Gio vin: TS.

Bi Th Vit H Ngi thc hin: Nguyn Thnh Phng Lp CNKHTN K11 Sinh hc

M u
ng vt nguyn sinh (Protozoa) l nhm xut hin sm nht trong gii ng vt. c tnh hin nay c khong 38.000 loi. c im chung: Kch thc hin vi t 2 - 4 micromet, tuy vy cng c nhng loi c kch thc ln, mt thng c th nhn thy c: Mt s c kch thc c bit: Trng c Bursaria c c th di ti 1,5mm; ng knh ca loi Trng l (Foraminifera) t n 10mm, c bit c loi Trng l ha thch c v t ti kch thc 15cm. C th n bo l c im xuyn sut ton ngnh. V hnh thi, Protozoa tng ng vi mt t bo nhng v mt sinh l, chng l mt c th hon chnh, do chng c nhiu nt c trng ring.

1. Phn b
trng m l rt cn thit v chng nhy cm vi s mt nc)
Phn ln sng t do trong nc (trong mi trng nc ngt v nc mn) Mt s sng trn cn (di dng sng hoi sinh ti nhng ch c vt cht hu c phn hy trong t) Mt s sng k sinh (trong c th thc vt, ng vt)

Protozoa sng nhiu loi mi trng m. (mi

1. Phn b
Nhng nghin cu gn y ch ra rng Protozoa l nhm a pht sinh. Taxon Protozoa khng nn p dng lm tiu ch phn loi thc s trong lch s tin ha phn t. Tuy nhin, thut ng ny vn c th dng ch nhm cc ng vt a pht sinh, t c h hng vi nhau nhng c chung c im hnh thi, sinh sn, sinh thi hc v mt s c im ha sinh.

2. Tm quan trng v nh hng

Protozoa chnh l mt phn ln trong cc sinh vt ph du plankton (c vai tr v cng quan trng trong chui thc n) Vai tr trong nghin cu ha sinh v sinh hc phn t (nhiu con ng chuyn ha trong protozoa u xut hin hu ht cc t bo nhn thc khc) Mt s loi gy bnh ngi v ng vt (st rt, l tiu chy ...)

3. Hnh thi v cu to chung

V protozoa l t bo nhn thc, nn v nhiu mt, hnh thi v sinh l ca chng ging nh cc t bo ng vt a bo. Tuy nhin, v tt c cc chc nng sng din ra trong duy nht 1 t bo nn protozoa c nhiu c im hnh thi v sinh l c trng ring.

3. Hnh thi v cu to chung

A. i xng c th:

Hnh dng ca protozoa rt a dng, c hu ht cc kiu i xng ca ng vt, v d: Trng Chn gi cha c i xng, Trng Phng x, Trng Mt tri c i xng ta trn. Trng L (Globotrucana) c i xng hai bn; Trng C c c th mt i xng.

3. Hnh thi v cu to chung

B. V ngoi: mt s loi, phn t bo cht nm ngay di mng t bo tn ti th bn rn (gelatin) --> c gi l phn Ngoi cht. Phn gc ca Tim mao (flagella) hay Tin mao (cilia) v cc cu trc si tng t khc u gn phn Ngoi cht.

3. Hnh thi v cu to chung

B. V ngoi: Mt s nhm protozoa cha c v, ch c bao ngoi n gin bi mng t bo, cha c hnh dng c nh. Mt s thuc lp Trng Roi, Trng C c c th c bao ngoi bi lp mng phim (pellicula), c hnh dng n nh. Mt s thuc lp Trng L c lp v cuticun c trng bao ngoi do ngoi cht tit ra. Trong nhiu trng hp lp v ny c ngm thm SiO2 v CaCO3 tng cng chc nng nng v bo v.

3. Hnh thi v cu to chung

C. Phn Ni cht v cc bo quan: Bn di phn Ngoi cht l phn Ni cht, c c tnh lng v ht, v l ni cha phn ln cc c quan t. Nhng thng th protozoa c 2 loi nhn ring bit l Nhn ln (macronuleous) v Nhn b (micronucleus): Nhn ln thng gn vi nhim v dinh dng v cc qu trnh ti to. Nhn b l nhn lng bi, lin quan n s ti t hp gen trong qu trnh sinh sn v l ngun hnh thnh nhn ln.

