Professional Documents
Culture Documents
History of Maharashtra
History of Maharashtra
SHORT HISTORY
3 3
OF
[TiEMAHRATTAS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. SAN DIEGO
3 1822
02399 6192
U. \. BA) L
ifornia Dnal
ity
SHORT HISTORY
OF
THE MARHATTAS.
(From the early times to the death
of Shivaji).
BY
M.
A.,
Economics,
Published by
tnarkafi, Lahore.
L919.
Price Rs. 1\8.
PREFACE.
A
word
of
explanation
little
is
publication of this
volume.
The main
language a
In
object
of
writing
it is
to present in simple
brief
narra-
Mahratta people.
of
India there
the
whose
rise
fills
the hearts of
India the
anecdotes
of
the
It
warriors will
of
was
ambition
race
the
to
sturdy
down
leisure
But the
to
left
him
little
it
its
was believed
death
of
book so
A.
far as
was written up
of
to the
Shivaji might be of
the
B.
for
it
examination
Punjab University)
it
to
bring
to
it
out
in
the present
view
to
add
afterwards
when time
would permit.
The
book.
writer
any originality
in
the
He acknowledges his indebtedness to the various wi iters on the history of the Mahrattas. The standard works by Dr. Bhandarkar, Grant Duff, Ranade, and
Messrs.
Kincaid
and Parasanis
have
been
of
great
help to him.
THE RETREAT.
I, alio-
famitry 24,
1919.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Pases ft
1-
L...
...
...
...
1-6
...
S 24
Early History
the Maurya Period the Andhras the Dark Age the Early Chalukyas the Rashtrakutas
the
Later Chalukyas
III
the Yadavas.
...
CHAPTER
...
2542
Maharashtra under
Muhauimadan Rule
The Afghan conquest Devagiri the Capital of India the Bahmani Kingdom Mahratta InstitutionsMain features
of the
Bahmani Adminisof
CHAPTER
Internal
IV.
The Renaissance
in
...
4354
1573
in
the
period the
condition
the
Families the
gious Revival.
Ahmadnagar
Kingdom
Reliin
CHAPTER
Deccan
V.
...
the
...
2561
Malik Ambei
CHAPTER CHAPTER
the
VI. VII.
Shivaji
6267
Rebuilding
Mahratta vStatc-6S 98
in
hillforts Adventures
of
Konkan Captivity
Shahjee Jaoli
invest-
It
*
[Relations
at
with the
Mognuls
Discomfiture
the
Janjir.a. Afzul
of
Kin's
Mission Winter
Campaign
Eflforti-vhaSji's
Fall of Haji
the
Konkan
of
Reduction
CHAPTER
Shaista
Khan's
...''J
-IKS
oi
Chakaa Disaster
Sural Death
dhar Shivaji
of
to
Khan .Sack
of
of
Shahjee
the
Convention
Puran-
at
Imperial
C >nrt Shivnji's
,
Escape Retreat
of the
Moghuls.
CHAPTER
Surat
IX.
THE RESTORATION
of
119-136
of
Reconquest
Sinhgad
Further
ritorythe
Battle
of
Salheir The
European
Factories Eoss
linst
CHAPTER X
The Campaign
in the
7-M4
South
*Bi
;
Konkan the
affairs in
CHAPTER
Golconda The Tanjore expedition. ...145 164 XI. The Last years of Shivaji Alliance with Bijapur The fall of Bhupalgad
troubles
in
Further
an
SHORT HISTORY
OF
THE MAHRATTAS.
CHAPTER
I.
INTRODUCTION.
Moghul Power in Indi& there arose a number of small states. The old officers emperors became practically indepencf the Delhi dent in Oudh, Hyderabad and Bengal paying nominal The Rajput princes ignored allegiance to the throne.
On
the
decline
of the
was
most
to
laid
by Shivaji
states
the reign
Aurangzeb, and
British
and
which
the British
Empire
nineteenth century.
The
Mahrattas ceased to be a political power since the conquest of Deogir by Ala-ud-din in 1313 A. D. In the middle of the 17th century Shivaji made them a nation
and gave them an ideal to strive for and a history to make. The rise of the Mahrattas would not have been
possible
if
Shivaji alone
was
common
affinities
of
language,
race,
religion
and
literature,
and seeking
further solidarity
existence.
by a
common
first
independent political
of the
experiment
kind
of foreign
Mussalnian invasion."
in vShivaji a leader
fit
to fulfil
in his
ambitions
of
the race.
national
projects
and
started
foundation of the
the
structure
Ghats.
on the
strong
Western
of
the
the
Delhi
Empire
north and
of the chiefs
It
of
is
Ganges on the east. At one time the Mahratta became the custodians of the Moghul prestige.
therefore a most fascinating study for
the
student
of
fall
such a
power.
or Maharattha
is
derived from
derived from
Maharashtra,
which again
is
Rashtra or
name Maharashtra
occur in
or Maharattha
bad come
The words some inscriptions Maharathi and Maharafthini 3n the cave temples at Bhaja, Bedsa and Karli, 'which are referred to the second century after Christ. (R. G.
into
Bhandarkar).
It is
therefore, asserted,
that the
iu the
name
early
cen turies
A poem
attributed
in the
to
Kalidasa
first
who
fifth
cen-
By the time tury or in the of Kalidasa the dialect was sufficiently developed, and must have been cultivated two or three centuries earlier. Mahrathi is one of the old Prakrits, and one of the
half of the sixth century.
principal provincial
cient progress.
suffi-
The Mahrathi
very rich,
anti-
and very
quity.
important
on account
great
The Country
The
is
country of the
people
speaking
Mahrathi language
called Maharashtra.
People someits
narrowest
the
land
watered
that
by
the
Godaveri
Krishna.
and
lying
between
river
In the Strictest
includes the
Konkan
the seas.
which
'Ghats
and
however*
extended beyond the original boundaries and Grant Duff in his " History of the Mahrattas " defines Maharashtra
as
the
space which
is
Satpoora
east
mountains,
on the west, along those mountains, to the Weinegunga, of Nagpur. The western bank of that river forms a part of the eastern boundary until'
into the
it falls
Warda.
From
vers
it
may
Warda to
to
Mahoor.
he
Fromto-
place a
waving
covers
to
line
it is
may
area
extended
the
Goa, whilst
on the west
tract
bounded by
of
ocean.
The whole
miles.
an
102,000 square
According
the
last
is
is
census the
Mahrathi
The Konkau
is
a rugged country
the Ghats and the sea extending along the coast from Sewdasheogarh to the Tapti. The country is inters-
feet
high.
The
of the
breadth
of the
called the
Mahta and the lower regions are called The Konkan-Ghat Mahta is 20 to
the
25
The
table-land
is
divided into
the Mooras.
The
hills
a military point
view.
The summits
are crowned
capable
sloped
down towards
hills
the east-
four
important ranges of
the Satpoora
running
is
to east viz.,
range which
;
Maharashtra
the
the
Chandore
hills
Rhoura
to Berar;
Ahmednagar
from Joonere
ofSatara.
to
There
also
of
a the
range
to
is
the
south of
Poona.
The climate
it is
country
healthy but
in fertility
inferior to
some parts
of India.
The
Narmada,
the Tapti,
with their
Bhima and
tributaries the
The rugged
surface
a great extent.
The
viz.,
country
is
the
long strip of
as
the
behind
the
Sahyadris
region
the
known
in
Konkau,
moitutainous
the
centre
known
the the
of
as
of
Mawal,
and
wide plains to
east
the hills
called the
Desh.
The
wide
fertility
of
country
varies
according to the
circumstances.
variety
is
climate
and
other
There
plains in the
as
Frenchmen
races.
of
different
provinces vary.
differentiate
it
But
it
has
distinct
characteristics,
which
of of
from other
Their
Indian
lack
The people
Maharashtra as a rule
the
regular features
Northern Indian.
tempers,
too,
of the dwellers
the
Gangetic
high as
plain.
But
their
courage
Indian
is
at
best
as
that
of
any other
nation,
while
their
exquisitely
keen sense of
humour,
fail to
win the
it
is
among them
description
Government."
(C.
A.
Kincaid).
a vivid
The Chinese
of
years
thirteen hundred " Their manners Thus wrote he are simple and honest. They are tall, haughty and supercilious in character. Whoever does them a service
the
people
:
back.
may count on
them
will
their
gratitude,
but he
that
If
offends
revenge.
their
lives
any
one
insults
to
wipe out
they
to flee
the affront.
will
one apply
care for
them
in
difficulty,
forget
to
'
themselves in
they
to
order
to his
assistance.
When
fail
have
an
injury
to-
to
avenge, they
never
give warning
his cuirass
their
enemy,
his
after
in
and grasps
spear
fugitives, but
his hand. In battle they pursue the do not slay those who give themselves
up.
When
a general
has
lost
battle,
instead
of
punishing
him
clothes,
life."
corpora lly.
they
make
him
of
him
to
wear
women's
his
and by
In
the
that force
sacrifice
own
later
history
the
people
most
of these
characteristics
were greatly
in evidence;
and their rise was due to this nobility of character and intolerance for wrong. The Mahrattas possess the constructive genius in a greater degree than any other
race in India^ and their
modern
institutions
make have a
grand though
tragic history.
CHAPTER
II.
no connected history of the Deccan until conquest by Ala-ud-din Khalji in 1313. The labours of Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar and a few other scholars have brought to light a few fragments from
is
There
we come
to its
ancient
inscriptions
is still
and
literature.
very obscure.
landmarks in the history of the various dynasties which ruled over the country, and there is very little to form a correct idea of the evolution of the
grand nation which
in India. figured
so prominently in
the
The
been
of
early
inhabitants of India
When
Aryans came
south
and
settled
Northern
India
the
country
Vindhyas were inhabited by the Dravidians. The legendary march of Rishi Agastya is considered to be the
of the
first
the south.
and
said
the
7th
century B.
C,
the
the
Vindhya
but
of
migration
gradually lost
strength.
forest
that
there
very
little
to give
country.
So
it
believed that at
time
the
Ramayana
the
Aryans had not gone very far from the Vindhyas. In the Mahabharata we find Sahadeva, the youngest
brother of King Yudhisthira,
Keralas, and Andhras.
It
time
when
the
Aryans
had explored the southern peninsula. The Maharasthra was then known as Dandakaranya, by which name
the
Brahmanas
refer to the
it
country
close
to
in their
Mantras
it
even now.
conquered
Although
last of all,
lies
Aryavarta
was
The
became richly blended with Sanskrit, the language of Aryans. Professor Rawlinson writes The inhabitants of the Dekhan appear to belong mainly to
the
:
'
a Scytho-Dravidian
stock,
element
is
in the
higher castes.
descent,
They speak
a dialect
which
Aryan by
with an
intermixture of a few
10
The Maurya Period Chandra Gupta Maurya (320 B. C.)
who had
over Northern
to
229
east
C.
extended
in
his
sway
west.
from Kalinga
In his
fifth
in
the
Kathiwad
Petinikas,
the
and Aparantas
religious
are mentioned as
preachers.
these
It
is
whether
he
conquered
semi-
provinces.
Kings
Is
of the
137
in
power
for 112
for
who
succeeded
them ruled
by Simuka,
bhrityas,
The
were
overthrown
dynasty
of the
Andhra-
servants or dependants.
of
The
Puranas give a
of
of
names
these kings,
the
and some
and
these
names are
found
in
inscriptions
were discovered
in the
The Andhras
mouths
of
of
the
on the Bay
Bengal.
11
They were
tributaries
of
Asoka, and
after
the death
gradually
assumed independence,,
were also
about
three
known
as Satabahanas.
They ruled
C.
for
hundred
years from B.
73
to
about
213 A. D.
tribe
The dynasty
Pulamayi, the
in
B. C.
73.
Gotaraiputra, drove
father,
co-
aud
of
the
father
to the
and the
GeograPaithan.
jointly.
According
phy
of
Pulamayi
was
(130 A. D.).
The country under the Andhras was in a prosperous condition. The people were mostly Buddhist Brahmanism was in a flourishing state. although
Princes
and
chiefs,
the use
of
Bhikshus
own
of
expense.
Monasteries
for
in
the
Buddhist priests.
of in
Most
informa-
the
time are
derived
from
the
found
of the
these places.
We
was enjoying
vSopara,
trade.
for
material
Paithan.
these places.
Broach,
and
Tagara
were
call at
important
Broach, then
known as
12
Barugaza,
the Dakshinapatha.
were
rough stone,
coloured cottons,
articles of imports
and
mallow and unguents, and the were wine, and glass and specie
the
and
from
royal
harem.
It
is
evident
India
was
Euro-
pean countries.
"There were
"guilds
of
in those
days"
trades such
oil
corn-dealers,
zation seems
since,
-manufacturers,
Their
organieffective,
to
have been
complete
and
as
already mentioned,
of
deposits
money
guilds
and
paid
them from
has
the
generation to generation.
of
Self-government by means
village-communities
such
and
an
always
political
formed
important
of
factor
of
administration
sab/ia
in
the
country.
is
A
men-
uigama
tioned
or
of
town
corporation
also
one
Ushavadata's
like
Nasik
inscriptions,
Municipal institution
those
five
early
days."
The
of
rate
of
interest
was from
to
which is a government.
testimony
to
sufficient
the
efficiency of
Inscriptions
the
fact
different
places
of
bear
that
people
different
13
provinces could
great
difficult}-.
distances
without
inter-provincial roads.
fall
of
of
the
Audhras
history
of
was
the
darkness.
clear
For about
centuries
of
there
is
no
the
country.
came from
in
the
The Sakas and the Huns west and there was great confusion
It
is
the country.
Audhras
after
ruled
some
time
and
mentions the
for
The
inscriptions
tribes of
The
Ratthis in
themselves
groups became
known
Rashtrakutas.
The
In
dynasty spread
original seat
its
supremacy over
dynasty
Deccan.
new The
of
the
branch
of
it
migrated to the
became
supreme.
These
rulers
known
as
14
<Chalukyas, and according to tradition they
the gotra of
Hariti.
belonged to
of
the descendants
The
prince
the
to
Simba.
He
defeated
and became
Pulakesi
capital
his
sovereign of the
country.
His
grandson
performed Asvamedha,
,
and established
at
modern Badami in the Kaladgi district. His son Kirtivarman (367591 A. D. ) subdued parts of the Konkan and Kanara. Maugalisa (591610 A. D.),
Watapipura,
the
brother
of
Chedi,
and
is
said
to
have
carried his
seas.
arms both
to the eastern
brother
Kirtivarman.
But he tried
away his nephews from the throne and to place his own son instead. Pulakesi II, son of Kirtiwas a young man of remarkable abilities. He varman,
to keep
assumed authority
Chalukyas.
in
611
his
A. D.
in
The reign
of
the history
of the early
He reduced
of the Kadambas of Banavasi^ Gangas of Chera, the Mauryas of Konkan. With a fleet or hundred ships he attacked Puri on the western coast, and the kings of Lata, Malwa, andGurjara became Harshavardhan of Kanouj made an his dependants.
neighbouring kingdoms
the
in
found
thus-
The Narmada
15
remained
empire.
the
and
the
who became
and
is
his?allies.
His career
of
conquest
He
the
King
Jiim.
of Persia,
said
to
Hiuen
Tsiang,
great
visited
He
describes the
His description
of
the character
of
the people
has
The reign of Pulakesi is the most important. He was followed by a aumber of able rulers until 747 A. D. The descendants of the old Rashtrakuta family wrested from Kirtivarman II the
fathers,
country
of
their
fore-
for a
long period.
The long
progress
the
Chalukyas
is
marked by
and prosperity.
Hiuen
race.
mony
dhism.
the latter
ever,
The former was was on the decline. was fully restored, and the
of
rising into
prominence Whereas
sacrificial rites,
Brahmanism, howwhich
of the Buddhists,'
went out
were revived.
Temples were
built to the
Puranic gods
Brahma, Vishnu and Maheswar. The frescoes at Ajanta and the temples of Ellora stand as monuments of the
IG
culture of the
that
times.
One
fact
has to be remembered
were patrons of all the religions extended their patronage impartially to all.
the kings
and
The
in
the
of
vassalage.
When
Pulakesi
II
was
in
troubles
they tried
to
recover independence but failed to achieve their object. But a Rashtrakuta chief Indra married a Chalukya
princess.
The
belled against Kirtivarman II and succeeded in defeating army and getting possession of Badami (about his
75S A. D.
rulers.
number
all
of
able
Iu the beginning their capital was Nasik. Later on one of the rulers of the family founded the
Manyakheta,
identified
withMalkhed
in the
Nizam's
greatest
The
III.
princes
was Govinda
"
He
have become" writes Sir R. G. Bhandarthe paramount sovereign of the whole country kar, from Malwa in the north to Kanchipura in the south, and to have under his immediate sway the country
appears
to
and
the
the
Tungbhadra."
His
greatest
patron of the
Digambara Jainas, and most probably he adopted the Jaina faith. A number of Jaiua works are attributed
17
to him.
death in favour
later
bis
the
conse-
The The
last
king
of the family-
in battle
by Tailapa
reigned
Chalukyan
race.
Rashtrakutas
that
is,
for
nearly two^
of learning.
Sans-
literature
They
Sindh
The Mahomedan
rulers
of
were friendly with them, as they were allied against Guzerat and Rajputana. the Gurjara Kings of north
Regarding the culture and
civilisation
of the
time
Dr..
Bhandarkar writes:
" That the princes of this race were very powerful
there can be
still
little
doubt.
their
of
Hllora
attest
Under them
the worship
gods received
much
kings
of the
rocks for
the
use
of
followers
of
to
return.
Instead
this
cated to the
the grants
of
Several of
praise
their
these Rashtrakuta
temples
is
Still
tin?
reign of
Amoghabene-
varsha
factors,
show
Buddhism had
its
votaries and
unimportance.
the
Jainism, on the
prominence it had acquired during the Chalukya period, or even made greater progress. Amoghavarsha
patron
of
1
of
it,
and was
were
perhaps a convert
to
it,
and some
he
minor chiefs
its
and
the lower
castes, especially
the
traders,
devoted adherents.
vailed in
the
the
The form of the Jainism that precountry was mostly that professed by
sects.
Digambara
good
as
many
of
the
extant
Digambnra
during
works were,
we have
Ree'h,
composed
this period."
The
Later
Cbalnkyas
to
(A.
!).
973
the
to
11S9) TaiChalukya
lapa belonged
a
of
branch
the
of
old
Kings.
obscure.
The
Cholas
in
in the south,
and
to
ward
off
the
north. His
the uncle of
led
greatest opponent
Malwa,
to
said
have
six
successful
when he took
became
and
a prisoner,
and on trying
19
Tailapa ruled for 24 years.
He was
succeeded by his
died childless.
The Cholas
in
his
reigo.
Satyasraya
left
his
kingdom
to his
nephew, Vikramaditya
shortly after by
his
(1UC8 A.
of
King Bhoja
uncle's
death.
his
But Jaysimha,
death by
Vikram's brother,
the
in turn
avenged
breaking up
con-
federacy of M.ilwa.
The
and an
attack of Jaysimha
on
Jaystmha died in 1C40 their country was repulsed. and was succeeded by his son, Someshwara or better Ahavamalla made vigorous known as Ahavamalla. preparations against Chola aggressions, removed his
capital
from Yatagiri
Kalyan,
modern Kaiyani
Nizam's dominion.
The removal
battle of
of the capital to a
The Cholas were defeated at the Koppam, and lost the provinces of Bauavasi and (iangavadi. Ahavamalla had three sons. His second son, Vikramaditya was the ablest of all. He
ed to be a success.
assisted
the
the
King
and
of
is
Malwa
said
in
driving his
enemy from
Bengal
the
country,
to
have
invaded
and Assam.
southern
kingdoms up
2o
against the Cholas.
T
lis
eldest son,
Someshwara
II
suc-
weak
and tyrannical he
Yikramaditya
II,
lost
own
subjects.
brother,
the
Jaysimha
went
its
to
the
submission of
the
king,
the
Jaykeshi.
subjugating
Alupas
and
The Chola
King Virarajendra
daughter
died,
his
in
between
Prince.-
nephew
in
Kullottunga, the
King
of Vengi,
who
his
brother,
order
to
weaken
sued
in
bloody battle
en-
two brothers
wards
which Someshwara was taken prisoner. lived in amity for sometime, but
of
Theafter-
the disaffected
in
nobility
the
1076 A. Dtitle
became
king under
the
Tribhnvanamalla.
