kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk500kBC kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkCONFUCIANkANALECTS kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkConfucius kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk1 kkThekMasterk"Iskitknotkpleasantktoklearnkwithkakconstantkperseverance andkapplication? kk"Iskitknotkdelightfulktokhavekfriendskcomingkfromkdistantkquarters? kk"Iskheknotkakmankofkcompletekvirtue,kwhokfeelsknokdiscomposure thoughkmenkmaykta eknoknotekofkhim?" kkThekphilosopherkYuksaid,k"Theykarekfewkwho,kbeingkfilialkand fraternal,karekfondkofkoffendingkagainstktheirksuperiors.kTherekhave beenknone,kwho,knotkli ingktokoffendkagainstktheirksuperiors,khave beenkfondkofkstirringkupkconfusion.

kk"Theksuperiorkmankbendskhiskattentionktokwhatkiskradical.kThatkbeing established,kallkpracticalkcoursesknaturallykgrowkup.kFilialkpietykand fraternalksubmission,-arektheyknotkthekrootkofkallkbenevolent actions?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Finekwordskandkankinsinuatingkappearancekare seldomkassociatedkwithktruekvirtue." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"Ikdailykexaminekmyselfkonkthree points:-whether,kinktransactingkbusinesskforkothers,kIkmaykhavekbeen notkfaithful;-whether,kinkintercoursekwithkfriends,kIkmaykhavekbeen notksincere;-whetherkIkmaykhaveknotkmasteredkandkpracticedkthe instructionskofkmykteacher." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Tokrulekakcountrykofkakthousandkchariots,kthere mustkbekreverentkattentionktokbusiness,kandksincerity;keconomykin expenditure,kandklovekforkmen;kandkthekemploymentkofkthekpeoplekatkthe properkseasons." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akyouth,kwhenkatkhome,kshouldkbekfilial,kand, abroad,krespectfulktokhiskelders.kHekshouldkbekearnestkandktruthful. Hekshouldkoverflowkinklovektokall,kandkcultivatekthekfriendshipkofkthe good.kWhenkhekhasktimekandkopportunity,kafterkthekperformancekofkthese things,khekshouldkemploykthemkinkpolitekstudies." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Ifkakmankwithdrawskhiskmindkfromktheklovekof beauty,kandkapplieskitkasksincerelyktoktheklovekofkthekvirtuous;kif, inkservingkhiskparents,khekcankexertkhiskutmostkstrength;kif,kin servingkhiskprince,khekcankdevotekhisklife;kif,kinkhiskintercourse withkhiskfriends,khiskwordskareksincere:-althoughkmenksaykthatkhe hasknotklearned,kIkwillkcertainlyksaykthatkhekhas. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkthekscholarkbeknotkgrave,khekwillknotkcall forthkanykveneration,kandkhisklearningkwillknotkbeksolid. kk"Holdkfaithfulnesskandksinceritykaskfirstkprinciples. kk"Haveknokfriendsknotkequalktokyourself. kk"Whenkyoukhavekfaults,kdoknotkfearktokabandonkthem." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"Letktherekbekakcarefulkattentionkto performkthekfuneralkritesktokparents,kandkletkthemkbekfollowedkwhen longkgonekwithkthekceremonieskofksacrifice;-thenkthekvirtuekofkthe peoplekwillkresumekitskproperkexcellence." kkTsze-ch'inkas edkTsze- ungksaying,k"Whenkourkmasterkcomesktokany country,khekdoesknotkfailktoklearnkallkaboutkitskgovernment.kDoeskhe as khiskinformation?korkiskitkgivenktokhim?" kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Ourkmasterkiskbenign,kupright,kcourteous, temperate,kandkcomplaisantkandkthuskhekgetskhiskinformation.kThe master'skmodekofkas ingkinformation,-iskitknotkdifferentkfromkthat ofkotherkmen?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whilekakman'skfatherkiskalive,kloo katkthekbentkof hiskwill;kwhenkhiskfatherkiskdead,kloo katkhiskconduct.kIfkforkthree yearskhekdoesknotkalterkfromkthekwaykofkhiskfather,khekmaykbekcalled filial."

kkThekphilosopherkYuksaid,k"Inkpracticingkthekruleskofkpropriety,ka naturalkeasekisktokbekprized.kInkthekwayskprescribedkbykthekancient ings,kthiskiskthekexcellentkquality,kandkinkthingsksmallkandkgreatkwe followkthem. kk"Yetkitkisknotktokbekobservedkinkallkcases.kIfkone,k nowingkhowksuch easekshouldkbekprized,kmanifestskit,kwithoutkregulatingkitkbykthe ruleskofkpropriety,kthiskli ewisekisknotktokbekdone." kkThekphilosopherkYuksaid,k"Whenkagreementskarekmadekaccordingktokwhat iskright,kwhatkiskspo enkcankbekmadekgood.kWhenkrespectkiskshown accordingktokwhatkiskproper,konek eepskfarkfromkshamekandkdisgrace. Whenkthekpartieskuponkwhomkakmankleanskarekproperkpersonsktokbe intimatekwith,khekcankma ekthemkhiskguideskandkmasters." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokaimsktokbekakmankofkcompletekvirtuekin hiskfoodkdoesknotksee ktokgratifykhiskappetite,knorkinkhiskdwelling placekdoeskheksee kthekapplianceskofkease;khekiskearnestkinkwhatkhekis doing,kandkcarefulkinkhiskspeech;khekfrequentskthekcompanykofkmenkof principlekthatkhekmaykbekrectified:-suchkakpersonkmaykbeksaidkindeed toklovektoklearn." kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Whatkdokyoukpronouncekconcerningkthekpoorkmankwho yetkdoesknotkflatter,kandkthekrichkmankwhokisknotkproud?"kThekMaster replied,k"Theykwillkdo;kbutktheykareknotkequalktokhim,kwho,kthough poor,kiskyetkcheerful,kandktokhim,kwho,kthoughkrich,kloveskthekrules ofkpropriety." kkTsze- ungkreplied,k"ItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k'Askyoukcut andkthenkfile,kaskyoukcarvekandkthenkpolish.'-Thekmeaningkisktheksame, Ikapprehend,kaskthatkwhichkyoukhavekjustkexpressed." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Withkonekli ekTs'ze,kIkcankbeginktoktal kaboutkthe odes.kIktoldkhimkonekpoint,kandkhek newkitskproperksequence." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikwillknotkbekafflictedkatkmen'sknotk nowingkme;kI willkbekafflictedkthatkIkdoknotk nowkmen." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk2 kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokexerciseskgovernmentkbykmeanskofkhiskvirtue maykbekcomparedktoktheknorthkpolarkstar,kwhichk eepskitskplacekandkall thekstarskturnktowardskit." kkThekMasterksaid,k"InkthekBoo kofkPoetrykarekthreekhundredkpieces, butkthekdesignkofkthemkallkmaykbekembracedkinkoneksentencek'Having nokdepravedkthoughts.'" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkthekpeoplekbekledkbyklaws,kandkuniformity soughtktokbekgivenkthemkbykpunishments,ktheykwillktryktokavoidkthe punishment,kbutkhaveknoksensekofkshame. kk"Ifktheykbekledkbykvirtue,kandkuniformityksoughtktokbekgivenkthemkby thekruleskofkpropriety,ktheykwillkhavektheksensekofkshame,kand moreoverkwillkbecomekgood." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Atkfifteen,kIkhadkmykmindkbentkonklearning. kk"Atkthirty,kIkstoodkfirm. kk"Atkforty,kIkhadknokdoubts. kk"Atkfifty,kIk newkthekdecreeskofkHeaven. kk"Atksixty,kmykearkwaskankobedientkorgankforkthekreceptionkofktruth. kk"Atkseventy,kIkcouldkfollowkwhatkmykheartkdesired,kwithout transgressingkwhatkwaskright." kkMangkIkas edkwhatkfilialkpietykwas.kThekMasterksaid,k"Itkisknot beingkdisobedient." kkSoonkafter,kaskFankCh'ihkwaskdrivingkhim,kthekMasterktoldkhim, saying,k"Mang-sunkas edkmekwhatkfilialkpietykwas,kandkIkanswered him,-'notkbeingkdisobedient.'" kkFankCh'ihksaid,k"Whatkdidkyoukmean?"kThekMasterkreplied,k"That parents,kwhenkalive,kbekservedkaccordingktokpropriety;kthat,kwhen dead,ktheykshouldkbekburiedkaccordingktokpropriety;kandkthatkthey

shouldkbeksacrificedktokaccordingktokpropriety." kkMangkWukas edkwhatkfilialkpietykwas.kThekMasterksaid,k"Parentskare anxiousklestktheirkchildrenkshouldkbeksic ." kkTsze-yukas edkwhatkfilialkpietykwas.kThekMasterksaid,k"Thekfilial pietyknowadayskmeansktheksupportkofkone'skparents.kButkdogskandkhorses li ewisekarekablektokdoksomethingkinkthekwaykofksupport;-without reverence,kwhatkisktherektokdistinguishkthekoneksupportkgivenkfromkthe other?" kkTsze-hsiakas edkwhatkfilialkpietykwas.kThekMasterksaid,k"The difficultykiskwithkthekcountenance.kIf,kwhenktheirkelderskhavekany troublesomekaffairs,kthekyoungkta ekthektoilkofkthem,kandkif,kwhenkthe youngkhavekwinekandkfood,ktheyksetkthemkbeforektheirkelders,kiskTHIS tokbekconsideredkfilialkpiety?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikhavektal edkwithkHuikforkakwholekday,kandkhekhas notkmadekanykobjectionktokanythingkIksaid;-askifkhekwerekstupid.kHe haskretired,kandkIkhavekexaminedkhiskconductkwhenkawaykfromkme,kand foundkhimkablektokillustratekmykteachings.kHui!-Hekisknotkstupid." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Seekwhatkakmankdoes. kk"Mar khiskmotives. kk"Examinekinkwhatkthingskhekrests. kk"Howkcankakmankconcealkhiskcharacter?kHowkcankakmankconcealkhis character?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkakmank eepskcherishingkhiskoldk nowledge,ksokas continuallyktokbekacquiringknew,khekmaykbekakteacherkofkothers." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekaccomplishedkscholarkisknotkakutensil." kkTsze- ungkas edkwhatkconstitutedktheksuperiorkman.kThekMaster said,k"Hekactskbeforekhekspea s,kandkafterwardskspea skaccordingkto hiskactions." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankiskcatholickandknotkpartisan.kThe meankmankiskpartisankandknotkcatholic." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Learningkwithoutkthoughtkisklaborklost;kthought withoutklearningkiskperilous." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekstudykofkstrangekdoctrineskiskinjurious indeed!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Yu,kshallkIkteachkyoukwhatk nowledgekis?kWhen youk nowkakthing,ktokholdkthatkyouk nowkit;kandkwhenkyoukdoknotk nowka thing,ktokallowkthatkyoukdoknotk nowkit;-thiskisk nowledge." kkTsze-changkwasklearningkwithkakviewktokofficialkemolument. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hearkmuchkandkputkasidekthekpointskofkwhichkyou standkinkdoubt,kwhilekyoukspea kcautiouslykatktheksamektimekofkthe others:-thenkyoukwillkaffordkfewkoccasionskforkblame.kSeekmuchkandkput asidekthekthingskwhichkseemkperilous,kwhilekyoukarekcautiouskatkthe samektimekinkcarryingkthekotherskintokpractice:kthenkyoukwillkhavekfew occasionskforkrepentance.kWhenkonekgiveskfewkoccasionskforkblamekin hiskwords,kandkfewkoccasionskforkrepentancekinkhiskconduct,khekiskin thekwayktokgetkemolument." kkThekDu ekAikas ed,ksaying,k"Whatkshouldkbekdonekinkorderktoksecure theksubmissionkofkthekpeople?"kConfuciuskreplied,k"Advancekthekupright andksetkasidekthekcroo ed,kthenkthekpeoplekwillksubmit.kAdvancekthe croo edkandksetkasidekthekupright,kthenkthekpeoplekwillknotksubmit." kkChikK'angkas edkhowktokcausekthekpeoplektokreverencektheirkruler,kto bekfaithfulktokhim,kandktokgokonktoknervekthemselvesktokvirtue.kThe Masterksaid,k"Letkhimkpresidekoverkthemkwithkgravity;-thenktheykwill reverencekhim.kLetkhimkbekfinalkandk indktokall;-thenktheykwillkbe faithfulktokhim.kLetkhimkadvancekthekgoodkandkteachkthe incompetent;-thenktheykwillkeagerlyksee ktokbekvirtuous." kkSomekonekaddressedkConfucius,ksaying,k"Sir,kwhykarekyouknot engagedkinkthekgovernment?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"WhatkdoeskthekShu-chingksaykofkfilial piety?-'Youkarekfinal,kyoukdischargekyourkbrotherlykduties.kThese

qualitieskarekdisplayedkinkgovernment.'kThiskthenkalsokconstituteskthe exercisekofkgovernment.kWhykmustktherekbekTHAT-ma ingkonekbekinkthe government?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikdoknotk nowkhowkakmankwithoutktruthfulnesskiskto getkon.kHowkcankaklargekcarriagekbekmadektokgokwithoutkthekcrossbar forkyo ingkthekoxenkto,korkaksmallkcarriagekwithoutkthekarrangement forkyo ingkthekhorses?" kkTsze-changkas edkwhetherkthekaffairskofktenkageskafterkcouldkbe nown. kkConfuciusksaid,k"ThekYinkdynastykfollowedkthekregulationskofkthe Hsia:kwhereinkitktoo kfromkorkaddedktokthemkmaykbek nown.kThekChau dynastykhaskfollowedkthekregulationskofkYin:kwhereinkitktoo kfromkor addedktokthemkmaykbek nown.kSomekotherkmaykfollowkthekChau,kbutkthough itkshouldkbekatkthekdistancekofkakhundredkages,kitskaffairskmaykbe nown." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Forkakmanktoksacrificektokakspiritkwhichkdoes notkbelongktokhimkiskflattery. kk"Tokseekwhatkiskrightkandknotktokdokitkiskwantkofkcourage." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk3 kkConfuciusksaidkofkthekheadkofkthekChikfamily,kwhokhadkeightkrows ofkpantomimeskinkhiskarea,k"Ifkhekcankbearktokdokthis,kwhatkmaykheknot bearktokdo?" kkThekthreekfamilieskusedkthekYungode,kwhilekthekvesselskwerekbeing removed,katkthekconclusionkofktheksacrifice.kThekMasterksaid, "'Assistingkarekthekprinces;-theksonkofkheavenkloo skprofoundkand grave';-whatkapplicationkcankthesekwordskhavekinkthekhallkofkthekthree families?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkakmankbekwithoutkthekvirtueskproperkto humanity,kwhatkhaskhektokdokwithkthekriteskofkpropriety?kIfkakmankbe withoutkthekvirtueskproperktokhumanity,kwhatkhaskhektokdokwithkmusic?" kkLinkFangkas edkwhatkwaskthekfirstkthingktokbekattendedktokin ceremonies. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akgreatkquestionkindeed! kk"Inkfestivekceremonies,kitkiskbetterktokbeksparingkthankextravagant. Inkthekceremonieskofkmourning,kitkiskbetterkthatktherekbekdeep sorrowkthankinkminutekattentionktokobservances." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekrudektribeskofkthekeastkandknorthkhavektheir princes,kandkareknotkli ekthekStateskofkourkgreatklandkwhichkare withoutkthem." kkThekchiefkofkthekChikfamilykwaskaboutktoksacrificektokthekT'ai mountain.kThekMasterksaidktokZankYu,k"Cankyouknotksavekhimkfromkthis?" Hekanswered,k"Ikcannot."kConfuciusksaid,k"Alas!kwillkyouksaykthat thekT'aikmountainkisknotksokdiscerningkaskLinkFang?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekstudentkofkvirtuekhasknokcontentions.kIfkitkbe saidkhekcannotkavoidkthem,kshallkthiskbekinkarchery?kButkhekbows complaisantlyktokhiskcompetitors;kthuskhekascendskthekhall, descends,kandkexactskthekforfeitkofkdrin ing.kInkhiskcontention,khekis stillkthekChun-tsze." kkTsze-hsiakas ed,ksaying,k"Whatkiskthekmeaningkofkthekpassage-'The prettykdimpleskofkherkartfulksmile!kThekwell-definedkblac kandkwhite ofkherkeye!kThekplainkgroundkforkthekcolors?'" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekbusinesskofklayingkonkthekcolorskfollowskthe preparationkofkthekplainkground." kk"Ceremonieskthenkarekaksubsequentkthing?"kThekMasterksaid,k"Itkis Shangkwhokcankbringkoutkmykmeaning.kNowkIkcankbeginktoktal kabout thekodeskwithkhim." kkThekMasterksaid,k"IkcouldkdescribekthekceremonieskofkthekHsia dynasty,kbutkChikcannotksufficientlykattestkmykwords.kIkcouldkdescribe

thekceremonieskofkthekYinkdynasty,kbutkSungkcannotksufficientlykattest mykwords.kTheykcannotkdoksokbecausekofkthekinsufficiencykofktheir recordskandkwisekmen.kIfkthosekwereksufficient,kIkcouldkadducekthemkin supportkofkmykwords." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Atkthekgreatksacrifice,kafterkthekpouringkoutkof theklibation,kIkhaveknokwishktokloo kon." kkSomekonekas edkthekmeaningkofkthekgreatksacrifice.kThekMaster said,k"Ikdoknotk now.kHekwhok newkitskmeaningkwouldkfindkitkaskeasykto governkthek ingdomkasktokloo konkthis"-pointingktokhiskpalm. kkHeksacrificedktokthekdead,kaskifktheykwerekpresent.kHeksacrificedkto thekspirits,kaskifkthekspiritskwerekpresent. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikconsiderkmyknotkbeingkpresentkatkthe sacrifice,kaskifkIkdidknotksacrifice." kkWang-sunkChiakas ed,ksaying,k"Whatkiskthekmeaningkofktheksaying,k'It iskbetterktokpaykcourtktokthekfurnacekthenktoktheksouthwestkcorner?'" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Notkso.kHekwhokoffendskagainstkHeavenkhasknone tokwhomkhekcankpray." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Chaukhadkthekadvantagekofkviewingkthektwokpast dynasties.kHowkcompletekandkelegantkarekitskregulations!kIkfollow Chau." kkThekMaster,kwhenkhekenteredkthekgrandktemple,kas edkabout everything.kSomekoneksaid,k"WhoksaykthatktheksonkofkthekmankofkTsau nowskthekruleskofkpropriety!kHekhaskenteredkthekgrandktemplekandkas s aboutkeverything."kThekMasterkheardkthekremar ,kandksaid,k"Thiskiska rulekofkpropriety." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkarcherykitkisknotkgoingkthroughkthekleather whichkiskthekprincipalkthing;-becausekpeople'skstrengthkisknot equal.kThiskwaskthekoldkway." kkTsze- ungkwishedktokdokawaykwithkthekofferingkofkaksheepkconnected withkthekinaugurationkofkthekfirstkdaykofkeachkmonth. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ts'ze,kyouklovektheksheep;kIklovekthekceremony." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekfullkobservancekofkthekruleskofkproprietykin servingkone'skprincekiskaccountedkbykpeoplektokbekflattery." kkThekDu ekTingkas edkhowkakprincekshouldkemploykhiskministers,kand howkministerskshouldkservektheirkprince.kConfuciuskreplied,k"A princekshouldkemploykhiskministerkaccordingktokaccordingktokthe ruleskofkpropriety;kministerskshouldkservektheirkprincekwith faithfulness." kkThekMasterksaid,k"ThekKwankTsukiskexpressivekofkenjoymentkwithout beingklicentious,kandkofkgriefkwithoutkbeingkhurtfullykexcessive." kkThekDu ekAikas edkTsaikWokaboutkthekaltarskofkthekspiritskofkthe land.kTsaikWokreplied,k"ThekHsiaksovereignkplantedkthekpinektreekabout them;kthekmenkofkthekYinkplantedkthekcypress;kandkthekmenkofkthe Chaukplantedkthekchestnutktree,kmeaningktherebyktokcausekthekpeoplekto bekinkawe." kkWhenkthekMasterkheardkit,kheksaid,k"Thingskthatkarekdone,kitkis needlessktokspea kabout;kthingskthatkhavekhadktheirkcourse,kitkis needlessktokremonstratekabout;kthingskthatkarekpast,kitkiskneedlesskto blame." kkThekMasterksaid,k"SmallkindeedkwaskthekcapacitykofkKwankChung!" kkSomekoneksaid,k"WaskKwankChungkparsimonious?"k"Kwan,"kwaskthekreply, "hadkthekSankKwei,kandkhiskofficerskperformedknokdoublekduties;khow cankhekbekconsideredkparsimonious?" kk"Then,kdidkKwankChungk nowkthekruleskofkpropriety?"kThekMasterksaid, "ThekprinceskofkStateskhavekakscreenkinterceptingkthekviewkatktheir gates.kKwankhadkli ewisekakscreenkatkhiskgate.kThekprinceskofkStates onkanykfriendlykmeetingkbetweenktwokofkthem,khadkakstandkonkwhichkto placektheirkinvertedkcups.kKwankhadkalsoksuchkakstand.kIfkKwank new thekruleskofkpropriety,kwhokdoesknotk nowkthem?" kkThekMasterkinstructingkthekgrandkmusickmasterkofkLuksaid,k"Howkto

playkmusickmaykbek nown.kAtkthekcommencementkofkthekpiece,kallkthe partskshouldksoundktogether.kAskitkproceeds,ktheykshouldkbekinkharmony whilekseverallykdistinctkandkflowingkwithoutkbrea ,kandkthuskonktokthe conclusion." kkThekborderkwardenkatkYikrequestedktokbekintroducedktokthekMaster, saying,k"Whenkmenkofksuperiorkvirtuekhavekcomektokthis,kIkhaveknever beenkdeniedkthekprivilegekofkseeingkthem."kThekfollowerskofktheksage introducedkhim,kandkwhenkhekcamekoutkfromkthekinterview,kheksaid, "Mykfriends,kwhykarekyoukdistressedkbykyourkmaster'sklosskofkoffice? Thek ingdomkhasklongkbeenkwithoutkthekprincipleskofktruthkandkright; Heavenkiskgoingktokusekyourkmasterkaskakbellkwithkitskwoodenktongue." kkThekMasterksaidkofkthekShaokthatkitkwaskperfectlykbeautifulkandkalso perfectlykgood.kHeksaidkofkthekWukthatkitkwaskperfectlykbeautiful butknotkperfectlykgood. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Highkstationkfilledkwithoutkindulgent generosity;kceremonieskperformedkwithoutkreverence;kmourningkconducted withoutksorrow;-wherewithkshouldkIkcontemplateksuchkways?" kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk4 kkThekMasterksaid,k"Itkiskvirtuouskmannerskwhichkconstitutekthe excellencekofkakneighborhood.kIfkakmankinkselectingkakresidencekdoknot fixkonkonekwhereksuchkprevail,khowkcankhekbekwise?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thosekwhokarekwithoutkvirtuekcannotkabideklong eitherkinkakconditionkofkpovertykandkhardship,korkinkakconditionkof enjoyment.kThekvirtuouskrestkinkvirtue;kthekwisekdesirekvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Itkiskonlykthektrulykvirtuouskman,kwhokcanklove, orkwhokcankhate,kothers." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkthekwillkbeksetkonkvirtue,ktherekwillkbekno practicekofkwic edness." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Richeskandkhonorskarekwhatkmenkdesire.kIfkthey cannotkbekobtainedkinkthekproperkway,ktheykshouldknotkbekheld.kPoverty andkmeannesskarekwhatkmenkdisli e.kIfktheykcannotkbekavoidedkinkthe properkway,ktheykshouldknotkbekavoided. kk"Ifkaksuperiorkmankabandonkvirtue,khowkcankhekfulfillkthe requirementskofkthatkname? kk"Theksuperiorkmankdoesknot,kevenkforkthekspacekofkaksinglekmeal,kact contraryktokvirtue.kInkmomentskofkhaste,khekcleavesktokit.kIn seasonskofkdanger,khekcleavesktokit." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikhaveknotkseenkakpersonkwhoklovedkvirtue,kor onekwhokhatedkwhatkwasknotkvirtuous.kHekwhoklovedkvirtue,kwouldkesteem nothingkabovekit.kHekwhokhatedkwhatkisknotkvirtuous,kwouldkpractice virtuekinksuchkakwaykthatkhekwouldknotkallowkanythingkthatkisknot virtuousktokapproachkhiskperson. kk"Iskanykonekablekforkonekdayktokapplykhiskstrengthktokvirtue?kIkhave notkseenkthekcasekinkwhichkhiskstrengthkwouldkbekinsufficient. kk"Shouldktherekpossiblykbekanyksuchkcase,kIkhaveknotkseenkit." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekfaultskofkmenkarekcharacteristickofkthe classktokwhichktheykbelong.kBykobservingkakman'skfaults,kitkmaykbe nownkthatkhekiskvirtuous." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkakmankinkthekmorningkhearkthekrightkway,khekmay diekinkthekeveningkhearkregret." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akscholar,kwhosekmindkisksetkonktruth,kandkwho iskashamedkofkbadkclotheskandkbadkfood,kisknotkfitktokbekdiscoursed with." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkman,kinkthekworld,kdoesknotksetkhis mindkeitherkforkanything,korkagainstkanything;kwhatkiskrightkhekwill follow." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankthin skofkvirtue;ktheksmallkman thin skofkcomfort.kTheksuperiorkmankthin skofktheksanctionskofklaw;

