Geothermal Energy Program: Geothermal Heat Pump Overview

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Geothermal Heat Pumps Geothermal Heat Pump Overview The geothermal heat pump, also known as the ground source heat pump, is a highly efficient renewable energy technology that is gaining wide acceptance for both residential and commercial buildings. Geothermal heat pumps are used for space heating and cooling, as well as water heating. Its great advantage is that it works by concentrating naturally existing heat, rather than by producing heat through combustion of fossil fuels. The technology relies on the fact that the Earth (beneath the surface) remains at a relatively constant temperature throughout Geothermal heat pumps, such as this the year, warmer than the air above it during commercial-size system on the Georgia Tech the winter and cooler in the summer, very campus, use the relatively constant temperature much like a cave. The geothermal heat pump of the Earth at shallow depths to warm buildings in the winter and cool them in the summer. takes advantage of this by transferring heat Craig Miller, U.S. Department of Energy. (PIX stored in the Earth or in ground water into a 02211) building during the winter, and transferring it out of the building and back into the ground during the summer. The ground, in other words, acts as a heat source in winter and a heat sink in summer. The system includes three principal components: Geothermal earth connection subsystem Geothermal heat pump subsystem Geothermal heat distribution subsystem. Earth Connection Using the Earth as a heat source/sink, a series of pipes, commonly called a "loop," is buried in the ground near the building to be conditioned. The loop can be buried either vertically or horizontally. It circulates a fluid (water, or a mixture of water and antifreeze) that absorbs heat from, or relinquishes heat to, the surrounding soil, depending on whether the ambient air is colder or warmer than the soil.

Geothermal Energy Program: Geothermal Heat Pump Overview

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Heat Pump For heating, a geothermal heat pump removes the heat from the fluid in the Earth connection, concentrates it, and then transfers it to the building. For cooling, the process is reversed. Heat Distribution Conventional ductwork is generally used to distribute heated or cooled air from the geothermal heat pump throughout the building. Residential Hot Water In addition to space conditioning, geothermal heat pumps can be used to provide domestic hot water when the system is operating. Many residential systems are now equipped with desuperheaters that transfer excess heat from the geothermal heat pump's compressor to the house's hot water tank. A desuperheater provides no hot water during the spring and fall when the geothermal heat pump system is not operating; however, because the geothermal heat pump is so much more efficient than other means of water heating, manufacturers are beginning to offer "full demand" systems that use a separate heat exchanger to meet all of a household's hot water needs. These units cost-effectively provide hot water as quickly as any competing system. For more information contact the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium

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Environmental and Energy Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps

Geothermal heat pumps are among the most energy- and cost-efficient heating and cooling systems available today. They use less electricity and produce fewer emissions than conventional systems, reduce air and water pollution, and provide a comfortable indoor environment for building occupants. Nearly 500,000 geothermal heat pumps are being used today for heating and cooling throughout the United States in residential, commercial, and government buildings.

Geothermal heat pumps use the stable temperature of the ground (vertical boreholes typically are 100 to 400 feet deep) as a heat source to warm buildings in winter and as a heat sink to cool them in summer.

Overview
Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) represent a major clean energy technology. As a commercially viable technology now, GHPs are well positioned to help our nation achieve the increasingly desirable benefits of more efficient, clean energy technologies. While the consumer benefits from the economic and comfortrelated benefits of using GHPs, everyone benefits from

the substantial environmental and energy benefits resulting from GHP use, especially as GHPs become more widespread in the market. The geothermal heat pump is ideal for residential, commercial, and government building applications. Understanding the environmental and energy benefits of GHPs helps broaden appreciation of the overall potential of this outstanding technology. Achieving the present market penetration level of nearly 500,000 GHP installations reduces U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by over 1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide each year. In a landmark technical report (source: Space Conditioning: The Next Frontier, EPA 430-R-93-004, April 1993), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that GHPs are the most energy efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space-conditioning systems available. The EPA also found that GHPs offer the lowest carbon dioxide emissions and lowest overall environmental cost of all the residential space-conditioning technology readily available today. The few emissions that are released occur at the power plant, where they are carefully monitored and controlled.

Nearly 500 schools nationwide depend on GHPs for heating and cooling. GHPs use less energy and produce fewer emissions than their traditional HVAC counterparts.

Energy Under Foot

Resource Conservation
Over two-thirds of the nations electrical energy and over 40% of natural gas consumption is used in buildings. Space heating and cooling and water heating account for over 40% of the electric power used in residential and commercial buildings. By decreasing or offsetting the amount of energy needed for space conditioning and water heating, the nation has a major energy-saving opportunity. GHPs, also known as GeoExchangeSM systems, move the heat from the earth (or a groundwater source) into the home in the winter, and pull the heat from the house and discharge it into the GHP systems have ground in the summer. The underground the lowest carbon dioxide (or underwater) piping loops serve as a emissions of all techheat source in the winter and a heat sink in the summer. In essence, its the same nologies analyzed, and heat-exchanging process used by the comthe lowest overall mon refrigerator or air conditioner.

the EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumptionand corresponding emissionsup to 44% compared to air-source heat pumps and up to 72% compared to electric resistance heating with standard air-conditioning equipment for residential applications.