He
viceroy of Banavasi.
The
came
He had
who
wrote the famous Vikramanka-dcv-Charita, from which most of the historical informations are gathered^ *The renowned jurist, Vijnaneshwar, the author o
21
Mitakshara lived in his court.
appears Yikramaditya
II
From
the
all
accounts
it
was
greatest prince oi
his
and during
reign the
The next
author
in
succession was
Someshwara
astrolog3',
III,
the
of Abhilashitattha
dealing
On account
his
of his
title
of
Sarvajna Bhupa.
after
He
death, the
power
dent
of
the
Chalukyas rapidly
Chief
declined.
Vijjala,
depenthe
Kalachuri
of
named
who was
minister
throne.
tal
to
war under King Tailapa II, The Chalukya prince first removed his capiAnnigeri, and then to Ba'navasi. The Chaluwas interrupted
for a
in
usurped the
kya
jala
rule
few years.
the
But Vij-
throne.
A new
sect called
confusion the
to regain
dominions,
and
established
himself at
Annigeri,
He
a
ruled
1189 A. D.
short time.
The Vadavas
of
South
under
Vira
Ballala
and
the
North
under
Bhillama
dis-
then
became
powerlul,
and
Somesnawar
22
appeared,
in
the
scramble
(or
the
the
name
its
of
Chalke
in
the
Taluka
name.
The
ami
neighbourhood
still
old
Yadiiviis. The
into
two on
were
dynasties
the
whieh
of
came
the
prominence
downfall
the
later
Chalnkyas
Hoysalas
Dwara Samudra and the Yadavas of Devagiri. Kreyanga Hoysala was the governor of Gangavadi
of
under Vikramaditya
Chief
II.
The
territory
of
at first belong-
the
Hoysala
success.
The
A. D.
By
1130
and Lakshmeshwar
the revolution
of
in
the
Dharwar
the
district.
1159,
Vir
Ballala defeated
During Botnma
Krishna.
claims
to
Chandra Yadava,
of
who
of
be
King Krishna
Dwarka, was
the Chief
He
His
was
governor of Vikramaditya remained loyal to the Chalukyas till the successors But when, however, the Chalukya govrevolution.
a
faithful
ernment
Bhillama
fell
into
disorder
the
they
considered themselves
independent.
On
defeat of
Bomma
by Vir
Ballal
Yadava
assumed
sovereignty
over
the
2<t
country north
of the
Krishna,
(U91 A.
and
D.j.
friction
In
the
beginning
Hoysalas
bicu'n; superior.
T'nir
Singhma,
from
the
invaded
Konkan
and
the
Hoysalas.
He was succeeded
also defeated
of
who
him
in
the
Gurjaras,
Malwa.
A. D.
His
1260
He
ruled for
11 years
and
his
when
place.
to
Ramdeo
the
stepped
into
He was
king
the
last of
great
Yadava
rulers
a
dependently.
reign
the
He was
*
wise
and during
the
his
He was
fortunate in
having
Heinadpant
Hemadri,
renowned
scholar, as his
chief secretary,
Srikaranadhipa.
The
Vratakhanda
written
Theis
of the dynasty.
into
tour
parts,
of the
an
exposition
of
the
religious
The Grammarian Bopadeva doctrines also lived in the court of Ramdev, and he was greatly Hemadri is said to have patronised by Hemadri. The Introduced the Modi or current form of writing.
Hindus.
Mahratha
saint
Jnandev
also
flourished
during
24
this reign.
He wrote
Marathi.
commentary
of
the
Bhaga-
vadgita
in
was
in
a prosperous career of the Mahratha nation interrnpted by the invasion of Ala-ud-Din Khalji 1'94 A. D.
Such
25
CHAPTER III. Maharashtra under Muhammadan Rule. Tbe Afghan Conquest. The wealth -and prosperity ofthe
southern kingdoms
awakened
the
lust
of
the Mussal-
mans
of
of
the
north.
Karra.
He wanted
of
position
against
the
his uncle
Khalji,
Emperor
He
When
of
the
the
treasures of the
King
of
Devagiri.
He crossed
Ellichpur,
was going towards Rajahmundri. Suddenly he turned upon Devagiri and attacked the king unguarded. His son Sankaradev had gone out on a pilgrimage, and
the
3,000
and stood
in
against the
of
Muhammadan
invasion
four miles
front
his
capital.
Ala-ud-din forced
in the
him back
of the
heart
would follow him. Therefore the Mahratta chiefs became anxions to defend their own strongholds and left Raindev almost alone. In this helpless Ramdev condition offered fifty maunds of gold, and a quantity of pearls and jewels in
that
a
bigger
party
26
to Delhi.
Tins
satisfied
Ala-
withdraw, when Sankardev returned from his pilgrimage. The Mahrattas fought
bravely, but the troops
by the
rear.
Ala-ud-din asked
people
to
call
out
army had
all
conic.
stricken dispersed in
to hold out.
directions.
Ramdev
intended
of
pro^
to
visions
surrender.
As
a result of
Ramdev had
diamond and
of silk.
to give
600
maunds maunds
of gold, 2
of silver,
maunds
and
its
of
pearls, 1000
Besides he had
to cede Ellichpur
dependencies.
money got from the sack of Devagiri Alaud-diu managed to slay his uncle and to put himself on Ramadev did his best the throne of Delhi (1296 A. 1).).
With
the
to restore
city.
Ten years
of
of
a southern expedition.
The
this expedition
was
the failure of
of Ellichpur.
Ramadev
to
pay the
tribute
on account
of
Karan Ghelo
chief.
Guzerat.
Karan
capture
27
wife of his
suicide,
minister
Maclhav.
to
Alaf
Khan
to Guzerat.
and
Delhi,
where
he adorned
the
harem
She had
son
of Ramadev of Devagiri, sought her hands. But Karan Ghelo haughtiiy declined to give a Rajput girl to
a Mahratta prince.
ttb
Khan demanded
Devaladevi.
Karan
Ghelo
the surrender
of
Karan, and he
In this
disgracing his
race
body guard
to
Devagiri.
was taken
Devagiri
to
Delhi,
em peror's
the
Afghan army.
Ramadev
finding
hill
and also
large indemnity.
The
Delhi,
was accepted. Shortly afterwards Ramadev visited where he was received with honour, The emperor
upon
him
to
conferred
besides
the
title
of
Kay-i-Rayan, ami
restoring
in
him
his
his
Navasari
Guzerat to
28
ever afterwards
faithful
to
the
emperor
till
his
death.
When
Devagiri on an expedition to
Waraneal Ramadev rendered him till possible assistHis son Sankardev was a brave Mahratta prince. ance. He did not prove so yielding as his father. Malik Kafnr
<lid
not
him
in
subjugating the
Hoysalas of Dwara Samudra in 1310 A. U. Sankardev had also the boldness to withhold the tribute to Delhi.
Malik Kafur therefore came on another expedition in
1312 A.D.
upto Rameshwaram.
in
Delhi
called
Malik
Kafnr back.
poisoning
In
1316 A.
in the
hands
of
Malik Kafur,
him so
well.
most
of the
members
of the
Nemesis and
the
at the
Mubarak Khan,
emperor's
fourth
son.
On the depature of Malik Kafur from the Deccan, Harpaldeva, the son-in-law of Ramdeva madean attempt
to recover the lost
kingdom
of Devagiri.
Sultan Mubarak
came
to
chastise
him
in
person.
Harpaldeva was
Since
ment
forts
till
1347 A.
D.
Mubarak Khan
to
built
a chain of
from the
Vindhyas
Dwara Samudra,
and
all
29
hopes
of
for
conturies]
Devagiri
the
of
Capital of
India
After
the
completing the-
conqnest
appointed
in-chief of
the
Deccan
as
Mubarik
Khan
Malik
the
Yaklaki
in
commander-
arm}-
the
Maharashtra
among
Mohamedan
The
(1320).
rising the
An army
was
Mubarak Khan's
raised to high dignity
reign ended
a sweeper
in
confusion.
He
who
the
accepted Islam,
favourite
of
Malik Khusru.
in
The new
Deccan,
officers.
but did
He
later
on assassinated
throne.
Mubarak Khan and put himself on theThe ladies of the harem were distributed among
and he kept
of the
his caste-fellows,
for
Rajput priucess"s romantic Devaladevi, a Ghazi-ud-din Tughlak brought order out of the career.
tragic end
chaos
of the
of the Tughlaks
(August
23, 1321
A.D).
fell
The
fusion,
affairs of the
into
con-
and Ghyas-ud- din's son Alaf Khan was sent The Prince's mission proved a success to restore order.
in Deogir, but his
campaign
in
Warangal was
a failure-
30
as
he had
to
retreat
on
receipt
of
rumour
Bidar,
emperor's death.
with strong
it
made
his
base
and forced
angal to surender.
Pratap
and
it
received the
new name
Sultanpur.
Ghayas-ttd-din died in 1325 A. D. and was succeeded by his son Alaf Khan, under the
Tughlffk.
title of
Muhammad
wise ruler.
philosopher, a
He had
But his imagination sometimes carried him much beyond the requirements of his time and landed him into diasters.
He made
and
schemes.
out
his failures
goaded him
to try
.still
more impracticable
was engaged
n quelling
treasury.
His costly wars and his rich munificence depleted his In order to replenish it he began to circulate
He however
did
necessary
safeguards of credit
to
money
and
to
The
gigantic
army
in
Himalayas was
totally annihilated
the mountain
passes.
He
then
cast his
ronguag;
Delhi
was
associated
with
M
all
his
misfortunes
capital to Devagiri.
and he thought of removing his The new place was more central,
and he could command the riches of the south more With Devagiri as base Delhi had acquired easily. Warangal and Dwara Samudra and it was nearer the
and the eastern provinces of the empire. There also was no apprehension of an attack from the north-west. The idealist emperor therefore ordered
northern
the whole
the offices to
built
remove
to
Devagiri.
comforts for
was changed
into
Daulatabad ^the
it
wealth;.
He
resolved to
make
worthy
of
an emperor's resi-
dence.
The Marathas were forced to render free whims of their master. A strong
was
built
city.
Galleries ran
left
inside the
it
to
make
impregnable.
of
all
period of glory
its
most
marvellous features
in
were executed.
retains
ruins,
hut
it
still
the
Muhammad
The
happy.
by of
removal
of
the
capital
was
in
anything
various
but
parts
Insurrections
look
place
of
of the empire.
The viceroy
the
Punjab
rebelled.'
>
The governors of Bengal and Southern Konkan revolted. The southern provinces including Devagiri showed signs. This was a hard time for the emperor. of restlessness.
To add
to his
with a
In the
pestilence.
The emperor
difficulties
midst of such
to Delhi.
of famine,
he gave orders
marching back
and most
of
the emigrants
from Daulatabad
died on the
way
It
for
want
of
food.
small
portion
reached Delhi.
Delhi
to
prosperity.
The
P.atap
rebellion
in
the south
retirement of the
Emperor.
II
of
Rudradev
Warangal rose
rebellion,
and with the help of Harihar of the newly risen Vijayanagar kiugdom regained the country. The success of Krishnadev inspired others to rise, and within a short,
time Daulatabad remained
Delhi.
the
emperor, was.
complete his
sent to the
was appointed
in his place.
order and rebelled, but he was put down by Muhammad Tughlak with a strong hand. On the withdrawal of
Kutlugh Khan the Deccan again became rebellious, and Daulatabad only remained in the hands of the emperor.
33
The policy of Muhammad Tughlak had meanwhile undergone another change. He thought he should not give the high offices to men of rank and position but to
the
men
of
low origin
in order
that
thejr
might remain
faithful to
him out
of
gratitude.
Besides he began to
crush the old nobility with the help of the newly appointed
men.
at a dinner party.
emperor.
Makhil, a slave,
of
Guzerat. These
made
The
From
anticipating
what would
to
befall
them over-
Daulatabad.
Muham-
mad Tughlak
in a fury
came
Mad
in
anger he raised
Daulatabad,
Guzerat
Sindh.
and pursued the nobles of There he was attacked with fever and
in
Sindh on
March 20,1351
A. D.
The nobles of Daulatabad in their struggle against Mohammad Tughlak elected Ismail, a commander of a thousand horse as their leader. But during the siege, and
afterwards
in
Ismail or Nasirt
11
as<
al di-
Bahmami
title of
Hasan
old master
though under foreign rulers. The new revolution, says Grant Duff, was aided by the native princes of the Deccan
in the
conduct
of the
war,
which always require the aid of the native inhabitants of any country, there is strong presumption of their having contributed more to its success than the Musssl-
man
historian
was aware
of
or perhaps
was willing to
allow.
of
Hasan Gangu
had
the
century
and
half,
The
lands
founder
insight oi a
ciliation.
He
among
the leading
Marathas,
of
granted
them
pardon,
them
in their old
positions,
rank on seme
internal
of the chiefs.
of the
new
administration.
The
government
of the
the people.
The new
old
The
people,
35
Mahratta Institutions The political unit of Maharashtra.
as in almost all other parts of India,
was a
village.
The
chants
of
in
his
new
of the
village
T
,
her historj
to
and
the
no Buddhist
or
curtail
own
affairs
government.
of
There
or
for
freedom
conscience
rights
of
individuals
because both were established by the unwritten law of the laud confirmed by every monarch in his coronation oath.''
Every village
is
The
Meerasdars
(hereditary occupants)
or
Oopries
(tenants-at-will)-
The
complete
establishment of a
village consisted of Palcll, Koolkurni and Chogula and 24 other castes of artisans, and public servants, known as.
Palcll
is
his
headman of the village, and the The Koolkurni is the village assistant.
is
the
the
PanchayaU
consisting
of
five
persons.
The ancient
name
of
36
and Gramtekkuk.
formed
These oTicers
of
collected
the
land
the
a
crop.
Several
with
Deshmookh
officers
and
and
a Deshpandy* as
These
to
were mere
carried on
officers.
agents,
than the
permitted.
these
Hasan
Gangu
maintained
the
old
organisation
the empire
without
much
Main
features
of
the
Kuhimmi
Administration:
between
the
Sahyadri
and
Warangal, and
the old master
Narmada and the Kishna. Gangadhar, Hasan became his treasurer and so long
of
as he lived the
work
Muhammad
Shall
(1358 A. D.
).
warfare against
The Bahmani king proved The King of Warangal ceded Golpeace by presenting the
off
Takhti
gems
which Pratap Rudradev II had prepared for Muhammad Vijayanagar Tughlak. was also forced to make peace. Muhammad Shah I died in 1375 A. D., and
his brother, Mujahid Shah. He also continuous war against Vijayanagar for carried on a
was succeeded by
27
the possession of a
and
the
Tungbhadra.
b}T
bis
set
himself
on
the
youngest
son
of
I).).
the king
U37S A.
was
a
made
good king.
second
He
His learning
He was
Ghyas-ud-Din
He was
chin,
blinded by a
because
Khan and Ahmad Daud Shah wreaked and Firoz Khan became king
of
under the
title
of
Firoz
Shah Babmani
(1397
A. D.
Nov. 15). The new king was a scholar and a linguist He conducted twenty -four campaigns against the Hindus,
of his
empire.
But he
as he
was
in
for
had
harem
those
beautiful
of
women
of all
nationalities, iuclud-
ng
Greece and
Italy,
Russia
and Thibet,
towards
There was
and
his
ol
lie
civil strife
end
death
of
his
in
reign,
of
Savour
brother
who ascended
the
title
L422).
strong rulci
38
of
Vijayanagar,
and
reigned
annexed
for
the
kingdom
of
Warangal.
got the
1435.
title
He
of
over
'Wali'
or Saint.
He
February
The succession was disputed between his two sons, Ala -ud- Din and Muhammad Khan. The former triumphed in the struggle, and Muhammad Khan was appointed governor of Raichur. The King had another
trouble
from
his
At her
King
of
The command
Persian
officer
officer
of
the
Bahmani
the
But
the incident
the
kingdom.
foreign
Persian
and
Deccanis and Abyssinians, who discontented formed themselves into a clique. Vijayanagar made an to
other
attempt
to to
regain
its
Tost of
position,
but
ultimately
lords,
had
to
accept the
Kings
Bidar as over-
and
pay tribute
rule
of
three
years
'
and
A.
a
I).).
half
was
assassinated
by
his
servants (1461
The
of
Nizam Shah,
Chief
years.
The Hindu
defeat
at
Orissa
the
of
suffered
terrible
the
hands
died
of
Bahmani
heart
troops.
failure
But
at
the
young
of
King
the
time
celebrating the
II
victor}'.
His younger
brother
Muhammad Shah
succeeded him.
He had
39
a noble minister in
leave his
country
by
came
first
to
Bidar
as a
a
merchant,
noble of his
Nizam Shah and Muhammad Shah II he continued in office. The strength of Muhammad Shah's government depended upon the minister.
Gawan's Reforms.
of
In
the
Bahmanis included Maharasthtra, and parts of Telingana, and of the Raichur and Mudkal Doab. The second King Muhammad Shah had divided the empire
the
Gulburga, Daulatabad, Telingana and Berar. Each province was under a governor who had to maintain an army within his own province.
into four Tarafs via.
Whenever
of
the
Sultan
declared war
the
provincial
In
him.
course
very
to
powerful.
old
The/
rater
conquest-
were
added
the
in
divisions.
the
system.
of
powers
of
the
increase the
authority
eight
the
King
empire
into
divisions.
to
The
were
revenues
for the
the
provinces
:h
were
be
collected
Kin
whi
purpose special
collectors
appointed.
The
among
the
nobility.
They
formed
conspiracy
4J
against
the
of
Prime
Minister.
at
Ni/.am-ul-Mulk,
of
the
governor
racy.
Telingana was
a
letter
the head
this
conspi-
purporting to be written by
Orissa offering to
divide
letter
the Raja of
between
kingdom.
The
was put
hands
of
the
Kin;.;,
in his presence.
Dtememberment
of
the
Empire. The
to
It
death
of
Mahmud
of
Gawan
to
led
the
dismemberment
not
take
the
the
Bahmani kingdom.
long
in a
did
king
almost
discoyer
the
conspiracy.
in
He
died
His twelve year old son, Mahmud Shah, succeeded him. Ni/.amul-Mulk who was appointed minister in place of
1482.
demented condition
practically
of
controlled
the
Kingdom.
Yusuf
of
managed
found
to
come
India
Mahmud Gawan.
sufficient
to
At the capital
of
the
soon rose ed
prominence.
When
his
he and
two
other
officers,
Imad-ul-Mulk
the
and
to obtain
governments
of
Berar.
Yusuf Adil Shah and his confederates were asked by Iniad-ul-Mulk to come to Bidar. But as soon as they entered the city Imad-ul-Mnlk attacked them with the
41
royal foices.
managed
to
Yusuf
independent
Bijapur and
dom.
Thus began the dismemberment of the Bahmani kingNizam-ul-Mulk had appointed his son, Malik Ahmad, governor of the western provinces of Daulata-
murdered Malik
declared
himself
When Ahmad
the
independent
of
Ahmad Nizam
Shah
Shah.
dynast}- of
of
Nizam
The Tarafdar
(1512).
Golconda
of
now remained
the
only territory
the Bahmanis. The King, however, was a puppet in the bands of the minister. Kasim Barid was appointed
minister
after
Nizam-ul-Mulk.
Shah,
When Kasim
place.
died his
son Amii
Bajid stepped
into his
Amir Barid
imprisoned
Muhammad
after
two years
dynasty
asked
him.
by Amir Barid.
was Kalim
for
son But
of
Ahmad
Shah.
He
Babar
help.
So
Ali
Barid formally
declared
himself
King
of Bidar.
Out
five
o! the
'vast dominions
viz.
of
the
Bahmanis arose
Nizam Shahi kingdom of Ahmadnagar, (-') Shahi kingdom of Adil the Bijapur, f.i) the Kutb Shahi kingdom of Golconda, (4) the Imad Shahi kingdom of Berar, and (5) the Berar was annexed Barid Shahi kingdom of Bidar.
important States
(l) the
to
Ahmadnagar
in
1574,
in the
of
to
Bijapur by 1619.