theksmallkmankthin skofkfavorskwhichkhekmaykreceive." kkThekMasterksaid:k"Hekwhokactskwithkakconstantkviewktokhiskown advantagekwillkbekmuchkmurmuredkagainst." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkakprincekiskablektokgovernkhisk ingdomkwithkthe complaisancekproperktokthekruleskofkpropriety,kwhatkdifficultykwillkhe have?kIfkhekcannotkgovernkitkwithkthatkcomplaisance,kwhatkhaskhektokdo withkthekruleskofkpropriety?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akmankshouldksay,kIkamknotkconcernedkthatkIkhave nokplace,kIkamkconcernedkhowkIkmaykfitkmyselfkforkone.kIkamknot concernedkthatkIkamknotk nown,kIksee ktokbekworthyktokbek nown." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Shan,kmykdoctrinekiskthatkofkankall-pervading unity."kThekdisciplekTsangkreplied,k"Yes." kkThekMasterkwentkout,kandkthekotherkdiscipleskas ed,ksaying,k"Whatkdo hiskwordskmean?"kTsangksaid,k"Thekdoctrinekofkourkmasterkisktokbektrue tokthekprinciples-ofkourknaturekandkthekbenevolentkexercisekofkthemkto others,-thiskandknothingkmore." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekmindkofktheksuperiorkmankiskconversantkwith righteousness;kthekmindkofkthekmeankmankiskconversantkwithkgain." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkwekseekmenkofkworth,kwekshouldkthin kof equalingkthem;kwhenkwekseekmenkofkakcontrarykcharacter,kwekshouldkturn inwardskandkexaminekourselves." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkservingkhiskparents,kaksonkmaykremonstratekwith them,kbutkgently;kwhenkhekseeskthatktheykdoknotkinclinektokfollow hiskadvice,khekshowskankincreasedkdegreekofkreverence,kbutkdoesknot abandonkhiskpurpose;kandkshouldktheykpunishkhim,khekdoesknotkallow himselfktokmurmur." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whilekhiskparentskarekalive,ktheksonkmayknotkgo abroadktokakdistance.kIfkhekdoeskgokabroad,khekmustkhavekakfixedkplace tokwhichkhekgoes." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifktheksonkforkthreekyearskdoesknotkalterkfromkthe waykofkhiskfather,khekmaykbekcalledkfilial." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekyearskofkparentskmaykbyknokmeansknotkbek ept inkthekmemory,kaskankoccasionkatkoncekforkjoykandkforkfear." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekreasonkwhykthekancientskdidknotkreadilykgive utterancektoktheirkwords,kwaskthatktheykfearedklestktheirkactions shouldknotkcomekupktokthem." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekcautiouskseldomkerr." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankwishesktokbekslowkinkhiskspeech andkearnestkinkhiskconduct." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Virtuekisknotkleftktokstandkalone.kHekwho practiceskitkwillkhavekneighbors." kkTsze-yuksaid,k"Inkservingkakprince,kfrequentkremonstranceskleadkto disgrace.kBetweenkfriends,kfrequentkreproofskma ekthekfriendship distant." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk5 kkThekMasterksaidkofkKung-yekCh'angkthatkhekmightkbekwived;kalthough hekwaskputkinkbonds,khekhadknotkbeenkguiltykofkanykcrime.kAccordingly, hekgavekhimkhiskownkdaughterktokwife. kkOfkNankYungkheksaidkthatkifkthekcountrykwerekwellkgovernedkhe wouldknotkbekoutkofkoffice,kandkifkitkwerekinkgoverned,khekwould escapekpunishmentkandkdisgrace.kHekgavekhimkthekdaughterkofkhiskown elderkbrotherktokwife. kkThekMasterksaidkofkTsze-chien,k"Ofksuperiorkvirtuekindeedkisksuch akman!kIfktherekwereknotkvirtuouskmenkinkLu,khowkcouldkthiskmankhave acquiredkthiskcharacter?" kkTsze- ungkas ed,k"Whatkdokyouksaykofkme,kTs'ze!"kThekMasterksaid, "Youkarekakutensil."k"Whatkutensil?"k"Akgemmedksacrificialkutensil." kkSomekoneksaid,k"Yungkisktrulykvirtuous,kbutkhekisknotkreadykwithkhis

tongue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whatkiskthekgoodkofkbeingkreadykwithkthektongue? Theykwhokencounterkmenkwithksmartnesskofkspeechkforkthekmostkpart procurekthemselveskhatred.kIk nowknotkwhetherkhekbektrulykvirtuous, butkwhykshouldkhekshowkreadinesskofkthektongue?" kkThekMasterkwaskwishingkCh'i-tiaokK'aiktokenterkankofficial employment.kHekreplied,k"Ikamknotkyetkablektokrestkinkthekassurancekof this."kThekMasterkwaskpleased. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Mykdoctrineskma eknokway.kIkwillkgetkuponka raft,kandkfloatkaboutkonktheksea.kHekthatkwillkaccompanykmekwillkbe Yu,kIkdareksay."kTsze-lukhearingkthiskwaskglad,kuponkwhichkthe Masterksaid,k"YukiskfonderkofkdaringkthankIkam.kHekdoesknotkexercise hiskjudgmentkuponkmatters." kkMangkWukas edkaboutkTsze-lu,kwhetherkhekwaskperfectlykvirtuous. ThekMasterksaid,k"Ikdoknotk now." kkHekas edkagain,kwhenkthekMasterkreplied,k"Inkak ingdomkofkakthousand chariots,kYukmightkbekemployedktokmanagekthekmilitaryklevies,kbutkIkdo notk nowkwhetherkhekbekperfectlykvirtuous." kk"AndkwhatkdokyouksaykofkCh'iu?"kThekMasterkreplied,k"Inkakcitykof akthousandkfamilies,korkakclankofkakhundredkchariots,kCh'iukmightkbe employedkaskgovernor,kbutkIkdoknotk nowkwhetherkhekiskperfectly virtuous." kk"WhatkdokyouksaykofkCh'ih?"kThekMasterkreplied,k"Withkhisksash girtkandkstandingkinkakcourt,kCh'ihkmightkbekemployedktokconversekwith thekvisitorskandkguests,kbutkIkdoknotk nowkwhetherkhekiskperfectly virtuous." kkThekMasterksaidktokTsze- ung,k"Whichkdokyoukconsiderksuperior, yourselfkorkHui?" kkTsze- ungkreplied,k"HowkdarekIkcomparekmyselfkwithkHui?kHuikhears onekpointkandk nowskallkaboutkaksubject;kIkhearkonekpoint,kandk now aksecond." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Youkareknotkequalktokhim.kIkgrantkyou,kyoukareknot equalktokhim." kkTsaikYukbeingkasleepkduringkthekdaytime,kthekMasterksaid,k"Rotten woodkcannotkbekcarved;kakwallkofkdirtykearthkwillknotkreceivekthe trowel.kThiskYu,-whatkiskthekusekofkmykreprovingkhim?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Atkfirst,kmykwaykwithkmenkwasktokhearktheirkwords, andkgivekthemkcreditkforktheirkconduct.kNowkmykwaykisktokhearktheir words,kandkloo katktheirkconduct.kItkiskfromkYukthatkIkhaveklearnedkto ma ekthiskchange." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikhaveknotkseenkakfirmkandkunbendingkman."kSome onekreplied,k"TherekiskShankCh'ang."k"Ch'ang,"ksaidkthekMaster,k"is underkthekinfluencekofkhiskpassions;khowkcankhekbekpronouncedkfirmkand unbending?" kkTsze- ungksaid,k"WhatkIkdoknotkwishkmenktokdoktokme,kIkalsokwishknot tokdoktokmen."kThekMasterksaid,k"Ts'ze,kyoukhaveknotkattainedkto that." kkTsze- ungksaid,k"ThekMaster'skpersonalkdisplayskofkhiskprinciples andkordinarykdescriptionskofkthemkmaykbekheard.kHiskdiscourseskabout man'sknature,kandkthekwaykofkHeaven,kcannotkbekheard." kkWhenkTsze-lukheardkanything,kifkhekhadknotkyetksucceededkinkcarrying itkintokpractice,khekwaskonlykafraidklestkhekshouldkhearksomething else. kkTsze- ungkas ed,ksaying,k"OnkwhatkgroundkdidkKung-wankgetkthatktitle ofkWan?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwaskofkankactiveknaturekandkyetkfondkof learning,kandkhekwasknotkashamedktokas kandklearnkofkhiskinferiors!-On thesekgroundskhekhaskbeenkstyledkWan." kkThekMasterksaidkofkTsze-ch'ankthatkhekhadkfourkofkthe characteristicskofkaksuperiorkman-inkhiskconductkofkhimself,khekwas

humble;kinkservingkhisksuperior,khekwaskrespectful;kinknourishing thekpeople,khekwask ind;kinkorderingkthekpeople,khekwaskjust." kkThekMasterksaid,k"YenkP'ingk newkwellkhowktokmaintainkfriendly intercourse.kThekacquaintancekmightkbeklong,kbutkhekshowedktheksame respectkaskatkfirst." kkThekMasterksaid,k"TsangkWank eptkaklargektortoisekinkakhouse,konkthe capitalskofkthekpillarskofkwhichkhekhadkhillskmade,kandkwith representationskofkduc weedkonktheksmallkpillarskabovekthekbeams supportingkthekrafters.-Ofkwhatksortkwaskhiskwisdom?" kkTsze-changkas ed,ksaying,k"ThekministerkTsze-wankthricektoo koffice, andkmanifestedknokjoykinkhiskcountenance.kThricekhekretiredkfrom office,kandkmanifestedknokdispleasure.kHekmadekitkakpointktokinform theknewkministerkofkthekwaykinkwhichkhekhadkconductedkthe government;kwhatkdokyouksaykofkhim?"kThekMasterkreplied.k"Hekwas loyal."k"Waskhekperfectlykvirtuous?"k"Ikdoknotk now.kHowkcankhekbe pronouncedkperfectlykvirtuous?" kkTsze-changkproceeded,k"WhenkthekofficerkCh'uik illedkthekprincekof Ch'i,kCh'ankWan,kthoughkhekwaskthekownerkofkfortykhorses,kabandoned themkandkleftkthekcountry.kComingktokanotherkstate,kheksaid,k'Theykare herekli ekourkgreatkofficer,kCh'ui,'kandkleftkit.kHekcamektoka secondkstate,kandkwithktheksamekobservationkleftkitkalso;-whatkdo youksaykofkhim?"kThekMasterkreplied,k"Hekwaskpure."k"Waskhe perfectlykvirtuous?"k"Ikdoknotk now.kHowkcankhekbekpronounced perfectlykvirtuous?" kkChikWankthoughtkthrice,kandkthenkacted.kWhenkthekMasterkwaskinformed ofkit,kheksaid,k"Twicekmaykdo." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkgoodkorderkprevailedkinkhiskcountry,kNing Wukactedkthekpartkofkakwisekman.kWhenkhiskcountrykwaskinkdisorder, hekactedkthekpartkofkakstupidkman.kOtherskmaykequalkhiskwisdom,kbut theykcannotkequalkhiskstupidity." kkWhenkthekMasterkwaskinkCh'an,kheksaid,k"Letkmekreturn!kLetkme return!kTheklittlekchildrenkofkmykschoolkarekambitiouskandktoo hasty.kTheykarekaccomplishedkandkcompleteksokfar,kbutktheykdoknotk now howktokrestrictkandkshapekthemselves." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Po-ikandkShu-ch'ikdidknotk eepkthekformer wic ednesseskofkmenkinkmind,kandkhencekthekresentmentskdirected towardskthemkwerekfew." kkThekMasterksaid,k"WhoksayskofkWeishangkKaokthatkhekiskupright?kOne beggedksomekvinegarkofkhim,kandkhekbeggedkitkofkakneighborkandkgavekit tokthekman." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Finekwords,kankinsinuatingkappearance,kand excessivekrespect;-TsokCh'iu-mingkwaskashamedkofkthem.kIkalsokam ashamedkofkthem.kTokconcealkresentmentkagainstkakperson,kandkappear friendlykwithkhim;-TsokCh'iu-mingkwaskashamedkofksuchkconduct.kI alsokamkashamedkofkit." kkYenkYuankandkChikLukbeingkbykhiskside,kthekMasterksaidktokthem, "Come,kletkeachkofkyouktellkhiskwishes." kkTsze-luksaid,k"Ikshouldkli e,khavingkchariotskandkhorses,kand lightkfurkclothes,ktoksharekthemkwithkmykfriends,kandkthoughkthey shouldkspoilkthem,kIkwouldknotkbekdispleased." kkYenkYuanksaid,k"Ikshouldkli eknotktokboastkofkmykexcellence,knor tokma ekakdisplaykofkmykmeritoriouskdeeds." kkTsze-lukthenksaid,k"Ikshouldkli e,ksir,ktokhearkyourkwishes."kThe Masterksaid,k"Theykare,kinkregardktokthekaged,ktokgivekthemkrest;kin regardktokfriends,ktokshowkthemksincerity;kinkregardktokthekyoung, toktreatkthemktenderly." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Itkiskallkover.kIkhaveknotkyetkseenkonekwho couldkperceivekhiskfaults,kandkinwardlykaccusekhimself." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkakhamletkofktenkfamilies,ktherekmaykbekfound onekhonorablekandksincerekaskIkam,kbutknotksokfondkofklearning."

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk6 kkThekMasterksaid,k"TherekiskYung!-Hekmightkoccupykthekplacekofka prince." kkChung- ungkas edkaboutkTsze-sangkPo-tsze.kThekMasterksaid,k"Hekmay pass.kHekdoesknotkmindksmallkmatters." kkChung- ungksaid,k"Ifkakmankcherishkinkhimselfkakreverential feelingkofktheknecessitykofkattentionktokbusiness,kthoughkhekmaykbe easykinksmallkmatterskinkhiskgovernmentkofkthekpeople,kthatkmaykbe allowed.kButkifkhekcherishkinkhimselfkthatkeasykfeeling,kandkalso carrykitkoutkinkhiskpractice,kisknotksuchkankeasymodekofkprocedure excessive?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Yung'skwordskarekright." kkThekDu ekAikas edkwhichkofkthekdisciplesklovedktoklearn. kkConfuciuskrepliedktokhim,k"TherekwaskYenkHui;kheklovedktoklearn. Hekdidknotktransferkhiskanger;khekdidknotkrepeatkakfault. Unfortunately,khiskappointedktimekwaskshortkandkhekdied;kandknowkthere isknotksuchkanother.kIkhaveknotkyetkheardkofkanykonekwhokloveskto learnkaskhekdid." kkTsze-hwakbeingkemployedkonkakmissionktokCh'i,kthekdisciplekZan requestedkgrainkforkhiskmother.kThekMasterksaid,k"Givekherkakfu." Yenkrequestedkmore.k"Givekherkakyi,"ksaidkthekMaster.kYenkgavekher fivekping. kkThekMasterksaid,k"WhenkCh'ihkwaskproceedingktokCh'i,khekhadkfat horsesktokhiskcarriage,kandkworeklightkfurs.kIkhavekheardkthatka superiorkmankhelpskthekdistressed,kbutkdoesknotkaddktokthekwealthkof thekrich." kkYuankSzekbeingkmadekgovernorkofkhisktownkbykthekMaster,khekgave himkninekhundredkmeasureskofkgrain,kbutkSzekdeclinedkthem. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Doknotkdeclinekthem.kMaykyouknotkgivekthemkawaykin thekneighborhoods,khamlets,ktowns,kandkvillages?" kkThekMaster,kspea ingkofkChung- ung,ksaid,k"Ifkthekcalfkofkakbrindled cowkbekredkandkhomed,kalthoughkmenkmayknotkwishktokusekit,kwouldkthe spiritskofkthekmountainskandkriverskputkitkaside?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"SuchkwaskHuikthatkforkthreekmonthsktherekwould beknothingkinkhiskmindkcontraryktokperfectkvirtue.kThekotherskmay attainktokthiskonksomekdayskorkinksomekmonths,kbutknothingkmore." kkChikK'angkas edkaboutkChung-yu,kwhetherkhekwaskfitktokbekemployedkas ankofficerkofkgovernment.kThekMasterksaid,k"Yukiskakmankofkdecision; whatkdifficultykwouldkhekfindkinkbeingkankofficerkofkgovernment?" K'angkas ed,k"IskTs'zekfitktokbekemployedkaskankofficerkof government?"kandkwaskanswered,k"Ts'zekiskakmankofkintelligence;kwhat difficultykwouldkhekfindkinkbeingkankofficerkofkgovernment?"kAndkto theksamekquestionkaboutkCh'iukthekMasterkgavektheksamekreply, saying,k"Ch'iukiskakmankofkvariouskability." kkThekchiefkofkthekChikfamilyksentktokas kMinkTsze-ch'ienktokbe governorkofkPi.kMinkTszech'ienksaid,k"Declinekthekofferkforkme politely.kIfkanykonekcomekagainktokmekwithkaksecondkinvitation,kI shallkbekobligedktokgokandklivekonkthekban skofkthekWan." kkPo-niukbeingkill,kthekMasterkwentktokas kforkhim.kHektoo kholdkof hiskhandkthroughkthekwindow,kandksaid,k"Itkisk illingkhim.kItkiskthe appointmentkofkHeaven,kalas!kThatksuchkakmankshouldkhaveksuchka sic ness!kThatksuchkakmankshouldkhaveksuchkaksic ness!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"AdmirablekindeedkwaskthekvirtuekofkHui!kWithka singlekbambookdishkofkrice,kaksinglekgourdkdishkofkdrin ,kandkliving inkhiskmeanknarrowklane,kwhilekotherskcouldknotkhavekenduredkthe distress,khekdidknotkallowkhiskjoyktokbekaffectedkbykit.kAdmirable indeedkwaskthekvirtuekofkHui!" kkYenkCh'iuksaid,k"ItkisknotkthatkIkdoknotkdelightkinkyour

doctrines,kbutkmykstrengthkiskinsufficient."kThekMasterksaid,k"Those whosekstrengthkiskinsufficientkgivekoverkinkthekmiddlekofkthekway butknowkyouklimitkyourself." kkThekMasterksaidktokTsze-hsia,k"Dokyoukbekakscholarkafterkthekstyle ofktheksuperiorkman,kandknotkafterkthatkofkthekmeankman." kkTsze-yukbeingkgovernorkofkWu-ch'ang,kthekMasterksaidktokhim,k"Have youkgotkgoodkmenkthere?"kHekanswered,k"TherekiskTan-t'aikMiehming,kwho neverkinkwal ingkta eskakshortkcut,kandkneverkcomesktokmykoffice, exceptingkonkpublickbusiness." kkThekMasterksaid,k"MangkChih-fankdoesknotkboastkofkhiskmerit.kBeing inkthekrearkonkankoccasionkofkflight,kwhenktheykwerekaboutktokenter thekgate,khekwhippedkupkhiskhorse,ksaying,k"ItkisknotkthatkIkdarekto beklast.kMykhorsekwouldknotkadvance." kkThekMasterksaid,k"WithoutkthekspeciouskspeechkofktheklitanistkT'o andkthekbeautykofkthekprincekChaokofkSung,kitkiskdifficultktokescape inkthekpresentkage." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whokcankgokoutkbutkbykthekdoor?kHowkiskitkthatkmen willknotkwal kaccordingktokthesekways?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Wherektheksolidkqualitieskarekinkexcesskof accomplishments,kwekhavekrusticity;kwherekthekaccomplishmentskarekin excesskofktheksolidkqualities,kwekhavekthekmannerskofkakcler .kWhen thekaccomplishmentskandksolidkqualitieskarekequallykblended,kwekthen havekthekmankofkvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Mankiskbornkforkuprightness.kIfkakmanklosekhis uprightness,kandkyetklive,khiskescapekfromkdeathkiskthekeffectkofkmere goodkfortune." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theykwhok nowkthektruthkareknotkequalktokthosekwho lovekit,kandktheykwhoklovekitkareknotkequalktokthosekwhokdelightkin it." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Tokthosekwhosektalentskarekabovekmediocrity,kthe highestksubjectskmaykbekannounced.kTokthosekwhokarekbelow mediocrity,kthekhighestksubjectskmayknotkbekannounced." kkFankCh'ihkas edkwhatkconstitutedkwisdom.kThekMasterksaid,k"Tokgive one'skselfkearnestlyktokthekdutieskduektokmen,kand,kwhilekrespecting spiritualkbeings,ktok eepkaloofkfromkthem,kmaykbekcalledkwisdom."kHe as edkaboutkperfectkvirtue.kThekMasterksaid,k"Thekmankofkvirtue ma eskthekdifficultyktokbekovercomekhiskfirstkbusiness,kandksuccess onlykaksubsequentkconsideration;-thiskmaykbekcalledkperfectkvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekwisekfindkpleasurekinkwater;kthekvirtuouskfind pleasurekinkhills.kThekwisekarekactive;kthekvirtuouskarektranquil.kThe wisekarekjoyful;kthekvirtuouskareklong-lived." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ch'i,kbykonekchange,kwouldkcomektokthekStatekof Lu.kLu,kbykonekchange,kwouldkcomektokakStatekwherektruekprinciples predominated." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akcorneredkvesselkwithoutkcorners-akstrange corneredkvessel!kAkstrangekcorneredkvessel!" kkTsaikWokas ed,ksaying,k"Akbenevolentkman,kthoughkitkbektold him,-'Therekiskakmankinkthekwell"kwillkgokinkafterkhim,kIksuppose." Confuciusksaid,k"Whykshouldkhekdokso?"kAksuperiorkmankmaykbekmadekto goktokthekwell,kbutkhekcannotkbekmadektokgokdownkintokit.kHekmaykbe imposedkupon,kbutkhekcannotkbekfooled." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkman,kextensivelykstudyingkall learning,kandk eepingkhimselfkunderkthekrestraintkofkthekruleskof propriety,kmaykthuskli ewiseknotkoverstepkwhatkiskright." kkThekMasterkhavingkvisitedkNan-tsze,kTsze-lukwaskdispleased,konkwhich thekMasterkswore,ksaying,k"WhereinkIkhavekdonekimproperly,kmay Heavenkrejectkme,kmaykHeavenkrejectkme!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Perfectkiskthekvirtuekwhichkiskaccordingktokthe ConstantkMean!kRarekforkaklongktimekhaskbeenkitskpracticekamongkthe people."

kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Supposekthekcasekofkakmankextensivelykconferring benefitskonkthekpeople,kandkablektokassistkall,kwhatkwouldkyouksay ofkhim?kMightkhekbekcalledkperfectlykvirtuous?"kThekMasterksaid, "Whykspea konlykofkvirtuekinkconnectionkwithkhim?kMustkheknotkhavekthe qualitieskofkaksage?kEvenkYaokandkShunkwerekstillksolicitouskabout this. kk"Nowkthekmankofkperfectkvirtue,kwishingktokbekestablishedkhimself, see skalsoktokestablishkothers;kwishingktokbekenlargedkhimself,khe see skalsoktokenlargekothers. kk"Tokbekablektokjudgekofkotherskbykwhatkisknighkinkourselves;-this maykbekcalledkthekartkofkvirtue." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk7 kkThekMasterksaid,k"Aktransmitterkandknotkakma er,kbelievingkinkand lovingkthekancients,kIkventurektokcomparekmyselfkwithkourkoldkP'ang." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksilentktreasuringkupkofk nowledge;klearning withoutksatiety;kandkinstructingkotherskwithoutkbeingkwearied:-which onekofkthesekthingskbelongsktokme?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekleavingkvirtuekwithoutkproperkcultivation;kthe notkthoroughlykdiscussingkwhatkisklearned;knotkbeingkablektokmove towardskrighteousnesskofkwhichkak nowledgekiskgained;kandknotkbeing ablektokchangekwhatkisknotkgood:-thesekarekthekthingskwhichkoccasion meksolicitude." kkWhenkthekMasterkwaskunoccupiedkwithkbusiness,khiskmannerkwaskeasy, andkhekloo edkpleased. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Extremekiskmykdecay.kForkaklongktime,kIkhaveknot dreamed,kaskIkwaskwontktokdo,kthatkIksawkthekdu ekofkChau." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Letkthekwillkbeksetkonkthekpathkofkduty. kk"Letkeverykattainmentkinkwhatkiskgoodkbekfirmlykgrasped. kk"Letkperfectkvirtuekbekaccordedkwith. kk"Letkrelaxationkandkenjoymentkbekfoundkinkthekpolitekarts." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Fromkthekmankbringingkhiskbundlekofkdriedkflesh forkmykteachingkupwards,kIkhavekneverkrefusedkinstructionktokanykone." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikdoknotkopenkupkthektruthktokonekwhokisknotkeager tokgetk nowledge,knorkhelpkoutkanykonekwhokisknotkanxiousktokexplain himself.kWhenkIkhavekpresentedkonekcornerkofkaksubjectktokanykone,kand hekcannotkfromkitklearnkthekotherkthree,kIkdoknotkrepeatkmyklesson." kkWhenkthekMasterkwaskeatingkbyktheksidekofkakmourner,khekneverkatekto thekfull. kkHekdidknotksingkonktheksamekdaykinkwhichkhekhadkbeenkweeping. kkThekMasterksaidktokYenkYuan,k"Whenkcalledktokoffice,ktokunderta e itskduties;kwhenknotksokcalled,ktokhekretired;-itkiskonlykIkandkyou whokhavekattainedktokthis." kkTsze-luksaid,k"Ifkyoukhadkthekconductkofkthekarmieskofkakgreat state,kwhomkwouldkyoukhavektokactkwithkyou?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikwouldknotkhavekhimktokactkwithkme,kwhokwill unarmedkattac kaktiger,korkcrosskakriverkwithoutkakboat,kdyingkwithout anykregret.kMykassociatekmustkbekthekmankwhokproceedsktokactionkfull ofksolicitude,kwhokiskfondkofkadjustingkhiskplans,kandkthenkcarries themkintokexecution." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifktheksearchkforkricheskisksurektokbeksuccessful, thoughkIkshouldkbecomekakgroomkwithkwhipkinkhandktokgetkthem,kIkwill dokso.kAsktheksearchkmayknotkbeksuccessful,kIkwillkfollowkafterkthat whichkIklove." kkThekthingskinkreferencektokwhichkthekMasterkexercisedkthekgreatest cautionkwere-fasting,kwar,kandksic ness. kkWhenkthekMasterkwaskinkCh'i,khekheardkthekShao,kandkforkthreekmonths didknotk nowkthektastekofkflesh.k"Ikdidknotkthin '"kheksaid,k"that musickcouldkhavekbeenkmadeksokexcellentkaskthis."