3. Hnh thi v cu to chung

C. Phn Ni cht v cc bo quan: Khng bo thng xut hin trong t bo cht ca protozoa. Chng phn ha thnh cc dng: Khng bo co bp (contractile vacoules) iu ha p sut thm thu, p sut c duy tr nh vo s bm nc lin tc ca khng bo, thng c cc loi sng trong mi trng nhc trng. Nhiu loi sng mi trng bin hoc k sinh khng c khng bo co bp. Khng bo tiu ha (phagocytic vacuoles) ph bin cc loi protozoa n tht v ki sinh. Khng bo ch tit (secretory vacuoles) cha mt s enzym c hiu, tham gia vo qu trnh thot nang (excystation) mt s loi c bo t.

3. Hnh thi v cu to chung

D. C quan t chuyn vn: Chn gi (pseudopodia) l phn phnh ra ca t bo cht (gn lin vi s bin i gia dng gel v sol ca t bo cht), in hnh l trng Amip. C tc dng di chuyn v bt mi. Tim mao (flagellate) in hnh Trng Roi. Tin mao (cilia) hay cc lng bi, mc xung quanh c th, quanh ming. Thng kt hp thnh dng phin to chuyn ng sng hoc to thnh tm ceri ( Trng Nhy)

3. Hnh thi v cu to chung

D. C quan t chuyn vn:

4. Kiu dinh dng

protozoa c c 3 kiu dinh dng: Dinh dng t dng gp Trng Roi, c th ca chng cha ht dip lc thc hin chc nng ny. D dng thc bo hay n tht l khi protozoa hp thu cc thc n nh vi khun bng cch thc bo v sau hnh thnh khng bo tiu ha (in hnh Amip). Mt s loi c cu trc ring gi l cytostome (ming). Hoi sinh thng c cc loi k sinh, l s hp thu cc cht ha tan (nh axit amin, glucose) qua mng t bo thng qua m bo, khuch tn, hoc knh vn chuyn trung gian (khuch tn c h tr hoc vn chuyn ch ng).

4. Kiu dinh dng

Tiu ha Trng C - Paramecium caudatum

4. Kiu dinh dng

Phn ln cc loi protozoa sng k kh, khng c ty th, khng c cytochrome, v c mt chu trnh Krebs khng hon chnh. Tuy nhin, mt s loi c gn trn mng cc c quan t nh gi l hydrogenosome. Cu trc ny mang mt chui truyn in t ring bit, vi H+ l cht nhn in t cui cng hnh thnh kh hydro. Mt s loi c nhiu loi hnh thi ty th khc bit nh: Dng l discoid cristae ( trypanosomes); dng ng tubular mitochondria cristae ( celiates, sporozoa); dng phin lamellar cristae ( foraminiferans)

5. S ha nang v thot nang

Nhiu loi protozoa c kh nng ha nang ha bo t (encystation). Chng pht trin vo giai on cyst, l dng ng ca t bo vi c trng hnh thnh vch ngn vi mi trng xung quanh, hot ng trao i cht gim ti a. Hnh thnh bo t (cyst) thng c cc loi sng t do trong mi trng nc v cc loi k sinh. N c 3 tc dng chnh l:
Bo v chng li mi trng sng khc nghit (thiu dinh dng, kh, pH khng thun li, thiu Oxy) L ni ti t chc li nhn v phn chia t bo (dng bo t sinh sn) L iu kin chuyn i vt ch nhng loi k sinh.

Khi gp iu kin mi trng thun li, s xy ra s thot nang (excystation).

6. Sinh sn
Bao gm c sinh sn v tnh v sinh sn hu tnh.
A. Sinh sn v tnh: Phn i: c hu ht cc loi protozoa. Mc chi: gp Trng ng ht (Suctoria). Lit sinh: l kiu sinh sn v tnh mt s loi k sinh. Trc tin nhn phn chia nhiu ln sau t bo cht phn tch tip theo tng ng vi s lng nhn phn chia to thnh nhiu c th.