So
Bijapur, were the three which deserve our attention. Of these three, however, the nrst was greatly reduced
in
size
and power by
the
to be
added
to the Delhi
Empire.
43
CHAPTER
IV.
The Renaissance.
The Five States:
ruins
of the
The five States which arose on the Bahmani kingdom were engaged in constant
Hindu kingdom
of
warfare.
Vijaya-
The hopes
and
of
the
Hindus
the
crushed. The old city rem tins to this day a scene of ruin:
desolation.
TheMuhammadans
of
country on account
the
Hindu Kingdom could not risi again as it was divided into pieces. Deshmukhs and vassal chiefs
became independent
Maharashtra
in
1573:
had nothing
Tungbhadra.
in
common
Its
was an extensive
state lying
population
had its
born.
modern author " the great Maratha resolution birth. AtJunnar, one of its fortresses, Shivaji was
At Poona,
one
of
its
II
boyhood.
were nobles
the
Ahmadnagar
king's employment.*4
The
foi
history of the
Marathas,
therefore,
was bound up
Administration
in
the
Period
: The
Sirkars
the
country
was
divided
into
Sirkars,
and
were generally
Hindus,
divided
into fargauas,
called, by
Prant or Desh.
Most
of
these
Prants were
entrusted to the
Hindus.
The
villages
the
were
either
revenue on
relating
to
Government.
or
Disputes
hereditary
the
office
property
of
were
decided by
Panchayat
consisting
fifteen
persons,
a
both
of
Hindu
and
Muhammadan.
Over
number
officers
These
were
not hereditary and used to get a percentage upon the revenue as remuneration. The Mokassadar was not
always a Muhammadan. Above the Mokassadar there used to be a subah. He had no share in the revenue
a resident officer.
:
The
Mahrattas
en-
joyed high
under
the
Muhammadan
of
kings.
About
Ahmad-
nagar appointed a Brahman his pes /iw a or prime minister. Ibrahim show ed a great Adil Shah of Bijapur
.preference
for the
4o
and
the
military appointment-.
He
and
discontinued
keeping Marathi
accounts
in
Persian,
introduced
instead.
He
Deccan
cavalry
Berghees,
In
and introduced
the
practice
of
enlisting
who were
all
the state.
almost
or
the
Mahrattas were
with the
individual
jagkeers.
command
The
hill
forts
were
the
by
the
Mahrattas,
title
and
important chiefs
received the
of
Raja,
Naik or
Rao. The Berghees were very useful to the Muhammadart The chiefs could procure horses at short rulers.
notice,
states
lots
of
wasteful ex-
The
to
Mahrattas
each
who enjoyed
their
were mostly
service
of the
faithful to
fight against
other
states.
and power lmsteis. They had often when they were in the
office The-}'
lival
rarely
of
showed any
at
unity
timent,
amongst
:.nd
themselves
out
they
l
national sen-
very
often
were
feuds
rivate eauses. of The cut other with each dimension amongst the- Mahrattas kept the Muhammadan
rulers
in
strong
of
in
their
government.
But the
part
decline
the
power
these
states
in the-
and
period of
the-
that
Mahrattas played
the
their
ideal
of
the-
transition
changed
people.
They
could
they
look
beyond
properly
were
46
organised.
They saw
In
their
rsy
of
hope
in
the
altered
circumstances.
the
nation.
This new
spirit
con Id
maintain
When
their
masters
their
Mahratta
Jaoli,
Families-* The
names
Phaltan,
of
of
the
!0tes
of
the
Naiks
the
of
the
the
the
Wardi appear very prominently in the history of In Ahmadnagar the Jadav Raos were very Bijapur.
powerful-
They
of
are
old
supposed
to
have been
of
the
descendants
the
Yadava
Rajas
Devagiri.
jaghir under the Nizam Lokhji Jadav Rao held a Shahis for the support of 1,000 horse. Another fa mi
ly
of
which rose into prominence was that of the Bhonsles In this family was born Virole near Daulatabad
These Mahratta leaders held high
confidence in the people
their in
offices
Shivaji.
and
to
inspired
their ability
govern
own
country.
T
of
Bijapur in the
in
command
Shah.
of
of
He
and For
Burhan
Nizam
as
he was comfirmed
ruled for
Raja
Jaoli,
where Naiks
his
of
family
seven generations.
The
Rao Naik Nimbalkars. They were made Surdeshmukhs and polygars later on. Jugpal Naik lived in the
&s
early
par.t of
His
sister
Deepa
Bai was from the Bhonsle family of Virole, who were Patells .He early married the sister of of several villages. Jugpal Rao Naik Nimbalkar of Phaltau. At the age
the
of
grandmother
of
Shivaji.
Mallojee comes
25
in
of
1577
of of
Murtaza Nizam
Lukhji Jadav
Sillidar,
Shah
Ahmadnagar by
Rao
born
of Sindkheir.
He was an
It
is
active
and
of
attained distinction
in
very shortly.
said
that
1594.
the goddess Bhowani he obtained enormous wealth, with which he endowed temples and other works ot
public utility
of
and
command
5,000 horse,
forts
of
with the
The
charge,
and Poona
places.
and
Supa
he
got
as
jaghirs.
The
in
these
Jadav
his
this
Rao
persuaded to give
daughter
marriage to Shahji.
founder
The
offspring
of
of the
Mahratta confederacy.
The
Ahm;idn;i[|;ir
Kingdom,
l'he founder
of
the
Nizam
Shahi dynasty
and
his
i
administrator.
Ahmad Nizam Shah was an able general He left a well -governed state to
Nizam Shah
(1503).
BOn
iJtirhin
of
Burhan
throne,
was
ami
boy
seven when
he ascended the
IS
was placed under the able guardianship of Mukami* He married Bibi Miriam, the daughter of Khan. Vusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur, and the sister of Ismail
Adil
Shah,
to
promised
The Bijapur King give Burhan Sholapur and five and half
the
reigning king.
districts as
down'.
this
mise.
For
breach
promise
Burham
for
of
declared
utterly
in
defeated (1524
danger
changGuzerat,
Kings
Khandesh formed themselves into a league But by a clever mauouvre he to divide his Kingdom. bought off the Kings of Guzerat and Khandesh. Later on
he induced the kings
ally
of Berar,
to
themselves with
Ram
Raja
Vijayanagar against
Bijapur. Burhan Shah led the allied army and besieged Kalyani, and succeeded in obtaining Sholapur and He died in 15 55 and Bijapur five and half dtstricts.
managed
to
outlive this
crisis.
now
sou
of
Ahmadnagar.
the dancing
He was
girl
the
Burhau's
first
wife,
Amina.
The son of Bibi Miriam went over to Bijapur. Ibrahim Adil Shah, the King of Bijapur, sought the helpThe allied army won of Ram Raja of Vijayanagar.
a
victory.
Shah died
victory.
of
excess in
Ram
were strengthened
by the support
Golconda.
49
The
thvei
artnbs
in
b23tejei
Ahmadnagar.
condition
to at
Hussain.
forced to
Nizam Shah
receive
this perilous
of
was
Kalyani
inferior
Bijapur,
the
and
of
to
pan as
an
hands
Rama
Raja.
Kalyani.
joined
Bijapur
and
Vijayanagar-
Ahmadnagar was again besieged, but a quarrel among The Hindus defiled the Moslem the allies saved it. and Ram Raja insulted the Mussalman places, holy
Kings
the
of Bijapur,
Bidar.
At
this;
quarrel
and com-
them.
Ram
Raja was defeased at Talikota on the Krishna, his head was cut off and placed on a spear. Vijayanagar's glory vanished
for ever (1564).
victory (1565).
succeeded his father, and made a fresh treaty with Ali Adil Shah. The principal provisions of the treaty were
that Acil
of
Vijaya-
nagar
and
would
conquer
Berar.
The The
campaign
infant
against
Beiar
was very
successful.
King Burhnm Imad Shah, anl the usurper Tufal Khan were made prism us, and on the death of the
50
captives in 1575 Berar was annexed. Towards the end of his life Murtiza Nizam Shah became insane and was murdered by his son Miran. After the murder of
his father
prison
at
instance
of
his
Minister, Mirza
Khan.
Ahmadnagar
was
now
the
full
of factions.
Khan
belonged,
and
Deccani party.
the city,
The
state
of
confusion gave
opportunity to interfere.
He
1595
the
helped
to
of
Murtaza,
in
On
IJizam
his
death
his
Ibrahim
for
Shah
occupied
throne
few months.
He
died while
On
his
Bahadur was
crowned
King, and Cband Bibi was appointed regent. Chand Bibi was the daughter of Hussaiu Nizam Shah, and the
widow
ability.
of Ali
husband.
But on account of
an intrigue in the court of Bijapur she was put under confinement at Satara. Although she was released by
the
people she
left
Ahmadnagar.
But the factions
Jhe
People
at
had
perfect confidence
in
her.
Moghul army.
the invasion of
at the
head of
51
the array.
Chand
Bibi
made
of
a heroic defence.
Murad
en the
the lady,
and
retired
Ahmadcity.
Akbar came
Bibi
was forced to evacuate the capital and took shelter in Juunar. The noble queen was murdered by her own soldiers and Bahadur Shah was taken as a
prisoner to Gwaliar, where he died in 1600. Akbar annexed Khandesh and Ahmadnagar but he could not
Chand
province.
of
The Abyssinian
faction,
throne.
years.
The
was removed
country,
under the Mussalman rulers, practically enjoyed autonomy. With the Moghul invasions they apprehended tyranny associated with the old Afghan rule from Delhi. The national
although
sentiment appealed to the Mahratta leaders, and
joined the
The
Mahratta
they
in
movement
Revival
to
oppose
Moghul invasions
of
no
mean
spirit.
:
Religious
A
the
sketch
the
political
history
tipto
of
Maharashtra
of
from
the
early
times
of
the end
sixteenth
century
we
VV
e
movement
in the country.
of the
Andhras
r
.
>2
Buddhism was
precepts of
the
prevalent religion.
Giadually
the people,
the
and
This
religion,
preached
by Sankaracharya.
From
onwards
we
find
God
Shiva.
The
awaken
The
reign of
Dnyandev of Pandharpura who lived in the Ramdev of Devagiri gave a new turn to the He was an outcaste Brahman. But by movement. his devotion he became a saint. He wrote a Marathi commentary on the Bhagavat Gita and also many other poems rousing the devotional spirit of the people. On
poet
account
Pandharpur
attracted a large
number of pious men. His followers came mostly from low classes. Chokhamela was a Mhar, Rohidas was a Chambar. JCabir who came from the north was a Mussalman. Namdev was a tailor. ",,They were all "
writes Mr. Kincaid,
"men
of
lives.
Their worship
of
Their preaching and their poems stimulated men's minds and led them to seek a refuge from their sorrows at
Krishna's shrine.
The
were
spot where
Dnyandev and
his
Pandharpur
tenets
Men whoto
made pilgrimages
oth?r by their
to these shrines
were drawn
each
common knowledge
of the
Maiathi speech
5i;
;and
of the
In this
of
way
there
came
into
existence
the
beginnings
national feeling."
The love for God made them realise the brotherhood Through religion people were brought to of man. " Religious revival and puritan enthusiasm " unity.
says Mr.
it
Ranade
to
'
were
at
work
in the
laud,
and
was
clear
cease.
point of departure from the earlier traditions of submission to brute force and
of a determination
that
made itself manifest in the form Mahomedau intolerance should the land. None felt this influence he worshippers, who placed their
it
I
Bhawani
this fire
at
They caught
"
and
the
communicated
Gondhlis
it
to
through their
bards,
and
the
Bhata
The
spirit of
fully
awakened
the
all
for a national
regeneration.
The
social conditions,
religious spirit
and
the political
of
circumstances
life
were
aud character. The rise of the Marathas was not thus an accident. While the Mnssalmans in the south were indulging in
national
vice
and
riot
the
M.irathas
were
thus
going
through
process of purification.
Their
-pared the:n
acquired
later
on.
64
The Turk
upou themselves.
When
they degraded themselves in the eyes of the people they Government could lost their power to control them.
no longer be
their
work, because
of
it
required superior
rulers.
round
life
the
banner
of
their
leader
who embodied
and
55
CHAPTER
The Moghul advance
Malik
V.
in
the Deccan.
of
Amber : The
last
days
Akbar
son.
were
died
of his
eldest
third
He
in broken health in 1605, and was succeeded by Selim under the title of Jehangir. The rebellion of Khusru, Jehangir's eldest son, in turn, kept the Delhi Govern-
to
of
the
south
1606 A.
D.
In this
six years
Malik
to
retrieve
after
Immediately
fortified
the
Daulatabad,
and reformed
system
of
revenue collection.
He
collection,
under the
old
Mahomedan
at
officers.
The
of
system
was assessed
paid annually.
two
fifths
the actual
to be
produce, which in
turn was
commuted
in
money
reforms became
treasury also
felt
prosperous and
happy,
and the
state
became
full*.
In 1610 A.
D
His
Malik Amber
the
himself
strong enough to
the
regain
provinces conquered by
1610
to
Moghul emperor.
operations from
1615
He had made
and employed
Khirki,
all
modern Aurangabad,
of
the capital,
in
the resources
the
state
05
out
of the
whole
ricts
of
Nizam Shahi territory. He succeeded in of Ahmadnagar, and almost the the old kingdom excepting one or two distJehangir did not like to be deprived
of his
in
the north.
of the conquests
father,
and
s nt his*
son,
KhurAmber.
Khurram was an
able soldier,
serious troubles.
and
lost
the
soldiers
could not be
paid regularly.
He
Ahmadnagar
left
fort,
and some
his
service
Moghuls
(1621).
of
kheir
was one
these
Other Mahratta
In
the
accounts
The
died in
latter
had succeeded
his
Maliojee
of
who
1619.
Since he joined
himself
the service
Ahmadnagar he
distinguished
by
his bravery.
In 1621 circumstances
in
Delhi interrupted
the
campaigns
gir
in
the south.
son of the emperor, as his heir, and from the Deccan. Khurram rose in
defeated by the Imperial troops.
in
last
rebellion, but
Khurram was
He
Guzerat,
he came
57
received by him. against the
the
The two now led combined attack Moghul troops. The prince did not find
and asked the forgiveMalik
father,
new
of
ness
fate.
leaving
Amber
to
his
Jehangir,
however, was
now
himself.
general Mahabat
He was first a prisoner in the hands of Khan who had incurred the displeaNur Jehan succeeded
the
in extricat-
sure of
Nur Jehan.
but
ing
Jehangir,
intriguing
general
a
joined
to
it
Khurram,
Persia.
who was
Khurram
then contemplating
of
flight
The death
for
the emperor
in
1627
made
easier
to
Malik
to
his,
Amber
died in
charge
The new
majority
and wanted
the help
an
officer
Fateh
Khan
into the
On
the fall
of Fateh Khan Lokhjee Jadava Rao came back to Ahmadnagar, but he was treacherously murdered by the Nizam. In utter dismay his widow went to the Moghuls, and was confirmed in the jaghir of Sindkheir. afterwards the Jadavas remained faithful aud ever
to the
Moghuls.
The
Moghul
general
Khan Jehan
Lodi
58
was
He
Delhi.
was transferred to Malwa and then called to There he suspected treachery and fled to the
received the support of Murtiza
rebellion.
Deccan, and
Nizam
field in
Shah
in
his
person.
retreat,
Khan
and
rebel
his
last
slain
1630.
The
now hard
of the
commander.
his
in his
Shahjee
tendered
the emperor,
and
was confirmed
districts
old jaghirs,
The
difficulties of
Almost in a desperate condition he released Fateh Khan, and put him into power. But the offended
minister
threw
infant son,
self
Murtiza into prison and placed his Hussain on the throne, and appointed him-
his
regent.
To
strengthen his
position
against
the
rebellious
of the
support
the
spirit of the people he bought the emperor by rich presents and got back
districts
granted to
this
Shahjee.
The
latter
was
aggrieved at
(1631 A.D.)
Ahmadnagar
Ibrahim
divide
Adil Shah
II,
king of
Bijapur,
ally
was
of
jealous of Malik
Amber.
He
of
had been an
the
an agreement with
them
the
kingdom
Ibrahim,
however,
59
died in the same year as" Malik
his
neighbourhood.
He
therefore entered
into a secret
negotiation with
Murtiza
Nizam. Shah,
Moghuls, Randulla
and
sent Randulla
Khan apparently
of
to help the
Murtiza.
demanded
of the
Moghul general Azim Khan the districts Azim Khan did not
request,
inflicted a severe defeat
comply with
Randulla
his
Khan. It was in these circumstances that Fateh Khan was released. We have already seen that Shahjee had left the Moghul service in disgust and
went over
to
Bijapur.
He persuaded Mahomed
Adil
make an attack upon Daulatabad. Fateh Khan applied to the Moghul general Mahabat Khan for help, and offerred the surrender of Daulatabad, and proposed
Shah
to
Moghul Emperor. Mahabat Khan sent an army under his son Khan Jaman. But before Khan Jaman could reach Daulatabad Shahjee had come there, and by diplomatic overtures turned Fateh
to
the
become
vassal of the
Khan from Moghul alliance. At this treachery of Fateh Khan Mahabat invested Daulatabad. The impregnable fort was stormed, Fateh Khan surrendered with the
fort of
vShah
was taken
53
prisoner
to
Gwaliar.
The
siege
lasted for
and
60
Shahjee tried once
storm,
more
to
commandant
the
garrison.
At
this stage
command.
This
Ahmadnagar
He
up good government
felt
The Emperor
to
Shah Jehan
that Bijapur
must be subdued
restore
newly acquired
territories.
He
sent an ambassador to
Mahomed
the restitution
of the forts
belonging
Nizam Shahi
upon
the abanfive
donment
of
Shahjee.
The
fort of
Sholapur with
and
half districts
as reward.
The
refusal
was
in-
1636.
The
territory of the Bijapur king was overrun by the Moghuls. Ruin spread over the country and at last both sides,
weary
whole
of
war, came
of the
to
terms.
Bijapur got a
including
large
portion
Ahmadnagar kingdom,
the'condition of
the
Neera up
to
Chakan on
payment of an Bv an article of
61
the treaty Shahjee
he-
At
first
ShaVjee
of the
king
of Bijapur
he could not
Moghul arms.
he applied
peror.
told
for
When
most
of
were
reduced
pardon and
Since
then.
till
Bijapur.
Shahjee remained
death.
service of the
Adil Shahs
of Ahmadnagar was now complete, and Bijapur and Golconda remained the only independent Afghan kingdoms in the South. The Maharashtra
The reduction
of Bijapur.
(52
CHPTER
Early When
on
behalf of
VI.
life of
Shivaji.
against the
11
fighting:
Moghuls
Shivner
Nizam Shah
This boy
Junnar.
the
British
Thanks
Shivaji,
who rose to be one of the greatest of Indian kings has now been marked out by a marble trablet. This was the second son of Jijabai, her first son, SamThe childhood
hardships.
of
passed
through
various
to
Shortly
birth Shahjee
had
But the disgrace which was meted out to him by depriving him of some districts granted by Shah Jehan made him
forsake the
Moghul
service.
Since
energy was devoted to crush the imperial power. He created a number of enemies in the Moghul Court He alienated the sympathy of his mother-in-law by
contracting a second marriage
the
Mohite
family (1630).
After
Jijabai
went
to her relations.
in
When
to
of
besieged by
a
Mahabat Khan
But she
the
1633 Jijabai
prisoner.
managed
offices
keep Shivaji
her relations
cealed.
With
good
who
Moghul Court she was released and brought to the fort of Kondane. In 1636 when Shfrhjee went with Morar Pant to Bijapur, Jijabai accompanied her
were
in the
63
till
the
celebration
of
Shiva ji's marriage with Saibai. Shahjee was King of Bijapur shortly afterwards.
Jijabai
sent to
So
and Shivajee were sent to Poona under the guardianship of Dadaji Kondadev.
At Poona Shiva ji received his training under Dadaji, future career was greatly influenced by the and environment in which he was brought up. Poona was
his
then a small village near the confluence of the Muta .and the Mula. The country about was a barren wilderness.
The
late
entire Deccan.
to
life
respect
and
Young children and women were often away by Mahomedans, and made converts.
The jaghirs of Shahjee were deliberately destroyed by the enemy and the inhabitants had either fled or perishDadaji was an able manager, and applied himself ed.
to
of
L,and
was given
the
and
the wild
Bands
Within
a
of
ward
in effect-
Two more
talukas, Baramati
and Indapur, which were granted to Shahjee by the Bijapur Government, were also handed over to Dadaji
ior
management.
The
under his
able
management
shortly
began
to
reward
his labours.
Harvest was
64
thus earned
village,
he
planted
mango
after
trees,
and founded a
which he named
of
Shivaji, Shivapur.
The guardian
the
He brought
of
number
of
boys of
The
best
known
Malusare,
petty
baron
Umrathe
village
in the
Konkan,
Sahyadris.
Baji
Kank,
small 'landholder
in the
Paid instructors
were
appointed to give
of these
warlike exercises.
The teaching
was supplemented
by
Dadaji by relating
own
experience.
young men
gained
ses
and
forests
and thus
pasthe
first
hand knowledge
of the
of the
Maval,
of the
to the
Konkan, and
obscure
regions on
Sahyadri.
course
future.
life to
of
knowledge Shivaji acquired in the these wanderings was very useful to him in-
The
instructions.
saints of
stories
teachings of Dnyanadev and the Pandharpur were expounded to him, and the from Ramayana and Mahabharata were related
The
on winter evenings.
The heroism
of
the
Kshatriya
warriors, their skill and bravery in war, the statesmanship of Bhishma, and other elevating anecdotes
made a
*
It is
no woudi
05
therefore that cne of the
of his life
rr.cst
important characteristics
fervour
in
was
as
the note of
deep religious
In
almost
a
all
his activities
if
he conducted himself
such
he
manner
was sup-
by divine authority. Mr. Kincaid gives a fine which moulded his description of the surroundings character, and the passage is quoted below in full
:
' '
kind.
of the
To
Sahyadris.
To
the south-
west
may be dimly seen the peaks of Rajgad and Torna. which, when outlined against the setting sun, arouse
to-day
even
emotion
in
the
to
phlegmatic
the
Englishof
man.
lies
But
thirteen
miles
Alandi,
the
spot
to
living
tomb and
which,
now
as,
in
Shivaji's
make
influence
Kondadev's
Jijabai,
of the
landscape.
found a solace
possession
left
for
grief
in
Shivaji,
the
one
all
her.
lavished
on
her
son
and more
than
mother's
love.
At
the
same time she bade him naver forget that he was descended both from the Yadavas of Devagiri,
66
ami
the
Ranas
of
Udaipur.
She
reeited
of
to
him
the
Puranas with
their
marvellous feats
the
little
village
shrine
site
may
be seen at Poona
of Jijabai's
home.
or religious
preachers to
and expound
the
to
him,
better than
even Dadaji
of
could do,
various
virtues
and merits
Krishna.
at eighteen
strong;
fearless
and Shiva ji
Thus
influence-
and his high souled mother formed an ideal for himself. He underMaratha race
from
fo-
of liberating the
reign j'oke, and of establishing a Swarojya for them. He did not want preferment for himself in court, which.
he could
easily get
relatives.
He
either, as
other
would do. But he chose a perilous ahead. course with full knowledge of the dangers Although young companions encouraged him, and his old tutor blessed him in his mission, he was not sure As a matter of the support of the great Maratha chiefs.
people
of fact he
had
to fight against
many
of
them.
Yet in-
difficulties, without fear or hesitation plunged himself into the noble task of nation-build-
?ng.
The
teachings of
the Bhagavatgita
must
have
67
prepared his mind to undergo
the the severe
of
hardships of
great
work. Exhortations
Srikrishna to Arjuna
in the field of
to Shivaji s mind,
08
CHAPTER
Torn;i
VII.
-forts The
quick
in
finding
the
opportunities
him
in
boy-
hood he talked
dent poiygar.
becoming an indepenencurageDadaji
ment from
designs.
(
gave
management of the jaghir, statecraft. In the trained him up in thus and course of his business Shiva ji met a number of respectable Mahrattas, who were drawn towards him by
Shiv^ji a large share in
the
his conciliatory
deportment.
His intimate
adherents
at the
time were
Tanaji
and
his
Yesaji Kouk.
The
in
hill
men
of
the
most
faithful adherents,
'ihe Mavalis
and
intelligent
situations of trust.
their
life
in the
valleys
of Maval.
Dadaji improved
condition by
makvery
and by
Shivaji
admitting a
number
of
them
was
and they
paths
generally accom-
became
hilly
With their help he and defiles of the country round about Poona, and the survey that
familiar
excursions.
with the
69
lie
made
gested to him
He found
Most
dars
or
the hill-forts
neglected,
and
unfortified.
were entrusted to Mahratta jaghirof them was Scarcely any deshmukhs. garrisoned by Mahomedans as they were considered unhealthy specially in the rains. Shivaji intended to occupy some of these forts, and thus to prepare himof these forts
self
The
forts
within his
The fort of Koudane had a Mahomedan killidar and Puraudhar was under a Brahman named Nilkant Rao. Twenty miles
charge
of Dadaji.
The
it
was
the
Neera, and
could
the
in
not be easily
approached.
Shivaji
won
of the
over
fort
killidar of
possession
1646 A. D.
to represent
the transfer of the managment of the fort would be to the benefit of the king and would bring him more revenue than he could get from the Deshmukhs. Mean-
while
he
began
to
repair
the
fort
and
got a large
With
built
this
money he
and
an-
cthis fort
he gave the
name
of
Rajgad.
if
The
activities o
hivaji
to
build the
His
father,.
ro
Shahjee was also warned and asked
of his son
to
under cheek.
that his
state,
its
son was not inimical to the interests of the and that what he was doing was to strengthen
position.
On
the other
control.
to
keep
Shivaji
bed.
under
his sick
his
all
He
of Bijapur.
fell
He found
that Shiva-
was
firm
and
resolute.
died
independence,
the temples of the Hindus from violation. He exhorted him to follow his fortune and blessed him in the bold and noble undertaking of forming the Mahrattas into
a nation.
His
blessings
and exhortations
brought
upon Shivaji the support of the subordinate jaghirdars and gave as it were a divine sanction to his projects.
After the death of Dadaji
Kondadev
Shivaji assumed
charge of the jaghir of Poona. He evaded all payments to his father, and at last he informed him that the heavy expenditure of the jaghir did not leave any
surplus of revenue to be sent to him.
He
the
Baji
also
ma-
naged
Chakan, and
adjoining
Mohite, the
n
brother
yielding.
of
his
step -mother,
Tuka
his
Bai,
proved un
a party
of-
Shiva ji
prisoners,
The
mitted to
In
its
this
way he
consolidated his
power
in
Poona and
neighbourhood,
Killidar
Koudaue was in charge of a Mahomedan who handed it over to Shivaji on receiving handsome bribe. The Brahman Killidar of PuranThe
fort of
dhar
had died
by
this time,
a quarrel
over succession
among
his
three
Shivaji
garrison,
took
advantage
of this quarrel,
surprised the
All the
and
made
the
brothers
submit.
brotheis
were
into
The name of hinhagad. The acquisibecame master of the Neera without opposinot consider these
notice
of the
tion
tract
tion.
in
Ecccan.
He
the
The
of
King
of
Bijapur did
did not
places
important.
He
take any
activities
Sbivaji,
adorning
his capital
The
tion
state
of the
affairs
in the
engaged
hilly
there,
affairs
of the
the
tracts
The Moghul
72
governors
in
to the
north
were busy
of
in
restoring order
that tract.
in
The system
India
duced
adopted
Kuli
years.
to
his
northern
by
also-
in
Ahmadnagar.
The
under Murshid
20
Khan
the people.
every
way
Shivaji carried
on
operations uninterrupted. The Moghul rulers had no occasion to interfere and the King of Bijapur was busy otherwise. The circumstances were therefore
favourable to
the
formation
of
of
an
independent
government
dom.
on the
outskirts
the
Bijapur
King-
Adventures
in
the
Konkan The
occupation
of
the
now
the
cast his lcoks towards the Konkan. This part of country was made ever to the King of Bijapur by
Shah Jehan on the fall of the Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. vShahjee had overrun the tracts before he surrendered in
1636.
well guarded.
Shivaji had
be-
make
a survey of the
to
region,
and
emboldened him
under-
take fresh adventures. He had received news of the despatch from Kalyan of a large amount of money collected by Maulana Ahmad, the Mussalman Governor
of the place to Bijapur. Shivaji
with
body
of
3Co
73
horse
overtook
the
party on the
the
r
way
carrying the
treasure near
Wai down
Bhor Pass
The money
1
thus
he success
a series
of
of this
was followed
up
by
attacks
upon
the whole
of the
Konkan up
was
to the borders of
Savant in
wadi
fell
these campaigns
the capture of
Kalyan by Abaji
Dadaji.
Sonde v, one
governor
of
of the
officers
trained by
The
as
res-
Kalyan, Maulana
also
the
prisoners.
of Shivaji's
Of
the forts
which
fell
into the
hands
the
Rajmachi.
Rain
the
became afterwards
capital
of Shivaji,
under
name
of
Raigad.
the
Bhor Pass
is
Rajmachi
at the
foot of the pass. The conquest of Kalyan and the other forts in the Konkan did not go unnoticed by the
Bijapur
Government.
not
the
Muhammadans
the conquests
a change.
As soon as
of
revived.
endowments
restore)
to
temples or
in
the
interest of
Brahmans were
7i
the greatest
asset
of
popular
side.
:
Shahjee
The
of
King
of Bijapur, feeling
was
in the Cainatics,
and was
the polygars
a jaghir,
of that part.
He
and
faith-
made Bangalore
his headquarters.
He
son.
rendered
complicity
of
with Shivaji,
to bring
Ghorpade
Mudhole
of
and him
a prisoner.
after inviting
Ghorpade
was
a relative
Shahjee and
him
peison treacheinsisted
of
rously,
Bijapur.
The King
from
upon Shabjee
to dissuade Shivaji
his policy
aggression but Shahjee pleaded in vain that he had nothing to do with his son, and that he could
not
in
any
way
be
made answerable
the
to
for
his sou's
spirit
deeds.
He
rebellious
of his son.
Shivaji
to
come
to Bijapur.
come provided
fief.
all his
conquests were
his
and
tried to bring
on
his father.
he King such
advice
as
would bring
this
faithful
and was
threatened to
He however
The wall was built up to his was to be closed up if Shiva ji did not come
within a
situation
certain
to
and
the
Bijapur
period.
Shahjee wrote
about
his
son.
Shivaji
was
thus
inovlved in
great difficulty.
His surrender
into the
hands
if
of the
King would bring death upon himself, arid In this father would be killed. dilemma at the advice of his wife, Saibai, he appealed
not surrender his
to
he did
the
Moghul
to
Emperor.
Emperor,
Shivaji
offered
his
for
services
the
and
prayed
intercession
anxious to
Shah Jehan was in favour of his father. find an opportunity to pick up a quarrel
of
Bijapur
in
order that he
might get
to Bijapur in 1636.
He
therefore readily
for his pre-
excused Shahjee
Munsub
of
The King
of the
of
Emperor, and
Moral Punt relieved him from the dungeon, but did not allow him to leave Bijapur for four years. During these years the King could not do any harm to Shivaji
as he dreaded the Emperor,
in
his
depredations
in
for
the
his
father.
At
the
70
Shahjee.
Killidar
officer
Kanikgiri,
and
died.
to
also
his
chief
Naro
to
Pant
proced
had
Before
he
he
allowed
the
Carnatic
was was
avenge the
treachery.
remembered
the
wishes
of his father,
portunity came.
The
complete the
work which you have undertaken. By the grace of the most High may the wives of your enemies ever breathe in their own warm tears. May God crown your hopes with success and insure your prosperity.
You
will
not
for
fail
to
be courteous
the
always
to
Eaji
Ghorpade,
you know
'
The
upon Shivaji
also approved
the
punishment
great
of
of
Ghorpade
but
it
of the
work
nation-building he
had undertaken.
Jaoli
Invested
(1655 A.
D.) After
Shivaji
the
return
of
Shahjee to
operations.
Jaoli.
the
Carnatics
resumed
his
of
First of all
Balaji
was
King
of Bija-
war
as a jaghir
from Yusuf
his
ser-
He
was
also
conferred
the
title
of
Chandra Rao
77
which
his
descendants
enjo}r ed
afterwards
aiono-
Rao earned
the
Ahmadnagar. The
valley of the
town
of the
in the
Koyna
river near
days
The plateau down Mahableshwar was known in the The place is conof Shiva ji as the Nahar forest.
it is
sidered sacred as
the five
believed
the
that
it
is
the source of
important
rivers,
Krishna,
the
Yenna,
Gaj-atri
sea.
and
and
th^
Arabian
temple to the
god
and the
after
been
called
Mahableshwar
The
place
was considered
visit the
holy
and
a large
Jijabai
of pilgrims
used to
temple.
there with
Shivaji,
and attracted
of Balaji
by the beauty
asked
offer
for
the three
daughters
one
them
to be
married
as the
to
Shivaji.
More The
however
of
was declined
Mores
considered
Shivaji
themselves
When
the
was engaged
work
of
uniting
Mahratta
Once
again
Shivaji
was disappointed.
Baji Shainraj
It
is
also
believed
to
when he was
kill
appointed by
secretly.
Muhammad
Adil Shah to
Shivaji
of
The Mahratta
78
this
conspiracy
before
Mahad, and
The
fiist
busi-
release
of
Shahjee
was
against Balaji
More.
He
therefore tried
Jaoli
all
means
to
win him
Raja.
over.
He
visited
personally
and apthe
it is
believed
he
tried to
hand over
Shivaji to the
King
of
Bijapur,
When however but the latter managed to escape. he found all friendlv offers were refused he sent two
envoys, Ragho Ballal Atre and Sambhaji Kavaji with an
to join Shivaji at
daughter.
offer,
Mean-
This afford-
of
More and
his
and
the
envoys managed
to escape to
the jungles.
now
Balaji's brothers
who were
The sons
stout
deprived
of
of their
Raja.
Balaji
and his
But
minister
Hanmantrao
offered
resistance.
7J
The
minister
was
killed
in
action,
and
within
the
The
of
troops
of Jaoli
were
a
Shivaji
and
jahgir
with
the
strong fort of
Shivaji
his control.
found
large treasure,
Pratap-
There
at
is
stor}'
that
at
he built the
express
temple of
of
Bhawani
Pratapgad
live
the
desire
the
goddess to
was built round the temple under the supervision of Moro Pingle. Tne fort was built at the height of 1000 It occupies a very importfeet from the Koyna vallej'. ant position as it conmands the Mahad Ghat which is the Konkan and the Koyna the only pass between valley, and the occupation of this place connected
Shiva ji's old possessions with the territory newly conquered.
Relations
with
the
Mogbuls:
The
of the
Moghuls
districts
were
in their
of
the
King
of
Bijapur.
of the
Prince
Aurangzeb was
appointed
opportunity
Viceroy
the
Deccan
in 1G50.
He found an
in 1655.
of declaring
Mir Jurnlah,
prime
Abdulla
Kulb Shah
had a
SO
difference
on account
of his dissolute
son,
help,
zeb.
Muhammad Amin.
and
this
He
application
Sultan
Muhammad,
Aurangzeb,
Muhammad Amin
and
to
Mir
Jumlah's property,
Muhammad,
of
one
crort a year,
the
Emperor.
which was reduced by twenty lakhs by Mir Jumlah went to Delhi and was
of Vizier.
to
invade
might be annexed
to the
empire.
in finding
out a
pretext to
Bijapur.
Muhammad
his father at the
Adil
Shah Shah
of
Ali Adil
one
of
age
nineteen.
The
late
Dara Sukoh, which Aurangzeb did not like and was On his death therefore anxious to put him into trovole. Ali Adil Shah did not pay any homage to the Moghul
spite the
Emperor, or did not pay any compliments. Out of Moghuls circulated a rumour that Ali Adil was not the son of the late king, and that the Shah
Emperor
should
nominate
a successor.
War was
81
therefore declared against Ali Adil
on the part
to
is
Shah. This War, Moguls." says Grant Duff " appears have been made completely destitute of apology than commonly found, even in the unprincipled tran'
of the
sactions
of Asiatic
Governments.*
second
in
command.
Jumlah was army and Aurangzeb was put The Moghtil army marched upon
Mir
Kalyani, Bidar and Guiburga
The
Bijapur was besieged. was pressed with great vigour when Aurangzed received news of the serious illness of his hither in September. Shiva ji became an ally of Aurangzeb iu
siege
in
Aurangzeb had recognized his claims to his new conquests and sought bis co-operation in the war against Bijapur. But Shiva ji
although anxious to see the powers of Bijapur crushed
did not
look with
in the
in
favour
upon
the
advance
other
of
the
Moghuls
active
P<*ccan.
He
any
part
the
expedition.
On
the,
hand
when Aurangzeb was engaged iu Bijapur he attacked Junnar and Ahmadnagar most probably to weaken the
pressure upon Bijapur,
vigour of
the
This however did not affect the soon found that Sbivaji investment.
upon him.
giveness for
So he wrrte to Aurangzeb asking his forthe ravages upon the Voghul cities. Aurang-
zeb was preparing for the coming struggle for the throne.
He
to his request
provided he
S2
tained
to
faithful to
lii
recognise his
claims
further
conquest!)
in
the
territory of
the Adil
Shahis.
Shivaji's the
position
thus
became very
strong
when
With
.lanjini
(l<>5
A. D.)
The
left
with-
drawal
iree
to
of
Shivaji
lie
promote
his
plans
o:
Loiijiust.
strengthened
army
not
by
admitting
700 Pa than
army was
soldiers.
merely a body
but
it
of
hill
men and
of
inexperienced
trained
tylarathas,
consisted
The
and
'JLne
Bijapur
Government,
on
the
ween
the
foreign
bitter.
the
gradually
Abyssinian minister,
Khan Muwas
Shivaji
man
to
state.
Deccan.
His
of
first
objective
was
lo
to
Janjira.
Malik
Amber
officers
twenty miles
the
west
of
Rajgad
protect the
in
commerce With
Persian
gulf.
The
command of the navy were mainly AbyssiThe Mahrattas uians, who assumed the title of Sayad. After the fall of the Ahmadcalled these men Sidis. nagar Kingdom the island passed into the hands of the
So
Bftijapur
Government with
the
Abyssinian sailors.
At
of
Fateh Khan, an
Afghan
officer
Shivaji had
from
his subordinates,
in
very
beginning
of his.
adventures
watchful,
1646.
Since then
Fateh Khan
to
became
meet the
and was
thoroughly prepared
force
The command of the expeditionary Shamraj Nilkant the Peshwa Ranjakar. The Peshwa was not an able general, and Fateh Khan defeated his army and pushed him back. The disaster to the Mahrattas was great, and Shivaji made every effort to recover his position. He sent Kaghu Ballal Atre to supersede Shamraj in the comMahratta invasion.
was entrusted
to
mand, and
With
Khan.
he began
appointed
make
At
this
athern
Konkan
Bijapur
Bat soon afterwards they went over to the King of and broke off the alliance with Shivaji. The
of Shivaji
plans
had
of
to be
changed by an
altogether
unexpected turn
Af/.nl
events in Bijapur.
KhiinS Hissiun
news
joy.
of the repulse of
The
mind.
defeat
of the
in
his
He
called
his
meeting ami
K4
asked
them
:is
to
who
a
Mahraltu
rebels.
The
first
man
to
<t
volunteer was
the
Aizul
Khan.
of
He was
the
relative
King,
the
being
who was
At/ul
Superinten-
kitchen.
This
Khan
was
in
the
instigated Mustafa Khan to rise Shambhujee when Sfcahfee was under restraint at Bijapnr. He was fully acquainted with the country round about Jaoli. as he was once Governor of Wai,
Carnatic and
had
against
He was
and
the ablest
of the generals
i
of
Ali Adil
to
Shah*
the
undertook
rat"
ti
the
Durbar
or
alive.
capture
Mountain
consisting of
stifficient
stores
and ammuni-
He
started
from Bijapnr
Tuljapur,
the
ed north towards
sacred to
the
shrine
of
Bhawanu
the-
Bhonsle family.
He
desecrated
had
of
l>een
removed by
meanwhile taken up
Jaoli,
position at
the strong
fort
where he could
Afzul
oppose the
Bijapur army
effectively.
Khan
Jie
southwest, and crossed the Bhima at Pandharpur. There desecrated the temples and threw the image of
water.
The vandalism
of
of
Afzul
Khan wounded
he could
the
feelings
the
Mahrattas
and
not expect any sympathy from them. Froim i*andkarpur he marched to Wai through Rahimatpur.
So
He
and
for
sent
his
Dewan
Krishnaji
Bhaskat to Shivaji,
to
obtain
forgiveness
to
him from
in
all
Government,
and
confirm
invited
hire
the lands
to
he had
to
acquired.
He
the
him
At /.ul
to
come
Wai and
discuss
terms of
settlement.
Wai.
to meet Khan, but he said he was afraid of going to He was prepared to make the necessary arrangefor
Shivaji
ments
iJTaoli.
the
reception
of
the
Bijapur
General at
with
In
the
course
of
secret
that
interview
learnt
Aizul intended
of
no
of
intention
doing him
any service
henceforth
at
the
Court
guard,
Bijapur.
sent
Shivaji
was
Gopi-
on his
and
Pantoji
nath to Aizul
Khan
to
He made
provisions
'lie
the
along the
road for
the
army
as
well
General.
hi-
troops
behind
not be
-cen
by the
Bijapur
soldiers.
to
Krishnaji
Jmaskar
Alter a
started for
was
fully
onfidenl
able
to
strength
at
and bs.U^sd
any
place.
that he wouid be
crush
Valley
foot
Shivaji
IK reached
at
the
Pai-
koyna
nt
after SOnie
the
oi
Pratapgad.
that
86
he interview
:
rhould
\u1f
bee
the next
evening
at'
Shivaji was now in the midst of a crisis. If Ik were captured by Aizul Khan his ambition of building aMahratta State would be frustrated. He therefore
and Netoji
so posted
Pulkar.
be-
army
it treachery were attempted by Afzul Khan. Ikappointed his son vSambhujee his heir, and Netoji as his
regent
in
Last of
the
supreme moment
with
a
in
his
life.
lie
equipped
coat of
these
chain armour
things
was and a
gold-
steel cap.
He concealed
hand he
or timer's
a fixed
undei
a cloth
turban.
On
the fingers
known
right
Waghnakh
scorpion.
claws, and
his
sleeve
or
he concealed
meet
Afzul.
Khan accompanied by
Afzul
left liis of Krisanaji Bhaskar he and kept only three men with Www. The escort was reduced to twoas Shivafi had done.
him.
At the advice
at the request
of Shivaji,
he
the
in
his turn
leaving one
behind.
The meeting
of
two has
been variously;
37
descril>ed.
attacking Afzul
The Muharamadau writers describe Shivaji Khan with Wagknakh while going to
other.
embrace each
But the
Afzul
other version
is
that
when
Shivaji
approached
Khan
the
latter
ad-
and asked
such
a
how a
display
common
similar
befitted
of wealth in
Shamiana.
Shivaji
retorted
him
in a
was
the
too
display a and said that such him and not the sou of a cook. This much for Afzul Khan. He caught Shivaji on
language
neck under
his
left
arm.
and
thrust
his
head
him
of
the stomach,
of
sword.
Shivaji
of his
was on
the point
fainting
the
when he thought
raised his right
his left
divine mission.
for a
When
Khan
hand
second
arm round
stomach.
hi> waist
Tiie
Khan unloosed
the
latter
upon Shivaji
him
in
in bitter pain.
when
with
pierced
the
back
the
dagger.
Al'xul
K.han
then
gave
hun
severe
blow
on
the
the
steel
head,
cap,
turban and
from one
the
his
attendants
Khan on
resist
right
shoulder.
The
foa
Khan could
help.
not
any
further
in,
and called
tried to
His
attendants rushed
in
and
carry
him away
palanquin.
by the Mahrattas.
the signal
Afzul
Khan'sci
d
to
was cut
off
and
Bijapur
the troops
approach. The
a few escaped.
Hut the
It
those
spared.
is
said
that a
cavalry
including
to
Fazal
escape.
Muhammad,
The
war,
Afzul
Khan's son,
were
managed
rich,
strengthened
permitted
to
by
enlist
prisoners of
the
who
were
army.
The
historians
who
Muhammadan
Kven in com is
But
it
seems
the
other
version
of
doing away
with
greatest foe,
but
if
the
first
by Afzul Khan, then the charge maintained. The Hindu against Shivaji ^annot be
chroniclers agree in
the offensive,
Knan
took up
and
story
ut
Siiivaji
relating the
incident
to
xamuas
Hanmant
the
The
of
murder
Bijapur
of
Afzul
created
Khan
a
and
rout
at
the
army
consternation
jubilant,
Bijapur.
the
The
of
Mahrattas
Shivaji.
for
were
and
sang
praise
Jijabai
the
blessed
her
son and
thanked him
.Sambhujee.
avenging
The head
of the
s!)
on
the
top
of
the
hill
still
known
as
Af/.ul
Buruj or
tower
a-:
Khan. His sword was kept by Shivaji trophy and it has been handed to his descendants
of Af/.ul
down
Raja
.:
was
r.
Satara for
many
of
years.
Winter Campaign
1659H60
: Shivaji kept up
in
his
success by
invading
several forts
the
south
as
now
the
increased
by the men
he tried to
who had
the
Bijapur service,
of
and
by
maintain the
morale
to
arm}-
constant adventures.
tions
He wanted
into
the
march upon
the
the
army under
was
fought
and to The King had sent another command of Rustam Khan. A battle
Pauhala,
in
officer
Kingdom
near
completely
fort
defeated.
The
charge
of
the
had already
surrendered
Annaji Datto. The forts of Pavangad and Wasantgad fell afterwards. Rangna and Khelna were The name of the latter place was taken by assault.
of
it still
retains.
the
defeat of
carried
on
In
depredations up
the
gates
of
Bijapur.
plundered towns he
terror
in
levied
contributions
people,
andistruck
with
his
the hearts of
to
the
and
plunder he returned
that
any attempt
at
pursuit became
no
January,
there
L660, he
marched
directly
upon BLajapur on
levied
From
and
its
he
dependencies,
able
booty.
(VliAdU Shah's Supreme Effort -.The
defeat
of the
Bijaptir
Government
in
at
so
many
places
created a
consternation
laid
the
capital.
The old
the
field
factions
foe.
were
aside
to deal
with
such a formidable
in
The
king
contemplated
taking
person.
who had
in
distinguish-
ed himself
in
several
engagements
the
Carnatic
was
Afzul
selected
by
common
consent. Fazai
Muhammad,
Khan's son, was put second in command. Sidi Johar was directed to recover Panhala. Fateh
Khan
in
was ordered to begin his operations the same time as vSidi Johar would march niton Panhala. The Savants of Savantof
Janjira
the
Konkan
at
wadi,
who had by
this
time
to
broken
with Shivaji,
were asktd
harass him on
his south-
western frontier.
Shivaji
was thus
attacked on
three
sides,
and
on
his
part
for defence.
Ragho Ballal was sent against Fateh Khan. Abaji. Sondev defended the districts of Kalyan Pheemree.
Paji
Phasalkar, the commander-in-chief of the infantry r marched against the Savants. Moro Piugle w as put
in
charge
of
Purandhar
Sinhagad,
Pratapgad
and
91
the
adjoining countries.
himself,
harass
the
Sidi
Jchar,
approached the
the
fort.
Shivaji
the
fort.
made
But
no
attempt to prevent
Sidi
siege
of
wheV
Mavalis under
Neto;i used
the besiegers
this
come out of the ravines, and attack when they were off their guard. In
way heavy losses were inflicted. But Sidi Johar had a large army under him, and vigorously pressed
the siege
for
four
months
and
Baji
till
September,
1660.
Meanwhile
over R'agho
an even
died
in
fight
action.
retire
expected
that
Sidi
Johar
that the
WCUld
during the
rains,
but he
found
strong
and stubborn.
His provisions
in a
c*.
itical
position.
When
disaster
Shivaji
was
a
in
the
midst
t<>
of
grave
for
he
sent
in
messenger
Sidi
oi
asking
an
Sidi
interview
J*. l:;i
crdei
to settle tin-
terms
surrender.
granted
tie
request,
and an
interview
took
place
The
terms
011
of
surrender
minoi
at
were
almost settled
excepting
few
points.
to
They
retired
to their respective
in
camps
nighl
the
morning.
There was
by midnight
In
cessation
of
hostilities
and the
troops
slept in peace.
and
Panhala with
a hotly of
chosen troops.
through
thick
forests
towards
of the
enemy
got the
information
early in the
lie
morning, and
Fazal
Muhammad
at
left
went' in pursuit.
was about
Vishalgad,
a
to
when
,
small partj
to
towards Vishalgad,
He
told
Baji
Deshpandye
are
that
guns
as he
at
signal,
retire
as best
could.
Baji
Deshpandye waited
a
difficult task
for the
enemy
and
to
it
was
dislodge
Baji
from
this
Attack
led the
liter
attack failed.
At
in
last
Fazal
Muhammad
attack
up
the slope
person.
resist
The Gallant
any more.
fell
Baji
fell
Deshpandye
ed
lie
could
not
He
But while he
of
woundthat
heard
of
the
boom
guns
from Vishalgad
of the satisfaction
had done
his duty.
his
was carried by
flight
of
Shivaji
put
Sid'i
for
few da}
for
at a
village
Gajapuri
near
Vishalgad
few days.
Then he besieged
it
the fort.
as
sideof
eoukl
not be
invested
was
precipice
easily get
provisions from
fort
the
Konkan.
n side
The
failed,
attempt
as
to-
blow op the
destroyed
on the
eastet
Shivaji
Ali
the
Adil
SI. ah
got furious
to
the
i
second
S d
i
failure,
and
person
other
w?s induced
bribed by
believe
that
Joharthe
had been-
Shivaji,
He
then
took
field in
(Jamiarv.
1661).
l'anhala,
fell
Pavangad,.
and
neighbouring forts
of
into his
hands
in
quick succession,.
in
the
the
hands
Kinga.
On
the
approach
on
the
of
the
rains
withdrew
Chimulgi
Krishna.
Within
losses
of the
Kingdom
to
some
extent,
aid
expected to
the
Koakaa
Adil
Shivaji
Shah.
besieged
did
not
offer
any
in
resistarcc
to
Ali
He was
Dan da,
busy
the
a
Northern
Konkan.
a
He
Kajapuri,
lived.
town where
expected a
to
He
large
place,
and wanted
of
of
punish the
who
supplying
J::n;ira.
arms and
Sever;
1
ammunition
the
factors
ff
to be released aftei
hcav\ raUFOin.
;4
Atk'i
the
reduction
ol
Rajapuri
he
captured
jagh
Dalvi)
was
action,
and
the
was
look
annexed.
with
The Mahrattas of tliis state* [avow upon this conquest, and Shivaji had great
did not
in
difficulty
late
polygar
to
live
uudet
Government.
from
this
It
is
became more
the
the
religious
time.
He
to
accepted
Saint
and removed
a
temple
And
holy
henceforth he
life.
Fa teh Khan
still
remained
unsubdued.
Shivaji
now
laid
siege
to Janjira in
person.
to
naval base
off
Malwan, and
the
name
of
Sindhu
Durg.
He
and
prepared vessels in
all
Ghdrpatfe of
Mmlhol :-
The
news from
iu
his
operations
Johar
felt
and went
troubles
in
his
own
as to
jaghir.
There
the
were
could
fresh
the
Camatic
and
the
King
of
not
make up
At
this
his
mind
critical
moment
Savant
Savantwadi
95
offered
to
by
Baji
Ghorpade
a
Mudbol and
the
Bijapur army.
sent
and
Bahlol
The King went to the Carnatic. On receiving news at once marched to Vishalgad,
Savantwadi
from
which lay
received
between
and
Mudhol.
He
information
his father
that Baji
force.
GhorShivaji
with a small at Mudhol Mudhol without uelay. He took the place by surprise. Baji Ghorpade and his sous were all The King sent Khawas Khan to killed in action. support Bahlol Khan. But the new army was intercept-
pade was
went
to
id
on
the
way and
sent
back
to
Bijapur.
Mudhol
and
all the
riches carried
away by
Shivaji's troops.
At
first
he went
his
estate.
He
Hindu
of
rebels of
the Doab.
at
to
He was
suppress
appointed in
the
.
command
lint
an army
the
last
rebellion,
he helped
at
rebels to correspond
with
Shivaji.
He was
to
assassinated by his
own
soldiers.
then threw
recalled
to
off
their
allegiance
king.
The
were
Khan and
the
Khawas
in
Khan
south.
suppress
rising
the
left to
themselves.
attacked by Shivaji,
and unable
to
stand
of thai
igainst
him-
Red to Goa.
threatened by
chiefs.
tion,
But
the Portur&ues'e
to
place
when
Shiva ji hfd
surrender
to
a
Qie Savant
They
wee
thus reduced
h el pi ess condiof
mercy
ShivajL
Deshmukhi
fort of
The
and the
own country
supply
for
He
with
also
forced
the Portuguese
to
him
giving
muskets,
with
Kijurmr
(1662)*The King
of
Bijapur
began
policy
to realise
of
that
it
was
of
hostility
of these
against the
His
bitter
experience
of the
feel the
strength
Mahratta
movement.
was no longer
energies of a
of
hut he directed
'.he
nation to attain
ifi
independence.
the
The King
All
Bijapur
now
he
,
had
th*
allies
painful
his efforts
have
failed.
His
have
the
killed,
and
his troops
have
lost
their
continuous defeats.
Muhammad,
of settlement.
117
his
jaghir
in
the
Carnatic,
as
ait
accompanied by
his
son, Venkoji.
He went
.arbitrator
Tuljapur,
Shlngna-
-pur and Pandharp.fr, and then he proceeded to meet his The meeting of the father and the sou son at Jejuri. full of pathos. Shivaji after such a long time was
did not
sit
before his
father
ride
a horse
From
Jejuri
they went
were
settled.
demands
not
time.
Shivaji
in
full,
from
the
lie
Bijaj.nr
The governuent
oath
life-
were granted
to attack
and
Look
solemn
the
latter
kingdom
in
in his father s
ruler of the
untry
in the
north and
l'homla
south,
and
Dabhol
in
the west
and Indapur in
in
the
east
The whole
territory
was
length about
at its greatest
Janjira
it
important forts
It is
at
and
the
Kuiri.
'! R:iiri
Mahratta
Shivaji,
make it the capita] of The suggestion was accepted by and Abaji Sondev was appointed to fortify the Every efforl was made to rciulry it impregnable
suggested to
vState.
Shahjee
>
The name
The
ttnited
of the place
was changed
of
into
Rayjjad.
scattered
forces
Maharashtra
for
in
were now
Shivaji
af'.er
strenuous efforts
iti
16
years.
1646,
and
was
recognised
T>y liis
t<
qttondum king.
see
was
proud
race
privilege of Shahjee
bis on liberating
his
from the
thrahiorn
of
foreign
rulers,
It
and restoring
a matter
was also
to
Iiim
that
for his
master.
99
CHAPTER
VIII.
The MoghulJInvasion.
Shaista Khun's Expedition. The treaty with the
of
king
had practically recognised t e formation The Mahr^ttas upof an independent Mahratta State. to the borders of Goa had come under the flag of Shivaji, but in tbe northern part of the Deccan some
Bijapitr
districts
were
still
tttider
the
Moghul Govtrnment
of
his:
Delhi.
vShivaji
was busy
1661.
in
the
Kalyan
treaty he
the
Konkan
in
May
Netoji
was free to deal with the Moghuls and sent Palkar ami Moro Pingle to plunder the Moghul
from
territories
Pingle occupied a
the
gates of Auraugabad.
of these
depredations
and
Khan, Viceroy
force
his
of the
Deccan,
to lead
an expeditionary
against the
recently
Mahrattas, and to
forts
*
deprive Shivaji of
territories.
acquired
and
With a big army Awir- ul Tviara Shaista Khan marched towards I'oona and Chakan. He left Auraugabad in charge of Mnnitaz Khan. Shivaji at that
-
But
on the
approach
of
the
Khan occupied
of
Jadtv
l-'ao
Sindkheii
100
in
charge
for
of
the
feJui
to
provide sup-
plier
the
army.
of
usual
method
The
however lo stand before the Moghul Poona and Shiva pur fell into the hands avalanche, vShaista Khan took up his position at of the enemy.
possible lor them
Poona.
Defence of Chakan
:
-From Poona
Chakan
in
he sent
recou-
the occupation of
to
order
to
keep the
road
Junnar
clear.
of
was commandant
resistance
that fort,
and he offered
a stout
Moghul army. The small garThe besieging army rison held out for fifty -six days. was harassed by the cavalry of Netoji Palkar. The
against the
heavy
charge
rains
of
in
the
Sahyadris
also
rendered
Inspite
the
the
Moghuls
ineffective.
of all
day a bastion which had been mined was blown up and "stones, bricks i nd men flew into The Moghuls the air like pigeons" (KhafiKhan).
on
the
fifty
-sixth
rushed
in but the
and maintained
their
posi-
Unable
further
Phirangoji
morn-
ing.
Shaista
Khan
received him
with
honour, and
offered
him
a post in the
Moghul
101
was
in
too
proud
to accept
of
these offers.
soldier,
Shaista
Khan<,
admiration
this
gallant
his
allowed
him
and
the survivors of
garrison to return
to Sliivajr
who
ties
Bhupalgad.
in this
Khan
estimates the
Moghul casual-
engagement
at 900,
The
lorts.
difficulty in
reducing
Shaista
hill
Khan
character of the
But
mouutaemperor
He
Maharashtra an easy
Amir-iil-I'mra
of
affair.
strengthen
the
he
sent
Raja
Jaswant
Shaista
in
Singh
Jodhpur with
his
a large reinforcement.
Khan
iti
after
return
residence
the
for
the house
by Dadaji Kcndpossible
de-v
He had taken
surprise by
precauPatrols
tions
the Mahrattas.
ipnud Poona. Tht pass of tre Katraj Ghat which leads to Sinhgad was strongly guarded. No <ne was allowed to enter Poona without a passport.
were posted
The Marath3
re
horsemen
in
were
dismissed,
but
ihere
some Muiathas
the
the infantry.
This suggested
In
to
Shiva ji
>,
means
planned
of
entering
Poona.
April*
Shivaji
to lend
an
at'.aek
ot
A Mahratta
obtained
foot
soldier in [he
for
army
permission
marriage party
through
Poona.
102
tliis
party.
large
army was posted outside the city He was fully acquainted with
Pooua,
familial
and outs
of
and
the
residence of
Shaista
Khan was
his
After
placing
his
men
Tanaji
in
several
the
city
Shiva ji,
20
with
Malusare,
the
Yesaji
servants
the
women's
apartments.
a
But
effecting
their entrance
General and
The General
however
took no notice
freely
till
used his
bow
party had entered. He and and arrows and killed Marathas. While looking down the Meanwhile thumb was cut off.
Shivaji's
more Marathas had entered the palace. Abdul Fateh Khan, the son of the General, tried to resist the attack and killed two or tlnee men, but he in turn was killed. The general in ihe meanwhile had escaped to a safe place with the help of some maid-servants.
An
old
nobleman
of his
party
was trying
to
escape
for
by a rope
ladder.
him
head.
Under
fled off
the impression
task
as .quickly as
possible.
The men
the
103
back and when they had reached the Katraj Ghat blazing torches were fastened to the trees to deceive
the
of
Moghuls.
the
at
the fool
pass
to Sinhgad. Next and his men time morning Shaista Khan vainly attempted to take the
retreat
fort.
Shivaji opened
in
fire
retired
confusion.
the
way
by
the
Muhralta
under
Kadtoji
off
Ouzar.
balance.
The
disaster
threw
Shaista
Khan
his
of treachery
and
by Shivaji.
off to
Aurang-
charge
of
Chakan and
Junnar. The Emperor was about lo leave for Kashmir when he leceived the letter of Shaista Khan, and recalled both Jaswant Singh and the Amir-ul -Umra
Afterwards he
of
appointed Shaista
placed
Khan
governor
in
Bengal,
and
Jaswant
Singh second
command
in the
Mauzzim.
S.K'K of
(July, 1663 J.
Sunit
(,l;inu;ir\, 1((>4)
an ineffective attempt
to invest
main army
while
lichest
retired
to
to
planning
attack
cue
stands
ol
the
Moghul
tnvns.
This
town
on the
101
rirer
focal
Tapti
tradition
in
South
Grtzerat.
According
to*
.
the
and
called
after
his
of
Suraj.
It
nence on account
fmift a
geographical
in 1512.
it
The
The King
of Gu/.eiat.
protect
Akbar conquered Surat in 1573, and made a treaty with the Portugese. wtlO became the chief merchants of thepfaee.
Fn
Hut with
the
the
fall
of
the
power
in
of
Portugal.
Ettrope
Portugese possessions
India
were
per-
mission
to the
Dutch
to huild a factory in
in 16J.8.
a fac-
The English
tory \u L612,
in
164.?.
also obtained
These
merchants made
the
Surat
the
lichest
emporium
to
Moghul
Empire.
Shivajh
planned
help himself
with
the riches of
Surat.
He
of
reducing the
Portugese there.
Surat..
all
his
real
intention
was
to
march
Meanwhile
ol
his
spy.
P.ahirji
Xaik,
the
Shivaji
the
disguise
mendicant
explored
roads
a
to
South-
Guzerat.
Thus
fully
prepared he made
rapid
march
o';
with
vnirat,
4i)oii
horse,
and appeared on
the
outskirts
on January 5,1664.
The Moghul Governor asked the help, of the Dutch and the English merchants to defend the town.
could
not
render
factories.
any
assistance
except
defending their
own
The governor
made
no
into
efforts
to
protect
the
inhabitants
in
who
river
fled in fear
the
boats.
On
and
the
his
_i.it
other
hand he went
For six days
inside
the
castle
walls withcity,
men.
Shivaji
sacked the
immense wealth.
01
He
European merchants on account of their On receivin.; news of the approach of strong defence. a Moghul army the Marhatta chief retired on Jamrary
tories
the
10.
The
treasure
he brought
to
Raigad
as
safely
as he
ha~d started
on
:of
his expedition.
IX-iitli
of Shiihjcc
On
his return
received
il
the
news
by the
of
Bijapur
Government
in the
to
the
rfeoellion
some nobles
of
Doab
Tungresist-
bhadra.
ance.
The Chief
Shahjee
Bednore offered
in
succeeded
While he
was
his
encamped
buck
Basavapatan
he
went out on
black
hunting.
in
its
buck
the
was
en-
wounded by
the
arrow and
fell
following
foreleg
tell
victim
horse of Shahjee
in
by
being
tangled
some
neck,
his
creeper.
Shahjee
the
headlong and
his
broke
his d
ami by
life
time
attendants
1664).
him
had
expired
(January,
of the accident,
ami he hastened
tin-
The Bijaput
vernmeitt
in
recognition
of
the
services
of
the
dead general confirmed the fief of Bmgalore and Tanjore on his son Venkoji, Shivaji on receiving
the
news
of
his
father's
death,
was
thrown
to
into
deep
affliction,
avenge
Doab
in
his
life
while
engaged
Doab expedition.
Government,
He
accident, as
grant from
a
the
Bijapur
memorial temple.
in
service
in
Government.
the
making
of
the
that
Mahratta history
not
to
be
overlooked
on
was
bay
of a
fcr
high order.
He
kept
the
Moghul army
affairs
at
sometime and
managed
the
of
the
Ahmadnagar Kingdom as a regent. His services to the Bijapur Government were iny a luable. He brought
order
in
the
affairs
in
of
the southern
provinces,
and
when advanced
to
suppress
the
rising
the
Doab.
The
later
relations between
the Bijapur
were the
diplomacy.
direct
result
of
his
could
trained
Mussalman
His attempt
Ahmadnnger
107
Kingdom
armies
failed
as
he
was
opposed
by
the
of the
assumed
necessity
an
hostility.
Shivaji
gained
by the failure
of
king
to
exercise
power and
authority.
Mahratta could do
and
sou
the
oppression
era for
foreign
governments.
He
the
heralded a
new
of
the
Mahrattas.
The honour
by
his
in
of liberating the
Mahrattas
foundation
Mahratta
held
the
power was
character
letter
laid
father.
Shivaji
of
his father
very high
esteem.
In
to
his
brother, Yenkoji,
How
per-
all
difficulties,
form great actions, escape all dangers by his spirit and resolutiou and acquire a renown which he
maintained to the
of his father
last.''
was proud
before his
and kept
his
tyes.
assumed the
as
a
title
conferred
of
on his
grand -father
Ahmadnagar, and
which
he had
mark
his
independent
own name.
in
His
built
plunder-
ing the ships from the M>jfiul ports, and the pilgrims
1(8
to
Mfecca
were forced
with
the
Interference
the
drew
the
attention
of
Delhi
and the
Bijapur
Governments.
Attraugze*b
and appoint-
ed
in their
place
Mir/i
of
Dilere
ot
Khan.
ports on
He
as
also
repulsed
upon
his territory
by
the Bijapur
He went
time.
as
far
south
ing expedition,
-and
an offensive
Jay Singh
SUbdtlC
Bijapur.
ids
absence.
Aurangzeb
with
arrears
had
sent
to
and
Dilere
Khan
exact
instructions
of
.Shivaji
and
to
tribute
from
The two generals arrived in the Deccan 1665. They began their operations in Pmandhar. The fort was invested by Dilere Khan and Jay Singh blockaded Sinhgad. I'urandhar was
in
April,
defended by
Murar
Baji.
Prabhu
1,000
by
caste.
The
garrison consisted of
karis.
about
Murar
Baji
bravery.
killed
A
his
large
number
of
Moghul troops
fort
were
by
by
men.
The lower
was
carried
Moghuls by mining one of the bastions. Ihit tin advance of the troops was held by the stout resistance of the Hetkaris ami tin- Mavalis. At la'sl
the
Murar
Baji
killed
hv Dilere Khan.
into
The
fort
Mahtatta
soldiers
now
letreated
the
upper
of
Rudra Mai,
Dilere
Khan He
pressed on
with
his
attack.
Shivaji held
nsultation
tion.
principal
the
told
also
sought
the
goddess
Jihawani.
The goddess
Netoji Palkar,
hiin
that
would not
of
Singh.
also
at
The
a
commander
his
At
with
attacks from
Bijapur.
tions
At
with
an
armistice.
He
Raghunath Pant
Jay Singh
with
view to
The Mirza Raja assured the agent of Shivaji that he would procure pardon from the emperor and would grant him favours when he sui rendered. On receiving this assurance Shivaji
presented himself
received by the
before
Jay Singh
in July,
ami was
general
went
to Dilere
keys of
Khan in Purandhar. won his sympathies by presenting the gate with his own hand. The
peace
terms of
wards.
Shivaji
lie
the
were
settled
shortly
after-
was
in
forced lo give
up
He
surrendered
all
Pur&ndhax except
yielding;
110
fln
I*
income
be
of
lakhs
<>f
rupees.
He
promised'
tin-
Moghul emperor and not to plunder His son. Shambhujee was [tnperial made a mnnsuMar of 5, COO, and he and Neloji
faithful to the
dominions.
Palkat were
to
attend
Deccan,
which
might be asked
*
him.
of
Shivaji
was
in
lakhs
3
rupees) in
Thal-Konkan and
lakhs
/inns
Kalaghat Bijapuri
when
these
lands would be
con-
quered from the State of Bijapur. In return Shivaji to pay 40 lakhs of linns to the Emperor promise
1
in
Some
writers
state
on the authority
vn Bijapur. Prof Jadunath Sarkar denies this claim on the authority of the Persian documents. {Modern Revinc.
July
1916
.
Aurangzeb's
letter
to
Shivaji confirming
to the
the terms
of
settlement contains
letter of
no reference
Chauth. The
also
set
is
The
claims were
forth
the petition
Shivaji,
any importance
Sardcshmnkhi.
to
the
claims relating to
Chaiith
and
The
knowing
its
meaning,
to
such an arrangement.
Ill
The
rank
of
treaty
a
of
to
the
Moghul Empire.
greatly
The
mortified at
terms
of
the treat}'.
of
The
ambition
State
the
Mahratta
was
the
time being.
now was
Bijapur.
spirit of
to follow
the
Although such
Shivaji
80 long he had
was
in
armies separately.
alliance with
and
in
his
campaigns
against Bijapur he
was on
friendly
Moghnls.
the fronts.
Now
he had
The
now
the
free
to
attack
Bijapur.
Delhi since
withdrawal
txpto
of
of
Muhammad
Tughlak.
Akbar
conquered
the
in
Jehan reduced
Kingdom
the
Ahmadnagar.
Deccan
had a strong desire to reduce the Kingdoms <>i Bijapur and (b)loonda in order to extend the imperial swa\ Into Southern India and to become the supreme master
of India, of
tin-
Shivaji
his
operations
Against
The
latter
joined
the
8000 infantry.
Moghul army with _'000 horse and He reduced l'lialtan the fief of the
the
fort
of
Thatwadn
sent
Kt
the
sojth-east.
He
was then
in
south-
wards
attack
the
Konkan, and
the
first,
Panhala.
The successes
recognition
a
of
Shivaji in
operations received
A handsome
ment
fell
dress and
a
from
congratulatory
The
invest-
failure,
and Shivaji
Netoji
Yeshalg;ad.
Palkar,
commander
and
of
the
Dilere
Khan had
reached
After
already pro-
any
resistance
till
they
had
Mangalveda,
a week's siege
after
two months'
reached
Adtl Shahis.
at
this
AH
to
Adil Shah
repel
made
strenv.ous exertions-
stage
the
supplies cut
to
called
Shivaji
come
into
t>
came
the
bands
of
the
Imperial
forces.
Anrangzeb
wrote
in
a second
that letter
letter inviting
bim
to
come
to the
Court.
Irt
assured him
Shivaji
hospitality
and leave
Jay
to return
soon.
all of
them advised
Singh guaranteed
him
safety
to
and sent
Ram
Singh, to
accompany
him
the court.
Shivaji
business of
Pingle,
made arrangements for the conduct of the his kingdom in his absence. Moro Trimat
Regency.
as to
Council
The
to
officers
were
given
full
instructions
how
Jijabai
carry
on the business of
government.
his wives
was entrusted the care of Ram. His eldest accompanied him to Agra. He also son, Sambhujee, took with him 1000 infantry and 30C0 horse. Some of his principal officers, including Raghunalh T'aut,
To
and
Kadtojyiktzar, Yesaji
among
was
some
officer
his
attendants.
a
of
march
Agra.
of
some weeks
Ram
his
Singh
arrival.
Emperor
that
inform
of
Shivaji
expected
high
he
would
instead
be
received by
officer.
But
an
to
ordinary
named
the
Mukhlis
Khan was
felt
sent
conduct
at
at
this
him
time.
to
court.
Shivaji
humiliated
treatment,
but
the
oi"
his
and the
citv
was
full
of
114
activity.
While
of
in the
ed nazar
rupees
royal
iu
30,000
all
(May
12,1060).
He was
this
directed
by
command
a pani-hazari.
The
as a
deliberate
insult, as his
were already
his
He
expressed
Ram
dismissed him
without conferring
any mark
to
of
the
Imperial favour,
X*
taken to a
of
house outside
the
near
the
house
Raja Jay
forbidden to
come
to
the
Royal
When
Shivaji's Escape.
Shivaji
was
practically in a state
a
petition
of
confinement at Agra.
He
sent
through
Raghunath Pant, reminding the Kmperor of"iis promises and the assurances given to him by Raja Jay
Singh.
He
and
and
promised
Golconda.
jaghir,
every assistance
reducing
Bijapur
He
asked permission to
go back
to his
and
to let
totheDeccan.
reply.
The emperor
allowed
his
any
return
felt
definite
He
and
attendants to
Shivaji
but
kept
Shivaji
under
restraint.
awfully
mortified
115
While
at
the acquaintance
of
exchange
presents with
them as a mark of friendship. Once he wan reported to %e ill, and after some days it was given out that he had
recovered.
After recovery he
to
obtained' permission
to>
.send sweetmeats
Brahmaus, Faquirs
for
and
to
his
friends.
For
this
baskets.
The presents passed out of his house Meanwhile he had sent two or three
wait
city.
days together.
horses
to>
swift
for
him
from
the
take
in
them
of the
horses
already sent
advance. One
on
his
finger to
"Shivaji
marched
towards Muttra
course
of the night,
vShivaji
had
gone a
long way.
runaway
guise of a
whiskers.
made for the chief. At Muttra Shivaji took up the dismendicant, and shaved his beards and From Muttra he went to Benares, and
close
search was
behind
in
named
Khrishnaji
Vishwanath.
December
1660,
months.
by
his
Shortly
safely brought to
him.
and
his
mother
the boy.
custody
of
: The
the
spared
Shahis.
pains to
reduce
capital
city
of
the
Adil
devastated.
found
for
Imperial
the other
armies
was thoroughly was to be or fifty /cos round about. The suffered for want of supplies. On
or fodder
hand
the
King
L
of
Golconda
had sent
6,000 cavalry
and 25,000
the
infantry
in aid of Bijapur..
The
troops.
When
fell
Moghul
army was
Singh
sent a
reduced
to-
such a
and
Dilere-
Khan
back on Dharur,
and
despatch to*
The Emperor directed the generals to cease operations. Jay Sing was to proceed to Aurangabad and Dilere directed Raja Khan was recalled to the Court. Jay
the Emperor
describing the situation.
Singh ence
raised
to
the
siege
of
Bijapur
All
in
obediforts
the
Imperial
orders.
the
he-
had
conquered
were
abandoned,
except
Lohgad,
Such guns as could be carried away were removed from the forts. The forts were then given up to plunder, aud were set orb
Sinhgad
and
Furandhar.
117
fire.
Aurangabad.
The news
this
Shivaji's
escape
from
Agra
had
by
time
He
and
his
Em-
;peror.
The
of
failure
of
the Bijapur
escape
General.
-suspicion
Rajput Shivaji brought discredit on the Aurangzeb recalled him from the Deccan on
of
his
complicity
died on
the
The
veteran
12,1567^,
soldier
way
at
Burhanpur (July
Prince Muazzim
the
was now
and command. Raja Jaswaut Singh was placed second Dilere remained for sometime in the Deccan, and was
Governor
of
Deccan
in
great portion of
was
the
The old forts were repaired The new Viceroy of the Deccan mood to pursue hostilities against
acquaintance
at
Shivaji.
of
Mahratta chief
of
when
he was
Agra, and
became one
his
enthusiastic admirers.
treaty
was
Aurangzeb
was prevailed upon to agree to terms very favourable to Shivaji. The title of Raja was conferred upon
hiin.
Sharabhujee
in
ghit
118
of
liis
The
districts,
of Poona,
forts of
Chakan.
Purandhar
ot
The
services
of Prince
ment.
Muazzim
very
in
pursuance
of the
It is
difficult
to explain
It
Aurangzeb
himself for
this matter.
may
he that he wanted
more vigorous
attack
later
on.
to
Pnt
that he would
design
-early
is
not conceivable.
3668.
this
ratified
in
letter
to
Shiva if,
dated the 24th February 1668, gave his approval to the terms of settlement.
Shortly afterwards about the middle of the year a treaty was also concluded between the King of Bijapnr and the Emperor. Aii Adil Shah surrendered Sholapur and territory yielding 18C,000 pagodas.
Shivaji pressed on Jaswant Singh his claims to Chauth
and Surdeshmukhi in both Bijapur and Golconda. Although the claims were not fully recognished the
Bijapur Government promised to pay an ajanual reve-
nue
of
of three and half lakhs of rupees, and the King Gclconda agreed to pay five lakhs. So for the
first
Kingdoms agreed
to
pay
an
<.xtraord;nary
ing
peace
his entire
the Civil
Government
of his
Kingdom.
lis
CHAPTER
1668
to
:
IX.
The Restoration.
1674 A. D.
Reconquest of Sinhqart
For about
with
two years
the
after
Moghuls
in
Shivaji was busy in organising his governThe reforms he introduced and the order and discipline he enforced in the army were as important as his work cf liberation of the Mahratta nation.
1668 A. D.
ment.
For
the
in
the
prosperous..
The peace however was interrupted by Auraug/eb in 1670 A. D. The Kmperor suspected that Prince
Muazziru was plotting his overthrow and that he
was
in
order
the
purpose.
He
this
to
prince
the
apprehend
were
reached
vShivaji,
Pratap
officers.
Rao
Guzar and
the
principal
Mahratta
recived
Before
official
orders
by
of
the the
Prince
informations
intention
privately,
hud
him
Emperor's
ami
he had warned
Pratap Rao
Guzar
was too
vShivaji
late for
the
Prince to capture
Mahrattas.
could
>
stand by
the terms
of
120
was
to
was only
temporising measure.
The small
State- of the
Mahrattas
the
was not
defensive.
at
likely
to
exist
by simply remaining on
view
to
rattas
declare
to
hostility.
On
the
of
present
order
seize
the person
them.
earnest,
the the
work
of
territory
from
Moghuls.
His
first
object
was
to
obtain
forts
possession of
obstructed
his
Sinhgad
and
Purandhar.
to
These
communications
Chakan
and
There
Poona,
is
and
garrisoned.
that
a ballad in
the expedition to
Sinhgad
was
undertaken
of
the
fort
instance of
Jijabai.
The
soldier
it
commandant
the
named
the
Ude Bhan,
It
is
and
it
was was
on
the
a celebrated
believed that
the
was
of
impregnable.
situated
eastern
side
Saihadri range,
hills
near
point
where
It
the
is
Purandhar
connected
branch
these
off into
the
Deccan.
with
hills
on
lis
the east
and
west
by
very
narrow
ridges.
north
are rugged,
is
with an
ascent
of
half a
this
a steep
precipice of 4o feet
above
height
There and
this
the
strong
walls
of
the
fortress
stand' above
121
precipice.
is
The
fort
is
triangular,
and
its
boundary
it
in (length.
Entrance
into
its
is
From
summit
to the
of the
Neera
north.
A
in
in the
Poona
in
stands
midst
of
this
plain,
and
the
lies
midst
of the
mountains
west
Raigad.
Tanaji
Malusare
started
from
this place
in
the
month
of
February on the
ninth night
of the
dark
half of the
his brother.
They approached by the western gate known Suryaji. The troops went bj* different as the Kalyan gate. paths, andjeached a place which was least liable to
discovery.
escalading.
Tanaji
adopted
the Mahratta
device
of
He
fifty
fastened a rope
ladder
along
the
Dongri
cliff
When
broke.
only about
men had
with
climbed
the rope
The
gallant
fifty
Tanaji
at the
head
silently
approached the
surprise.
the guards
by
700 men.
They entered two other gates by killing about By this time Ude Bhan was prepared \S> meet the Mahrattas, and was engaged in a fierce
The brave Mavali
soldier
fell
have been overpowered but for the timely an \a. of the rest of the army. Soon the garrison was slaughtered
was
hoisted.
Five cannons
V2'2
were
fired to
announce
the
occupation of
to
the
fort.
wShivaji
came
17.
to the place
(Feb.
Mnlusare
1670). On seeing the dead body of Tanajt who was his comrade since childhood, and
who had
fought so
"
fort
but
have
silver
The
soldiers
was
appointed-
commandant
of the fort
of
Sinhgad.
One month
occupied without much resistance. By the end of June Maholy, Kurnalla and Lohgad were taken. But Shivaji
met with repulse at Shivneri, the place of his which he was very anxious to recover. He
island Fateh
position.
birth,
and
met with
of the-
to
to
The
by the
occupied
Mahrattas, and
island.
governor was
He
Bijapur
any
from
lying
fleet
possessions
were
between
The Mahratta
Fateh
Khan
had no other alternative than to surrender. He waswilling to give up Janjira if only Shivaji allowed him and his garrison to go free. Shivaji agreed to
these
terms.
of the
But before
Fateh
Khan could
island.
avail
himself
ment by
the
The
leaders-
U'3
of the Abyssinian party, Sidi Sambal, Sidi
Sidi to
Yakut and
of
Surat
rsland as
ment.
dependency
fleet
the
Delhi
in
Govern-
The Snrat
fleet
was despatched
in
response to*
the appeal,
and acting
sinian
The
Second Suck of
the
of
Snrat : Shivaji
was not
the
man
the
to forget
In
city
beginning
October he
with
an army,
15,000 strong.
He
reached Snrat
on
fled
'
The Enropean merchants defended their own factories. The English obtained peace by sending some presents to Shivaji. The Dutch factory was not molested as it was lying in a retired part of the city. The French also were spared as
on the
first
occasion.
Prince
of
valiantly
protecting a seraglio,
which was
reported to contain
much
treasure.
considerable
Alter three
of
left
The Prince fled at night leaving a amount of silver and gold to the Mahrattas.
left
days Shivaji
immense value.
a
letter
away he
the
city
12
for
he
inhabitants
of of
lakhs
escape
further plunder.
124
The party took the main road from Surat to Munchiu near It had passed Kunehin Chandore when it was followed by a Moghul detachAurangabad.
ment from
larger
body
the
oppose the
Mahrattas
the
Nasik
pass.
Shiva ji
the
booty
the
was
sent
in
advance.
at
harassed
Moghnls,
and
whelmed and
resistance.
the
was
ront.
over-
The
The money he
his
was employed
in strengthening
military position.
He
prepared
large
army and
a big fleet,
and
made
a display of
Khau-
state of
affairs in
that
province,
and sent
them
to
1670). Several
tributions
led the
were
levied.
believed
of
that
Shivaji
incursions in person.
The town
village
to
Kurinja was
severely
plundered.
The
authorities
on the
his
Shivaji and
one -fourth
of the in
Shivaji
promised
return
spare
these
villages
125
to
protect
of
them
in times
of
of
danger.
the beginning
the exaction
chantk in a
levy
is
Moghul province.
clear from
The
of
object of such a
very
the terms
villages..
Shivaji not
raids
only saved
places
from Mahratta
protection.
Moro Pant
through
including
the country
torts,
the
took
several
Salheir.
He
Jawhar
and forced
the
Kohvau
The Moghuls
those
raids,
did
not
offer
strong resistance
that
to-
Prince
Muazzim was
Shivaji.
There was no
in
-doubt a deficiency
at the
the
Moghul army
for
the
Deccan
time,
and
applications
further
reinforcedesire
ments went
to strengthen
troops.
unheeded.
the
The Emperor
the
did not
position of
Prince
by sending
When
the capital
news of continued disastei s reached Jaswant Singh was recalled, and Mahabat
the
at
Khan came
general was
the
head
of
40,000
men.
The Battle
onset Mahabat
of Salheir
1672
: In
the
first
rush
of his
Khan
retook the
forts ol
Aundha and
in to
monsoon
set in the
MosJiuls went
L26
cantonments, and
tillate in -the
they did
not
I
ensuing season.
tlie
operations
laid siege to
Chakan
Salheir.
011I3'
and
oilier half
of
army
invested
The
consisted oi
store
of provisions
the
fort.
party
of
Cttt
horse sent
to
to
reinforce
the
garrison
Shivaji
was
pieces-
by the Pathans.
the
fort
and
sent
.(.fU/.ar
with
20,000 horse.
of
On
to
receiving the
the
approach
directed
this
strong
Mahratta force
Khan
Iklas
Iklas. his
Khan
army.
to
greatest part of
Pratap
Rao
confronted
the-
Khan, who
tried
two columns
in
of the
Mahratta army.
Pratap
time to support
the
army attacked
twelve hours.
the
Moghuls.
throwing
Moghul army
2,0C0
killed, or
disorder.
Iklas
with only
either
men
out of 20,000.
It is
taken prisoner.
horse,
T
125
elephants
fell
and
into
large
the
hands
the victors.
The
result of the
of
great success
was
the
abandonment
of the siege
Salheir.
Duff, "
was
in
the
troops,
a fair
against the
Moghuls,.
187
;and contributed greatly to the renown
of the
Mahrattas."
a
veteran
soldier,
and
defeat
of
the
prestige
the
"Mahrattas.
large
of
Bijapur
the Mahratta
and army.
number of soldiers left the service Delhi and sought admission into
The
European Factories
During the
rains
of
1672
Kohvan in the northern Konkan. The same year he demanded tribute from The latter refused the Portugese at Daman and Salsette. an attempt to take the to pay and vShivaji made
Shivaji conquered parts
of the
fort
of
Gharabandar
failed
in
in
the
island of Salsette.
The
Mahrattas
settlers
their
object.
But
the
English
and sought peace. They had recently obtained possession of Bombay, of England got the island as a King Charles II
at
Bombay
got
frightened
dowry from
then
the
King
of
Portugal
in
1C61.
It
was
an insignificant
families.
place inhabited by
only eleven
it
Portugese
distance
Unable
to
manage
from a
-Company
King Charles transferred it to the Hast India The headquarters of the company in 1668.
at
was
still
Sural.
The
position
of
Bombay
to
as
shelter for
the vessels
of the
south-west
monsoon
the
suggested to
there.
Gerald
But
Aungier
the
headquarters
until
transfer
made
1674.
The English
did
not
hostility
with Shivaji as
Bombay depended
128
supplies
upon
but
the
the
Mahratta
territory.
to
On
sefcking
join
to
Shivaji against
they
plea
managed
for
avoid
this
request on
of their
Rajapuri
in
1661.
neutrality, The English damages for the plunder Shivaji was willing to pay
000 pagodas
when
they
would again
settle
there.
This the
till
they were
indemnified.
at the time.
The
Loss
recalled
disaster
of
Danda
Rajapuri
prince
Bahadur Khan Koka, afterwards Khan Jahan Bahadur was then appointed Viceroy of the Deccan, with Dilere Khan as second The new Viceroy did not venture on in command.
known
as
uny
offensive
operations
of
against
the Mahrattas,
but
defence by blocking
up the
Ghats,
raids
his
so that the
Mahrattas might
not
carry their
into
Khandesh. Dilere
offensive.
a strong
with
Bahadur Khan. The Mahrattas cunningly turned from Khandesh and raided the country between aside
encamped
monsoon.
The Viceroy failed tomeasures against such raids, and Pairgaom on the Bhima during the
129
Shivaji went
on an expedition against
Golconda
when Bahadur Khan was taking rest. The King of Golconda had sent his army to recover the little town
of St.
Thorns
This
of
in
the
a
Coromindel
taken
Coast from
the
French.
the
wis
and
King
Golconda
had
it
by force
in
1669.
The French invested the place by sea and turned away the Golconda garrison. The King had sent his troops against the French when Shivaji appeared at the gates of Hyderabad. The Mahratta chief returned
to
Raigad
on
re^eivin^
ransrn
of
tvvo
million
pagodas.
While Shivji
towns suffered great
was
loss
away
Sidi
in
Golconda
his
coast
of
the
Moghul and
Governor
send a
of
fleet
the Sidi
fleet.
Janjira.
He
asked
from
Surat.
The Viceroy
nnd
and
the
island.
Raghu
Ballal
the garrison.
When
o'-f
the Mahrattas
their
by land
and
sea.
in this
The
was
massacred.
Raghu
Ballal
miserable plight
surrendered on
But Sidi
Yakut did not keep bh w>rd. They were put to death and only the old women were allowed to escape.
i:;o
Ali
Adil Shfth
15th
of
ol
P.ijapur
1
had $d.
a
Ilis
paralytic stroke
on
Shall
the
son
Siknnder
other
was
only
inc years
His
oul}'
offspring
was a
Bibi.
Abdul
Muhammad was
man
cf
on
to
the demise of
honest.
recommended to the dying King Khawas Khan as the regent of the infant king. He further recommended that he himself along with two other principal nobles Abdul Karim and Muzuffar Khan should be sent to command in different
therefore
He
appoint
parts of the
to
these
Kingdom.
The King
reluctantly
agreed
proposals.
the regeney,
On
to
his
death
Khawas
Abdul
Khan
respective
Karim commands,
Conse-
their
convenience.
to
the
Prime Minister
engage the
Sultan
Moghuls
of
affairs
failed.
Shivaji
in
Bijapur,
considered himself
treaty of
1662.
free
conditions of the
March 1673 he assembled a big army at Vishalgad, and retook Panhala which had been in the hands of the King of Bijapur since it was
In
Next
he
of
directed
Annaji
Dutto
to
attack
the rich
town
Hubli,
south- east
131
-of
Dharwar.
for the
It
was an
important centre
of cloth.
of
trade,
famous
manufacture
The Mahrattas
plundered the merchants of all nationalities at the place. The booty here exceeded in value even that of Surat_
The English
Mr. but Shivaji
time,
to
about
the
,3.000.
for
damage,
At
this
tide
in
the harbour of
Bombay.
was not
to his interest.
fleet
Shivaji
With
the help
his
of
On
land
took
Panhala,
Satara,
Aurangzeb
in
in
restored to
Bijapur
the
subsequent treaty.
of the
Bahadur Khan, the Moghul Viceroy Deccan, discontinued hostility with Shivaji on
a large
receiving
ing
the
laid
sum
of
money and on
refrain
the understand-
that
Shivaji
would
In
from
marauding in
of 1673 Shivaji
the
Moghul
siege
territory.
to
the
autumn
the
Phoiida,
which
Bit
was on
place
road to
Karwar
strongly
and
Ankola.
was
the
very
next
defended,
till
monsoon.
'
tj.
The
Government to plan a counterattack near Panhala. Abdul Karim marched westwards with a strong aimy. Pttttap Rao Gir/ar was detached to harass him. Karim approached towards Bijapur. They met each other at Bmbraui between
unity to the Bijaput
Miraj and
Bijapur.
Abi.nl
Karim's
numbered by Pratap Rao"s cavalry and by the evening he was forced to ask for an armistice. He promised'
to allow
if
the
Mahrattas to pillage
his
province only
authority
to
agree
to
Government
could not
territories to be
pillaged without
Shiva ji was greatly displeased with Pratap Rao for giving x\p this oportunity of pressing against
resistance.
the enemy,
and censured
verj
r
his
action.
Pratap
Rao
This-
showed
bad
spirit
in leading his
cavalry into*
was
breach
of
neutrality
with
the
Moghuls.
Moreover Shivaji was badly in need of his help at the siege of Phonda. Abdul Karim also did not remain
true to the agreement, as
he
shortly
returned
to-
retake Panhala.
Shivaji
could
not
offer
him
any
in
Pratap Rao.
When
the
month
of
February, 1674,
Abdul
Karim
had
from.-
returned
K55
"his raids.
As
he
sent
.attack,
Shivaji
was him
about
a
to
commence
until he
*
the
message that
perturbed
had
destroyed
his
should not
his
show
a
face
him.
This
usual
mind.
He
method, and
cut
made
down with man}- of his men and the Mahratta army was put into confusion. At this juncture Hasaji Mobile came up with his reserve force. The Mahratta soldiers
headlong
rallied
retire.
Thus
was
In
a defeat
was turned
into
victory.
Hasaji
Mobile was
henceforth
called
Hambir Rao,
of the
and he
appdinted
this
Commander-in-Chief
cavalry.
Santaji
battle
two other
Dhanaji
officers
named
Gnorpade
and
Jadav
distinguished
themselves.
The Coronation:
exercised royal
Although
Shivaji
had so
long
authority he had never undergone a formal ceremony ot coronation. Such a eeremny be-
comes
every king
to receive
was specially necessary in the case of Shivaji was the founder of a new dynasty, and as his kingdom was altogether a new state carved out of the
It
as he
families
considered him
only a
but
were
him
the
cumstances
Shivaji
on
advice
of his
ministers-
134
arranged for a formal coronation ceremony. For this purpose Gaga Bbata, a Oakhini Pandit residingat Benarefi
was
title
invited.
in
pure Hindu
style at
of
Raigad on the 6th June, 1074. He assumed the Kshatriya Kulavatamsa .Shiva Sree Raja
I'ati.
Chhatra
by, the
The accession
of
fire of
kingdom
to the
in the
other, from
Kalyau in
the north, to
Savanlwadi
south.
1 he deputhe
tation
was
led
by Mr.
Oxenden.
to
The
the
petition of
English
of settlement
full.
in
a treaty.
important
terms were
English should
dominions on payment
of 2 A
percent
(2)
that
(:>)
that the
coins should
(4)
on
them
and
losses at (5) that indemnity should be paid for the granted almost all the Rajapur and Hubli. The King
requests, but
any compensation
for
the
losses at Hubli, as he
was
by .\nnaji Dutto.
By agreeing
135
Jijabai died shortly after the coronation.
vShe
could
illness
After an
she died.
Shivaji held a
second coronaover.
tion
when
the
The old
ruler
of
of seeing her
as the
lawml
become Sati but the her from such an action. She used to exhort her son to remember his forefathers, and no one has^done^greater honour to his
entreaties
of
son dissuaded
186
CHAPTER
The Campaign
Operations
in
X.
in the
South.
the Konkan:
The
English merchants
on
tor
the coast
monsoon
to
by paying
tribute.
At the end
of the
Moro up
and
to
army ravaged
Jaujira
Junnar.
The
siege
of
was
continued,
of
the
Kalyan
attempt
king,
to
An
the the
tried
retake
Shivneri,
the
birthplace
failed.
Then
he
turned
towards
south
to
besiege Phonda.
make
a diversion
country
Phonda.
in
the
king
of
Bijapur in the
Shivaji
in
-
between Panhala
not turn back
and
from
Tathwada.
his
however did
operations
breach was
effected in
April,
to
The
of
success at
go
further south.
He
from
the
Raja
While he
was away
South Hambir Rao entered the Moghnl territory and brought spoils to the capital. Soon after
in the
137
Shivaji
was busy
in
forts
as a
line of defence.
The
much
for his
of
illness
Bi.japur. Khawas
of
Khan an Abyssinian
king.
was regent
the
infant
In
order to
his own interests he opened negotiations with Moghul Viceroy Bahadur Khan. Khawas Khan's daughter was betrothed to the second son of the Vice-
promote
the
roy
as
mark
of
friendship.
Tfhe
of
regent agreed
give
to hold
Bijapur as a dependency
Delhi and
away Padshah Bibi to one of the sons of Aurangzcb. The arrangment did not please the people, and the Afghan party under the leadership of Abdul Karim
formed a
conspiracy against
trie
the
murder
of
Bahadur
Khan came to punish the murderers of Khawas Khan, but the army under Abdul Karim put up a strong defence. The Viceroy was forced to retreat to the
north of the Bhima.
of
Dilere
Khan
entered
leaders
into
Golconda
had died
in
167J
and
i:;
sou
\fi
l:>^
a dissolute
young "man
>vl>
expected
government
in fulfilling
by such a
his
Auraugweak man
waiting
object.
He wanted
of the
when
his
the
factious
would make
work
easy.
to
Both
Bijapur
and
make
To
his
great
disappointment however
in
Abu Hussain
greatly
improved
character,
intrigues'.
brothers,
offices
and
of the kingdom into their hands. This policy was looked upon with suspicion by both Dilere Khan and
Abdul Karim.
Hanurnante,
the
At
old
this
time
Raghunath
Narayan
minister of Shahji
latter,
with
Madauna
Pant,
as
them
were great
danger
Sanskrit scholars.
Shiva ji
in
reflected
Golconda,
to
his
and saw
the
ruin
of
Golconda
of
own kingdom.
to
He thought
two
measures
First,
as
he wanted
Golconda,
and
in
second he
wanted
establish
kingdom
the
So even when he would be dislodged from his kingdom in the Konkan, he might have a refuge to rally his forces
of his father.
that
lo9
for further
operations.
keynote of his
policy
in
the south.
With
object
he
made
The
by
a
opposition
of
Bahadiir
off
heavy amount.
of
chief
management
the
Towards
teat did not
country.
sent a
the close
of
1676
Shivaji started
r
with:
marching
border
On approaching
messengei
to
the
Golconda he
Sultan
a
Hyderabad.
The
was
persuaded
by Madanna
Pant to extend
welcome
who was
of the
living
with
king.
After
month
Shiva ji.
position
the Kutb Shah entered into an alliance with The Mahrattas guaranteed to fight for the
of
of
Golconca
Delhi.
either
against
Bijapur
or
the
Kmperor
They were in return provided With ammunition and a large sura of money. It was o arranged that Rijapur would be admitted into Abdul Karim th benefits of the alliance, provided
I
of
Madanna
II)
After
Shivaji
Nivriti
marched south, crossed the Krishna at the Sungutn, 25 miles below Kornoul in March.
a
Here he went on
Mallikarjuu
the
self
at
of
Shri
Parvatem,
down
Krishna.
before
to
the
so runs
the story,
3hawani
him in a vis on that she wanted to accomplish much more through him. The King- therefore desisted from the course, and then visited several other sacred
places in that place, and
after
spoke
army
at
Cuddapah.
Damalcherry
pass,
the
heavy part
north-west
of the
army
to follow
him.
first
He
arrived at Gingi,
Poudichery.
The
ed
Shivaji
made
regular
arrangements
system
of
of the
the
government
of the
place.
His
The commandant
prisoner.
Trinomali
made
Vellore
surrendered
in
Septemper.
When
He
south of Gingi.
sent a
to
his-
Ill
father's property.
llangalore to Tanjore in
Although he inherited
Shahjee the Bijapur
the jaghir from his father, his claims did not rest entirely
the death
of
was
for
made without
Venkoji to
knowledge.
He
therefore
sent
Venkoji stayed
could not
to Vellore
for
two
come
to
any settlement.
then
went
Meanwhile Venkoji referred the But the latter matter to the Bijapur Government. u'ged him to comply with bis brother's demands.
to complete the siege.
Then he
killed in
resolved to fight
in
out
his
own
case.
An
a
numbers.
then undertook
vis.,
fiefs
outside Tanjore,
all
fell
Arm
quick
in
and
of
the
whole
of the Carnatic
under
and
Government
Bijapur
either
paid
Chduth
Sardeshmukhi
or were plundered.
affairs in
The
Shiva
ji's
state of
the
attention.
by the Emperor
The plan of an attack upon Golconda by the combined army of Dilere Khan and Abdul Karim was approved
.f.
but the
attack
failed.
The
112
rebellious
of
as
receive
their pay,
and
ihost
ion
was
further
increased
by
the
death
-
Masaml Khan, son in-law of Sidr Johar, was appointed regent, as he was a man of
Ka vim
(January).
considerable
jaghirdar of
of
AdoniDilcre
promised
to to
troops,
lie
paid
s*
arears
to
pay tVc
t
debts of
<>iven
Dilere
by Khawas
Khan. Khan,
He
did
not
viz to
give
away
Padshah
Bibi
to the
Moghuls.
A
left
large portion of
either
the cavalry
the
Moghuls or the
of
Shivaji
the
in
half-brother
Santaji
charge
Gingi, to
f>e
Narayan and Hambir Rao in* assisted ;by Raghuuath the general management of the affairs in then:.v./
acquired territory.
He marched
river
until
along the
banks
one
of
the
of
Velavati
the people
he reached Bellary.
the fort
Some
of
belonging fo
king.
Shivaji
as
cut
eff
demanded
satisfaction
the outrage,
but
none
was forthcoming
fell
the
was blockhis
aded.
The commandant
heroically
fighting
and
widow,
Sabitribai
defended the
the
fort
for
26 days.
On
the
the
27th
day
all
garrison
surrendered.
Shivaji reduced
Tungbhadra.
Janardhan
Pant
wi>
11.1
appointed governor
halted
to
of
the
province.
to
At Turgal he
matters with
settle
Yenkoji.
the
troops
became
Shivaji.
The prince
from
was
to
when
to
he received a
letter
Shivaji,
urging
him
concede
his
claims,
and not
depend upon
his
his
Mussulman
wife
Dipabai,
intercession of
the and at her advice sought Raghunath Narayan. The latter howtill
readily
Raghu-
Yenkoji
a
half
*'as
forgiven
past conduct.
to
He
paid
considerable sum
of his father's
Shivaji
The heieditary fiefs were bestowed upon Dipabai, and Yenkoji was allowed to retain Tanjore on payment of a share in the revenue. One of the conditions of the settlement was that Yenkoji would remain true to the alliance, and would accept Raghunath Narayon as his first minister.
jewels.
The campaign ended in success. The Mahratta kingdom now extended beyond the frontiers of Maharashtra.
of the
Doab, Husain
the Doab.
of
to hold
In
conjunction
Ximbalkar, the
Naik
Phaltan he
Ill
attacked Shivaji
Shivaji
near Turgal.
tithe,
joined'
by
this
as
his services
no longer
The whole
Shivaji
of
the
Shivaji.
t)f
eighteen months.
had almost
14,')
CHAPTER
The Last Years
April 1678.
Iu his
XI.
of Shivaji.
returned to Raigad in
absence
his
had carried on operations against the Sidis of Janjira,. but it was very difficult to crush them on account of their position and because they received help from
the Moghuls.
The Mahratta
them
Shivaji
sailors
dealt with by
and
a large
number
south
slaughtered.
was preparing
the
revenge ou
was-
them
called
alter his
return from
when he
Moghuls.
in
away
The
quests of
Government
account
Shivaji
Bijapur
the
was
state
confusion on
of
in the
Caruatic and
Doab, and
the pressure of
Dilere Khan.
The recent
to the
Sidi
of
Masuud
Ciolconda
at
king
for assistance.
Sultan
He
money,
but did
artillery
and men
southern
campaign,
share
iti
So
he enterd
Shivaji,
into an alliance
with Sidi
large
and
paid him
amount
Khan
had
agree! to give
to hold the
Mo"huls and
kingdom
dependency
of.
up
Delhi.
Sidi
The Emperor
not
satisfied
with
attitude of Dilere
Deccan
asked
Khan second
in
command,
the
him
to press
the treaty.
to fulfil
conditions of
were
won
13ibi.
army.
An
demand
arms
to
the surrender of
the
Padshah
leadership of Syed
Mukhtoom
Moghnls.
Bat
the people
grew
Padshah Bibt
give her up.
The unfortunate
.to
girl
Khan
of
her
own
by the
General.
The people
Bijapur offered
B.rt
a stout
Delhi.
resistance,
and
pushed
large
to Shivaji to
come
to dieir aid
as a neighbour,
foreigner.
and to
fall
unite
the
the
oi
in
the
Deccan
ssven
meant danger
thousand
strong
to
the
Mahratta
power.
six
S
tt>
A cavalry
to
was
despatched
protect
M7
Mijapur. ShivajTs
this request,
and
to
and made peace with Dilere Khan. But the quarrel between the regent and his rival Sharza Khm put this arrangement at naught, Bijapur
in the
remained
same
state of confusion.
This happened
Sambhujee,
was a young man of violent temper. For an outrage committed upon a married Brahman woman he wasat Panhala.
But
I
the Dilere
fort
and joined
received
Mere
in
Khan
him
was
made
Raja.
anxiety to Shivaji.
But
To add
to
was
was
sent by Dilere
Khan
storm the
Bhupalgad,
defence
Phirangoji Xarsula
the
commandant
of the fort.
His gallant
of Cliakan
won
proach
of
Sambhujee
148
the
gate>s of
left
Bhupalgad with
all
his forces.
to
PhirangoJK
then
the
command and
early
went
.11
l'anhala.
Thethe-
Moghul
iort
fell
assault began
the
morning and
could
duty,
by noon
(March, 1679).
late.
The
of
relieving party
Shivaji
his
not
neglect
and
ordered
ihe
his execution.
howto-
ever harassed
fort.
by
the troops
From
Bhupalgad
went
back
Dulkhed.
further Troubles
in
Bijapur :
Masaud Khan
and
of
Bija-
pur found
it
dom.
counter
intrigues.
was not
be
to the
interests of the
Moghuls
In
this-
peacehil government.
Khan launched
the
new campaign
at
against Bijapur.
forty
He
crossed
Bhima
the
Dulkhed,
August,.
on
18th
1679.
to
Masaud Khan wrote to Shivaji entreating him come to his rescue. "We cannot defend the
he,
salt
kingdom" wrote
lie
"and
;
its
forts
true to
your
turn towards
Command,
Shivaji
ordered
10,C00
cavalry under
provisions.
The King
149
'The Moghuls by
this time
had reached
the
neighborled
hood
end
of
Bijaput;
of
Shivaji
1
personally
another
tha
cavalry
10,0)0 an
earns to
Bijapur towards
to
of October.
He
in
directed
Hambir Rao
raid the
Moghul dominions
from Bijapur.
But
Khan away
the
Voghul
But on
more
vigorously,
proved a
failure.
Then he made
Masaud.
a fruitless attempt to
make peace
'let Bijapur
with
On
the 14th
November he
invade the
and marched
westwards
to
country about
via
Tikota
out.
The
Mahra,tta
Prince
Mahomedans
prepara-
made
sufficient
tions to meet
Dibre Khan's
territory
attack
at
Panhala.
His
raids in the
M >ghul
as he expected,
Bijapur and he
lie was defeated by Dilere Khan near managed somehow to escape to Patra
Aurangabad l4th 6th December). By this time Satubhujee had left the Moghul protection. Aurang/.eb did a
t\
approve
of
Dilere
Khans
in favour of
Sambhujee.
He was
rather
apprehensive
lf>0
that
tlic
Mahratta
Prince
instead
<f
helping
the
officers
under him.
a
he ordered Dilere
prisoner to Delhi.
so-
mean
his
as to
commit
(iud
this treachery'.
He warned Sambhujee
at
of
of his position
esca]>e
in the
December,
The
ui:der
return
father but he
was
at
freedom and
kept
restraint
Flushed
Maharatta
Auraugabad.
Most
of
the wealthy
of
refuge
in the
hermitage
Muhammad.
The Mahrattas
the
sanctity
of
violated contrary to their tradition hermitage and plundered the men the
shelter
saint.
is said
there, inspite of
the
protests
The plunder
continued
for three
the saint curbed believed by the people that the curse proved effective in bringing about the death of vShivaji within a short,
It is
time.
Prince Mua/./irn
10,000
xetreat*
who was
men under Ranmast Khan to cutoff Shivaji's Shivaji was overtaken near Sangamner bat
1M
by
a
counter-attack Raniuast
Khan was
slain
and the
Auother army
The
retreat of the
about
to
be cut
off
when with
After
the hills
known
last
alone.
Patta.
a difficult
march
the Mahratta
army reached
wounded and
December 1679.
Shivaji.
Hambir
heavy
Rao was
loss.
people of
Bijapur
of festivities.
They
but
as a
condi-
and
in
the
Doal*
to hi su
and
that
his
brother
instead
of
Venkoji
that
of
Out
of grattitlde to his
co*.m >lie
I
services
all
to
Bijapur
of
M:isa<id
Khan
with
the
demands
Shivaji.
When
of
the
Shah granted
At
this
a sawui specifying
made-
grant
sovereign authority
Shivaji in Taujore
Venkoji was greatly depressed. Shivaji wrote a letter lohis brother to shak- t>5 this depression and to prove
hi-nseif a
worthy
Ron
of
Shivaji
by
making
further
conquest.
153
.vival
Engagement: On
his
return
to
Raigftd
Shivaji
made
In
possession of
Kbanderi or Kennery
south
a
nl
Bombay.
the
island
15*
and
naval
engagement took
on October
between the
The Mah-
contained
than
to
the
Mahratta
vessels.
Daulat
Khan
managed
in
withdraw
into Khanderi.
The
ly
it.
Sidis
were then
and took
occupied Under
or
Two
was
to
so
much
damaged
Tefit.
that the
ships
at
away
did
Rajapur to
look with
into
The English
Shivaji.
Bombay
of
not
favour at
the' activities
the
vSidi,
and entered
treaty with
Sidi
They undertook to exclude the of Bambay; and to prevent him from making it as a na#l base against the Mahrattas. This was the last important ievent in the
from the harbour
career of Shivaji.
5, 1683.)
Towards
declined.
the
end
>
oi
December
for
1679,
of
Shivaji's henlth
the
He had
&
premonition
the
great
event.
J5.i
cast a
gloom over
was
a profligate
His eldest son, Sambhujes his mind. young man and was lacking in the
nation.
Hi* third
was carrying on an
intrigue in favour of
Ram.
Among
the ministers
there
was no
West.
unity,
and jealousy
prevailed
between
Moro
of the
Pant, the
his
mind he
visited
Ramdas,
tried
Mahratta
to
saint,
at
Parali.
The
saint
to
his.
his
spiritual
nature.
the 24th
On
March. 1680, the Rajah was attacked He suffered for 12 day-;, and
in the
noon-
was
the full
moon
of the
month
of
Chaitra.
He was
scarcely
53
when he
System
died.
Shivaji's
of
the
Mahratta race
only by
liberating the
establishing a
in this
sound system
His work
connection
may
in
set
up by Xapolean
France
French Revo-
lution.
As Xapolean gave
of
a code of laws
to the
and
gave
system
restore
good government
in
order
circumstances.
The
late
Mr.
Ranade
in
his
admirahW-
book on the Ri
..//..
\farathfl
%fyp
m
Shivaji. The Kingdom was an illiterate ntan. In this respect he was like Akhar and Ran jit Singh. And like Akhar his system of government
analysis
of
the
system
introduced by
founder
of the
Mabratta
in future.
Kingdom
outlive
him but
n
ot
kingdom endured
is
half.
This
no mean evidence
statesmanship
the
the
founder.
-of
to
From
the
position
leader
of
of
bfad
rose
Mavalis in
the neighbourhood
I'oona
he
his
and
alliance
was sought by
the kings of
of
Kmperor
felt
Delhi on
power was
directly
and the European merchants in the Indian The people under his p#rts stood in awe of him. government were happy and comfortable. Hi* civil*
to Tunjore,
government was perfect and his military organisation was perfect, and Shivaji did not derive the inspiration
good government from any foreign advjser or from any other country. The whole structure, was entirely
of <iue to his native genius.
Here
lies
the
greatness of
the
man.
the
wheta he had
the Moghuls.
laid
The Government
received two-fifths
loo
actual crops.'
the
In
the
of
CollecIcing..
.
tions
1^ Praute.
A.
into a Taluk,
and a
Sul>a/i.
number
of
Snbahs.
The lower
were-
superintended by the
men with
of
higher authority.
He
payment
The
old
village
and
district officials
such as
Patels or
Kulkurnis,
under
strict
Deshmukhs and Deshpandes were brought supervision. The pay of the district officer
month.
three
The
collector
of revenue in a group
of
two or
villages
was
the
known
the
title
as
Karkun
or Kamavisdar. as
Tfce officer of
Taluk was
of
known
the
and
district
was
Afamltfdar,-
Stibedar or
Mahalkari.
the
carefully
mea-
sured
entered
and
names
made.
holders
were carefully
advances
performed the
Civil justice
in the
books. In times
of distress taga?
were
duties
liberally
of
The Subedars
collectors
and magistrates.
was
administered
India.
Shastras.
The criminal law was mainly derived from the The work of the civil officers was supervised
by two highest officials in the headquarters vr: '., Pant A matya and Pant Sac/tfv, The former held an office
.v.
vu responding
io the present
Finance Minister,
>l
and the
Comptroller
of
A -co; nits.
Shivaji had
Council
Ministers
the
known
as
the
Asfita Pradhan. The Prshtca was He was the head of both civil and
tion,
Prime Minister.
to those
king.
The Scnapati
the
.
or Coir.mander-in-chief
was
charge of
militarj-
administration.
Pant
The
Ufantri
-was the
wr.s
the
Secretary,
Foreign
Secretary.
of the Council
Chief Justice,
and
the Pandit
Rao
the
expounder
like
the
Hindu Law
the
Law Member.
a
of the
The
was made on
scientific basis
and
the present
Executive Council
Government
-of India
follows in
many
None
of the offices
were hereditary.
to merit.
The appointments
He
ments.
in
paid great
attention to
the
religious establish-
charge
their charge.
He
and mosques or
in
for
honour
of
imparting
lo7
of
into-
cavalry
wer,
and
had
infantrv.
of
cavalry
there
two
latter
kinds
to
men,
Bargirs
and
horse,
SiUidars.
The
provide their
supplied
own
where-
horse
by the State.
The
fat-
more npon
Sillidsrs.
the
Pctg\i
troops
than upon
irregular
unit,
Every 25
horsemen
125
formed a
over which
ther^r
was
5
a IlaviiJar,
formed a
Jfasari,
and
Panab Flazari.
In the infantrv 10
men
constituted a unit
5
under
a
'
Naik.
There was
Havildar over
Naiks, a
HazaH
over 10 Jumalas,.
and
Sarnobat over
Hazaris.
there
Under
each
of the
higher
Maratha
officers
known
as
Sabnis
officers
Mazumdar, and Karkhannis or Jamiuis. These Besides these the were government agents.
cfthe
officers
rank
of
th-dr
own
clerical establishment
and
men
All plunder
officers
in
was
tp
the
property
of the
of the
government.
The
had
give an account
plunders made,
ami
order
that
they
may
nol
in
misappropriate the
spoils
of
advance.
country.
The horse
While
in
subsisted
the
enemies
foddei
the forts
during
the
rains
was supplied
Ik- displayed
bj
the villagers
free
Shivaji
fort^.
his foresight
and generalship
looking
chain
of hillfots,
days
fort
of
adversity these
hillfots,.
Karkhannis.
to
was generally
nue and Prabhu
civil duties.
and was
in
charge
of grain,
strict
of the repairs.
There was
conservancy on the
and the forests below the forts were entrusted te> the Ramos his. The forts were built in such a style a* would make them almost impregnable. "There is scarely an instance of one of these'' writes the Rev. A.K. Nairne
sides,
in
the
"History
of the
Konkan" "standing on
all built
level or
open ground.
of
They are
If
advantage.
on the coast, on a
or
;
a spit o
if
land
more than
half
on the
a
river
low country,
or a pass;
if
on some steep
commanding
or
The
construction^
of all
on the same principle, the whole top of the hiTJ a wait or the end of the promontory is surrounded by is any slope If there relieved by numerous bastions
is
an outwork
fort
is
pro-
the
main
by a passage
&t
b-twetn
strongest
double wall.
to
There
is
one entrance
-.gateway
<ju
is
the
fort,
and
this is
part
and
the
most noticeable.
The outer
thrown forward and protected by a bastion each side and often by a tower above; entering this a narrow passage winding between two high walls leads to
is in
command
approach.
not
This arrangement
in a
time
com-
very
Hazardous.
Inside
main wall
there
was
modation
the troops,
.commandant
or massive
built
upon
side.
work on
The
larger forts
had
generally
town
on
or
pdiui
.fort
bill
which the
Finally
may
image
the
of
Hanumau
gate."
site
the
monkey
main
The
plan, of course,
of
was modified
according to
and requirements
each place.
recruited in the
soldiers
Ghat Mahta
the
Konkan.
The
from
former
ItiU
tin-
Hetkaris.
appeals were
numbeift.
During the Ihtsserah every year when made for enlistment the men flocked in large His army consisted also of the soldiers of
left
Bijapux
noii
who
former
master for
The admiralty was mainly by Mahomedan officers. So the army was not managed entirely a Hindu army.
of their dues.
-payment
The
Chiiiith
and Sarilcslimulihi
Shivafi
is,
made
a clear
distinction
territory directly
governed
r*ther
b\-
The
civil institutions
for the
Swarajya.
In
of levy
known
in
Mahratta country
joyed by the
was a hereditay / 'alan or grant enMaraiha Deshmukhs under the Adil Shahi
and the Nizam Shahi kings. They were responsible for the tranquillity and peace of the country, and the collection They used to> of the revenue entrusted to their charge.
receive about 10 per cent of their revenues, 5 per cent in
of arable
land.
asked
for
same demand
before
Aurangzeb
in 1657,
when he was
Viceroy of the Deccau, and later on when he became In the treaty of Purandhar in 1666 the Emperor,
1
additional
districts,.
grant
25
some
161
known
as
Chant h.
The
lieu
Emperor
of
did
not commit
but in 1667 a
jaghir
In
was
1663
granted in Berar
the
in
these grants.
Government
in
of
of rupees
of the
fixed portion
of
revenue and
five
king
Golconda
levied
agreed to pay
lakhs
annually
in
Shivaji
a
Chauth and
Sardeshmukhi
Khandesh,
Moghul
The
districts in the
made
in
1676.
In
cases
Shivaji
undertook
foreign
the
aggression.
system
of the
Marquis
Of Wellesley.
An Estimate
of Shivaji's
Greatness
: Shivaji
is
looked
deity,
upon by
whereas
depicts
his
life
his
countrymen
as
a
as an incarnation of the
historian,
the
Mahomedan
Khan
close
Khan.
of
him
"free-booter."
study
impresses upon
that he
was
really a
arrogance which
liberator of the
He
grandly concieved
the idea
of establishing
generally
found
in
Hindu kingdom and nobly He was free from the vices men of his position. Not to
and not
to
molest
women and
strict
saints
plunder temples
to
were the
injunctions
issued
his
soldier!
1C2
Even
at
the
of
present
day
in
accused
r.ny
these barbarities.
never
stooped to
be said
to
Whatever cruelty
to perpetrate in
ascribed
The capture of Purandhar, the murders of Afzul Khan and Chandra Rao More of as without any Jaoli are held by some historians But the capture was made with the justification.
the safety of his nation.
consent
of
tha garrison.
committed
in
in bare self-defence.
The
and plunders
the
surrounding country were undertaken to replenish his treasury, which was exhausted in his war for the inde-
pendence
of
Maharastra.
The
was
the bring-
The
some
in
To
get
the
Mahomedan governments
They were even ready
In such
to
was
betray their
to carve
own countrymen.
and
circumstances
and
to
make
respected
spirit
was not an
American
insignificant achievement.
The
of the
chamiopns of independence or the burning nationalism Mahrattas. With of the French did not animate the a number of half -clothed Mavalis the son of a Mahratta
163
chieftain roused the
drooping
spirit of his
people by his
states
of
successive triumphs.
The
weakness
of the
of
insight of the
to his
But
of
the the
very
fact
that
no other race
did
avail itself
extraordinary services
Mahratta leader.
He was
faithful
lucky in having a
number
his
of able
and
a
followers.
No
His
time,
general,
Netoji
Palkar,
service for
Guzar
was
all
led
away by
failed
to
the
spirit of
repented afterwards.
fulfil
Shivaji
his
agreements.
Even Khafi
in
Khan admits
of in
that
he
his
the people in
presevered
in
rebellion,
plundering
entirely
parti-
caravans,
and
troubling
mankind,
acts
of the
but
abstained from
cularly
fell
other disgraceful
as
to
and was
careful
the
honour
women who
any
dis-
into this
to
hands,
allow
honour
History
"It
is
necessary to
of the
remember" writes author of the the Konkan, "the cruelties and hardships
in
which the
civilization
Portugese
the
name
the
of
religion
of
and
the
inflicted
on
inhabitants
atrocities
of the
Musalmans during
particular the death
in
inflicted
on
Shivaji's son
m
and successor.
respects
In
view
of
these
things
we
certainly
in
barbarian as he was
many
and
was
the
inferior
those
of
Christian or
in contact
he was brought
it
on
And
altogether
is
possible
of in
to
believe
that
notwithstanding
the
"the
clamour
greater
part of the
at
Konkan
most periods
ments were a marvel for the age, writes Prof. Sarkar, and greatly contributed to the prosperity and happines
of
his .subjects.
As
in
patriot, as a general
and as
his
in
statesman Shivaji
temporaries,
among
conthe
and
of India,
and
him.
there
many, who
"But
can be
was
he stands supreme. In
of
all
history there
is
no such example
modesty
in the face of
continued
success.
The
in-
solent,
of so
many commanders,
no place
in
times, found
balanced
Bijapur
mind.
He won
yet
his
He
realized always
that he
had yet
to
meet the
full
165
power
do
of
the
Moghul empire.
His
one
aim was
to
That
of
he might
Aurangzeb
to
when
secure a
place of shelter
clearly foresaw.
his genius bore
coming
there
peril,
which he
time
At
fruit."
last
came
when
He was
feet
was endowed with deep spiritual fervour. He sat at of Tukaram and Ramdas, and in the midst of
engrossing duties he used
to
snatch himself
away
devotional exercises.
was
he
a temple
for
worship.
and
the
tribula-
tions he
used
after
to consult
did
receiving
life
blessings
the
of
deity.
This aspect
of his
appealed to
religious senti-
ment
of
his
people.
He was
economic.
His character was greatly moulded by his earnest faith and intense piety.
^ M' O
.CSra-^-
*-0
<1
Uni
i