Environmental Benefits
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Emissions Reductions
Nearly 40% of all U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide are the result of using energy to heat, cool, and provide hot water for buildings. This is about the same percentage that the transportation sector contributes. The EPA found that under most electricity generating scenarios, GHP systems have the lowest carbon dioxide emissions of all technologies analyzed, and the lowest overall environmental cost (source: Space Conditioning: The Next Frontier). Over an average 20-year lifespan, every 100,000 units of nominally sized residential GHPs will save more than 24 trillion BTUs of electrical energy, and save consumers approximately $500 million in heating and cooling costs at current prices. And over the same period, these 100,000 units reduce greenhouse gas emissions by almost 1.1 million metric tons of carbon equivalents.

environmental cost.
EPA, 1993

While many parts of the country experience seasonal temperature extremes from scorching heat in the summer to sub-zero cold in the wintera few feet below the earths surface the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Because a GHP system is so efficient, it uses a lot less energy to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. This means that less energyoften created from burning fossil fuelsis needed to operate a GHP. According to

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Ozone Layer Damage

GHPs minimize ozone layer destruction by using factory-sealed refrigeration systems that will seldom or never have to be recharged. GHPs typically use less

Annual Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Space Conditioning Equipment by Region (in thousands of kilograms per year)

Source: EPA, 1993

Burlington, VT Geothermal heat pump Std. gas/Std. AC

Chicago, IL

New York, NY

Portland, OR

Atlanta, GA

Phoenix, AZ

Std. air-source heat pump Advanced gas/Hi-eff. AC

Advanced air-source heat pump Gas-fired heat pump

PIX06570

refrigerant than conventional air-conditioning systems. And using factory-sealed refrigeration systems also reduces leak potential from field connections and increases reliability.

Human Health and Comfort

GHPs are safe and clean because there are no combustion flames, no flues, and no odors; just safe, reliable operation year after year. And compared to most conventional HVAC systems, GHPs deliver constant comfort and improved humidity benefits, especially with 2-speed fan GHP systems. GHPs are quiet too; theres no noisy outdoor compressor. GHP systems themselves are environmentally friendly when properly installed, there is no danger of GHPs polluting ground water sources. The fluid in the ground-loop heat exchangers is typically an environmentally safe, water-based antifreeze solution. A recent EPA analysis (Evaluation of Consequences of Antifreeze Spills from Geothermal Heat Pumps, undated EPA report released in late 1998, GPO#1998-615003/60624) found that the human health risk from ingesting groundwater contaminated by a GHP antifreeze leak is low.

This commercial-sized GHP unit, installed in Cavett Elementary School, Lincoln, Nebraska, provides reliable year-round comfort.

DOE Role
In 1994, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), working closely with the EPA, Edison Electric Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA), National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, and industry, helped to create the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC). The GHPC launched the National Earth Comfort Program, designed to foster the development of a fast-growing, self-sustaining, national GHP industry infrastructure. DOE has also supported research and development activities, especially through IGSHPA; the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers; the National Ground Water Association; and DOEs national laboratories. The work has targeted several areas of GHP technology, lowering the cost of ground heat exchangers, and developing advanced design software. In partnership with the GHPC, DOEs Office of Geothermal Technologies seeks to increase annual installations of GHP systems to about 400,000 by 2005 and reach about 2 million installed (cumulative) that same year. Achieving the goal of 400,000 annual installations by 2005 will save consumers over $400 million per year in energy bills and reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by over 1 million metric tons of carbon each year.

Impressive Market Growth

The present installation base of nearly 500,000 GHP systems comprises just a fraction of the technologys potential applications. Today, GHPs represent a rapidly growing sector of the heatThe geothermal ing and cooling industry. In 1997, the GHPC reported an annual growth rate of heat pump is ideal for 22%. GHP sales grew even faster residential, commercial, 24%during the first quarter of 1998, and government building according to data collected by the Air applications. Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute. A tremendous opportunity exists to reduce energy use and carbon emissions significantly by the accelerated and expanded deployment of GHP systems.

Case StudyFort Polk Army Base

A great example of a large-scale application of GHPs is the highly successful project at Fort Polk, Louisiana, where 4,003 U.S. Army housing units at Ft. Polk were converted to GHPs. Since the new systems were installed, service calls on hot summer days have dropped from 90 per day to almost zero, testifying to the reliability of GHP systems. Data were collected on the utility feeders serving the housing area, and on a sample of apartments before, during, and after the retrofits. The GHPs and other efficiency measures reduced electrical consumption by 26 million kWh (average of 6,445 kWh per housing unit) or 32% of the pre-retrofit consumption, as well

as 100% of natural gas consumption. It also reduced summer peak demand by 7.5 megawatts, which is 43% of the pre-retrofit electrical consumption in family housing, and improved the load factor from 0.52 to 0.62. These energy savings correspond to an estimated reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 22,400 tons per year, which gives project participants green bragging rights immediately. As demonstrated by this Fort Polk project, GHPs shave peak loads and improve load factors. At Fort Polk, the whole-house load factor for a house with gas heating and water heating was 0.32 versus 0.60 for the GHP house. Financed by Co-Energy Group, a GHP energy service company, the project bears no up-front costs to the government. The $18 million contract was signed in February 1994, and the installation was completed in August 1996. The contractor will receive payments amounting to 80% of the energy GHPs can reduce savings while providing maintenance durenergy use by 23% to 44% ing the life of the 20-year contract. For compared to advanced maintenance, the Army will pay Coair-source heat pumps, Energy about 18 cents per square foot per year, saving the Army about 22% comand by 63% to 72% pared with previous maintenance costs. compared to electric

For More Information

The following organizations serve as excellent resources for information on geothermal energy and its various applications. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Geothermal Technologies, EE-12 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585-0121 (202) 586-5340 http://www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/ The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) P.O. Box 3048 Merrifield, VA 22116 (800) DOE-EREC (363-3732) Fax: (703) 893-0400 E-mail: doe.erec@nciinc.com http://www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/ Geo-Heat Center Oregon Institute of Technology 3201 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601-8801 (503) 885-1750 http://www.oit.osshe.edu/~geoheat/ Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (GHPC) 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-2696 (888) ALL-4-GEO (255-4436) http://www.geoexchange.org/ International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) 490 Cordell South Stillwater, OK 74078-8018 (405) 744-5175 (800) 626-4747 http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/

resistance heating and standard air-conditioning equipment.