6. Sinh sn
B. Sinh sn hu tnh:

Tip hp
(conjungation): l qu trnh trao i giao t gia 2 c th protozoa ghp cp, hin tng ny ph bin cc loi c lng bi.

6. Sinh sn
B. Sinh sn hu tnh: Da trn c tnh cc c th tip hp, ngi ta phn chia ra: ng giao, d giao v non giao. ng giao: giao t c v giao t ci ging nhau. (gp Trng Roi tp on Stephonosphaera). D giao: giao t c v giao t ci khc nhau v kch thc. (thng gp tp on Pandorina hay Eudorina) Non giao: thng thy tp on Volvox, trong c 25 30 t bo ln ln hnh thnh giao t ci; 5 -10 t bo phn chia lin tip, mi t bo cho 256 giao t c. Giao t c di ng tm gp giao t ci v th tinh. Kiu sinh sn ny ging vi sinh sn hu tnh ng vt a bo, tuy nhin giai on lng bi ch chim mt thi gian rt ngn trong vng i.

7. PHN LOI
Nhiu nh khoa hc cho rng ng vt nguyn sinh (protozoa) l mt phn gii, cha 7 ngnh trong tng s 14 ngnh ca gii Khi sinh Protista. Ngnh Sarcomastigophora bao gm cc lp Trng Roi v Trng Amip vi 1 loi nhn. Ngnh Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomlexa, Microspora, Ascetospora v Myxozoa u bo gm cc loi sng hoi sinh v k sinh. Ngnh Cilliophora gm cc loi c lng bi v c 2 loi nhn. S phn loi phn gii Protozoa nh trn ch yu da trn c im nhn, hnh thc sinh sn v c ch vn ng.
Nhiu xut gn y c mt s khc bit. Nm 1993, T. Cavalier-Smith cho rng protozoa nn c nng ln lm 1 gii vi 18 ngnh da trn c im cu trc cristae ty th v nhiu c im khc. Tuy nhin, s chp nhn cch phn loi ny vn cha c thng nht. Trong nhng m hnh phn loi da trn nghin cu phn t gn y, protozoa khng tn ti nh l mt taxon ring r. Cc t bo nhn thc ging protozoa c tm thy khp ni trong bc thang tin ha.

7. PHN LOI

7. PHN LOI

1. Ngnh Sarcomastigophora Phn ngnh Mastigophora

Cc dng protist c 1 loi nhn v c tim mao, chn gi hoc c 2 c xp vo ngnh ny. Hnh thc sinh sn c c v tnh v hu tnh.
Phn ngnh Mastigophora bao gm: Trng Roi thc vt (phytoflagellates) cng 1 s h hng v Trng roi ng vt (zooflagellates) khng c sc t dip lc. Sinh sn v tnh phn i. Mt s loi c sinh sn hu tnh, Hin tng ha bo t ph bin. Mt nhm ln l kinetoplastids, c ADN ty th nm mt vng c bit gi l kinetoplast.

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

7. PHN LOI

1. Ngnh Sarcomastigophora Phn ngnh Mastigophora

Mt s Trng roi ng vt sng t do, v d loi choanoflagellates c 1 tim mao, sng n c hoc tp on. Mt s Trng roi ng vt hnh thnh kiu sng cng sinh, v d nh loi Trichonympha, c tm thy trong rut ca mi v sn xut cc enzym gip tiu ha cellulose. Mt s Trng roi ng vt k sinh trn ngi, v d Giardia lamblia c rut ngi, gy bnh tiu chy. Trichomonas vaginalis, c tr trong m o v ng tit niu ph n v trong tuyn tin lit, tit niu nam.
Giardia lamblia

7. PHN LOI

Ngnh Sarcomastigophora Phn ngnh Mastigophora

Mt h Trng roi ng vt tn l trypanosomes - tc nhn gy bnh v mu rt nguy him ngi v ng vt. Bi v chng sng trong mu, nn cn c tn l hemoflagellates. Nhng sinh vt k sinh ny c cu trc c trng v dng nh l nhnh pht sinh sm nht ca protists vi ty th v peroxisomes. Mt cn bnh ph bin v nguy him do trypanosomes gy ra ngi l bnh ng Chu Phi, gy nn bi loi

Trypansoma bruei rhodesiense hayTrypanosoma brucei gambiense.

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

7. PHN LOI
Phn ngnh Sarcodina Bao gm cc loi protists dng amip. Chng c tm thy khp ni trn th gii c mi trng nc ngt v nc mn v trong t. Mt s k sinh trn ng vt c v. Amip gin n (amip trn) di chuyn lin tc bng cch to chn gi. Mt s khng c hnh dng xc nh v cu trc bn trong t bo khng c nh. Amip dng chn gi bt mi (to nh, vi khun, protozoa khc). Mt s vt cht di chuyn ra v vo t bo thng qua m bo. Sinh sn amip trn l phn i. Mt s amip hnh thnh bo t (cyst).

1. Ngnh Sarcomastigophora Phn ngnh Sarcodina

Amoeba proteus.

7. PHN LOI

1. Ngnh Sarcomastigophora Phn ngnh Sarcodina

Nhiu dng sng t do c cu trc phc tp hn. Arcella to ra lp v cng bo v. Nhng loi amip ny th chn gi ca chng qua l m ca v bt mi v di chuyn. in hnh l Trng l (foraminiferans) v Trng phng x (radiolarians) ch yu l cc amip sng bin. Trng l sng phn ln y bin, trong khi Trng phng x thng c tm thy vng bin nng. V ca Trung l hay b xng ca Trng phng x c hnh dng rt p v c trng. Kch thc chng c ng knh t 20mm n 2cm. Mt s loi amip sng cng sinh. Hai h ph bin l Endamoeba v Entamoeba. Endamoeba blattae ph bin trong rut gin, Entamoeba histolytica l loi k sinh ngi, gy bnh l amip rt nguy him. Hai h amip sng t do l Naegleria v Acanthamoeba, gy bnh ngi v nhiu loi ng vt khc.
Entamoeba histolytica

7. PHN LOI

2. Ngnh Labyrinthomorpha

Mt ngnh kh nh Labyrinthomorpha bao gm cc protists c hnh dng con thoi hay t bo sinh dng hnh cu khng ging dng amip. mt s h, t bo dng amip di chuyn trong mt mng li nhy vi kiu chuyn ng trt. Phn ln chng sng bin, dinh dng hoi sinh hoc k sinh trn to. Mt vi nm gn y, Labyrinthula tiu dit phn ln cc con ln c trn vng b bin i Ty Dng khi lm cn kit ngun thc n ca ln c

7. PHN LOI
Thng c gi l cc Trng bo t (sporozoa), c mt giai on sng bo t trong vng i, chng cc c quan t vn ng (tr mt s giao t c, hp t v ookinete). Chng k sinh ni bo ng vt v c c trng bi phc h nh (apical complex).

3. Ngnh Apicomplexa

Thnh phn ca phc h nh: hoc vi vng nh, cu trc nn cha cc si xp xon nm cnh vng nh; mng vi ng ta ra xung quanh c tc dng h tr cho cu trc nh. Hai hoc nhiu hn cc rhoptries ko di ra t mng t bo v tit cc cht cha trong n ra b mt t bo. S tit ny l cn thit h tr cho qu trnh xm nhp t bo vt ch. Mt vi l nh c cho rng hp thu cc cht dinh dng. Cu trc apicomplexan sporozoite

7. PHN LOI

3. Ngnh Apicomplexa

C s chuyn i nhiu vt ch. Vng i c c sinh sn v tnh v hu tnh. Bn h trng bo t k sinh quan trng nht l: Plasmodium (gy bnh st rt), Cryptosporidium (gy bnh cryptosporidiosis), Toxoplasma (gy bnh toxoplasmosis), Eimeria (gy bnh coccidiosis).

7. PHN LOI

3. Ngnh Apicomplexa

mt s im, qu trnh sinh sn v tnh gi l schizogony xut hin. l mt lot cc ln nguyn phn to ra nhiu c th gy nhim nh thng qua s hnh thnh cc chi n nhn. S sinh sn hu tnh l s th tinh ca mt giao t ci khng l vi giao t c nh, c tim mao. Hp t hnh thnh to nn mt dng nang c v dy gi l oocyst. Bn trong oocyst, phn chia gim phn to ra cc bo t n bi gy nhim.

7. PHN LOI

4. Ngnh Microspora

Trng vi bo t (microspora) kch thc 3 6 micromet, k sinh ni bo bt buc, thiu ty th. Chuyn i vt ch di dng bo t chng chu. Trong ngnh ny c mt s loi c nh hng n kinh t do chng k sinh nhiu loi cn trng trong sn xut. VD: Nosema bombycis k sinh gy hi cho tm gy bnh pebrine. Nhiu quan tm cn ch c th s dng chng nh mt tc nhn khng ch sinh hc i vi nhiu loi cn trng c hi khc. VD: Nosema locustae c php s dng rng ri kim ch loi chu chu M. Gn y c 7 h trng vi bo t c pht hin c lin quan ti cc bnh nhng bnh nhn b suy gim min dch v bnh nhn AIDS.

7. PHN LOI

5. Ngnh Ascetophora

y l mt ngnh tng i nh bao gm cc protists k sinh c trng c c im bo t thiu m cc cc v thiu cc si cc (polar filaments). VD: Mt h in hnh nh Haplosporidium k sinh ch yu t bo, m, v xoang c th ng vt Thn mm.

7. PHN LOI

6. Ngnh Myxozoa

Tt c cc loi thuc ngnh ny u sng k sinh, ch yu trong c nc ngt v c nc mn. Chng c bo t chng chu vi 1 6 si cc xon (coiled polar filaments). Loi c nh hng kinh t quan trng nht l Myxosoma cerebralis, chng nhim vo h thn kinh v c quan thnh gic c hi. C b nhim bnh mt thng bng, di chuyn bt thng. Bnh thn ny sinh gy nn bi mt loi myxozoa cha phn loi l mt trong nhng cn bnh c nh hng ln nht ti ngnh thy sn trn ton th gii.

7. PHN LOI
y l ngnh ln nht trong 7 ngnh protozoa. C khong 8000 loi, kch thc 10 - 3000 micromet. Ging nh tn gi, ngnh ny s dng tin mao (cilia) lm c quan t vn ng ch yu. Cc tim mao thng sp xp theo cc hng theo sut chiu di c th, hoc theo ng xon quanh c th. Cc lng bi hot ng to sng ng u, gip c th bi tin li d dng trong mi trng nc. Hnh dng c th rt a dng. in hnh nh hnh
dng giy Trng giy. Mt s loi nh Vorticella th gn vi mt gi th no bng mt cung di, Stentor th gn c th n vo gi th ri ko di ra ging hnh loa kim n. Mt s loi c cc dy gai bt mi, mt s tch tr cht c vo cc si phng cha trong cc nang c (toxicysts) bt mi.

7. Ngnh Ciliophora

7. PHN LOI

7. Ngnh Ciliophora

7. PHN LOI

7. Ngnh Ciliophora

im ni bt nht cc loi ngnh ciliophora l chng c kh nng bt mi hiu qu nh vo hot ng ca cc tin mao quanh ming. Chng c cc khng bo tiu ha. Hot ng iu ha p sut thm thu nh vo cc khng bo co bp. Phn ln cc loi ciliate c 2 loi nhn: nhn ln v nhn b. Sinh sn v tnh bng cch phn i theo trc dc c th. Sinh sn hu tnh bng qu trnh tip hp. Mc d mt s ciliates sng t do, dng cng sinh cng tn ti. Mt s loi sng dng k sinh khng gy hi, v d nh Entodinium sng trong d c ca gia sc, Nyctotherus sng trong rut kt ch. Mt s loi ciliates khc th sng k sinh bt buc, v d nh Balantidium coli sng trong rut ng vt, c ngi, gy bnh l.

7. PHN LOI

Tng kt

Ti liu tham kho

Prescott, Harley, Klein Microbiology 6th edition, Mc GrawHill, 2002 Thi Trn Bi, ng vt khng xng sng, NXB Gio dc, 2000