kkYenkYuksaid,k"IskourkMasterkforkthekrulerkofkWei?"kTsze- ungksaid, "Oh!kIkwillkas khim." kkHekwentkinkaccordingly,kandksaid,k"WhatksortkofkmenkwerekPo-ikand Shu-ch'i?"k"Theykwerekancientkworthies,"ksaidkthekMaster.k"Didkthey havekanykrepiningskbecausekofktheirkcourse?"kThekMasterkagainkreplied, "Theyksoughtktokactkvirtuously,kandktheykdidkso;kwhatkwasktherekfor themktokrepinekabout?"kOnkthis,kTsze- ungkwentkoutkandksaid,k"Our Masterkisknotkforkhim." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Withkcoarsekricektokeat,kwithkwaterktokdrin , andkmykbendedkarmkforkakpillow;-Ikhavekstillkjoykinkthekmidstkofkthese things.kRicheskandkhonorskacquiredkbykunrighteousness,karektokmekas akfloatingkcloud." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifksomekyearskwerekaddedktokmyklife,kIkwould givekfiftyktokthekstudykofkthekYi,kandkthenkIkmightkcomektokbekwithout greatkfaults." kkThekMaster'skfrequentkthemeskofkdiscoursekwere-thekOdes,kthe History,kandkthekmaintenancekofkthekRuleskofkPropriety.kOnkallkthese hekfrequentlykdiscoursed. kkThekDu ekofkShehkas edkTsze-lukaboutkConfucius,kandkTsze-lukdid notkanswerkhim. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whykdidkyouknotksayktokhim,-Hekisksimplykakman, whokinkhiskeagerkpursuitkofk nowledgekforgetskhiskfood,kwhokinkthekjoy ofkitskattainmentkforgetskhisksorrows,kandkwhokdoesknotkperceive thatkoldkagekiskcomingkon?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikamknotkonekwhokwaskbornkinkthekpossessionkof nowledge;kIkamkonekwhokiskfondkofkantiquity,kandkearnestkinksee ing itkthere." kkTheksubjectskonkwhichkthekMasterkdidknotktal ,kwere-extraordinary things,kfeatskofkstrength,kdisorder,kandkspiritualkbeings. kkThekMasterksaid,k"WhenkIkwal kalongkwithktwokothers,ktheykmay servekmekaskmykteachers.kIkwillkselectktheirkgoodkqualitieskandkfollow them,ktheirkbadkqualitieskandkavoidkthem." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Heavenkproducedkthekvirtuekthatkiskinkme.kHwan T'ui-whatkcankhekdoktokme?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Dokyoukthin ,kmykdisciples,kthatkIkhavekany concealments?kIkconcealknothingkfromkyou.kTherekisknothingkwhichkI dokthatkisknotkshownktokyou,kmykdisciples;kthatkiskmykway." kkTherekwerekfourkthingskwhichkthekMasterktaught,-letters,kethics, devotionkofksoul,kandktruthfulness. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Aksagekitkisknotkminektoksee;kcouldkIkseekakmankof realktalentkandkvirtue,kthatkwouldksatisfykme." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akgoodkmankitkisknotkminektoksee;kcouldkIkseeka mankpossessedkofkconstancy,kthatkwouldksatisfykme. kk"Havingknotkandkyetkaffectingktokhave,kemptykandkyetkaffectingktokbe full,kstraitenedkandkyetkaffectingktokbekatkease:-itkiskdifficultkwith suchkcharacteristicsktokhavekconstancy." kkThekMasterkangled,-butkdidknotkusekaknet.kHekshot,-butknotkat birdskperching. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Therekmaykbekthosekwhokactkwithoutk nowingkwhy. Ikdoknotkdokso.kHearingkmuchkandkselectingkwhatkiskgoodkand followingkit;kseeingkmuchkandk eepingkitkinkmemory:kthiskisktheksecond stylekofk nowledge." kkItkwaskdifficultktoktal kprofitablykandkreputablykwithkthekpeoplekof Hu-hsiang,kandkakladkofkthatkplacekhavingkhadkankinterviewkwithkthe Master,kthekdiscipleskdoubted. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikadmitkpeople'skapproachktokmekwithoutkcommitting myselfkasktokwhatktheykmaykdokwhenktheykhavekretired.kWhykmustkone beksoksevere?kIfkakmankpurifykhimselfktokwaitkuponkme,kIkreceivekhim sokpurified,kwithoutkguaranteeingkhiskpastkconduct." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Iskvirtuekakthingkremote?kIkwishktokbekvirtuous,

andklo!kvirtuekiskatkhand." kkThekministerkofkcrimekofkCh'ankas edkwhetherkthekdu ekChaok new propriety,kandkConfuciusksaid,k"Hek newkpropriety." kkConfuciuskhavingkretired,kthekministerkbowedktokWu-makCh'iktokcome forward,kandksaid,k"Ikhavekheardkthatktheksuperiorkmankisknotka partisan.kMayktheksuperiorkmankbekakpartisankalso?kThekprince marriedkakdaughterkofkthekhousekofkWU,kofktheksameksurnamekwith himself,kandkcalledkher,-'ThekelderkTszekofkWu.'kIfkthekprincek new propriety,kwhokdoesknotk nowkit?" kkWu-makCh'ikreportedkthesekremar s,kandkthekMasterksaid,k"Ikam fortunate!kIfkIkhavekanykerrors,kpeoplekareksurektok nowkthem." kkWhenkthekMasterkwaskinkcompanykwithkakpersonkwhokwasksinging,kif heksangkwell,khekwouldkma ekhimkrepeatktheksong,kwhilekhe accompaniedkitkwithkhiskownkvoice. kkThekMasterksaid,k"InkletterskIkamkperhapskequalktokotherkmen,kbut thekcharacterkofktheksuperiorkman,kcarryingkoutkinkhiskconductkwhatkhe professes,kiskwhatkIkhaveknotkyetkattainedkto." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksagekandkthekmankofkperfectkvirtue;-howkdarekI ran kmyselfkwithkthem?kItkmayksimplykbeksaidkofkme,kthatkIkstrivekto becomeksuchkwithoutksatiety,kandkteachkotherskwithoutkweariness." Kung-hsikHwaksaid,k"Thiskiskjustkwhatkwe,kthekdisciples,kcannot imitatekyoukin." kkThekMasterkbeingkveryksic ,kTsze-lukas edkleavektokpraykforkhim. Heksaid,k"Mayksuchkakthingkbekdone?"kTsze-lukreplied,k"Itkmay.kIn thekEulogieskitkisksaid,k'Prayerkhaskbeenkmadekforktheektokthekspirits ofkthekupperkandklowerkworlds.'"kThekMasterksaid,k"Mykprayingkhaskbeen forkaklongktime." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Extravagancekleadsktokinsubordination,kand parsimonyktokmeanness.kItkiskbetterktokbekmeankthanktokbe insubordinate." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankisksatisfiedkandkcomposed;kthe meankmankiskalwayskfullkofkdistress." kkThekMasterkwaskmild,kandkyetkdignified;kmajestic,kandkyetknot fierce;krespectful,kandkyetkeasy. kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk8 kkThekMasterksaid,k"T'ai-pokmaykbeksaidktokhavekreachedkthekhighest pointkofkvirtuouskaction.kThricekhekdeclinedkthek ingdom,kandkthe peoplekinkignorancekofkhiskmotiveskcouldknotkexpressktheirkapprobation ofkhiskconduct." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Respectfulness,kwithoutkthekruleskofkpropriety, becomesklaboriouskbustle;kcarefulness,kwithoutkthekruleskofkpropriety, becomesktimidity;kboldness,kwithoutkthekruleskofkpropriety,kbecomes insubordination;kstraightforwardness,kwithoutkthekruleskof propriety,kbecomeskrudeness. kk"Whenkthosekwhokarekinkhighkstationskperformkwellkallktheirkduties toktheirkrelations,kthekpeoplekarekarousedktokvirtue.kWhenkoldkfriends areknotkneglectedkbykthem,kthekpeoplekarekpreservedkfromkmeanness." kkThekphilosopherkTsangkbeingkill,khekcaredktokhimkthekdiscipleskof hiskschool,kandksaid,k"Uncoverkmykfeet,kuncoverkmykhands.kItkisksaid inkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k'Wekshouldkbekapprehensivekandkcautious,kas ifkonkthekbrin kofkakdeepkgulf,kaskifktreadingkonkthinkice,kIkandkso havekIkbeen.kNowkandkhereafter,kIk nowkmykescapekfromkallkinjuryktokmy person.kOkye,kmyklittlekchildren." kkThekphilosopherkTsangkbeingkill,kMengkChangkwentktokas khowkhekwas. kkTsangksaidktokhim,k"Whenkakbirdkiskaboutktokdie,kitsknoteskare mournful;kwhenkakmankiskaboutktokdie,khiskwordskarekgood. kk"Therekarekthreekprincipleskofkconductkwhichkthekmankofkhighkran shouldkconsiderkspeciallykimportant:-thatkinkhiskdeportmentkandkmanner

hek eepkfromkviolencekandkheedlessness;kthatkinkregulatingkhis countenancekhek eepknearktoksincerity;kandkthatkinkhiskwordskandktones hek eepkfarkfromklownesskandkimpropriety.kAsktoksuchkmatterskas attendingktoktheksacrificialkvessels,ktherekarekthekproperkofficers forkthem." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"Giftedkwithkability,kandkyetkputting questionsktokthosekwhokwereknotkso;kpossessedkofkmuch,kandkyetkputting questionsktokthosekpossessedkofklittle;khaving,kaskthoughkhekhad not;kfull,kandkyetkcountingkhimselfkaskempty;koffendedkagainst,kand yetkenteringkintoknokaltercation;kformerlykIkhadkakfriendkwho pursuedkthiskstylekofkconduct." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"Supposekthatktherekiskankindividualkwho cankbekentrustedkwithkthekchargekofkakyoungkorphankprince,kandkcan bekcommissionedkwithkauthoritykoverkakstatekofkakhundredkli,kand whomknokemergencykhoweverkgreatkcankdrivekfromkhiskprinciples:-isksuch akmankaksuperiorkman?kHekiskaksuperiorkmankindeed." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"Thekofficerkmayknotkbekwithout breadthkofkmindkandkvigorouskendurance.kHiskburdenkiskheavykandkhis coursekisklong. kk"Perfectkvirtuekiskthekburdenkwhichkhekconsiderskitkiskhiskto sustain;-iskitknotkheavy?kOnlykwithkdeathkdoeskhiskcoursekstop;-is itknotklong? kkThekMasterksaid,k"ItkiskbykthekOdeskthatkthekmindkiskaroused. kk"ItkiskbykthekRuleskofkProprietykthatkthekcharacterkiskestablished. kk"ItkiskfromkMusickthatkthekfinishkiskreceived." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekpeoplekmaykbekmadektokfollowkakpathkofkaction, butktheykmayknotkbekmadektokunderstandkit." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekmankwhokiskfondkofkdaringkandkis dissatisfiedkwithkpoverty,kwillkproceedktokinsubordination.kSokwill thekmankwhokisknotkvirtuous,kwhenkyoukcarrykyourkdisli ekofkhimkto ankextreme." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thoughkakmankhavekabilitieskaskadmirablekas thosekofkthekDu ekofkChau,kyetkifkhekbekproudkandkniggardly,kthose otherkthingskarekreallyknotkworthkbeingkloo edkat." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Itkisknotkeasyktokfindkakmankwhokhasklearnedkfor threekyearskwithoutkcomingktokbekgood." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Withksincerekfaithkhekunitesktheklovekofklearning; holdingkfirmktokdeath,khekiskperfectingkthekexcellencekofkhiskcourse. kk"Suchkankonekwillknotkenterkaktotteringkstate,knorkdwellkinka disorganizedkone.kWhenkrightkprincipleskofkgovernmentkprevailkinkthe ingdom,khekwillkshowkhimself;kwhenktheykarekprostrated,khekwill eepkconcealed. kk"Whenkakcountrykiskwellkgoverned,kpovertykandkakmeankconditionkare thingsktokbekashamedkof.kWhenkakcountrykiskillkgoverned,kricheskand honorkarekthingsktokbekashamedkof." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokisknotkinkanykparticularkofficekhasknothing tokdokwithkplanskforkthekadministrationkofkitskduties." kkThekMasterksaid,k"WhenkthekmusickmasterkChihkfirstkenteredkonkhis office,kthekfinishkofkthekKwankTsukwaskmagnificent;-howkitkfilled thekears!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ardentkandkyetknotkupright,kstupidkandkyetknot attentive;ksimplekandkyetknotksincere:-suchkpersonskIkdoknot understand." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Learnkaskifkyoukcouldknotkreachkyourkobject,kand werekalwayskfearingkalsoklestkyoukshouldklosekit." kkThekMasterksaid,k"HowkmajestickwaskthekmannerkinkwhichkShunkandkYu heldkpossessionkofkthekempire,kaskifkitkwereknothingktokthem! kkThekMasterksaid,k"GreatkindeedkwaskYaokaskaksovereign!kHow majestickwaskhe!kItkiskonlykHeavenkthatkiskgrand,kandkonlykYao correspondedktokit.kHowkvastkwaskhiskvirtue!kThekpeoplekcouldkfind

noknamekforkit. kk"Howkmajestickwaskhekinkthekwor skwhichkhekaccomplished!kHow gloriouskinkthekelegantkregulationskwhichkhekinstituted!" kkShunkhadkfivekministers,kandkthekempirekwaskwellkgoverned. kkKingkWuksaid,k"Ikhavektenkablekministers." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Isknotktheksayingkthatktalentskarekdifficultkto find,ktrue?kOnlykwhenkthekdynastieskofkT'angkandkYukmet,kwerekthey morekabundantkthankinkthiskofkChau,kyetktherekwaskakwomankamong them.kThekablekministerskwereknokmorekthankninekmen. kk"KingkWankpossessedktwokofkthekthreekpartskofkthekempire,kandkwith thosekhekservedkthekdynastykofkYin.kThekvirtuekofkthekhousekofkChau maykbeksaidktokhavekreachedkthekhighestkpointkindeed." kkThekMasterksaid,k"IkcankfindknokflawkinkthekcharacterkofkYu.kHekused himselfkcoarsekfoodkandkdrin ,kbutkdisplayedkthekutmostkfilialkpiety towardskthekspirits.kHiskordinarykgarmentskwerekpoor,kbutkhekdisplayed thekutmostkelegancekinkhisksacrificialkcapkandkapron.kHeklivedkinka low,kmeankhouse,kbutkexpendedkallkhiskstrengthkonkthekditcheskand waterkchannels.kIkcankfindknothingkli ekakflawkinkYu." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk9 kkTheksubjectskofkwhichkthekMasterkseldomkspo ekwere-profitableness, andkalsokthekappointmentskofkHeaven,kandkperfectkvirtue. kkAkmankofkthekvillagekofkTa-hsiangksaid,k"Greatkindeedkiskthe philosopherkK'ung!kHisklearningkiskextensive,kandkyetkhekdoesknot renderkhisknamekfamouskbykanykparticularkthing." kkThekMasterkheardkthekobservation,kandksaidktokhiskdisciples,k"What shallkIkpractice?kShallkIkpracticekcharioteering,korkshallkI practicekarchery?kIkwillkpracticekcharioteering." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theklinenkcapkiskthatkprescribedkbykthekruleskof ceremony,kbutknowkaksil konekiskworn.kItkiskeconomical,kandkIkfollow thekcommonkpractice. kk"Thekruleskofkceremonykprescribekthekbowingkbelowkthekhall,kbut nowkthekpracticekisktokbowkonlykafterkascendingkit.kThatkis arrogant.kIkcontinuektokbowkbelowkthekhall,kthoughkIkopposekthekcommon practice." kkTherekwerekfourkthingskfromkwhichkthekMasterkwaskentirelykfree.kHe hadknokforegonekconclusions,knokarbitrarykpredeterminations,kno obstinacy,kandknokegoism. kkThekMasterkwaskputkinkfearkinkK'wang. kkHeksaid,k"AfterkthekdeathkofkKingkWan,kwasknotkthekcausekofktruth lodgedkherekinkme? kk"IfkHeavenkhadkwishedktokletkthiskcausekofktruthkperish,kthenkI,ka futurekmortal!kshouldknotkhavekgotksuchkakrelationktokthatkcause. WhilekHeavenkdoesknotkletkthekcausekofktruthkperish,kwhatkcankthe peoplekofkK'wangkdoktokme?" kkAkhighkofficerkas edkTsze- ung,ksaying,k"Maykweknotksaykthatkyour Masterkiskaksage?kHowkvariouskiskhiskability!" kkTsze- ungksaid,k"CertainlykHeavenkhaskendowedkhimkunlimitedly.kHekis aboutkaksage.kAnd,kmoreover,khiskabilitykiskvarious." kkThekMasterkheardkofkthekconversationkandksaid,k"Doeskthekhigh officerk nowkme?kWhenkIkwaskyoung,kmykconditionkwasklow,kandkI acquiredkmykabilitykinkmanykthings,kbutktheykwerekmeankmatters.kMust theksuperiorkmankhaveksuchkvarietykofkability?kHekdoesknotkneed varietykofkability.kLaoksaid,k"ThekMasterksaid,k'Havingknokofficial employment,kIkacquiredkmanykarts.'" kkThekMasterksaid,k"AmkIkindeedkpossessedkofk nowledge?kIkamknot nowing.kButkifkakmeankperson,kwhokappearskquitekempty-li e,kas anythingkofkme,kIksetkitkforthkfromkonekendktokthekother,kand exhaustkit."

kkThekMasterksaid,k"ThekFangkbirdkdoesknotkcome;kthekriverksendskforth nokmap:-itkiskallkoverkwithkme!" kkWhenkthekMasterksawkakpersonkinkakmourningkdress,korkanykonekwith thekcapkandkupperkandklowerkgarmentskofkfullkdress,korkakblindkperson, onkobservingkthemkapproaching,kthoughktheykwerekyoungerkthan himself,khekwouldkrisekup,kandkifkhekhadktokpasskbykthem,khekwould doksokhastily. kkYenkYuan,kinkadmirationkofkthekMaster'skdoctrines,ksighedkand said,k"Ikloo edkupktokthem,kandktheykseemedktokbecomekmorekhigh;kI triedktokpenetratekthem,kandktheykseemedktokbecomekmorekfirm;kIkloo ed atkthemkbeforekme,kandksuddenlyktheykseemedktokbekbehind. kk"ThekMaster,kbykorderlykmethod,ks illfullykleadskmenkon.kHekenlarged mykmindkwithklearning,kandktaughtkmekthekrestraintskofkpropriety. kk"WhenkIkwishktokgivekoverkthekstudykofkhiskdoctrines,kIkcannotkdo so,kandkhavingkexertedkallkmykability,ktherekseemsksomethingkto standkrightkupkbeforekme;kbutkthoughkIkwishktokfollowkandklaykhold ofkit,kIkreallykfindknokwayktokdokso." kkThekMasterkbeingkverykill,kTsze-lukwishedkthekdisciplesktokactkas ministersktokhim. kkDuringkakremissionkofkhiskillness,kheksaid,k"Longkhaskthekconductkof Yukbeenkdeceitful!kBykpretendingktokhavekministerskwhenkIkhavekthem not,kwhomkshouldkIkimposekupon?kShouldkIkimposekuponkHeaven? kk"Moreover,kthankthatkIkshouldkdiekinkthekhandskofkministers,kiskit notkbetterkthatkIkshouldkdiekinkthekhandskofkyou,kmykdisciples?kAnd thoughkIkmayknotkgetkakgreatkburial,kshallkIkdiekuponkthekroad?" kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Therekiskakbeautifulkgemkhere.kShouldkIklaykitkup inkakcasekandk eepkit?korkshouldkIksee kforkakgoodkpricekandksellkit?" ThekMasterksaid,k"Sellkit!kSellkit!kButkIkwouldkwaitkforkonekto offerkthekprice." kkThekMasterkwaskwishingktokgokandklivekamongkthekninekwildktribes ofkthekeast. kkSomekoneksaid,k"Theykarekrude.kHowkcankyoukdoksuchkakthing?"kThe Masterksaid,k"Ifkaksuperiorkmankdweltkamongkthem,kwhatkrudeness wouldktherekbe?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"IkreturnedkfromkWeiktokLu,kandkthenkthekmusic waskreformed,kandkthekpieceskinkthekRoyalksongskandkPraiseksongskall foundktheirkproperkplaces." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Abroad,ktokservekthekhighkministerskandknobles;kat home,ktokservekone'skfatherkandkelderkbrothers;kinkallkdutiesktokthe dead,knotktokdareknotktokexertkone'skself;kandknotktokbekovercomekof wine:-whichkonekofkthesekthingskdokIkattainkto?" kkThekMasterkstandingkbykakstream,ksaid,k"Itkpasseskonkjustkli ekthis, notkceasingkdaykorknight!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikhaveknotkseenkonekwhokloveskvirtuekaskhekloves beauty." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekprosecutionkofklearningkmaykbekcomparedkto whatkmaykhappenkinkraisingkakmound.kIfktherekwantkbutkonekbas etkof earthktokcompletekthekwor ,kandkIkstop,kthekstoppingkiskmykownkwor . Itkmaykbekcomparedktokthrowingkdownkthekearthkonktheklevelkground. Thoughkbutkonekbas etfulkiskthrownkatkaktime,kthekadvancingkwithkitkmy ownkgoingkforward." kkThekMasterksaid,k"NeverkflaggingkwhenkIksetkforthkanythingkto him;-ah!kthatkiskHui."kThekMasterksaidkofkYenkYuan,k"Alas!kIksawkhis constantkadvance.kIkneverksawkhimkstopkinkhiskprogress." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Therekarekcaseskinkwhichkthekbladeksprings,kbut thekplantkdoesknotkgokonktokflower!kTherekarekcaseskwherekitkflowers butkfruitkisknotksubsequentlykproduced!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akyouthkisktokbekregardedkwithkrespect.kHowkdo wek nowkthatkhiskfuturekwillknotkbekequalktokourkpresent?kIfkhe reachkthekagekofkfortykorkfifty,kandkhasknotkmadekhimselfkheardkof,