At the time of installation, this project was the nations largest energy savings performance contract (ESPC). Since this pioneer GHP project, both DOE and the Department of Defense have established a Super ESPC program. The agencies, through a competitive bid process, prequalify energy service companies based on past performance and their ability to finance work. Once selected, these energy service companies will be able to sign contracts with any federal agency within a matter of monthsmuch quicker than the normal bid process. DOEs Federal Energy Management Program and Office of Geothermal Technologies have developed a technology-specific Super ESPC for geothermal heat pumps for all federal agencies. The Fort Polk project received Vice President Al Gores Hammer Award in 1997 for hammering away at building a better governmentone that works better and costs less. This award, one of the Clinton Administrations highest, is given to individuals or groups who have demonstrated exemplary reinvention of government.

EPA

DOE

Produced for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a DOE national laboratory DOE/GO-10098-653 September 1998, Reprinted April 1999
Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste

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Geothermal Heat Pumps Make Sense for Homeowners

Geothermal heat pumps are one of the most efficient ways to heat and cool a home and provide hot water. More and more homeowners are discovering the benefits of these systems, which tap the relatively constant temperature of the Earth a few feet underground, for both new homes and retrofits in existing houses.

Why a Geothermal Heat Pump?

The installation of a heating or cooling system is a decision that will affect a homeowners comfortand pocketbookfor years to come. One option to think about is a geothermal heat pump (GHP), which is one of the most cost-effective and longest-lasting heating and cooling systems on the market. Plus, GHPs provide free hot water as a byproduct of air conditioning for the household in the summer. Also known as ground-source heat pumps or GeoExchangeSM systems, GHPs provide many benefits to the

Geothermal heat pumps use the stable temperature of the ground (vertical boreholes typically are 100 to 400 feet deep) as a heat source to warm buildings in winter and as a heat sink to cool them in summer.

homeowner in both new and retrofit situations. Surveys by utilities illustrate a high level of satisfaction with GHPs compared to conventional systems. In fact, more than 95% of all GHP users would recommend a similar system to their friends and family. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), GeoExchange systems are the most energyefficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available (source: Space Conditioning: The Next Frontier, EPA 430-R-93-004, April 1993). Simply put, a GHP system moves the heat from the earth (or a groundwater source) into the home in the winter, and pulls the heat from the house and discharges it into the ground in the summer. The underground (or underwater) piping loops serve as a heat source in the winter and a heat sink in the summer. While many parts of the country experience seasonal temperature extremesfrom scorching heat in the summer to sub-zero cold in the wintera few feet below the earths surface the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Depending on latitude, ground temperatures range from 45F (7C) to 75F (21C). Like a cave, this ground temperature is warmer than the air above it during the winter and cooler than the air in the summer. The GHP takes advantage of this by exchanging heat with the earth through a ground heat exchanger rather than with the outside air as with air conditioners.

This house in Aurora, Colorado, uses a geothermal heat pump system that will provide all the heating, cooling, and hot water needs. For a home of 1,500 square feet with a good building envelope and a geothermal heat pump, energy costs are about $1 a day.

Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX06534

GHPs Offer Many Benefits

In even the coldest climates, geothermal heat pumps offer cost savings, durability, low maintenance, yearround comfort, and other benefits.

In addition, some electric utilities have financing packages that make the purchase of a GHP system even less expensive. Other utilities are providing special electric rates for homes with GHP systems installed

Cost Effective
Geothermal heat pumps save money in operating and maintenance costs. While the initial purchase price of a residential GHP system is often higher than that of a comparable gas-fired furnace and central air-conditioning system, it is more effiState-of-the-art building cient, thereby saving money every month. envelope construction and For further savings, GHPs equipped with highly efficient GHP a device called a desuperheater can heat systems allow some conthe household water. In the summer cooling period, the heat that is taken from tractors and utilities to the house is used to heat the water for actually guarantee energy free. In the winter, water heating costs are consumption costs of reduced by about half.

Durability
Because they use fewer mechanical components, and because those components are sheltered from the elements, leaves, dirt, and possible vandalism, geothermal heat pumps are durable and highly reliable. The underground piping used in the system often has 25- to 50year warranties, and the GHPs themselves typically last 20 years or more.

Low Maintenance
Geothermal heat pump systems have fewer maintenance requirements than most other systems. When properly installed, the underground components are virtually worry free. The components in the living space are easily accessible, which increases the convenience factor and helps ensure that the upkeep is done on a timely basis.

about $25 per month for each 1,000 square feet of living space.

On average, a geothermal heat pump system costs about $2,500 per ton of capacity, or roughly $7,500 for a 3-ton unit (typical residential size). In comparison, other systems would cost about $4,000 with air conditioning. When included in the mortgage, the homeowner has a positive cash flow from the beginning. For example, say that the extra $3,500 will add $30 per month to each mortgage payment. But the energy cost savings will easily exceed that added mortgage amount over the course of each year. On a retrofit, the GHPs high efficiency typically means much lower utility bills, allowing the investment to be recouped in two to ten years.

Year-Round Comfort
Like the typical forced-air furnace or central air-conditioning system, a GHP system uses ductwork. A twospeed GHP system is so quiet inside a house that users do not know it is operating because there are no telltale blasts of cold or hot air, depending on whether its the heating or cooling season. GHPs also improve humidity control by maintaining about 50% relative indoor humidity, making GHPs very effective in humid areas.

Quiet Operation
Annual Heating and Cooling Costs by Region
$1500
Source: EPA, 1993

1200

900

With GHPs, there are no outside condensing units like air conditioners, so theres no concern about A/C noise near patio areas or decks, or bothering the neighbors with the constant hum of a conventional air conditioner.

600

Geothermal Heat Pumps Are Highly Efficient

A study by the Environmental Protection Agency (source: 300 Space Conditioning: The Next Frontier, EPA 430-R-93-004, April 1993) analyzed six loca0 Phoenix, AZ Burlington, VT Atlanta, GA New York, NY Chicago, IL Portland, OR tions representing major climate Geothermal heat pump Air source heat pump Gas furnace with central air Oil furnace with central air zones in the U.S. These cities (Burlington, VT; Chicago, IL; upper New York City; Portland, OR; Atlanta, GA; and Phoenix, AZ) were chosen to compare the performance and costs of emerging highefficiency space-conditioning equipment with equipment already on the market.
2

sure tested. The consumer should insist that a qualified and experienced contractor, who has received training at a recognized institution, install the system. For a list of installers and training locations, contact the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association and Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (see For

The System for the Future

With their high efficiency and user satisfaction, geothermal heat pumps are one option homeowners should consider. Not only will they save energy and money, theyll reduce emissions and provide indoor comfort at less cost to the environment.

More Information section).

For all locations, the findings named Homeowners should also check with geothermal heat pumps as the most their utility and ask if they offer any This home has no efficient heating and cooling systems rebates or special electric rate prohot spots or cool spots. It over other types of space-conditioning grams. Another way to help finance [the heat pump unit] is equipment including high-efficiency the purchase of a GHP system is to good and quiet. And it is gas furnaces and air conditioners. roll the cost into an energy-efficient every bit as economical as Geothermal heat pump installations mortgage that would cover this and I thought it would be. in both new and existing homes can other energy-saving improvements to reduce energy consumption 25% to the home. The additional cost can be Ray Mosher, homeowner, Louisiana 75% compared to older or convencombined into the mortgage and will tional replacement systems. Annual produce a positive cash flow. Banks operating costs were also lowest with geothermal heat and mortgage companies can provide more information pumps. Add in the benefits of the desuperheater for hot on these types of loans. water savings, and its easy to see how a GHP system is DOE Spreads the Word about GHPs the most efficient available. In 1994, the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), workGHPs Have Low Environmental Impact ing closely with the EPA, Edison Electric Institute, ElecBecause a GHP system is so efficient, it uses a lot less tric Power Research Institute, International Ground energy to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA), National This means that less energyoften created from burnRural Electric Cooperative Association, ing fossil fuelsis needed to operate a GHP. According and industry, helped to create the GeotThe most unique to the EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy hermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC). part of it is the energy consumptionand corresponding emissionsup to The GHPC launched the National Earth 44% compared to air-source heat pumps and up to Comfort Program, designed to foster the savings that youre going 72% compared to electric resistance heating with standevelopment of a fast-growing, self-susto get from a ground dard air-conditioning equipment. taining, national GHP industry infrastrucsource heat pumpthe ture. DOE has also supported research advantage of using the Financing a GHP System and development activities, especially earth rather than a Many geothermal heat pump systems carry the DOE through IGSHPA; the American Society of and EPA ENERGY STAR label. ENERGY STAR propane tank or a natural Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Condilabeled equipment can now be financed with special tioning Engineers; the National Ground gas line. . . . It makes your ENERGY STAR loans from banks and other financial Water Association; and DOEs national property worth more. institutions. The goal of the loan program is to make laboratories. The work has targeted sevBill Dugan, GeoExchange system ENERGY STAR equipment easier to purchase, so these eral areas of GHP technology, lowering installer, Kansas loans were created with attractive terms. Some loans the cost of ground heat exchangers, and have lower interest rates, longer repayment periods, or developing advanced design software. both. Ask your contractor about ENERGY STAR In partnership with the GHPC, DOEs Office of Geoloans or call the EPAs ENERGY STAR toll-free hotline thermal Technologies seeks to increase annual installaat 1-888-STAR-YES for a list of financing options. tions of GHP systems to about 400,000 by 2005 and reaching about 2 million installed (cumulative) that same year. Achieving the goal of 400,000 annual instalDesign and Installation lations by 2005 will save consumers over $400 million Installing a geothermal heat pump system is not a project for per year in energy bills and reduce U.S. greenhouse the do-it-yourselfer. Because the pipes are underground, they gas emissions by over 1 million metric tons of carbon each year. need to be designed and installed correctly, and properly pres-

Case StudyMinnesota
Located in the middle of Minnesotawhere temperatures can range from 90F (32.2C) with 95% humidity in the summer to -18F (-27.8C) in the winterDennis Eichingers 3,400-square-foot home averages a little over $44 per month in electricity bills. The owner has been very satisfied with the units quietness, high quality, reliability, and low maintenance. House guests also marvel at the comfort level of the housethey dont feel any drafts, just an even temperature throughout the house.

For More Information

The following organizations serve as excellent resources for information on geothermal energy and its various applications. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Geothermal Technologies, EE-12 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585-0121 (202) 586-5340 http://www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/ The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) P.O. Box 3048 Merrifield, VA 22116 (800) DOE-EREC (363-3732) Fax: (703) 893-0400 http://www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/ E-mail: doe.erec@nciinc.com Geo-Heat Center Oregon Institute of Technology 3201 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601-8801 (503) 885-1750 http://www.oit.osshe.edu/~geoheat/ Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (GHPC) 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-2696 (888) ALL-4-GEO (255-4436) http://www.geoexchange.org/ International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) 490 Cordell South Stillwater, OK 74078-8018 (405) 744-5175 (800) 626-4747 http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/

In the winter when the wind chill was 50F below zero, I know other people in new homes were cold, and we were not. We didnt have any trouble with drafts and we were real comfortable.

The five-ton ground source heat exchanger connects to five horizontal Slinky loops, totaling 3,000 feet of pipe, buried next to the home at a depth of eight feet (2.4 meters). GHP technology heats and cools as well as, or better than, conventional systems, even in Minnesotas extreme temperatures.

Stacey Burger, homeowner, Kansas

Case StudyFlorida

Panama City, Florida, homeowner Keith Swilley partnered with his builder and local electric utility to create a 2,000square-foot home thats a model of efficiency. It saves so much energy that the home won the 1997 Energy Value Housing Award for the custom home category for hot/humid climates at the National Association of Home Builders Conference in Houston. Mr. Swilley used energy-efficient features from ceiling to floor, with cellulose insulation in the walls and attics, sealed ductwork, and efficient doors, windows, and lighting. However, the feature that saves the most energy is the GeoExchange system. The geothermal heat pump heats and cools the house and provides hot water for the residents with a desuperheater, which takes waste heat from the air-conditioning process and uses it in the water heater. The desuperheater actually helps the GeoExchange unit reach heightened levels of efficiency. The system was metered separately and has proven to be a valuable investment, as the homes total energy bill for 1996 was $906. Amazingly, only $253 of the total annual energy bill was used for heating and cooling the 2,000 square feet of conditioned space. The energy bills are even lower than I anticipated, said Mr. Swilley, and the comfort level in the winter and summer is much greater than expected. I never dreamed I could heat and cool my home for 69 cents a day!

EPA

DOE

Produced for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a DOE national laboratory DOE/GO-10098-651 September 1998, Reprinted April 1999
Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste

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Geothermal Heat Pumps Score High Marks in Schools

Nearly 500 schools nationwide have installed geothermal heat pump systems to provide their heating and cooling needs. With their proven lower operating and maintenance costs, energy efficiency, and superior classroom comfort, geothermal heat pumps are a great choice for school applications.
Hundreds of schools in the United States have already made the smart move and installed geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), as numerous school facility managers have recognized the overall comfort, economy, and energy efficiency of these systems.

What Are Geothermal Heat Pumps?

While many parts of the country experience seasonal temperature extremesfrom scorching heat in the summer to sub-zero cold in the wintera few feet below the earths surface, the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Like a cave, ground temperature is warmer than the air above it during the winter and cooler than the air in the summer. The GHP takes advantage of this fact by exchanging heat with the earth through a ground heat exchanger.

Geothermal heat pumps use the stable temperature of the ground (vertical boreholes typically are 100 to 400 feet deep) as a heat source to warm buildings in winter and as a heat sink to cool them in summer.

Also known as a ground-source or GeoExchangeSM system, a GHP moves the heat from the earth (or a groundwater source) into the building in the winter, and pulls the heat from the building and discharges it into the ground in the summer. The underground (or underwater) piping loops serve as a heat source in the winter and a heat sink in the summer. In essence, its the same heat-exchanging process used by the common refrigerator or air conditioner, only its underground. GHPs come in either closed-loop or open-loop designs. Closed-loop systems circulate an environmentally friendly water/antifreeze solution through high density polyethylene pipes that are buried in the Earth. The solution absorbs heat from the ground during the winter and transfers it to heat pumps inside the building. In the summer, heat from the building is carried through the pipes and deposited in the cool ground. Open-loop systems operate in much the same way. They can be installed where a sufficient, predictable, and relatively clean supply of water (such as a pond, lake, or well) is available.

Benefits for Schools

A major advantage of GHPs is their individual classroom heating/ cooling controls or zone space conditioning.

Schools choose GHP systems for many reasons, some of which include aesthetics, zone control, energy savings and lower maintenance costs, decreased space requirements, and safety.

Aesthetics
GHP systems allow for greater design freedom in schools. These systems can be installed nearly anywhere. Since there are no rooftop mechanical components, designs can allow for sloped roofs and minimize the space needed to contain less-than-attractive HVAC equipment.

Energy Cost Comparison* $/Square foot/Year (Electric and natural gas) Average of 5 schools with conventional HVAC systems

Average of 4 schools with GHP systems

Individual Room Controls

Because of the unique structure of school facilities and their many individual rooms, a major advantage of GHPs is their ability to heat or cool individual classrooms or other areas, known as zone space conditioning. Each room can be kept as warm or cool as needed, rather than heating or cooling the entire building uniformly. One of the greatest attributes to having this GHP system installed is the individual control in each space by the users, said David Anstrand, construction administrator for the Neff Elementary School GHP project in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 *Based on Lincoln, Nebraska, public schools project 0.70 0.80

We have installed over 75 GHP systems in the Austin Independent School District alone. In addition to the savings, low noise, low maintenance, and numerous other benefits, these systems are also environmentally friendly and convenient to use.
Bob Lawson, Austin Independent Schools, Texas

such areas as cafeterias and gymnasiums, each operating only as needed. Still others may be used to provide hot water for kitchens and locker rooms.

Energy Savings
Energy savings are a significant advantage of GHP systems. Instead of creating heat by burning a fuel, GHPs move heat from one place to where its needed. Therefore, consumption of electricity is reduced 25% to 50% compared to traditional heating and cooling systems, allowing a payback of system installation in two to eight years and a life expectancy of 20 to 30 years.

Top school GHP use by city:

Austin, TX 76; Leander, TX 8; Birdville, TX 7; Hopkinsville, KY 5; Kearney, NE 5; Lincoln, NE 5; Kirbyville, TX 5

In most school facilities, one GHP is used for one or two classrooms. The heat pumps may be in the classrooms as stand-alone consoles, in closets, or above hallway ceilings. Larger heat pumps are used for

Smaller Space Requirement

A GHP system eliminates the need for boilers and cooling towers, which reduces the need for mechanical space. We have a decrease in the need for space because only pumps are needed. This translates to $100 per square foot of building savings, says Top school GHP use by state: Anstrand. In addition, because the Texas 102, Missouri 62, Kentucky 38 New Jersey 33, Nebraska 23 components of a GHP system can be installed anywhere, they eliminate the need for rooftop equipment. Since the GHP equipment is housed indoors, it lasts much longer than conventional HVAC systems that are exposed to harsh outdoor weather or vandalism.

Safety
GHPs are proven to be safe for schools. Since the piping and connections are buried, there is no dangerous outdoor equipment that children might be tempted to play on or vandalize. Polyethelene ground heat exchangersessentially the same as used for natural gas distributionare often guaranteed for 25 to 40 years.

Hundreds of schools in the United States reap the benefits and savings of geothermal heat pump systems to provide heating, cooling, and hot water. 2

Case StudyNebraska Schools Benefit from GHPs

In Lincoln, Nebraska, not only is the Austin (Texas) Independent School school district benefitting from the District was the nations first school savings of GHP systems, but the taxdistrict to install GHP systems on a payers are, too. With cooperation large scale. Since 1989, the majority from Lincoln Electric Systems and of heating and cooling systems that Lincoln Public Schools, four elemenhave been installed are GHP systems. tary schools recently installed GHP Nan Droz, board member of Before installing GHPs, the school systems. The heating and cooling Manheim Township School District district was facing problems maincosts are about $144,000 a year less (Neff Elementary School project), taining and upgrading their heating (for 19961997) than they would Pennsylvania and cooling systems because of the have been if those schools installed large number of schools. One maintemore traditional heating and cooling nance supervisor for the school district said, Stocking systems. These savings will reach about $3.8 million parts for the numerous heating and cooling systems in over just 20 years, allowing for other capital improveour schools was a nightmare. By standardizing on the ments to be realized. GeoExchange units, we eliminate chillers, boilers, conCompared to natural gas HVAC systems (air-cooled, vectors, etc., and all the chemicals, parts, and maintevariable air volume systems) that were installed in two nance associated with them. other schools at the same time, the schools had a total energy cost savings of 57%. There were also 42% and 20% reductions in electrical demand and electrical energy consumption, respectively. Not only will the school district taxpayers save approximately $3.8 million over the next 20 years, but the GHPs also help reduce peak demand for electricity compared to alternative systems.

Installation Methods
GHP systems can be used in virtually any area of the countryfrom Alaska to Floridabecause of the way they rely on the thermal stability of the Earth to heat and cool. The type of instalFor our current lation best for each school depends on a students and thousands number of factors, such as climate, propthat will take their place erty layout, and geologic conditions. The best economics are gained by installing in the next century, one the ground heat exchanger when a buildof the best means of ing is under construction. Piping may be achieving true, lasting arranged as a few wells per classroom or energy efficiency in our as a series of vertical wells for the entire schools is to convert them school. GHPs are a particularly viable to GeoExchange heating heating and cooling option in areas where stringent air emissions standards are diffiand cooling. cult to meet using conventional systems. Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson For school facilities, GHP systems can be the lowest first-cost option when competing with four-pipe boiler and cooling-tower systems. In most other situations, GHP systems have lower lifecycle costs when considering overall energy and maintenance costs.

Case StudyGHPs Popular with Kentucky School District

Paint Lick Elementary School in Garrard County, Kentucky, was the first newly constructed school in Kentucky to be heated and cooled by a GHP system. Thirty-five separate GHPs throughout the school allow the library, cafeteria, offices, gymnasium, and each classroom to have individual thermostats and optimal zone control. The GHP construction cost of $9.60 per square foot was very reasonable considering there are individual temperature controls in every room. The GHP system provides a financial cost savings in terms of service, because other systems are more labor intensive and require continual custodial care, said Dr. William Wesley, superintendent of the Garrard County School District. One manufacturer even offered an unconditional guarantee on the system for two years. By guaranteeing this system, we took the risk away from the school board, and we believed once they saw what the system could do, awareness and acceptance of the technology would be our reward, noted the companys head of marketing. The system did its job in convincing peopleKentucky now has over 40 schools with GHP systems.

Schoolchildren Learn by Example

Judged solely on the efficiency and durability of GHPs, it seems a smart choice for schools to incorporate them. But besides these advantages, there are more reasons to incorporate them into schools. With GHPs, the money saved on energy costs can be invested in educational resources.

Once we began to study the different types of heating, it became very obvious to me that the geothermal plan was going to be the least expensive.

Case StudyTexas Schools Favor GHPs

DOE Spreads the Word about GHPs

Doug Bantam, Chief Engineer, Lincoln Electric Systems, Nebraska

In 1994, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), working closely with the Environmental Protection Agency, Edison Electric Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA), National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, and industry, helped to create the Geothermal Our GHP system Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC). The was a retrofit. Over a GHPC launched the National Earth Comfort Program, designed to foster the seven-month period, we development of a fast-growing, selfhave saved over 40% on sustaining, national GHP industry infraheating plus the added structure. DOE has also supported benefits of cooling and hot research and development activities, espewater. cially through IGSHPA; the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and David Grubb, Schyler R-1 Schools, Air-Conditioning Engineers; the National Missouri Ground Water Association; and DOEs national laboratories. The work has targeted several areas of GHP technology, lowering the cost of ground heat exchangers, and developing advanced design software. In partnership with the GHPC, DOEs Office of Geothermal Technologies seeks to increase annual installations of GHP systems to about 400,000 by 2005 and reaching about 2 million installed (cumulative) that

For More Information

The following organizations serve as excellent resources for information on geothermal energy and its various applications. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Geothermal Technologies, EE-12 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585-0121 (202) 586-5340 http://www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/ The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) P.O. Box 3048 Merrifield, VA 22116 (800) DOE-EREC (363-3732) Fax: (703) 893-0400 http://www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/ E-mail: doe.erec@nciinc.com Geo-Heat Center Oregon Institute of Technology 3201 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601-8801 (503) 885-1750 http://www.oit.osshe.edu/~geoheat/ Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (GHPC) 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-2696 (888) ALL-4-GEO (255-4436) http://www.geoexchange.org International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) 490 Cordell South Stillwater, OK 74078-8018 (405) 744-5175 (800) 626-4747 http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/

Construction Growth in Educational Buildings Millions of square feet

200

150

100

50
EPA DOE

0 80

82

84

86

88

90

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Produced for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a DOE national laboratory DOE/GO-10098-650 September 1998, Reprinted April 1999
Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste

Year

GHPs in schools can teach children early in their lives to start thinking about cost efficiency and their environment. They can learn about conserving natural resources and that they can be part of helping to protect and save our environmentall of this right in their own school.

The schools with geothermal systems have energy costs about half those of the schools with conventional heating and cooling equipment.

same year. Achieving the goal of 400,000 annual installations by 2005 will save consumers over $400 million per year in energy bills and reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by over 1 million metric tons of carbon each year.

OFFICE

OF

GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES

Geothermal Heat Pumps for Medium and Large Buildings

Business owners around the United States are installing geothermal heat pumps to heat and cool their buildings. This well-established technology offers benefits to businesses that range from increased comfort for employees and customers to significant dollar savings in energy and operation and maintenance costs.
Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are also known as ground source or water source heat pumps and GeoExchangeSM systems. They use the relatively constant temperaturestypically 45F to 70F (7C to 21C)of soil and water beneath the frost line to provide efficient heating and cooling all year long. The efficiencies achieved by these systems are impressive and allow commercial users to save up to 50 percent over conventional heating and cooling systems, plus they reduce maintenance costs. The environment also benefits when business owners choose geothermal heat pumps. The U.S. Department of Energys (DOE) Geothermal Heat Pump Program has set a goal of two million units installed by the year

Geothermal heat pumps use the stable temperature of the ground (vertical boreholes are typically 100 to 400 feet deep) as a heat source to warm buildings in winter and as a heat sink to cool them in summer.

2005. Achieving this objective will save consumers about $400 million per year in energy bills and reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by over 1 million metric tons of carbon each year. Business people who own these systems swear by them. According to Marion Pinckley, designer and construction manager for the worlds largest GHP system, their enthusiasm is well founded. The initial cost of a GHP system is often competitive with conventional HVAC equipment, and the operation and maintenance costs are usually much lower, typically yielding a simple payback of five years or less, explains Pinckley. In

Minnesota GHP System Pays Off

Marvin Hansens Skunk Creek Conoco station (shown at left)
Jeff Frey, Photographer/PIX06542

in Sandstone, Minnesota, is the first integrated GHP system in Minnesota. Hansen chose the system based on a recommendation from Duluth-based utility Minnesota Power, which provided technical and project management assistance and helped defray the cost of the mechanical design. According to Minnesota Powers Randy Richgruber, the utility estimates that the system saves Hansen $5,000 each year compared with a conventional furnace and water heater, with a payback of less than five years.

The GHP system in this Minnesota gas station heats and cools the building; provides hot water, food refrigeration, and ice making; and melts snow to and from the car wash.

addition, every room in the building can have its own comfort control. In my 45 years in the business, Ive worked with nearly every HVAC system available, and you cant beat GHP systems for economy, comfort, flexibility, and environmental benefits.

Opportunity f or Ener gy Service Companies

Why should an energy service company (ESCO) offer GHPs? Because they are a much better investment than conventional systems! A 1997 analysis shows that conventional heating and air-conditioning in a base case office building installed under an energy service pricing contract earns an internal rate of return (IRR) of 9%. Under the same circumstances, GHPs provide an IRR of at least 28% for contract periods up to 20 yearswhile still reducing equivalent customer bills by 5%. If the ESCO can integrate the HVAC design into the building plan early in the design process, the rate of return can be even better. This comparison was developed with computer models using actual GHP operating data. Barakat and Chamberlin, Inc., defines the benefits of GHPs as ideally suited to energy service pricing contractual arrangements.
Source: Barakat and Chamberlin, Inc., Geothermal Heat Pump Profitability in Energy Services, November 1997.

Improving the Bottom Line

Business owners and managers like to save money, and thats one of the things a well-designed GHP system does best by reducing monthly energy bills. But GHPs also have less obvious economies. These units can heat water for free in the summer with rejected waste heat from air conditioning. Reclaimed waste heat from freezers and ice machines can also be used for space or water heating and snow-melting systems. For example, at Marvin Hansens Skunk Creek Conoco station in Sandstone, Minnesota, the heat rejected by the store refrigeration equipment and GHPwhich would be wasted in a conventional systemis transferred to the ground loop where it is used by two water-to-water GHPs to heat domestic water and water for the car wash. During the winter, this recycled heat warms the concrete slab floor in the car wash and provides heat for the entrance and exit ramp snow melting system. The result is that heat is never wasted, but rather it is moved to where it can be used or stored in the earth connection for later use. Because these systems have fewer mechanical components, they are also more reliable, easier to service, and less prone to failure. It is not uncommon to find geothermal systems that were installed 30 or 40 years ago still operating effectively today. The results of these combined efficiencies include dollar savings for the building owner and avoided air and water pollution. In large buildings, many individual heat pumps can be placed in different zones and each can be sized to meet the needs of the space it conditions. When properly

integrated, these systems recover excess heat from one indoor zone of the building and use it where it is needed. For example, heat pumps on the sunny side of a large building with an integrated system can provide cooling while those on the shady side are providing heat. Each of these individual units is attached to the same earth connection by a loop inside the building. It is even possible to connect multiple buildings in the same general area to the same earth connection. If one of the heat pumps in a multi-pump installation does need servicing or replacement, the problem is easily isolated and corrected because of the modular nature of the equipment. The rest of the heating and cooling system is not affected. GHPs also save money in large buildings with multiple heat pumps by reducing the amount of space required for mechanical rooms. GHP systems use smaller ducts, because the air handling system only provides make-up air and does not carry heat. This results in smaller floor-to-floor heights as heating and cooling BTUs are transferred via small pipes rather than bulky ducting. By eliminating roof-mounted equipment, the roof lasts longer and the structural steel can be downsized.VAV system GHP system (multi-zone) Chilled water In large commercial installations, the initial costs of system Single zone rooftop system Mult-zone rooftop GHPs are very competitive with boilers and cooling towers. Major projects (larger than 300 tons) often attract bidders from all over the country for designing, drilling, and installation, thereby achieving very competitive prices.

Comparison Between GHP and Conventional Systems: Electricity Used kW/ton

1.6 Indoor and outdoor fans

Fans 1.2 Pumps 0.8 Indoor, outdoor fans and pumps Compressor 0.4 Heat pump and fans Compressor

Compressor

GHP system (multi-zone)

Chilled water VAV system

Single zone rooftop system

Multi-zone rooftop system

All these economies add up to a handsome return on investment for businesses that choose GHPs. If the initial cost of installing a GHP system is higher, these systems typically pay for themselves in reduced energy and maintenance costs in less than five years.

cool earth. GHPs located inside the building distribute the warmed or cooled air throughout the interior. In commercial installations, an underground heat exchanger and a fluid-pumping or circulation system are combined with packaged geothermal heat pumps. The heat pumps are placed throughout the building to provide multiple temperature-controlled comfort zones. GHPs can be configured for single rooms or zones with individual circulating pumps and ground heat exchangers. In large installations, the system consists of a ground heat exchanger with a single pumping station serving multiple heat pump units.

Roadmap for Success

The benefits of GHPs can be tailored to many specific businesses, such as gas stations, motels, hotels, retirement centers, large and small office buildings, auto maintenance facilities, and others. In some places, local utilities offer design assistance, referrals, or financial incentives to offset the initial cost of purchasing and installing them. The Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC) also offers some design assistance (see For More Information). In addition, many energy service companies (ESCOs)businesses that install energy-saving technologies and whose fees are paid out of the subsequent energy savingsoffer GHPs to their clients.

Comfort and Security

In addition to saving money, GHPs provide very comfortable heating and cooling. Customer satisfaction ranks among the highest of all heating and cooling systems. Building owners and users can simultaneously heat and cool, provide Good News for the many separate comfort zones, heat and Environment cool selectively, and operate with very little down time. Consumers are becoming more The equipment used in GHPs is either underground or located indoors so it is not vulnerable to vandalism or mechanical failures caused by severe weather. The GHPs are very quiet, which makes it possible to install them anywhere in the buildingin closets, above suspended ceilings, or as self-contained consoles. Typically, GHPs do not require roof-top units, which are undesirable aesthetically and require roof penetrations, with the potential for leaks and future maintenance. sophisticated about patronizing businesses that demonstrate sensitivity to the environment, and they consistently rank their comfort and satisfaction with GHPs higher than with any other system. Combine this with the fact that the higher initial investment is repaid quickly through lower energy and maintenance bills, and it is easy to see why GHPs are becoming a popular

How a GHP System Works

GHPs are far more versatile than conventional HVAC systems, because they provide space conditioning heating, cooling, humidity controland many installations also provide hot water. GHPs do not require a boiler or cooling tower, which makes them simpler than conventional HVAC systems to operate and maintain. GHPs exchange heat with the earth through a system of buried plastic pipes called a ground heat exchanger. In the winter, fluid in the pipes extracts heat from the earth and carries it through the system and into the building. In the summer, heat is pulled from the building, carried through the system, and deposited in the

DOE Involvement

This commercial-sized GHP unit, installed in Cavett Elementary School, Lincoln, Nebraska, provides reliable year-round comfort. 3

PIX06570

In 1994, the U.S. Department of Energy HVAC choice among knowledgeable (DOE), working closely with the EPA, business people. Edison Electric Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA), National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, and industry, helped to form the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC). The GHPC launched the National Earth Comfort Program, designed to foster the development of a fast-growing, self-sustaining, national GHP industry infrastructure. DOE has also supported research and development activities, especially through IGSHPA; the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers; the National Ground Water Association; and DOEs national laboratories. The work has targeted several areas of GHP technology, lowering the cost of ground heat exchangers, and developing advanced design software.

Worlds Lar gest GHP System

The Galt House East Hotel and Waterfront Office Buildings in Louisville, Kentucky, use a 4,700 ton GHP system to meet the heating and cooling needs of the complex. The 750,000-square-foot (70,000 m 2) Galt House East hotel, completed in 1984, uses a 1,700-ton GHP system, which cost $1,500 per ton to install. In comparison, a conventional system would have cost between $2,000 and $3,000 per ton. As a bonus, the system saves about $25,000 per month in reduced energy costs and frees up about 25,000 square feet (2,323 m 2) of additional commercial space that would have been needed to house conventional HVAC equipment. The Waterfront Office Buildings, built in 1994, add about 960,000 square feet (89,000 m 2) of office space and almost 3,000 tons of GHP capacity to the project, making this the worlds largest commercial GHP project. According to Marion Pinckley, Galt House designer and construction manager, Galt House East has been running for 15 years with no system problems. The GHP system has performed even better than expected.
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For More Information

The following organizations serve as excellent resources for information on geothermal energy and its various applications. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Geothermal Technologies, EE-12 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585-0121 (202) 586-5340 http://www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/ The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) P.O. Box 3048 Merrifield, VA 22116 (800) DOE-EREC (363-3732) Fax: (703) 893-0400 E-mail: doe.erec@nciinc.com http://www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo Geo-Heat Center Oregon Institute of Technology 3201 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601-8801 (503) 885-1750 http://www.oit.osshe.edu/~geoheat/

Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (GHPC) 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-2696 (888) ALL-4-GEO (255-4436) http://www.geoexchange.org/ International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) 490 Cordell South Stillwater, OK 74078-8018 (405) 744-5175 (800) 626-4747 http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/

EPA

DOE

Produced for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a DOE national laboratory DOE/GO-10098-648 September 1998, Reprinted April 1999
Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste