reunrL Kn dpoLrnq exel orooepil oerod. Iv)
V)

quvoprftoe0rvdpouq rou To doooLouo suvexLq ouvuLdqoLpdq u t . K A I v t u o L d l o p oio v q Lo u v d p r n o n v X n q , o ou

ouvKl vr L ouorOuop{pq oloKlnpdvAv uLd oLpqouvqprhoeov i. rdr rnq rlopoyorqr KoL rlopoyov [<roL 600 n p o q6 p o , :Tnv neptm(,jo!

Lv L6popeq. oe vtoeoc rlpenern llqpdyovoq Lod vq ouyKl L ouo

AuuEvq AoKiqrq l. NqEtqfiet ov ouyKllverogol6uop@ orpd i n 45 *o *.

A0on:
El v o L

v=1

nuvX j : t. v:-

ErLOn oetpo )

lT

o u v K i l v e tn 6 0 -

o o t e v no L o d u v K ^ L v L d ^ u r o L o K d g ( K p L r i p Lr o u l , l e i e r s t r a s s ) . o on v X 2. o 6!x0ei. 6r! n orpd i nux' ouvxltver ouor6lopqq 6rdqrqaEo uo. ) ' 1 lo- -,1- I Abon' I o x u L n o c L v o rv v o o r d l n u x u l. x u y u o r d 0 e1 a f o , * 6 ' t 12 I l' ' ^Po
I a I :l

178

( 1 ) u = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , p = 0 , 12 , , , H o e r p d t x " 6 r o q ,
(q r L v q ! v v { , F r b u v K l t v e L u o r 6 p o p e o * , r I o U 6 v oK p L T i p r o a u c h yV r q K d 6 o o E C ) > 0 undpxLpL0!6q (r) > 0 rtroroc nou o N

x x t X-l < vr.o doe [o,,r] p p v L o K d e = 0 , 1 , 2 . . . K q Lv L o K d e E = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . A d v o n q( 1 ) 6 x o u u K q L x

l,+p ,, I

z nux

< .

AOqo0leovq ! To 1610xprrf)pLon 6osuevn orpd ouv I

K I L v L u o l 6 p o p go r o 6 L 6 o x n u o 1 0 . I o o

3. lto 6LxO[ n oerpdsuvqprioeov i v-3l2ouv(u'x], x R 6rr !:1 ouyKltvr ouordlopeq. A0on:

E L v o r l v - ' ' o u v ( v ' X )l : v " ' ' V L qK d e R , v = l , 2 , . . . X * I E n L dnl o e l p d | ; z / z f ( q o u v K l [ v o Ld n r , re l 6 o p e ) x o r .
I

r n n 6 o o u 6 vs s r p do u v K ^ [ v e(L p u r i p u o o u l , l e i e r s t r a s s ) . r 4. Nqbslxeel dru n oetpd i tn(t*xu) ouvxl(vl otro]6lopg oro {g.l.n.)

6l6otnua[0,]-j ylo xdoaa |la 0 <e < | Aton:

ioxirer6noceavqL r! vvoorooIIdrnv qvdluon,lno_< o-1 vrq Kdo >0. H n p o n y o 0 u e vx 6 o n r q o r = l + X6 t v e l l n ( 1 + 1 v ;< 1 + 1 u - . - l n ( 1 + x v _ <X \ ) on v u 1 ) v L o K d e rx t 0 , l - E l . E n o p c v o q .

!+0

| 1n(1+y'1 -'l)xl E n e l o l4 o e r p 6 t X " ,

!=o

( 1 ) , u = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .p = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .

(dTroq ououduop0q X t 0 , 1 - l ouyK)\(vL (,oq!),

enrqL0116 KprTnplorou CauchJ 6 x L v L q K d e e > 0 u n d p x eN ( e ) > 0 xo r r

r a r o L o n o u I I x " l . v L qK d o e [ 0 , I- e ] , u = 0 , 12 , . . . p = 0 , 1 , 2 . . . q X ,
:

l u + o . .I

A6v!.r (1)txoru. rnc

'v=u lui"rntr.x"ll o u o [ d u o p go r o [ 0 , t - e ] . q

< e.

'Apo 6oou6vn oLpdouyKl[vr n

*Xro 6u<iornlo 10, 1/21 BIerc xcu doxnon 22 tns otd6as o'..rtrls.

179 5- lh 6Lx0Et6rL n oLp6 (0,,l-e), pe 0<s<1. A0qn:

l"l

L4U

x -tz

ouyxtrlvLouo[6!op@mo

E[voL lap f, E n L d no L p d f _ n
v=1

l_< #=.* * .'

fi)vxR

(q R(ordlinloc).

o u v r l l v e Lb r e r o r( K p L 1 ' l p r|o] e i e r s t r a s sd x l , l )

xqt n oooutvnorp6ouvKiavL ouo[6gop0q. 6. l{q 6rx6[6rL n qrp6 i z"nu * ouvKltverouoL6lopoq oro

\'' -z-/
/r\l

A0on:

Ervor. l2unsft_.z,lt 1=(+i t*l:. (g"o

lnioq rpovt/orLKdc oldc), * , (0,+) opL "
EtrLdi oeLpd n

(o Kqrdi-

ouvKltvrcnrrdL (KplrioLot,,leier (+)'" *t s t r a s s ) 6 r L x o un 6 o o ! r 6 vo L p d u v K l t v L r o l 6 u o p 0 o n s o (0, + ). "-

+J "- (0.
A0qn:

7. t|c 6etxos[ dr! 4 oLpd L

r \

\ = 1 "r/,

ouyKla.ve! oUoL6tlopE

ELuotl,l/2 n, *

l-. utl,] -vT I

.]1l_
v3/2

:+h

ouvKtriveL drxoL ( Kprli :r;p L o l l e i e r s t r a s s ) 6 r u r o r 4 d o q u e vo e I p 6 u y K i I v 1 . n o B. llo 6Lx0[ 6rr n oerpd t tfi+xv)z _t], xl[v! ogoldtopeq. A0o4: x

( o R K o r d l l n i o q ) .E n r 6 n o r p 6 n

" "(r,+)

t * .+1*,1

1I I I tvoLf{r*x, -rl= I (r'i+xv-- 1r'Jr-*'.1, = )L

lx"l
/ir[*

rx,r s.(+)".

r't.x"t

1BC . EnL6n oLpq L /t \-T o o u y K t r t v e( L v q L < * L t" 'nErqL

)"

oro o o E L p d u Y K I t v t Lo u o L d u o p Q q l ( K p L r i l P t o, i e i e r s t r a s s ) O I L n S o o u 6 v n

t--

1l ' -T l'

9 . N q 6 e t x 0 e [6 r L n

o"'Pd

orrou6loPouYKltveL ft ##t

eosm (0,1 . ) A0sn:

rELvo V'1*/-1=

x'
vT;i; +1

ro, trr.ff-l- _$ - x'r v r+z

ooo
t

t r *x' lu"l
( 1 + 2 ! x ! ) ' "- 1 =M H oetPd

t v'i;7t".1 . J- tvi7"x'*r I -. -1o t vi;fl t -etT.t - 2" vT;F.1

T rou Kplrnp[ou In(n !n o u v K A [ v E L q n 6 6 g L Ee e a o p u o v n

n n b o o u c vq e L 0 q I l K ' tE n o l E v o(q p L x i l p L'oe i e r s t r a s s ) rou D'Alember ) lLrov iv o u v K l L . ooYxlLon4 oelpd '10. llo {x6E[ tdc n@q rlv ouor6uopon

i/l-ouu4).
A0on:

x a t-o'ot' qR'
/ \2 "2

{ =2nu'?+:"(+)=#t Ioxir!dr!1-ouv
4

jr

d2

'noeu-

^^

!]eierstrass) o u Y K l L v L 'A p q ( K p L r { p L o

o K q Ln b o o u d v n L -

ou q p d o u v K t r { , v L o t 6 u o p qo x o [ - q ' s ] '

: / _.. x \ ' \x-vnu \i / rpoq rnv otvKllon I oerp6 I 11. llq Esroorel oq Aonv6v) (Mq0nuortK6 x [-q,o] ALron:

qvx>0KqLnux<x- tlvor nux'x- # -qux-x>-+ 'EroL etroLndv 'APo lx-nux' ' +.'Jl ' < u' ov x < - -f - nux-x

x'

,x-vnu xouue: *

'=" l*

-nu f

I ' ul #

-"

q, lvrl l= -f;7 ' -6tt

181 Efisrdi n oE[p6 ) 7i ouvrtrtveldfiroL dr! Ko[ n doouevn olpd ouv-

(Kprripro ]Jeierstrass). KllveL ouoL6uopeq , | 2 . t { qo c l x o t6 r r vr oloL6uoooc' A0qn:

Elvq! vvoord 6TL

n oerod i

tn(ouu*

v=3

),,.

[-r,r]

o u v K l t-

( qenuqrLKd esoqlovtKnq)

1-+

<1n0,(,l>0.

'

Aoq I - --l---,--

ouvf

-<

:rn(ouuf),

v'o K d e e [ - r , n ] , v = 3 , 4 , 5.,. . x
< i1'

rnouevorc n(ouv-J-)1 II

1-ouv * l=

-f 1-ouv

ouv--

-f ouv
-. O(+

:
\,

oruf
"2 12

(616rr [-n,n] xouv=3,4,... =4nu' X ) +

E n c L b in o L p q > t
u=l

)=-w:+

;' z

o u v K I L v 1 , e r o l ( K p r r f t o L lo e ie r st r a s s en l )

6rL

Kqr n boouEvn orpdouvKlIvsLouoL6uopqo [-n,nl . oro 13. Nq!lTneloc npoqrnv o0vKlLon oeLpdi n

31m
x [-q,q]. A0oe:
ELVoL

xuouv(vx)

('-+) +)(,+) (, .('(,-+) +)

l x "I :t.
o-

vx x"ouv( )

.. .("-

\'-

2\ / 2 -f-/"'\v- -ri\

u H o e l p 6 I M , , ( d e L x v e r o 0 K o i qU r o K p L r n p Lfo n i l K o v r o u D ' A l e n b e r t ) i Kor orpd ouvKl('vrouoL6uopqq oro [-o,o] ouyKi[veL.Enopcvl,lq n ooouavn oirUeorvq ro KplT/lpr-o l , l e i e r s t r a s s . xou !e

182 14. Alverqr n o e L p o z r . , ( x , ! e r

.(x)= vx
"

( v + l) x
| +( v+'l ) 'zX'?

1+v2x2

xR

N q6 E r x e6 r ! q ) H oelpdsuvKtravr ll o0yK^ron t 6rv .'vo! ouoL6uopqn B) li,on:

q) Av elvoL 9v(X = )

vx
1*v2x2

T0t

fv{x)=s.,(x)-sv+1(x).'Apo

t ( s , - x) - 9 1 ( x - g v + ( x ) )
5..tXJ=-;

( 9 I e n E E e o b o l o v o 1 ( , 6 q 2) . 2 u Lq
(v+l)X ' ? x( 1+ v+1 )
--

t+x

X t+x

a-

'Apq x n o l n n 6 o o u a vo e L p d u v K L v t I u dopo[o!ornv o u v d p r n ou ( x ) = X R. r o n 9 ) f L o v q l v q L n o U v K I L o o u o L d t r o o aln e r e rV L q KdesE > xdoX R vo u[dpxer opreudqN flou vo qqprdrqL!0v0 orlo I O V 0]16rov X r a r o r o q d r o t el S u ( X ) - l / ( X ) l< ( 1 ) V L o K d e e N,
EI v o L

1rx'

0 KqL yLo

K q uo X L

-als,{x)-w(x)l=l
1.1

(v+1)X
1 +( v +1) 2y ' ?

XI -------:

(v+'l)lxl
I

t+x_

1+x'

1+(v+1)'?x'?

(v+ )ly 1
( v +1; ' z 1

(v+l)lxl

vlxl

orroo0le-L

vixl

< e Q) xdr eq eLvqr K q r l S v ( x ) - t l ( x ) l< e .

onpo0leoqv N== - . E r e r d i o N qqprd-

Etxl roL qnd Tov E KqL Tov x n o t v K l L o n6 v e l v q L o U o t 6 P o P Q n .

. :-.. 15. l{s plrno[oc npoc rnv o0vxllon n oLpc z rv( x, !:

(2) 6cvL j, . u, (*+o) . elxl

= f\,(x)
( l + v x )[ l + (v + l) 1 J

, x t0,+-)
(ouott(6 A0nv6,v )

Aoqn:
EI v o I

x
( 1 + v ) [ 1 + ( + ') X ] x v l

=l
1+vX

I
1 + ( +I ) x v

=s.,(x)-0,,*'(x)'

(x) e n e r 6 i f u ( x ) = 9 u ( x ) - 9 v + 1e r r c rd r t S u ( x ) = o o ( x ) - s u . r (fx ) =

1+(v+1)X

183

'Apas..(x)=t- r
"

-rt*l=

l+(v+l X )

Io

ov x=o
q v X ( 1, + - )

| 1

, l rn ) E r r d i n o u v d p r n o nl ( x ) ( r o d e p o L o p o c o s L p d c6 , v e l v o Lo u v x n cn ! 6ev ouvKIavEopotduopoq. oer.pd ' 1 6 .N ol e L X g E6 1 1 o e l p d t 4 i

1 !=t

- - t - - - . ' , 1 t 0 , 1 1q u v K l t v e l o
( x + v )"

tm Av ue uor6uopao. U(x) tvqt ro depoLouo qsLpdc x [0,1] vq 6tt xoet6rr j A0oq: I q) E[vqu--Ly r o r d 6 ex t O , l ] . E n r d in o L p d -. J(x+v)' v' l 6 ] ; z o u v x l t v e L [ e r q L( K p L r i p t oJ e i e r s t r a s s )d r l K q Ln b o o u e v n
I

}l(x)dx=|.

(M.I.T.)

o o o o e r p do u v K l l v e L u o r 6 u o p r rrq [ 0 , 1 1 , B) E{.vqL )

v=t (Xrv)'

* rr a - - -r r'ta = x ( x ) - | l , l ( x ) d x = lt ) t" t" \v=r

3 r r tr 't

(X+v)'

\
"

jdx=

, =). J {x.vf'ax=[- # J"= + - #' \) c) :,( :, : | -,

E L v o to r = v
11

-1

GT

q r = g ( v ) - g ( v + l ) * * o v = g ( 1 ) - g ( v + 1 )+ +
\ ,/

- ov =r- -L - timo=lim/i--L t ) =r. v v+ v+t

. 3t r 'Eror (1) 6tverrt..... r\. n t I !J(x)dx= T - i.-Tl ='' , '=,.\

17. th 6LxO[6r! 4 olpd :
I

IHI

ouor6pop@ , x R ouvKll.vL

Av f(x)/x R etvqL ro @po[o!o rrK oLpdq unoloyro[i ro olox^rtvq

I s , , u q= J f ( x l o u v ( v x ) d x , v = | , 2 , 3 , . . .

* B e d p n u o t r o r t r f p d o E oo e l d 6 o 1 7 3 . o s ' * g ( v ) = - - : - ( B l i [ . o ] c r - r i J e g o 6 0 l o y j ao r n o E l i 6 d

22).

184

Aoon:
q) 'Exoule

*#\= *
i

E - c , 6 f in o e L o d I

ouvrltveu

erstrass) I,{ei dnrrqL (KPLf,fiPro Qq oro R.

B) 'Efio drL

o u Y K l L v Eo l l o L b u o p L o dTL n o o o u a v n E L p d

nuYx , vroKdee R. x =r,*, t#II ]ouvivx)ox=

' E x o u ure r e : o

t=[ r(x)ouv{vx)dx'l I;.

('"

-f'l; -l

I L,

@ouv(vx)ia1 I v'

ry-$) ; z \=1 } r n u { u x ) o u v ( v i I . - Lz K q Ln oL0q \ lt n o d v u q r LI T oLorrJeierstrass) s u r f \ro rplticq q p u 6 < E rY t o r n v o e t p 6 o oL Enouevo i l ; u' o u v r r L v e L ) ' ,.=1 dx= ouylvxll - f' t + nu{yx) 'Exouue ) u' troLnovt = L:-, pro oroKtrno6osoq. l" ,
n uL Llru

(rpr-rftoto oliot'duooqq R vx) ouvKtr[vL ouv(

-+ t i -':'

ouvdp' ":;;", "iuo' n'P'l'i)' or"6rr,n un6 ro o^oKlflp0Juq t-<r -Y1vx) ' x R' o > 2' l|q 6tLxg[ v 18. ^[vrq! n oetpd t

L l-

i.o=o nu(yx) ogylvx)lax= ("uo' J "Str '

=0 ouv(vx)dx

r=o' APq

Orr: q) H olod t v' "ouv(vx'' B) H oeld

o-r0 R' ouyxltvEL ouoLbuoPoq oto R'

ouol6uoPqq ouYKlrver

:r".:ttt:'

x t-ur-oouutux) ur' Ii u-onu(ux)\= 'L -i v=L

I

(u.0)

A{ron:
q) ELvoL

. louv(vx) l= -;L I v'-"ouv(vxlI I I

> vet ouvxtrt oror'"o - 1

1,

' A p q Kor n booUavn oL-

v=l v oro K' p d o u v K l t v l ouoL6loPQq

H oLPd

t85 B ) f u q x = 0n o e L p d i u-"nu(ux)ouvKllveLKcLou dpoLrnq [qpqrov vovl<ovroL,n 6 orpdr{dvnooovdjvov 6povrnq 6n^q6n olpd n

v=1

p opotduopqq, fiouevoc o0ueovq ro eeI vr-dquv(vx),X R ouvKllvEL v - " n u ( v x )o u v K i L v o L

6 p n u o q p o v o v l o o l l 6 o 1 7 3 K q Ln o L p d f n q uoLo[opoo.
f--1'

= v) Etvou I v-"nu(vx) t tv-onu(vx)1'Ivr-"ouv(vx). I 'l=

" !=1 v=l v=l
-

19- o 6rxoa. I 6rr

v-o

2'x-=,,=* 1+12

,, lt_t

r(-t,r).
(Hqo4uor Aenv6v) rK6
! 0 < p < 1 roX0L:

Aoon:
n q p q r n p o t ud r L v l q K d 8 r - d o r n l r[q p , p ] e d - =[,lu ,

lz x

:< 2'p-

E a v q tI i m =2p2------g 1. Erouevoc oLpd ) < n

fl o u v K A L v e LK o r r n o L o u A t e m t

r b e r t ) . ' E r o LI o L n O v d o o u e vo L p d u v K i i , v e(L p u r f o r o W e i e r s t r a s s ) n o n o p o r 6 l o o eo r o [ - p , p ] , 6 n i o 6 fo u V K l [ v o u o L o p o po o d o e K I L o r d q l L @K u r l o b L d o r nru o { - 1 , 1) . ou

"\) Eneudir !-L, 2'- 1

"

n{ t*x' ) l '

^v

n n 6 o o u d vo e r p d L v o [n o L p d u

6pouqr[q fldpqvdrvouq dpcrv rov rnq oeupdc I ln(t*x

v=o

'')

(t), x(-1,). r

H o L p d( l ) s u v K l l v Lv L q x = 0 . H q e u p 6r o v r l o p o y d r vr o v 6 p o v x n q o e L ov p d c ( l ) , 6 n ^ o 6 i n 6 0 0 ! 6 v no L p d u v K l L v e L u o L d u o p q o o [ - p , p ] . E n o u a o o or ( v o c ( e e d j p n pfoq p q v o v L o s on )o E L p d 1 ) o u v K I L v e o g o u 6 p r o po r o [ - p , p ] l c rgo L
.v..2"-1 r o

ror uoxler: :
v=o

r .r.x 2 r _

= i ) l n ( r , X"'! . l)t l lr=o I

( 2 ) . X l - o , O l v L qK d e

o 0 ( 0 , 1 ) . f t q r n v o e l p d ( 1 ) r o v - u e p u r d e p o l o ue l v q r : n t s ( x ) = l n (1 + x ) + l n ( x ' 1 * 1 1 * x ' 1 * . . . + l n (1 + 1 ?1 = t*

186 = [ I n {1 - X ) + 1 n ( 1 + x ) + l n ( 1+ .X.,+ ] n (I * x r v 1 I - 1 n 1 )+. 1-x;= = ln (l - x ) ( 1 + x( 1 + x ) . . . ( i * x , " ) - t n (t - x ) = tn (j - x , ( ) ' _ ) t + x ,) . . . ( 1 * x . v )

-ln(1-x).ln(1-xc)(1*x")...(1*x,")-tn(1-x)=tn(1-xa)...(t+xrv;_.1n11_y;= r = rn t r - ( x 2 ' ) 2 1 - n (t - x ) = rn [ 1 - x 2 u ' 2 ] -n r r - x ; = 1 1 .( 1 1 - r z ! + 1-,r n (1- x ) =

='"F-t"*

,v+1

tncrdi s,fxt-*in* (3) l=rn i rn(r*x2 * V:o

v '^x 2u-1

ivor

H {2) vpdoeror f

t+x

t-rl"x'tr-xl , x t0,tl quyxlf.vrropor6uopoo rnv oovdprtqr f(x)= rpoc , x t0,t]. i+ g) H oelpd I | (-t)ux'(t-x) 6vouyxl(v!ouordpopcq i om I0,|.
v=O
V=O

2 0 . f t q6 ! x 0 6 r r : t

q) H olpd i

Y) q 6raru 'ca |re Tnv Potoelo rr,w 600 nponyoupeuw qm6[Er]v,

oxfi Lx6 ouw6poo'po.

(E..n)
Alttlt

o) Exouue su(x)= I(-r)"x"(r-x)=(t-x) I (-t)*x*=

',.r =( i 1 1-x) -x*x'-x'+...*1-r t-*r!fif_- * )uxuJ=1 G o

ji

'Aoq

n boolavnolpd ouvKJ\[vL rnv ouvdprnonffXt= j# fipoq

'Exou! l s v ( x ) - f ( xl)=

r=i l'-r-tt

i-"

v+1'] l -X

f l-x

u*t( 1 - x) l

(1)

H s u v d p r n og ( x ) = x u r l ( 1 - x )o p o u o L d < c y L o rv L ox = n n uEl o tlKolq TnvBoiero flqoovdjvou). exou!r u Inc EroL

{6rtxur-or-

l s'" ( x ) - r ( x ) - . m a xJ x u * 1 - x ) l- A 1 1 \ " * t / r - v ' 1 \ - 1 / v + 1 \ ' + r-ou r1 = | = t

lFrn , r

\tzl

\'- czi

i;z \wz

187 E0Kotrq LX ( 6e verqL o r L n o K o l o u g l oq v ) r l v o L p 1 6 e v t x l .I 0 p r p o vu e r o q 3o xplrhpuotnq ol{.6oq174 n 600!6vn oLpd ouvKltvrI oljoL6popqo.

B)

'Exouu_ \
v=o

l/

r\v,,v/i.,\r t\-t) ^ rr-x,t= )

v=o

r \- . . x { r - x , =r t .t,-r x t L .x v , x- rrtnu , rtrJ

v:o

= ( -t '+ E r o u 6 v o q ! ( X ) ( 1 - X )1 + x + x 2 + . . X ' 1 = 1 1 1 I - - - f = r- y u - . S =l,l ) . (x

0 qv x-1 l ov x6(0,1 l

E a [ 6 in o u v 6 o r n o d ( x ) 6 e v e L v o to u v e x i q o [ 0 , 1 ] n o t v r ( I r o n v l ll m 6 v q Lo u q ^ i .

6rL v) nopqrnpo0u o l q v

I r ! 1 0 o L o d L f v ( x ) o u v KL v o u o L 6 u o p v=1

a q n o e r p 6 I l r , , t x l l 6vouvKtrtv[ ndvroouo r6!opqo.

2l- llo 6!x0[ 6rr n aelp6: 4py* ,L 4p"21+- - np'3x+

la ru"+x*"'

ouyKltvr qrou6lopeoqro A6oq:

H oeupd VPqoerot Z ' E x o u ! l r t-1 \-{ --:' nU, . vXJ ,

"(ux nu ) :. -f

uro K6 R X

Enr6in oLp6

-;

ouvrllvel Kor n doouvn oerpdouyrl\tveu ouordlooeo oTo R

( rprrrjpr.o |lleirstrass) 22. ib 6rx0t 6rr I oErp6 i xu suvrl{,ver-otol6uop@ oe onor-

ooilmr unodl6orruo 0,,*.iu*Jio ( -t, t ) . .o, A0on:

^ ' , +-1 X -++ , , . = + v'2 LLvqL Kv(XJ= ) Xr:X' p-v+1 i:X

o e t d p o 0 l eo [ - 1 + q , l - o ] s ( - 1 , 1 ) ( 6 n o uq > 0 K q r d l l n i q u L K o 6 c ) . r Elvqu -1+oS X < l-o r+ lXl S 1-o KoL l1-Xl z o.

188

rnoucu"c l=l{-1 In,txt

-< q

t_l:"1_

f L o v q 6 [ e o u [ E r l n o e r - p d u v r l L v e ro l o L d u o p q o r o 6 L 6 o r n u q - 1 + o , 1 - q ] o q 6 [ v n p c n e L q b e i E o u u e r r . v l q x d o ee > 0 K o r v L o K d e e [ - 1 + o , 1 - s ] u n d p 6 X > L x L o p t e ! 6 q N = N ( e ) 0 ( r l o uv q 4 o o r d T ou 6 v oo n 6 r o e x o u 6 x u o n d r o v x ) r 6 r o L o q6 o t e l R r ( x ) l < e v l q K d B e > N . AnoLrorlu elvor ]l---q+-. vo < 6(l-o)v-r < oe -

- (v+1)ln(1-q) < 1n(oe) v+r ' ffi

(6L6tL 1n(1-q) < 0)

- u, fnffi-r.
' A p o o r p 6o u v K ^ [ v ouo 6Ldot r t6uopeq Kdee n v r - ox d o e [ - 1 + o , 1 - q ] . X o E n u r n c u o p a f t q[ - 1 + q , 1 - q ] . o rqpsvlwto23. fiq Esroget dv pnopo0ueras4cplt6oowe ro 0d)ptltlo oq oelAiv orn oerp6:

-1, oTr6r Kdo > N ( e ) e L v q rl R u ( x I) < e , v o6rouue N(e)= vLo 1]#Si

-JlJLroeex+roEee +roqeg +"'

2V2 3V3

Auon;
H o e L p O o d Q T o LZ v
xnv oELpq o(J)oouur

r o q e { 0;
VvV -?n = ) L

!=1

= 2- r,,txl. ' v=1

g,,(xj nou oTIOq OUVeLVOLYVLJOTo

L L N A v s ( e e ' 6 0 0 vo u v K i I v L n

L =i, v=l v-'"

).

'Exouu rin nl-$ =rt.

roEeq.iX

=1im

o x : t u o o v qu e r o o o u q x 6 p t t f l p t o o u v r p t o e o q 6 o o u 6 v n e L p do u v K ^ t v E L ' n

\LoKdexR. r oeopoirunv otpd

t.

1 --1rt r ! t x ) = z _ _-__l__ v2
1.-L

= s a1

v3/2

\,=1

x_+v'

l o X [ , e r6 T L

z (x)l= v3/ lf

x2+vl

189 Ertrdin oerpd ) j-7; ouyrj\i,ver" 6nerqu(rpr.riplo l.leiertstrass)6xL n '

v=1 v"'

o e L p d 2 f , , ( X ) o u v K ^ L v e L o L d u o po rq R . oL qo Enoucv{,iq ulloeeoLq eopitoroc oL nqoqvovtoeoq rou Lox0ouv.'EroL To nooqvovLoGK e{ipngo eeqpu6<ror. 24. lb 6Lxe[6ru 4 oelpd t x' 6v ouyxltvrr ouor6uopoo 6udoro mryq (-l,t). A0on: yu H o L p 6 u v K ^ L v L o x 6 0 e ( - 1 , 1 ) 6 1 6 r r e L v q uu L o v o J u 6 r p L K i o x oeup6. vv+1 'Exouu =x"*1*xun2 . *xun3*. . = +R.,( = I Atri\d Ei.vqL x) Xp -) l i m * l R ,( x ) = - - ' - x o r .I i m _ R . , ( X ,
X+1 )({1 '
1

P= v + 1

1_ e n o u 6 v o q o e , --r vr

0v LoxuL

l R v ( x ) l < e v L q x d o ex ( - l , l ) .

'Apq 6 L n o r p d vo u v K l t v o u o [ 6 u o o 0 q .

25. llq 6e[X0[ 6rL or. en6peveqduvqrooelpcq ouv(Ilvouv KqL vq 8pe-

eo0vrq [oolsuqrdrouc.

q)t+B)
A0on:
s) Eivq! lim

x"
(v-2)(v-l)v

(E.M.n.)

.,!+1 tL_ =.t.r m I _ _v + l t _

lx" -v-

| 1.. t=lrm

I
I

xt*.I

=1x1rim =lxl -fr

H o L p 6o u y K I L v v u q l x l < 1 e - 1 < X < 1 . L

f r , ox = - 1n o [ p d u v K l i v {L 6 x 6 x o u u, u o " r - p d i o n r
!=1

( - t y v- J u { x o u-

rhpLo Leibniz)). fuo x=l npq*6ttat 4 oeuod | . J - - n o u o n e u p l c e r qe E r L d . L r

v=1

'Eour

H(x) ro 6epoLoto oeto6q6n^q6il I rnq

v=l

-I-- =|rl(x).
v

loxtlouv ot- Ilpoijfio060Le eeojphuqxoq xou fiopqvovLooq.

190

'Aoo '(x)= t
( e L v o ux l < 1 ) . l

= -)

.,=

v-I

:t+x+x-+x-+..t: f__ r-,(

'l

'Apo ( l,{'(x)= . rnouiurq w1x)= 1!l --t nt,-*1*.= r.l0)=- I n( 1 0)+c /-, J
+ 0=0+c c=0. 'EroL ro depoLouq rnq oetldqvro -l < X < 1 a v o L t l ( X ) = - ln ( 1 - X ). f r " ox = - 1 r o 6 e p o L o ur n q o E L d q ( v o L : l i m l , { ( x ) =l i m t - l n ( 1 - y ) l = - i n 2 . q E
'Apq t i v q l l . l ( X ) = - l n ( 1 - X )V r q - 1 S X < 1 .

B ) El v q l l i m

="'l,ot#i- LL?l-0:1l-u
X.

=ri, {r,,?=txt H o l p d o u v K[iv L v r o . lx |

T L q X = 1 6 x o u urnv oLpd e (tlvoL 1

lxl < I -

-l < X < 1.

fr a;-t iO--

rououvKICveL.
r.l.n.). (KpLrnnou rdlL ouvKtri.vL

= - A - * , - 8 - -* l - (v-2)(v-1)v v-2 v-1

.._ J

r!o x=-1 6xouue oerp6 rnv

--J:]-,= {v-./\v-r/v

ro rnq S(x) oro Leibniz) 0q unoiovtoouuE deporogq oerrtr 60rr,.) . Isxtouv oL flpotjnoecoLc e{rpiuqroq rou fiooovovlooq.
-

(oq s'(x)= I
!:3

{r,t,..'}'--ut"-/ ) = I -,,' i/' \t'

-.v

\'

v=3

.-"-*'t---" ' -/rw r' ,

1

,.v_1

s"(x)= I
v=3'-

v_2

}--r

= s

(x)-

'+"': ) x- "=l*x*x'*...+x"

r_J

(Eo'6oov xr < 1). ep6rnpq)

() F l so l o K l i p ( r i s 6 x o u u S " ( X ) = l , l ( X ) = - l n ( 1 - Xq 0 l Q o v q e r o o n U
tl
JJ

- S ' ( x ) = - l l n ( l - x ) d x + c = - l l n o d 1 , 1 + c = ( l - X ) l n ( 1 - x ) + x +S ' ( 0 ) = 0 + 0 + c+ + c

- o = O ++ c = 0 . ' A p q S ' ( x ) = ( 1 - x l l n ( 1 - x 1 . x . S ( x ) = [ t ( 1 - x ) l n (1 - x ) + x ] a x = c
) uz =-l tll n{rdu+ -} *ct=)z'z
'1

t1_wl2 r--anr--

ln(1-X)+

ti_w\2 1 - -;. ::.^!:-

v2 + -i-- +c1

S ( 0 ) = 0 + -i , i4- - - - - ; - + 0 + c r+ 0 = 0 + c r c r = 0 . + vtq

-1 < x < 1.

U-p-'?- 1O-, 6xoupt s1x1-.U11 ln(1-y1* Eno!6voq E

191 f l o X = l r o d 8 p o r o ur n q o e l p de l v o r S ( 1 ) =l i u S ( X ) = r o ]
_ x+t r o 6 0 p o ! o u s t . r / q ! S ( - 1 ) = l i m , S ( 1 ) =- - | - - f n + . e
vrl

K q Lv L o x = - 1

26. q !lrnoea.oc npoqr4v ogor6lopgrl o0vK^ronq qerod ouvqprf-

oeov

.,)

fu(x)= I

:/

(t-ouv -f, ,)

1 [ -r,xl, x R.

Arion:
^/. \ /.,\: " l-ouv.i-=2n'( fr.t . z \it) ErvqL

,,2

fi;

..2 1 -.o,.

ErELbin qrpd I
!=1

-{
v

ouyxl[veu6rerol dr! n dosu6vn oLpd 0q

( xp ouYKit otoL6Uopqo rrip r-ol,leierstrass vr ), 27. lh pAernoelr.,qflpoq Tnv otot6uop0n otyKlloe n oElpd:
v = o ( l + v x )[ t + ( v + l ) x ]

I -___-_I____-__ . v,.o x t o,+_)

TL oup8q[veLo'6w 6r.6ornuq[q,+-), u q > 0;

A0on: Ei.vqL f.,(x)= ------lL-----,

" ( l + v 1 )[ 1 + ( v + 1 ) X ] l + v X

= -A- * --,--,-9-.---- -J--, - ..-J--=

j+(v+l)X 1+vX 1+(v+t)X

jr*t*)=r,{*)*r,1xl*...+ru(x)= - ou(x)= (rl il" ).

lt 1 \ r l - 1 \ .\1 1 ]?A r;3x./ +"'+\ r*vx - t;(n;T)x / = rx - r.T'.l x ' l0qvx=0 lim o (X)= ,|
\'+r@ I ljf

qv

0 <x<

+-

(ouvdornon ouvXftq). un 'Apq olpd quvK^LvL (o^Creed]n 6oou6vn oTrld 6xr 6uocouor.duoprpq o c q o n u o u v e x r oo e L p d o u v o p r i o e o v ) , : r o d L d o r n u o q , + - ) u e q > 0 6 x o u u eq e E h q : I r

lou(x)-o(x) rl, - rr.."l.fi - rl.; I= 1;1|*1;1 onou t= ,

192

o ( x ) =l i m ot . . ( x ) . f L q t o . . ( x ) - o ( X < f l | )
u*t-

f.#n
|

*
1-"

. .
I

No( ) = m a x { E, x ) = r a 0 , - N0 x b -o 1 . I o > 0 . A n O u r 6o u u n p q L v o u uu V u oK d o > 0 u n d p x e L o 6r e l { 0 ( E ) = n a x l . -,- ; l . 0 o'l I

| 1-" I

\ o ( c . x ) =- - ; f .

l-ct 1-v]

vLo

+ - r , r o r e q t o X U e L o u ( x ) - o ( xl)< e y u o v.

xdoe

v > N o ( e )K o Lv L o K d e [ o , + - ) u e q > 0 , 6 n i o 6 f n o e L p c r o 6 l d o r n i o X l r u o o u r d o u \K iL v o u o u 6 u o p r p o . 28. llo !lerneel {nC rpoq rnv otqli (opol6lopon} olvKlron n osrpd _ | ln(t+;") yto x6e x t0, l-pl ue 0 < o < l. (Mqentqrrx6 Ae4vdrv) A0on: 'onoe [vql Vv(,.lox6 roxr]L lnx < X-1 vtq Kde > 0. 'Apq X l n ( 1 + 1 ! ; < { 1 + X ! ) - 1 = X ! ,r . oK d e t O , 1 - p l . ' A p o v X
l+!

I I n(t*x")

l+u .,

(1)

v L o K d e [ 0 , 1 - p ] , K q Ly r o x

Kdge

t r = O , 1 , 2 . . . u = 02 ',l. . . . H o e L p d u { r q s " v x e [ 0 , 1 - p ] , 0 < o < 1 6 ,, o u v K ^ [ v r o u o l 6 . ' A p oV u or d o ee > 0 undox qpLgudq L EL 0errK6cN flou ei + u . ,I EoprdrqL u6voon6 ro e t6roLocnou t x'l < v L q K d e e v > N ( ) K s L y r o K d g e [ 0 , 1 - p ] . A 6 v rr n q ( l ! x
'EroL
Lvot KgL

ln(t*x")l.

e.

lortt6v o0urprdvq ro KpLrflprorou cauchyn 6 o o u e vo L p o u v K l [ n o ue vEL ouor6!op0o(o[qld) .

29. llq 6tx0[. 6rr

n orrpa i ou":y) ,

X e R ouyKllvL ouoLd-

uoP@. :rn ouvfxeuqvq 6ELx0[6rL rql n oeupd otor6rop@. A0on:

quv(vX) E L v o L --v 3- | | E r L d i n oelpd
1

:, 4"r'

ouvrtrtver

ouyrl[ver",ouvKl r ouor.rjuopeo rot [v

193

( 6 o o u e vo L p d l , J e i e r s t r a s s ) . n frq rnv 6rronoLp6 I ro "nlj;x-l Lsx0ouv n6uvo:

o Y oL u T L qx . 0 n o e u p d u v r t r L v e r . n d o x o u v n q p d v o v o f ' ( * ) = ( I { Y l ) ' v r " K d e e R , x q u v = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . n 6 e o e r " pr o v r o p o v 6 y orv r v 6 p o vr n q ( 6 n d { x t!Apq i 9-'J|LPO ouyrtlveu ouoLouopoq. KoLn oerpo i !d ) T,ft v=1 (0rionuq ogoLduopeo. ouqliq ouyr,\toeoq nopoyov ise{,Jq ouvKlLvtL rqu ), loon n .) 3 0 . N o6 r x [ r l 4 o e r p d ; + ( 1 ' ? - x ) + ( 1 3 - 1 ' ) + . . . * ( x t - x u -.1 . * 6 ouyKltvroror6rropoq 6r6qrn!q (t, oro (E.M.n) + ] A0on: 'Exouu - 0. S v ( X ) = X + ( x t - x ) * ( x ' - x ' ) * . ' . * ( X ' - X u - l ) = X u ' A p qn o E r p d ouvKllvrr fipoqrnv ouvdprnon l,l(X)=0. f!q vq dttoutrs 6rr- 4 ouvdpr4o4 o u v K i l v r u o L d u o pq p K L o 6 L o u u r v L o K d e > 0 K o LV L oK 6 o qq v 6r e qpL0u6q qrd x (0, +- I undpxr euolrdqN rou Eoprdror ro rcroLoq ( 1 ) v u o r 6 9 ev > N . H ( 1 ) v p d a r q l ] X " - 0 1< e - . < nou lSu(x)-01 e ln' x'<Eevlnx<lne-vt lnx' 1 H !vol[]repn rulh rou rldouoroc]ff ovruorouxei r [ U,n X = or4v 3/ 11 'Apoqv trdBouue N 0uoLK6 > , -J-f-, vlo v > N KoL vr,or60ex i0.,+ ] l J \

/11

ln -T

0 q e l v q L X u < E d n t r o b in o s L p do u v K i i , v eo l o L d u o p o o . t 31. lb 6rx1.ftL n oE!06 0q oro 6r6or4uq [0,1]. itiqn: T o v l o o r o ! 0 1 K 6 e p o L o u r n q o e L p d e L v o Lr o d q S u ( x ) - 1 - x + x1 - x )r x ' ( 1 - x ) * . . . * x ' ' ' ( t - * ) = t - * (

x-

-(l-x)

6v ouv(ltvL otrorduop-

'Exouue I im Sv( )= X

1 0

qv X [0,1) ov X=1

'Aoo q r o 6 0 p o u o 1l.(tx ) r n Co e r p d q L v q u u v d p t n oq o u v s x no r o o n u s l o1 . l o e s n EnL6il 6!os oL 6por rnq oeupdq e(vor,ouvexelq ouvqpriocLq 6Luotnuo oro [ 0 , 1 ] q o e r - p 6 vo u v K l L v o u o r d u o p e qo 6 L d o x n p o r 6 . d L or ou 13

194

.. r =n* (-1)u 32. tlo 6Lx0t .tnoc o ouv-0 ouv"xdx (0<0<n) | . fgg .) .I.
A0sn:
' fro0<e<ntvqr < X l o l = l o u v 0 . o u v x l 1 v [ c K d g R. A p q n 1 . o L p d - 0 j + o ' ? - .!.e i d v o - o , ( x s ! l - o l < 1 ) o u v x l t v e lq r l d l u r oK q L6 x 6 [ 'EroL dgpolouoT;6 . loLn6vCxoutr:

1I

*; =r*i t-rt"""

n '

:l ___-;__ +ouvuouvx+

1) 1 - l 1 u o u v v o . o u v(v x

(q H r e ^ u r o [ o E L p d u v K l l v e L u o r 6 u o p e K p r r i p r oliei rstrass) . npdv!orL o o o e L v o r .( - 1 ) " o u v " e . o u v u 1 l - o u v g l "x o r .4 o e r - p d I l o u v le o u v K l l v e L l< " p o o v v e o l e r p r r h e ^ 6 v o l o u v o l< 1 . 'Apq vq rnv unopo0ue o,\oxlnpdFouue (1) dpo rlooq6po.
JI

":i

'exoru" {

="r-,;"$64*xp,

.,g r " (-1)"ouv

lr

louv"XdX (2). ypdrperol

To np6rotiEios Tnq (2) Kdvovroq ovrLKqrdorqon rnv t=re -+

ll =n I

nu6

'Eror (2)bavr: r # ** i ,-,,'ouuue n Jluuuxax.

33.itobLxoet ,f" * *ir . #F - ,# 6ru

Auon:

1 ....= T-x

( -t <x<t) ( E . M .) n

+l 0 e o p o i r u n v o r p dI n ( I - x ) + ln ( 1 + x ) + 1 1 + x ' ? )n (1+ 1 4+ . . . + rE n( ; + l n (1 + x /
^r-2

)+'.'

(1), 'Exouur:

2)=ln(1-x'?)(l+x'z)(1+x4)... ) S', , ( x= ln ( 1 - x + l n ( 1 + x ) + l(1 + x ' ) + . . . * l (1 . x 2 u ) n n

^v-2 ^.0-2 ^r-2 (l*x' )=iim(l-x!)(l+x!)..,(1+x' )=lim(1-xB)(1+x")...(l+x' ) =
1 " = ti m (1 - x 'v - ) * l i n l = 0 . ' A o o o e l o d( l ) o u v K l [ v Ll p o c o 0 . ' E r o [ 6 x o u ! : r r n

I n (1- x ) + 1 (1 + x+ ln (1 + x) + ln (1 + X)q .. ' * l n (1 + x 2 '+ .. . = 0 n 2 1 + ) * 1 ' (1 l l n ( 1 + x ' ? ) + l n ( ' l ++ .{.} + 1 n (+ 1 2 " 1 * . . . = - 1 1 1 1 - x 1 - 1 n 1 1 * 1 t )

i I

I OE

ro rPdlrou6i\oq (1) ordrExoupe rnc nopov{,JYC(ouue 2x * -4xt + . . . + 1*x' 1*Xu

2rv2'-1--:!--+... (2)

l+xquri 6XeL 6Pous ouvexetc ouvqprioeLq. n orpd

r EnE 6il
:f!__ <

2re2'-7

vrq lxlJ o < 1

K o Ln o s L p d U

:---l;;.6-60

tlj' l\r

1+x-r ( o Pf ouvKilvL*,n o e L p d 2 ) o u v r t r [ v eopoLdpopqc 6uu oxo

on d o x n u ( - 1 , 1 ) . ' E t o L e n L r o t n e r o Ln q p q y o v Lr n q ( 1 ) . 'Exouulo LII6v o n

-2lL- 4x' *..'=- -1-. *

1+x2 I *X, l+X

_t__ A* *.
1-x

1+X l rX'

zx * . . . = - 1

r-x

*Kperip u o pI e o s .

KEOAAAIO 3

Eerp6gTaylor: Maclaurin..
0 rircq rcu Taylor or0 6rdornf(x) nou elvqL ouvsxnq rnv 06pnua. oeopo0p ouvdprnon [q,0] rcpovtivouq FcxpLv-l rdqoe0 L o oro 6L6ornuo us Iq,B] xqu 6xern v n o l e ce L v o u u v x b l o r o [ q , B ] K o Lu n d o x t L v r d q e o c o p d v to c ournc o q n q l o r o S L d o r n u(q , 9 ) , T 6 r eu n d p x e6 v oo n ! [ ov ( o , B ) 6 o r e :

ipaf(B)=f(o)+ +'tots
, J-P;Q-1{,)1u1 (T)

f " (o)+...+

-(!--g)-",1 r(*1lot
(v-l) :

0 r 0 r o q ( T ) l c v e r o Lr 8 r o qx o u T a y l o r . 0 6 p o q

1-9--Pn, t(')16y=
rou ieverqLurl6^orno rlnou rou Taylor KordLagrange*** llopqr4pflgerc: 1) 0 rl,noc (T) rou Taylor uox0etrou qv B < o bnlqdi o r0rcq (T) tdoo oro budornuo [q,P] 600 Kqt oro btdornlo [B,q] xr rnv 1610uoprpi q p x e L u o L r d o L o x 0 o u vL u n 6 I o L r l tn p o 0 [ o 8 a o r q . o e v e 0 u 2 ) 0 r 0 n o q( T ) r o u T a y l o r u o x 0 eo e K d e L 6 o r n uIq s t o ' g l . 3 ) f l o 6 v s o u v K K p L u t v oq , B ] r o r r u x q i ox [ o ' B ] o r 0 a o c( T ) e [ n s [ p v e Ln v u o p e R : r
B r o o k T a y l o r ( 1 6 8 5 - 1 ? 3 1 ) : ' A y y t r o sM l l g n u a r L x d s C o I i n M a c l a u r i n ( 1 6 9 8 - 1 ? 4 6 ) :t x { i , o s M o g n l a r L r d s Joseph Louis l,agrs.nge( 1736-1813): MYdlos fdltros Mognlotux6s.

i
j
i

197

f(x)=f({)+ lt6y..$-'it'
. I l L - F )f_ : ) " 'v ) (v { v: 6 T r ov ( X , E )i v ( E , X ) u i rn uopoh:

(Tr)

UIIO U

(x-o) -Tt--'" , ( v ) , ^ ,

( M o p q iL a g r a n g e )

R=
!

(x-q) x-t)" (
(v_1):

i f ( v ) ( ) ( t 4 o p oc a u c h y )

c { O r0rcc rou TaYlor n q l o v e uo r 6 g qx L q e n d u e v u o p a 6 q T r ) , ( T 3 ) ,

t(1)=r(o)+ fi

f'

)1 *Ru -'rot--$p. f " (").....+;91-;;r(u-1 o1 { T r )

xov

qn6 qurfl daveroL To u[6loLnorou r0nourou Taylor ornv neplnroon TlTro:

o R " =- 0 L - 9 -f ( v ) 1 o + e , 1o < e < 1

-lj r',*,*-|? ," r*l-..'-f$1 ,('-t)t*t.0, r(x+h)=r(x)+

r q 6 n o ux , x + he [ v o l o n u e L oo u 6 u q o r i u o r o[c , B ]

(Tr)

qurfl [oi,pveL TLq uopTo un6^otrctou rtnou rou Taylor otnv neplnroon
9q:

r)
II)

h' --v-- T( v ) 1 x + e h ) , o < e < 1

L {Mopan agrange)

L'-r-L_,q:r(,)(x*6h),o < e < 1 (Ilopoi cauchy)

(v-1):

rirnoc rou i4aclaurin 0 xrlfioq(Tr) vLo o=0 rqlpveL rnv uopah

.L-if(x)=r(o t r' 1o |',r " 101+...+ - r l : 6ru-rt,o,*ov 1* )+ (v

Laurin. 0 x[itoq (T') ieyroL rinoq rou l"1ac

(T*)

198 To un6^orro R L o r n v f i t p l n r o o no u r | , ln o L O v r [ q U o p 0 t q :

\)

-$.- tt'' (t*)

( l r o p aLra g r a n g e ) f

.L1-r---Q-"1 ,r,l,rr,
terpd Taylor. tLpd llaclaurin

(tvlo cauchy) pai

oeopo0ue rrino rou Taylor rnq uopqic ( T z) . A v I i m R ! = 0 r 6 r s rov npo inr n buvouooLp6: K L

Iif r(x)=r(o)+ f ' ror- (,I1'J,1 1o1.....(l;-$ r(,)(q)*..

(T5)

A rqL o n o uo v o u d < e r o le r p 6T a y ' l o r . I I o d e L K v 0 n o q 4 o e u p 6 u r i o u v K l L v e L o f( [ p o q r n v o u v d p r n o nx ) . T x H o L p d a y l o r n q l o v e L q Lr n v u o o < 0 i l :

f ( x + h) = f ( x ) + --r
h r,

f " (x)+...+ $.- ttu'(r)*...

(T6)

6 [ o ux , x + h e L v q Lo n u q r o u 6 L q s r r ' l t o r oIq , B ] . [ q Av ro onue 0 qviKL oro 6 r 6 o r n u o[ o , B ] v L o X [ q , P ] C X o u ! n v o L [o r od: w2 X " ( 0 ) + . . . * ..1!.- r(')(o)*... (I ?) f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + -1I f ' ( 0) + ?r- f
H o e L p d u r i ) o v o u 6 ( e r q t e r p dl ' 4 a c l a u r i n o o f o oriprus1. flLq ouvdprnon ouvexftq r o 6 L o m n l o l q , B l , n o u 6 x L nqpqydjvouq ocqobillorrdEEoqo'qur6, or 0 f l 0! q e L v o L ouvX ouvcpritLq o L c q [ o [ o , B ] , g n o p e lv q q v q r r u x e E L 6uvquoo r o r e x q L u 6 v o1 6 o Lpd re 6rqv lim R =0,
l+io -

2 n 0 e 6 p n u o . f L o v o e L v o rl i m R - 0 o p K [v o u n d o y e L p o v u o r L K 6 q o\+6

pruuoc K tl)oTt.' 1l < K. (I I :

Eapryq Av [vo[ 3.

:
!:o

o u ( x - x o ) " = f ( x )v L o x ( x o - r , x o + r J , ( r

L v q L o K r { , v o u v K i l o E o q q 6 u v q l o o e L o 6 qd r r o X r l o ur o e n 6 p e v o : rn r) v n q) H f e[vot ouvxhc oro 6 t d o r n l o ( x o- r , X o + r ) . B) H f rcpqvovl<rar oro 6 t d o r n u q{ X o - r , X o + r ) x o u r o X 0 e l :

199
r,-1 vo.,(x-xo)-

f'(x)= )

rou v) H f otorl496vIol se rde Kltor6 unobudornuo oLqorf]loroq (q o c o u v r t r L o e o x o - r , x o l r ) 1 r 1 q e u o d K o LL o x l e L :

Xt

Il I rrxtax=o J v=
3

.x2

.X.z

o,(x-xo)'ax= *i- (x-xot""l'= ti ' ,Xr

v=ol

@r

cr

.rx^

Xr

f, . v + 1, ,v+ -(xr-xor r l I = ) lwi l(x,-xoj I j

q"

Taylor ootoltvov orolxLo66vouvoprtlowo oLp6q Avqnr|]yumo llacLaurin r ' 2 3 4 5*

|

lox=r* -l-. t' l:

-I - , * - I - - * ' . . * - Iv : * . . . J: 2:

..2

.,3

vLqK60e R x
vLq K6e X R

.,2r-]. - + - + +"'+(-r)u-L nux=xTCTT: + o U v X = 1-i.-.,2

++'

-.2v-2 . . / - r r v -" - l L , - - - + . . . v r o K d e r ( 2 v - 2 )|

XR

_r_ rn(1+;)=x- + - -{ *"'*1-r)'-1 *.., +.

-1<x<1

-+ x" *"' (1+x)o=t+ x- g(fi]) r"*.. .' ,o-j!:JJ-'.;(q-ll11J

yLq X (-1,1), oR I

1.x

.. . = 1 - x + x 2 - x 3 ++ ( -1) v x " * ''

x {-1,1)
(-1,1)

7
8**

1 .. T:n- = l + X + 1 2 + x 3 + .+ 1 !

r'Gx=1* **

*"

-1u-1 *".' x'*...*( ) !ff;. 9|--1-)x [-1,1]

* H o e L p d a u r f o v o u 6 f E r c L6 L o r v u ! L x r i( v c u n c r - ( t + x ) a = t + t ! e
...+( \ )\ +!..

rx*t

lXt*

* * O r r j n o s c u r d S l p o n r j n r e ud r d r o v r J n o ( 5 ) . E i v o u y ' l + X = ( 1 i X ) _ ' - . . .

200

r^IrroY =v- --.^-- + +:-

x' - --r

IoEnuX=X+z'

."' . ;:++:-:-it'# {2"+r.,2v+1 y2!+1

1.3 Xs x ' 2.a -T' - 1 . 3 . 5 --t' T:{'6 i' x3

x (-1,1)

.nx=x.-$. t. +...+izt1tr +i.

,2 vq xlr -a chx=l+ * -h. . & +...+ tzv)T .t"

+"'

qX=1+xlnq+ +!

-.{p'-t -.'.- !ll+"s -.'. q > 0, x R

.,2!+1

'"(;i)=,(,, fl.
9!1 x"=r*otnx*
= (1 * x ) - k: t *(-1)' o - I n- x

m*f'."
otl n"x

x t0,1)
+ x(0, -)

x* *'- ''."'. n l.# !F.#l#'".... x ( - 1 , 1 )

lTvj ^
X (-1,1)

Vl-x=(1-x)'=1-

T'TT--

1 . 3 . 5 . . . ( 2 v - l ) . . v -"'

={1-x) '

1.3.5 =.t + I x + 1 ' 3 ^. , I 744 ZZ4

.;-:+*''-'!q8 *".'..
1-x)=-x-xz- ' # 1n( +1
I b o q u i p n q n :o t t n o c ( 1 ) Y L qx = 16 L v e r :
1111 t -;r e=1+ lOLVEL:

x e (-1,1)
x e (-1,1)

+ 5r

log2=1-

lr. .

l1

+. .. +(-11!-1-J-- +"'

201 [e0o6oL Yts vq svollT0fouu ULoou\dornono duvcl|oqetd puq fr,o vo ovonru{ouye ouvdprnon ouvouoolpd pvo<duqore EEic: rrq oe q) npoonooo0ur xdvoupe vo Kqrdllnln eqoppovft* o'6vq 0116 rouq ru flouqrnc oEii.6oq 192 fl ro B) K t v o u u a o p u o v n u r l r l o u ( r r ) r o u T a y l o rl l r o u r 0 n o ur o u ( T a ) qurn np6nrvo oiEouuedrL rou llaclaurin. :rnv nplnroon 6urrc r,ox0ouv fipo0fioeeorq eEopiuoroc xnq oeli6oc 191it or. rou I s ri 6 v ) K d v o u uE a o p u o y o v r l r u v ( T 5 ) i ( T ? ) K o Lb l x v o u ur q r 6 n L v r L n o L O d U V K A I V iL o t

qvqnruVudrurv rq 6uo i nrpLooor6pov 6) :uvbudeouue ovonrtvuoro VVr,r(r0nou oeli6qq 192)it oriv ouvoprioeov
Lo0ueKqrdllnlo oloKlipotro. ) XpnoLloTro flqpqor lyuqrq : f(x)=n! -:I1) No ovqnrux0eL duvopooetpd ouvdprnsn o n ioon:

oEr,rooiuer0no rov nux=x- . {r

- +- - 4--....-f -'t'}^t, r. \LviDl*"'

* on6re 6xouue:

2\)+!

orov r0no ourd 6rtou ro X R. Bd<ouu x 5

^ i r i \ = + _ J " x - _ r - x " _ I I _ = . . . + { _ 1 ) g2 v_1] -2 v_1 _+ u_ nu '

"

3!5'

5!5s

7'.5'

(2v*1)l5rv''

* ...

qe fn 2 ) N oo v q n x u x e L o e L p d l o u v d p r n o ( x ) = e " o u v x . r AUoq: rov 0q qqpu6oouu r0no (Tq) dnlqohrov t0Tro f(x)=f(0)+ ' EXouue i
+ /n\

ti"' x.

r" /nr

Z+' x'+...+:--r:'

a(u),nt

+ Rv

* H paptoyri yivIoL
c'' f ^.

ouvrigos ue dvrL)lordoraot
r.;

nou nd\),ro npdreL vd eldy-

202 f ' ( X ) = e x ( o u v x - n != 2 12 o u r ( x * / "^

2 t'. txl=22/ _I_ ""ou{x* ) f "' 1y1 =23/2 "*our(-.# )

(v)

+)

(x)=z'/'"^ouu(x* -Y-\
\r/

vl f ' ( 0 ) = 2 r / 2 a u -t-/

2n f" 101=22/2nu, '-71-

r(u)1oy=2ulzoru fr

E(vor oKdua *,.

i+;;

r(,*r) (ex), o < o < I

^"= #

# "u'ouufrr* = i"+)"j
J-El'*t
( v+l):

=*#"oxouufex'1$J.r ] 'Apqt*"1=l ,ff'-j !u:f)_l "$xo,u[ex. ] :

'L^-

"tt

Elvqr dpoq'tiln -lEx.ltnl (vr-oK6e R) x ( v + l )I "rx=o

I rtrr xv=u. LTol lolrdv

6XouuE

e^OUVX=1+ ----

ouv-;'r
t:

.x+

?"'ouu-3'
2:

X'*...+

-Y 2u/2ou,
V:

.--------jl.xv

3) Nq qvqnrux6Et ouvdprnon =3x f(X) oe otr,od duvd!rrvrou x. Ariolt: Elvor:

f(x) = 3x f'( x)=3x1n3 f" (x;=3x1nzt f ( v )1 x 1 = 3 x 1 n u ,

0 r0noq (Tz) rnq orli6qq 1916[v
Qv

f ( 0 )= i f'(0)=ln3 i f " ( 0 1 =n z 3

r(u)161=1nu3

3x=t +_- lnv3. rro ov= +;

v=o "

6xouu:

ii'l:# 1="'1$,$ rn:f=o< t. 'Apan osrpdouvKlcl=','l

_tl__
I v+1 vL VLq KdoX R.

4l ilq svunrux0[ Ouvquoolpd oe f(X)= n ouv6prnon Mort:

(E.M. ) n.

qvorrrloosro. *o..1L- {no, ::,::;:"",;1.jt"".. 3":,' ",

H boouvn ouvdprnor elvol vrvduevo ouvoprliorrv (noucvonruo_ rrlv sx ..2 oero! qe oerp6vro Kde R r x . g ."'r

=1*x*11'*""*v+...*). 0eopo6ue ylv6uevo ro qunivKq[ gptf-1 rov orpd,v oKouu:

H o s r p dq u r i o u y K t [ v Ev i o l x l . I . + . - 1 < < 1 . L x

t(x)=rtt*-t,/ + - +)x,*...*(r*+.+_..._ r1t* )*\...

/ | \ | 1 , \^ / |

5, lll qvqnruxgelo oLpd6uvd!ovTou X n ouv6prnon roeex Arloq:

yvoor6. r n roteqx=I --4IE{.voc 6rr

1*x'

xor

1+x'

=l -x2+x{-xG+. . . +

+(-l)'^

x'\w-1l+...

x ro :5.]a.__61", x').
* TJros (7) oti60 192,

( n p o x 0 n r e 0 r t 6r o v r 0 r o ( 6 ) Inq t olioqc 192

204 'Apo =x- j.,3

] r o c E o x =- 9 L - =[ ' 11- * t * * ' - x u * . . . * ( - r) ' - r x 2 ( u -) * . . . l d x = '|o 1 * x ' ' o

.,5

.,7

.,2v+1

i.....(-1)"

l;-.'..

H o e r p d u r i o u v K l t v 6 L o L

O T Lv l o

o u = ( - 1 )- 2 | r , 6 x o u u e : "
lin
I

tct

- l (-1)"(2v+1) ---"- -r r -'lr_ri"t-A*,r

q.,

'Apq qKrlvo o u v K i L o e u q v o L1 . H o e L o d u v K t r l v rr o 6 L 6 o r n u( - j , l ) e[ n o o o f r o x = l 4 o e r p 6v p 6 e e r q r i i - , f " j ; , Leibniz). l - L qx = - 1 n o e r - o v p d q e r o ri " f - t 1 t " t . f d

J:o

n o uo u v K l L v L ( K p L r f i p r o n o ur 6 I L o u y K l L v r r .

'EroL lolr6veivor.r roqerpx=x- + + -

- -{.....r-'l'#

-... =

= ) (-l)' ,i;r-

2v+1

ue x t-1,11.

Mf3oooc vlq vo Bpo6!ro 68polota ltqc ouvquooLptq fLo vq gpoi! ro dooorotro ouvotoorpdq epyo(6poore 6i(, : l.rLqq ujq yno06rouye BploKouue 6r6ornuq ro ouvr(lloeoq 6uvopooelgdq. rnq 6rl l/(x) eLvqL Cnro0!evo ro deporolq.tlopuvovL<ouuE Lo6xrlro rnv 3 i , {x )= t o v ( X - p ) v {
v:o

Av n nopdvovoq oer,p6q rne 660rosLo6vvr,tgriq ouvdprnonq, oj\oKlnpdvou!rq 6io u6,\nrnq lo6r4roqnou nqpovo\/ioquE. 6v drioeu Av oetp6 vvdorhqouvdpr4o4q nooov{rvL<oupv6ou. K quri 6ev eeopu6Cerql ouoLKd !6eo6oq ndvrq 66ou6vou ro yvr,rn 6ru ord qvonruvuorq voL pLoorouavo. n eL noo66Eryuq. BpeE( doporouo oerpde Nq ro rnq A0o4:
,Lgro 1 q!= -1-- . tLvoL trm
q

l z- -T X\.

| -l_

| --v- | d n o e r . o o u v x l i v e u r q l x l < 1 < + x ( - 1 , 1 ) . l - u o1 = 1 n o e r p 6 v p d o e r c u : v

l--"-lL- | -r- l=r l=u'l v + r I .'roo | I |

205
I ---'-- *q! 6noq eLvor,vvoor6 6ev suVKILv1. TLo X=-1 n oELpd ypdqrqL

3.,r

), {-1)- ---

k H o e L o d u r i o u v K ^ [ v (L p L r i o r o e i b n i z ) . ' A p q n o L o L

o [ o d o u v ( i t v L r o o t d o r n P o- 1 , ] ) .

'Eororl(x) i i- -' i r,r(x)=x* +1.'..'#.... {'.

Ilopqvov[<ouu 6uo u6In rnq nponvoluEvnq rq Lo6rnroq o[6re 6Xouue:

wtx)=r- .1 .'..-+__- ... /r f

w ' (x ) = 1 * x * x ' * " ' + x u - t * x ' * " '
| l J( x ) = f {
'Apo
(,1

v-l

ri

v r o x l < 1 ( r r r o c ( 6 ) o E l i d q1 9 2 )
i r | l l ( x ) = - l n1 - x ) * c . (

IJ(X)- | ;... dx+c r-,)(

J

f L o X = 06 x o u u e = - l n 1 + c h c = 0 . ' E r o L l o L n 6 v L v o L l l ( X ) = - l n ( 1 - XV L o 0 I )

x (-1,1).
'. f L q X = - 1e i v o r ! . / ( - 1 ) = - 1 n 2A p ol , l { x ) = - l n ( 1 - Xe X [ - 1 , 1 ) . !) Ilpooeyywrr.x6q urclovrsu6e rns trlriq uroe ouvdprnonq rnv 8oirq ursq u L . 6uwtroopdq
fLq vo Fpo0ue npooevvLorLKd rluil lrLqqouvdprnonq rnv gofleeLo rnv !r qvqrrlvuoroq rnq o buvquoor.pd, Tou KpororJue xouq v flpdrouc6pouq qtl6 Tnv 6uvquooLpd 6v louB6vouue (v flfipqouavoq KoL uII euoLK6q) 60n rouq dliouq 6pouq. Tro vq urloloyCoouue o06^uqflou ro Kdvout-r rlpenEL unoiovlooule ro depoLouo Trlv 6puJv vo 5 rnq 6uvouooLpdq nou 6Ev ^dpquur'6{,n. Av oL 6poL rnc oLp6eexouvro ioLo flo6onuo, n o e u p 6n o u o x n u q r L < x o L b r o u q o n o o o L e e C v r6 0 0 u q u v x o l v e r o u u e on q o rp ri u r q v l , J l e r p L Kp 6 o 6 o( 6 n E L p o6v o v ) . A v i x o u u eo E L p o v q l d o o o u oy r o r n v o n o l q r r o v o n o t e i r q rr o K p L r n p L o o r o u L e i b n i z x o n o L u o n o L o ir n v o x e o f l 5 J . o u n r d n o uo , + r e i v o L o u rpdrroeon6 touq 6pouqnou 6v l6Bq! u[6un.
lbp66LWq. No u[Io^o\/ LoeLro oedluq xnq rooovyLorL(iq Lodrnroq e^

-i = 1+ + +i...-. $

,0<X<v+1

?06 A0oq: To Cnroi,!vo oqd^uqfipoo6ropleerolqfl6 To dgpoLolqx{rv 6pov nou oKolou0o0v 6oo .-fi-- oro ovdnruypo oelp6 rnq ex: 'Eloupe: rov oe

s = -lL--

(v+1):

. L---.

(v+2li

....

"

. - -'\- I = x"

x3 x x2 *.''l I ' v-+* fi,-;ltvrzi * fu-*T)f*?Tu;3)[

-I\3 ' / w \,/ ""; " ' +r l-'# .('"{-t,{. '# ). J< +v ---Yi-r ) '-

_ - x' -

v,'- v;T-x '

'TT

pe Yrclovrqu6q optou 11 otroKrrnpd'lams ouvdprl|onc rnv Bo{rou rou u[oc oem 6uwtoorp6q.
fLc vq urcloytooupero 6pro i ro oloKlip{4.ro !nolucq ouvdprnonq

po0pevo ovorlx0eou! oroLXe166rq rrq ouvopriorc nou ncpououd I <ovTq orov ri,[o rnq u rnv 9oierqlrqq duvouooElpdc, ornv ouv 6 x e l oeoopp6eouue 6pr,o6po rlpoq6po i] rnv oloKlipr,Fn6po rpoq ro
600.

napq6E [yuat[: l) Aoon: Nc umlovLoeE[ ro lim x-xo{sax x-,0 x3 /

X+O Xt X-O

.r
X3

=r,, Efvorrim 1;tgErorl- = 1_[_i_t::-)

-4- - -*- *"'
xt

"5

I = rim---!--!---- =rim - +1-...)=-+ (-+ ' r /

x-.0 x-6\' 0,1

2l nc unorovuooe{. ro J
Arlor1:

l-L(l;.Ii dx
X- ZX-* -t' X -?-- X *"'

Etvor *dr1 J

r - 1-,i...\

,'

,..

207 t'| =J (1-+x*+x

0,1

r I r " " ,, |0 tr'--E- *'--t6-,* . . . .ro, t {-x3+...Jdx=[x-

\.

t,

=o,t- o,or+ o,oor- o,oe8. ...+ +.

lodloerq iup6ves
l. t|q aearrtuxoe[n orvtprnon l J1=2-2x oe oLoi llaclaurin. A0on: =2 E ( ' v q r ( x )= e - 2 x ,f , ( x ) = - z e - 2 x , f " 1 , 1 1 2 f f "' (x)=-z3e-2x... "-2x, ' A o af ( 0 ) = 1 , 'Etot ( f'(0)=-2, f" (0).22, f"'(0)=-23,.. 6 x o u e er 0 r o q Tz)
--. a2 .! a\ ., t e-'x=1-2x+ r"- 1.-- x3.-i.-- xu-"'*(-l)'iT- x"* .... i!oltt -u--'Ener.6i o v l=rir l4:!:1. ' riml |=1x1rr*=0. r n o.rv+l t (y+l)i I I I

2uxu

pd oUVKI[veL o K60s R. yr x 2. fb awrruxoel, n ourdouon f(x)=lnx oe 6uwrooLp6xard r|,c Ar-

v4retc uu x-2. A0on r

llt E t v q L ( x ) = l n x ,f ' ( x ) = - f , - , f " ( x ) = -- t - , f " ' ( x ) = f *

r(a)(x)=- ,... *or rl2)=1n2, + , r'12)r'(4= , $ +

f"'(A= + T5 -!, 6[vrr , 1(lt)121=- ,... o rrJnoq vlo q=2

1 rx-zr1n1=1n2* -f . W:, + .q+ - *.J*#11.,...

=\n2+ {x-zt1r{
qLl: +(-t)\'+1 +..'

-juo-zl"*-it tx-21'- (x-2)a+...+

=*

-yerwL it lo,,,l riml #3;'. ##lo'. * tx-ztri,

tr-'t'

208

H orod uyK^[veLo io v o < x < 4.

-.

l x - 2 1< 1 - + l x - 2 1< Z * - 2

< x - Z< Z -

f r . o1 = g4 c e l p dv l v e r q ! - ' ',2"'+1 1nx=1n2*2 -\--J-l--- =1n2+ v=1 *tt H oElpdouiil 6ev ouvKllv[. r l q x = 4 n c e r p 6e l v o r ,1 n 1 = 1 n 2 *i

t ^ =-v - - = '.n t - 3 ;!r

1 "'

v=1

(-t)u*t {

n o u o u y r t l , v e r . .' A o o

o or o n o L o d u v K l L v e L o 6 u 6 o r q p( 0 , 4 1 . 3. lb qvonEuxol. ouvdoulonf(x)=nux os 6uv6JLc rou x 4 ( T. E.I Agnubv) Moq: , E [ v q rf ( X ) = n u x f ' ( x ) = o u v X , " ( x ) = - n u x , f " ' ( x ) = - o u v x , f f ( u ) ( x ) = n u x , . . ,K o r f ( O ) = 0 ,f ' ( 0 ) = 1, f " ( 0 ) = 0 ,f " ' ( 0 ) = - 1 , 0 TtTroqiT z) 6[.ver:
2p-L +{-l )!-- -JL--

-{T nux=c-* +'- 0- i- - +- c*".=x- . t.'- - i- -...i.',, .,2 ,,3 .,{ .,3 .,5 ..7

( 2 v _ 1i ) r o..,. r | .,2v+1 . t:I-]rt= =ti'n I x ----.--|=x'?tirn lir E{.vor" | uv | I }.' I I (2v+1), X2\-! | | 2v(2v+1J = 1 ' z . 0 =< 1 . ' A p qn o e L p d u v K l l v e lv r q K 6 e e R . 0 o X /+. is EErtrEr[ !,|( rpoq rnv o(jvKlronI o.rpA j_ t.1/u-t- ..]- )

a.. '=

(lloonusrLx6 ftu'ovvIvov) A0on: f(X)=ex Ara rov r0no rou I'laclaurin (Tq), xouue Vrq rnv ouvdpxnorl

6tLe\=:- +

,,

..2

.,3

{-*-{-esx

, o<o<l
E r o L [ v o L :

M s/\, + e-' =l+ -u- * e"'". Zir 6-trr

o..="1/'-1* =t--*,# -#"'/u-r- * =# *#"ur"

2i9
LKTI 0eolpoiJue KqL TNV FONUNT OCLPd L

'Exouuop ( L q K d p L r I l p Lo u v K o

Kploeoc).
q p.

1 \ 1 =,,*__1g_:_._*_l_.|"- 1 9 / v)=_T' =rim(-f- *_6'" 1

(tvqt

'lime$/v=eo=1) x or - nr6i n oLp6 qpxr ri oeupd. 5. Nq 6LX0e[orL I oLpd ) Aion:

Lv o u v K i L v 1o U V K I L K o L n ,

(y'vr+1-v) ouvKl[,vL.

(u.0)

'rroru" r'(x)=-+ (1+x)-2/3, tx)=- 11+y;-sl3 j rou t" f(0)=1f '(0)= , 0 r [ n o q ( T 4 ) M a c l a u r i n v L o 6 u o 6 p o u qK o Lr o u r 6 , +=ht.
A o r n ob L v Lv L o 0 < e 1:

;A4=1.. +' [ -$ rr*exr-'/'l=r*+ I # t*f.,

[ n o u r v l re i v q u. o r "! q
( Er16ll I in 1

=t- 11

3v3

9v6 a(vt.

frle*-F"

= 1 , e L v o u ( v ) u r o q K o i o u e lu l i m a ( v ) = 1 ) . q a

ft1111 'EroL r 6 x o u ure l r K d o r = u f T u ; - - E uo { v ) ] = r #

r o ( v.) 0 q e e q o -

6 uo u 6 o o u !r o o p u o xx p r - r f t po u v K o L o o q r n v o o n e n r [ K nr p u i or vLq r o uo u v K l l v e L .v o L l i m tl
o u a v qo e L p q u v K l L v 1 . o
or,,ti

8..

=liml

,lt")l=-f,

'Apq 60n

'f,t-'v-

-1

6. tlq drxeel6rL | A6on:

-'-if . 0n2)v=4

= Eivou l*l. ,,"r,'=i LuP-" i ::q.trrr" i u vI v;

,!t ulr u=1

14

210 (21 i - ( l n 2 )" '. . - -1;t--'n 2") = 1- -;'-L

\- {ln4)" -l= z--F) \i;','cl

2,

( --l n 2 ) v v:--

. f rl,?qr'= -, . i rr+a:
v=1 " v=o v.

+l

-( 1 n 4 ) v- 2=ern2 +e\n4 z=z*4- 4 . 2= vT-

H orpd

i t4ri =[r.+.
e*=r* * -$ {

!l;?:. _(+,_]. -...'l exeL - ^ ' dopolouq r; I

TOe_"_. AuT6 nooK0rrx r qlr6 rov r0IIo:

*...* -S +... vLc X=1nZ.

Avdloyo [vo! j

!t-ttg]] ="*u
rstd [pooayron0,0OOl .

7. tb urmtrovlooet.6 I
llmt;
J1/a

v t o X U e Le = e - ' - . E l v o l V v o O r 6 t r .
-2 .3 _t T e'=r+ + _iT + _tT+...+-'i;T

v l q K 6 0 x R .

rro x= {
.:/6.

6xour,.,
2

I | /r\ | /.r E ='+-t-'.-z\'E., | (+) ."...i-r (+ \ v .-t / l \ ! ).

0l6voc Kder6pouflpoqrov nponvor!v6 rou e(vql t)LKp6TEpoc 1/2. rou Erc!6u,Jq n6poupe ov p6vorouq v np6rouc 6pousrnc oerpdexdvoule ld_ ooc uLxp6reoo rou =zou*r. Av lolrdv qpKEogo0! orouq 5 rp6i_]if'- -t'
Touq00oucro ldooq elvol ULKp6repo dlllldoLou rou 1su 69u 641q64 rou
1 '' .5T / I -6\5 2 ^

. \ i 5.B= T&r pe nmo6vvrort ]fi xoo6vc:

Ynolov[<ou! rouc 5 rp6rcuq 6,,t)uc

211
I I 1 -T =0,'16666

( r-)
/ r \l

=o'otlee : = -

[poo9.

ss=1,18134

'37
1 --n-f

,I

i-*J

=o'ooozz

(f)"=o,oo*:

qn6 e[voL uL6ooucro ^6eoeunolovtoporir : Ko86vq rouq lponvo0uEvouq rou *o6r"oo tou 1[ . EnouevrJc ro Ss ro ldooq etvouur.rodreoo 1frg vlq 'Apo S 6r oq ro oI LK6l6eoq n o u K d v o u u e o v f i 6 p o u p d e p o L o u qt o 1 , 1 8 1 3 4 ouelvor uLKpdrpo -l + -'- < -a + -:. =0,00005. To oed.\uo rou lot 1os los 106 q,nqlo. ro 16 qv ro flpooocoouue 1,18134 oro 6v sflnped<L 40 6eKqbLK6 u ( n q 6 o E r o u 6 v ou E r d0 1 1r E o q e pd K q O t Krd a L 6 x o u u S = 1 , 1 8 1(3 E r p o o t Yc vron 0,0001). f(x)=quv3x. 8. th Bpotro ovtn vla oe oerpd rnq ouvcprnons A0sn:
v" Y' E C v oY v o q r6 r r .o u v l = 1--i : ' r - + : ' - ' * . - - " ' * ( - 1 ) " f i v l : L 'onou ro x B6<ouu 3x ondr6xouu

2\

^2 12u t{,q '#l2 - .'#- - ? 6 , 6 +...+(-1)vr 2 \ ) .'#orvrx=lfo#-*"'

u'o*ur.X R

f(x)= flt se 9. tb Boot ovdnruygo oero6rnq ouvdprnonc ro

A6o4:

ElvqL f(x)=(1-x)-1

f(0)=1 f'(0)=ll t" (0)=2i f "'(0)=3i f" " {0)=41 f\ u/(o)=v:

r'(x)= (t-x)-2 f" (x)=21(1-x)-3 f"'(x)=3:(1-x)) f " " ( x ) = 4 1 ( l - x-( P ) 1 ) = v :( 1 -x ) v + 1 ) x

212 0 r 0 n o q( T 7 ) r n q o r p d ql a c l a u r i n6 L v L : l (1-x)'=l+x+x'+x'+...+x"+... f xv. =

En !6h I inr
ol

., r__- l=lxl

v+1

H o e r p 6 u v x t r [ v e r . ol x l < 1 - 1 < x < 1 , o v

f r o X = - 1n o e ! p 6v l v e r q l 1 - x ) - t = I ( - 1 ) v n o u o n o K l L v E L,.A p on o [ p 6 o u y K i l v r rc r o o r 6 o r n u q- l , j ) . " = " ( 10. ilq EOeOe[ cvdmuygco oLd ilaclaurin To rnc ouv6prno4q

f(x)=_l _, ( l-x)vl-x
A6on:
Etvor f(X)=* 1-

(xlr)
= | ^,^ =(1-y\-3/2

( t-x)r'T:-x(1-x)(t-xF

(j_irtz

' E x o u p e( y f : ) = ( 1 -) - ' / 2 - f r c ) = l y

r'(x)= 17 lt-xl-'/'= |

1r-^l-t" r.(o)=#

-7 - (x)= 1 5 (1-x) /',-=r+:\ (1-x) t ) - f ,(0t=1 r ? ! ( ' *4: , , , - 1 2 1 , 1 . i

-$ r"'(x)=- tr-rt-n/'-EiTf 1-^l-tr'- r." 1o;-!ffJ

r("I x)=(- r )uija$r-.Gl:U
0 r f , n o q( T 7 ) 6 [ v r L :

)-x (1 )-(2v+3 r(, ) (o)=( r )uf'!-r#yjff -

(1-x)-3l2=1-+ +.+
q

!+t -+

1'3'?'7 +...+

.(-i)"+ Ill=-,---{-2-vj1)r-,r'a li'5tlU -...=i

E L v q tI i m

-#j l="'lffi xl=txt.

-l

fro lxl < I -.-1

< X < 1 n oelpdouyrllveu. r1.3.5...(zv+l) _ S 1.3.5...(2v+t) i 2 - ( - ,1 \ 2 v !=o v=o viz' v:2-

. I L O X = - r E X O U IT v o t l p d In

213 qv 0o eEErdoouu o u v l tv [ u e rnv Soflero KpLrnptou Raabe. K Tou rou

1.1.q / 2ur?\

'exouue v(tt trn =rrm\v'Apq

ou

t--

';iii" )=li,(4+,.3{-!)=",;+-)" . ,.

l 1. 3 . 5 .. . ( z v + ) v:2v

=rim(r-ffi) =

n o e r p d6 v o u y x l l v e r .E n o u 6 v o qo l p do u v K I L v L q X ( - 1 , 1 ) . n vL 1 l . lh qwrruxe[ n oulrdpqsn f(r)=2x oe oer.p6 ]laclaurin.

A0on: 'EXouPe f(x) = 2" f ' ( x ) = 2 ^n 2 l f'(xl=2\'ln'2 f(u)1x;=2x1nu,

r 0 n o q ( T 7) 6 [ v r :
]{

f (0)=1 f ' ( 0) = ln 2 f'(O)=ln'z2 f(u)(o)=tnu2

-tl' 2x= -i'- 1n2* x 2 1n'?2+ 1* ja

E I v o Ll i m = li m

.,3

1n" nl - rn'z*...=i$ 2
X=l im v : 1 " * 1 1 n u t 1 2 ( v + 1 )l X v ln v 2 'Apq n orrpd ouvKilvE[ Vr,o

nu*12 xu*1r --T\,*lll-

xu] -rr-n " 2

=riml xrnz xl1n2 -u]1 . r. j_, lim +

KdeX R.

'12- l{q qwflruxoe[ qe 6u\,qrooeuod llaclaurin n ouv6pt1o4 f(x)=roeqx Aion: ELvoL voor6 rL 6 v ..f=-- =1-x'*xu-xt+...+(-1)!-1x2(v-1)+...
trx.

( n p o K r n r q n 6 x o v r i l [ o ( 6 ) F d < o v r q6 n o u r o x ' z ) . L e x

'Exouue | 1 a*=*ro4erox=,J 1-1*, i

@

. f.- -#....*l-tl'i",f

2v'I

....=

= z {-|]

._2v+1

zv-+f ,

f L v q Lo K o u q :

214
.,I \r+l I 1 mi - - - -

ro tq

='''l ;;1 ;-{

X 6 (-1,1).

= 1 1 6'1 | - 2 - Y { = lx ' l . r . I ;? 2v+3

I

vet vlo Xtl . 1e

f r o x = 1 C x o u u en v o e u o d I r L e ib n i z o u y K i L v t .

(-1)"

N;T

nouo0pgr,rvo ro rt,tthti,, ,,, uE 1

2vt1

-( - r' ) 2 v + 1 f t o x = - 1 5 t o u r . r n v o c t " o 6 2 , ( - r 'r v - Z v + f - - ! -, t, - t .l . v + I ' 2 ''-^ i L o u v K l L v Lo 0 u ( & J v T o [ 6 r o K p r x i p L o . , !q

tt'tt r'1.

13. llq ovcnruxoeloe 6uvqrooeupd faclaurin

n ouvdprnorl

f(X)4n(X+fi;Xz) yro -l < x< l. (l,lq0nuqrI|(6Athv6v) A0or:

ELvqt yvoor6 6rr

-}, {t+x)a=t+ x* -lf;---!, x'*....

dnou q=BdCovrqq ] rct 6nou1 1,, ,,

q--1 .:.{!:yil-) I * 9l
eXou!:

X!+.'.

^ -t l.tta . , t'z!.f;'.,:-.'-V't .?.< ,z ^ (l+xi)'?=1-1 *'. 1 . 1 16+...+(-1)" ,i.. i.ir'- iii

E[voL 611 vvoor6 ln(x+r'r+xz)= =--+ ' +1 .l-i f+ "

1.?.q 1,t.r-7.:f.; ' ! *"'*1-t)utiifl;-'ff---r fu-.-."'

4 y ' 1_ t 2 +

. t'

14. tlq owrrruxolse duwuooerpd ouv6pnpn f(x)=ouv:x. n

Ai,sft' t 1ElvoLYvl,:ot6 ou 6tt v31=4qgv 3ouvx i a ouv3X= 16fo,oI .v .h, ouur, 4

'Exouue o,ux=t- . 6rL {1. *

f.- +...+(-r)v t;;;.

B6<ovroc 6noux ro 3x ornv nponyotuEvn oerp6xoupe:

'" - j-.3!-'J-}-L'- -{-3lL)-'*.'.*1-1,u Lqf .... ouv3x=t-

- -{ r:.r'y -..'-,-,,'.-}rr*r;"r (.i|-r'-..' i:

'Apoouvrx= orur* ouv3x=t- G*e't -$, , --f,-t*r', --f--l;. l-. '

2i

4:

6l

( 2 v ):

4,..

215

Iox6e[ r[: 6
llm

+l="'l

,::::,,,Iffi
(3*32u) #

=ltm I 1 lx, znv.

3-. 3'"
_-^:: ? |

=lx'l'o =0. 1. -fi

Enou6v0q oerpdsuvrd{,vL KdOs R. n vrq X

/ -\ 15- tla awlrtuxosl, oe 6unqrooElp6n ouvtorron f(x)=ln{-t+ .L

\ IrI

./

A0on:

(E 'x.n)

'Exou! r(x)=tn(r. =rn -2f,{ 4n(2x*r}-.lntx*r) fr )

f '$= h ,-*!, ou*.oooou!o oLp6q guvqorrioLc rlc

stxl= 7x*Lr *r*l= *

EIvoL-rL*,=, (+*
n o q( 6 ) o E l [ 6 o 1 9 9 )

.
=211-(2x)+Qx)z-(zx)!*...+(-r)v(2x)u+...] (r0-

2x e (-1,1) e+ - -L .

, .

-*

on*6xouue: r (x)=c+x$,

=t-x*x.-x.*...+(-t)v1v+...-1 < 1. t4 <x * ' (x) =l-3x+7xr-...*(6xouue f @qtpeon 1)u(2ut1- )xu+... . liloloKlrlpo_ I

E { v c t c r 6 p c( r 0 n o q( 6 ) ) :

-... +(-t)! {au*l-ry * ... I].1

r y t 1 0 1 = .+ 1 n ( 1 + O )-= c 0=c.

'Aoo -{rlxy=x-3
E [ v q rI i m

!; ln,''*, t;e=zrxr. oeLp6 l a v E r y I o n ouyK H

-. - _r. x.*.

" 4

-...+(-l)! (zw1-r) I-Y *....

2lxl< r -. lxl .*

*H oloxldp0jon eivaL nLrprtri dros et6a!.

216 n 16. t{o ovqrruxoslo ouvouooLPd ouvdPqon

J ro ll.r BpeoeL 6l6otnuq ouyxl [o&)q .

rr"r=l -|ILLI9-]ar,r. '^' 0r

( nolurtxvLKil-ouotx6 oooalov[xnq)

A0on:
O E Iv o r l n ( 1 + c r ) = t ! - ; , t ;

-"'+(-11!-1 -!i

no" uusl J -v-1 \.,2 lx /o ' _ 'J (,-_2 3ov*_ _ _"9_.. . . * ( _ 1 ) v - r9 - - . .+ , . . l d t = X -- + l

+ ( - 1) " - '
X
ct.

dt=
.,3

I q X 0 t L 6 T[ : -. I =nml .-ii. l "ut I x- 1 < X < 'l . {v+l)': v-

I im

ou

=l1l .

v H o e L o do u Y K l [ v L L o

ixl < 1
17.

q qvqfiElltoei, oG 6uvqooLpt 1 ouv6grno4

A

rt"t=f Itlul ot '"'

geolrnc) (ouorK6

Arbn:
' ,,3 - tl2v-1 o5 u' ., ,,u-1 6 E l v o u v o o r d r u n p t t = t-tS j - - + ; - - ; + . ' ' + ( - l ) ' v 17.t-T)-I*"'

v r o r 6 0 e o r R .

'EtoL
.,3

6XouU:
tt5 ttt ., ,,v-t d, " . . .

[^-rugJ 1--p----il'--]l_" n,,=[^ o --

rr

--q"-r-r-r-1--1 o"

=J- -F. $, - jj, +...+(-r)v-1 (,.+:;..'. ).'=

-,+., =-- -$. + - .,fJl;+#. 2v+1 r I

'I inr

dr, Io1oc,
(2v-1)

=ri,l_ryIl=rin'l"l

txl

Fz"-rtnirr I

: ' lzv; rlTZrt+-D-

' A p o o [ p do u v K ^ [ v e L t o K d o t X R . v n
I

tl

ti

217

18. lb owrEuxoetoe 6uvqrooLp6ou$prrpn f(x)=coshx n A0on:

(u.B)

f ( , E I v o r .f ( 1 ) = 6 e 5 6 1' , x ) = s i n h x f " ( x ) = c o s h xf," ' ( X ) = s i n h x , . . . ' f ( u ) ( x ) = . o r ho v v d p r u o qo r .f ( u ) 1 x 1 = s i ns vrv n e o L r r 6 c' 'E x o u u e : x 1' * r f ( o ) = 1 ,f ' ( o ) = 0 , f " ( o ) = 1, f " ' ( 0 ) = o x q uv e v L r d( ' / ( o ) = 1q v v d p r r o q f ' q. r o r f ( v ) 1 6 1 =q v v T r e p L T r 6E r o ro r i n o qr o ul ' l a c l a u r i6 ! v r : g n
,2 L c o s h x = l*+

+ -il- +.'.+

,!

u2u

dDT

*...

E { . v q I I im 'Aoq

\ 2.r+2 2') -r I r . -/ r-;\-r t?7i;7Tr

=lim =0.1. ewTiizv;zT

X n oLpdo u v K[lv t y t q K d o e R . 1 9 . N q ultoloV ror ro

rim 3Lf#f
z(rx,$ * {
\ 2v

A(|on:
EtvqL I imx'O

2ex-2-2x-x2=l in -

r...)-z-z*-*'

x:n!x

x-ro 2 -37

/"3"5\ , x - l x - - +;. + - +a - . . ' j l J a

=l im
x+0

-'tI- ?
X' -37

=lim
x{0

1 -3T -

1."- *"'
\2

20. ib umloYloo[ m A0oq;

|l|E xi0

ryx-loEtx
x3

= [(+ +)-(+-+)-'.'..]=+ +=+ rr

xe0

EtvsL I im

ntX-roee0XI i m -r =
x+0

21.ro uno^oyroo[ ro o^oK^lipqn t++ t]

A0on,

dx=
11 = z:z - E:sq,

218 22. tlo 6eu10el 6rr. 4 ouvdprrpnf(x)=e' pnopel,w qwr[uxet o 6uvqroo Lpd. (Ionpsrrx6 Aonui,v, xpirnc) A0on:
H o u v d p r n o n e L v o ro u v r x i q o T o R xqu 6xeunopovrirvouc f o uqobinore r d t e o q o r o R o L o f i o l qE t v o l o u v e x e L q:uuoo.rvo ro odronuornq oe, I u l r : 6 q S1 9 1 q p K [ v q 6 r l E o u u r u l i n R 6 Etvou R =-Iv v+_ eo* o<0<1 (1)
fv+tl:

- lRv= l

r{;+l+ d#""1:.
, !+1

f L o v o r u x q [ od i l d o r q e r p d e l v o r .e l x l o r o 0 e o 6 . x
A p K iv q 6 L X e e 6 r L . [ ]tL . l.i,:v+
,,J+2

3.
'

Ioxiier6rL:
,v+l

o:'#5r 1 i#TTr
6n^q6h n qKo^ouet" 1+;;l
vr. IqX0E 6ru: L e[vqL eelvouoq Kqt KdTo<lpoyu6vn ouvx,\L6po

t =rimi+l' rim(r-x l )-

| | v+f

, , v+1.
"'[

( v +I ) I

t_L__

#!ar ]=rt' #".1' ,

,.r+2 .

, ,v+1

o=t fifil_: . im

tv t\r+1

( 1) 6[ver I im R =0.

oe 23. lb 6!x0[ 6rr n ourdprnorlf(X)=ln(1+X) !no9[ vq ovcrruxota 6urrqtoq oro 6r.6ornuo rpd, [0,1]. A0on:
H s u v d p r n o n( X ) = l n ( 1 + X )e l v q t o u v X i l coro [0,'l] (or axLnqPovtlf q q Vouqoro 6Ldornuoou16 oLqobinorerdEoqIIou e L v q u u v e x f to r o [ 0 , 1 ] . 0o be[ouuc rr lim Rr=0. EtvqL: 6
v+] v+l )16x1=]S-: - lR *,=cl-_i t(v+r r-rr' l_:rr)'_-r
11

l= -rl]--

t.,t!+1

v+r

----.J

lt+0x1",

:.

rnc . lin -- =0 - lim Ru=0,orillgr,rvo ro Ot6pnloI t] u=*-1 Eflldft oeli6qq 191 n 6oou6vn o ouvdprnon lnop[ vs ovonruyoeI 6uvqpooLp6 o r o [ 0 , 1 ].

219 24. ib avcnruxOo0v duvqrcoclp6c ouvqprliore o q)coshl*B) sinh' oL A0on:

q ) E L v o L e x = l + v +- x t * ] L l + . . . + - - ' " Y+ ,. +...,

z:

3,

x R

( r 0 r o q ( 1 ) o e i L 6 01 9 2 ) . E n o u 6 v o cv q L ei xor:

{ "-*=r-**- $ *...*,_,,, _...,, . *. *,

M np6ooeqlKqr nol/o!6 y, J" 6xoryr,

(x R).

=| cost'x (e*+e-"1=1* - +. + ."'* " 2 u -"'= - . . 2 . r + tiu')-r p"d"r

l4eoeqlpon KoLnol/ou6 u, -{- xouu.,

sinhx=(ex-e-x;=x+ -.... {$ - -S a!;+ ....= *r"#"Ii ,,-.*,

*.ro,u # *...* ")'( ;+)={* *-+'- {Hi....), r(f+_)=rf -l ,"!..:F.....ffi; *...] B) ,...,*r ,nx[f+ v) =z . + (fi+ + (ij')':: -*t,(F+),*,....] )'. . x n,r-).
A0o4: q) AvrLKoerororlpe r0no (4) orov sli6o 192, 6[ou X ro -X Kor nol/ur .EToL t o 6 0 0u 6 l n u r o - 1 . 6xorJte:

25- lfo 6rxo[ 6ru:

(0uorK6 A0nv6v, Xoirnc,eo/vt-xns)

-rn(r-x)=x+ { - +:..... rl .... - rn-r-- -z- -tv' +. -"'. ^ X r-x ="* + --f!- +... ( 1) .

flpoooerouue r0ro (4) rnc olidqc .192, rov xov pe rtno fi) Kqr6!in (e_ o p o u l E q v K o t v 6 r d o r n u qo t 0 , l ) ) o n 6 f t a x o u u r : o 6 r
t- l*x

"'T_t

y r+ ="z.\.x + x " _ x t + . . , + " 2-\ ; 1 1+ . .\, / . t t

(3)

220

-f '( B)Eivou l:+) .'"(-;- )

/,. -'-\ \';./

t r i a o < (3 )

=, l- (r_ . _1_ ..... \ -al [_]__. ), G_). 2Gr

1 / vuqo<J--<1l<x<ro.

1 \2un1....]

y ) E L v o Ln x = l n Onou t= l U ;j , 1 rou q' eporhuqroq on6te 6xouue:

1 r'l'

v- 1

Eeopu0<ouu t 0 n o ( 1 ) rov

=2 ,. lj+ (*-$'+1. .,#. ) ,

6Lveu:

0 _ <r ! < 1 .

oq E r l r bv t o x t 1 , { - ) r t v q l 0 < 0 < l , o n o o n v o l u e v rgnoq i vuo0=fi

r*=,[fi]. )'. +(f+)'.....;-, ) (14 + (fi+

x-1 \

2un . 1

-"'l I

vLo 0 < x < 1.

26. Nq DLxoel

= ', -th.i -l- + -!qlo -E--l'x'l-F-

Y+

-L.i X'+,,.+ -i;; o'-

a2-av

X"*...

q.910

B) q+tsx
q

lt

a2 03

02 "

x'-...*(-l )"
"+f

x +..,

3-

l.*. l+ l, "'oro.

=-L (]o rlf ug.#F*u. + x* x'*...* - ]o )'u-'*...

-2<x< A0qn: 11 = -o-' ( , - - i - , ) o ) EtvoL U-'U-O oelabqq1 9 2 , o n d r6 X o u u e : go/vtxnc) (MqonusttK6 E r o o o p 6 ( o r o v r u n o( 5 ) r n c uye

LB
\q

..\-'-, /-r \ p '- 1-1)ji 17 -'- \ r /'oe2 ^ R" X+ -= X'+.. . + i-- X"+....'Apq o"

1'z+...+(-r)v

('l

):;

221

-Jo-=-1- * -9-.x* 4 x,*...* -9-"-. ... .' .' xu* O-PX O 02 Or

6rr B) Iox(Jr = -q b-.Bt (1- i- *J
/ a ov+f \-r

rov Eaopuo<ouue t0no (5) rne ollooq 192, 0\618].

( r. g,)-'=r.( _.(-l *;*,..... (-l)s_.....= I )io )

=r- **-{i *'-.'.-r-'r' x'*... -{o {q"
'A0o = -o* 116-+ - {= *- 4 x'-...*(-r)u *"-...
drr v) Ioxi,L
6- 5X*X'?

5-2x = - + t := . z'x r-X

>tuer,.rw rnv o') np[,rn{,]on txou!(86<ovrqq o ro 2 Kor6rcuBX 6rou u xox):

-*=

-Jr, --f,1'*...r 1- xu-l*... xt + * 2"

=*--*-*.*;,*...*11,-1+... 3"

(-Z<x<zJ.

Av6lovcBpIoKouus: *, (-3<x<3).

M [p6o8eon eXou!: ( E-2w !?

-6:5iix" = -i

T;-{+ 2ii x'+

r-L * -J ' / *'-t." \ 2u 3u )

'

' l-2<x<2)

(ro{nux)' 6m (-1,1) 27. o yqnEuxoE ourrqrooerpoourdprnon [. oe n A0on: E l v o [v w o r 6r 0 r o q( 1 0 ) o l l d q q 9 3 r r : 1 6

r.? r v ,s 1.3 1.3.5...(Zv-t) X ---, .2";r ro{4p1=x+ +3 - 24 -+ - ii.i . 5 + ' ,-...- rrile;;izui- X 2 u + l

+..,

X (-1,1).

Tto xde x nou qvitxet ornv roufl rt v duqornldtovouyKlloeoqruv 6uvqpo-

oerprlv I ouxu,
v=o

I guxu r-oxoer,
v=o

(oo+o11+o2;2+...)(Bo+9rX+92X'+...)=qoBo+(o0Br+qrgo)X+(oopr+q,p,+orpr)y'z ' + . . . + ( q o B v + qB v _ 1 + . . + q v _ 1 B+ o v B ) x " + . . ' r r o (1)

222 E e q p u 6 ( o v rr n v ( 1 ) y r q : oq

i",*"= iouxu=x*--|- +.. +.H v=o

n q l p v o u l rl e r d r L q n p 6 r c ,

(roqnux)'=x'+ ij . +:. ##j .+ .... u (-1,1) x + +.

28. lb 6qg[ 6rr:

")
{o>0,

-# =t* x"* *"* *'*"' * ]rf |i-|

x t -dt. . - . 3 T4
-q<x<q)

x (-r'r)

g t _ t _ _ - _-t * _ _ !- -Z -q* "' ,@rF

x q _ 1 . 3 . 5 -ot'"' - - x. _ ijr ZJF6

(u.0.}

A0qn: q ) E a q p l i 6 < o ir o r 0 n o ( 5 ) r n q o r l i d q q 1 9 2 . ' E x o u l e i r! v - 1 - y .1 = v1- 2 '1/2\t 1 - * , 1 - t = 1 - ( .- 1 / 2 \ x , * ( - 1 / 2 \ x ' - . . . + ( - t ) u ( x2v+..,. r,, 4,/ v,t'
\ \

( 1\ / '_ _,\... _1 -u_r) /_ tz\ = Ervqt tt v . / = L.3,,__\_-__?___-.____\__._____,_ \

1.2.3,..v
_ , l = t, - ,tJ 1.3,..(2v-1)

=r. x,* *n..... --! #i -," l:i:::,iI;], , x(-r.1).

2.4... l2v)

=1o'**'1-! =+ = F)Etvor. | [,. ftJ']-t !o2 +Yz

= _ f1. (-1/2 _r,. (-1tz\ $ .....\ (-tlr\ f:. ....1 x(_q,q) ' : L \ 1 \ q' . \ 2.t o\ u/ F / i
:rv?- 6uoq /-tlz) =1-r)' -1-'-3-'-5-'-'-J-2r-l-). 4po 2.4,6..,(Zvl
1 1 x2 1.3 a --z' --si'24-#-"'*t-rt' |.i.-'#P $i" uffi= i x (-o,q).

223 2 9 . A v t w L v v r r r 66 r r *= ; (-t)ux2u*1, (l) K o r6 r r n

yrq oetp6ouvxllvau x (-l,l) vo lpeoetq oxrl,rrc ouyxA(oeoq ro 6rq! oporouo oeuod I (-l)v(zv+tlx2u rnq
v=o

A0on: E (I r o 6 L 6 o r n u q1 , 1 ) n r p d r To e r p d L v o n o p q v o v l o l u'n ,x o u un o n e L p o v o v l < o v rr q 6 0 0u 6 l nr n q { 1 ) : oq _ l _ * l ^ _= : ( _ t ) u ( z v * 1 ) x 2 " .

(l+Y'1' vEo

ioLn6v to (nro0uevodopououq elvqu 91x1=--a-I1( 1 + Y1 ' " qv=(-l)"(2v+1). IoxtL 6rl

'EroL

6o-"

u *t ' ' 1 i , l " u * t l - l Z ('u'f - t ' ' o', | 1 I l=1 ouy loeurq rA elvor.1.

Aeqn <nro0uvn oKrlvo

30. llo qvmrtux0l ouvtprnolarshx oe qLpd duv6u&rv x. rou n A0on: = 6r E [ v q L v 0 r o r 6 L { a r s h x' ) - - ! v

v1+x2

u " s n * = f- = L - o r * .
' V1*12

(1)

oeoporlue r,lno -l -- =t- -L'. * l'-1 r'- 'l]gjl-r'*.,.* rov \I1----...4.'2.+.o'Y IYX-

. . 2 +,(- r,)v 1 . 3 . 5 . . . ( 2 v - 1 ) . .- -v " ' ' F+'-iivj-r- x +

( r o u r p o K l n r o r d r o v r i r o ( 1 6 ) x n q L
H (1) 6ivL

o e l i 6 o q 1 9 3 B d < o v r q 6 f l o uX r o X ' , u e x ' ? ( - 1 , 1 ) ) . q

a"snx=[ 4z - iJ,.[r2.4 J
t

,/ ,\v 1'3.5...t2v-1) + x !1.j.6,.+ " ' + t - r J Z ' - { . 6 ; . : T z v f ..2, " ' l o], + c x 2.4.0 x

1 l'3. -T v 1 ' ? - arshx:x- +,r z.i t" s - zfr5 ix ' -.... 2\.r+1 r.J...tZV-tJ ,, 4rv X +(-1)-i;r:-:.:'iio..?z-v;rl (2) *.'.
* E | j \ , q L c : 0 6 u d r u y r , c x : 0 6 X o u u r s h 0 : o o r d r n ( 2 ) 6 r i v e uc : 0 . a

224 31. llverar

+ n orp6 - z5 - 3+ -"'* utf;*r). . . : f.z
.2 v3

) - tvr _ - v - + +-t ,

rnq, s) No9pe0t. qKrlvo ouyKlloe(lq n m B) NoBpeet 6epors!6 rnq . /\0on:

o) 'Eor,ov=--h

'rxouueriml 1P

,.

T-wTIi-v+ZI lT-v+T)-

= = f l m - u - f - z1 . ' A 0 on q K r l v oo u v K ^ L o e,L v o rn r = 1 . ' E r o L i o L n d vr l o e L { rC L o d o u v K l l v o r o { - 1 , 1 ) . f u o y = - 1 n o t p dV p d Q e r q L i

v.1

-It-t1u

no,

v( v+l )

(x n . o u v r t r L v e r p r r i p u oL e i b n i z ) .f L o x = 1n o e u o d d l r .o u v ( l L v e Ln p d v u o r l 'Apo rou 6ttoqsldqle ouvKliv!. n rnv r6re 6xouue oeLpd t ---'--v = 1 v (v + 1 ) o e L p d u v K ^ [ v e L o b t d o r n u q- 1, 1] . o sr [ 'Eoxt! |ll(x) ro (nro0uevo dgpolouo. 9)

E L v o L' { ( x ) = i z ' * , l -

uu2

*"'*

+"' vt'u*T)

xo n l 1 E o o o Y t i v lto n u u e :

.,2 .,v-l ,2 -t-+ -t +."+ !i'(x)= - + - -+ *...+{vi f +... + x' H (x)= +-

- --i- - i;f- +..'

' t x,l.l(X)l

v+1

11 rqoovovLon exouuE:
=1+12+...+1u+... (t)

E t v q L6 u o q - 1 * = 1 * x * x " * x t * . . . * y v a . . . y l o l x l < 1 ( r r l n o c '. 1 9 2 ) + y + 1 2 + 1 3 + . ' . + x v + . . - =f 'EroL -t *

(7) oeIi6q

; 1 + x 2 + x 3 + . . . + ; 1 v + T.T ...=

n (1) vpoqeror: tx'i,l'(x)l'= *-i

x,ll'rxt=J ax 1{u
x ' z ' ( x ) = - l nl(- x) - x
o

rl
i

-l--+ l,r'(x)=- rn(r-x)-f rrxr=jrnr-x)a i- dx*ctr ll(x)+c= (l)-J

fl

-{".l -rnx= =,|.r"rr-*r.J .,9+ -l-- tn(t-x)-t n(l-x)=(-+ -t)tntt-xt=

rntl-rt-J ffi--tnr=

225

-ll{J-10- (2}. eq urolovi'oouuo =JLt-(.1:!- .EroL ord w(x)*c= . 6xouu T'

ro(pvoutE rq c. rnv (2) qv orqopd Errdivro x=0n (2) 6vopl<erqL 6prou,rv6irouel6vrnq (2) vr.ox - 0. 'EroL6xouu:
'I

l i m w ( x ) + s =i n r - ' l - \ - - j - r i ( L ' H o s p i t a l ) l xro x'O r4; 0*c= lim ._ii-. 'Eror

th/l-vl

nl i-w\

r--;

. ir 0rc=-1

( 1-x)'
rrll-Llll+l n (2) 6avt w(x)= x (-1,1).

1T
32. Av elwr yvur6 6.ru n ountfinon sox cvq|rr(r(xrurl sLpd6uoe ro rnq. vfrrov rou x vo Bpoet qvdllruyu6 A0on:

eax= Eivqr ##f=(+ - $. s -...), .f. + -...)= (,=oo+or;1+or12+...rqvx"+... l.lxdxlq rcdqrCBp[oxouue: (r 1+ o o + ( o 0O + q r )lx + [ q s 0 + o 1 o e ( - - h ) + q r 0 + o]2 2 + l s lj + q r o + q r 0 + q- - * ) ] x 3 ' X
i-t-

+...=-f. - ft - -tT -.'.

o.=0. q,=1. q"=0. q.=- --1l
J5

(1). And (l) noLpvouu rnv

q , = 0 . q . = - - : - -' . . . Aoq

ox=x+ x'+-| x'** +.

*'*..

33. lll 6rlt 6rr o op!0u6qe 6v [r,ql pnr6e. (llaousErx6-0uq!K6 eeo/v(Kns) A0o4:

-$, E[vqL 611 vvoor6 sx=r+1+ ....,+

fLq x=l n noonvotuevn uo6tnrsvo6oetou:
i,tia"

f;;

"sx

ye o <0<r.

e = t + t +_ * + _ * + . . . + * V l * . ( u * n :

' E o r to r L r

1 + 1 +i - + - t

111e90

+..'+ 11 . n;rf.:

= -f,

(1)

6 t t o up K q Lq e u o r K o lo p l O u o l .

2?6 A e x d l o o r6 r L v > q K o r v : 3 . 0 q d r t E o u t E r r n ( l ) e a v q [q60vqe 6 rn. H (1) vp6@rqL:

^ r ^9 -v:/ vr-d-. ('.'. tr - ..- i-r\ ,ir )=

(2)

H n o p d o r o o n u n B i r o uu b l o u cr n q ( 2 ) 6 L v e [o p L g p q K 6 p o L o ,v d n IIoro d ) p 6 o r o o 4o u 6 u r 6 p op E i o u q L v L p L e ! 6 e r l K 6p r K p 6 T e po u l 6 r 6 r L r u 6 o e ro 1 < e o < 3 K o Lv > 3 , ' A p on 1 2 ) 6 E VL s x 0 1 .

34. An6ro cvdrruyla xord l{aclaurin rnq our,tornonC f(X}=ln(1+x) w 6 L x e e [r L t ( - t ) " - ' - * . = t n Z . 6 A0on:
Elvor vvr,Frd 6rr
f_1tvvv+1 + r-l-/-+--+. ..

ln(1+x)=x-- S--$*.'..1-11"-t +1

H o L p d u r i o u v K i t v e Lv L oX ( - 1 , 1 1 . B d < o u u e o u = 16 x o u u e : o , 6n x
lr tn2=t--i'.+ - +

" + . . .+ ( - 1 )

(-i)*' u_r....= t.

1 -],= '

,. APo

I (-t)'-1 -*- =lnz. 35. ih 8peost. ovdnruvlrc suv6ornonq ro rnq f(x)=lnouvx,

,,.(+,|)
A0on:

-$ oer,roo0u'e ro qvo(ruyuq +..'+(-r)v ouvx=r- l#r .* "S 'Aoo quvx=l-o 06touue on6re eLvqL +1 fi - # .. r=

r(x)=rnouvx=rnr-"t=-,--5. {-# +1 .=(

--$o { + ('-+....) ....=- + { .

'E*orr. tim .o\ =rir ,i-# =- -.

S.

)
9o-

otl. ro d0goro|j6 rnc. A0on: 'Eorr,, -Y*l ov=

36. ib 6rrxe{. n ouvqrooerpd til -' ouvxl[vel vo 6rr' KqL i

(E.H.n)

ouvKiLvelvlq K6s R. . Eond n duvquooLpd w(X) To <nrou!vo X d_ e p o o u q .E I v q l : L

'Apq

w(x)=1+2x+ * ,". *

-v# *tv-r) '#.'..=

/ ,,2 .,2 \

lv:ffr, ;j;.;.=1*2pj{ .-Lv:1$t-11:fi-;.:.=t*zx;2{. _4'_ lI1 . - 7x'. . . , ._*: -z 1] . -,

/ --3

...rr# . # *...=,*r** !!:$3! . {,

2'z-zT x ' 3 t - x 2 *'*...* uil xu,..=1+2x* 1 -*'-3T' l -z'.

(3+1)(3- ' x, ---3T----1 ) -Z- *"'*

/ -2 \=(t--+.-Jf--d-...\* x(1. . | z. r: i \ +- fr*"')="**x"".

-l nv ouyxltvl. A0orl:

='.',. 5).(+.{ )..'.-(."+. (-d. S}

37. ito6rx0et. n oKolou8[a le Bu=t+ 6rL (Bu) +

- -+ *,..* JO_
(E.ll.n. )

To 6pro rne qKolouoloe (Br) e{.vor, deporouq o6Lp6c xo rnc

eivoLrnv=rn(-o! . i)=rrl**r.q*...*rn j:+ -j_. 'ExoL 6xouu (* u" +) - (# r" o,-r* * )-..., (**," #)

,-*:=, u"-"+ r) (+ )
A p K v q 6 [ o u u6 r r n o e r p d( 1 ) o u y K i l v e l .E [ v o L : [
-f r / r " -*-"('-.+)l u'ou=u'l \1

=u.u"[-+ ],'lo, ' #.]=

-..- | =- lt -"'=\z-* ;.;-J=z kr r"Eneldfl v2qr=- -|

=v+v,rn(ilv ):
r r 1 g, * -Tr * -5" .'..)\ =- -fI .

+ + #

*oL o er06rnq rou v eLvaL > j n orLpd (l) ouvKit,vL 2 'Aoq K o Ln q K o l o u g [ q u y K l L v 1 . o

* T , j n o s 1 9 ( o I l 6 e t 9 3 ) , c v d r r u y t r o. r o u tn(1-x)

228 38. lb Epe0otvor rlgc rou x ylo lLc ono[C ouyxltvrn oerp6 r* 1 * 1 1...1 -!

tx

(x > o)

Aoon:

o6rou!+- , -+ 1+
roL -6 6 +Inv 6 t qv=X =X uxttu=X v uInx = -:-f-x

u Tjv noonvoiJuex6u

( v n d s K n o n q K o i o u 8 [ o6 , , ) o u v K I l v rL . 6 Cv vLK d q6 p o qTnc oeLp6qvpdQeo ou=

(1)

v 6u A v i o r n 6 v e l v q L l n - ] - - = o > I T o T en o K o A o u U L qq v = X o u y * ILu e , .n p o q V X 'Aps Kdnoro errLK6opL9!r6. oLpdouvKlIvL Y L q n 6oouEvn

.1 -]'n t l<+
0<X<

v_'-x

39. lq 6rx6e[ 6rL n osrod

v=I 2'e

-^

ouvKhlvr ouor6lopoq,

A0on:
EIvo L

{---i ueuX
2
e=I 2"

'e-u!- . ,,, (or.6rL

(ver,.ruerpuri ^6vo -i- < 1) flpoErLbfi oLpd >_ --'J ouvK^Lvt rt !r ! K i J n T t(L ie i r s t r a s s ) 6 r r r o u n 6 o o p 6 vo r L p do u v K I ( ' v E r o 1 6 u o p e o . n ol

40. rb 6Lxot n oelp6: i 611

oUoL6UoPrDo olo 6l6ornuq[a,B]. A0on:
EtvqL

xt--g-"Jff!:ffrr!rxl:1vz

ouvxlr.v!

x ' z q u v ()v x n u + | +x v --------tr--------(x ) 1 :|

- --\2--

x'?ouv(vx)|xnu(vx) .l L 'l

--

l-

- l.-l-l . JLl-'- .H-r --t- -. * v2 vz v. v2

l:

x2+r+1 (6rou x = m alx {l , l B l } ) _ M _ q

H oeLod f

-li.

o u v x , \ l v e L o q x o l q 6 o o y 6 v n L o 6o u v K i i v L u o L 6 ! o p 6 o o

9o oro [o,B] (l,{eirstrass).

41. q BpOo0v rru6q rcu x yls rLq orctq ouvxl[vtL otor6lop@ or

n oerot i .l- ( -r \' v \ r-x ,/

,jlt

229 A0on:
Eivor ljrr

-l' v t
1

l . -- - 1 L- .

/J_\

. !+1

I -t,r -u.

, X ,

\r-xi
.

u - ' . j- x

r-x

yL l l o L p do u v K I L v o u o L 6 u o o e o o L . ]-{x . . t : | / l-/ */-,-t) .:

t x - l + x ) ( x + ] - x.) O* x . - 1 2

KEOAMIO 4

Eetp6g Fourier"

Ardgogeq uflotrvioerc q) neo[odrKiouvdprnon. ouvdpxnon tr6veror Itlrq f/A neolobr.xft 6rqv undox! R*i6roroC risre vro rdoe x A vo tvor x+T A Kar f(X+T) T = f ( x) . Kor oto B) fLo x6grleprobrKit oloKlnpdrorun dudqrnuq [0,T] ouvdgr n o nf ( x ) L o x i , o r t n o c : L

l I q ( x ) d x =o(x)dx ox
T n l l e p l o o o c n q o u v d p r n o nK q LX 0 [ 0 , T ] . r q o r v ) I o x o o u v u e n d p c v o0 n o u :

T tl

X o+T

') J
x II) j
Xo

X o+2r

nu(KX)nu(lX)dX=0

(K,l R, KII)

lX a-t21r

suv(KX)ouv(lx)dx=o

III)

fX o+2lI^

I
Xo

rx)ax=n nu'(

rv)
v)

fX o+2n

ouv'?(rx161=n

(Xo+2n

(KX lx nu )ouv( )dx=0

* Fourier Joseph (1?68-1830): l{i}ros }'la$ntidrLxds.

231 6) Mrq ouvdprnon ^EvrorruflrqrLr6(ruvxric 6rdorngq[o,B],6f oro rqv s[vqL ouvtxfiqo KdeeonuELo 6LqoTiuqroq, rou on6 6vo nenepoKrdC ouCvo fllheoqontELov ouro0, orq onolq 6uoqn quvdornon 6XLfieflpoou6vq
n l u o L K d6 p L q .

'Aprrq ) ouvdprnon. ouvdprnorl 14ro f(x) oououlvn A,I6vrqr d0oro T r o ( o v r L o r o L xlos p r t T t )q v v r o X A , - X A K q [ f ( - X ) = f ( X )( o v r L o x o L l xq f{-x}=-f(x)). * A v ! r t d o u v d p r n ofnx ) e l v o r 6 p r L oo r o [ - r , , 1 ] r 6 r e : (
f(

f(x)dx=2i f(x)dr

* A v u ! d o u v 6 o r n o nx ) t v q Ln e p r t r i o r o [ - 1 , r ] 1 6 r : f(
I
)

I f ( x ) d x= 0

-t

qrpq. Kde Tprvovo!rp[x6c oELp6 rnq uopeic: ;

On

* L

l o . . o u v ( v x ) + 0 . . n u ( v X )1 n q l o p g i q 1r l

(ry) , j [o,o,u *,* (#)]

l6Vror rpry{drrouTprKli orpd ( o!,8! Kordllnlo ouvrlor6q) L . :LpcFourier. 0e0po0ue ouvdornon f(X) nou tvqr oo[ouevn oro u16 o u d s r n u a[ - l , l ] * , { > 0 x o u] I o ul n o p L o o p t o e e [ o l e x r 6 qr o u 6 L q v x orflpotoqourori,6ore elvol [rpLo6LKt neptodo 0voud<ouu vq 2N-, oLd ue Fourier (fl ovdrruvto Fourier) nou qvruorouxe[ ouvdprnon , rnv orn f(X)
qeL06: : | /.*\ /.-"\ l ).1o,ou" -B"nu (+)l #. t?) ^

c)

6 r o uo r q v , B , ( o u v r e l e o r l q o u r i e r )6 [ v o v x q q [ 6 r o u qx 0 r l o u q : F L

ri

xor" oto 6Lciornld (-1, t')

232
L

1l
!tj

ttxlouu (-uf)ax
-9, L

v = 12 , 3 , . . . ,

1f
-[ t

rtxtnu ax (-"ff)

v=1,2,3,...

(2)

-|o"= j rrrra*
-r,
( T [ , f lL r o v E u ] e r - F o u r i e r ) o
f Av unogaooul]t n ouv6prnon( X ) e L v q r o p L o u 6 vo r o 6 L d o r n u o 6rr t
l x o , x o + 2 n J K q L l n o p e l v q o o l o g E L eKT6qrou 6Lqoriuoroqquro! 60r vo

h e L v o rn e p l o 6 u xu e n e p L o 62 n r 6 t e n o E L p d o u r i e r n o u q v r L o r o L X t L t n v o F o o u v d p r n ofnX ) E l v q Ln : (
-;'+ ) lo

+Bu4!{ )l vX vouv(vx)

(2)

ue ouvreleoreq:

1 '-n- f

Xo+2n

f ( X ) o u v ( v x ) d x v = 0 , 12 , . ,

= n-J f(x)nu(X ) d X v

1l

Xo+2n

v=1,2,3,...

ea qrlovriioouper6oq qra EEftceporiuqro i f(x) 60r n ovo) tlot& ouv0fxeenp6neuw rxqvonole[ n ouvdprnon rtororxi rnc oerpd Fourier vq ouy|(l(v1. B) nol6 [voL ro @porolq rnq oLp6qqurfte Kqr y) flord qx6on 6xer ro 6o@!ouqqur6 ue rnv ouvdpqqn f(x) . A[dvrnon ro oro eporitorq ourd 6Lvouv endutvo oeopf]uorq.
2 odpnlq1, Av urq n e p r o d L K n v d p r n ofn x ) u e r e p i o 6 o n e l v q [ K o ou { L KqL o rd rpiuqro uov6rovn o p o v u e vo r o 6 L d q r n u [ - n , n ] r d r e n o v r L o r o X n q e L p 6 o u r i e ro u v K I I v o Kdee onui-o TLq F L rou bLooritporoq. ro dgpo[op rnq orpdq

-; s(x)= u

u + z I q . , o v (v x) * B . , n u r ) ] (v

233 Iox0r: c o ) S ( x ) = f ( x ) o v x ( - n , r ) K o L f ( x ) t ' v o o u v e X iq r o ( - n , n ) . l n ro onuio oouB) s(x)=J-(x+!l;IJ-L0li ov x e (-r,fl) KoL x LvqL 2

v t X EL o q .

rnq odpnts 2F Av uLq ouvdprnonf(X) KoLn nop6vt.rvdq f'(X) ei.or v o Lr p n u q r r K o u v e x C q o 6 L 6 o r n u o x o , x o + 2 n ) r 6 r e n q v r t o r o l x no r n d l quro KqLto deooLoud ouvdprnqn otp6Fourier ouvKtrtvEL 6Ldoxntq oro rnq Lvq[ouvexiq ivoL o lev rq eoolreptxd onue[qotq onolo 11 ouvdprqon on [ o o u e f ( x ) , o r q 6 e o u v o p L q K d u e l o i v q r L q ou e e
1 -_. . -, t 1 ( Xo + U+ r ( X o + Z [ - u lr. )

Lq nop(rrnpis : eropnuq nou n ouvdprnsn 1) >0uaovo ro nponvo0trvo u vLq ro otuELq f ( X ) E [ v o ro u v e x f q o 1 0 e lo r 0 n o q t

(1) f(x)= +q + I to,.ouv(vx)+B,,nu(vx)l -v=I"

2) Av efl{,rl^6ovrov uflooeoov esrpituoroq ouvdornon f(X) trou n I6 m v q uo u v e x i c o 6 u 6 o r n u q[ X o , X o + 2 n ]K o L f ( X o ) = f ( X o + 2 r I )r e n r l e p [ ( (nou n K o O L K r 6 K r o or n s f ( x ) o r o R e l v o Lo u v X i e q [ r o d v d n x u v l q] ) i l6vEror qvtnEuyuq xord Fourier i opuovr.xrl svdluon rnc f{x) LoxieL yLq Kdee R. X To [ponvoiuvo sdpnuq 6Lqrurdverqr oc e{hq: xqu Av: 0e6pnuo. i ) H o u v o p r n o nX ) i , v q L p L o u c v no Ll o v d r L u n x o 6 L 6 o r n u o f( o K o nliooq snjjeL{dv. [-!,,0] Kr6q[ooq qfi6 6vq nTrepoouevo i i ) H f ( x ) L v o ro p l o t e v n q LE K x d r o u 6 L q o r i t u o x o[c . e . , r ] 6 0 r K q v q [ v q ! f i p L o b L K n p [ o 6 o2 2 , !i iii)
*

r 0 L o u v o p r i o e ! q ( x ) K o Lf ' ( x ) E L v o L u n u q r r x do u v e x e L q f
e v t j u e f ( x - C ) o u u B o t r i 6 o u ur o

oro

lrm f(t,

M e f ( x + 0 ) o u U B o t r i g o u }r1 l i n * f ( t ) o t_x '

rr u euonud uf Icne-Ler

234 [ - ! . ,! . ] . T 6 r :

HoeLoq +.

("+-)*,r,(t+^)] ouyK,\ L flpoqrnv Lv :.1",","

-f

f ( x ) q v x e l v o t s n u e l o u v b x e u o qo u v K l l v L r n v f ( x + a ) + f ( x - 0 ) o o h ro X eLvqL nyeLo ouv61er"oq, o >nuE[,oon: 6iln 6Lqr0rruon oeopiuoroq 14ro rou Etvq[ n r{fq: ' E o I I , lf ( X ) , o i e[ X [ - f l , r l ] u t o l p o v u o r r K i u v d p r n ofno uL K q v o r o L r L q (q q i q o u v g i t K r o u D i r i c h l e t ) . 1) n f rLvqr rord ruiuoro ouvexr'le . 2) ro onuetqqouvlxeLoq f (qv undpxouv) rnq eLvoL rtrEpqou6vou nJ\ft eouqKoLTounpdirou L6ouq. 3 ) n f e l v q r x o r d r u i u o r ol o v d r o v n .T 6 r e u o l r i e l6 r r n o e L p d o u r i e r F
Inq f, -;'
'

+ )
v=l

{ o. quvX+!. 4yvX) :

q ) f L q K d e s ( - r l , n ) ; r ex o q ; r e Lo u v 6 x e l or n q f o u v K l t v L p o c o q n x rnv rrln f(X). rn n 0 ) f r q K d e e e ( - n , n ) u X o l u e l o q o u v e x e r s q c f o u v K l { ' v e rp o q x r n v r L u n + - l f ( x - 0 ) + f ( x + 0 ) lK d ! n v ) f L o 1 = - n , no u v x l t v e u p o qr n v r r u i

nqpotrtorio Lq: l) 0r nponvoiuveq ouveilKeq rou ee0Joilloroq ivo! vvtjor6qoov ouvoitKerou Dirichlet. 2 ) 0 r o u v e i l K erq u D i r i c h l e t e l v q L L K q v C K q L6 X Lq v q v K o L e q ,6 n o q qurbq LxqvonoLo0vror Io6il ov oL ouveiKeq r6re Axoulre orlvxtruon. Av 6sv LKqvo[orolvroLr6re n oeLodpllopLvo ouvKlLvt otrId unopLKoI vq oTrox l L v . : n l e[ 6 v o u ! 6 r r u 6 v oo n d r 4 v o u v 6 x e r o n q f ( x ) 6 v 9 v q { . v e L u u r r o n f p o o u o t r . 4 o v r L o r o l x 4o e L p d o u r i e r o u v r l t v e l . o F n n o L p dF o u r i e r ( v ! q r n v o u v d p r n o f ( x ) ) 6 e v o u v K l t v l n p o qr n v f ( X ) f l q v r o i j( n . x , s r q o n u t qo o u v b X e r orq q f ( X ) ) 1 6 r n Vpde o u u K o ! : ( q v r l r o u = r o - ) 3) 'orqv

+-

. [f(-r+o)+f(n+o)]

(1) 6 r u e r n v a v v o L o r u r o " - , , o n u q L v s6 r L " u f l d p xv L qr o q n ! i , q r o uo v o T L

235 p6 Q e p o u U eo e l p 6F o u r i e rr n q f ( X ) " . H o s L p d o u b u x c p o u l o u q n q ( 1 ) n r r rlooLsrdve[ rlEpLoOLKi ouvdprnonF(X) Ur nplodo Tnqonoloq o ULo 2t nploolo!6e oTo (-1,4) V[q rq ongetofiou n f(X) tvo[ ouvexiq, etvql

n f (x).
Irnv naplnroon ouri 16! 6rr n ouvdprnon F(x) {,voL n (or opi,erqL eriq: Enxrqon f(x) rnc 04
|' l

rOt oolxll

I F(x)=f(x) vrq

x (_r.,1)

) I F ( x + z r ) = F ( xv t q K 6 e s R x

ro 6ElL6liloc rnq oxtonq(l) noprordvel rnv noLodrKfl ouvdprqoq F(X) rnq otoLoqo nepr,ogLou6q {-1,.s.)eLvor- ouvdpr4o4 oxo 4 'Apo f{X). u n o p o 0 lv o v p 6 e o u u : e - r /,,-.,\

'ErqL loLr6v

(#) r(x)=' * | lo.ouv +v nu {"}) | + v=tLv \t/ \l/l

v r o X ( - C , t ) , ! e r n v f i p o i j r 6 e 6 r r n f ( X ) e L v q to u v e x f lo r o ( - 1 , [ ) . on q 4) Av rox0ouv nponvo0!evec or. ouveiKeq Dirichelet Xouue rou rouc TUn0uc:

-+'-. r(x)= (-"f) i[o,ou" *,', (+)]

t,

q,,=-+- |
" l J

f ( x ) o u v{ - Y } a d x }
\ !./

/.,-.,\

v=0,1,2,...

(1)

-t. L
|

B .= - + - | f ( x ) n p{ i #, . ) d x . J \ r /
"

/..-..\

v = 12 , . . . ,

-t

rlou VpdeovroL KoL:

'r,.r=-io-l (d *,* (-'#)] i[""","

f ( x ) o u v( (-? I f(x)ouv - f J d x
0

q " =- T
,

v=0,1,2,...

t2)

F . , = + | t ( x ) n u{ - + : J d x

2t

/..-.,\

v = 12 , . . . ,

*Ou rJnou (Z) uoXLiouvcru otrtv nep(nrr,:on r rou rt oL_rvtiptnofvoL reoLo6L,n x r i ! r e p i o 6 o 2 0 x a L o t o x l n p o j o u u no r o 6 u c i o r n u c [ 0 , 2 . 1 . ] .

236 5 l A v n neploooe tvoL 2r r6re rox0ouv r0noL: oL

r ( x ) =- i e + )
tffr

to.puv(vy)+8..nu(vx)l
(30)

o,= n--J f(x)ouv(vx)dx v=0,1,2,...

8V . =J- j - i f ( x ) n u ( v x l d x . T I,||
II

v = 12 , 3 , . . . ,

6) Av n ouvd0rnon oro [Xo, xo+2n] 16r: El,vq!opLsucvn

f(x)=-#e + ) q " =- n - .
rl X ^+2tt

[o..ouv(vx)+9..nu(vx)] (38)

J
xo

f ( x ) o u v ( v x ) d xv = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .

B,= n- j
xo

tl

. Xo + 2 n

f(x)n!(vx)dx, v=1,2,3,...

f 7) Av n ouvdprnqn elvcr,6prlo oro (-1.,t) T6r roxtouvot x![oL:

_ o r(x) -T'o . ;
v=1

"oru(-u#)

-T-l
i

f(x)o

u(-"f)ox v = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
v=1,2,...

(4)

9"=0

8l Av n ouv6prnon l,vqL f neprrri oro (-1,4) rdr Lox0ouv T0nor; oL

rrx)= B"nu(-Y+r) p*
ou=0
L
t(

v = O ,,'2 , . . . l

(s)

-+' v=1,2'. B,= I ttx)nu(''#)ax

237 =-f oplrovtri ( 6nlq6/lf ( x+n) ( x) ) f 9) Av n ouv6prnon tvoL rEpLnCl oL rox0ouv r0nol: T6Te f ( x )= I
-2v+ I

(g (v 1 I q z r n t o u 2 v + 1 )+ p r u . r 12 v +)!x J
t)" o
1I

x, I f ( x ) o u v t ( 2 v + 1 ) x l dq, , , , = u

(6)

--__'n
) o

I f( x ) n u([z v +)l x ] d x ' B 2 v = 0

(6nlodi f(x+Tl)=f(x)) 16f l 0 ) A v n suvdprnon eivqL dorlo oguovtKi oI r Loxiouv r0flor:

f(x)=# +
-2'r n

(2vx ( 2vx I q"..ouv ) +g,,,.nu )l

(7)

J
o )

f(X)ouv(2vx)dx,q2u+1=0

n 2\)

l -n

f f(x)nu(2vx)dx,9zv+r=0

(f(-x)=f(x) ' f 1 l ) A v n ouvdprnon [voL6prLc rql neprrnl optrovtril v f ( x + n ) = - f ( x )r 6 t e u o x 0 o uo u r 0 n o L : )

f(X)= 2- q2u+louvt(zv+llXl
II .l

1 o ^ . . . , = + I f ( x ) o u v t ( 2 v + 1 ) x l do r,. , , = 0 ' Fu=o

etvor mpurnl rol rlplrrti qpuovlri (6niqbn 12) Av n ouvdprnon o 1 f ( - x ) = - f ( x ) , r 1 1 + n ) = - f ( x ) ) 6 r L o x f ' o u vL r u l l o ! :

(8)

238

f( x)=
-2\+7

Br" 1 !p [ ( 2 K + 1 ) x ] +

f ( x ) n u t ( 2 v +x l d x , B 2 \ , = 0 )1

s=0
13) Av pr-oouvdornon ue n6[op!opo'6 [0,t) tKovollolEl f rLq nooUnoe60tq eeuJpilrqroq oelLdqe226 KoLrnv erlKrivouuEnpdro rou rnq oro 6t6oxnUo {-i,,.e,)6roL drorevq elvq! dorLqo'our6 KqLKqronLv rnv v6q ouv6prnon eneKrrIvouue rnv rtepLobrK6 o'610 ro R, r6re ro ovdnruvuo qv&rlTuvpq fiou 6LveL r[rnos(4) I6VeroL o ouvnllrovLK6 Kqxd Fourier rnc ouvdgrnonq oro [0,4) , f Avd^ovq op[(rqL To nlrrcvrr6 Kqr6 Fourier qvdfiruvuq rnq f oro ou [ 0 , r ) , ( o r n v n e p L n r o o n r f i e l v o uo r 0 n o c( 5 ) ) . lbpqdslVuoro: I2 1 ) A l v r q L o u v d p r 4 o n( x ) = I f n qv
qv

-2<x<

I X

0 < x_< 2

l N oq v q r r u x e eo o L p 6 o u r i e ro r o 6 r 6 o r n u o - 2 , 2 1 . N oB p e e n n e p I F t L o6rKilneKrqon f Kq[ vo ropoorqoeivooeLKd. rnq A[on:

(E.M.n)

To oldvpoulrq rnq f dLverqr qn6 ro II6uEvo on6 ro onoLo oxriuo, eoLvTqL6rL n npLo6oq rnc ouvdprnonq t! l v q L 4 . 0 L o u v e i K qo u D i r i c h l e t r yLo rnv f(X) LKqvonoLo0vroL. KoTo rd Fourier qvdnruvuornq ouvdprnonq aro (-2,2) Lvor(r0nos(1)): 2

-$I f(x) -,;-o- * 2. tq uouv

2 ue qu=
1l

-v# *g,au
l -T'

l
|

vnx i.,i 'J r(')o'u 2 ' " ^ -2

rr zouv ox*-T?
v = 1 2 , 3 .. . ,
roL

xsgy$

6x=

-2t1--_2-!.]--_o_u_v_v!=( - 1 ) " 1
v'rI'

239

-l-u*I 19 --2-B.=J-+) . z|) zf(x)nuv# ax= | Zru dx*-*- | xnu or=...=vL z. v[

l(1lir

2o2

-2 v = 1 , 2 , 3 . . . . E L v o rq 1 6 ! o 2a2
'tf

-2

1f o ^ =- i - I f ( x ) d x = 'Li)-' J | 2 d x + i

..

'Ersr I xox=3. v L or o o u d o r r l p o
o

( q [ - 2 , 0 ) r s L v r o r o d l d o r n u o 0 , 2 - f l o un f l v o r q u v X l lE x o u ur n v q e l e p d F o u r i e rr n c f ( X ) :

-+--zi fl!1]ouu5r * .i1-nu| r(x)= -vnxl" T' ' L uznz Y=1

H n p L o 6 L K n e K r q orn q f ( X ) o c i ( r o L q eEts: n o

tr/

t-2,0)
X (0,21

H vpoq[Ki nqpdqtqqn F(x) i.vq[n en6lsvrl rnq H ouvdprnon F(x) 6xeubldvpo[uq (60rpo qxiuo) nou LvcLn nqvdlnqrn rou nprirou oxflpqxoq

4 urplooo . T o 6 { r O 6 , \ or n q ( 1 ) ouvKlLu c vL npoq rnv ouvdprnon( x ) F . 2) llq qvonruxeL o e l p d Fouri n suvdprnon o er

f(x)= I
A0o1:

I
I

0
1

qv x [-r,0)
qv X[0,rI)

n o u e L v q L r l e p 1 0 6 L K!i e rIep[,o60 \ . 2

H yoqalKil nqpdoroon rnq nepLodLKic tnKtqsncTnq o u v d p r r l o q6 L v q rqL on6 ro en6uevo oxiuq.

*H oeupd Fourie:r r l s f ( X )
3. f ( x) -2-.

e r-1,1,

ELvoL vlIY 2

z-l

\_I

rr.t -1, -Or..,v+ v'lr.

-t un nl,

vry

240 H qvraoroLXn Fourier rnq ouoLpd v d p r n o nfc C v o Lr 0 n o q3 0 ) , ( I (x)= .+q r : Io..ouv(vx)+F..nu(vx)l(1) v=l "

u E o o =- : - I f ( x ) d x =- - _ - | 1 a y +
o

frl

rrl

+ ----

1lo

0dX=1

KoL

f q , , -. ;l- r-t t n f ( x ) o u v ( v x ) d x.=- - 1 . o u v ( v x l d x = 6 , ; | r|r . )

u"=i--J-. -jo rr-r-ry"1 J"t,r,nr(vx)dx= nu{uxrax= J"

'Apo B^p=0, z B^u +" = --'---z r tzu+t )n
t

Jo I1-(-r)vtn!(vx)= i _1 - -z- ' -{-' nux. nu3x*...+ -j; nut(2u*rtxlr...= 121,{n,,

_1 - -z' * -?--1 n!1*-].
'Apq

'EroL (r) r(x)= n vpdeerou: -;- -

nrr**-{. nus*r...* nut(2u*t)xJ*...1 211-*1

-+'. ; r(x)= ( 2 ). F"12]-*1-'nutrzp*l1r1

H 6oo!6vn ouvdornon f(X), Koe'iqKoL n ouv6pr4on f'(x) eivqr runuoxlKd o u v e x / l c r o 6 r , d o r r t u[o n , n J . n p d v p q r L L f K o Lf , L v o L u v X s L qo r q o o o ( 6 r o o r f l g o t o - n , 0 ) x q u ( 0 , n ) L v q Lo o u v X t o r o o r l u r L q n , o , r q KoL rq nieuoLK6 oLo lim d f(x), lim f(x), lim*f (X), lim_f(X), iim.f(x) ,
x+r xrO x_ro

I i m _ f ( ) e l v o un e n e p o o g 6 v o ) . x 'Apq oe n t p L v t r v o p r p L K ir p 6{ 2 ) o u v K l L v n p o er n v 6 o o u 6 v n u v d o r n o n L o f ( x ) v t o x l K n . f u o x = r n ( o n u e l o o u v e x r r q q ) f o u v x l l v e rn o o qr o v o o n
1l I pu0u6 -Il lim_r{x)+lim_f(x)t {1.0)= . .+. - L l= -+ xror x{o-

3) NqovqnruxeEl oerodKqrd Fourier qro 6[dornuo oe [-n,n] n ouv d p t n o n( x ) = e x . f

f-

241 A6oq: (l) rou 0L rlpourloe6oLc eophuoroc r K q v o n o L o 0 v T q L * .

xr.,-, rr.,rtl

oo (1) a. + l.to v o u v ( v X ) + o ! n u ( v X ) l

ue

o^=--l-- |
J

] e x o u v 0 d x-=' l

(""-.-o)

KqL

ov r I J llT I | e x o u v ( v x ) d X , B = l = -ll 1I

tl

{-

I e^nu(vX)dX. 2 {s h n )
(t+v'?)

E I v q L v v r ' p t 66 r t
l!

l.)
_l!

e x o u v ( v x ) d x =t()-! 2(shn) ( 1+v')

KOL

J-lt

, l" xn U, ( v X ,l o X =,(.-vl-Jl

'Apq

v n ( 1 ) V p d q e r q rr o r o d L d o r n u(q n , r ) :
I ,^n ^-n,

f ( x ) = -i-];--'-

- i

2ls-h[)-Ir-'r'-2rlr,- ouv{vx)+{-1"-1v , ) n au1yx1] + v=L L 1+v.)n

t-tl touv(vx)-nu(vx)1.

= 4I * l9ll1

v=I (1+v')

>ro 6Kporou 0Loornudroq 6v Lqx[L ro qvdllxuvtq6 L 6 r L e r f e - n .

{X 4 ) o o o o 0 r n o u v d p r n ofn : } = s i n x ,0 < X < rI. Nq qvqluet se u

o r L p dF o u r i e r , ( 6 L d a o p e e x o i 6 q) :

A0on:
fLq vo qvolueE{, dosucvnsuvdprnqn f(X) o oLpd Fourier eq np6n I I L v q r n p o 0 v r q !o L f l p o i j r c g 6 o Lo u S e r , t p h u q rD iq i c h l e t . o 0 j o o u u e L o or rq u rr6Krqon rnq ouvdprnonq f{x) oq Ehq:

ti H nepLo6Lliri endnroon tns f 6LiveraL sird ro erdtevo oxrilo:

to

242

r*(x)= lo
|

sinx , 0<X.n
X=0

-rt n*,

-II < x < 0

H f * ( X ) / ( - T r , T e)l v o Lf l q p q v oo u u n u ox6 e E ( - n , n )dpq nlnoo0vrou Iv r v x or npoiinoeaorq gopi!oroqx o u D ir i c h l et. EKr6q 6LqoxiuqxoC rou rou | -rI,+[] op[<ouue ouvdpTnon: Tn

0(x)

0(x+2n)=0(x)

(-n,*n) o(x)=f*(x)l

-2n
qvqli,erql ldvo qe oerpd ouE[vqt f*(-x)=f*(x) , (6nlqbi 6prlq), 0116r vnuLx6vou, dnlqdi B_=0 (riroq 4).
iI

2 . -{-ELvou: -f jtr*ro*= rin*a*= r-cosxrj=' n, oo= |I_ *J

-ro

,,

""=+- Jir*l.o'(S) ,-= + J sinxcos(nx)dx=

= - i - - | - + { s i n ( x + n 1 ; a 5 i n 1 * - n x ) } d_ = | s i n ( n + 1 ) x d x x 'fJzrJ
t! tltrl lI

1 - - 1 - - | s i n { n - t l x a x - -L = J

[- _"_o'(-t!: l. __1_ n _ l J o l" [s..LlEu]]" n+I to .l n I [

'Apq o.= ---2-l-1-*!-o-t-LllJ n=1 fro ue nl1. 6xouue: " n(n'-l) ,> r" t r'' , , t^^#dl" -o , = n - - s i n x c o s x d x = . . - ' - .2 = _ i n ( 2 x ) d x =n - = = . s .,o 'J 'J [
= 0 . 0 n 6 r T AK d 6 x o u p e : [

243

-+ r-(x)= * !

o-coslnx;= ! :4lt-ft-o:tQ-L.or1n*y 3-. "

n-2 rl(n'-l)

T r q x ( 0 , n ) L v o Lf * ( x ) = f ( x ) = -'2 -* j
I6L6Tnrqoerp(iv Fourier

- 1 t - 1 I 9 - t 1 l ! , 1o r 1 n * y .
r(nz-l)

n=2

f l 1 : A v n o u v d o r n o nX ) e L v o L f( ouvxilq 6 u d o t 4 p o - n , n J r o L q oto [ quvxnq 6 L d o r n u o u r d K q Lq K 6 rnq r oro nspovovoq f ( x ) e L v q L y 4 p o r u r d o u o f ( r ) = f ( - n) r o r e o L o L p q :

t vqq,

)to.

LP

(o o u V x , \ L v o u v u , B , e l v o r "o L o u v r e l o r b c o u r i e r ) F n f l 2 : A v n o u v d p r n o f ( X ) L v q Lo u v t x i q o r o 6 u d o r 4 p o - n , n l , x o u 4 [ n o p d y r , . r v 6 c f ' ( x ) e L v o u y n g o t t - r d u v e x n q ' o u r d K o Lq K 6 u o ( n ) = f ( - l I ) rn r o o f

f r 6 r e n o e u p do u r i e r :

- L t o o u v ( v x ) +n U v x ) 1 , n qvr Loro B ( LXnrnq

( o o [poq f o u v d p r n ofnx ) o u v K i l v e L n d t r u rx o uo u o L d t r o p e o rnv o u v 6 p t n o n( x ) o r o 6 r d o r n u q- n , n ] . [ f n 3 : A v n o u v d p r n o n n l n p l r l q o u v o i K sD i r i c h l e t t6re ro rqrd q Fourier qvdnru\/ud oioKlnpivroL fipoq Tnq 6po 6po o Kdo6Ldornuq rnq u o p q i q[ [ , x ] .
qv6nopddrvuq.Av elvqL Vvr,Jord ro Kqrd Fourier ouvnuurovrKd 6rL ( n r u v u ot n q o u v d o r n o nfq x ) = x ' l [ 0 , 1 ] e l v s u r o , x'1 i 4 ".
!=1

:r---1 ; - . o u v (v r x ) , )"

( l) ,

v o d L X e co r r : L

x'-x=-]5"

-l/-nu(vnx). I I'

Arloe: T o r o t d F o u r i e r o u v n u L x o v L Kv 6 ] ] r u y urq q o u v d p x n o n qx ) = x , n o u o6 n f( o L o X ! L r o 6 L d o r n u q0 , 1 ] u o x 0 e u q u o t o 6 u d o t n u o- 1 , 1 1 q a o t n o u v d o r [ l q r l 6- 1 6 o q X 6 x o u u e : r n o n L v q Ld p r L o . 1 4 , \ o K i f t p o o n q ( 1 ) o r

244
^ }t. , ; i r-rru I x'ax=J'i ' -l- I !+- ouv(vru)Jdv n J L vr -t'i 1 1 1 = *,- i---i, tY

n Lli#--nu(vnx)

, 12 3 x' -x= 1-,1),

r-rru t#- n,{ untt .

f(X) ri"vor ouvexhq 6[dornuo[-n,rl] KoL n Il4: Av n ouvdprnon oro n o p d y u r v d e f ' ( x ) e L v o u ! ! ! o r u x d o u v E X n qo u r 6 K q r f ( r ) = f ( - n ) , r d r r o' rnq ) 4 o t L p dF o u r i e r, - 7 . > [ o-v o u v { v x ) + B ! n u ( v X n] ,q v r i o r o t x n '
v=1

rnq

q o u v d p r n o n(q ) o u v K l [ v L n 6 l u r or o L o u o L 6 u o pr0 o c r n v o u v d p r n o nX ) f X po f( o r o 6 L 6 o r n u[q n , n ] K o Ly L o r o d o p o L o u o : + rv{x)=-+oL OU n O V L o o r n r q : XI f(x)-f,,(x)l--< --'' ' Vvn : ( ) KX I qkouv( ) +ornu KX ]

(x)dx

ns: Av n ouvdprnon tvql ouvexieoxo 6Lqornuo f [-t,4] KqLn f Kqe d c K q Ln f ' u x o v o n o t o r L q o u v o i l x erq u D i r i c h l e t o r o o L d o r n u[o 9 , { ] 0v o 1 6 r n o e L p d o u r i e rr n q f ' , u n o p e L q [ p o K 0 o E L n o p o v 6 v l o n o n p o q F v 6p u F 6 p or n q o r p d c o u r i e r r n c f . nqp66Lyuq. ro KordFourier ovdnruvuo ouvdprnonq f(x) = A116 rnq = x ' / L - 1 1 ) T r o u L v q Lo r , x'=-1 . i
v=]

-f.]r- ouv(vnx)
v'

(l),

v o B p e 6 erL K q r dF o u r i e ro v d f i r u v l on q o u v d o r n o n qx ) = 2 X , o r 9( A0on: 'Apo q e q 0 L n p o i j r o e 6 o rro u [ p o n v o u ! b v o u o p i u o r oL o X | j o u v . n ( 1 ) 6 L veL ! nooovdiy Lon:

-u f ' ( x ) = t ; = .ne - . > - t - - r - | . -n- ( v r x )

.,=t

r\utl

246
+rI 1 nrI +I l-I

+JI

= excosnxdx 1 [

nJ

c o s n x ( e x )= d

1 rI
+1t

It

n"]t] * "*cos

J1f nl

-'*n s i n n x o ( n x ) -.1- t"*.ornr l ]= [ Jsinnro(e*)]=

_1I

-t 1I

nx I excos ]
+n

in+nI

n exsi nnx - n - i ]
)l

e c o s n x d x l=

l. i 1 ( n -' +,1r)I e " c o s n x d "-= l - l l e " c o s n n - e cos(-nn) 1+n 1 -" 1o TI ,/rL

]=

I
Il -Dn 2

rpnt_1)n_o-r/_ )n,- 2(-1)n r t1 / .\n sinhn t-r./ :--:(n'?r ) 1

en-e{ 2

'Apo
+lI f,

^ I LLVOLqKOUCt:E. = -n n

l e^si nnxdx

ir B"-

a-L111-en+e-n), on6ren f(x) lvqL:

Oo f ( x ) = -z' + : [ o " c o s ( n X ) + B . s i n ( n X ) ]=

lr --ri sinhn+ )

'|

^ , ( - 1) " n nTn-:TI)s i n h n s i n ( n x ) ] ffi+11 sinhncoslnx;[(-1)"

1

2. OErpoouc ou6rnon f(X)= rn

, O. X:. -f

0 .-|.r.t llq qvslrruxe[oe oelp6 ouv41JLt6vov ornpuc6levoL rou oro nporlyo0pevo onor6louq qnoderxret, vc 6r!:
vln

A0on:
s) eopolu ouvdprnqn: tn

f*(x)=

o , -l < x. - -+t, --+<x<-?0 , -# . r. t-

f L o r n v f * ( X ) l o x 0 o u vo L T r p o t j r6 o r qr o u o e o p i l q r o q i n i c h l e t . H f * ( x ) og D 6{,vor dprLq ouvdornon,on6re 6xo uue Fn=o nf{x) qvql|jToloe oelpd xor

247

ouvnu rr6vrlv.Iox|lr 6rL r

r-(x)dx=2[o.o']= o.= t.t'ta*=zJ or.J -+ ".= . +. J z/z

"

+L72/3!

= r -o"= --!!lsLsaor:q Jtrltxt.ortnnx)ox=zJ1r*(x)"orrnnx)tx=zllios(nnx)ax

2/3
oo ')

= ; ; 2 ( 2 I c o s ( n r l x / c ( n n x ) =- - - l s i n ( n n' - o) l - " = - : . s i n --' x nll

-'-jJ J

t^-

f.(X) =

=;

_t )+ > q . c o s ( n n x += +

j,,3n '', ($).o,t"nxr.

A 1 1 6* ( x) = f ( x / ( 0 , 1) , 6 P q ' our6 ro 6udorqllopnopo0pe v p d q r o u6tr r : f o ) vo !

-+f(x)= ':
B ) f t o 1 = 9n ( 1 ) 6 t v e r : .2-2
J
VJN

(1i #,in (-2$) "o,rnnxr

.-

nn

sin-i$=-+.>
n=1

(-t)n*l +-

n=f

I(-r)n*l

1 n

l2 , - 2 . X _ . 0 3.oa|ootgTrl ouvdprnon: f(x)= J

{x

o <x <2

q) q gpse[4 oErp6Fourier rns f(x] oro 6L6ornto - 2 < y < + 2 Kq! w vlv! vgoeux{nqpdorqqn ouv6prnonc.liq nopqcrcoe[.Ypqolrc n nplo6r.x{en6xroo4 rnq f(x) .

6rr B) lio 6rx8e[ Aton:

.;--..; k=o (2(+l)'

= -it ,

-2

(-l)k

ZK-+l'.-

_rr - -T-

?48 nlnpotvrqrol Kor6 quri qvorlr0oqeroL Fourier enEtdfl q) H ouvdprnon qvdrruYuq: 'EroL 6xou!vl-o rnv f(x) ro llopoKdrlJ Dirichlet. ouvoiKq /nn \ /nn \'l :r xJ*B"sin f(x)' -# * I.loncos(--ri: \rT x/J n=1'

ttvol

I I r,l+2 -J2-ll -1 x.dx]= r r{x)ax= z.ox-l -LLAI_,.-* = [*']" ""=+ -[2 - 2 0 -+2 ..o ,*' r
r/l\ = +-(0. -+ 4)=3 a |

'lo

KqL
1 | /nr \

/.\ xidx4 -+- r(x)cos x)dx= .J zcostz(+r +- - 2 J2 ",,,= _

+2o

/n r t /n \. 2 -n l . . l n n \ , tz- \ , * --i J+ 2xcos n *Jo*=n Jocos\-z'xlo n . . x/+ tzo-2

+2 1 + ----

nn

/an \ /nn \ 2 r .n xcos(:? t?- t/ =n-k1st r!L-Ir_ + '. . x)l' /)_2 to 1 f

+2

.,| | x\l= J NTI J"t \r "alrin/l^! / J t t r

lsino-sint-nn)1*

* _L_ NT
2

*)l'-[ -)o-l=-* [[*,'.(.; "4ry t*

lL \z tJory o J

.2

-l sinl--t: x)d 2
n2fiz

# *l'= tcosnn-t (Y-)1=.;;*"' -n-l-nz I =

^-1 t 2

. r r r l l - rrl r t L(-r,

'Aoq q = - - : -- - - l { - 1 ) ' - 1 1 . o r l o u n = 1 , 2 , J , . - - E[vsr qK6!s ' "

nzlz

^l

J *_+- (f J*""
-2 2

-l-J ,t*l,tn(llr),-=
-2
--')a*=-I JI NT

^ r /nn zs nt-'-/nn

*)a**

sln{-: \ Z

X 1 0 l - - 6 - *)* / \L

\./n n

249
nIIx .'J*,'n(9d(!#)=#[*", -T l^* o2 . # [[ -""' sit ]: .Jcos dx]= ry
o 2

.lo

nIr

[-coso+cos(-nn)]+ t-2co.tnn)*01 frn I

rl

.# I*'(#!/nnx\l \-2-tl
2

=o{.r-r*r-r)nl* /rE\l oh f,-rr-t1"r. [sin2 , ' J O ' l= $ \ =fr.tt-rtn-rrr:- S #,-',"= nf,rr-ryn-1-11"9n=- , n=1,2,3,.,. n-'n'
ondren oerpdFourier rnc 6o0etooq ouvdprnonc , Vro -? < x < +2 f(x) ---.--- {ivol: ' ^ nn I r(x)- -i? -, 3 l t - t t " - t
t

'eoo

:.t

-#

cos x-6n ';' ii x] r) 2-

npoeqv6c -2 < X <0 KoL0 < x < 2 Exouue rcdrnlct: vro rnv . ? S . t /nn \ /nn rtx)=-i. *2 ) f | t - ti;n - t cos(-nxf ;;r sI. n( --7- ')] L n=l n'r' E n e L O ia : 6
oV n=2K qv n=2K+l

(21

6xouue:
. - s i n/( -- : x\J

3 f(x)=-z' "-1

4F

c o s[ ( 2 K + 1 )nx/2) ( 2K+1 )

(3)

0pt(ouu ouv6x r n v flepLoO encKroqn f(X) t,)ee{iq: orn ro uKn rnc

o( =J x) j

f{x )
r

-2<x<0

) I rrx

,
,

x=0
0<x<*2

(1)

u0(x+4)=0(x), H ouvdprnon ) xeu n0!vn 0(X rnv vpqqLKinspdorqon.

250

H yoorpurinopdorooq tnq 0(x) elvqu n nepLo6LKft enovd,\nqrn npdlrou 'EroL r o u o x l t u o r o q u e n p l o 6 or o v o p L 6 u d . , 4 r o 6 e L 6u 6 l o c r n c ( l ) o u v K i L v Ln o o cr 4 n e p u o 6 u rolu v d p r q o 0 ( x ) . t u o - 2 < x < O l 4 xor,0 <; < 2 e x o u ! eo u u Q 0 r v o r o v o p L o U dn c 0 ( X ) 6 r r O ( X ) = f ( X ) .: u v n d qr o 6 r 1 6 l U J . r 6 i o r n q ( 1 ) r q p L o r d v L r o v i O V o6 L d o r r l y o 4 o u v 6 p r n o n( x ) ( o v r L q o 1 f r r - , , u e r o o r l l B o i o' , = r o 8 u o r 6 v r o qo o u l l B o l o r , , , o x b o n( 2 ) ) q B ) 0 6 r o u u e r n v ( 3 ) , X = 0o r 6 r e e x o u u e :

r/n\ -t

3 -

x=0 (2r+l)'

t- - l - r = - - l o !. '- -T'
n'

0 6 r o u u o r n v ( 3 ) ,x = l o n 6 r ef x o u p e : e s

c o s t ( 2 r + 1* I )
2 (2r+1)

z
I(

:rltT,l n

AlIq

I TI c o s L ( 2 K +2' ) t - . : r n 6 0 r po r p d v L q n=2r 1 n txouue 4l- = sin

= s in K t I = o T L o n = 2 K + 1 X o u u : . 6

,i"..(_?gr
'Apq

\,,

/
'.--.-..' ( 2K+1)

=cos(xn)=(-1)^.

1=-i- - -;'2
"

z, k=o

r-

(-1)"

L"--=-ii' k=o 2K+1

r-rtk
-n<x<0

Tr

4. Alveral n ouvdprnonf(x)=

0 <x <n , 6nouc lrc qtqp6- q) llq qrraluo[,o qeLodFourier F) ilq V[ve! .l vpcErxf nsp@'lson qc ouvdprnons 0(X) nou op[<ETor on6 r4v ev l6vtd o!-

po.

y) No6erx0t 6rr

(-t)n-r f-1 Zn-l

r 4
( E.ll.Il)

241

A0on:
t1t | q )' E x o u u e : = - + o n
.fll

-Jt

= | f ( X ) d X - =r- -lt l 0 . d x )+ lc d x l = - l - -c n = c . r J J )
-1I o O rI

ll

tr

Etvqr

t t 1 r I -=- t( oI-T=J- - l - - | f ( X ) c o s ( n X ) d X = - | | 0 . c o s ( n x ) d x + lc o s ( n x ) d = c lx I
-1 LJ)) -l[O

= - - - - | c o s ( n x ) d x , + | c o s ( n x ) d ( n x-):= l s i n ( n x ) = 0- q - = 0 . i t= ) I t t ,' ,,r rf J L Jo

oo E[vqL qK6!q: .tn 1 |
-lt
T'

I'r

-* cl B, - =- +, J| f ( x ) s i n ( n x ) d x =,- |J| 0 . s i n ( n x ) d)x + s i n ( n x ) dt x l = . f , t -lt o

ll

rr

= '*-

tintnyla*= j sintnxlatnx)= r -cos(nx)ln= # ncn

n = 12 , 3 , . . . , n=dPrLoq 'APo

oo

c -co s (n n ) + 1= - O c U I lr-t-ltnt , nn [

9-= I ' I "?-

' n=roLrrdq.

0n6re4 oelpd Fourier rnq ouvdprnonq f(X) el,vor.: f(X) -+rlefll\

+ -::

( s i n x +- 3 - s i n 3 x + 5 - s i n 5 x + : : . 7

(1)

fLo rq onuLo n n ovrtsrorxn opLelnrrKfi t oelp6 ouyrllveu Ilpocrov o-

prou6:
- i - [ f ( - n + 0+ f ( n - 0 )= - 2 - ( 0 + c ) = - i ] ) 'ouoLq ro on!to qprolnrrKrl olpdouvKltvel npoe vLo x=0i ovrtorouxn qpte!6 rov
1l

-ll tr(o-o)*tt -lo*o)1= {o-ct=-}

xnc nqpdorson ouvdprnonc (vrq c > 0) nouop[<e0(x) B) H vpoorKrl (1) on6 rql on6rnv oLpd 6[vToL ro efl6uvo oxiuc. '0rov X=nn

'|

252 ( n = 0 , t l , 1 2 ,. . . ) o L r r ! 6 q t n q o u v d o r n o n q x) e L v q u / 2 . c 0(

rI

-5n -4r -3n -2n

4n

5r

v ) > r o o n u [ o= - * *

L K n f ( x ) { . v qo u v x t ] qo r6 x e rr r . u i t ( * - ) * .

e n o l a v oe o c x o u uq r l 6r n v ( 1 ) : q e

t (*) *= :., -+.Gt"+ . I ,i" lrr. -.1-. 9o sin . ) ir j =sin . -rr- .f .... i + sin + i,+ltl- ,
5. ilo 6[x01. 6rl oro 6u6orntc -n < x < n rx{ouv:

-| o) xcosx=- sinx*zf sin(2x)- sin(:x1+ sinf+xl-...] j1 tr] afa $

..++1d. n+:T1:) B) xsinx=r- fn+++f ]-cosx-z ]

A6on:

,r, lrl

o ) o o p o U un v o u v d p x n o ( X ) = x c o s / ( - n , n ) . 0 o rnv qvo^i,J3uu r fn x s 'Apqn'x) o e u p d u u r 6 v u t:v .o 6 L 6 o r n l .(/- n , n ) L o x i e L f ( - x ) . f ( x ) r q n Lv o l [ E p L T r i l .A p o o n = g n = 1 , 2 , 3 . . .

+1I +rr
1l

E ( v o r o , = . -,-, +lI

x c o s y o x = r. - j -x lo ( s i n x ) = '
J

j-

n IXsi X] ;-

_I

I -J srnxol|= rxsinx:]"rr.osx:li]= ' " ' -J-. -l-I

|
+JI
]I

* o + n . 0 1 + o ] = 0o o = c .

q Ei.v L o K b u o B - = - l nnJ
,ln

1l

2 (XcosX)sinnxdx= l

n n-J X c o s x s in X d x = x s ln ( n + 1 ) x d x +

= . , _ 1 . - . x l s i n (n x + x ) + s i(n x - x ) d x = - { - ' n l n ,I
II
]I

I I xsin(n-1)xdx= ;-j-*1

I 1 l I x s ln (n + ) x d ( n +)'x +

253

1( * i1,i:n xsin(n-1)xd(n-l)x= J

=1l nfn.l)J xdtcos(n+l)xl- J xar.orln-11*,= i,fr=r;

oO

lr

lt

=-

1I

(n+l cos{n*tyx6xrlnTnnlltxcos )xln-J

o
]I

nnfn--11 [txcosl t )x]i-J .ottn-rlxoxl=

ol

=-

-* .or nTn.T) ( ltxcos(n+l);lr- -1 (n*r)xc n*r)xloi

1l

(n- 1 n-fn-:11[txcosln-t)x]J- cos I I xan-r1x #.J l=

ol

=-

'rlrniTl tslntn.rIx1'JItnt-tt""t- -n-jt

'APo

r f n - 1 1 -l t n ( - l ) ' - t l - - n - 5 s i n ( n ''"'oJ- -n+T-* - *n+-- l t '' - t ) y i o l =.-( - 1 ) n l ( - t ) n

-l)

q-]-l--_ B,'=-[ .-L##l-tr

=l
I

ln- 1)+( l )n-1(n*l

n 2- 1 n'

,2n

;-7--'t

'

=d .oq ,qpTI IrtprTTOq .

| I E tv q l

-tn n-z_l ,
]I

P r =- - n-- I X c o s x s i n X d-X-= | ] in(2. dX ( n t ^ x t si r X))l d )

o6

I ln 1

-i; J xsin1zx1612r,--.I/ .xotcosrz, ' ' --r-^ )l= l rr

It f-

f)r

II

4\ .ll I x c o s ( 2 v ) t t r -

J r u : ( z x , l o ( z Xl)= - - + _ l f x c o s 2 y l n _ 1 l s i nz x J ^ i oJ4r't--o l = - ! = ( n ) = -- J _1

-z:

-z''

254 Eno!6vocoro ordoqlo -n < X < +rI 6xouuE:

-r ( :x ) = )

B.sin(nX)t'-l)nnl(n-lt+{-i}n-rr..rr'l

r ( x l : X c o s x =.-2 s i n x * l l i I - lr 1 - - - . - - - - - - - r - ( _ _ _ , _l_- . , _ t l-< i . . n,\ n=2 J nr_l

-| .+. r(x)=- 1 sinx.[ ^ stn(zx)- sin(31)+.r] s;n(qx)+...'l _ +$. l 1f. | xcosx=- tinx.zIr-.1 sin(2x)- sin(.rx).,-fsin(+x1+..,1 ,3-

) B ) f ( x ) = x s i p x T ( - n , + rK o rf ( - X ) = f ( X ) . , A p o4 f ( x ) e L v o r6 p r r . , . f_ flop6voq 8n=0Kqt n ouvdptnon f(x) qvofuierql oLodouvnurr6vo. o E l v o r a,=

2 -l __'__ --- | n-.J xsinxdx= I xd(-cosx)= - lL[ - X c o s x ]+ l c o s x c r ,,
0

+1I 1(11

fi

ll ; - - j t - r ( - 1 ) * 0 1 + t s i n x= - - j - . n = 2 . u ll
+n
1(

-r

Ei,vql oK6!q o n =- n - -

--n* + J X s i n x c o s ( n X ) d X = J x l s i n ( 1 + n x ;s i n { x - n \ " . 1 r .
.nn
oo

1l

1 -r-l
1

J x si n ( n + t ; 1 a xJ - II

r J x s r n ( n - 1 ) X d r l - n ; DJ x s i n ( n . t ) x d ( n,,\ _ iX: , ,.n+1. -. r . .- - t - t l l .n-- l )-+i _ --. 1 ) r _ . { . - i . -/n+11

__.._: _,-l_ E

l1(

ir-( n-ll Jxsin{n-t;xa1n-

-2
n_-| '

n-- |
n=dprLoq n=nr0LTroq.

2 n2.I

'

f t q n = 1e l v q L -'n --! "'= Ixsinxcosxdx=- . rerLrt Bpioxouue

xsinx=r- cosx-2lc.oi_(#J. r?!{! e$!p._ |. ]

6 . A [ v r q re { r u v 6 p r 4 s( x ) = c o s ( q x ) / ( _ n , n ) f4 6 r o uq l o , i t , 1 2 , , . . a) No qvanTuxol oLpdKoTdFourier. oe

6erx0r t+ =(,- #)[,sl nq 6rr #']

[,_,.ii].(E.ti.X,t

255 i\0on: f q ) H o u v d p r n o nx ) = c o s ( o x e l v a ud o t u oo u v d p t n o(n ( - x ) = f ( x ) ) , d f( ) ( p o o v o i 0 e r o r s o e t p ao u v n ! l r 6 v o vE l v q l B n = o ) . o

' E x o u u eq ' = . ;r-(-2 l r lf ( x ) d x = - ; - - c o s ( q x ) d x # : .= | cos(ox)dox= | I '' 1r * " 6 6

]I

tIIT

= -!-

tlt

o l s i n t o x ) l = - i - oI s i n { c x ) l ' r q L e n e r o i o l 0 , l l , 1 2 ,.i n/^n\

oo= ::-fillI1I lltl

E[vqL OK6Uo
]I

. i o . =- ; - . . Jf ( x ) c o s ( n x ) d x-=- -J c o s ( o x ) c o s ( n x ) d x =
-I t1l

= -i11

Z- I Icos(ox-nx]+cos(ox+nX)ldx=
o
ltI

1l .ir-- cos(n+q)xdx= = -ti-- cos(n-o)i:dx+ 'J I

d(n+o)x= irT-nid; cos(n+o)X nt-n=ol cos(n-q)Xd(n-q)X+ J J

oo
t! lt 1(11

1(11

r ; T ; O J d l s i n ( n - o ) x ]i+ 6 * 6 1 ' Jd t s i n t n * o ) x 1 =

!-i+l+;rq,] - o'#HSL = =;fn-:o1 tsintn-otxtj;f;-o1[sin{n+o)1;n=

n ( _ ( n + o ) s i n n - q ) n + ( n - q ) s i n (+ q ) n
n(n'z-q2)

.r,qIl = gt'iI_tL-_Q.tL--s-i_{-l!',.ILULt_'_,IJn-_Q =
Il( n'?-02)

+q_ILl n)_]!._s r = _-_qt_s_1{_1-dSlo_n1_._tt'j{]l:._ql,t'j_1]_0 =

n(n'?-o'z)

=_-4tjlloj-r,._(g.L_2j.._'4_$]_c_ol_GJl-=i9l_'il_(_qO_._og.1l0
n(n'?-o) 2
n ( q ' ? -n 2 )

'Aoq

's-rlt * t#gl Lvqrf(x)=q65(qx)= 9r-)-

t !--l-J-ig. cosnx n=t (o._n,)

256

-:jI{gl cos(ox)=

t +

;-i-f

-3Lcosx+ cos(2x)- cos(3x)+...] ;jq,

B) fuo 1=n on6 rnv (l) rooKoTrrL:

9!lsl!- + coslonl= t
+ n o o ( o n ).-1 , = ! 5 . - ,
"
cdo ft o

;+
o'-22

cosn*;+.ortzn)- cos(3n)+...] o ly
tztc'-3"

ot -I'

J!----r.-29--. ... *

0loKlnpd,voutre (2) on6 0 6oq o 016r6xou!: rnv

| 2^ | - ;I I jt n I l t t o o ( o n ) - - l c o = : - ' - ; d q + l - 2 Y2 - _o o * . . . | J d _ 2 o-

To lrpriro !6loq ypdrpercl:

ccoc

oooo

ncos(q ,- [ d d.r -f 'ifii6;j n )do-J-f o =J d s i n ( n o l f -!!- =trnsinton)l:-llnol:= irj-"riti'-J

= l n s i n ( n q ) - l n o + c = t n s i n ( q n ) - ' l n o - l n r = l n s i n ( o n ) - '!l- i +o n )]= l - [ n( Fg t r ] To 60rrpo !6loc vp6oerqL:

dd

oo-'

J #

".1 ;-ll;

oo*.''=t''n'r-o'zila+['tnl22-q2r10+...=

=(lnlr-o'zl-rnr,11nlz,-ozl-rnz21+...=1" .r"131:9,J.r"1'{j).... )+ fl--:l--) \ \ l'l \3'l

'Aps 2'/ relLKd e [vq[:

=1n(f rn f!-l+oJ) - .o')(r,- .-q')1r,- -q'-/ ... ) \ u,r r/, , ,r. /\ ,

1, 22 32

* e-lgr (r.- -t') (r,- *q'-)\(',- -4 ) q r l =\ ' / 1r,,/ \

2z/ 3z

(3).

06rouue ornv t:) : -{-- =o on6r:

e-.'J'= -r1l [,1- I [,- r'_ I ... -l1 [r^ L (21J2 J L (3n), J
II2JL

7. llo qvqnruxest KcrdFourier oro 6l6ornudt0,ZnJ n ouvdprnsn

f(x)=x.

257 A0on: To 6ldvpoutro suvdprnonq rnq 6lverol on6 ro euOtvpquuo rufluo 0A. H ouvoprnon qvqnr0ooerou f KqrdFourier oro 6r6ornuq(0,2Tr) 6 L 6 r Lr o x 0 o u o r o X e r L K 6 qp o i j v fl --no0toe. To-ovdrIrUVUo f 6i.veror qn6 touq r0nouq (Z) Vuo .C=n. rnc_ 'Exouu: f(x)= --)o*
2n
lfll

.I,

IououvlvX)*Bunu(vX)l . xor_ (l)

2n

or= ..n-- Xouv(vX)dX -_,_- xdx=Zn. - oo= J J

oo

ELvoL oK6uo n_1 xnrtux)ar=_ Kor __4 J xouv(vx)dx=O B!= ""= J 'EroL (1) f(x)=r- i -3- nr,ur, (Z), n vp60erqL
> r o 6 K p o = 06 e v u o x 0 e x o o v f t r u v l q ( Z ) . t X Av enexretvoupe 6oo!6vnouvdprnon rnv nrp106LKd R ror ro qvdoro nruypq(2) rox0LvLq r4v v6o ouril ouv6pr1o4 qIId ro oqpelo x=0, eKr6e X = t 2 [ , X = 1 4 [ . . . r o u 1 1 u v d p r 4 oe L v q L o u v e x i q . o n o 8. llo ovonruloel Kqrd Fourier n ouv6prnon _n __ f(x)= I | X ov ov _r<x<0 0 <X <n

1ltr2

2n

2\

I I

l _

ov

qv

x=rr

x=0

A0ot:
qII6 To rndpvo oxipq. ll quvdprnon nopououd(eu oouv6XeLo o r q o n u r L o n , n r o u x o v o v u xo lo u v t x r l o f oro onpe[oX=0. ll ouvdpxnon snro6xrqr Cvo ovdnruvto rnq uopgiq:

H ouvdprnon eLvor, f(x) opr"ouevn [ - n , r I ] r o 6 L d v p q u urd c 6 [ v r o L oro 4

'!
II

17

258
qo -z' +

vxr+Fvn!( l vxr z to\)ouvt

11

(l)

u (r0ror 30)
1

o " =- n -

11 -r!

'J

- n ( - n ) o u v { v x ) d X-+ -

Xouv(vX)dX=...= [ouv(vn)-1]= 'J o "l

= -l
11

tt-,t -,t

!s

1l t-nrax- J xax=...=- Kn.''.'E i-{ ",=+- 'J -I

oI

--}--l B,=+- '| {-n)nr(vx)dx+J ,nulurlor=...=. I1-2ouv1vn1;=

= -l-- tr-zt-rl't. ' E r o L ( 1 ) 6 L v e Lo q v d r r u v u o : r n

lrrl

-+-- jrl r(x)=-

-l-ouv(vx)+ tr-zt-rt':nutuxtl n ,.1,t(-1)!-t

1'

'T. . rrx)--*-- -: ( eg:I en-LlqrLg / (-,1n,*- t ^ ....1 \ r + \

32 52

\ltx+

3 -t- - \nU:X-. . j . + - 3^1 3- nurx- 4 n!4X+ o T o q v d n r u v uo u r 6 r o x 0 e u ' 6 1 0r o 6 L d o r n u [ - n , r I ] . o q 9. llq ownruxo[ Kor6 Fourier I ouvdpT4on

r(x)=l o ov x=+ f
A0o[:

I\ r ou xe(- + . + t

[_r "" *.(+,#)

To 6L6vpqulq quvdornonq rnq 6tvetoL on6 ro brnlovdoxilq. IUU<rrrvq xo edpnro rnq o^L!e 6oc 226 n ouvdprnon f(x) srLbXsrqr 6vq ovdrlruvuq uopqiq: rnq
O - ; . + L [ o . . o uv X r B n u ( v x]) ( 1 ) u v( ) . _v=t"

259
n/2 31t/2

=+n [ (+i)ouv(vx)dx+] t-rtoruruxlax= nu$ [ $ -itz " itz " - l l l v f i v T I l -Z:'\P -T un Lnu l
n/2
illl

31c/2

",=+J- n / 2
p"=+J
rtll

(+1)dx+ J (-t)ax=o,
n/2 3 n/ 2
a/2

n/2
-El2---

(+1)4u(vx)dx+ (-1)nu(vx)dx=o. l- 'J

_,

t0noue nport]nrel: Touqfiponvodpevouq A116

oo:q2=qr="'=0

(-1) ----i-' -

4 -nr

otnv AvrLKqOLoxoiu (1) on6relxouue

r(x)=i

ouv3x ouv5x ouvTx .-a- ouvx - -T---'--s--- -T '"') \ - n / '-r* t-r)"-1-.1, , , . ouu(ux)= \

qurb LoX0eL y[q KdeX R . To ovdnruyl.ro 10. ib allqflruxol KoT6 Fourier n o u v d o r n ofn x ) = n t x , 0 < x < n o e (

oerp6ouv4plr6wrv. It(,on: H o t p 6F o u r i e rn o u n e o u 6 l ep 6 v o u nporrinre u6vo qtr6 ouvnuirovo u 'Erol 6prLqouvdornon. u[q oet.rpor]ue r e p t o d u r ie n a K r q o n q f ( X ) = n U X rnv r 'Exouue 2rI. o0ueovq ur npLo6o !
r o u q r 0 n o u c( 4 ) 6 r t B = 0 x q c

q , , =- : I f ( x ) o u vl/.,-., \l a x = . ' l ./ \ = 2 t n l x o u v ( v X J= X d i r - -J
1 ( = - 1 f- - I n u x + v x ; + n ! (v x) ] d x = 1 I o u v v +I ) x ( XJ n' L- --'u=r-

t!

'

ouv(v-1)X ----\i--f-- t_ - 2 (1 + 1 )
4 -n

=-_21_]_+_o-u_v_v1)_2 , 3 . . . v=0, r(v'-1)

El v q L V L o v = 0 , O o - -nT--lT- | 2 qlxouvx= l -;-'

. Eivor
'Apo

2 or6uo o'= .-d-, f ( x ) o u v x d x--:-l =

n u ' x l n-" n - . -T-'

|

260

r(x)= q o

ououvt .j-, vxy=

\''

-1 +:o u vv(n l o u v ( v X ) -- _- _-

ll. Av n oLpdFourier nou ovrLoroLye( sxnv quvdprno4 f(X) ouvxl[._ vel opot-6gop9o f(X) oro 6!6ore!q (-f,C) w oerxoet ornv n to6rlro (rou_ xbrnrq rou Parseval ) n

'!ir tr-lrrrrrrt'or-- i t'i.e3l

9 - 9+
I

A0on:
I L v o L V v r ,rJ o 6 r L f { y' ) = d ' '

( GMr . ) . .

j.[""*"(t#).8"" (v#)].

n o i / u K o L o6 0 0u 6 l nu f ( X ) o n o r E T 0xouue:
" \ / J qrd -t 6oq 4 (vevov6qnou efiLrpalroL 0ioKlnp6voul./ e'6oov n oelp6 ouyKA v ouoL6uopeo). L L

t-txt= ]-

f ( x 1 + f l o . , f ( x ) o u1'-p1-p f1y;ny v /Y-g) | \ -/ x

Ir .+u t'r'ro*= Jtrx)dxI a -9

1 t ELvou 6po4 ou= -T9-

!"

!,

t,

rrxto,u rr*r I ""J (?)cx-B"J nu(rix)a,]rr

-9"

I \ r(*)o'u unx dx KqrB"= , r rfrtn, (r+r)dx J * 'J \.7 / -t

\9"

1t K q Lo o = - - - - I f ( x ) o u v 0 d x = '' t_t. t l"

+1,

f ( x ) d x . ' A p qn ( 1 ) y p 6 e s r r , .
9"

-lq ) r'lx)ax=
-t

l '-I:'

l2 I Ifr.\

r2,r.,- oo

-t

{oi-Bi)

12. ttt qvqrruxorl n ouvdprnon f(X)=X, X (0,2). o) o orod 4plrdulv, g) oE olpd ouvquurdvov. A6oq:
q) l'lLqotp6 Fourier IIou [rpl6X e L ! 6 v o n u l r o v q n o o r 0 n r e lu 6 v o q n 6 uuo neprrrfl ouvdprnon,oeurpo0pe rnv n e p L r r i e n d x r q o nn q f ( X ) ! r l p i o r 60 4, drloc aqlverqt oro Or[lqvd oxf!q.

261
ELvoL 29-4 dpq t, 2ll...\rt .0=2, ov=o KqL 2

-i B,= J rtxlnu xnu \-?JUx=-i-J (-rii dx= OO

-2 /vnv\l - | -4 =|[ x | ouv [-*' \-?:/j l;rnt 'Aps f(x)= | .l$

nu trF)ll
Y-T)

'

,..2

/vnx\ ouvlvn)nu

p6vo ouvn!Lrovq flpo B) ttlLooeLp6Fourier fiou rlpl6XL K0rIrL udvo qTI6!Lq dprlo ouv6prnon.0et.rpo0pe 6Or,o srlcKroon 14y rnc f(x) ue nepi060 4 6rloqeqlvrrqL oro en6levo oxfuo: .
rlj

-.4
z'l

Ei.vor zr=4, 6pa,.=2,Bu=o xor. +- rtxrouv (S) ax= J ",=

, / | -4 / =--l- t xouu. - . \ dx=[xc * (?) \ - -,1],ouuv n y \ 1 2 = ,i" / v r x (tit)1" J \:24,/ = U l - t n - tL o u v ( v T I ) - 1 J v l o . f L q v = 0 a x o u u : 12*
-4-

o o = J d x = 2 . E r o r [ v o L r ( x ) = t + f x

v=t

(Y * -{ra f o u u f u n ) - r t o uav ; I x ) v \ /

13. ilq BpLn qwlmot'xn oeLpd Fourier vtq rrlv nepLo6txrl n6KTq_

on rnq ouvdprnolc f(x)=lxJ pe x [-r,r]A0oq:

To 6Ldypquuo quvdprnqnq rnq qr6 6{,vToL ro [odJTo oxfltq. Oeo p o u u en v n e o o dx i r u t en6xroo4

rnc f(x);
f ( x ) = l X - 2 K r l , K = 0 ,1 1 1 2 . . . H o u v 6 p r n o nx ) e l v q l d p r L qK o . f(

26? rnq rou oL rox0ouv npounoe6oeLq eopiuqroq oll6qq 226.ELvorBu=0 Yuo

ll 1l

v x d e e = t , 2 , 3 , . . . K q L o 0 =- : - - ' Jf t * t a * =
noO . I

"- J

' r a r = - - n -[ x"'.1 " = n K o L

",= +
=

,J
OO

? t .]n z f -i--J" -iu | ouv(vx)]o f(x)ouv(vx)dx= xorutuxlax= Ixnufux)*'-v-

I{-t)'-t,= ii-Flouv(vn)-ouvol=-n-i7

,,

qv

v 6prLoq

I n_X, ov v nplrr6q

'Apqf(x)= + +- : 14ul-()
|4. ALverq! n ouvdprqon

J0 f(x)=I
l3

cv -5<x<0 qv 0 <x <5

! e [ p [ o 6 o1 0 , o) a Bpeoetn ovrtotorxn oerPd Fourier B) Io oprooet xotdllnlo n f(x) Fouoro snuelc -5, 0, 5 6ote n qeuPd rier vq suyKltver rpoq rnv f(x) vlq

x t-5,51. ( E.X. n) A0on:

' rI H rplo6ocrnq ouvdprnonq v q [ 2 c = 1 0 . E x o u ! :
5

q = -V

-5 5
)

/ . 'in -"\ 1 tl/vnv\ I f (x)ouv I J / ldx= r- 11oo,"\'f/ J \ |

-5

f^ / 3ouvv n x I dx+J \-,7 \ ox1=

o

= _i. I ouv {r;} I dx= .;- | J :)

\r./

1ll.-"\?f

o5
1f

=o vrq vlo. nr u3" (Y#)l 5 /^--\

s .JJ f L o v = 0a x o u t c n = - + - | o u v (t#J
o

dr= i-J a*=t Kq!

o

r ^1 Pv= -5 JI

/.."\ f {x)nu | :+3- -+}dx=

\J/

'l

o5

= 53

-5 5 |

[J'*)*.j
-5

.-,, /*x\ ,. t_ v^ J'y

\ T-l

J-

-3_ ox= 3 [ J nu\-t./ [

/vnv\

s -.... -vn'"' /vnx\ls- 1 1-_q_u_v_vl!l\-5-l.1.

'troL Lvorf(x) =-+-+L---rl----rlvt-I-,

-$'-+ Z.lou

*, (+)-s"nu (?)]

n 3 3 ( 1 - o u u u - .). / v n x \

f ro sL n B ) E n r o f l o u v d p r n o n( x ) r K q v o n o Lr u q o u v e f l x e q u D i r i c h l e t onueto o ro u 4 o e l o do u v x h l v eo x n vf { x ) v L q 6 , \ 0x o o n u e [ q u v 6 x e u oIq . orov oplopd -5,0, ror 5 flou Lvq!onleLooouv6xtsc otpd ouvK^ivsr n ) f f y + 0 ) + f ( x - ( 3 + 0 ) + ( 0 - 0= ? = :)!:--J:).!:---!- 0 ) -\-L::-2::-:-L - ; . H orp6 suvKllvr ornv ouvdpr4on (,)q utt f ( X ) o r o [ - 5 , 5 ] , o v o P L o oe xnv ouvdprnon qnq: 3 'z- o v X = - 5 ov -5<X<0 0 3 ( r p[ o 6 o q1 0 ) f ( x ) = -z' ov X=0 3 ov 0<X<5 3 qv X=5 -T-

15. l|o owmuxosl o osrpd Fourier n ouvdprrlorl f(x)=

I

ov qv

-II<x<0 0<x<n

A0o4: To oLdvpouuq f i,vor: rnq H nepLoorKit r4c n6Krqon f 6xL 6udvpquuq:

tl ll

ii
0L nooiJno060[q eopnlqxoq Tou rnq oIt6oq 226 rKqvonoloovrqL. oun vdornonf tvql r l e p r r x i . ' A p q q o = o , q = 0 , v = 1 2 , . . . E L v o L ( 6 u q q ,
^21
II

F , , =+ ' l

2 f(x)nu(vx)dx=l 'n-

.i v x ) d X = - i - t o u vv X I " = ( ) J n!(

264 0 qv v dprLoc

=-,fo tt-rl'-rt=
x E n o u e v {fr{q ) =
1

do

ov v neo rrr6c

2;=f nul{2v-l)xl. "L "I=,

16. 1=oq(n' # - tr,n ?y. l * l# -...) Av

(0,2). t{q 6tx0[6rr: oro oudarnuq q,x:. 1 6. \ , / .. ; ; - | 1 _ _ t _- . . . ) ,/ 1. 42

n)

- .4 G* Y - +,ou" * r.r*" t# -...) $ L Z' n2 \

B) )
ll0on: n s ) H ( 1 ) u e o l o K i i p o o s n 6 ! n 6 6 ve o qx 6 l v e r :
3 .,-r (-t)'^+=I r'? -1T

(lbe/xo rmvvtvov)

ouu *,=-..-1-6-. .Ir-- -J-.orullr * .-1-. $.-...) louu

n2\22'23"/

- .

{r)

e .=l:_(,_t;,, i,
Tr'\3't

et

'EroL (1) vpdoroL: -J!- (t- 1, ,'= n + -...) _.._1_. 2.I*. ..1.ouu 3.!J-...) _ .J_6-. _-nL * ouu louu
n2\2212322/

, en F B ) H ( 1 ) e l v q Lu r q o u v n l r L x o v loK L p d o u r i e rr n q o u v d p t n o n qx ' qlo (0,2) ! c= -Zq-o'Enerdi 4=26xouue, .

9"2

t.= zt = t Jrrrtar= J *"or= . )BPiKqte J\orn6v .= -"1' .o

qn6 E[vou 6purq (2): c= Lu- ;

tt2

!---L)-: . -1
v2

'Apo

v=r

:{

1 --;- 6 ll'

L --;-v=l v'

(-1)u-1

4 = --f-

_12 --1T'

17. lb owlrtu)Oel oe orod Fourier n ouvdprnon f(X)=X? aEo[ -l,l (luot x6 oeolv{,rns) A0on: H ouv6prnon [vqr 6prra. H IIp[06 en6Kroon ouvdptn[l<l1 Tnq onc (rplodoc2l=2) dlverqr oI(6 ro 6ln^qv6 oxiiuq. 0 t q u v 0 l i x 6rc u , D i | j c h l e t o Loxi,ouv.'Exou!:
ztl s.=J_:_ | f(x)dx=rl'dx= -ix ,lL J
o

t
tl

'

9.)

-v# f(x)suv dx=2 x"ouv( )dx vnx |

J

t^

f[o vo urlolov(,ooul/s rElurolo olorl{poua 06rougeo=12, ro

r u=.j1- nuunx dr,r=2xdx,u = o uw x ) d x d v(

'Etor, 61ouge: I lr o,,=lz ' z nu(vrx) +o f l xnu(vq)dx=_r ! xnu{unx)or. " _fi_ #l'otoo .J J fuc vc urioloytoouuE rsleurclo oloKlftp(,tllq To ottoupe o=1,
u=- --I

ouv(vnx) + drrFdX, du=1!(y1)()dX. .1

'Apq

-ts; o"=l r r ouv(vnx) --i; I ouv(vnx)dx= (-j)". -{-; -v ,|o v n - i

v.Tr" 'ETor EIr[din ouvdprnon ('vcLdpTLo 6xouue Io!rl6v avq[; Bv=().

la-lr^t

*l_ f(x)= . +

LP-ouv(vnx) *I_

266 18. tlq qvontuxgel, oE!p6 Fourier n ouvaprnsnflX)=Ir+Xoro dr6o otnpa [-r,n ]. (0uorx6Aqv6v)

Aoon: Tobtdvpoupq ouvdprnonc 6[verou ro euO0vpquuo rnc otrfq on6 ru/iuo

n o uo u v b l r Lr o o n p e [ o r ( - n , 0 )K s t M r ( n , 2 r ) . : r o e n 6 u e vo x i u oq q ( v eM o ror ro 0Ldvpoulq ouvdotnonc rnc 'onou s(X). s(X) [var ro 6ePo!s!ornq oetPdqFourieli rnc o u v d p r n o n ( x ) . A u r 6r o 6 b p o L fq opo etvql ulo ouvdprrlo4 neplo 6LKri [p[o6o 2n Kor elvor, ! enExroorl ouv6prqq n nepLoOLKn t n o n qf ( x ) / [ - n , n ] . E { . vu : o rl q^= I-=- r (| f(x)dx= --_- | ( n + X ) d XI|= dx+--1 f | xdx=2n. -rJ J
'
-n -I _t!

It

-t!

Eloupeox6po:
T1I
]I

-+- | f(x)ouv(vx)dx= I --_o.,=

-lI

1l

.l

(fl+X)ouv( )dX= ouv( X)dX+ vx v I

J

"J

+ - + - | x o u v ( v x ) d x = 0v = 12 , 3 . . . ,
nI

1(

T 6 l o q l v o r
]I

^ -v

lf tf - + l x n ! (v x ) x = v d np( n J f ( x )np(vx)ax= ,n.t,nr,ur,o*-t x ) d x + * J

_:I -l! -I

"I

-I

^1
TI

-lt

Jx n ! ( v x ) dIx

' - L 1 - 1 1 u + 1 . E r o -loL[6v tvqL

o

f ( x ) = n + 2I

-L-L_

, r'v+1

4!(vx).

BdroulJe {d:x,

ouv(!X) - do:dx,

du=nu(vX)dX,

267
.|9. lb owntuxgr[, os oeLp6 Fourier n ouv6prrpn Ax)=x-

6r6orluq [0,2]. Alon: 19crp6noe: oe(,)po0u rIpLo6LKfl rnv rnq f(X fiKroor] ouv6prnonq )
6[XVL drTrlqvd ro 6rl(dq oxfiuq. H ouvdprnon [vol IIrp Lrrri !r npiodo 2l=4.
2 ._ | L X O U U :O o = J

x'oto Kpfrns)

(lh8/x6

('--1 ,'!*=.'.=""=l(*--f',),, (#)* +,

u * ' - d t , l = ( 1 - X ) d X ,= ? ^
2l

r O r o u u{ = x *

, (+)
2

/,-. \

'du=ouv (?.) dx.

\.,/

/.,-.,\

'Apo f t / 1 . r , , n X \ ] -+ r'Iu ov=L (-- 2 (;i/1"*

2
/. =- un tt-xlnu, - . , \ o*' J l?l 2 |

""J

(9) ax= t r-xtnu

oarou! oro riurq[o oloKlipotto o=1-X,

au=nu $

d1. 'Apo

u=$oruf

+ oo=-cx,

(+) *=- -L
= - ' - , - - ; t 1 + ( - t 1 " 1 . E I v q r o K 6 U q v = g . Eflo!avoq g
o

-1-ouvlun;- =
v'TI'

v_TI_

rrxl= - ;! t l-.1;1I (#) *' 129e 1p6noq: oopofJue llplwfl nsxnv p[obLKinKroon ouvdprnrnq ! :2 -1 o o n e f ( x ) 6 n o q6 l x v rr o 6 t r l q v 6 o x i u q ( e i v o L2 . t = 4 ; ' g . , X o ue 2 o v = 0v = 0 , 1 , 2 , . , . ( q L U 9"= j(tf/

ro our6 eeZ x',hr (--f.) dX. Tro vo unolovloou! o.\oKiipouq

-\

/.-"\

.or;,3 r=x- .|' x' * ao=(r-x)dx.

268

--fo-*, ,=- (,#)- au=nu (-vf)ax.

ErvqL B!=t *(--

*}-x.)o,, .-# ,,-*,o,u ,-= (9]" (?) I o

2

2 | /.,-., = --i | (l-x)ouv{:-.it\} Ox. ftt J \l/

fLo vo uIIolovLoou! ftIeurq[o o,\oKlipotto ro 06roupe u=1_1 du=_dX, r

u=+ B,{

/|]E-\ nu(-f) - au=ouv dx. 'Eror etvqr #

v2n'

=-j;

s tt-,r* (f)l-. # J ^,(9,l<=[- orul'-4r\l'a \ a ,/J v3n3 o ouv(vn)+ = # i* r1-(-1)ul.

--t

-2

-_8:-f -l-t---tt" rrx)= *frlr)/ \2

II' v=1 v3

at. ils qr,qrluxot or,p6 o Fourier n

lo f(x)=
|
A0o1:

w x
av r

l$

"" x

oetdpo0pe npLo6 116. rnv LKfi Krqonr4c f(x) pe nplobo?t 6noq eslvrql oro 6 Lnlov6 oxiUo.

'EXouus:

qo= --b- f(x)dx= -*-| J J"tt*to*.

t'/ 2 1l = --?-- |
Kqt

't(

t,

,o

9,/2

I | XoX+-+-

9. 1 1 uzf"/2 | t, -t o,= t-fj" . l-ntf;,,=L - --4-T',+ ) t/2

dx= *-J J ttrror. rr*r o

L/2
6

t,

269

-F (v-$or' (rlr)ax=-*-Jt,,,,o,u * Jtt*1",(S)o* ""= Jrrxrou" -t -t" o

L/2

..{-. j',*r",u (ff)., (?),-. ("i^)o-=-i--J*ou"i J + """ l'/2 o L/2

,=x. otroKlnpouo u=lu* t, (-?) sro ocrouu npriro 'EroL exouu:
.\./|.|||\./JL/?

,.

L/2

9"

- or=or,or=oru(ff)

,.L/2 , ,.. ,.c =...= -*r* (v#)l- i" ,Il / 2 n,(vfl)a*-l* (#)1". l"n ",=l

= 1 . f o r u ( : " L ) - , . l . ' E x o u uo K 6 u o \.) J

v2n2L

1 | /vnv\ , f tr,- r- j xnu\-r../ ox*'Z' J nu lyjlj / or. \ !

9/2

\/2

t"

,=x, oro otroxlhpot-ro ovrLXordorosn ,= -$ rnv K6vouu nptiro - d o r = d a , = n- ? d x . ' E r q ue x o u u : xu u

Ll2

*" (-#)

= . J *" (ti,)],,, o"=l- ","(,io)I""-,Jn","(t#-),--[rJo f;"

o

"i", =#*(f)-*n,-',".

=-,fiouu .[ (io)

nu ("ix;1jzz-[ouu,un,-o,u= (ill rJn

,Apo f(x)=!. - * *, (#). ii+* (#)l . [-i".[

. l .--##n,(+)l
qro 6l6ornuo (0,2r) .

.[/"= .f- l*"""($) i" (?#)l *" (#). "

21. tlq ovoflruxolo otlpd Fourier n ouvdpqqrl ov 0<x<n ln-x

f(x)= I

ll

qv

Ir<x<2n

270 Arlo4: To 6Ldvpoutq ouv6prnon( r4c e l v q Lr o 6 ! [ l q v 6 .

'Exouu:
1(" -n'J
o
]I

ELvot2l=2t o t=n.
2n

' (xldx=tr-

I ax n"i [J {n-x}ax+J l='z

2fr (l r l f

ll

t2a

1 ff r lJ

(n-x)ouv(vx)dX+J lx*Jouv( ouv(vx)dxl= I (n-x)ouv(vy)dy= vx)dx -1T II O I'

I2

I
tl a(o!c
I

v=1'3'5"' l-t2n vLo I v2n

I I

I o

' vLo v L o v=2'4"

r

l1 1 --r1- lt ,n-x) surlvrr-] -,1- r*,,r0[*Jnuruxrax]= \ nu(vx)dx+jvx)dxl= nu( [J

2\. 2\.

f2' .lo

- ll-r =+_ttouu(ux)ln- I = l. t+ L--osv-(v!.

v I v I n [v

no

[J

. J_1:l J v

=l_

Ir+(-1)"-1]=

J L L y 1 qy = 13 , 5 . . . , r - { - . v u ov = 2 , + . . .

'Aoc If4 1111= * -li- -o-u-vJ jI:_Z- .!tr *

12 n
1

.r+4.+. .1ggq: +t". .

* $! *,.. ,.o

qouvexeroq'ExouuE 0 < x < 2 I l . f l q X=Ir (onurIo ).

22. k vwreL n rorr6rrtm mu parseval yrc r{v oelpd Fourier: f(x)41+ I -v=l v'Ir'

touv(ur)-t lsuv

(ryt t)

nou cvruomu;1el oqv ountornolJ(i=x | rc.Z, us nplodo 4 rq! orn ouv61elovo drxos{' 6rL

F,

-_," _ n" . --l-, = .9U__

271 . A0on: o) H Tqur6Tnrq Parseval r[voL n rou

L

.*- I tttxtt'ox= #., I ! t J

-)@

to',tsll

(z)

"=r

A T 1r6 v ( 1 ) n p o r 0 n r eU o r = , * o t .o .= - - 4 - - , o u v { v n ) - 1 ] v L o v l o . E L v q L n u [ q K 6 u q .= 0 . ' E r o Ln r q u r 6 r r l r o 2 ) v p d e e r q l : ( B

t1 tr ' _ 2 ^'or-- - ! ,>,1- touv{vn)-tJ]'? t = 1 1 V -i-, n

$
| 1 EIvqt ouv(vr)= I -1 |
- -B i_4 = " + - -6 a - . { - - : z n"

=r. i

-1-6touv(vn)-rt,
'Apq

(3)

v=L V n

qv v=2,4,6,... qv v=1,3,5,...
-1 -

n (3) Vpderqr:

(t

\ 1' 1,

I
5o 3a

\
/

3u 2"

'

I
y

1
3q 3'} 5u

1
5u /

n'
96

s= B) Exouu .-1.* .-! . 1.. -...= ( .'--, .l-- * .1-....) . \

1'l
+i-

(1

\ 2' 1/1
2. \

+.--+.-

+.r.1=l

/1

4"
lu

6' t1
24

\ 'r
/

. - + - -1 -

1 + ---

+.r.t+

3"

5116 r

\,=" -9u--' n
34

^ n'tn )= -3-6- r 16-)

^n )= ---91-23. get,{J]otue ouv6otnon rnv f(X) nou lvor oprouvl xqu oloKlnp.itq4ln orto oldornlq -II I x n KoL n oto[.d elvol nplodlKrlu llotodo 2r J d) Av n ouvdprnon f(x) etvot nepurri vq 6Lx0[dxl oL suvrAc[cq ou r4q ovrloroll4e oeLodqFourier elvqL un6v, f(x) lvor dprLovq drLxesl 6rL oL ouwlEoxcq 9) Av n ouvdprnon Bu r4q qwi.orolxnq oLptq Fourier eivot ln6v. ( nolurxvLxi 0o/vl'Knq)

A0ol: H q v r L o n r o L X n pF o u r i e re L v o u :- - f - * i t o u o u v l v x ) * p u n p ( v x ) l oEL d
, u E qw,|= - - : - I f ( X ) o u v ( v X ) d Xu v = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .x o u J
-[ 1l

B"= J f(x)nu(vX)dx v=1,2,3,.., , u +-I

O 1I

t(n

f l ' E x o u ! q . = - -rl - -f f f ( x ) o u v { v x ) d x + l o) f(x)ouv(vx)dxl= ll ^,,,J v

n LJ
-1I 'ottlI O

1 = -"
llI

| |

IJ

f(-x)ouv(vx)dx+J ----{J f(x)ouv(vx)dxj= f(-x)ouv(vx)dx*

r fI

+ l f ( x ) o u v ( v x )]d 1-l_ - | I t ( - x ) + r ( x ) l o u v ( v x ) d x . = ' NJ J

rlrf

'Apq o,= r f I (-x)+f(x)]ouv(vx)dx +-J [f

o

(1)

f E n s r d in s u v d p r n oe l , v q ln e p r r r l tL o x ( J e(l - x ) = - f ( x ) . ' E t o r -n ( 1 ) 6 [ v E r t n
oar=0. | | t t( B) ',Exouuej- J f(x)nu(vx)dx=.1-F"= l'Jf(x)nu(vx)ax* -lI -'I
1IO1l

+ l f ( x ) n s ( v x ) d lx - : - I I f ( - x ) n u ( v x ) d x +fl( x ) n u ( v x ) dlly = I' - = " J

) LJ J

lt

oro
1tttlI

f(-x)ap(vx)dx+J f(x)au(vx)dxJ= If(x)-f(-x)l4p(vx)dx. n 'J L-J " ooo

'Aoo
1t

lllflt(

-9.,= | l w

,J

I [f(x)-f(-x)lnu(vx)dx

(Z)

E n E L d i o u v d o r n o nv o ud p r t q[ o x 0 L r L f ( - X ) = f ( X ) ,' E r o r n ( 2 ) O { . v r l 6 n B =0. 24- Alver:sL ouv6prnon f(x) rcu oro R ooa.<erar F,fic: r,rc n Etrnr neplo6r.xf [ep[.o6o xol f(1)=x vrq -n < x < r' 2n u or6!s f(-r) =f(r).0. o) ih gpeoetn ovraororxn oelpd Fourler.

KqL

273 [ ouv6prnon B) ilo E{eroor sv n dooucvn !nop[ vq nopooroee[ on6 rnv oErpdquri. rr -'l l, V) t{o 6[Xoet drr -f- _r -3- + 5 - - - ] - + . . . + ( - 1 ) v* r , - . . . ( r 0 n o cL e i b n i z ) .

(r ' 1 ..1 ) T

Ai,on: q) H vpqaLKi nqpootqon doouavnc rnq ouvdprnone ELvqL rl6uevn, n

H q v r i o r oL X no e u p 6F o u r i e r e L v o un : - 1 0 + I
n

(p v I o u o u v (1 ) + P r qv x) ]

u e ov I= - J
=0,

1(1

| I f ( X ) o u v ( v X ) d x-= - _lI

v X o u v (x ) d x :lun

..

u*t*]'orut uxt [*nr{ ]"-=

v=0,1,2,...
1l

KqL
1ll

B = - - - l f ( x ) n p ( v x ) d x =r- - - | x n u ( v x ) d - -= x= j
- -2-' (- r ) un1 ,
400

vxl* -l- nut ]-_= uxr l-xouv1

v=l,2,3,...

n rt n o v r | q r o u xo e l p 6F o u r i e rE L v o L2 f

l-'tll,

nulu*1 (1)

v=1

B ) E n t 6 i u r d p x Ln f " ( X ) K o Le l v o L o u v e x i qo r o ( - r , I I ) r o u o r 6 y o
l -z'

f (l f ( r + 0 ) +{ n - 0 )l = . + - t f ( - n + 0 ) + f r - 0 )l = 0 = ( n ) = f( - n ) f

( npoKUnt 6 r L n o L p d 1 ) o u v K I L v L o c n v o u v d o r n o nx ) , - . < 1 < r L no r f(

Iro Aii6 t. / n \ \'Z'/

(2). = n r(ol 4u / v n \ = 0 y L q v = 2 K . ' A p q n ( 2 ) 6 L v r L : Z \-Z' /

ri11
t+J5

-' 7

+...+ -\jl-r--zv+l

|\v+1

1B

274 25. l{q ovqnruxoe(' o[od Fourier n ouvdprnon oe f(x), -- t x < + n onolq ool<erqroq qiq:

,(r)= I
I

-o'u' vrq -n:x<o

ouv; yro 0sx<n

(E.H.n)

Aion:
e Lvor"Vvoordn ouvdprnon.. f(x) eivql [p[06!Ki U llplo6o 2n rqu n vpqqlrh flopdorqoirnq etvqL n flfuevn: '0n04

H ovri,oTorXn rp6 Fourier rnq ouv6prnonc o f(x) eI v q L:

qo -z

+ ). tovouv( )+8vnu ) l ( vx vx
v= L

(1)

i( 1l u o ^ =- - - . I f ( x ) d x = oK o L o v. I.J= - _ - .I f ( X ) o u v ( v X )x = 0 6 u 6 r u f ( x ) d n

e i v o r n e p l r r f , E i v o uo r 6 p q
l!I1I

1( l - t= 8v, , =-, ; rI f ( x ) n u ( v x ) d x - : - )| , | -11 o

o u v x n u ( v x ) d;lx = I I n u ( v + 1 ) x + n u ( v - 1 ) x l d x -. l
J o

1f

1 -=_ J_ [ g_u-.v(_v1_t] l - " - - v 1 - 1 - - -* o_uv(_v_--1.)x '' - ; jltr_ n ' o= n' L

- J 2v rr - t/- t,\v+1, - t ; , tt t
n(4K'-1)n

Yto vll'

llopornooriue Br.*,=0 *or' Br"= .-_3*;6rr"

EivoLoK6!o:

2(11 __;.i Br=._i_-l nuxouvxdx= nrrzxdx=o IJIJ

oo

( E r o u 6 v on q L p d l ) v p d e E r q r : q

-+-nurx*...* -o-*f, .. ] nuz^x.. + | + nuzx*

(z)

H TptvovouerprKh o[pd (2) vLo XIKrIouvKltvL fipoqrnv ooouevn ouvdprn'Apq on f(X). [ v o L :

275
4 ,--4.r(x)=r [1 2|
_=_

-{F nu4x*...* 3 n!2x+ l-:lj

.. nuz"x*. ]

VLq X/Kn. flo 1=6n n (1) ouvKllvt npoqrov opr.0tr6 1 . . + - . - .( x +^0 ) + f ( x - 0 ) l = 0 tf

26, e!po0! r4v ouvtprlo4 f(X) nou op(<rTsl oro 6t6qrnpo (--,r-) oq {ilc: EavqL reploDlxi u [sp[o6o 2l rqr e(wu:

f(x)=_+_(r_x), vro oJXJ2n.

q) lh 8p0e[ro KqrdFourler qv&rruygq f(X). rnS

,|

6rL B) itq6rx8a A0on:

.i =

,l

O=

(llotwexv eooqtrov(xrc Lxl| } <x < 6

quv6prnonc o ) To Kqr6Fourier ovdnruvlqrnc boouavnq eLvor.: 2i.,,.r, -fr ^ . (n-x)'=

+- . ,

9-ulg0 , vLo

(1)

6 B) A n 6r n v ( l ) v r q X = 2 n x o u p e : +- = +-- + ) -::; on6 r4v onolo npoKinE[ drL:

n'-i 1 'T' = L. "i,

27. 0ttoo0ue ouv6pr4orl: r4v f(X)=lnuxl ge < x < + 6 th Bpo[. Kcrd Fourier qvdnruvldrnq. ro A0on: H ouvdprnon e[vqL npLobrKi neolo6o KoLn VpooLKi n ue nopdorooll rnc 6lvroL on6 ro fi6uevo oxiuo:

ovrLoro oerpd Fourier rnq oospavnc uxn ouvdprnonq o L : tIv

+ z

vx vxl L q . , o u v {, + 9 . , n u ( l

(1)

276

f [neLOin ouvdprnon( x ) = l n l x l rlvql dpruo r,oxtEL6 r r :

2 I 1 l , 0 , = 0 K O L O = '-tr-- .) l n u x l o u v ( v x ) d x v = 0 , , 2 , . . . EtKoIo9ploKout-r
un' or =0 xql

21 ----- |1 --rr L t- v2

n - ouv(v+1)I -;;l

l2)

v = 2 , 3 , . . . A n 6r n v ( 2 ) 6 x o u u e :
ozK+.L

-=0

41 K o L o ^ : -i'
ZK

1={xz

H (1) vp6rperor:={ [r- 9{} I' L

* 9-u]1I *..'* -o-u-v3ll.

1-4'z j-4x2

....1
l

(3)

1-2'z

D rlnpoL Ttq vvootcqouvefKq i r i c h l e t eTroueH 6oou6vn ouvdprnon quv6prnon npoqr4v 6ooutvr] voq n oerpd (3) ouvK^[vr b n l o d i eL v o : L

-nL ..... ....] Inuxt= t!:]. t__*;_]T_"1+ [,,

rtxl=lx-+ Fourier rnv ouvdprnon 28. Awnruqr orLpd o [f]
A0o4:
elvql neptodlxi pe ne6tr. n dooubvn ouvdprqqn EiKoIq qfioblxverou p L o 6 o4 . rqpdorson rnq f(x) dlvtroL qn6 To en6!vooxnuq. voqoLKrl
qi

ue

( E.1,4 .n)

tvqr rnc uopouv6pxnonq H qvrtoroLxnoelpd Fourier rnc ooolevnc

9llc i

277

-9'-* I [o ouu ) -e * l'-YXr n) /-Y$I )l 2 \2 \2 /)

;[n-'' 'txou!: ",'' t i -. / . -r f ,, /v .i \,. o,=-rt f uf(x)ouvv n v \ dx= 1 Ju1*1o,u n x \ dx= ) xouvr v n x dx. (?) (?/ + \-iA/ J
ooo

=- t

(+i) Jxdnu
+4

+ f ,,.. /vnx\ = t

2 - . . . ./ [ . . - . ./ v n x \ + --:-ouvu n x \ l ' - n . . . ^ v=r'2'3.'

[t* (-f)

(?/lo=0'vto

(our6 gvqtver KqLsrt6 ro 6rl n ouvdprnon [vqL dorlq).

1 -,--i- I Elvor.oo=J L . 4 l o r(x)ox= "aJ. oo 44+ 1 | l.

llxlox=l +

"2 -1, 1 ' =4. Elvot ox6uq: |

(y+) -.1= -l- [ - (.u#) B= + J rtxrnu ) o*=z J *n,(S) or=-V T IJ roouu/ = [ t f \2,/ \2 \z
'v oo r /vnv\ 2 1'-'\1-'- ' =-in f (-r") - fr n, ("i)1" =--* 4ouv2vn=l*ouu

Erou6voq oerpd (1) vp6Qexqr: n

,. ; .,

-4_

fi-_vn

d u ..o n u f y g ) ( o e u or._.n u L x d v o u ) \ z ) \ 2 / .___-_ ,.

Dirirlq 0 f(x) oro 6r6ornuo < x < 4 LKqvonole[ ouvo|lKc H ouvdprnon e l v o l 6 u r , ro o u v e x ho t q o n u e l q = 4 vp e v = 0 ,t l , 1 2 , . . . q q x "61"q ouv6prnon npoqr4v 6oopEv4 Enoulrruq xl4v n oerpd(2) quvK^Lvt vuo ( f L q X = 4 v o e u p 6 2 ) o u v K J \ l v tfl p o cr o v o o t g u 6 : n

-+- [ f(x+o )]=2 )+r{x-o '

2[, rnq onoloqo np[o29.'Earn n nepro6rxtl ouvdprnon llEplooo u puoudq oro [-n,r] [vqL:

l-1 , x tr,0) f{x)= l+1 , x Lo,r) I

[ -l ' x =n rnq. o) No gpelro KqrdFourier ovdnruYud

trqq m B) q Bpoet @por.orq oerpde -+-. +- - 'l- *.''*

*(-t)"-*"' zr;-T (ildnucrr(6 A0nvdrv)

278 lliro4: o ) h f b x r t n v 6 L n i o v l lv o q q L K i flopooTqon. H f rKqvonolrLq unoeeoLq L rou urp4uqloq ollbqq rQq 234 H o L p dF o u r i e r r l o v r L o r o L X n rnq f(X) [voLn: 4 -n' t

nu(2v-I )x --Zv-:]---

npdvlqrL xouu: e
I | l -1- - f -1n o, 1 ; - ' J f ( x ) o u v ( v x ) d x = - J o u v { v y 1 6 * . )I o u v ( v x ) d x =v = 0 , , 2 , , ",=
-]I -T lIo

F,= n J -lt

1l-.

1t .nf{x)nu{vx)dx=-

..

nu(vx)a1+ t n u ( X ) d X|= v J

1r --'-

]T

0, v=2,4,..

4 1)x Apq f(x)= -n- 3 nu(2v- vLo Kdoe 2 U x(-n+ K i r , 2 K n()2Kn,rI+2xn) , JL--.s;;-i-t-r
K = 0 , 1 1, 1 2 , . . .

l-S, "=r':'s..

: r o o n u L - l + 2 r n , 2 x n , n + 2 x n , = 0 , ! 1 , ! 2 , . . . n q l p do u v K l l v r o x oro 0, 6vdr ouvdprnon 6v lnbEv[<rroL.H tf 6vr.r f n rr!/l 0 Eivor o !6ooq 6poqrov rlleuptK6v oKdrv opt rrubv xnc f oro onusioourd. :ro n6levo oxiuo nqo[ordvovrol Kr6qrnq f KoLTo vpor0r,xd rpLo pp[Ktqepoiouqro npdjTq or,o2,03 TrlC oELOdq Fourier rnc f.

279

r(x)= B) Ervor. {

. i tul$Ll =* (r*- r59t rllo -...)

f 6xoupr (+) =,. 'Apo l.vol

o) u (o,n). rLo x=-|

lr

('-.1. *.-"*'."') n
-{i- =t- - + - + +..'+(-r)!-1-...*-

3 0 . 'Eoa.rn |lepLo6lKiouvtprnongE nglodo2[, tne onoloc o nolopr,ou6q l v o L :

II -T' +x, x [-r,0]

f(x)=
llq avsrrutgl Kord Fourier.

n -T -x, ; e t0,nJ
( lloonuarr16 Aonvdtv)

Atsa: LKqvolol{, urlo06otq eEooitucroq Dirichlet ll ouvdprnon rLq rou rou qc To 6t6vpcupd tvoI ro nolavo:

aS z- s u v ( 2 v - l ) x H orpdFourier rnc f lvql n : -i, (2v-112 f elvor KoLouvexiqtox0eL:

Emr6n I

rlxy=.ori.?f"i+
( npdvuorlvoL: r
'-

vra K60 R x

n a p a r r t p o d ! e r L u e r n v B o i $ L orns oeupds Fouriep ILds or.rvciptrlo4g d ynopodue vq Bpidxor,!E rc cspououaro,6La0dprivdpLSIntLxdv oeLpdv roi.r ouyx).i-

280

1l ln \ I | /il -;-_ o = - _ - I f ( X ) o u v ( v X ) d X = I ( . + ' + xl o u v ( v x ) d - -._ I I + , - x ) o u v ( v x ) a x = xI - J \ z \. /

_I

= . - : - [ 1 - o u v ( v n ) ] v = l, 2 , . . .
]I

K q L q o= 0 .

K o Lo K 6 u q
1 |

1l B.='-: I f(x)nu(vx)dx=
= 0 , v = 1 , 2 , 3 . . .)

1l

(l *),u( vx)dx+ -_- I

ir J

i\ .-"-,-x)nu(vx)dx= .

/-

tto sflduevo oxiuo nqpLordvrqrVpq(pLKd f KoL ro 6iro npd]rouepLKd n o e p o L q l q r qo ! , o 2 r n q o L p 6 q o u r i e r r n q f . F

II

31, l{c ovorruxeel KsrdFouriern ouvdprnon =2x+1X [0,n], f( ,

! rpLe rp6fiouq.

A0on:
q) eopo0ue rnv ouvdotnonf * ( x ) = 2 x + 1 X ( - n , f i 1 x q u r n v n e p t o b r r { , en6Kroon rnq f* U rep10602 I I . T L o r n v f * L o X r ] e L : f * ( X + 2 K n ) = f * ( XV L o K d e ( - r , n l K o LK = 0 , t l , t 2 , - . . f o o L d V p o U U d ) X rnq lvqL ro n6uvo: 'l

ztr+1

-5rI

-3rI

-2n+1

281
L L v O L O o =- i In f ,^ -1t t'

q . , =- ( 2 X + 1 ) o u v ( v x ) d x = o ,1 2 , . . . v= , I tzx+]J0X=2, r.t |

-..

KoL 'Apo

B -- --l'v n 21+l= l+4

_. r , (zx+l)nu(vx)dx=(-1)"-'-: ., , v=1;2,, |

U-!,U , * (-n,rt, I (-r)u-1

KqL

2X+1=1+4 I

(-tl"-1 r{u]-.
v'

!=1

X [0,r)
oTo R Ue nplobo

B) 0eopo0ue dprlo nepr.o6r.xrl rnv IIKrqon rnc f 2n 6n^a6irnv I 2x+1, x [0,n]

r*(xt= |

l-2X+1, X t-n,01

K O L !

f * ( X + z K n ) = f * ( X )X [ - r , n ] , V

K = 0 ,1 1 , 1 2 , . . .

To dr6ypallo rnq ouv6prnone lvdl To (6urvo:

'Exoup o 0 = 2 ( t +,n ) o v = t ( - 1 ) ! - 1a . ; , 1
nv2

v=1,2,..., Bu=0, v=l,2,...

xouus:

ErIrLOi rsplopr,ou6C tnq f* oro fo,rj elvqr ouvXfq o f ouvdprnon 6-

zx+1=1+t-, f -1'

uTr

o.gv-r-1v---ry , x [0,r].
(2v_1),

V) esojpo0ur nsplTrrl rnv flEptodrKri en6rroon f oro R ue [ep[o_ rne 60 2rl, 6nlo6i rnv ouvdprnon | Zx*t, i e to,n)

r-(x)=I

| 2X-1' X [-n,0)

282 p f*(X+2Kn)=f*(X) V[o K6g X [-n,n], x Z.

'Exouue v=o, q v=0,1,2,..., B"=[l-r)'*i*r] .jO.t-tt"t vljqv[o rov npLopLquo f rnq f* oro [0,n] Axouue:
@ rr .\v+l

Enop6-

2x+1= lJ--jl- - -((- 1)v+r+ ( vx 1*znlnu ) , x ( , n ). > ' 0 !=1

To 6Ldvoo!us ouvdprnone rnq eLvou en6pevo: ro

32- I'ovqnruxor I Ka[6 Fourier 4 ouvdprrpl:

I x, qv x (0,2n) f(x)=| I tt' cv 1=gtr 21

Ko! f(X+zm)=f(X) yLq xtge X [0,2n] |(qt r=0, 1,|, 12,...

A0on:
.

'tfr

11 E [ v q L oU^ =- + - I f { x ) d x = :1-1- I x a x = Z n . J J oo 2n llrf 2fi

21r

q , , =- ; v=12,... ,

* | | f ( x ) o u v ( v x ) d x-= - ,J x o u v ( v x ) a x = O ''
o 2n 2r

Elvor ot<6ud
llil

-;. -.1 9,,= I f(x)np(vx)ax= I xnu(vx)dx=- v=I,2,... +JV

oo

H o e L p d o u r i e rr n q f r [ v q r : n - ZP ] F \r I o x i t : f ( x ) = n - z( " f . ,
/^"h,,r-

! - n * 2 1* . . . * l l l l u l * . . , \ . v /
./

\ l 5 - ' r + . . . + ! ! L v l+ . , . ) !

vrq Kdo R. x

33. il'owmux0l rort Fourler n ourtpupn: f(

,=l

z6J

-r,r) x, qv x(
0, ov 1=*11

x mr f(x+2rnl=f(x)vro x60e [-n,n] xaLx=0, rl, x 2 , ..

Aoon:

'Apo oeLpd Fourier 6rL n tlopotnporlue n f slvoL neprrul ouvdptnon. , q o e v 6 x E ro u v n l t r o v t r o 06 p o u q b n l o b i ( v o r : q v = o ,v = 0 ' 1 , 2 ' . . . . f t q ouvrtleorc8,.,elvor: Touq

g,=-i-

( r - 1'-u 2 2 -if(x)4p(vy)dx=J xnu(vx)ax=r-l)" , v=l'2'... I |

n1l

F H oeLp6 ourier rnq f LvoL: 2 t 6 Ioxrleu e: f(x)=2 I

--

(-l)"-1 !4rul] . v t q ( 6 9 X R

.,- 1 n.'/-.\ (-1)" 'lll-\-'ir-

Kor6 Fourler rnv ourdprnol: 34. AvonruEere

,,r,li;::i:
o, {-)
ll .7, 3rr -T'

ft\ -z-)

ar)

f(X+2Kn)=f(X)yuo x60ex R Kot r=0, rl' r2,... (lloonucr16 oo/v{.xnc)

2r,

n/2
o

3r

--rif(x)dx= I
2n

.)_f ( x ) d x + TI I r ( x ) o x +

-T' f(x)dx= 1
3r -^ (2n

l - T^' = v
n/2 3n ,r 12

1 _-tr

xI f ( x ) o u v ( v x ) d - :=- | o u v ( v x ) d x:-- l o u v ( v i ) d x )ttJrtJ

ooa/2

I n
I

2n al2 +' i I t f - -| .-= I o u v ( v x ) a xn v . ;I d n ! ( v x ) - . - r J d n ! ( v x ) + vr J Jgn

f

ion/2 ,'nrr1r,/2rrt3r" nv

,rv l^ anu(vx)= ln!(vx) |

-z

|"* * Inu(vx) 2 , Jr/

.,. --1-- I

t2'

lnu(vx) , ,|an/,

, f" ['' f r-")-n,/3+Y)l

\ L / \. ,/)

0 , o v u = 2 K ,K = l, 2 , . . . 4 ( - 1 ) ' - n -1 q v v = 2 K + 1r = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , Z - r + -, T
3n , r2 NJ

L L v o L K o u o8 , , . o

1 ;_ jf(x)dx= n J I I o | o 2a '|

2n (

r/2

r u ( v x t A x _ _ r -I.
, | n/2

nu(vX)d^.
, rn ,)

n/)

* - ; . I n u ( v x ) d x =;-; . _]" I ,' JJn r v )I d o u v ( v x ) +v J n

2

douv(vxt_

r/2

l2n. 1 {/2 . . 9', I -Jrao,u{u*)--| jv iorui*tl" - iv r [*"r*,.1 -t 1 .12n -'nv | =--,lv (tiY) -r'uv (+v)louvru*,1 {to,u ,
l2 - o u v 2 r v ) + 1= 0 , v = 1 , 2 , . . . , v . { j

E n o ! 6 v oy L q r o o v d n r u v uxq q f ( x ) , 6 x o u u r : q n

trxt= .-"1-i

o-r"f251)I. 1-11" vLoKdo e n uexlxn+ x *-

35. Avqrniqr (cEd Fourier rnv ouv6preo0: f(X)=ouwx, X 6 [-r,+r], q l q K e p o a op f ( X + 2 ( n ) = f ( X )K Z u, , (ouolK6oooql/Knq )

Aoo4: E n 1 6nt o u v d o x n o( X ) = s u v oe i v o u6 p r r . o o r , o y 0 e r / fn x 0 ou"O,v=1,2,.,. f L o r o u co u v r ^ e o r 6 q c x o u u e : q,

+I

n*;*. "'=;+ I_ouv(ox)ouv(vx)d/= I "

Or_V,

!ul-3-;1" I

= .-3 nron 9v-!1"'r-l = f-.t-ry'o.IIraTt v=0,1,2.... ,, " Or_Ua

Eno!6v!4: Ir-{-q!- ?-qr+{-q!- 1-,y" ouv{qx)= i vro Kdge R x 1-r-"4

285 36. 'EoB I ouvtoupn ttxl.*-} . m ovomux0a, oerp6 o Fourier: ol >e ILa oelot nult6vw yro I (0,n1 mr g) >e tlc oelpdouvngur6wvyrc x (0,[). A0on:
. 2

r
| l. \ | t
OO

" q) EtvoL8,,= | {-r;- - -4- )nu(vx)ax= | nu(vx)ax. -:-*v I . J \+ I / J........

t

- -i--

1l*r.i

-# J xnu(vx)dx=

-u*1 t-ouv(vx)10'- t-touvt*npt1"'=

, r = - ii- t ' t t 1 - o u v ( n v ) -+t - q u y ( n y )-= ; t l + o u v { n J =- i . t t * 1 - 1 y " , f lv)

1:-1 ' - t | ii-

ov v=dPTLoq

l0,qvv=fleprfi6c
Ir -T-Lrlo!voe: i t v v= -L Itr | /n,rl2vvl

, x (0,n)

-\ | -i-J oo= B)Ervor. -F J tri- - -i-) or=t ) o^- . I *or= - ii I " ooo
f,'lfi

-i Kor sv=
**

fln

i tT -N
't 'f
t

?i

"\

_i_j ouv(vx)dx= orutuxlal- xouv(vx)dx f J

jlv

oo

1 1 --; --fy ouv(vx)dxtouvtdt= tnu(vx)llJ 'J

O' u>1 dptroq - - L t- ! -u t * o.u . o l nlv o u - v ( n vl) = ' tn - -- - vt rvz n;r-= | ;$ , u neo._.6c

'ApqtvqL +-

+ = 3- \,=t ervllrtJtL-, x(0,r). '' l (2v-11'

(ora Fourieft1v ouvtprrlorl 37. AvqndEre t"1", (-+)] o oerp6 ouvnurr6vov X (O,n). Vrd (1.{o0nuortx0 no?pd)v) .

286 A0o4:
]I

'Exouue ^= q
u

]I

l, t- J| I n| l2 n u(. .-."i ) Il o x =- -' - : I n 2 l dx+ I \ J

oo
T]I

2 |

\'l

| / \'l t I | / " i + :I - - | I n in u { - 4 - I l a x = 2 1 n-z-+- -| .rnlnu v \ l (--ll . L \ /.t J | J

00 TN

dx

. | 1 'Exour, | / v \ ' t -"r. | | / " \ ' l v 1 l | tnlnu(-4-)l ax= llnln! ( +)ld - + = _ : _ I t n n u t d t J L \ ' /I

a/2

oo

= - n l n 2 E n o u i v i , r q v o uo - = 0 , ' E x o u u K d u q eI o

(tiouv(vx)ldx=- 'J w Jtnl2nu ",=+ o o

t\

/.

'r

v 1 r n n u ( v x ) o u( - { - )

--zii/o'=
nv \.i.)
'Eror vLq

nu(". . -t, {)x o*'-"n 1. n,(u-+ )- dx=-l ' , r =--*- I --t -r-" J J l-

" znu i-+-i

"

h',(+-)

ro qvdnruvuo tnlznu -ns (+)]

\ /

, x (o,nt .vqli
'3' c tu'rrr'

-v t n { z n u } ) - - \ - o u v v x^ ' L

ge 38. 'owmuxgl xor6 Folrier n IreplodLxil ouvdprnon 6r6vpcpgo rnv r6gevnroluvovrxil vpq.ru4. (l,ldDp/K6A0av6v)
ljj

f(

x)= tx

2h

'E"fuv

v nu( +
Xprion tou r,jlor.r

2nu X. 2

1 =;+ -

onlKx,

v N.

287 llion: EavqL oovrp6 6ru n oq 6vo ouvdprnon,6ort,tf, ovont0ooerqr Kqrd Fourier . Eavqr0Kolov'01106LXe[ vrc xouqouwrlorec rou qvo6rL q u = O r q r d e ev = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . K o LB v = o L q K 6 e s v = 2 p n r 0 v u q r oe q 6 x o u ! : q v v p = 12 , . . . o n ^ q 6 i r o q v d n T u v g q e [ v q ur n c u o p { r f i q : 0o , p rnux+B 3x+ . . +92,<_ ( 2K- )x+.. . 3n! 1nu I 0L ouvrlorlq rou ovonr0vlqtoc unolovl<ovrqL xov rdno; orld
n/2

P . , =- ; - ,' J - i l ' . x a p v x d x v = 2 x - 1K = l , 2 , 3 . . . , ,
Ei,vqL .Apo

^l

B r " - r = (11 K -

8h

t ' ( 2 r -1 ) '

x=l,2,...

ttxr=j*(nux- -f-nr,r*-j.-*s*...)

x R

3 9 . I ' qvo[Tuxg[Kor6 Fourier n llplooLxri ouvdprnol p brdvpqrlq ro en6pevo.0r o'J[6c el,vcr qlrr.x0poro rlplrovoeldo0q xoun0lnq ue ouXv6rnrq l. '! l

A0o4: E{.
2n

0,

qv v=2K-1

"f "ln
x o r B , =- | - ,

' ov v=zK '

r=1,2,...

B u = 0 , v = 2 , 3 , 4 , . . . ' A p or o q v d n r u v uq v o L L :

-+ ^(-"'- nux--j6 ouv2xf;

-rf, ou"+x- o u v b x - . . . /

2BB

BI'IIG IIAPMEI'I|ATA:EIPO MURIER

:YNAPTH: H

ENEKlA: H: :EIPAFOURIEFdIATPAMIIA flEPIOAIKH: ANTI:TO]XH

f ( x ) =I
|

J s i r t x o < X < n .{- * .}, sinx0 n<X<2fl

cos4x 2 /cos2x'. -i.5 ' - 'n-\tj'- - cos6x. . ) \ T:t.,.

8 /si n2x 2sin4x I cosx o<x<n n \ 1 . 3 3.5 r(x)-l l-cosx -n<x<0 3sin6X 5.7
)

f(x)=x', -n<x<n

n2

T'-"f l;

.'+.)
+. + 9os^6r )
3./

cos2x ,/cosx - -t''

f( x)=x(n-x o<X<n )

n z - / c o s 2 x ' ; .o's x \' - c-4 ' 6 1;'

'!

f(x)=x(n-x)(n+x), ," (sinx

sin2X 23

2t
-rI

-...) * gjlr-3r
3,/

f(x)=l

I I , o<x<fl

l:l,-n<x<o

4 /si nX sin3x r1 \ I 3 . sin5x \

249

t,,,=-=l_l
o<x<n -r'1<x<0

n -u - 4 \-a- - cos3x' ' /cosx r cos5x

5"1

-z:'n-n

oT n

2n

1r

. / s i n x -,s i n 2 x' + s i n 3 x- , , . \ 3i

L3n ,,/-"

,/

/iA o

ir^ io

f{X)=X,0<X<Zn

. n-z(:iu. trnzx
- s i n 3 X' " 3 \ )

1l

2rr
2n4n6nx

f(x)= sinx], -n<x<r

2 n

4 lcoszx n\1.3 " \

cos4x cos6x 3.5 5.7

q -n - 2 l s i n o c o s x 0, 0<x<r-o n1---r-{ f(x)= 1. n-o<x<fl+o I 2x si nZocos I U . [ + O < X< Z I I 2 . ---r-' - si nlscos3t -'" \)
3 /5rnx ,' \ lr
s'!/

-n l0n

2n 3n

-J x(n-x) 0<x<n r(x)=l l - X ( n - x )- n < t d

slnJx 13

5 r - . 5-x + " ' i \ --n -

At r,, V

KEOAMIO 5

Anepoyrv6Uevq
:ulBollqrds Vlvorrewy, ,0nc e(vqL vwsr6 6vo'Vtv6riev,, , q2d3..,orvodperoL qr r4c loprprlq outlgolLK6,

LTOLlr.x,

cxouue i i

j_...

*=g+

rdL6Tnrec

fi ""X o.)
lR

(qKfovrqKN)

4)

n n

o = o"
l.rd

I tb

* ou c,,ca,ca, . . . , c u e i v c t 6 Ldeopo L rou lJn6dv.

..

t
ti

291 q (o oE rs A r c r p o v L v d u v o . r l p o 0 un v o K o ^ o u e Lo u ) u e 6 o o u c r , o 2 , q 3 r . . . q ! , . , . u qvlo vlq Kdoev N*. opl<outirro vuv6pevo: P * = q , . o . . . , o= n o* u "'=i ( v r o v n p d r o v 6 o o vr n q o K o l o u e L o q v ) . E r o Lt x o u u s

Pt=ot, P2=ql.o2, P3=o.r.o2.q3,

Auquope(ivouue .\oun6v P uto vCqqKolouelo 6OouCI , P, , Pr , , . , , Pv . , . us ,

qKolou0lo ouuBolL<eroL ouxh f, u or.q2...o.,'.. fr o. f' fr"..

v=1 "1"

To

ouuBo,\LK6 vrvdgevo fl

q.,, ovoud<rqL onetpovrv6uevo npqvlloruxrlv rov

( y 4 u 4 6 e v u x { iq p L e u i v , v l \ * . K d e p o qr n c o K o l o u e l o(c ) o v o u d P ov ' 6 ' v) t < T q L p L Ky r - v 6 u e v o u o n L p o v L v o u C v o u . u 6 (P rou H oKolouOIq ) levTqrqKoloueto ueprxtirv tov vuvouEvr,lv oreLp o v L v o u 6 v oK 6 0 e p o ct n c o K o i o u e L o o v ) o v o u d < e r s L q qf i q p d v o v r o q u. 6 (q ev rou qn Lpov Lvou6vou . nopqripqon: Alvouue 6vq quornp6repo rou opLou6 onLpovLvouavou, qneLpovLv6!evo (ou). 0voud<ouue rnv rov 0pro!6q. oe{,rpol,!e qKoIougLo qpu0u6v ro Ceirvoq q, (un (qv), (Pv) rov oKo^ouelnpoyuorurriv unbevrxdtv)
6 v ( o ) K q L( P ) u e P : q , o , o , . . . q vvv flqpcrn pioE Lq: qr/ l) fLq npqKTLKo0q oKoTrodq 6Lvouue orouq nqo6vovrq rou qnLoor v r . v o u t v o un v u o o o f t q = 1 + u 'ExoL vo ro qfiLoovLv6levodeerqr fl
v=1

(l+u.,).

2) To Vpduuo oxo o0uBo^o qneLpoyuvopdvou ntroouorLK6, v rou LvqL 6o r o u .u n o p o i l e v r l r o u

:

f l q u v q v p d o o u u el l

o.,

I-l or (.r.1.

:0yrlLon fislpoyLvo!6vou 0p!ou6c. Aeu6xr ro onelpovr-v6levo 1, []

' !=t

ou ouvx,\iveu noocrov
ouv-

npqvuorlK6 pre!6 4, 0

( 4 1 0 ) 6 r q v K q Lu 6 v o6 r o v n q K o l o u o l q P ) (

* Auri P! ouuBold<oulE rdL yv.

292
K i i . v e n p o qr o v q p L e u d u r 6 . 0 o p L e u 6 q l c v r q L T L u i r o u q n e L p o y L v-o L o 4
r I E V O U .r p O o O U l e O r E llq

:ufBoIrKd:

tm(oro,

'o )=.[

flqpdo Lyuq: No oeLXosL Ii 6., Ai,on:

E L v o L P' =

lii+; =r.
t"!l'
v(v +2) (v-1)(v+1)

3: . t
1.3 2.4

42... _--t: -,3.5

v+'l

t \,Lt

ffi

- z. Apq t'rp\=z,6nr0bir ifi,i I1

v=l "

=2.

2 6 0 p r o u 6 s . A 6 u e r L r o o n e u p o y u v 6 p efv oo . . O U Y K L V L ( K o r ' e K 6 o l lP x n ) r p o qr o 0 * 6 r q v K q Lu d v o6 r q v n o K o , \ o u e( o v ) , K I L v e L p o qr o 0 . > T n vn e o l n r o oo r r i v p d , p o r u e i o ' ' ' 0 ' n n J

!=L

,.q

ouv -

:uuBoILr6: ll
!=1

o, -0:1in(o
'

o ...q,;-3.

3. L L 0pr-ou6q A6u6rL ro qnlpoyLv6uvo o., one oL < r q e r L K d fl !=1

( o v r L o r o l x oq n L p L < r o L v n t l x d ) 6 r o v r o l u 6 v o 6 r o v n o K o l o ule op q q n e pL ( e r o e T L K O v r i q r o L X o p v n r L K d ) . (o o u u
. =1

(P!)

quri )tnv nepLnroron yo60ouu o.,=',- lour;o-orro fro.,=--1 1]

t . " 3 0 t r r 1 6I l o - * : ; : Iim(o.o/...o )-rp

nqpo6eIvuqrq: ro l ) N qu e A T n 0o q n p o qr n v o 0 v K ^ L o n o n e L p o v L v d u e v o L

Ir'('

*)

(c. s . t 4 )

*H yevLxri 9e{,lpi0 'LoLrs n e L p o y L r , o p d u o 6 e ! E n L r p d n E Lv o e I v c r L n r L - ] r i r o u LJ L O n l r E r o u . I L o u T o n d ! ! o L o " T o o r E L p o y L \ , d ! e ! oo , J y r l l i v e L r p o s r o 0 " o _ p(eersL oav ioJyli).Lon

293 A0on:

r 1 "'\'p ELvqu= /r_ -l-)/ /1__+.\ /,_ - T -\l .../,_ - v 7\ /,_ V1,) = v \ L, \ o / \'T,/ \'= 1 2 ..j- . 3 ... T. Iv-l . " v l = -'T . "if I E[vqLlim -*T =0. 'Aoq

lr(1- v+J=0.
2) Nouelernel npoqrnv o0vrluon sne[povlv6pevo tv*rt. llq ro [] v=1 Aoor:
E ( v c u P r = 2 . 3 ' 4 . . . ( v + l ) = ( v + l ) l K q r l i m ( v + l ) l = r @ ( 6 1 6 r L( v + 1 ) l >

>v+1 KoL lim(v+l)=r-; 'Apq fr (v*t)=,-. . 3) NauIrrnet Trpoq olvKlLon snelpovru6ueuo ue oq rnv ro Ii o., I o'='2
| "vA6o4:
v l _ _ v + -tTT z

Elvor. Pu=-z. . + ...-t+ #+ r =-2++ v v r

v=l

-.'Apql-l.ov=J=i'

4. Oolotds A6ue ro cnelpoyr.v6gevo - onorllvel (r16rr. xu6rt fro.,

o l q l v e r q u ) , d r q v r o u u 6 v od r o v n q K o l o u e [ ( P ! ) o n o K l t v e r . _ noo66Lypo. !lrnol oq ltpoq rnv o0vK^lonro qnetpovLv6uevo Ns

r] t-tl'.
A{ro1: v( !r1) I ( - I ( - I ) ! . . . ( - 1 u = ( 1 1 + 2 +' t u - 1 - 1 " , o = - ) E I v q L p - , = q r 0 2 , . .- , ,- |() )' ) ;--7v (v + 1 ) onoKltvtL dpo xqr to fieLpovLv6levooH qKoloueto 6umfu={-t1T

noxtrtver.

l. odrpnrc To oner.ooyuv6pevo - [] o.,--,

v=l

v=K+1,
v=1

ou e(vot r4q i6uoq

KornyoplqqKqu p6lr.oroov ourd ouyKllvouv !ox0[ (K N).

fl o.,..= [] - -

v=K+l

o., '

294
t q n 6 p L q l q .T q q n e L p o V L v o u v to
'|r

|q

K+v

e L v o l T n c L o L o cK o r n -

vopiqq KqI udiLsrq_ovourd ouvKIL v o u vL o X 0 e [ : f l q v= q q - " ' o ' + t r - t t I l q r + v u u+r "

'lim q =1 * .

e e 6 p n u2 . A v x o q n e L p o v L v o u Iv Ioq . , q

O U Y K A L v er o r e L

toxueL

86pnuq fiorel[ avo KpLTipLo YLo nooqrltpnon. rponvo0uvo To 'EToL v o limq.,ll 6 e l [ o u ! d r r 6 v oo n e l p o v t " v d u 6 v o u v K ] L v 1 . evo
( n o n o o vv o l r v o I l o 6 v o u v K l t v L p o q6 v o n p o v u o r L ( 61 0 ) q o r e L L v

-J-dru li nood6!vuq. 6LXet ro qneupo1luv6rruo ou !r ou=3+ Nq 6 vs u y K l L v t r . rEn: A1166

1\ E L v q LI i m q =l i m(3+ "

' A p or o q n e L p o v L v d u 6 e oo u y r , \ L v e u . ev v

F ro oe{Dnlq 3- o('Jpo0u dneupovt"v6pevo l o - v r - or o o n o l o L o x t t L

q2

l v L o K d e e v N K q L I i m o v l l,

16r ELvoL I lo =+6.

ro rnv q[JyKlLon qntLpovLvouv0 No _ noo66Ery||q. uelrneEt oq Tlooq 2v+1 i1I -l/-I

A0qn:
Eivot" ou= -'-'--'2!-1

v ue o = a'---> l vlo K6e l'lKoL

'Aoq l-l q =*-. lim 1',:-'-:2/1.

'Evq qnLoovLv6uvo ouvx,\Lveu, nou 6xLudvo'lnEpooedpnus 4. lopdvovreq. ouevorliodq ond qovnruxoiq or" 0e6gnuq IoX0ouv LooouvouLeq: 5.
* To $e6pnuc ou-rd
YLVO!aVOU. IO?\AS

e o p d s9 i r o u u

ouv$fxn ouyxlto urs rou ctneLpotrou irou oer,rpo6teaneLpoyL -

vdue\)a ns !opqis r

fl

(r*u ) r., l i n u : 0 e

295

q)

fl q =*-

fl o"ru=*

0'600v qlr'ou+1"'q!+( > K-1) 0

8)

nq

= _ 6

fro""u=ttq

fl

o) fl

cI =16 v,K+v

{r'doov < $r'op+t"'op+(k-1) 0

llcl v=l.t

5)

=+e | . lvo . K + v . . v:u

Oprq|6q.To qnLoovLv6uevo (t*s,,) feue 6ru ouvrtriver on6luro fl

!=1

q v r o o n e u p o v r v 6 u e vlo 1 + l q . . l ) o u v K l ( v 1 . l ( np6T@n. Av ro orlEr,povLv6lEvo (1+o.,)ouvKlavEL fi6luTq r6re n

ouvKl[v [ Kqr qnld.
v=1

KprElpLoouyrll,osq oneroovrvoltwv

l9 xorr{oro
ro eeopo{,u qneLpovtv6levof[ 1t+ou)l e o
0 v l q K d e ev N . T o

qneLoovuv6uevo ouyrAtveu rcr !6vo q v n orpo z o ouvK^[our6 ov v

vt!.

29 KpLripLo gsrlpo0ue onerpovr-v6uevo(1-ov), o u t 0 , ovll vLo Kde N ro v fl

v=1 qur6 ouVKILve[qv Kq! !dvo To orltr-povrv6uvo xllvel.

n oeupd lo,,' ouvv=1

llapo6 ayuarq:
o

6. l ) N o6 E L x e {r r r o q n e L p o v L v 6 y efv o - " - " l

!=1 '

3.

ouvKiLvEL.

296

A{ron:
-, LLVqL n ll vr +1 ---r =

n(1. -;'.).

ErELdfi oerpO i rl

-t]." ouyxli -

v L ( 6 n 0 qe L b q u e ) o Lro qllLpovtvduv o o u V K I L v e K L.

2/ 6 2 ) N q b e l x e d r r T Oq n [ p o v r vu E v o l l ( l L I

-lJ

ouvKl [vr Trpoq

Atuq:
H o Lpd
LtvOL

: 'r=2
l

{z

ouvxr r.. 'Aooxor.r o o n e p o y L v 6 p eo u v x l t v u . Lve u vo

(1) Vrov=2,3,...61vs1

Ov=l- --v),

=# =r;t.r.i.l , 1r.
rol/\rros

*= 1r. ' jr24 q.= -T--' -i v-l

1 -z' v + l u= ' 'v-

. l v +-z' ' 'v= l I

ii

- .1. . .aoo

g(' i')=+
f(v)

l|6eo6oeumlovlqloo rou 6pou p., o'Evc sneupoyrv6!evo. A v u r t 6 p x eu L qv e v L K u 6 e o 6 ounoloV r Lo!o0 tou v ri ogto0 u e p K 0 u r q L v
^ v o g C v oP v o ' 6 v qo n e L p o v t v 6 u e v o q . , . A v o u | ' q E { . v o L u I I

t6re e[vqr

'"- f(-f+'17

llmdiLvgq. Ns !Irn[ {dcflpoq rnv ofryrlro4 ro qrterooyIv6uvo

. J=rlrv+DT A0on:
v' E [ , v o Lqv=--anilF f{ v) = raGil

r-I

( 6 n o uf ( v ) = v ' z.; 1 1 1 , j 1 1 1= 0 .
.,2

Enou6v{rqPv=

'Aoo ti{l'r =i'ulu' +.0'

297

llcpcrfp4o4;To rp6B^nuo !l6rnc oc npocrnv otvKlLonv6c qrnc rLpovlvouavouI o., ovdvrqr ornvsvo<iTnon ouyxl(ooq rne J rnq v=1

qKolouoloqn q- n rnc sKolouolcq ou [ 1 . { t * 9 " 1, ( e t v o r . v = l +\g u ) , i='- " ;=i o r i o K d u o r n v o v o ( f r 4 o 4 n q o u v K l l o l rrq q o e L p d q I l n ( t * p . . ) . n

v=1

Aor{oelc ,,\ul6vq t- lb rcleqel (0 < dtl). A0on: E rrpocrnv otyKllo4 To qlletpoylrrduvo:

n(l+o')

= :J E L v c l q = 1 * c 2 " =(-.-c'-l-(-1jg'--l 1 slI ^v 1-s' | -o' 'Apo f(v)=1-d. . v.t1 f ( v + l) l-q' I -o'
q)Av0<q<1 tdre limPu= . 1r_oz-

.v

^v^

= I{piJo"o, 1{;"1=

'Apq

v=1

I I ( 1 + o -) = ' - - 1-q'
vf.L

'P) Av 1 < q 16r limPu=*.

( 6 u 6 r l 1 - o ' z 0 r q t I i m (1 - o 2 <

2-r[ !e^eqot.

og npoc qv o0vKl[qn ro fiL@vLv6uvo:

-" j=t, (;*)

A0on:
E[uo, ov =oru /-]L--) =
\21r+.r/

rL+_' =
"(;"" )

1 -'2"

f(v)*

flr;+r )--

'Aoq P = -L-

frcT)- =l_.
2"

f (1)

;'-r"i=""T-$
u'2",

*(+) *0-*)

z"nr( ;*-r )

=r . l . n .

298

3. llq 6elx0rt 6rr A0o4: 'Exouur

'Apo

n['-

2 !_ Vl-i+-l)- t -

'li

- Tr

v+2) = J-v---l-.)-( o =1- --:-' v(v+l) i,l-v-+T)__-

p,= =r-?j:i.l+u ;;fi++.-.1--.1fr+l+":4 L:{f6.1r1"1*a

v+2 1 = '3v - -:-- '
Apq II q . , - -- -IT -

4. llq 6rX0[ 6rL qv ouvK^Lvet 4 oLpd

o.. ToTe OUYKI[VEL TO

onElpovtvogEvo I I ( l + q ! ) , ( o v > 0 v L q K d o sv ! l ) . v=1

A0on: I o X 0 e6 t r l + x _ < x y u ox d e R . ' A p q L e X

P v = 1+ o l) ( 1 + o , . . . ( 1 * q u )_ < ec r e C 2 . . . e a v _ e o l + C i 2 + ' . ( ) E n r 6 in o E r p d 'Apq .l

tto\)

o u o u v r t r l v e u o e t v o r ,l i m o . , , = l i m ( o r + q 2 + . . . + s v ) = g . 0 t+c! q E n e l 6 f r q K o , \ o u o [e o l + d 2 } " n ouvKiLveL

I inearlcz+"'tou=el.

. 8 q e l v o L q p o v u 6 v nE [ o p 6 v o q - < e o r + c 2 + " ' + d v _ < e , ' A p o n o K o l o u g L o P (P!) e[vqr o0{ouoo ror. qoqv!6vndnloOi ouyKllv!. E[ou6voqro sflLpoo vLv6urvo uyKlIvEL.

5. ilq gpeee[n rluii rou oneupovrvouvou fl

Arlon:
i LvoL (l,= ' v ! + 3 v2 . 3 v _ v v+2 (v+l),+(v+1)+l v 2+ v + 1

Yt+3v2+3v v 3+3v2+3y+2

=_l_ll_-slvlU
f(v+2) o(v)

v3+3v2+3v+2

( d n o uf ( v ) = v K o r o ( v ) = v 2 + { v + l ) . ' E X o u ! e n o ! 6 v o q :

. P = l_LQ-- e_lrl_l= v
f(v+2) o(1)

(v+2)(v+1)

2 Apo eLvqLlio = -T' :-','

2/

( { v+1) v+2)

6. Nq 6rxer [l_(r- ir) = I 6rL ' v=2

i&

299 itlot:

-^(,'Exoule f-l(, l')= v = 2\ +)' v = 2\

\-ztl

('.

*)

. EflouCv{,}q

1\ 4\ 3 /, -|) 'z-l\ 1 2 \-3'' r-l "'\'--n-l ( ' . 'Aoo ou I ' fl ='z* (,.-# )- +
7. ih 6eux0e( 6ru ... 2.v4.v16.v256 =8
9-

('#)(,. )= #

t_

e_

22_

l0on:
E f v q Lq r = 2 = 2 1, - 2 \ 2 t . ) . . . o _ 2 \ z t) r o , = i l 4= ? 2 / 3 , a 1 = v 1 6 = 2 \ ' t " ' 'Aoq
2 3
\)-] .t -!-\2 *. ...( L \ , o,r= v256
21-

. , -- t r P = 2 . 2 2 / 3 . 2 ( 2 / 3 ).'. . 2 ( 2 / 3 ) " - 2 e/ z tu-t -r. 2,vr

=rffi
8.

'-

= 2 r tt - 0 1 = 2 3 8 . ' A p o

n
ouyKllvr.

q 6Lx0e[ dr! ro cneu@yrvdueto:

82 'T' 8' -zl' '

-6 45 " ' / v 3 + 1 6 \ - - v ' ,t

8

-rr'-'

i0oni
' 2 E L v q r ^2 v

(2v-1)3+1 1Zv)'
(2v-1)3 (2v)3+1

KOL

'2r+2

^2

8 I

( 2 v - 1 )3

( 2 v )3 + l

. _l-z_rl'_ (_2_r-ll:1 .\]:!)i.

(2v+1)3

3 l 2 u+ 2 ) + 1

2v+2 P"<P-

P2v'

' A p q ( P 2 v ) t v q t o 0 E o u o o 'L v q r K b u q q E n

< Z-

.9n-- P2v< 2, oniqbi n (P2v) ivol rppqvucvn. .

o Erlou6v0q q n p oL v 6 u vo u v K t r L v e L . ro L v
To : 9 . tb le^txnoo0v oc npoq Tnvo0vxlLon cnlpoyLv6ps\,/q

a)

_;' g('' )

B) n('-

1\

300 A6on: q ) H o e L p d 2 - 1 , v r o o > 1 o u v K l l v L u i y r - oo S 1 6 r v o u v r l L v L e v* 'Aoo r o o n e r p o v l v O u e u l ( , . f " ) v L oo > 1 o u v K , \ L v e L d r y L o v fo

\=1\ Y- /

qS16vouvrtriveu. L F ) H o e l p d f - - 1 - - v L o o > 1 o u v K I [ v v dy l o o - < 1 6 e v o u v K i l v 1 .

V'

'Apq qntpovLv6uevo ro o u v r l l v e uV L qo > 1 v 6 6 t v o u v K i L v v L o q < ]. r f L q q = 16 X o u ur o o n L p o v r v d u v o e 2/. 1\ 3 ^ = -i.. ? . -;- ... v - 1 1 P I

l_(,-;,l
.. I

us

:-

;=;

E L v o Li m P u = l i ml X ho r o 0 .

-,

..

= 0 . E n o u t v oT o q n L p o v L v o us u v K l l v rK o r ' a K 6 o vo q

' ol fl (r- -l-) v=2,

A{lsn:

10. tb Bosgt. apre!69 npoq rov orolo ouvxllvouv rq vlv6uvq o

z \ B) Iit. \'- vturnT ,=r,

y, fl v'-r J=,vr;T

'. q ) H o E L o d - - ; 2 - o u v K l L v 1 A p or o [ p 6 r o o r L p o v l v d u eo u v K l i vo >
v E r . EI v qL : .'( v'-1 +l v-l = -vr--= v - 1 ) ( v - l-) =-u-' v-n ---n? 1 1

'Apo

P"= i.

i
I

t
+

+
v+r

v - 1 'i'1 'vr "' --v-v + 1 = z v + l

2/ r \ 6n^o6h ll(1- -"o/= 1

Lnou.vuJc rimp\,=iin i (0

= I i.

q e t v o r . q L o q o u 8 u 6o r o v o n o i oo u V K i L v o v u v 6 u e vq e o 0 e r rL o 2-xei. ouvxtrLveL qKolouo[o rr,rv lepLrdv yr"vopAvov). n . B) Ei.vor v1-'._1, n oeroq I LLvoL:
_, ,,),)

-i, .

H oeupd :

,:u, ouvxtrlveu. 'Aoq KoL

- v 1 .q: i

ro o u v r , t t v e l ,e n o y d v o q y r v d p e v o u v K l i v e L . onor:

'-

2 vlu+1 2 = --iTci \ - 2= v ' ? + v -= (-v - l ) { v + 2-) vau;r-) vl v1lT v.dnl).

301 ^ ' f. 4 'u= ( = . 2 . 5 . 3 . 6 ... ( v - 2 ) ( v + 1 ) . . v - ' l ) ( v + 2 ) -r1 . v + 2 .trz x.4 4-.5 vrvnT llv-jT)1,-

/ t ,,.2\ 'EroL - -T- . ' A p or o y u v 6 u e vo u v x l l v e l o [ v q l t i m e " = t l ' r (3 - . - ' : v : )_ 1

oro -l- .
v) To vrv6lEvo vp6aeroL n o[Pd )

fl {1-

)'

*'ouvrrlver e0' 6oov

-;-ouvKltv1. EI v o L v_+l

;'-r

v 3- 1 _ ( v - l ) ( v ' ? + v + 1 )

-i;-r)G-;-r)' *"
v t ( v -1 ) ' z(-v - 1) + 1 l

1_._7._2-._lj_
3347

_14)t_Lv_-ll_'z_+_Lv_-_])+11
13
v ( v + l)

. l_f:U!u"*_t-U _l- . "':::J = (v+l v'z-v+1 3

)( )
\ _/

'Aoq P =tn ( 1-. Y-'---"J= -t 2 rim \ J V(V+l)

, on.roorr(v3 ' =-f il \

v=2 v'+1

I1 . llo umloyroOel. I im .---9---ro 6mv. fJ ( | +aK)

K::1

c)

0<q<l

8)

o=1,

Y)

qtl

( Onlt/x6 oouqtr/xns)
A0qn: q) 'Orqv0 < q < 1 r6re ro yuv6uevo (!+o- ) q u v K l t v e r 6 L 6 r L .l-l 'Emo Pv xo vuoor6 rou crn oerpd I ou ouvrJ\[veu. uepur6 Lvdgevo V 'limPu=u. nLpovLvo!vou tlvqL . r6x 'Apq I i m - - - - 1 - - - = ] i m- * - = l l r o - - = . 9 - = 6 . 'u IimPv Ii (t*o")
[vq[
r.f/1-1\r r-^v

B)

'orqv q=1

n
[l

=1ip -J-, =6 2'. (t*q*)

v)

'orovq>

1r6re

fl ( I *q')

(l+o)(1+q'z)...(1+ov)

302

_________l--__
/1+o\ \q/ / l +q'?\ \o / 1 _---------::--i1. o . o 2 . . . o " - ' /t*sv 1 \o / o>1 n w. -----.>

'Apo

(''-H +)"' G. G"-'.

_t \ sl

1i,n ---9-----

. - t im----l-------- a I .o'o2. . .ov fitr*o")

=o

(r )
o f-f r r+^K\

EnLO fl
a1

ol t ( I +oK)

> 0

npoK0nre ( k q L q I I o t r r J o r L r r m L

..

1 2 . A v0 < u yurdte w A0on:

< | xol n oer.o6 luu 6ev ouyxltvel r6re ro qnelpo-

npoc ro !n6v. I I ( l - u l ouvxtrtver Kcr'Kooxli

l L E r t b in s er p d I u 6 e v o u y KL v K o Lu v > 0 g q i , v o L

' E x o u t e :1 - u 1 - u 2
"
6[ v L : 1-u, < --1 1 - u^ < - - - I

l * uv 1

l+u

. --l-, u

'Apo

t-ut u . -f-

( 2 ). H ( 2 )

( 1 - u ,) ( 1 - u , . . . ( l - u . , ) < - - ' - - - ) uru2"'u

1-u < ---vll

r....1 vovd

- o<P <-]--

(3). E n e r blii m - - l - = 0 .

(3) 6tvei ( 16u6rnro I ir = LooouvKl[vouo6v) n P 0 . 13. ilo uAqoel rf tl@c rnv orlyxllon TO (!Ir@yrvOuevo
'i-i \

fl(t* '-t '/ v 1

(ouolK6oeolxnq)

llion: o) torr!x>ordrnoeuod nelpoy lv6pevo 6v oUVKIIvEL. !.{-A o e vo u v K I [ v E L' . p oK o Lx o o -

303

t,=('.-{-)(t' +-)'..(t- {-)''--+- *-}-*.'.* -rr- = ELvqu =r.x(r. *"'*'+ . eneroi { )

,]

r:m[r*1(r* *

*"'t

+)]

='-

eLvou limPu=r* rol .

'Apq xo qTreLpoyLv6!svo qnLp[<erorBTLKd.

B) x'> 0.

'Eoro 1< o 16rro onerpovlv6uevo voarrrot Ji (r- -1"),0*"

<l. E[voL x6uo0<-I!. o 'Apo

fLq v> vo

" C u o L{

6 3 -J!'- 3 1. H orp6 I -{-

o"u ouvKl[v6r.!0urpovo r1v npoqyo0ue

doKnon etvor":fl(luvn

+ )

=- -.
w 6 e u 1 0 e6 t r . [

)( 14.6y p = I-!J-*-tx + 2.), . ( x + v ) 6 n o u 0 < x < U I imP=0. lton:

To P lvoL ro vroord 0( 'lrll ) ('$i2)... ( 'frv)

yLv6uvo g(il*) t", uoLKd

. 'ExouuE:

[*-Y= L*I*J---u- -u-I =rr!+v

U+v U+v

'Apq

ypderqL: ro qnLpov Lv6uvo

ll(1ELvoL 0< +r v rvr

'l'-v

,t-x\
tb-.'i ) 0-v i:+ o e v o u Y K A L v L . 2 u u r r 0u tq v

<1 KqL N seLpd )

q , ( L L o tnv 6o<non 12) rns ou66oc u r n q r o o n p o v v 6 ! v o u v x l t v LK o r ' t K 6oxi rpoq ro un6ev.

A

15. Av I imq =0. A0on:

Lxuupc

o.

-v

(l)

> K o r ] i m B . \ , = B0 , v q d l x o E t6 r L

o lo

qr g2

qr q3

!-l

cl

s (,.{, (,.9-.) ...

(1. v:ir ) =P,_1

(2).

304 B, T o P v _ l L v o Lu o L K 6 L v 6 u E v r o u q r e L p o y L V o u 6 v o u ( i + _ 1 , ' v o fl ; . EIILv=1'

6 h ' l i m B v = B 0 , u n d p x L [ K r n qv 0 r 6 r o l o q n o u v L o K d e r v > v 0 v q > 6

vou 9u > 0. Eneubh --i

> 0 xoc n oerpd t --vll 6ev ouvKILvLK q L B, B, L o o n e r o o y u v d u r vn ( ' . i : ) b c v o u v r , \ i v e u0 o e l v o r f_r. \ 1 , . o , ' v / ', t\
. A p ql i m P u = l i m P u _ r-= + I in H ( 2 ) 6 tv e L

8.,

B.

=+-.

--:-L=l imP . =+ - - I iro =0.

'16. o

ro uetrsrnoi vlv6uevofr(t- -t= ). >r4 ouv6yeuc 6ervc

orr ff(r- -]; ) ouvxrluer. xeei -"r]r.*i-"v / \ J=-:

A0o4:
@ , o) nl, lllt{ j=j\ -; H oLpq ) o u v x t r L v eV L o o > l . u 1- \ v=1 v" . I ouv(iavEL vloo>1. i' t _ - , _ . 6 e v o u v K t r l v ev l o o > 1 . L
v v=f

o.

3r

Apo To olLpovLvdtcvo

H o[od t

Apq ro q[LpoyLv6-

! v o 6 e v o u v K l l v e r v r q q _ <l .

B ) t t v o u p\= / r - - l - ) /,r/ \ ' 2 \'

_1 -'z 2 ' 'T''

1 3-

. {-) )(,+).(,- =
0. EllouEvoq qnerpovLv6uevo to

T-"'

I -t1 = -v' -

o u v r t r L v e u t ' e x d o x nl p o cr o 0 . xo i 17. No 6eLxO[ drr. flouv -]L- =

!=1 2')

6rov0< lxl <n.

A0sn:
n, -{, to xor ene c6l 2" 4u {-- ' 2"-

T L oK d e u o t K d p u 0 u v L o 0 e r o d o x

o.l!1.,*, .n. ,Apq f. = t l g l^ , ti )] =., -r!-o,u.4 eo

nu --I-.
E[voLKcr.o =ouu-]*= ---fl_.-- . :x4ucracouu qKoloue[o (Bv) ps rnv I c" . o-..* i ix ,ty
2"

305

B = nu-l--.-

qv T6r Exouue =2T

-.

6 Enou voq a

n
nu l-2"

0K1
tFr+1 2')

IJ F*

n B.+t
,Apq

z'ou+t ztnu-f;

nux

z nuv = JU]X ____:___.+ rsi^

ll ouv I = ,!!r v=.1 2"

18. ea,poiur4v oerod ! ou xou to qneupovrv6pevo ( l+qv),ue fl

,r=l _ r=1 _ u=t

qu t 0 yrq K@ v l{. T6re etvql

:_qv=lr '

xol

fl_{tmu)=lz
!=1

6nou

pe Ir,A, [vq[ i KqL oL 6uo npqylorlxol r! xcr. or. 6[o l,oor- + -. A0qn: 'Eqro (o!) ( t rn n o K o ^ o u e L o v p e p r r 6 vq e p o L o u 6 r o v q o L o d q q L ( V v ) rou EnErOiKoL oL n oKoIouB[qrov irEpr,K6v vr.vou6vr,rv qrlLpoVLvo!vou. 600 qKoiouelsc 61ouvgerr"ro0q6pouqrqL elvou o0{ouoequndpxouv rq 'limov=lt' e l i m y ! . 1 \ r . 0 q 6 L q o u ur l q u o o d u v o p i e q R Ir Ir R. KqL l r = r o e + l r = 1 o . ' E x o u y e o u . o r + o r + . . . + o u q [ V u = 1 + o ) ( 1 + q ) . . . ( j + q v ). x r , ( l H b t r e p n r o 6 r n t o 6 [ v e u I n ' / v =n ( 1+ q r) + ] n ( 1+ o 2 ) + " ' + l n ( 1+ o v ) ( I ) . E L v o r 6 u o qv l q K d e > 0 : 1 n ( 1 + y )< ( 1 + X ) - 1 = x ( 2 ) . X o (3) . 0 r ( 1 ) K q r ( 2 ) 6 [ v o u vl n v u < o r + o r + . . ' + q ! = o v .' A p o \ / v < e ' 6 n E L v q L u o qv ! : 1 + o v ( q [ 6 6 L t n 0 K o A u r n v u c e o o o 4 q r i e u o ge n o y o r 'Apq yilq). v t q K 6 e v N * i . v q t O < l + o v < v u . e o u . E r I L bV v < e i v, qv ov+IrRtdrerouV!+126R6nor d T e K q Le " r { s , dpo ov - r-. , \1 K o L q v v v + + . . 12<e

EneLOfl 5 Vv-l qv y! - i2 R 16T KqL ov + ir 6 R, dnou ,\L_<i2-1 ov E n E L d fV v > o v + l , q v o v . l +- r6re KqLy! e + .

19. gevll, 'Eou,

'Eolrrr(o\,) lLa oxolooelo rrpovuqrrr6v ugt$ubv ue o l0 vlc x66rL ro c'Irpoyrv6lerro [] o.. ouyxl(ver.. T6rE I imq..=l . '
v=l

A0on: qpL0u6q :[Ju00vo rnv u[I60eon undpxer" eq 6vog [pqvuqrLKdq u 410, ?0

306

6ore fl o,,=r. Aur6 onuolvEL6 r r n q K o l o u e l qv ( v)

6XL uev(1)v 6p[o 4. Anlqdftvv= lqxOe[6rL
Y v + 1 O r. O z

Tov !PLKdv VLvo

fl-o*'rlo
-\lt1'

o, .o^. t.o

Eropevoc q -= v+ -L

t-'::
yu

'Apn q . I -T-'

+ I +q

+ 1.

20. ttqOeuxee[ fr v2+v-2 6rL 'r=2

A0on: o t r o u u e , , =I - ' j l l 2 ov(v+l)
v( v+l )

v L o v = z ! 3 , . . . E c v o r = I-t?I!rl-) o. " v (v + 1 1 .

-J*t-

v:?

'ooo -fJl ,,o B,=

v R n9".,

u"= ^ ;i k= i,+j:'_=1'ji_1"g ".g -+ il no"= uK Fig,..-.E-- =-5!= J v " ,i=) Pr

v-T v

l;1 o"= "tuo..

Ercu6vuc!

.0. ri jit# = +
21. itq delxet 6r!

rr-k K=2

ri o

r-t

Y+l

/l0ot: ' E o r op u = y r o l o u =J 1 1 ,

v=l,2,3,... ,ExoutrE

=;:F.d" =_+1. + nu= = j=Io"= n8" K= -L

'Aoo fl -"il-* -.

B.*, 8,.8"...S 11. 5=1-l'

NEPIEXOMENA
KEOA^AIO1 Eerpeqnpoyl,loflK6vdpreFd)v oeporoudrov EugpofuoF6q nuu6veqAoKtloerq H 6woro rnq oerpdq . . oelpdq t0yKILon o npderq q oerp6q . npordoerq Aroeopeq oerp6q .. OeueN66erq Aepor<6peveq oelp6q .. Iuu6veq AoKlloorq oerp6v Kprr{proouyxtrioeoq AoKlloerq iuudveq Kprrrlpro ouyKlioeoq....... :upnllpouoTlKo Iuueveq AoK'toelq AF6lurn Korue ouveiKnouyKtrron. Iuudveq AoKnoerq AuvoUooerp6q lupeveq AoKnoerq oerpeq ... Evol ooo6peveq Iugdveq AoKlloerq ond ovo6rorqgn Eerpeq TN6gevo oerp6v AoKt'loerq ^uu6veq Auu6veq ooKioerq.. fevrKdq KEOAMIO 2 ooyKlton Eelp6q ouvdprtioeov- OFor6Fop(pn :ep6q ouvoprnoeov o0yK^ron Ouo16!0pgn AroeopoKprripro
lupeveq AoKnoerq KEOAMIO 3 Eerp6qTaylor-Maclaurin O r0noq rou Taylor .. O ronoq rou l\,4aclaurin Avonriyuoro orolxeto66v ouvoprt'loeov 196 197 199 206 207 170 171 173 177

Ietr.
7 8
11

13
to

17 18 26

64 84 87 95 98 111 111
I to

120 122 129

opiou n oloKlrlp6uqroque 6dvogooelpo Ynoloyrou6q

Iuu6veq AoK4oerq

KEOAAAIO4

ferpeq Fourier
fevfid

TpryovogerprKeq oelpeq :ep6q Fourier Ttnor Fourier

ldrdrnreq oep6v Fourier

:eI. 230 231 231

taE

AoKioolq^uueveq BoolKd nopooeiyuorq oerp6vr""iilr"

KEOAAAIO5

...............:...::::.

243 245 288

Anelpovrv6gEvq TevrKdOproUoi t 0 y K i l o no n e t p o y t v o g d v o u. . . . . .. KpFiplo ouyKliooq onerpoyrvoU6vov AoKio8rq luUeveq

290 291 295 299