thenkindeedkhekwillknotkbekworthkbeingkregardedkwithkrespect." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Cankmenkrefusektokassentktokthekwordskofkstrict admonition?kButkitkiskreformingkthekconductkbecausekofkthemkwhichkis valuable.kCankmenkrefusektokbekpleasedkwithkwordskofkgentlekadvice? Butkitkiskunfoldingktheirkaimkwhichkiskvaluable.kIfkakmankbekpleased withkthesekwords,kbutkdoesknotkunfoldktheirkaim,kandkassentsktokthose, butkdoesknotkreformkhiskconduct,kIkcankreallykdoknothingkwithkhim." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Holdkfaithfulnesskandksinceritykaskfirst principles.kHaveknokfriendsknotkequalktokyourself.kWhenkyoukhave faults,kdoknotkfearktokabandonkthem." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekcommanderkofkthekforceskofkaklargekstatekmay bekcarriedkoff,kbutkthekwillkofkevenkakcommonkmankcannotkbekta enkfrom him." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Dressedkhimselfkinkaktatteredkrobekquiltedkwith hemp,kyetkstandingkbyktheksidekofkmenkdressedkinkfurs,kandknot ashamed;-ah!kitkiskYukwhokiskequalktokthis! kk"Hekdisli esknone,khekcovetsknothing;-whatkcankhekdokbutkwhatkis good!" kkTsze-luk eptkcontinuallykrepeatingkthesekwordskofkthekode,kwhen thekMasterksaid,k"Thosekthingskarekbyknokmeansksufficientkto constitutekperfectkexcellence." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkthekyearkbecomeskcold,kthenkwek nowkhowkthe pinekandkthekcypresskarektheklastktoklosektheirkleaves." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekwisekarekfreekfromkperplexities;kthe virtuouskfromkanxiety;kandkthekboldkfromkfear." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Therekareksomekwithkwhomkwekmaykstudykinkcommon, butkwekshallkfindkthemkunablektokgokalongkwithkusktokprinciples. Perhapskwekmaykgokonkwithkthemktokprinciples,kbutkwekshallkfindkthem unablektokgetkestablishedkinkthosekalongkwithkus.kOrkifkwekmaykget sokestablishedkalongkwithkthem,kwekshallkfindkthemkunablektokweigh occurringkeventskalongkwithkus." kk"Howkthekflowerskofkthekaspen-plumkflutterkandkturn!kDokIknot thin kofkyou?kButkyourkhousekiskdistant." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Itkiskthekwantkofkthoughtkaboutkit.kHowkiskit distant?" kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk10 kkConfucius,kinkhiskvillage,kloo edksimplekandksincere,kandkaskifkhe wereknotkablektokspea . kkWhenkhekwaskinkthekprince'skancestralktemple,korkinkthekcourt,khe spo ekminutelykonkeverykpoint,kbutkcautiously. kkWhenkhekwaskwaitingkatkcourt,kinkspea ingkwithkthekgreatkofficerskof theklowerkgrade,khekspo ekfreely,kbutkinkakstraightforwardkmanner; inkspea ingkwithkthosekofkthekhigherkgrade,khekdidksokblandly,kbut precisely. kkWhenkthekrulerkwaskpresent,khiskmannerkdisplayedkrespectful uneasiness;kitkwaskgrave,kbutkself-possessed. kkWhenkthekprincekcalledkhimktokemploykhimkinkthekreceptionkofka visitor,khiskcountenancekappearedktokchange,kandkhisklegsktokmove forwardkwithkdifficulty. kkHekinclinedkhimselfktokthekotherkofficerskamongkwhomkhekstood, movingkhiskleftkorkrightkarm,kasktheirkpositionkrequired,kbut eepingktheks irtskofkhiskrobekbeforekandkbehindkevenlykadjusted. kkHekhastenedkforward,kwithkhiskarmskli ekthekwingskofkakbird. kkWhenkthekguestkhadkretired,khekwouldkreportktokthekprince,k"The visitorkisknotkturningkroundkanykmore." kkWhenkhekenteredkthekpalacekgate,khekseemedktokbendkhiskbody,kaskif itkwereknotksufficientktokadmitkhim. kkWhenkhekwaskstanding,khekdidknotkoccupykthekmiddlekofkthekgateway;

whenkhekpassedkinkorkout,khekdidknotktreadkuponkthekthreshold. kkWhenkhekwaskpassingkthekvacantkplacekofkthekprince,khis countenancekappearedktokchange,kandkhisklegsktokbendkunderkhim,kand hiskwordskcamekaskifkhekhardlykhadkbreathktokutterkthem. kkHekascendedkthekreceptionkhall,kholdingkupkhiskrobekwithkbothkhis hands,kandkhiskbodykbent;kholdingkinkhiskbreathkalso,kaskifkhekdared notkbreathe. kkWhenkhekcamekoutkfromkthekaudience,kasksoonkaskhekhadkdescended onekstep,khekbeganktokrelaxkhiskcountenance,kandkhadkaksatisfiedkloo . Whenkhekhadkgotkthekbottomkofktheksteps,khekadvancedkrapidlyktokhis place,kwithkhiskarmskli ekwings,kandkonkoccupyingkit,khiskmannerkstill showedkrespectfulkuneasiness. kkWhenkhekwaskcarryingkthekscepterkofkhiskruler,khekseemedktokbendkhis body,kaskifkhekwereknotkablektokbearkitskweight.kHekdidknotkholdkit higherkthankthekpositionkofkthekhandskinkma ingkakbow,knorklower thanktheirkpositionkinkgivingkanythingktokanother.kHiskcountenance seemedktokchange,kandkloo kapprehensive,kandkhekdraggedkhiskfeetkalong askifktheykwerekheldkbyksomethingktokthekground. kkInkpresentingkthekpresentskwithkwhichkhekwaskcharged,khekworeka placidkappearance. kkAtkhiskprivatekaudience,khekloo edkhighlykpleased. kkTheksuperiorkmankdidknotkusekakdeepkpurple,korkakpucekcolor,kin thekornamentskofkhiskdress. kkEvenkinkhiskundress,khekdidknotkwearkanythingkofkakredkorkreddish color. kkInkwarmkweather,khekhadkaksinglekgarmentkeitherkofkcoarsekorkfine texture,kbutkhekworekitkdisplayedkoverkankinnerkgarment. kkOverklamb'skfurkhekworekakgarmentkofkblac ;koverkfawn'skfurkonekof white;kandkoverkfox'skfurkonekofkyellow. kkThekfurkrobekofkhiskundresskwasklong,kwithkthekrightksleevekshort. kkHekrequiredkhisksleepingkdressktokbekhalfkasklongkagainkaskhiskbody. kkWhenkstayingkatkhome,khekusedkthic kfurskofkthekfoxkorkthekbadger. kkWhenkhekputkoffkmourning,khekworekallkthekappendageskofkthekgirdle. kkHiskundergarment,kexceptkwhenkitkwaskrequiredktokbekofkthekcurtain shape,kwaskmadekofksil kcutknarrowkabovekandkwidekbelow. kkHekdidknotkwearklamb'skfurkorkakblac kcapkonkakvisitkofkcondolence. kkOnkthekfirstkdaykofkthekmonthkhekputkonkhiskcourtkrobes,kand presentedkhimselfkatkcourt. kkWhenkfasting,khekthoughtkitknecessaryktokhavekhiskclotheskbrightly cleankandkmadekofklinenkcloth. kkWhenkfasting,khekthoughtkitknecessaryktokchangekhiskfood,kandkalso tokchangekthekplacekwherekhekcommonlyksatkinkthekapartment. kkHekdidknotkdisli ektokhavekhiskricekfinelykcleaned,knorktokhave hiskmincekmeatkcutkquiteksmall. kkHekdidknotkeatkricekwhichkhadkbeenkinjuredkbykheatkorkdampkand turnedksour,knorkfishkorkfleshkwhichkwaskgone.kHekdidknotkeatkwhatkwas discolored,korkwhatkwaskofkakbadkflavor,knorkanythingkwhichkwas ill-coo ed,korkwasknotkinkseason. kkHekdidknotkeatkmeatkwhichkwasknotkcutkproperly,knorkwhatkwas servedkwithoutkitskproperksauce. kkThoughktherekmightkbekaklargekquantitykofkmeat,khekwouldknotkallow whatkhektoo ktokexceedkthekduekproportionkforkthekrice.kItkwaskonlykin winekthatkheklaidkdownknoklimitkforkhimself,kbutkhekdidknotkallow himselfktokbekconfusedkbykit. kkHekdidknotkparta ekofkwinekandkdriedkmeatkboughtkinkthekmar et. kkHekwaskneverkwithoutkgingerkwhenkhekate.kHekdidknotkeatkmuch. kkWhenkhekhadkbeenkassistingkatkthekprince'sksacrifice,khekdidknot eepkthekfleshkwhichkhekreceivedkovernight.kThekfleshkofkhiskfamily sacrificekhekdidknotk eepkoverkthreekdays.kIfk eptkoverkthreekdays, peoplekcouldknotkeatkit.

kkWhenkeating,khekdidknotkconverse.kWhenkinkbed,khekdidknotkspea . kkAlthoughkhiskfoodkmightkbekcoarsekricekandkvegetableksoup,khe wouldkofferkaklittlekofkitkinksacrificekwithkakgrave,krespectfulkair. kkIfkhiskmatkwasknotkstraight,khekdidknotksitkonkit. kkWhenkthekvillagerskwerekdrin ingktogether,kuponkthosekwhokcarried staffskgoingkout,khekalsokwentkoutkimmediatelykafter. kkWhenkthekvillagerskwerekgoingkthroughktheirkceremoniesktokdrivekaway pestilentialkinfluences,khekputkonkhiskcourtkrobeskandkstoodkonkthe easternksteps. kkWhenkhekwasksendingkcomplimentarykinquiriesktokanykonekinkanother state,khekbowedktwicekaskhekescortedkthekmessengerkaway. kkChikK'angkhavingksentkhimkakpresentkofkphysic,khekbowedkandkreceived it,ksaying,k"Ikdoknotk nowkit.kIkdareknotktastekit." kkThekstablekbeingkburnedkdown,kwhenkhekwaskatkcourt,konkhiskreturnkhe said,k"Haskanykmankbeenkhurt?"kHekdidknotkas kaboutkthekhorses. kkWhenkthekhekwouldkadjustkhiskmat,kfirstktastekit,kandkthenkgivekit awayktokothers.kWhenkthekprinceksentkhimkakgiftkofkundressedkmeat, hekwouldkhavekitkcoo ed,kandkofferkitktokthekspiritskofkhiskancestors. Whenkthekprinceksentkhimkakgiftkofkaklivingkanimal,khekwouldk eepkit alive. kkWhenkhekwaskinkattendancekonkthekprincekandkjoiningkinkthe entertainment,kthekprincekonlyksacrificed.kHekfirstktastedkeverything. kkWhenkhekwaskillkandkthekprincekcamektokvisitkhim,khekhadkhiskheadkto thekeast,kmadekhiskcourtkrobeskbekspreadkoverkhim,kandkdrewkhiskgirdle acrosskthem. kkWhenkthekprince'skorderkcalledkhim,kwithoutkwaitingkforkhiskcarriage tokbekyo ed,khekwentkatkonce. kkWhenkhekenteredkthekancestralktemplekofkthekstate,khekas edkabout everything. kkWhenkanykofkhiskfriendskdied,kifkhekhadknokrelationskoffices,khe wouldksay,k"Ikwillkburykhim." kkWhenkakfriendksentkhimkakpresent,kthoughkitkmightkbekakcarriage andkhorses,khekdidknotkbow. kkThekonlykpresentkforkwhichkhekbowedkwaskthatkofkthekfleshkof sacrifice. kkInkbed,khekdidknotkliekli ekakcorpse.kAtkhome,khekdidknotkputkonkany formalkdeportment. kkWhenkheksawkanykonekinkakmourningkdress,kthoughkitkmightkbekan acquaintance,khekwouldkchangekcountenance;kwhenkheksawkanykonekwearing thekcapkofkfullkdress,korkakblindkperson,kthoughkhekmightkbekinkhis undress,khekwouldksalutekhimkinkakceremoniouskmanner. kkTokanykpersonkinkmourningkhekbowedkforwardktokthekcrossbarkofkhis carriage;khekbowedkinktheksamekwayktokanykonekbearingkthektableskof population. kkWhenkhekwaskatkankentertainmentkwherektherekwaskankabundancekof provisionsksetkbeforekhim,khekwouldkchangekcountenancekandkrisekup. kkOnkaksuddenkclapkofkthunder,korkakviolentkwind,khekwouldkchange countenance. kkWhenkhekwaskaboutktokmountkhiskcarriage,khekwouldkstandkstraight, holdingkthekcord. kkWhenkhekwaskinkthekcarriage,khekdidknotkturnkhiskheadkquitekround, hekdidknotktal khastily,khekdidknotkpointkwithkhiskhands. kkSeeingkthekcountenance,kitkinstantlykrises.kItkflieskround,kandkby andkbyksettles. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Therekiskthekhen-pheasantkonkthekhillkbridge.kAt itskseason!kAtkitskseason!"kTsze-lukmadekakmotionktokit.kThricekit smeltkhimkandkthenkrose. kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk11

kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekmenkofkformerktimeskinkthekmatterskof ceremonieskandkmusickwerekrustics,kitkisksaid,kwhilekthekmenkof theseklatterktimes,kinkceremonieskandkmusic,karekaccomplished gentlemen. kk"IfkIkhavekoccasionktokusekthosekthings,kIkfollowkthekmenkof formerktimes." kkThekMasterksaid,k"OfkthosekwhokwerekwithkmekinkCh'ankandkTs'ai, therekareknonektokbekfoundktokenterkmykdoor." kkDistinguishedkforktheirkvirtuouskprincipleskandkpractice,ktherekwere YenkYuan,kMinkTsze-ch'ien,kZankPo-niu,kandkChung- ung;kforktheir abilitykinkspeech,kTsaikWokandkTsze- ung;kforktheirkadministrative talents,kZankYukandkChikLu;kforktheirkliterarykacquirements,kTsze-yu andkTsze-hsia. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Huikgiveskmeknokassistance.kTherekisknothing thatkIksaykinkwhichkhekdoesknotkdelight." kkThekMasterksaid,k"FilialkindeedkiskMinkTsze-ch'ien!kOtherkpeopleksay nothingkofkhimkdifferentkfromkthekreportkofkhiskparentskandkbrothers." kkNankYungkwaskfrequentlykrepeatingktheklineskaboutkakwhitekscepter stone.kConfuciuskgavekhimkthekdaughterkofkhiskelderkbrotherktokwife. kkChikK'angkas edkwhichkofkthekdisciplesklovedktoklearn.kConfucius repliedktokhim,k"TherekwaskYenkHui;kheklovedktoklearn.kUnfortunately hiskappointedktimekwaskshort,kandkhekdied.kNowktherekisknokonekwho lovesktoklearn,kaskhekdid." kkWhenkYenkYuankdied,kYenkLukbeggedkthekcarriagekofkthekMasterktoksell andkgetkankouterkshellkforkhiskson'skcoffin. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Everykonekcallskhisksonkhiskson,kwhetherkhekhas talentskorkhasknotktalents.kTherekwaskLi;kwhenkhekdied,khekhadka coffinkbutknokouterkshell.kIkwouldknotkwal konkfootktokgetkakshellkfor him,kbecause,khavingkfollowedkinkthekrearkofkthekgreatkofficers,kit wasknotkproperkthatkIkshouldkwal konkfoot." kkWhenkYenkYuankdied,kthekMasterksaid,k"Alas!kHeavenkiskdestroyingkme! Heavenkiskdestroyingkme!" kkWhenkYenkYuankdied,kthekMasterkbewailedkhimkexceedingly,kandkthe discipleskwhokwerekwithkhimksaid,k"Master,kyourkgriefkiskexcessive!" kk"Iskitkexcessive?"ksaidkhe.k"IfkIkamknotktokmournkbitterlykfor thiskman,kforkwhomkshouldkIkmourn?" kkWhenkYenkYuankdied,kthekdiscipleskwishedktokgivekhimkakgreat funeral,kandkthekMasterksaid,k"Youkmayknotkdokso." kkThekdiscipleskdidkburykhimkinkgreatkstyle. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Huikbehavedktowardskmekaskhiskfather.kIkhaveknot beenkablektoktreatkhimkaskmykson.kThekfaultkisknotkmine;kitkbelongskto you,kOkdisciples." kkChikLukas edkaboutkservingkthekspiritskofkthekdead.kThekMasterksaid, "Whilekyoukareknotkablektokservekmen,khowkcankyoukservektheir spirits?"kChikLukadded,k"Ikventurektokas kaboutkdeath?"kHekwas answered,k"Whilekyoukdoknotk nowklife,khowkcankyouk nowkaboutkdeath?" kkThekdisciplekMinkwaskstandingkbykhiskside,kloo ingkblandkand precise;kTsze-lu,kloo ingkboldkandksoldierly;kZankYukandkTsze- ung, withkakfreekandkstraightforwardkmanner.kThekMasterkwaskpleased. kkHeksaid,k"Yu,kthere!-hekwillknotkdiekaknaturalkdeath." kkSomekpartieskinkLukwerekgoingktokta ekdownkandkrebuildkthekLong Treasury. kkMinkTsze-ch'ienksaid,k"Supposekitkwerektokbekrepairedkafterkits oldkstyle;-whykmustkitkbekalteredkandkmadekanew?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thiskmankseldomkspea s;kwhenkhekdoes,khekisksure tokhitkthekpoint." kkThekMasterksaid,k"WhatkhasktheklutekofkYuktokdokinkmykdoor?" kkThekotherkdiscipleskbeganknotktokrespectkTszelu.kThekMasterksaid, "Yukhaskascendedktokthekhall,kthoughkhekhasknotkyetkpassedkintokthe innerkapartments."

kkTsze- ungkas edkwhichkofkthektwo,kShihkorkShang,kwasktheksuperior. ThekMasterksaid,k"Shihkgoeskbeyondkthekduekmean,kandkShangkdoesknot comekupktokit." kk"Then,"ksaidkTsze- ung,k"theksuperioritykiskwithkShih,kIksuppose." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Tokgokbeyondkiskaskwrongkasktokfallkshort." kkThekheadkofkthekChikfamilykwaskricherkthankthekdu ekofkChaukhad been,kandkyetkCh'iukcollectedkhiskimpostskforkhim,kandkincreasedkhis wealth. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekisknokdisciplekofkmine.kMyklittlekchildren, beatkthekdrumkandkassailkhim." kkCh'aikisksimple.kShankiskdull.kShihkiskspecious.kYukiskcoarse. kkThekMasterksaid,k"TherekiskHui!kHekhasknearlykattainedktokperfect virtue.kHekiskoftenkinkwant. kk"Ts'zekdoesknotkacquiescekinkthekappointmentskofkHeaven,kandkhis goodskarekincreasedkbykhim.kYetkhiskjudgmentskarekoftenkcorrect." kkTsze-changkas edkwhatkwerekthekcharacteristicskofkthekgoodkman. ThekMasterksaid,k"Hekdoesknotktreadkinkthekfootstepskofkothers,kbut moreover,khekdoesknotkenterkthekchamberkofktheksage." kkThekMasterksaid,k"If,kbecausekakman'skdiscoursekappearsksolidkand sincere,kwekallowkhimktokbekakgoodkman,kiskhekreallykaksuperiorkman? orkiskhiskgravitykonlykinkappearance?" kkTsze-lukas edkwhetherkhekshouldkimmediatelykcarrykintokpracticekwhat hekheard.kThekMasterksaid,k"Therekarekyourkfatherkandkelderkbrothers tokbekconsulted;-whykshouldkyoukactkonkthatkprinciplekofkimmediately carryingkintokpracticekwhatkyoukhear?"kZankYukas edktheksame, whetherkhekshouldkimmediatelykcarrykintokpracticekwhatkhekheard,kand thekMasterkanswered,k"Immediatelykcarrykintokpracticekwhatkyou hear."kKung-hsikHwaksaid,k"Yukas edkwhetherkhekshouldkcarry immediatelykintokpracticekwhatkhekheard,kandkyouksaid,k'Therekarekyour fatherkandkelderkbrothersktokbekconsulted.'kCh'iukas edkwhetherkhe shouldkimmediatelykcarrykintokpracticekwhatkhekheard,kandkyouksaid, 'Carrykitkimmediatelykintokpractice.'kI,kCh'ih,kamkperplexed,kand venturektokas kyoukforkankexplanation."kThekMasterksaid,k"Ch'iukis retiringkandkslow;kthereforekIkurgedkhimkforward.kYukhaskmorekthankhis ownksharekofkenergy;kthereforekIk eptkhimkbac ." kkThekMasterkwaskputkinkfearkinkK'wangkandkYenkYuankfellkbehind.kThe Master,konkhiskrejoiningkhim,ksaid,k"Ikthoughtkyoukhadkdied."kHui replied,k"Whilekyoukwerekalive,khowkshouldkIkpresumektokdie?" kkChikTsze-zankas edkwhetherkChungkYukandkZankCh'iukcouldkbekcalled greatkministers. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikthoughtkyoukwouldkas kaboutksomekextraordinary individuals,kandkyoukonlykas kaboutkYukandkCh'iu! kk"Whatkiskcalledkakgreatkminister,kiskonekwhokserveskhiskprince accordingktokwhatkiskright,kandkwhenkhekfindskhekcannotkdokso, retires. kk"Now,kasktokYukandkCh'iu,ktheykmaykbekcalledkordinarykministers." kkTsze-zanksaid,k"Thenktheykwillkalwayskfollowktheirkchief;-winkthey?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkankactkofkparricidekorkregicide,ktheykwouldknot followkhim." kkTsze-lukgotkTsze- aokappointedkgovernorkofkPi. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Youkarekinjuringkakman'skson." kkTsze-luksaid,k"Therekare,kthere,kcommonkpeoplekandkofficers;kthere arekthekaltarskofkthekspiritskofktheklandkandkgrain.kWhykmustkonekread boo skbeforekhekcankbekconsideredktokhaveklearned?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"ItkiskonkthiskaccountkthatkIkhatekyour glib-tonguedkpeople." kkTsze-lu,kTsangkHsi,kZankYu,kandkKunghsikHwakwereksittingkbykthe Master. kkHeksaidktokthem,k"ThoughkIkamkakdaykorksokolderkthankyou,kdoknot thin kofkthat.

kk"Fromkdayktokdaykyoukareksaying,k'Wekareknotk nown.'kIfksomekruler werektok nowkyou,kwhatkwouldkyoukli ektokdo?" kkTsze-lukhastilykandklightlykreplied,k"Supposekthekcasekofkakstatekof tenkthousandkchariots;kletkitkbekstraitenedkbetweenkotherklarge cities;kletkitkbeksufferingkfromkinvadingkarmies;kandktokthisklet therekbekaddedkakfaminekinkcornkandkinkallkvegetables:-ifkIkwere intrustedkwithkthekgovernmentkofkit,kinkthreekyears'ktimekIkcouldkma e thekpeoplektokbekbold,kandktokrecognizekthekruleskofkrighteous conduct."kThekMasterksmiledkatkhim. kkTurningktokYenkYu,kheksaid,k"Ch'iu,kwhatkarekyourkwishes?"kCh'iu replied,k"Supposekakstatekofksixtykorkseventykliksquare,korkonekof fiftykorksixty,kandkletkmekhavekthekgovernmentkofkit;-inkthree years'ktime,kIkcouldkma ekplentyktokaboundkamongkthekpeople.kAskto teachingkthemkthekprincipleskofkpropriety,kandkmusic,kIkmustkwait forkthekrisekofkaksuperiorkmanktokdokthat." kk"Whatkarekyourkwishes,kCh'ih,"ksaidkthekMasterknextktokKung-hsikHwa. Ch'ihkreplied,k"Ikdoknotksaykthatkmykabilitykextendsktokthese things,kbutkIkshouldkwishktoklearnkthem.kAtkthekserviceskofkthe ancestralktemple,kandkatkthekaudienceskofkthekprinceskwithkthe sovereign,kIkshouldkli e,kdressedkinkthekdar ksquare-madekrobekandkthe blac klinenkcap,ktokactkaskaksmallkassistant." kkLastkofkall,kthekMasterkas edkTsangkHsi,k"Tien,kwhatkarekyour wishes?"kTien,kpausingkaskhekwaskplayingkonkhisklute,kwhilekitkwaskyet twanging,klaidkthekinstrumentkaside,kandk"Mykwishes,"kheksaid,k"are differentkfromkthekcherishedkpurposeskofkthesekthreekgentlemen."k"What harmkisktherekinkthat?"ksaidkthekMaster;k"dokyoukalso,kaskwellkas they,kspea koutkyourkwishes."kTienkthenksaid,k"Inkthis,ktheklastkmonth ofkspring,kwithkthekdresskofkthekseasonkallkcomplete,kalongkwith fivekorksixkyoungkmenkwhokhavekassumedkthekcap,kandksixkorksevenkboys, IkwouldkwashkinkthekI,kenjoykthekbreezekamongkthekrainkaltars,kand returnkhomeksinging."kThekMasterkheavedkaksighkandksaid,k"Ikgivekmy approvalktokTien." kkThekthreekotherskhavingkgonekout,kTsangkHsikremainedkbehind,kand said,k"Whatkdokyoukthin kofkthekwordskofkthesekthreekfriends?"kThe Masterkreplied,k"Theyksimplyktoldkeachkonekhiskwishes." kkHsikpursued,k"Master,kwhykdidkyouksmilekatkYu?" kkHekwaskanswered,k"Thekmanagementkofkakstatekdemandskthekruleskof propriety.kHiskwordskwereknotkhumble;kthereforekIksmiledkatkhim." kkHsikagainksaid,k"ButkwaskitknotkakstatekwhichkCh'iukproposedkfor himself?"kThekreplykwas,k"Yes;kdidkyoukeverkseekakterritorykofksixty orkseventyklikorkonekofkfiftykorksixty,kwhichkwasknotkakstate?" kkOncekmore,kHsikinquired,k"AndkwaskitknotkakstatekwhichkCh'ih proposedkforkhimself?"kThekMasterkagainkreplied,k"Yes;kwhokbutkprinces havektokdokwithkancestralktemples,kandkwithkaudienceskbutkthe sovereign?kIfkCh'ihkwerektokbekaksmallkassistantkinkthesekservices, whokcouldkbekakgreatkone? kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk12 kkYenkYuankas edkaboutkperfectkvirtue.kThekMasterksaid,k"Toksubdue one'skselfkandkreturnktokpropriety,kiskperfectkvirtue.kIfkakmankcan forkonekdayksubduekhimselfkandkreturnktokpropriety,kankunderkheaven willkascribekperfectkvirtuektokhim.kIskthekpracticekofkperfect virtuekfromkakmankhimself,korkiskitkfromkothers?" kkYenkYuanksaid,k"Ikbegktokas kthekstepskofkthatkprocess."kThe Masterkreplied,k"Loo knotkatkwhatkiskcontraryktokpropriety;klistenknot tokwhatkiskcontraryktokpropriety;kspea knotkwhatkiskcontrarykto propriety;kma eknokmovementkwhichkiskcontraryktokpropriety."kYen Yuankthenksaid,k"ThoughkIkamkdeficientkinkintelligencekandkvigor,kI willkma ekitkmykbusinessktokpracticekthisklesson."

kkChung- ungkas edkaboutkperfectkvirtue.kThekMasterksaid,k"Itkis,kwhen youkgokabroad,ktokbehavektokeverykonekaskifkyoukwerekreceivingkakgreat guest;ktokemploykthekpeoplekaskifkyoukwerekassistingkatkakgreat sacrifice;knotktokdoktokotherskaskyoukwouldknotkwishkdonektokyourself; tokhaveknokmurmuringkagainstkyoukinkthekcountry,kandknonekinkthe family."kChung- ungksaid,k"ThoughkIkamkdeficientkinkintelligencekand vigor,kIkwillkma ekitkmykbusinessktokpracticekthisklesson." kkSze-makNiukas edkaboutkperfectkvirtue. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekmankofkperfectkvirtuekiskcautiouskandkslow inkhiskspeech." kk"Cautiouskandkslowkinkhiskspeech!"ksaidkNiu;-"iskthiskwhatkis meantkbykperfectkvirtue?"kThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkakmankfeelskthe difficultykofkdoing,kcankhekbekotherkthankcautiouskandkslowkin spea ing?" kkSze-makNiukas edkaboutktheksuperiorkman.kThekMasterksaid,k"The superiorkmankhaskneitherkanxietyknorkfear." kk"Beingkwithoutkanxietykorkfear!"ksaidkNui;"doeskthiskconstitutekwhat wekcallktheksuperiorkman?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkinternalkexaminationkdiscoversknothingkwrong, whatkisktherektokbekanxiouskabout,kwhatkisktherektokfear?" kkSze-makNiu,kfullkofkanxiety,ksaid,k"Otherkmenkallkhavektheir brothers,kIkonlykhaveknot." kkTsze-hsiaksaidktokhim,k"TherekiskthekfollowingksayingkwhichkIkhave heard-'Deathkandklifekhavektheirkdeterminedkappointment;kricheskand honorskdependkuponkHeaven.' kk"Letktheksuperiorkmankneverkfailkreverentiallyktokorderkhiskown conduct,kandkletkhimkbekrespectfulktokotherskandkobservantkof propriety:-thenkallkwithinkthekfourkseaskwillkbekhiskbrothers.kWhat hasktheksuperiorkmanktokdokwithkbeingkdistressedkbecausekhekhaskno brothers?" kkTsze-changkas edkwhatkconstitutedkintelligence.kThekMasterksaid,k"He withkwhomkneitherkslanderkthatkgraduallyksoa skintokthekmind,knor statementskthatkstartlekli ekakwoundkinkthekflesh,kareksuccessful maykbekcalledkintelligentkindeed.kYea,khekwithkwhomkneitherksoa ing slander,knorkstartlingkstatements,kareksuccessful,kmaykbekcalled farseeing." kkTsze- ungkas edkaboutkgovernment.kThekMasterksaid,k"Thekrequisites ofkgovernmentkarekthatktherekbeksufficiencykofkfood,ksufficiencykof militarykequipment,kandkthekconfidencekofkthekpeoplekinktheirkruler." kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Ifkitkcannotkbekhelped,kandkonekofkthesekmustkbe dispensedkwith,kwhichkofkthekthreekshouldkbekforegonekfirst?"k"The militarykequipment,"ksaidkthekMaster. kkTsze- ungkagainkas ed,k"Ifkitkcannotkbekhelped,kandkonekofkthe remainingktwokmustkbekdispensedkwith,kwhichkofkthemkshouldkbe foregone?"kThekMasterkanswered,k"Partkwithkthekfood.kFromkofkold, deathkhaskbeenktheklotkofkankmen;kbutkifkthekpeoplekhaveknokfaithkin theirkrulers,ktherekisknokstandingkforkthekstate." kkChikTsze-ch'angksaid,k"Inkaksuperiorkmankitkiskonlykthe substantialkqualitieskwhichkarekwanted;-whykshouldkweksee kfor ornamentalkaccomplishments?" kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Alas!kYourkwords,ksir,kshowkyouktokbekaksuperior man,kbutkfourkhorseskcannotkoverta ekthektongue.kOrnamentkiskas substance;ksubstancekiskaskornament.kThekhidekofkaktigerkorka leopardkstrippedkofkitskhair,kiskli ekthekhidekofkakdogkorkakgoat strippedkofkitskhair." kkThekDu ekAikinquiredkofkYukZo,ksaying,k"Thekyearkiskonekofkscarcity, andkthekreturnskforkexpenditurekareknotksufficient;-whatkisktokbe done?" kkYukZokrepliedktokhim,k"Whyknotksimplyktithekthekpeople?" kk"Withktwoktenths,ksaidkthekdu e,k"Ikfindkitknotkenough;-howkcould

Ikdokwithkthatksystemkofkonektenth?" kkYukZokanswered,k"Ifkthekpeoplekhavekplenty,ktheirkprincekwillknotkbe leftktokwantkalone.kIfkthekpeoplekarekinkwant,ktheirkprincekcannot enjoykplentykalone." kkTsze-changkhavingkas edkhowkvirtuekwasktokbekexalted,kand delusionsktokbekdiscovered,kthekMasterksaid,k"Holdkfaithfulnesskand sinceritykaskfirstkprinciples,kandkbekmovingkcontinuallyktokwhatkis right,-thiskiskthekwayktokexaltkone'skvirtue. kk"Youklovekakmankandkwishkhimktoklive;kyoukhatekhimkandkwishkhimkto die.kHavingkwishedkhimktoklive,kyoukalsokwishkhimktokdie.kThiskiska casekofkdelusion.k'Itkmayknotkbekonkaccountkofkherkbeingkrich,kyetkyou comektokma ekakdifference.'" kkThekDu ekChing,kofkCh'i,kas edkConfuciuskaboutkgovernment.kConfucius replied,k"Therekiskgovernment,kwhenkthekprincekiskprince,kandkthe ministerkiskminister;kwhenkthekfatherkiskfather,kandktheksonkiskson." kk"Good!"ksaidkthekdu e;k"if,kindeed,kthekprincekbeknotkprince,kthe notkminister,kthekfatherknotkfather,kandktheksonknotkson,kalthoughkI havekmykrevenue,kcankIkenjoykit?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ah!kitkiskYu,kwhokcouldkwithkhalfkakwordksettle litigations!" kkTsze-lukneverksleptkoverkakpromise. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkhearingklitigations,kIkamkli ekanykother body.kWhatkisknecessary,khowever,kisktokcausekthekpeoplektokhavekno litigations." kkTsze-changkas edkaboutkgovernment.kThekMasterksaid,k"Thekartkof governingkisktok eepkitskaffairskbeforekthekmindkwithoutkweariness, andktokpracticekthemkwithkundeviatingkconsistency." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Bykextensivelykstudyingkallklearning,kand eepingkhimselfkunderkthekrestraintkofkthekruleskofkpropriety,konekmay thuskli ewiseknotkerrkfromkwhatkiskright." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmanksee sktokperfectkthekadmirable qualitieskofkmen,kandkdoesknotksee ktokperfectktheirkbadkqualities. Thekmeankmankdoeskthekoppositekofkthis." kkChikK'angkas edkConfuciuskaboutkgovernment.kConfuciuskreplied,k"To governkmeansktokrectify.kIfkyoukleadkonkthekpeoplekwithkcorrectness, whokwillkdareknotktokbekcorrect?" kkChikK'ang,kdistressedkaboutktheknumberkofkthieveskinkthekstate, inquiredkofkConfuciuskhowktokdokawaykwithkthem.kConfuciusksaid,k"If you,ksir,kwereknotkcovetous,kalthoughkyoukshouldkrewardkthemktokdokit, theykwouldknotksteal." kkChikK'angkas edkConfuciuskaboutkgovernment,ksaying,k"Whatkdokyouksay tok illingkthekunprincipledkforkthekgoodkofkthekprincipled?"kConfucius replied,k"Sir,kinkcarryingkonkyourkgovernment,kwhykshouldkyoukuse illingkatkall?kLetkyourkevincedkdesireskbekforkwhatkiskgood,kand thekpeoplekwillkbekgood.kThekrelationkbetweenksuperiorskand inferiorskiskli ekthatkbetweenkthekwindkandkthekgrass.kThekgrass mustkbend,kwhenkthekwindkblowskacrosskit." kkTsze-changkas ed,k"Whatkmustkthekofficerkbe,kwhokmaykbeksaidktokbe distinguished?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whatkiskitkyoukcallkbeingkdistinguished?" kkTsze-changkreplied,k"Itkisktokbekheardkofkthroughkthekstate,ktokbe heardkofkthroughoutkhiskclan." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thatkisknotoriety,knotkdistinction. kk"Nowkthekmankofkdistinctionkisksolidkandkstraightforward,kand loveskrighteousness.kHekexamineskpeople'skwords,kandkloo skatktheir countenances.kHekiskanxiousktokhumblekhimselfktokothers.kSuchkakman willkbekdistinguishedkinkthekcountry;khekwillkbekdistinguishedkin hiskclan. kk"Asktokthekmankofknotoriety,khekassumeskthekappearancekofkvirtue, butkhiskactionskarekopposedktokit,kandkhekrestskinkthiskcharacter

withoutkanykdoubtskaboutkhimself.kSuchkakmankwillkbekheardkofkinkthe country;khekwillkbekheardkofkinkthekclan." kkFankCh'ihkramblingkwithkthekMasterkunderkthektreeskaboutkthekrain altars,ksaid,k"Ikventurektokas khowktokexaltkvirtue,ktokcorrect cherishedkevil,kandktokdiscoverkdelusions." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Trulykakgoodkquestion! kk"Ifkdoingkwhatkisktokbekdonekbekmadekthekfirstkbusiness,kandksuccess aksecondarykconsideration:-isknotkthiskthekwayktokexaltkvirtue?kTo assailkone'skownkwic ednesskandknotkassailkthatkofkothers;-isknotkthis thekwayktokcorrectkcherishedkevil?kForkakmorning'skangerkto disregardkone'skownklife,kandkinvolvekthatkofkhiskparents;-isknotkthis akcasekofkdelusion?" kkFankCh'ihkas edkaboutkbenevolence.kThekMasterksaid,k"Itkisktoklove allkmen."kHekas edkaboutk nowledge.kThekMasterksaid,k"Itkisktok now allkmen." kkFankCh'ihkdidknotkimmediatelykunderstandkthesekanswers. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Employkthekuprightkandkputkasidekallkthe croo ed;kinkthiskwaykthekcroo edkcankbekmadektokbekupright." kkFankCh'ihkretired,kand,kseeingkTsze-hsia,kheksaidktokhim,k"A Littlekwhilekago,kIkhadkankinterviewkwithkourkMaster,kandkas edkhim aboutk nowledge.kHeksaid,k'Employkthekupright,kandkputkasidekallkthe croo ed;-inkthiskway,kthekcroo edkwillkbekmadektokbekupright.'kWhat didkhekmean?" kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Trulykrichkiskhisksaying! kk"Shun,kbeingkinkpossessionkofkthek ingdom,kselectedkfromkamongkall thekpeople,kandkemployedkKai-yao-onkwhichkallkwhokwerekdevoidkof virtuekdisappeared.kT'ang,kbeingkinkpossessionkofkthek ingdom, selectedkfromkamongkallkthekpeople,kandkemployedkIkYin-andkankwhokwere devoidkofkvirtuekdisappeared." kkTsze- ungkas edkaboutkfriendship.kThekMasterksaid,k"Faithfully admonishkyourkfriend,kandks illfullykleadkhimkon.kIfkyoukfindkhim impracticable,kstop.kDoknotkdisgracekyourself." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankonkgroundskof culturekmeetskwithkhiskfriends,kandkbykfriendshipkhelpskhiskvirtue." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk13 kkTsze-lukas edkaboutkgovernment.kThekMasterksaid,k"Gokbeforekthe peoplekwithkyourkexample,kandkbeklaboriouskinktheirkaffairs." kkHekrequestedkfurtherkinstruction,kandkwaskanswered,k"Beknotkwearykin thesekthings." kkChung- ung,kbeingkchiefkministerktokthekheadkofkthekChikfamily, as edkaboutkgovernment.kThekMasterksaid,k"Employkfirstkthekserviceskof yourkvariouskofficers,kpardonksmallkfaults,kandkraisektokofficekmenkof virtuekandktalents." kkChung- ungksaid,k"HowkshallkIk nowkthekmenkofkvirtuekandktalent, sokthatkIkmaykraisekthemktokoffice?"kHekwaskanswered,k"Raisektokoffice thosekwhomkyouk now.kAsktokthosekwhomkyoukdoknotk now,kwillkothers neglectkthem?" kkTsze-luksaid,k"ThekrulerkofkWeikhaskbeenkwaitingkforkyou,kinkorder withkyouktokadministerkthekgovernment.kWhatkwillkyoukconsiderkthe firstkthingktokbekdone?" kkThekMasterkreplied,k"Whatkisknecessarykisktokrectifyknames." kk"So!kindeed!"ksaidkTsze-lu.k"Youkarekwidekofkthekmar !kWhykmust therekbeksuchkrectification?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Howkuncultivatedkyoukare,kYu!kAksuperiorkman,kin regardktokwhatkhekdoesknotk now,kshowskakcautiouskreserve. kk"Ifknameskbeknotkcorrect,klanguagekisknotkinkaccordancekwithkthe truthkofkthings.kIfklanguagekbeknotkinkaccordancekwithkthektruthkof things,kaffairskcannotkbekcarriedkonktoksuccess.

kk"Whenkaffairskcannotkbekcarriedkonktoksuccess,kproprietieskandkmusic doknotkflourish.kWhenkproprietieskandkmusickdoknotkflourish, punishmentskwillknotkbekproperlykawarded.kWhenkpunishmentskareknot properlykawarded,kthekpeoplekdoknotk nowkhowktokmovekhandkorkfoot. kk"Thereforekaksuperiorkmankconsiderskitknecessarykthatktheknameskhe useskmaykbekspo enkappropriately,kandkalsokthatkwhatkhekspea skmay bekcarriedkoutkappropriately.kWhatktheksuperiorkmankrequireskiskjust thatkinkhiskwordsktherekmaykbeknothingkincorrect." kkFankCh'ihkrequestedktokbektaughtkhusbandry.kThekMasterksaid,k"Ikam notksokgoodkforkthatkaskankoldkhusbandman."kHekrequestedkalsoktokbe taughtkgardening,kandkwaskanswered,k"Ikamknotksokgoodkforkthatkaskan oldkgardener." kkFankCh'ihkhavingkgonekout,kthekMasterksaid,k"Aksmallkman,kindeed,kis FankHsu!kIfkaksuperiorkmanklovekpropriety,kthekpeoplekwillknotkdare notktokbekreverent.kIfkheklovekrighteousness,kthekpeoplekwillknotkdare notktoksubmitktokhiskexample.kIfkheklovekgoodkfaith,kthekpeoplekwill notkdareknotktokbeksincere.kNow,kwhenkthesekthingskobtain,kthe peoplekfromkallkquarterskwillkcomektokhim,kbearingktheirkchildrenkon theirkbac s;kwhatkneedkhaskhekofkak nowledgekofkhusbandry?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thoughkakmankmaykbekablektokrecitekthekthree hundredkodes,kyetkif,kwhenkintrustedkwithkakgovernmentalkcharge,khe nowsknotkhowktokact,korkif,kwhenksentktokanykquarterkonkakmission,khe cannotkgivekhiskreplieskunassisted,knotwithstandingkthekextentkof hisklearning,kofkwhatkpracticalkusekiskit?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkakprince'skpersonalkconductkiskcorrect,khis governmentkiskeffectivekwithoutkthekissuingkofkorders.kIfkhiskpersonal conductkisknotkcorrect,khekmaykissuekorders,kbutktheykwillknotkbe followed." kkThekMasterksaid,k"ThekgovernmentskofkLukandkWeikarekbrothers." kkThekMasterksaidkofkChing,kakscionkofkthekducalkfamilykofkWei,kthat hek newkthekeconomykofkakfamilykwell.kWhenkhekbeganktokhavekmeans, heksaid,k"Ha!kherekiskakcollection-!"kWhenktheykwerekaklittle increased,kheksaid,k"Ha!kthiskiskcomplete!"kWhenkhekhadkbecomekrich, heksaid,k"Ha!kthiskiskadmirable!" kkWhenkthekMasterkwentktokWeilkZankYukactedkaskdriverkofkhiskcarriage. kkThekMasterkobserved,k"Howknumerouskarekthekpeople!" kkYuksaid,k"Sincektheykarekthusknumerous,kwhatkmorekshallkbekdone forkthem?"k"Enrichkthem,kwaskthekreply. kk"Andkwhenktheykhavekbeenkenriched,kwhatkmorekshallkbekdone?"kThe Masterksaid,k"Teachkthem." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifktherekwerekanykofkthekprinceskwhokwould employkme,kinkthekcoursekofktwelvekmonths,kIkshouldkhavekdone somethingkconsiderable.kInkthreekyears,kthekgovernmentkwouldkbe perfected." kkThekMasterksaid,k"'Ifkgoodkmenkwerektokgovernkakcountrykin successionkforkakhundredkyears,ktheykwouldkbekablektoktransformkthe violentlykbad,kandkdispensekwithkcapitalkpunishments.'kTruekindeed iskthisksaying!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkaktrulykroyalkrulerkwerektokarise,kitkwould stirkrequirekakgeneration,kandkthenkvirtuekwouldkprevail." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkakministerkma ekhiskownkconductkcorrect,kwhat difficultykwillkhekhavekinkassistingkinkgovernment?kIfkhekcannot rectifykhimself,kwhatkhaskhektokdokwithkrectifyingkothers?" kkThekdisciplekZankreturningkfromkthekcourt,kthekMasterksaidktokhim, "Howkarekyouksoklate?"kHekreplied,k"Wekhadkgovernmentkbusiness."kThe Masterksaid,k"Itkmustkhavekbeenkfamilykaffairs.kIfktherekhadkbeen governmentkbusiness,kthoughkIkamknotknowkinkoffice,kIkshouldkhavekbeen consultedkaboutkit." kkThekDu ekTingkas edkwhetherktherekwaskaksingleksentencekwhich couldkma ekakcountrykprosperous.kConfuciuskreplied,k"Suchkankeffect

cannotkbekexpectedkfromkoneksentence. kk"Therekiskaksaying,khowever,kwhichkpeoplekhavek-'Tokbekakprincekis difficult;ktokbekakministerkisknotkeasy.' kk"Ifkakrulerk nowskthis,-thekdifficultykofkbeingkakprince,-may thereknotkbekexpectedkfromkthiskoneksentencekthekprosperitykofkhis country?" kkThekdu ekthenksaid,k"Isktherekaksingleksentencekwhichkcankruinka country?"kConfuciuskreplied,k"Suchkankeffectkaskthatkcannotkbe expectedkfromkoneksentence.kTherekis,khowever,ktheksayingkwhichkpeople have-'Ikhaveknokpleasurekinkbeingkakprince,kbutkonlykinkthatknokone cankofferkanykoppositionktokwhatkIksay!' kk"Ifkakruler'skwordskbekgood,kiskitknotkalsokgoodkthatknokone opposekthem?kButkifktheykareknotkgood,kandknokonekopposeskthem,kmay thereknotkbekexpectedkfromkthiskoneksentencekthekruinkofkhiskcountry?" kkThekDu ekofkShehkas edkaboutkgovernment. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Goodkgovernmentkobtainskwhenkthosekwhokareknear arekmadekhappy,kandkthosekwhokarekfarkoffkarekattracted." kkTsze-hsia!kbeingkgovernorkofkChu-fu,kas edkaboutkgovernment.kThe Masterksaid,k"Doknotkbekdesirousktokhavekthingskdonekquic ly;kdoknot loo katksmallkadvantages.kDesirektokhavekthingskdonekquic ly preventsktheirkbeingkdonekthoroughly.kLoo ingkatksmallkadvantages preventskgreatkaffairskfromkbeingkaccomplished." kkThekDu ekofkShehkinformedkConfucius,ksaying,k"Amongkuskherekthere arekthosekwhokmaykbekstyledkuprightkinktheirkconduct.kIfktheir fatherkhavekstolenkaksheep,ktheykwillkbearkwitnessktokthekfact." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Amongkus,kinkourkpartkofkthekcountry,kthosekwhokare uprightkarekdifferentkfromkthis.kThekfatherkconcealskthekmisconductkof thekson,kandktheksonkconcealskthekmisconductkofkthekfather. Uprightnesskisktokbekfoundkinkthis." kkFankCh'ihkas edkaboutkperfectkvirtue.kThekMasterksaid,k"Itkis,kin retirement,ktokbeksedatelykgrave;kinkthekmanagementkofkbusiness,ktokbe reverentlykattentive;kinkintercoursekwithkothers,ktokbekstrictly sincere.kThoughkakmankgokamongkrude,kuncultivatedktribes,kthese qualitieskmayknotkbekneglected." kkTsze- ungkas ed,ksaying,k"Whatkqualitieskmustkakmankpossesskto entitlekhimktokbekcalledkankofficer?kThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokinkhis conductkofkhimselfkmaintainskaksensekofkshame,kandkwhenksentktokany quarterkwillknotkdisgracekhiskprince'skcommission,kdeservesktokbe calledkankofficer." kkTsze- ungkpursued,k"Ikventurektokas kwhokmaykbekplacedkinktheknext lowerkran ?"kAndkhekwasktold,k"Hekwhomkthekcirclekofkhiskrelatives pronouncektokbekfilial,kwhomkhiskfellowkvillagerskandkneighbors pronouncektokbekfraternal." kkAgainkthekdisciplekas ed,k"Ikventurektokas kaboutkthekclasskstill nextkinkorder."kThekMasterksaid,k"Theykarekdeterminedktokbeksincerekin whatktheyksay,kandktokcarrykoutkwhatktheykdo.kTheykarekobstinate littlekmen.kYetkperhapsktheykmaykma ektheknextkclass." kkTsze- ungkfinallykinquired,k"Ofkwhatksortkarekthosekofkthekpresent day,kwhokengagekinkgovernment?"kThekMasterksaidk"Pooh!ktheykarekso manykpec skandkhampers,knotkworthkbeingkta enkintokaccount." kkThekMasterksaid,k"SincekIkcannotkgetkmenkpursuingkthekduekmedium,kto whomkIkmightkcommunicatekmykinstructions,kIkmustkfindkthekardentkand thekcautiously-decided.kThekardentkwillkadvancekandklaykholdkofktruth; thekcautiously-decidedkwillk eepkthemselveskfromkwhatkiskwrong." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekpeoplekofktheksouthkhavekaksayingk-'Akman withoutkconstancykcannotkbekeitherkakwizardkorkakdoctor.'kGood! kk"Inconstantkinkhiskvirtue,khekwillkbekvisitedkwithkdisgrace." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thiskarisesksimplykfromknotkattendingktokthe prognostication." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankiskaffable,kbutknotkadulatory;

thekmeankmankiskadulatory,kbutknotkaffable." kkTsze- ungkas ed,ksaying,k"Whatkdokyouksaykofkakmankwhokisklovedkby allkthekpeoplekofkhiskneighborhood?"kThekMasterkreplied,k"Wekmayknot forkthatkaccordkourkapprovalkofkhim."k"Andkwhatkdokyouksaykofkhim whokiskhatedkbykallkthekpeoplekofkhiskneighborhood?"kThekMaster said,k"Wekmayknotkforkthatkconcludekthatkhekiskbad.kItkiskbetter thankeitherkofkthesekcaseskthatkthekgoodkinkthekneighborhoodklovekhim, andkthekbadkhatekhim." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankiskeasyktokservekandkdifficultkto please.kIfkyouktryktokpleasekhimkinkanykwaykwhichkisknotkaccordant withkright,khekwillknotkbekpleased.kButkinkhiskemploymentkofkmen,khe useskthemkaccordingktoktheirkcapacity.kThekmeankmankiskdifficultkto serve,kandkeasyktokplease.kIfkyouktryktokpleasekhim,kthoughkitkbekinka waykwhichkisknotkaccordantkwithkright,khekmaykbekpleased.kButkinkhis employmentkofkmen,khekwisheskthemktokbekequalktokeverything." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankhaskakdignifiedkeasekwithout pride.kThekmeankmankhaskpridekwithoutkakdignifiedkease." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekfirm,kthekenduring,ktheksimple,kandkthekmodest areknearktokvirtue." kkTsze-lukas ed,ksaying,k"Whatkqualitieskmustkakmankpossessktokentitle himktokbekcalledkakscholar?"kThekMasterksaid,k"Hekmustkbe thus,-earnest,kurgent,kandkbland:-amongkhiskfriends,kearnestkand urgent;kamongkhiskbrethren,kbland." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Letkakgoodkmankteachkthekpeopleksevenkyears,kand theykmaykthenkli ewisekbekemployedkinkwar." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Tokleadkankuninstructedkpeoplektokwar,kisktokthrow themkaway." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk14 kkHsienkas edkwhatkwaskshameful.kThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkgood governmentkprevailskinkakstate,ktokbekthin ingkonlykofksalary;kand, whenkbadkgovernmentkprevails,ktokbekthin ing,kinktheksamekway,konlykof salary;-thiskiskshameful." kk"Whenktheklovekofksuperiority,kboasting,kresentments,kand covetousnesskarekrepressed,kthiskmaykbekdeemedkperfectkvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thiskmaykbekregardedkaskthekachievementkofkwhatkis difficult.kButkIkdoknotk nowkthatkitkisktokbekdeemedkperfectkvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekscholarkwhokcherishesktheklovekofkcomfortkis notkfitktokbekdeemedkakscholar." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkgoodkgovernmentkprevailskinkakstate,klanguage maykbekloftykandkbold,kandkactionsktheksame.kWhenkbadkgovernment prevails,kthekactionskmaykbekloftykandkbold,kbutktheklanguagekmaykbe withksomekreserve." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekvirtuouskwillkbeksurektokspea kcorrectly, butkthosekwhosekspeechkiskgoodkmayknotkalwayskbekvirtuous.kMenkof principlekareksurektokbekbold,kbutkthosekwhokarekboldkmayknotkalways bekmenkofkprinciple." kkNan- ungkKwo,ksubmittingkankinquiryktokConfucius,ksaid,k"Ikwas s illfulkatkarchery,kandkAokcouldkmovekakboatkalongkuponkthekland,kbut neitherkofkthemkdiedkaknaturalkdeath.kYukandkChikpersonallykwroughtkat thektoilskofkhusbandry,kandktheykbecamekpossessorskofkthek ingdom." ThekMasterkmadeknokreply;kbutkwhenkNan- ungkKwokwentkout,kheksaid, "Aksuperiorkmankindeedkiskthis!kAnkesteemerkofkvirtuekindeedkiskthis!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Superiorkmen,kandkyetknotkalwayskvirtuous,kthere havekbeen,kalas!kButktherekneverkhaskbeenkakmeankman,kand,katktheksame time,kvirtuous." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Canktherekbeklovekwhichkdoesknotkleadkto strictnesskwithkitskobject?kCanktherekbekloyaltykwhichkdoesknotklead tokthekinstructionkofkitskobject?"

kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkpreparingkthekgovernmentalknotifications,kP'i Shankfirstkmadekthekroughkdraft;kShi-shukexaminedkandkdiscussedkits contents;kTsze-yu,kthekmanagerkofkforeignkintercourse,kthenkpolished thekstyle;kand,kfinally,kTsze-ch'ankofkTung-likgavekitkthekproper elegancekandkfinish." kkSomekonekas edkaboutkTsze-ch'an.kThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwaskak ind man." kkHekas edkaboutkTsze-hsi.kThekMasterksaid,k"Thatkman!kThatkman!" kkHekas edkaboutkKwankChung.k"Forkhim,"ksaidkthekMaster,k"thekcity ofkPien,kwithkthreekhundredkfamilies,kwaskta enkfromkthekchiefkof thekPokfamily,kwhokdidknotkutterkakmurmuringkword,kthough,ktokthe endkofkhisklife,khekhadkonlykcoarsekricektokeat." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Tokbekpoorkwithoutkmurmuringkiskdifficult.kTokbe richkwithoutkbeingkproudkiskeasy." kkThekMasterksaid,k"MangkKung-ch'okiskmorekthankfitktokbekchief officerkinkthekfamilieskofkChaokandkWei,kbutkhekisknotkfitktokbekgreat officerktokeitherkofkthekstateskTangkorkHsieh." kkTsze-lukas edkwhatkconstitutedkakCOMPLETEkman.kThekMasterksaid, "Supposekakmankwithkthek nowledgekofkTsangkWu-chung,kthekfreedom fromkcovetousnesskofkKung-ch'o,kthekbraverykofkChwangkofkPien,kandkthe variedktalentskofkZankCh'iu;kaddktokthesekthekaccomplishmentskofkthe ruleskofkproprietykandkmusic;-suchkakonekmightkbekrec onedka COMPLETEkman." kkHekthenkadded,k"Butkwhatkisktheknecessitykforkakcompletekmankof thekpresentkdayktokhavekallkthesekthings?kThekman,kwhokinkthekview ofkgain,kthin skofkrighteousness;kwhokinkthekviewkofkdangerkis preparedktokgivekupkhisklife;kandkwhokdoesknotkforgetkankoldkagreement howeverkfarkbac kitkextends:-suchkakmankmaykbekrec onedkakCOMPLETE man." kkThekMasterkas edkKung-mingkChiakaboutkKung-shukWan,ksaying,k"Iskit truekthatkyourkmasterkspea sknot,klaughsknot,kandkta esknot?" kkKung-mingkChiakreplied,k"Thiskhaskarisenkfromkthekreporterskgoing beyondkthektruth.-Mykmasterkspea skwhenkitkiskthektimektokspea ,kand sokmenkdoknotkgetktiredkofkhiskspea ing.kHeklaughskwhenktherekis occasionktokbekjoyful,kandksokmenkdoknotkgetktiredkofkhisklaughing.kHe ta eskwhenkitkiskconsistentkwithkrighteousnessktokdokso,kandksokmenkdo notkgetktiredkofkhiskta ing."kThekMasterksaid,k"So!kButkiskitkso withkhim?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"TsangkWu-chung,k eepingkpossessionkofkFang, as edkofkthekdu ekofkLuktokappointkaksuccessorktokhimkinkhiskfamily. Althoughkitkmaykbeksaidkthatkhekwasknotkusingkforcekwithkhis sovereign,kIkbelievekhekwas." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekdu ekWankofkTsinkwaskcraftykandknotkupright. Thekdu ekHwankofkCh'ikwaskuprightkandknotkcrafty." kkTsze-luksaid,k"ThekDu ekHwankcausedkhiskbrotherkChiuktokbek illed, whenkShaokHukdied,kwithkhiskmaster,kbutkKwankChungkdidknotkdie.kMay notkIksaykthatkhekwaskwantingkinkvirtue?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"ThekDu ekHwankassembledkallkthekprinces together,kandkthatknotkwithkweaponskofkwarkandkchariots:-itkwaskall throughkthekinfluencekofkKwankChung.kWhosekbeneficencekwaskli ekhis? Whosekbeneficencekwaskli ekhis?" kkTsze- ungksaid,k"KwankChung,kIkapprehendkwaskwantingkinkvirtue.kWhen thekDu ekHwankcausedkhiskbrotherkChiuktokbek illed,kKwankChungkwasknot ablektokdiekwithkhim.kMoreover,khekbecamekprimekministerktokHwan." kkThekMasterksaid,k"KwankChungkactedkaskprimekministerktokthekDu e Hwankmadekhimkleaderkofkallkthekprinces,kandkunitedkandkrectified thekwholek ingdom.kDownktokthekpresentkday,kthekpeoplekenjoykthekgifts whichkhekconferred.kButkforkKwankChung,kwekshouldknowkbekwearingkour hairkunbound,kandktheklappetskofkourkcoatskbuttoningkonkthekleftkside. kk"Willkyoukrequirekfromkhimktheksmallkfidelitykofkcommonkmenkand

commonkwomen,kwhokwouldkcommitksuicidekinkakstreamkorkditch,knokone nowingkanythingkaboutkthem?" kkThekgreatkofficer,kHsien,kwhokhadkbeenkfamilykministerktokKung-shu Wan,kascendedktokthekprince'skcourtkinkcompanykwithkWan. kkThekMaster,khavingkheardkofkit,ksaid,k"Hekdeservedktokbe consideredkWANk(thekaccomplished)." kkThekMasterkwaskspea ingkaboutkthekunprincipledkcoursekofkthekdu e LingkofkWeilkwhenkCh'ikK'angksaid,k"Sincekhekiskofksuchkakcharacter, howkiskitkhekdoesknotklosekhiskstate?" kkConfuciusksaid,k"ThekChung-shukYukhasktheksuperintendencekofkhis guestskandkofkstrangers;ktheklitanist,kT'o,khaskthekmanagementkof hiskancestralktemple;kandkWang-sunkChiakhaskthekdirectionkofkthe armykandkforces:-withksuchkofficerskaskthese,khowkshouldkheklosekhis state?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokspea skwithoutkmodestykwillkfindkit difficultktokma ekhiskwordskgood." kkChankCh'angkmurderedkthekDu ekChienkofkCh'i. kkConfuciuskbathed,kwentktokcourtkandkinformedkthekDu ekAi,ksaying, "ChankHangkhaskslainkhisksovereign.kIkbegkthatkyoukwillkunderta ekto punishkhim." kkThekdu eksaid,k"Informkthekchiefskofkthekthreekfamilieskofkit." kkConfuciuskretired,kandksaid,k"Followingkinkthekrearkofkthekgreat officers,kIkdidknotkdareknotktokrepresentksuchkakmatter,kandkmykprince says,k"Informkthekchiefskofkthekthreekfamilieskofkit." kkHekwentktokthekchiefs,kandkinformedkthem,kbutktheykwouldknotkact. Confuciuskthenksaid,k"Followingkinkthekrearkofkthekgreatkofficers,kI didknotkdareknotktokrepresentksuchkakmatter." kkTsze-lukas edkhowkakrulerkshouldkbekserved.kThekMasterksaid,k"Doknot imposekonkhim,kand,kmoreover,kwithstandkhimktokhiskface." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekprogresskofktheksuperiorkmankiskupwards;kthe progresskofkthekmeankmankiskdownwards." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkancientktimes,kmenklearnedkwithkakviewktoktheir ownkimprovement.kNowadays,kmenklearnkwithkakviewktokthekapprobationkof others." kkChukPo-yuksentkakmessengerkwithkfriendlykinquiriesktokConfucius. kkConfuciusksatkwithkhim,kandkquestionedkhim.k"What,"ksaidkhe!k"is yourkmasterkengagedkin?"kThekmessengerkreplied,k"Mykmasterkis anxiousktokma ekhiskfaultskfew,kbutkhekhasknotkyetksucceeded."kHekthen wentkout,kandkthekMasterksaid,k"Akmessengerkindeed!kAkmessenger indeed!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokisknotkinkanykparticularkofficekhasknothing tokdokwithkplanskforkthekadministrationkofkitskduties." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"Theksuperiorkman,kinkhiskthoughts,kdoes notkgokoutkofkhiskplace." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankiskmodestkinkhiskspeech,kbut exceedskinkhiskactions." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekwaykofktheksuperiorkmankiskthreefold,kbutkIkam notkequalktokit.kVirtuous,khekiskfreekfromkanxieties;kwise,khekiskfree fromkperplexities;kbold,khekiskfreekfromkfear. kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Master,kthatkiskwhatkyoukyourselfksay." kkTsze- ungkwaskinkthekhabitkofkcomparingkmenktogether.kThekMaster said,k"Tszekmustkhavekreachedkakhighkpitchkofkexcellence!kNow,kI haveknotkleisurekforkthis." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikwillknotkbekconcernedkatkmen'sknotk nowingkme;kI willkbekconcernedkatkmykownkwantkofkability." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokdoesknotkanticipatekattemptsktokdeceive him,knorkthin kbeforehandkofkhisknotkbeingkbelieved,kandkyet apprehendskthesekthingskreadilykwhenktheykoccur;-iskheknotkakmankof superiorkworth?" kkWei-shangkMauksaidktokConfucius,k"Ch'iu,khowkiskitkthatkyouk eep

roostingkabout?kIskitknotkthatkyoukarekankinsinuatingktal er? kkConfuciusksaid,k"Ikdoknotkdarektokplaykthekpartkofksuchkaktal er, butkIkhatekobstinacy." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akhorsekiskcalledkakch'i,knotkbecausekofkits strength,kbutkbecausekofkitskotherkgoodkqualities." kkSomekoneksaid,k"Whatkdokyouksaykconcerningkthekprinciplekthatkinjury shouldkbekrecompensedkwithk indness?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Withkwhatkthenkwillkyoukrecompensek indness?" kk"Recompensekinjurykwithkjustice,kandkrecompensek indnesskwith indness." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Alas!ktherekisknokonekthatk nowskme." kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Whatkdokyoukmeankbykthusksaying-thatknokonek nows you?"kThekMasterkreplied,k"IkdoknotkmurmurkagainstkHeaven.kIkdoknot grumblekagainstkmen.kMykstudiesklieklow,kandkmykpenetrationkrises high.kButktherekiskHeaven;-thatk nowskme!" kkThekKung-pokLiao,khavingkslanderedkTsze-luktokChi-sun,kTsze-fu Ching-pokinformedkConfuciuskofkit,ksaying,k"Ourkmasterkiskcertainly beingkledkastraykbykthekKung-pokLiao,kbutkIkhavekstillkpowerkenough leftktokcutkLiaokoff,kandkexposekhiskcorpsekinkthekmar etkandkinkthe court." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkmykprincipleskarektokadvance,kitkisksokordered. Ifktheykarektokfallktokthekground,kitkisksokordered.kWhatkcankthe Kung-pokLiaokdokwhereksuchkorderingkiskconcerned?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Somekmenkofkworthkretirekfromkthekworld.kSome retirekfromkparticularkstates.kSomekretirekbecausekofkdisrespectful loo s.kSomekretirekbecausekofkcontradictoryklanguage." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thosekwhokhavekdonekthiskareksevenkmen." kkTsze-lukhappeningktokpassktheknightkinkShih-man,kthekgate eeperksaid tokhim,k"Whomkdokyoukcomekfrom?"kTsze-luksaid,k"FromkMr.kK'ung."k"It iskhe,-iskitknot?"-saidkthekother,k"whok nowskthekimpracticableknature ofkthektimeskandkyetkwillkbekdoingkinkthem." kkThekMasterkwaskplaying,konekday,konkakmusicalkstonekinkWeilkwhenka mankcarryingkakstrawkbas etkpassedkdoorkofkthekhousekwherekConfucius was,kandksaid,k"Hiskheartkiskfullkwhoksokbeatskthekmusicalkstone." kkAklittlekwhilekafter,khekadded,k"Howkcontemptiblekiskthe one-ideaedkobstinacykthoseksoundskdisplay!kWhenkonekiskta enknoknotice of,khekhasksimplykatkoncektokgivekoverkhiskwishkforkpublickemployment. 'Deepkwaterkmustkbekcrossedkwithkthekclotheskon;kshallowkwaterkmay bekcrossedkwithkthekclotheskheldkup.'" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Howkdeterminedkiskhekinkhiskpurpose!kButkthiskis notkdifficult!" kkTsze-changksaid,k"WhatkiskmeantkwhenkthekShuksayskthatkKao-tsung, whilekobservingkthekusualkimperialkmourning,kwaskforkthreekyears withoutkspea ing?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"WhykmustkKao-tsungkbekreferredktokaskankexamplekof this?kThekancientskallkdidkso.kWhenktheksovereignkdied,kthekofficers allkattendedktoktheirkseveralkduties,kta ingkinstructionskfromkthe primekministerkforkthreekyears." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkrulersklovektokobservekthekruleskof propriety,kthekpeoplekrespondkreadilyktokthekcallskonkthemkfor service." kkTsze-lukas edkwhatkconstitutedktheksuperiorkman.kThekMasterksaid, "Thekcultivationkofkhimselfkinkreverentialkcarefulness."k"Andkis thiskall?"ksaidkTsze-lu.k"Hekcultivateskhimselfksokasktokgivekrest tokothers,"kwaskthekreply.k"Andkiskthiskall?"kagainkas edkTsze-lu.kThe Masterksaid,k"Hekcultivateskhimselfksokasktokgivekrestktokallkthe people.kHekcultivateskhimselfksokasktokgivekrestktokallkthe people:-evenkYaokandkShunkwerekstillksolicitouskaboutkthis." kkYuankZangkwasksquattingkonkhiskheels,kandksokwaitedkthekapproach ofkthekMaster,kwhoksaidktokhim,k"Inkyouthknotkhumblekaskbefitska

junior;kinkmanhood,kdoingknothingkworthykofkbeingkhandedkdown;kand livingkonktokoldkage:-thiskisktokbekakpest."kWithkthiskhekhitkhimkon thekshan kwithkhiskstaff. kkAkyouthkofkthekvillagekofkCh'uehkwaskemployedkbykConfuciuskto carrykthekmessageskbetweenkhimkandkhiskvisitors.kSomekonekas ed aboutkhim,ksaying,k"Iksupposekhekhaskmadekgreatkprogress." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikobservekthatkhekiskfondkofkoccupyingkthekseatkof akfull-grownkman;kIkobservekthatkhekwal skshoulderktokshoulderkwith hiskelders.kHekisknotkonekwhokisksee ingktokma ekprogresskinklearning. Hekwisheskquic lyktokbecomekakman." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk15 kkThekDu ekLingkofkWeikas edkConfuciuskaboutktactics.kConfucius replied,k"Ikhavekheardkallkaboutksacrificialkvessels,kbutkIkhaveknot learnedkmilitarykmatters."kOnkthis,khektoo khiskdeparturektheknext day. kkWhenkhekwaskinkChan,ktheirkprovisionskwerekexhausted,kandkhis followerskbecameksokinkthatktheykwerekunablektokrise. kkTsze-lu,kwithkevidentkdissatisfaction,ksaid,k"Hasktheksuperiorkman li ewisektokendurekinkthiskway?"kThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkman maykindeedkhavektokendurekwant,kbutkthekmeankman,kwhenkhekiskin want,kgiveskwayktokunbridledklicense." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ts'ze,kyoukthin ,kIksuppose,kthatkIkamkonekwho learnskmanykthingskandk eepskthemkinkmemory?" kkTsze- ungkreplied,k"Yes,-butkperhapskitkisknotkso?" kk"No,"kwaskthekanswer;k"Iksee kakunitykallkpervading." kkThekMasterksaid,k"YukIkthosekwhok nowkvirtuekarekfew." kkThekMasterksaid,k"MayknotkShunkbekinstancedkaskhavingkgoverned efficientlykwithoutkexertion?kWhatkdidkhekdo?kHekdidknothingkbut gravelykandkreverentlykoccupykhiskroyalkseat." kkTsze-changkas edkhowkakmankshouldkconductkhimself,ksokasktokbe everywherekappreciated. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Letkhiskwordskbeksincerekandktruthfulkandkhis actionskhonorablekandkcareful;-suchkconductkmaykbekpracticedkamongkthe rudektribeskofkthekSouthkorkthekNorth.kIfkhiskwordskbeknotksincerekand truthfulkandkhiskactionsknotkhonorablekandkcarefullkwillkhe,kwithksuch conduct,kbekappreciated,kevenkinkhiskneighborhood? kk"Whenkhekiskstanding,kletkhimkseekthosektwokthings,kaskitkwere, frontingkhim.kWhenkhekiskinkakcarriage,kletkhimkseekthemkattachedkto thekyo e.kThenkmaykheksubsequentlykcarrykthemkintokpractice." kkTsze-changkwrotekthesekcounselskonkthekendkofkhisksash. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Trulykstraightforwardkwaskthekhistoriographer Yu.kWhenkgoodkgovernmentkprevailedkinkhiskstate,khekwaskli ekankarrow. Whenkbadkgovernmentkprevailed,khekwaskli ekankarrow.kAksuperiorkman indeedkiskChukPo-yu!kWhenkgoodkgovernmentkprevailskinkhiskstate,khekis tokbekfoundkinkoffice.kWhenkbadkgovernmentkprevails,khekcankrollkhis principleskup,kandk eepkthemkinkhiskbreast." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkakmankmaykbekspo enkwith,knotktokspea ktokhim isktokerrkinkreferencektokthekman.kWhenkakmankmayknotkbekspo en with,ktokspea ktokhimkisktokerrkinkreferencektokourkwords.kThekwise errkneitherkinkregardktoktheirkmanknorktoktheirkwords." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekdeterminedkscholarkandkthekmankofkvirtue willknotksee ktoklivekatkthekexpensekofkinjuringktheirkvirtue.kThey willkevenksacrificektheirklivesktokpreservektheirkvirtuekcomplete." kkTsze- ungkas edkaboutkthekpracticekofkvirtue.kThekMasterksaid, "Thekmechanic,kwhokwishesktokdokhiskwor kwell,kmustkfirstksharpen hisktools.kWhenkyoukareklivingkinkanykstate,kta ekservicekwithkthe mostkworthykamongkitskgreatkofficers,kandkma ekfriendskofkthekmost virtuouskamongkitskscholars."

kkYenkYuankas edkhowkthekgovernmentkofkakcountrykshouldkbe administered. kkThekMasterksaid,k"FollowkthekseasonskofkHsia. kk"RidekinkthekstatekcarriagekofkYin. kk"WearkthekceremonialkcapkofkChau. kk"LetkthekmusickbekthekShaokwithkitskpantomimes.kBanishktheksongs ofkChang,kandk eepkfarkfromkspeciousktal ers.kTheksongskofkChangkare licentious;kspeciousktal erskarekdangerous." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkakmankta eknokthoughtkaboutkwhatkiskdistant,khe willkfindksorrowknearkatkhand." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Itkiskallkover!kIkhaveknotkseenkonekwhokloves virtuekaskhekloveskbeauty." kkThekMasterksaid,k"WasknotkTsangkWankli ekonekwhokhadkstolenkhis situation?kHek newkthekvirtuekandkthektalentskofkHuikofkLiu-hsia, andkyetkdidknotkprocurekthatkhekshouldkstandkwithkhimkinkcourt." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokrequireskmuchkfromkhimselfkandklittle fromkothers,kwillk eepkhimselfkfromkbeingkthekobjectkofkresentment." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkakmankisknotkinkthekhabitkofksaying-'What shallkIkthin kofkthis?kWhatkshallkIkthin kofkthis?'kIkcankindeedkdo nothingkwithkhim!" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkaknumberkofkpeoplekarektogether,kforka wholekday,kwithoutktheirkconversationkturningkonkrighteousness,kand whenktheykarekfondkofkcarryingkoutktheksuggestionskofkaksmall shrewdness;-theirskiskindeedkakhardkcase." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankinkeverythingkconsiders righteousnessktokbekessential.kHekperformskitkaccordingktokthekrules ofkpropriety.kHekbringskitkforthkinkhumility.kHekcompleteskitkwith sincerity.kThiskiskindeedkaksuperiorkman." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankiskdistressedkbykhiskwantkof ability.kHekisknotkdistressedkbykmen'sknotk nowingkhim." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankdisli eskthekthoughtkofkhis nameknotkbeingkmentionedkafterkhiskdeath." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whatktheksuperiorkmanksee s,kiskinkhimself.kWhat thekmeankmanksee s,kiskinkothers." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankiskdignified,kbutkdoesknot wrangle.kHekisksociable,kbutknotkakpartisan." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankdoesknotkpromotekakmanksimply onkaccountkofkhiskwords,knorkdoeskhekputkasidekgoodkwordskbecausekof thekman." kkTsze- ungkas ed,ksaying,k"Isktherekonekwordkwhichkmaykservekaska rulekofkpracticekforkallkone'sklife?"kThekMasterksaid,k"Isknot RECIPROCITYksuchkakword?kWhatkyoukdoknotkwantkdonektokyourself,kdoknot doktokothers." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkmykdealingskwithkmen,kwhosekevilkdokIkblame, whosekgoodnesskdokIkpraise,kbeyondkwhatkiskproper?kIfkIkdoksometimes exceedkinkpraise,ktherekmustkbekgroundkforkitkinkmykexaminationkofkthe individual. kk"Thiskpeopleksuppliedkthekgroundkwhykthekthreekdynastieskpursuedkthe pathkofkstraightforwardness." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Evenkinkmykearlykdays,kakhistoriographerkwould leavekakblan kinkhisktext,kandkhekwhokhadkakhorsekwouldklendkhimkto anotherktokride.kNow,kalas!ktherekareknoksuchkthings." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Speciouskwordskconfoundkvirtue.kWantkof forbearancekinksmallkmatterskconfoundskgreatkplans." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkthekmultitudekhatekakman,kitkisknecessary tokexaminekintokthekcase.kWhenkthekmultitudekli ekakman,kitkis necessaryktokexaminekintokthekcase." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akmankcankenlargekthekprincipleskwhichkhekfollows; thosekprincipleskdoknotkenlargekthekman." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Tokhavekfaultskandknotktokreformkthem,-this,

indeed,kshouldkbekpronouncedkhavingkfaults." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikhavekbeenkthekwholekdaykwithoutkeating,kand thekwholeknightkwithoutksleeping:-occupiedkwithkthin ing.kItkwaskofkno use.kbetterkplankisktoklearn." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thekobjectkofktheksuperiorkmankisktruth.kFoodkis notkhiskobject.kTherekiskplowing;-evenkinkthatktherekisksometimes want.kSokwithklearning;-emolumentkmaykbekfoundkinkit.kTheksuperiorkman iskanxiousklestkhekshouldknotkgetktruth;khekisknotkanxiousklest povertykshouldkcomekuponkhim." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkakman'sk nowledgekisksufficientktokattain, andkhiskvirtuekisknotksufficientktokenablekhimktokhold,kwhateverkhe maykhavekgained,khekwillklosekagain. kk"Whenkhisk nowledgekisksufficientktokattain,kandkhekhaskvirtue enoughktokholdkfast,kifkhekcannotkgovernkwithkdignity,kthekpeoplekwill notkrespectkhim. kk"Whenkhisk nowledgekisksufficientktokattain,kandkhekhaskvirtue enoughktokholdkfast;kwhenkhekgovernskalsokwithkdignity,kyetkifkhe tryktokmovekthekpeoplekcontraryktokthekruleskofkpropriety:-full excellencekisknotkreached." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankcannotkbek nownkinklittle matters;kbutkhekmaykbekintrustedkwithkgreatkconcerns.kTheksmallkman mayknotkbekintrustedkwithkgreatkconcerns,kbutkhekmaykbek nownkin littlekmatters." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Virtuekiskmorektokmankthankeitherkwaterkorkfire.kI havekseenkmenkdiekfromktreadingkonkwaterkandkfire,kbutkIkhaveknever seenkakmankdiekfromktreadingkthekcoursekofkvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Letkeverykmankconsiderkvirtuekaskwhatkdevolves onkhimself.kHekmayknotkyieldkthekperformancekofkitkevenktokhis teacher." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankiskcorrectlykfirm,kandknotkfirm merely." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Akminister,kinkservingkhiskprince,kreverently dischargeskhiskduties,kandkma eskhiskemolumentkaksecondary consideration." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inkteachingktherekshouldkbeknokdistinctionkof classes." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Thosekwhosekcourseskarekdifferentkcannotklaykplans forkonekanother." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Inklanguagekitkisksimplykrequiredkthatkitkconvey thekmeaning." kkThekmusickmaster,kMien,khavingkcalledkuponkhim,kwhenktheykcamekto theksteps,kthekMasterksaid,k"Herekarektheksteps."kWhenktheykcamekto thekmatkforkthekguestktoksitkupon,kheksaid,k"Herekiskthekmat."kWhen allkwerekseated,kthekMasterkinformedkhim,ksaying,k"Sokandksokis here;ksokandksokiskhere." kkThekmusickmaster,kMien,khavingkgonekout,kTsze-changkas ed,ksaying. "Iskitkthekrulektoktellkthosekthingsktokthekmusickmaster?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Yes.kThiskiskcertainlykthekrulekforkthosekwhoklead thekblind." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk16 kkThekheadkofkthekChikfamilykwaskgoingktokattac kChwan-yu. kkZankYukandkChi-lukhadkankinterviewkwithkConfucius,kandksaid,k"Our chief,kChilkiskgoingktokcommencekoperationskagainstkChwan-yu." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Ch'iu,kiskitknotkyoukwhokarekinkfaultkhere? kk"Now,kinkregardktokChwan-yu,klongkago,kakformerk ingkappointedkits rulerktokpresidekoverktheksacrificesktokthekeasternkMang;kmoreover,kit iskinkthekmidstkofkthekterritorykofkourkstate;kandkitskrulerkiska ministerkinkdirectkconnectionkwithktheksovereign:kWhatkhaskyour

chiefktokdokwithkattac ingkit?" kkZankYuksaid,k"Ourkmasterkwisheskthekthing;kneitherkofkusktwo ministerskwisheskit." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Ch'iu,ktherekarekthekwordskofkChaukZan,k-'Whenkhe cankputkforthkhiskability,khekta eskhiskplacekinkthekran skof office;kwhenkhekfindskhimselfkunablektokdokso,khekretireskfromkit.kHow cankhekbekusedkaskakguidektokakblindkman,kwhokdoesknotksupportkhim whenktottering,knorkraisekhimkupkwhenkfallen?' kk"Andkfurther,kyoukspea kwrongly.kWhenkaktigerkorkrhinoceros escapeskfromkhiskcage;kwhenkaktortoisekorkpiecekofkjadekiskinjured inkitskrepository:-whosekiskthekfault?" kkZankYuksaid,k"Butkatkpresent,kChwan-yukiskstrongkandknearktokPi; ifkourkchiefkdoknotknowkta ekit,kitkwillkhereafterkbekaksorrowkto hiskdescendants." kkConfuciusksaid.k"Ch'iu,ktheksuperiorkmankhateskthosekdecliningkto say-'Ikwantksuchkandksuchkakthing,'kandkframingkexplanationskforktheir conduct. kk"Ikhavekheardkthatkrulerskofkstateskandkchiefskofkfamilieskareknot troubledklestktheirkpeoplekshouldkbekfew,kbutkarektroubledklestkthey shouldknotk eepktheirkseveralkplaces;kthatktheykareknotktroubled withkfearskofkpoverty,kbutkarektroubledkwithkfearskofkakwantkof contentedkreposekamongkthekpeoplekinktheirkseveralkplaces.kForkwhen thekpeoplek eepktheirkseveralkplaces,ktherekwillkbeknokpoverty;kwhen harmonykprevails,ktherekwillkbeknokscarcitykofkpeople;kandkwhen therekisksuchkakcontentedkrepose,ktherekwillkbeknokrebellious upsettings. kk"Sokitkis.-Therefore,kifkremoterkpeoplekareknotksubmissive,kall thekinfluenceskofkcivilkculturekandkvirtuekarektokbekcultivatedkto attractkthemktokbekso;kandkwhenktheykhavekbeenksokattracted,ktheykmust bekmadekcontentedkandktranquil. kk"Now,kherekarekyou,kYukandkCh'iu,kassistingkyourkchief.kRemoter peoplekareknotksubmissive,kand,kwithkyourkhelp,khekcannotkattractkthem tokhim.kInkhiskownkterritoryktherekarekdivisionskandkdownfalls, leavingskandkseparations,kand,kwithkyourkhelp,khekcannotkpreservekit. kk"Andkyetkhekiskplanningkthesekhostilekmovementskwithinkthe state.-IkamkafraidkthatktheksorrowkofkthekChi-sunkfamilykwillknotkbe onkaccountkofkChwan-yu,kbutkwillkbekfoundkwithinkthekscreenkofktheir ownkcourt." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Whenkgoodkgovernmentkprevailskinkthekempire, ceremonies,kmusic,kandkpunitivekmilitarykexpeditionskproceedkfrom theksonkofkHeaven.kWhenkbadkgovernmentkprevailskinkthekempire, ceremonies,kmusic,kandkpunitivekmilitarykexpeditionskproceedkfrom thekprinces.kWhenkthesekthingskproceedkfromkthekprinces,kaskakrule, thekcaseskwillkbekfewkinkwhichktheykdoknotklosektheirkpowerkinkten generations.kWhenktheykproceedkfromkthekgreatkofficerskofkthekprinces, askakrule,kthekcasekwillkbekfewkinkwhichktheykdoknotklosektheir powerkinkfivekgenerations.kWhenktheksubsidiarykministerskofkthe greatkofficerskholdkinktheirkgraspkthekorderskofkthekstate,kaska rulekthekcaseskwillkbekfewkinkwhichktheykdoknotklosektheirkpowerkin threekgenerations. kk"Whenkrightkprincipleskprevailkinkthek ingdom,kgovernmentkwillknot bekinkthekhandskofkthekgreatkofficers. kk"Whenkrightkprincipleskprevailkinkthek ingdom,ktherekwillkbekno discussionskamongkthekcommonkpeople." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Thekrevenuekofkthekstatekhaskleftkthekducalkhouse nowkforkfivekgenerations.kThekgovernmentkhaskbeenkinkthekhandskof thekgreatkofficerskforkfourkgenerations.kOnkthiskaccount,kthe descendantskofkthekthreekHwankarekmuchkreduced." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Therekarekthreekfriendshipskwhichkarekadvantageous, andkthreekwhichkarekinjurious.kFriendshipkwithkthekuplight;kfriendship

withktheksincere;kandkfriendshipkwithkthekmankofkmuch observation:-thesekarekadvantageous.kFriendshipkwithkthekmankof speciouskairs;kfriendshipkwithkthekinsinuatinglyksoft;kand friendshipkwithkthekglib-tongued:-thesekarekinjurious." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Therekarekthreekthingskmenkfindkenjoymentkin whichkarekadvantageous,kandkthreekthingsktheykfindkenjoymentkin whichkarekinjurious.kTokfindkenjoymentkinkthekdiscriminatingkstudy ofkceremonieskandkmusic;ktokfindkenjoymentkinkspea ingkofkthekgoodness ofkothers;ktokfindkenjoymentkinkhavingkmanykworthykfriends:-these arekadvantageous.kTokfindkenjoymentkinkextravagantkpleasures;kto findkenjoymentkinkidlenesskandksauntering;ktokfindkenjoymentkinkthe pleasureskofkfeasting:-thesekarekinjurious." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Therekarekthreekerrorsktokwhichktheykwhokstandkin thekpresencekofkakmankofkvirtuekandkstationkarekliable.kTheykmaykspea whenkitkdoesknotkcomektokthemktokspea ;-thiskiskcalledkrashness. Theykmayknotkspea kwhenkitkcomesktokthemktokspea ;-thiskiskcalled concealment.kTheykmaykspea kwithoutkloo ingkatkthekcountenancekof theirksuperior;-thiskiskcalledkblindness." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Therekarekthreekthingskwhichktheksuperiorkman guardskagainst.kInkyouth,kwhenkthekphysicalkpowerskareknotkyet settled,khekguardskagainstklust.kWhenkhekiskstrongkandkthekphysical powerskarekfullkofkvigor,khekguardskagainstkquarrelsomeness.kWhenkhe iskold,kandkthekanimalkpowerskarekdecayed,khekguardskagainst covetousness." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Therekarekthreekthingskofkwhichktheksuperiorkman standskinkawe.kHekstandskinkawekofkthekordinanceskofkHeaven.kHekstands inkawekofkgreatkmen.kHekstandskinkawekofkthekwordskofksages. kk"Thekmeankmankdoesknotk nowkthekordinanceskofkHeaven,kand consequentlykdoesknotkstandkinkawekofkthem.kHekiskdisrespectfulkto greatkmen.kHekma esksportkofkthekwordskofksages." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Thosekwhokarekbornkwithkthekpossessionkofk nowledge arekthekhighestkclasskofkmen.kThosekwhoklearn,kandksokreadilykget possessionkofk nowledge,karektheknext.kThosekwhokarekdullkand stupid,kandkyetkcompassktheklearning,karekanotherkclassknextktokthese. Asktokthosekwhokarekdullkandkstupidkandkyetkdoknotklearn;-theykarekthe lowestkofkthekpeople." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankhaskninekthingskwhichkareksubjects withkhimkofkthoughtfulkconsideration.kInkregardktokthekusekofkhis eyes,khekiskanxiousktokseekclearly.kInkregardktokthekusekofkhis ears,khekiskanxiousktokhearkdistinctly.kInkregardktokhis countenance,khekiskanxiouskthatkitkshouldkbekbenign.kInkregardkto hiskdemeanor,khekiskanxiouskthatkitkshouldkbekrespectful.kInkregardkto hiskspeech,khekiskanxiouskthatkitkshouldkbeksincere.kInkregardkto hiskdoingkofkbusiness,khekiskanxiouskthatkitkshouldkbekreverently careful.kInkregardktokwhatkhekdoubtskabout,khekiskanxiouskto questionkothers.kWhenkhekiskangry,khekthin skofkthekdifficultieskhis angerkmaykinvolvekhimkin.kWhenkhekseeskgainktokbekgot,khekthin skof righteousness." kkConfuciusksaid,k"Contemplatingkgood,kandkpursuingkit,kaskifkthey couldknotkreachkit;kcontemplatingkevil!kandkshrin ingkfromkit,kaskthey wouldkfromkthrustingkthekhandkintokboilingkwater:-Ikhavekseenksuch men,kaskIkhavekheardksuchkwords. kk"Livingkinkretirementktokstudyktheirkaims,kandkpracticing righteousnessktokcarrykoutktheirkprinciples:-Ikhavekheardkthesekwords, butkIkhaveknotkseenksuchkmen." kkThekDu ekChingkofkCh'ikhadkakthousandkteams,keachkofkfourkhorses, butkonkthekdaykofkhiskdeath,kthekpeoplekdidknotkpraisekhimkforka singlekvirtue.kPo-ikandkShu-ch'ikdiedkofkhungerkatkthekfootkofkthe Shau-yangkmountains,kandkthekpeople,kdownktokthekpresentktime, praisekthem.

kk"Isknotkthatksayingkillustratedkbykthis?" kkCh'ankK'angkas edkPo-yu,ksaying,k"Havekyoukheardkanyklessonskfrom yourkfatherkdifferentkfromkwhatkwekhavekallkheard?" kkPo-yukreplied,k"No.kHekwaskstandingkalonekonce,kwhenkIkpassed belowkthekhallkwithkhastyksteps,kandksaidktokme,k'Havekyouklearnedkthe Odes?'kOnkmykreplyingk'Notkyet,'khekadded,kIfkyoukdoknotklearnkthe Odes,kyoukwillknotkbekfitktokconversekwith.'kIkretiredkandkstudiedkthe Odes. kk"Anotherkday,khekwaskinktheksamekwaykstandingkalone,kwhenkIkpassed bykbelowkthekhallkwithkhastyksteps,kandksaidktokme,k'Havekyou learnedkthekruleskofkPropriety?'kOnkmykreplyingk'Notkyet,'khekadded, 'IfkyoukdoknotklearnkthekruleskofkPropriety,kyourkcharacterkcannot bekestablished.'kIkthenkretired,kandklearnedkthekruleskofkPropriety. kk"Ikhavekheardkonlykthesektwokthingskfromkhim." kkCh'angkK'angkretired,kand,kquitekdelighted,ksaid,k"Ikas edkone thing,kandkIkhavekgotkthreekthings.kIkhavekheardkaboutkthekOdes.kI havekheardkaboutkthekruleskofkPropriety.kIkhavekalsokheardkthatkthe superiorkmankmaintainskakdistantkreservektowardskhiskson." kkThekwifekofkthekprincekofkakstatekiskcalledkbykhimkFukZan.kShekcalls herselfkHsiaokT'ung.kThekpeoplekofkthekstatekcallkherkChunkFukZan, and,ktokthekpeoplekofkotherkstates,ktheykcallkherkK'wakHsiaokChun.kThe peoplekofkotherkstateskalsokcallkherkChunkFukZan. kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk17 kkYangkHokwishedktokseekConfucius,kbutkConfuciuskwouldknotkgoktoksee him.kOnkthis,kheksentkakpresentkofkakpigktokConfucius,kwho,khaving chosenkaktimekwhenkHokwasknotkatkhomekwentktokpaykhiskrespectskforkthe gift.kHekmetkhim,khowever,konkthekway. kkHoksaidktokConfucius,k"Come,kletkmekspea kwithkyou."kHekthen as ed,k"Cankhekbekcalledkbenevolentkwhok eepskhiskjewelkinkhis bosom,kandkleaveskhiskcountryktokconfusion?"kConfuciuskreplied, "No."k"Cankhekbekcalledkwise,kwhokiskanxiousktokbekengagedkinkpublic employment,kandkyetkiskconstantlyklosingkthekopportunitykofkbeingkso?" Confuciuskagainksaid,k"No."k"Thekdayskandkmonthskarekpassingkaway;kthe yearskdoknotkwaitkforkus."kConfuciusksaid,k"Right;kIkwillkgokinto office." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Byknature,kmenkareknearlykali e;kbykpractice,kthey getktokbekwidekapart." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Therekarekonlykthekwisekofkthekhighestkclass, andkthekstupidkofktheklowestkclass,kwhokcannotkbekchanged." kkThekMaster,khavingkcomektokWu-ch'ang,kheardktherektheksoundkof stringedkinstrumentskandksinging. kkWellkpleasedkandksmiling,kheksaid,k"Whykusekankoxk nifektok illka fowl?" kkTsze-yukreplied,k"Formerly,kMaster,kIkheardkyouksay,-'Whenkthekman ofkhighkstationkiskwellkinstructed,khekloveskmen;kwhenkthekmankof lowkstationkiskwellkinstructed,khekiskeasilykruled.'" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Mykdisciples,kYen'skwordskarekright.kWhatkIksaid waskonlykinksport." kkKung-shankFu-zao,kwhenkhekwaskholdingkPi,kandkinkankattitudekof rebellion,kinvitedkthekMasterktokvisitkhim,kwhokwaskratherkinclinedkto go. kkTsze-lukwaskdispleased.kandksaid,k"Indeed,kyoukcannotkgo!kWhykmust youkthin kofkgoingktokseekKung-shan?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Cankitkbekwithoutksomekreasonkthatkhekhas invitedkME?kIfkanykonekemploykme,kmaykIknotkma ekankeasternkChau?" kkTsze-changkas edkConfuciuskaboutkperfectkvirtue.kConfuciusksaid,k"To bekablektokpracticekfivekthingskeverywherekunderkheavenkconstitutes perfectkvirtue."kHekbeggedktokas kwhatktheykwere,kandkwasktold, "Gravity,kgenerositykofksoul,ksincerity,kearnestness,kandk indness.kIf

youkarekgrave,kyoukwillknotkbektreatedkwithkdisrespect.kIfkyoukare generous,kyoukwillkwinkall.kIfkyoukareksincere,kpeoplekwillkrepose trustkinkyou.kIfkyoukarekearnest,kyoukwillkaccomplishkmuch.kIfkyoukare ind,kthiskwillkenablekyouktokemploykthekserviceskofkothers. kkPikHsikinvitingkhimktokvisitkhim,kthekMasterkwaskinclinedktokgo. kkTsze-luksaid,k"Master,kformerlykIkhavekheardkyouksay,k'Whenkakmankin hiskownkpersonkiskguiltykofkdoingkevil,kaksuperiorkmankwillknot associatekwithkhim.'kPikHsikiskinkrebellion,kholdingkpossessionkof Chung-mau;kifkyoukgoktokhim,kwhatkshallkbeksaid?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Yes,kIkdidkusekthesekwords.kButkiskitknotksaid, that,kifkakthingkbekreallykhard,kitkmaykbekgroundkwithoutkbeingkmade thin?kIskitknotksaid,kthat,kifkakthingkbekreallykwhite,kitkmaykbe steepedkinkakdar kfluidkwithoutkbeingkmadekblac ? kk"AmkIkakbitterkgourd?kHowkcankIkbekhungkupkoutkofkthekwaykofkbeing eaten?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Yu,khavekyoukheardktheksixkwordsktokwhichkare attachedksixkbecloudings?"kYukreplied,k"Ikhaveknot." kk"Sitkdown,kandkIkwillktellkthemktokyou. kk"Therekisktheklovekofkbeingkbenevolentkwithoutktheklovekof learning;-thekbecloudingkherekleadsktokakfoolishksimplicity.kThere isktheklovekofk nowingkwithoutktheklovekofklearning;-thekbeclouding herekleadsktokdissipationkofkmind.kTherekisktheklovekofkbeing sincerekwithoutktheklovekofklearning;-thekbecloudingkherekleadskto ankinjuriouskdisregardkofkconsequences.kTherekisktheklovekof straightforwardnesskwithoutktheklovekofklearning;-thekbeclouding herekleadsktokrudeness.kTherekisktheklovekofkboldnesskwithoutktheklove ofklearning;-thekbecloudingkherekleadsktokinsubordination.kTherekis theklovekofkfirmnesskwithoutktheklovekofklearning;-thekbecloudingkhere leadsktokextravagantkconduct." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Mykchildren,kwhykdokyouknotkstudykthekBoo kof Poetry? kk"ThekOdeskservektokstimulatekthekmind. kk"Theykmaykbekusedkforkpurposeskofkself-contemplation. kk"Theykteachkthekartkofksociability. kk"Theykshowkhowktokregulatekfeelingskofkresentment. kk"Fromkthemkyouklearnkthekmorekimmediatekdutykofkservingkone's father,kandkthekremoterkonekofkservingkone'skprince. kk"Fromkthemkwekbecomeklargelykacquaintedkwithktheknameskofkbirds, beasts,kandkplants." kkThekMasterksaidktokPo-yu,k"DokyoukgivekyourselfktokthekChau-nan andkthekShao-nan.kThekmankwhokhasknotkstudiedkthekChau-nankandkthe Shao-nankiskli ekonekwhokstandskwithkhiskfacekrightkagainstkakwall.kIs heknotkso?" kThekMasterksaid,k"'Itkiskaccordingktokthekruleskofkpropriety,'kthey say.-'Itkiskaccordingktokthekruleskofkpropriety,'ktheyksay.kArekgems andksil kallkthatkiskmeantkbykpropriety?k'Itkiskmusic,'kthey say.-'Itkiskmusic,'ktheyksay.kArekherskandkdrumskallkthatkiskmeant bykmusic?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hekwhokputskonkankappearancekofksternkfirmness, whilekinwardlykhekiskwea ,kiskli ekonekofktheksmall,kmeankpeople;-yea, iskheknotkli ekthekthiefkwhokbrea skthrough,korkclimbskover,kakwall?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Yourkgood,kcarefulkpeoplekofkthekvillageskare thekthieveskofkvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,kToktell,kaskwekgokalong,kwhatkwekhavekheardkon thekway,kisktokcastkawaykourkvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Therekarekthosekmeankcreatures!kHowkimpossible itkiskalongkwithkthemktokservekone'skprince! kk"Whilektheykhaveknotkgotktheirkaims,ktheirkanxietykiskhowktokget them.kWhenktheykhavekgotkthem,ktheirkanxietykisklestktheykshould losekthem.

kk"Whenktheykarekanxiousklestksuchkthingskshouldkbeklost,ktherekis nothingktokwhichktheykwillknotkproceed." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Anciently,kmenkhadkthreekfailings,kwhichknow perhapskareknotktokbekfound. kk"Thekhigh-mindednesskofkantiquitykshowedkitselfkinkakdisregardkof smallkthings;kthekhigh-mindednesskofkthekpresentkdaykshowskitselfkin wildklicense.kTheksternkdignitykofkantiquitykshowedkitselfkinkgrave reserve;ktheksternkdignitykofkthekpresentkdaykshowskitselfkin quarrelsomekperverseness.kThekstupiditykofkantiquitykshowedkitself inkstraightforwardness;kthekstupiditykofkthekpresentkdaykshows itselfkinksheerkdeceit." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Finekwordskandkankinsinuatingkappearancekare seldomkassociatedkwithkvirtue." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikhatekthekmannerkinkwhichkpurplekta eskawaykthe lusterkofkvermilion.kIkhatekthekwaykinkwhichktheksongskofkChang confoundkthekmusickofkthekYa.kIkhatekthosekwhokwithktheirksharpkmouths overthrowk ingdomskandkfamilies." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ikwouldkpreferknotkspea ing." kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Ifkyou,kMaster,kdoknotkspea ,kwhatkshallkwe,kyour disciples,khavektokrecord?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"DoeskHeavenkspea ?kThekfourkseasonskpursuektheir courses,kandkallkthingskarekcontinuallykbeingkproduced,kbutkdoes Heavenksaykanything?" kkZukPeikwishedktokseekConfucius,kbutkConfuciuskdeclined,konkthe groundkofkbeingksic ,ktokseekhim.kWhenkthekbearerkofkthiskmessagekwent outkatkthekdoor,kthekMasterktoo khisklutekandksangktokit,kinkorder thatkPeikmightkhearkhim. kkTsaikWokas edkaboutkthekthreekyears'kmourningkforkparents,ksaying thatkonekyearkwasklongkenough. kk"Ifktheksuperiorkman,"ksaidkhe,k"abstainskforkthreekyearskfromkthe observanceskofkpropriety,kthosekobservanceskwillkbekquiteklost.kIfkfor threekyearskhekabstainskfromkmusic,kmusickwillkbekruined.kWithinka yearkthekoldkgrainkiskexhausted,kandktheknewkgrainkhasksprungkup,kand, inkprocuringkfirekbykfriction,kwekgokthroughkallkthekchangeskofkwood forkthatkpurpose.kAfterkakcompletekyear,kthekmourningkmaykstop." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkyoukwere,kafterkakyear,ktokeatkgoodkrice,kand wearkembroideredkclothes,kwouldkyoukfeelkatkease?"k"Ikshould,"kreplied Wo. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ifkyoukcankfeelkatkease,kdokit.kButkaksuperior man,kduringkthekwholekperiodkofkmourning,kdoesknotkenjoykpleasantkfood whichkhekmaykeat,knorkderivekpleasurekfromkmusickwhichkhekmaykhear.kHe alsokdoesknotkfeelkatkease,kifkhekiskcomfortablyklodged.kTherefore hekdoesknotkdokwhatkyoukpropose.kButknowkyoukfeelkatkeasekandkmaykdo it." kkTsaikWokthenkwentkout,kandkthekMasterksaid,k"ThiskshowskYu'skwantkof virtue.kItkisknotktillkakchildkiskthreekyearskoldkthatkitkiskallowed tokleavekthekarmskofkitskparents.kAndkthekthreekyears'kmourningkis universallykobservedkthroughoutkthekempire.kDidkYukenjoykthekthree years'klovekofkhiskparents?" kkThekMasterksaid,k"Hardkiskitktokdealkwithkwhokwillkstuffkhimself withkfoodkthekwholekday,kwithoutkapplyingkhiskmindktokanythingkgood! Arekthereknotkgamesterskandkchesskplayers?kTokbekonekofkthesekwould stillkbekbetterkthankdoingknothingkatkall." kkTsze-luksaid,k"Doesktheksuperiorkmankesteemkvalor?"kThekMasterksaid, "Theksuperiorkmankholdskrighteousnessktokbekofkhighestkimportance.kA mankinkaksuperiorksituation,khavingkvalorkwithoutkrighteousness, willkbekguiltykofkinsubordination;konekofktheklowerkpeoplekhaving valorkwithoutkrighteousness,kwillkcommitkrobbery." kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Hasktheksuperiorkmankhiskhatredskalso?"kThe Masterksaid,k"Hekhaskhiskhatreds.kHekhateskthosekwhokproclaimkthekevil

ofkothers.kHekhateskthekmankwho,kbeingkinkaklowkstation,kslanders hisksuperiors.kHekhateskthosekwhokhavekvalorkmerely,kandkare unobservantkofkpropriety.kHekhateskthosekwhokarekforwardkand determined,kand,katktheksamektime,kofkcontractedkunderstanding." kkThekMasterkthenkinquired,k"Ts'ze,khavekyoukalsokyourkhatreds?" Tsze- ungkreplied,k"Ikhatekthosekwhokprykoutkmatters,kandkascribe thek nowledgektoktheirkwisdom.kIkhatekthosekwhokarekonlyknotkmodest, andkthin kthatktheykarekvalorous.kIkhatekthosekwhokma ek nownksecrets, andkthin kthatktheykarekstraightforward." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Ofkallkpeople,kgirlskandkservantskarekthekmost difficultktokbehavekto.kIfkyoukarekfamiliarkwithkthem,ktheyklosektheir humility.kIfkyoukmaintainkakreservektowardskthem,ktheykare discontented." kkThekMasterksaid,k"Whenkakmankatkfortykiskthekobjectkofkdisli e,khe willkalwayskcontinuekwhatkhekis." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk18 kkThekViscountkofkWeikwithdrewkfromkthekcourt.kThekViscountkofkChi becamekakslavektokChau.kPi- ankremonstratedkwithkhimkandkdied. kkConfuciusksaid,k"ThekYinkdynastykpossessedkthesekthreekmenkof virtue." kkHuikofkLiu-hsia,kbeingkchiefkcriminalkjudge,kwaskthricekdismissed fromkhiskoffice.kSomekoneksaidktokhim,k"Iskitknotkyetktimekforkyou, sir,ktokleavekthis?"kHekreplied,k"Servingkmenkinkankuprightkway,kwhere shallkIkgokto,kandknotkexperienceksuchkakthrice-repeatedkdismissal?kIf Ikchoosektokservekmenkinkakcroo edkway,kwhatknecessitykisktherekforkme tokleavekthekcountrykofkmykparents?" kkThekdu ekChingkofkCh'i,kwithkreferencektokthekmannerkinkwhichkhe shouldktreatkConfucius,ksaid,k"IkcannotktreatkhimkaskIkwouldkthekchief ofkthekChikfamily.kIkwillktreatkhimkinkakmannerkbetweenkthat accordedktokthekchiefkofkthekChilkandkthatkgivenktokthekchiefkofkthe Mangkfamily."kHekalsoksaid,k"Ikamkold;kIkcannotkusekhiskdoctrines." Confuciusktoo khiskdeparture. kkThekpeoplekofkCh'iksentktokLukakpresentkofkfemalekmusicians,kwhich ChikHwankreceived,kandkforkthreekdaysknokcourtkwaskheld.kConfucius too khiskdeparture. kkThekmadmankofkCh'u,kChieh-yu,kpassedkbykConfucius,ksingingkand saying,k"OkFANG!kOkFANG!kHowkiskyourkvirtuekdegenerated!kAsktokthe past,kreproofkiskuseless;kbutkthekfuturekmaykstillkbekprovided against.kGivekupkyourkvainkpursuit.kGivekupkyourkvainkpursuit.kPeril awaitskthosekwhoknowkengagekinkaffairskofkgovernment." kkConfuciuskalightedkandkwishedktokconversekwithkhim,kbutkChieh-yu hastenedkaway,ksokthatkhekcouldknotktal kwithkhim. kkCh'ang-tsukandkChieh-nikwerekatkwor kinkthekfieldktogether,kwhen Confuciuskpassedkbykthem,kandksentkTsze-luktokinquirekforkthekford. kkCh'ang-tsuksaid,k"Whokiskhekthatkholdskthekreinskinkthekcarriage there?"kTsze-luktoldkhim,k"ItkiskK'ungkCh'iu.',k"IskitknotkK'ungkof Lu?"kas edkhe.k"Yes,"kwaskthekreply,ktokwhichkthekotherkrejoined, "Hek nowskthekford." kkTsze-lukthenkinquiredkofkChieh-ni,kwhoksaidktokhim,k"Whokarekyou, sir?"kHekanswered,k"IkamkChungkYu."k"ArekyouknotkthekdisciplekofkK'ung Ch'iukofkLu?"kas edkthekother.k"Ikam,"krepliedkhe,kandkthenkChieh-ni saidktokhim,k"Disorder,kli ekakswellingkflood,kspreadskoverkthe wholekempire,kandkwhokiskhekthatkwillkchangekitskstatekforkyou?kRather thankfollowkonekwhokmerelykwithdrawskfromkthiskonekandkthatkone,khad youknotkbetterkfollowkthosekwhokhavekwithdrawnkfromkthekworld altogether?"kWithkthiskhekfellktokcoveringkupkthekseed,kand proceededkwithkhiskwor ,kwithoutkstopping. kkTsze-lukwentkandkreportedktheirkremar s,kwhenkthekMasterkobserved

withkaksigh,k"Itkiskimpossiblektokassociatekwithkbirdskandkbeasts, askifktheykwerektheksamekwithkus.kIfkIkassociateknotkwithkthese people,-withkman ind,-withkwhomkshallkIkassociate?kIfkrightkprinciples prevailedkthroughkthekempire,ktherekwouldkbeknokusekforkmektokchange itskstate." kkTsze-lu,kfollowingkthekMaster,khappenedktokfallkbehind,kwhenkhe metkankoldkman,kcarryingkacrosskhiskshoulderkonkakstaffkakbas etkfor weeds.kTsze-luksaidktokhim,k"Havekyoukseenkmykmaster,ksir?"kThekold mankreplied,k"Yourkfourklimbskarekunaccustomedktoktoil;kyoukcannot distinguishkthekfivek indskofkgrain:-whokiskyourkmaster?"kWithkthis, hekplantedkhiskstaffkinkthekground,kandkproceededktokweed. kkTsze-lukjoinedkhiskhandskacrosskhiskbreast,kandkstoodkbeforekhim. kkThekoldkmank eptkTsze-luktokpassktheknightkinkhiskhouse,k illedka fowl,kpreparedkmillet,kandkfeastedkhim.kHekalsokintroducedktokhim hisktwoksons. kkNextkday,kTsze-lukwentkonkhiskway,kandkreportedkhiskadventure.kThe Masterksaid,k"Hekiskakrecluse,"kandksentkTsze-lukbac ktokseekhim again,kbutkwhenkhekgotktokthekplace,kthekoldkmankwaskgone. kkTsze-lukthenksaidktokthekfamily,k"Notktokta ekofficekisknot righteous.kIfkthekrelationskbetweenkoldkandkyoungkmayknotkbe neglected,khowkiskitkthatkheksetskasidekthekdutieskthatkshouldkbe observedkbetweenksovereignkandkminister?kWishingktokmaintainkhis personalkpurity,khekallowskthatkgreatkrelationktokcomektokconfusion.kA superiorkmankta eskoffice,kandkperformskthekrighteouskdutieskbelonging tokit.kAsktokthekfailurekofkrightkprinciplesktokma ekprogress,khekis awarekofkthat." kkThekmenkwhokhavekretiredktokprivacykfromkthekworldkhavekbeenkPo-i, Shu-ch'i,kYuchung,kI-yi,kChu-chang,kHuikofkLiu-hsia,kandkShao-lien. kkThekMasterksaid,k"Refusingktoksurrenderktheirkwills,korktoksubmitkto anyktaintkinktheirkpersons;ksuch,kIkthin ,kwerekPo-ikandkShu-ch'i. kk"ItkmaykbeksaidkofkHuikofkLiu-hsia!kandkofkShaolien,kthatkthey surrenderedktheirkwills,kandksubmittedktoktaintkinktheirkpersons, butktheirkwordskcorrespondedkwithkreason,kandktheirkactionskwere suchkaskmenkarekanxiousktoksee.kThiskiskallkthatkisktokbekremar ed inkthem. kk"ItkmaykbeksaidkofkYu-chungkandkI-yi,kthat,kwhilektheykhid themselveskinktheirkseclusion,ktheykgavekaklicensektoktheirkwords;kbut inktheirkpersons,ktheyksucceededkinkpreservingktheirkpurity,kand,kin theirkretirement,ktheykactedkaccordingktokthekexigencykofkthektimes. kk"Ikamkdifferentkfromkallkthese.kIkhaveknokcoursekforkwhichkIkam predetermined,kandknokcoursekagainstkwhichkIkamkpredetermined." kkThekgrandkmusickmaster,kChih,kwentktokCh'i. kkKan,kthekmasterkofkthekbandkatktheksecondkmeal,kwentktokCh'u. Liao,kthekbandkmasterkatkthekthirdkmeal,kwentktokTs'ai.kChueh,kthe bandkmasterkatkthekfourthkmeal,kwentktokCh'in. kkFang-shu,kthekdrumkmaster,kwithdrewktoktheknorthkofkthekriver. kkWu,kthekmasterkofkthekhandkdrum,kwithdrewktokthekHan. kkYang,kthekassistantkmusickmaster,kandkHsiang,kmasterkofkthe musicalkstone,kwithdrewktokankislandkinktheksea. kkThekdu ekofkChaukaddressedkhiskson,kthekdu ekofkLu,ksaying,k"The virtuouskprincekdoesknotkneglectkhiskrelations.kHekdoesknotkcause thekgreatkministersktokrepinekatkhisknotkemployingkthem.kWithout somekgreatkcause,khekdoesknotkdismisskfromktheirkofficeskthekmembers ofkoldkfamilies.kHekdoesknotksee kinkonekmanktalentskforkevery employment." kkTokChaukbelongedkthekeightkofficers,kPo-ta,kPo- wo,kChung-tu, Chung-hwu,kShu-ya,kShuhsia,kChi-sui,kandkChi- wa. kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk19

kkTsze-changksaid,k"Thekscholar,ktrainedkforkpublickduty,kseeing threateningkdanger,kiskpreparedktoksacrificekhisklife.kWhenkthe opportunitykofkgainkiskpresentedktokhim,khekthin skofkrighteousness. Inksacrificing,khiskthoughtskarekreverential.kInkmourning,khis thoughtskarekaboutkthekgriefkwhichkhekshouldkfeel.kSuchkakmankcommands ourkapprobationkindeed kkTsze-changksaid,k"Whenkakmankholdskfastktokvirtue,kbutkwithout see ingktokenlargekit,kandkbelieveskinkrightkprinciples,kbutkwithout firmksincerity,kwhatkaccountkcankbekmadekofkhiskexistencekor non-existence?" kkThekdiscipleskofkTsze-hsiakas edkTsze-changkaboutkthekprinciples thatkshouldkcharacterizekmutualkintercourse.kTsze-changkas ed,k"What doeskTsze-hsiaksaykonktheksubject?"kTheykreplied,k"Tsze-hsiaksays: 'Associatekwithkthosekwhokcankadvantagekyou.kPutkawaykfromkyoukthose whokcannotkdokso.'"kTsze-changkobserved,k"Thiskiskdifferentkfrom whatkIkhaveklearned.kTheksuperiorkmankhonorskthektalentedkand virtuous,kandkbearskwithkall.kHekpraiseskthekgood,kandkpitieskthe incompetent.kAmkIkpossessedkofkgreatktalentskandkvirtue?-whokis therekamongkmenkwhomkIkwillknotkbearkwith?kAmkIkdevoidkofktalents andkvirtue?-menkwillkputkmekawaykfromkthem.kWhatkhavekwektokdokwith thekputtingkawaykofkothers?" kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Evenkinkinferiorkstudieskandkemploymentsktherekis somethingkworthkbeingkloo edkat;kbutkifkitkbekattemptedktokcarry themkoutktokwhatkiskremote,ktherekiskakdangerkofktheirkproving inapplicable.kTherefore,ktheksuperiorkmankdoesknotkpracticekthem." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"He,kwhokfromkdayktokdaykrecognizeskwhatkhekhas notkyet,kandkfromkmonthktokmonthkdoesknotkforgetkwhatkhekhas attainedkto,kmaykbeksaidkindeedktoklovektoklearn." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Therekareklearningkextensively,kandkhavingkakfirm andksincerekaim;kinquiringkwithkearnestness,kandkreflectingkwith self-application:-virtuekiskinksuchkakcourse." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Mechanicskhavektheirkshopsktokdwellkin,kinkorderkto accomplishktheirkwor s.kTheksuperiorkmanklearns,kinkorderktokreach tokthekutmostkofkhiskprinciples." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Thekmeankmankisksurektokglosskhiskfaults." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Theksuperiorkmankundergoeskthreekchanges.kLoo edkat fromkakdistance,khekappearskstern;kwhenkapproached,khekiskmild;kwhen hekiskheardktokspea ,khisklanguagekiskfirmkandkdecided." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Theksuperiorkman,khavingkobtainedktheirkconfidence, maykthenkimposeklaborskonkhiskpeople.kIfkhekhaveknotkgainedktheir confidence,ktheykwillkthin kthatkhekiskoppressingkthem.kHaving obtainedkthekconfidencekofkhiskprince,konekmaykthenkremonstratekwith him.kIfkhekhaveknotkgainedkhiskconfidence,kthekprincekwillkthin thatkhekiskvilifyingkhim." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Whenkakpersonkdoesknotktransgresskthekboundarykline inkthekgreatkvirtues,khekmaykpasskandkrepasskitkinktheksmallkvirtues." kkTsze-yuksaid,k"ThekdiscipleskandkfollowerskofkTsze-hsia,kin sprin lingkandksweepingkthekground,kinkansweringkandkreplying,kin advancingkandkreceding,kareksufficientlykaccomplished.kButkthesekare onlykthekbrancheskofklearning,kandktheykarekleftkignorantkofkwhatkis essential.-Howkcanktheykbekac nowledgedkasksufficientlyktaught?" kkTsze-hsiakheardkofkthekremar kandksaid,k"Alas!kYenkYukiskwrong. Accordingktokthekwaykofktheksuperiorkmankinkteaching,kwhatkdepartments arektherekwhichkhekconsiderskofkprimekimportance,kandkdelivers?kwhat arektherekwhichkhekconsiderskofksecondarykimportance,kandkallows himselfktokbekidlekabout?kButkaskinkthekcasekofkplants,kwhichkare assortedkaccordingktoktheirkclasses,ksokhekdealskwithkhiskdisciples. Howkcankthekwaykofkaksuperiorkmankbeksuchkasktokma ekfoolskofkanykof them?kIskitknotktheksagekalone,kwhokcankunitekinkonekthekbeginningkand thekconsummationkofklearning?"

kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Thekofficer,khavingkdischargedkallkhiskduties, shouldkdevotekhiskleisurektoklearning.kThekstudent,khavingkcompleted hisklearning,kshouldkapplykhimselfktokbekankofficer." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"Mourning,khavingkbeenkcarriedktokthekutmost degreekofkgrief,kshouldkstopkwithkthat." kkTsze-hsiaksaid,k"MykfriendkChangkcankdokthingskwhichkarekhardkto bekdone,kbutkyetkhekisknotkperfectlykvirtuous." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"HowkimposingkiskthekmannerkofkChang!kIt iskdifficultkalongkwithkhimktokpracticekvirtue." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"IkheardkthiskfromkourkMaster:k'Men mayknotkhavekshownkwhatkiskinkthemktokthekfullkextent,kandkyetkthey willkbekfoundktokdokso,konkthekoccasionkofkmourningkforktheir parents." kkThekphilosopherkTsangksaid,k"IkhavekheardkthiskfromkourkMaster:-'The filialkpietykofkMangkChwang,kinkotherkmatters,kwaskwhatkotherkmen arekcompetentkto,kbut,kaskseenkinkhisknotkchangingkthekministerskof hiskfather,knorkhiskfather'skmodekofkgovernment,kitkiskdifficultktokbe attainedkto.'" kkThekchiefkofkthekMangkfamilykhavingkappointedkYangkFuktokbekchief criminalkjudge,ktheklatterkconsultedkthekphilosopherkTsang.kTsang said,k"Thekrulerskhavekfailedkinktheirkduties,kandkthekpeople consequentlykhavekbeenkdisorganizedkforkaklongktime.kWhenkyoukhave foundkoutkthektruthkofkanykaccusation,kbekgrievedkforkandkpitykthem, andkdoknotkfeelkjoykatkyourkownkability." kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Chau'skwic ednesskwasknotksokgreatkaskthatkname implies.kTherefore,ktheksuperiorkmankhatesktokdwellkinkaklow-lying situation,kwherekallkthekevilkofkthekworldkwillkflowkinkuponkhim." kkTsze- ungksaid,k"Thekfaultskofktheksuperiorkmankarekli ekthe eclipseskofktheksunkandkmoon.kHekhaskhiskfaults,kandkallkmenkseekthem; hekchangeskagain,kandkallkmenkloo kupktokhim." kkKung-sunkCh'aokofkWeikas edkTsze ung,ksaying.k"Fromkwhomkdid Chung-nikgetkhisklearning?" kkTsze- ungkreplied,k"ThekdoctrineskofkWankandkWukhaveknotkyet fallenktokthekground.kTheykarektokbekfoundkamongkmen.kMenkofktalents andkvirtuekrememberkthekgreaterkprincipleskofkthem,kandkothers,knot possessingksuchktalentskandkvirtue,krememberktheksmaller.kThus,kall possesskthekdoctrineskofkWankandkWu.kWherekcouldkourkMasterkgokthatkhe shouldknotkhavekankopportunitykofklearningkthem?kAndkyetkwhat necessitykwasktherekforkhiskhavingkakregularkmaster?" kkShu-sunkWu-shukobservedktokthekgreatkofficerskinkthekcourt, saying,k"Tsze- ungkisksuperiorktokChung-ni." kkTsze-fukChing-pokreportedkthekobservationktokTsze- ung,kwhoksaid, "Letkmekusekthekcomparisonkofkakhousekandkitskencompassingkwall.kMy wallkonlykreachesktokthekshoulders.kOnekmaykpeepkoverkit,kandksee whateverkiskvaluablekinkthekapartments. kk"ThekwallkofkmykMasterkiskseveralkfathomskhigh.kIfkonekdoknotkfind thekdoorkandkenterkbykit,khekcannotkseekthekancestralktemplekwith itskbeauties,knorkallkthekofficerskinktheirkrichkarray. kk"ButkIkmaykassumekthatktheykarekfewkwhokfindkthekdoor.kWasknotkthe observationkofkthekchiefkonlykwhatkmightkhavekbeenkexpected?" kkShu-sunkWu-shukhavingkspo enkrevilinglykofkChung-ni,kTsze- ungksaid, "Itkiskofknokusekdoingkso.kChung-nikcannotkbekreviled.kThektalentskand virtuekofkotherkmenkarekhilloc skandkmoundskwhichkmaykbeksteppedkover. Chung-nikisktheksunkorkmoon,kwhichkitkisknotkpossiblektokstepkover. Althoughkakmankmaykwishktokcutkhimselfkoffkfromktheksage,kwhatkharm cankhekdoktoktheksunkorkmoon?kHekonlykshowskthatkhekdoesknotk now hiskownkcapacity. kkCh'ankTsze-ch'kin,kaddressingkTsze- ung,ksaid,k"Youkarektoo modest.kHowkcankChung-nikbeksaidktokbeksuperiorktokyou?" kkTsze- ungksaidktokhim,k"Forkonekwordkakmankiskoftenkdeemedktokbe

wise,kandkforkonekwordkhekiskoftenkdeemedktokbekfoolish.kWekoughtkto bekcarefulkindeedkinkwhatkweksay. kk"OurkMasterkcannotkbekattainedkto,kjustkinktheksamekwaykaskthe heavenskcannotkbekgonekupkbykthekstepskofkakstair. kk"WerekourkMasterkinkthekpositionkofkthekrulerkofkakstatekorkthe chiefkofkakfamily,kwekshouldkfindkverifiedkthekdescriptionkwhichkhas beenkgivenkofkaksage'skrule:-hekwouldkplantkthekpeople,kand forthwithktheykwouldkbekestablished;khekwouldkleadkthemkon,kand forthwithktheykwouldkfollowkhim;khekwouldkma ekthemkhappy,kand forthwithkmultitudeskwouldkresortktokhiskdominions;khekwouldkstimulate them,kandkforthwithktheykwouldkbekharmonious.kWhilekheklived,khekwould bekglorious.kWhenkhekdied,khekwouldkbekbitterlyklamented.kHowkiskit possiblekforkhimktokbekattainedkto?" kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk20 kkYaoksaid,k"Oh!kyou,kShun,kthekHeaven-determinedkorderkof successionknowkrestskinkyourkperson.kSincerelykholdkfastkthekduekMean. Ifktherekshallkbekdistresskandkwantkwithinkthekfourkseas,kthekHeavenly revenuekwillkcomektokakperpetualkend." kkShunkalsokusedktheksameklanguagekinkgivingkchargektokYu. kkT'angksaid,k"IkthekchildkLi,kpresumektokusekakdar -coloredkvictim, andkpresumektokannouncektokThee,kOkmostkgreatkandksovereignkGod, thatktheksinnerkIkdareknotkpardon,kandkthykministers,kOkGod,kIkdo notk eepkinkobscurity.kThekexaminationkofkthemkiskbykthykmind,kO God.kIf,kinkmykperson,kIkcommitkoffenses,ktheykareknotktokbe attributedktokyou,kthekpeoplekofkthekmyriadkregions.kIfkyoukinkthe myriadkregionskcommitkoffenses,kthesekoffenseskmustkrestkonkmy person." kkChaukconferredkgreatkgifts,kandkthekgoodkwerekenriched. kk"Althoughkhekhaskhisknearkrelatives,ktheykareknotkequalktokmy virtuouskmen.kThekpeoplekarekthrowingkblamekuponkme,kthekOnekman." kkHekcarefullykattendedktokthekweightskandkmeasures,kexaminedkthekbody ofktheklaws,krestoredkthekdiscardedkofficers,kandkthekgood governmentkofkthek ingdomktoo kitskcourse. kkHekrevivedkstateskthatkhadkbeenkextinguished,krestoredkfamilies whoseklinekofksuccessionkhadkbeenkbro en,kandkcalledktokofficekthose whokhadkretiredkintokobscurity,ksokthatkthroughoutkthek ingdomkthe heartskofkthekpeoplekturnedktowardskhim. kkWhatkhekattachedkchiefkimportancektokwerekthekfoodkofkthekpeople, thekdutieskofkmourning,kandksacrifices. kkBykhiskgenerosity,khekwonkall.kBykhisksincerity,khekmadekthe peoplekreposektrustkinkhim.kBykhiskearnestkactivity,khis achievementskwerekgreat.kBykhiskjustice,kallkwerekdelighted. kkTsze-changkas edkConfucius,ksaying,k"Inkwhatkwaykshouldkakperson inkauthoritykactkinkorderkthatkhekmaykconductkgovernmentkproperly?" ThekMasterkreplied,k"Letkhimkhonorkthekfivekexcellent,kandkbanishkaway thekfourkbad,kthings;-thenkmaykhekconductkgovernmentkproperly." Tsze-changksaid,k"Whatkarekmeantkbykthekfivekexcellentkthings?"kThe Masterksaid,k"Whenkthekpersonkinkauthoritykiskbeneficentkwithoutkgreat expenditure;kwhenkheklaysktas skonkthekpeoplekwithoutktheir repining;kwhenkhekpursueskwhatkhekdesireskwithoutkbeingkcovetous;kwhen hekmaintainskakdignifiedkeasekwithoutkbeingkproud;kwhenkhekiskmajestic withoutkbeingkfierce." kkTsze-changksaid,k"Whatkiskmeantkbykbeingkbeneficentkwithoutkgreat expenditure?"kThekMasterkreplied,k"Whenkthekpersonkinkauthority ma eskmorekbeneficialktokthekpeoplekthekthingskfromkwhichkthey naturallykderivekbenefit;-isknotkthiskbeingkbeneficentkwithoutkgreat expenditure?kWhenkhekchoosesktheklaborskwhichkarekproper,kandkma es themklaborkonkthem,kwhokwillkrepine?kWhenkhiskdesireskareksetkon

benevolentkgovernment,kandkheksecureskit,kwhokwillkaccusekhimkof covetousness?kWhetherkhekhasktokdokwithkmanykpeoplekorkfew,korkwith thingskgreatkorksmall,khekdoesknotkdarektokindicatekanykdisrespect;-is notkthisktokmaintainkakdignifiedkeasekwithoutkanykpride?kHekadjusts hiskclotheskandkcap,kandkthrowskakdignitykintokhiskloo s,ksokthat, thuskdignified,khekiskloo edkatkwithkawe;-isknotkthisktokbekmajestic withoutkbeingkfierce?" kkTsze-changkthenkas ed,k"Whatkarekmeantkbykthekfourkbadkthings?" ThekMasterksaid,k"Tokputkthekpeoplektokdeathkwithoutkhavingkinstructed them;-thiskiskcalledkcruelty.kTokrequirekfromkthem,ksuddenly,kthekfull talekofkwor ,kwithoutkhavingkgivenkthemkwarning;-thiskiskcalled oppression.kTokissuekorderskaskifkwithoutkurgency,katkfirst,kand,kwhen thektimekcomes,ktokinsistkonkthemkwithkseverity;-thiskiskcalled injury.kAnd,kgenerally,kinkthekgivingkpaykorkrewardsktokmen,ktokdo itkinkakstingykway;-thiskiskcalledkactingkthekpartkofkakmere official." kkThekMasterksaid,k"WithoutkrecognizingkthekordinanceskofkHeaven,kit iskimpossiblektokbekaksuperiorkman. kk"WithoutkankacquaintancekwithkthekruleskofkPropriety,kitkis impossiblekforkthekcharacterktokbekestablished. kk"Withoutk nowingkthekforcekofkwords,kitkiskimpossiblektok nowkmen." kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkTHEkEND .