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wrf; yg tcsut
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ponfjzifh [dENL w,loef tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. pm;wrf;ygtcsuf tvufrsm; jzpf
aea}umif;awG@&onf?

TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf vGefcJhaom 1920-jynfhESpf avmuf upI rGwfpvif

qef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd jyKvkyfvmcJh&m/ tdEdN, wkdufi,fa'owGif tdeNd,
eSifh yguDpPwef [lI ESpfEkdifiH ay:xGef;jcif;onfom trSwfxifcJh&onf? rGwfpvif
vlrsdK;rsm;&Sd&m a'oonf yguDpPwef EkdifiHtjzpf cGJxGufoGm;aomfvnf;/ ,ae
txd tdENd,EkdifiHwGif rGwfpvifwkd@. tiftm; um; }uD;xGm;qJyifjzpfonf?
tdENd,EkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyfvkdaom EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rGwfpvifwkd@ESifh
tay;t,l jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf? (,ckvuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfaeaom) [dENLtpGef;xGuf
EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf; onfyif tm%m&&Sd&ef olwkd@.rlvrGwfpvif qef@usifa&;
auG;a}umfoHrsm;ESifh cH,lcsuf rsm; aqmifyk'frsm;ukd &kyfodrf;chJ&onf?
rdsK;aysmufrSm -pkd;a}umuf&pmwrf;wGifygouJhokd@ tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif [dENLrsm;
onf rGwfpvif rsm;ukd rkef;wD;onf? twdwfu cJrSefzl;onf[laom a&;om;
csufum; vkH;0yif rSm;,Gif; aeaom az:jycsufjzpfaeonf? wcgw&H
jzpfavhjzpfx &Sdaom bmoma&;t"du&k%f;rSty tdEdN,om;wkd@onf
wlnDaom trdsK;om; a&; pdwf "gwf xm;&dS=uonfukd awG@&onf?
wcgw&HwGifrl tdENd,.&kd;&m"avhrsm;/ tEkynmrsm;ukd rGwfpvifwkd@u ykdrkd
pGJjrJpGm xdef;odrf; xm;a}umif;awG@jrifEkdifonf? tdENd,EkdifiHwGifEkdifiHa&; tzGJ@rsm;
onf bmoma&;ukd olwkd@tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf tokH;csavh&o
Sd nf?
t,k'<, AvDausmif;ajrae&monf [dENLbk&m;yGifh&m ae&mjzpfonf[k twkduf
tcHwkd@u EkdifiHa&;t& tokH;cscJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv(6)&ufae@wGif
[dENL tpGef; xGufrsm;u t,k'<, AvDbk&m;ausmif;ukd 0ifa&muf zsufqD;odrf;
ykdufcJh&m/ ,if;.aemufqufwGJtjzpf [dENLbk&m;ausmif;tajrmuf trsm; zsuf
qD; cHcJh &onf?
,if; t,k'<,AvD udpPa}umifh tdEdN,EkdifiHonf &lyDaiGukaaygif; (4000)ausmf
qkH;&_H;jyD;/ vlaygif; wodef;eD;yg;aocJh&onf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;&Sd tdEdN,EkdifiHeSifh ukef
oG,f zuf rGwfpvifEkdifiHrsm; 0,faps;uGuf vufvGwf qkH;&_H;cJh&onf? ,if;onf
tdEdN, EkdifiHYomru Oa&mywkduf&Sd jAdwdefEkdifiHtxd jzpfcJh&onf?
rGwfpvifwkd@onf olwdk@ bmom0ifrsm;ukd urBm.b,ft&yf a'owGif rqkd xdcJh
v#if/ olwkd@bufuwHkhjyef uvJhpm;acsavh&Sdonf? 1987-ck0ef;usifwGif
2

{&m0wD wkdif;/ anmifwkef; jrdK@wGif AvDb&k m;ausmif; ESifhtdrf,mrsm; zsufqD; cJh

onfukd ta=umif;jyKI tif'kdeD;&Sm;Ekid fiH&Sd aAga&m Aka'<mbk&m;ausmif;.
t&HapwD wqlukd zsufqD;cJhonfwkd@ukd rarhtyfay?
1996-ckESpf/ rwfvwGif &efukefjrdK@wGif AvDbk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk 0ifa&muf zsuf
qD; cJhonfh owif;a=umifh urBmhrGwfpvifwkd rausreyfjzpfcJh&m tmz*efepPwef
EkdifiH&Sd wmvDbef wkd@u olwkd@EkdifiH&Sd awmif}uD;xufwGif xkvkyfxm;onfh
a&S@a[mif; Ak'<bk&m;&kyfxkukd azgufcGJypf rnf[kjcdrf;ajcmufao;onf? TudpPukd
ukvor*~ ,leufpukdu arwWm&yfcHrS olwkd@vufavsmh vkdufjcif;jzpfonf?
,ae@ Ak'<txdrf;trSwf taqmuftOD; trsm;tjym;onf tmz*efepPwef ESifh
yguDpPwef EkdifiHwGif &Sdonf? olwkd@onf ,if;txdrf; trSwfrsm;ukd olwkd@.
a&S;a[mif; tarGtESpftjzpf *k%f,laz:jyavh&Sdonf? yguDpPwef EkdifiHonf
wuUoDvm tygt0if ,if;a&S;a[mif; *E<m&,Ofaus;r_ukd ta=umif;jyKI ESpfpOf
urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm; xHrS EkdifiHjcm;aiGtrsm;tjym; &&Sdaeonf?
u|efawmff rGwfpvif EkdifiHwGif aexkdifcJhpOf bmoma&;qkid f&m yg&*lrsm;ESifh aqG;
aEG; cJhbl;ygonf? olwkd@tqkdt& rGwfpvifwOD;onf tjcm;bmom0if wOD; ukd
wenf;enf;jzifh 'kuQay;cJhv#ifvnf;aumif/ tjcm;bmom0ifwkd@. bk&m; ausmif;
rsm;ukd zsufqD;cJhv#ifvnf;aumif;/ olwkd@.tvmbk&m;u tjypfay; rnf jzpf
a=umif;/ ,if;ol onf i&Jusrnfhta=umif; olwkd@.bk&m;pm ukd&rfusrf;wGif
ynwf xm;a=umif; ajymjy=u onf?
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zsufqD; cJha=umif;ajymjy&m/ xkdyg&*lynm&Sifwkd@u tukd;tum;jzifh atmufyg
twkdif; ,if; pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ukd &Sif;jycJhygonf?
bDpD 6 &mpkacwfrSpI tdEdN,EkdifiH bmomukd;uG,fr_ orkdif;wGif Ak'<omoem
onf ol. ZmwdajrwGif ESpfaygif; (1600)cef@wdwd wnfwHhcJhonf?
c&pfouU&mZf 1 rS 8-&mpk ESpfrsm;wGif Ak'<omoemonf tdEdN,ajrrS
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axmifcJhaom "rR0g'Dwkd@tm;aumif;aeonfjzpfI wvkH;wpnf;wnf;*k%fa&mif
3

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o*Fg,emwifyGJ (bDpD-3 &mpk)wkd@ usif;y csdefwGif Ak'<oHCtzGJ@onf *kd%f;uGJ(18)
cktxd uGJcJh&onf? rlvyifr tkyfpk}uD; toGifrS ax& 0g'*kd%f;/ oA`wWd0g'*kd%f;/
r[moH,dw*kd%f;}uD;rsm;tjzpf tjydKiftqkdife,fjzef@I omoemjyKcJh=uonf?
TacwfwGif oA`wWd0g'*kd%f;ESifhoH,dw*kd%f;wkd@.t,l0g'onf rlv ax&0g'
*kd%f;ESifh odod omomuGJjym;oGm;I trsm;}udKuf bmoma&;toGif ul;ajymif;
ykHysufoGm;um r[m,me Ak'<bmom[lI woD;wjcm; xGufay:vmcJhonf?
Tokd@ Ak'<.oHCmh*kd%f;onf twGif;jydKuGJr_rsm;txyfxyf jzpfay:vmjcif;jzifh
wjznf;jznf; tiftm; qkwf,kwfoGm;cJhonf?
1// oHCm*kd%f;twGif; *kd%f;i,f toD;oD;cGJxGufcJhI pnf;vkH;odyfonf; r_
jydKuGJcJh&onf?
2// Ak'<rwkdifcifu tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif txift&Sm;&Sdaeaom [dENL0g'/ jA[Rm% 0g'
ESifh *sdef;0g' wkd@. xkd;ESufr_ukd Ak'<0g'Drsm;u tvl;tvJ cH&jcif;?
bDpD-3&mpktwGif; arm&d,vufeufEkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyfcJhaom {u&mZf bk&if
tmaomu rif;}uD; (bDpD-273-232 cef@)onf Ak'<bmomukd tvGef tusL;
csD;ajrSmufcJhjyD;/ arm&d, EkdifiHawmf w0ef;vkH; Ak'<omoemESifh Ak'<0g'jyef@yGg; a&; udk
pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufcJhonf? Tacwfonf Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpHawmf
rljyD;onfhaemuf Ak'<omoem txGftxdyf ukd a&mufcJhaom acwf[kqkd&ygrnf?
okd@aomf tmaomurif;}uD;ukd qufcHcaJh om ol.ajr;rsm; jzpfaom rif;rsm;
onf *sdef;0g'Drsm;jzpf=uI ax&0g'Ak'< bmomukd csD;ajrSmufjcif;r&SdcJhay? arm&d,
rif;quf ysufokOf;I ok*Frif;qufukd wnfaxmifcJhaom yk&rSf d=w [dENLrif; (bDpD
185-150)onf / bDpD-2-&mpkukefvkeD;twGif; Ak'<0g'D rsm; ukd t}uD;tus,f
ESdyfuGyf nSOf;yrf;cJhonf? &[ef;ausmif;rsm;/ apwD ykxkd;rsm;/ omoedu t
aqmuf ttkH rsm;ukdvnf; rD;&_d@zsufqD; cJhonf? Ak'< &[ef; awmf trsm; tjym;
wkd@onf tdEdN,jynf tv,f ykdif;a'orS ,ck yguDpPwef &Sd&m yef*syfe,fajrudk
ajy;0if ckdv_HcJh&onf?
xkd@tjyif c&pfESpf-7 &m pk wGif tkyfpkd; cJhaom *kyfwmeef; qufrS ovuf rif;
uvnf; [dENL0g'ukd ajrSmufpm;vkdI Ak'<0g'Drsm; ESifh omoedut aqmufttkH
rsm;ukd zsufqD; &kHomru r[m aAg"dyifukdyg tjrpfrS wl;jzwfjzdKvJS cscJh onf?
4

w&kwf &[ef;}uD; zgwD,eftpfpifESifh[d,efqif wkd@.rSwfwrf;rsm;t& Ak'<om

oemonf us,fjyef@ckdifrmr_r&SdawmhbJ/ tdEdN, tv,fydkif;/ ta&S@buf b*Fvm;
e,f/ awmifzuf 'ufcefukef;jrifhw0kdufY }udK=um; }udK=um;om usef &Sdawmh
a=umif; qkdxm;onf?
(3)c&pfouU&mZf-3 &mpktwGif;u uoDR&e,f&SifS [dENLbk&ifr[d&ukv onf
,ae@ yguDpPwefEkdifiHwGif a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;aom *E<m&
wkdif;ukd ar$aESmufacsr_ef;cJh&mY Ak'<0g'Dtrsm;tjym;ukd okwfoifcJh honf? T t
csufrsm;onf orkdif;.azsmufzsufI r&Ekdifaom trSefw&m; rsm;jzpfonf?
(&efukef wuUokdvf ta&S@wdik f;bmom&yfqkdif&m pmay pifrsm; wGif &SmazGawG@&Sd
Ekdif ygonf?)
rGwfpvif wrmefawmfrkd[mrwfonf c&pfouU&mZf (570)ckESpfwGif arG;zGg; cJh
onf? okd@jzpfI tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif Ak'<bmomonf rkd[mrwfrarG;cifuyif aysmuf
ysufaejyD; jzpfonf? rkd[mrwf uG,fvGefjyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; (300)avmufwGif
tpPvmrfbmomonf tdEdN,okd@a&muf&jSd cif;jzpfonf?
c&pfouU&mZf 12 &mpktwGif; tdEdN,EkdifiHwGif 0ifa&mufar$aESmufaom tmz*ef
rGwfpvif wkd@a=umifh Ak'<bmomonf tdEdN,rSaysmufuG,f&onf[k [dENL orkdif;
ynm&Sif wkd@u qkd=uonf? Az:jyyg tmz*ef ppfaoG;uGrsm;onf rlvu
Ak'<bmomukd;uG,fol rsm;jzpfjyD;/ tpPvmrfbmomESifhpyfvsOf;I odjrifem;vnf
olrsm; r[kwfyg?
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om; wkd@ rif;ajrSmufcJh&onf? tm&AfrGwfpvif wkd@onf tdEdN,EkdifiH&Sd qif;&J
om;rsm;/ Zgwfedrfhrsm;/ v,fu|efrsm;. &ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd&&Sdatmif aqmif&Guf
ay;Ekdif cJhonf? tm&Afwdk@jyefoGm;cJhjyD; ESpfaygif; (200) ausmfrS tmz*efwkd@u
tdEdN,okd@ 0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? olwkd@onftdEdN,wkdufe,f okd@ 0ifa&muf
vmaom tcg rnfonfhbmom/ rnfonfhvlrsdK;[k owfrSwfjcif;r&SdbJ/ olckd;
"g;jyuJhokd@ tm;vkH;ukdjyK usifh cJh onf[k orkdif;ynm&Sifwkd@uvnf; 0efcHxm;
=uygonf?
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onf tpPvmrfbmomukdrnfhokd@r# ulnDjzef@csDay;cJhjcif;r&Sdajumif;/tpPvmrf bm
5

om ukd omoemjyKcJhaom yk*~dKvfwkd@rSm qlzD;[kac:aom rGwfpvif&aoh

(bmbm}uD;) rsm;omjzpfa=umif;az:jyonf?
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v_yf&Sm; aomEkdifiHrsm; wGif yguDpPwef/ b*Fvma'&Sf@/ rav;&Sm;EkdifiH/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;
EkdifiHrsm;onf }uD;rm;aom taetxm;jzifh yg0ifv_yf&Sm; ae=uonf?
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bk&m;}uD;ukd jyifqif&mwGif ,leufpukdtultnDjzifh IBM uGefysLwm pepfukd
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bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;u Ak'<w&m;awmfudk a[m=um;onf? EkdifiH &yfjcm;okd@ oGm;
a&muf omoem jyKcGifhjyKxm;onf?
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bmomaygif;pkH pkaygif;aexkdifaom ao;i,fonfh u|ef;edkifiHi,fav; wckjzpf
onf? bmom0iftm;vkH;/ vlrsdK;tm;vkH;onf wOD;ukdwOD; txl;av;pm;pGm
qufqH =uonf? olwkd@twGuf ta&;}uD;qkH;tcsufonfum; olwkd@EkdifiH wkd;
wuf aprnfh enf;vrf;om vsifjzpfonf?
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aeEkdif&jcif;rSm wlnDaom EkdifiHcspfpdwf"gwfa=umifhjzpfonf?
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vnf; aexkdifonf? tm&AfEkdifiHpkHwGif c&pf,efOD;a&pkpkaygif; (7)oef;ausmf &Sd
onf? bmoma&; ESifhywfoufjyD; t,lonf;aombk&iftkyfcsKyfonfh
aqmf'Dtma&As rSvGJI usefEkdifiHrsm; wGif bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdonf?

aqmf'Dwkd@onf oD;jcm;bmoma&;*kd%f;jzpf aom 0[mAkduf rsm;jzpfonf?

okd@jzpfI tjcm;rGwfpvifrsm;ukd olwkd@EkdifiHokd@0ifa&mufv#if wif;=uyfpGm apmifh
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csKyf jzpfcJhonf? olonfc&pf,efjzpfonf? ol.ZeD;jzpfolonf *sL;vlrsdK; jzpf
onf? TuJhokd@yif tD&wfEkdifiHwGifvnf; c&pf,efrsm;onf ta&;ygvS aom
tpkd;& Xmersm;udk tkyfcsKyf&onf?
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O.I.C. [k ac:aomtzGJ@tpnf;&Sdonf? ,if;tzGJ@ESifhqufEG,faom tmz&du
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ukvor*~ wGif olwkd@.pkpkaygif; tiftm;rSm (100)ausmf&Sdaeonf?
olwkd@vkdcsifaomykHpHukd tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh tay;t,lvkyfEkdif&efjzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh EkdifiHwckck wGif rGwfpvifvlenf;pkwkd@ nSOf;yrf;ESdyfpufcH&onf[k
owif;jzpfyGm;vsif ukvor*~&kH;}uD;yif wkefv_yfoGm;&atmif olwkd@uv_yf&Sm;
avh&Sdonf?
,ae@acwfumvwGif ukvor*~rS }uD;rSL;I zGJ@pnf;xm; aom ukvor*~'kuQ
onfrsm; qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH; &Sdaeonf? ,if;onf ydyuQ jzpfyGm;&m a'o
txd uGif;qif;um 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;&kHru tawmf=umonftxd ,if; a'o
wGif 0ifa&muf apmif=h uyfay;onf? Taz:jyyg tcsuf rsm; onf u|efkyfwkd@.
&kd;om;vSaom Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; od&Sd&ef az:jyvkduf&jcif; jzpfygonf? olrsm;
ajrSmufay;wkdif; vkduf uv#ifu|ekyf f wkd@ EdkifiHomv#if emrnf ysuf &rnf
rvGJjzpfonf?
u|efkyfwkd@twGuf ta&;t}uD;qkH; owdjyK&rnfhtcsufonfum; EkdifiHawmf wnf
wHhckdifjrJjyD;/ trsdK;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&; rjydKuGJa&;yifjzpfonf? tpGef; a7muf
a&;om; csuf/ xkd;ESufcsufrsm;a=umifhyif ,l*kdqvyfEkdifiHonf jydKuGJcJh &onf?
abmhpeD;,m;EkdifiH/ ,ckwzef ukdqkdAkdukdjy\em jzpfcJh7onf? ,l*kdqvyf EkdifiH
jydKuGJ&jcif;rSm usOf;ajrmif;aom trsdK;om;a&;0g' ESifhqmAfwkd@. r[mvlrsdK;}uD;
0g' a=umifhyif jzpfonf?
EkdifiHwEkdifiHqkdonfrSm ,if;EkdifiH. e,ferdwftwGif; ae xkdifolrsm;. vGwf vyf
cGifh ESifh tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;udk jznfhqnf;ay;7onf? ,ae@acwf umv wGif
rnfonfhvlrsdK;rS tjcm;vlrsdK;ukd u|efjyKIr&Ekdifyg? okd@ygI arwWm0g'D Ak'< bm
7

om 0ifrsm; yDyD aemifawmf}uD; pdwf"gwfarG;jrLum vlrsdK;pk/ nDi,fav;rsm;ukd

oem; nSmwm oGm;rnfqkdygv#ifrl vlrsdK;pki,frsm;onf tpfukd}uD;wdkh aemufwGif
waumuf aumufvkdufyg oGm;rnfrSm rkcstrSefyifjzpfonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ,ck &Sdaeaom rGwfpvifrsm;onf ArmvlrsdK;ukdrSykdI txif }uD;
=uonf? okd@jzpfI vnf; ArmuJhokd@ 0wfpm;aexkdifjcif;ukd *k%f,l=uonf?
olwkd@ukd ukvm;ac: jcif;xuf jrefrmrGwfpvif [kac: jcif;ukd ESpfouf =u onf?
Armwkd@uJhokd@ wkdufykH ukd0wfqif=uonf? Armwkd@uJhokd@ olwkd@bm om trnf
tDpGwf/ umqifESifh qufjyD; ukdwifarmif/ ukdcifatmif [ka&;om; ac:a0: =u
onf? pifppf tm;jzifh qkd&aomf ,if;olwkd@onf ArmvlrsdK;. aemufqufwGJ
tiftm;jzpfjuonf? jynfe,frsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;tajc taet& tpkd;&u
olwkd@.OD;a& ukd ArmvlrsdK; pm&if;wGif xnfhoGif; az:jy=uonf?
rdrdwkd@ukd cifwG,faomolwkd@wGif raumif;aomvuQ%mrsm; &Sdao;ovm;[k
ar;p&m&Sd onf? olwkd@onf rl;,pfxkHxkdif; apaom t&ufaopmrsm;ukd a&mif;
cs jcif;r&Sd? olwkd@onf bdefjzLuJhokd@ raumif;aom tvkyfrsm;ESifh touf arG;0rf;
ausmif;jcif; vnf;r&Sd? pD;yGm;a&;wGif Monopoly [kac: onfh xdyfykdif;rS csKyf ufkdif
jcif;vnf;r&Sd?
tdrfaxmifa&;ESifh ywfoufjyD; ajym=uao;onf? ,ae@umvwGif ukvm;r
rsm;ukd tjcm;olwkd@ tdrfaxmifzuftjzpf a&G;aumufouJhokd@ ArmtrsdK;orD;
rsm;ukdvnf; ukvm;rsm;u,l=uonf? okd@&mwGif ,if;tdrfaxmifa&; onf
a&&Snfwnf wHhjcif; r&Sda=umif;ukd ESpfzufpvkH;uod=uonf? okd@jzpfI bmomwl
tcsif;csif;om ,l=ua&;ukd txl;jyKae=uonfukd awG@&onf?
,ae@acwfumvonf vGwfvyfa&;&jyD; ESpf 50-ausmf umvjzpfonf? ukvm;
rsm;onf vnf; rlvukvm;wkd@ESifhrwlawmh/ ArmvlrdsK;rsm;ESifhrjcm; pdwf"gwf
ESifh&kyf&nfwlvmonf? u|ekyfwkd@ v#dK@0SufpGmvkyfaqmif aom udpP rsm; ukd olwkd@
tm;vkH; odae=u onf? olwkd@.&kyf&nfonf ArmESifhwlonf? txuf tnm
a'o&Sd rGwfpvifrsm;rSm omIyif Armrsm;ESifhcJGjcm; &ef cufcJonf? ta&;}uD;
qkH;tcsufrSm olwkd@twGif; jrefrm rdsK;cspf pdwf"gwf ay:xGef; ae&efomjzpfonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wav#muf Aswf0d/ AswWrStp q&m}uD; OD;&mZuf tqkH; olwkd@
onf ArmvlrdsK;wkd@ESifhtwl aowl7Sifzuf aoG;pnf; nDnGwfcJhonf?
EkdifiHukd
8

opPm azguf onf [laom tpOftvm qkd;onf olwkd@wGif r&SdcJha=umif; &kd;om;

pGm0efcH&J&ygrnf? pGef@pm;jcif;ukd 0goemygI zdESdyfr_ukd tvl; tvJ cHae&onf?
olwkd@wGif rdsK;cspfpdwfr&Sdv#if olwkd@onf w&kwfrsm; uJhokd@ jrefrmh EkdifiHa&;rS woD;
wjcm; aernfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf?
Ak'<bmomrS rGwfpvif rsm;jzpfvmonfhenf;wlyif rGwfpvifrS Ak'<bm omokd@
ul;ajymif;olrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdonf? xif&Sm;aomolrsm;ukd aumufE_wf
az:jy&vsif ocifbaomif;/ '*k%fOD;bwif/ b}uD;baz/ a'gufwmarmif'D/
OD;boef;xuf/ aw;oH&Sif tvD/ &kyf&Sifrif;om;ausmfaqG/ a&$b/ csdKjyKH;/
ar0if;armif/ ausmfol ponfjzifh &kyf&SifavmurS yk*~dKvf trsm; tjym;&Sdonf?
okd@jzpfI u|efawmfwkd@u vlrsdK;ESifhywfoufI pdwfaomu &SdouJhokd@
rGwfpvifrsm;onfvnf; TudpPukd aomuxm;&Sd=uonfyif? ArmtrsdK;orD;
ukd,lv#if b,fIb,frSs ay;rnf[laom a&;om;az: jycsuf onf ,ae@ jrefrm
EkdifiH&Sd rGwfpvifwkd@. tajctaeukd avhvm=unfhjyD;rS rSwfcsuf csoifh ygonf?
rGwfpvifrsm;onf ArmvlrsdK;enf;wl csrf;omolrsm; &Sdovkd/ vlvwf wef;pm;
rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? qif;&Jom;rsm;/ zGwfwuf atmif rGJae olrsm; vnf;&Sdonf?
cg;ykdufE_duf/ ckd;/ qkd;/ vk,uf/ 109110/ jynfh wefqmrrsm;/ jynfhwefqm acgif;
rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; &dSonf?
tu,fItrsdK;aysmufrSm pkd;a=umuf& pmwrf;Yaz:jyxm;onfhtwdkif; EkdifiH
jcm; rS taxmuftyHhrsm;&rnfqkdv#if rGwfpvifwkd@.tajc tae onf w&kwf
vlrsdK;omom a&muf&SdEkdifonf? jrdK@opfrsm;ae qif;&J qkwfjyJaeaom rGwfpvif
rsm;u &efukefjrdK@.vrf;ray:wGif ykdufqHvkdufawmif;aeykH jrifuGif; uyifv#if
,if;olwkd@.tajctaerSefukd od&SdEkdifygonf? okd@jzpfI xdk pmwrf; wGif 0g'jzef@csD
csufrsm;onf rkef;wD;a&;ukdom OD;wnfaeI qifjcif okH;oyf wwf ol rsm;tzkd@
vufcH Ekdifaom tajctaeyif r&SdEkdifyg?
trsdK;aysmufrSm pkd;a=umuf& pmwrf;a=umifh jrefrmrGwfpvif rsm;rSm }uD; rm;
aomtcuftcJ tqif;ta7;udkcHpm;ae7ygonf?
rsm;r=umcifu jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd rGwfpvifrfrsm; vufeufpGJukdifum olwkd@.
jy\emukd rajz&Sif;onffhtwGuf tmz*ef&Sd tkdarmu jrefrmrGwfpvif wkd@
onf ol&Jabma=umif vGef;onf[k AsL;cef;wGif az:xkwfcJhonf? jrefrm
9

rGwfpvifrsm;ESifh olwkd@. bmoma&; acgif;aqmifwkd@onf t=urf;zuf vrf; pOf

ukd &GH&Smolrsm; jzpfykH&ygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif acwftoD;oD; wGif&SdcJhaom
aomif; usef;olwkd@a=umifh wkdif;jynfqkwf ,kwfvmykHukd jrefrmrGwfpvifrfwkd@u
odonf?
jyifyrSaoG;xkd;ay;aom yk*~dKvfwkd@onf olwkd@EkdifiHwGif r=umc%aoG;acsmif;pD; r_
rsm; ukd jrefrmhajray:wGif ay:aygufapvkd=uonf? ,if;yk*d~Kvfwkd@onf tdEdN,
rSvmjyD; Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ukd w&m;"rRykd@csoa,mif/ urRXmef; w&m; ykd@cs
oa,mif twdwfu&efjidK;rsm;ukd uvJhpm; acsjcif; jzpfonf? ouFef;0wf bk&m;
om;awmfrsm;yif TudpPwGif vuf0ifae=ujcif;u arwWmt&if;cH Ak'<0g'ukd ykdjyD;
&kyfqkd;apygonf?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. tpOD;umvwGif odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom [dENLukvm;
rsm; ukd olwkd@EkdifiHodkh jyef ydckhf Jh=uonf? puf&kHrsm;ukd jynfolydkifodrf;cJh&onf?
xkdw&m; "rRykd@csaom yk*d~Kvf}uD;. puf&o
kH nfvnf; jynfolykdif pm&if; 0if jzpf
cJhonfukd owd csyfapvkdygonf? ol.wynfhrsm;jzpfaom yg&*lESifhESpfzufvS
wkd@rSm q&m }uD;. ay;urf;r_ay:rlwnfI oHa,mifvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? T
yk*d~Kvfwkd@ wGif tdEdN,EkdifiH/ Ag&m%oD [dENLwuUokdvfrS qif;vmolvnf;ygjyD;/
[dENLbm om 0if wkd@u Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd olwkd@.bk&m;0ifpm;ol tjzpf
avmufom vufcHjcif; omvsifjyK onfukdvnf; owdcsyfyg?
,ae@u|efkyfwkd@vkyfaqmif&rnfh tvkyfonfum; EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u yHhykd; ae
aom ax&0g'Ak'<bmom xGef;um;a&; vrf;a=umif;jzpfygonf? Ak'<omoem
xGef;um;pOfu Ak'<omoeme,fy,fonf tD*spfjynfrSonf *syefEkdifiH txd &SdcJh
ygonf? tD*spfjynf/ qD;&D;,m;/ ygvufpwkdif;wkd@wGif c&pf,efwkdh 0ifa&mufcJhI
Ak'<omoemaysmufcJh&onf? wzef c&pfouU&mZf 6-&mpk wGif rkd[mruf
ay:vmI tpPvmrfon fukefoG,fa&; vrf;a=umif;tm;jzifh ta&S@
awmiftm&S&Sd rav;u|ef;qG,fESifhtif'kdeD;&Sm;ukd csKyfukdif EkdifcJhonf? TwGif
Ak'<e,fy,fonf usOf;ajrmif; onfxuf usOf;ajrmif;vmcJh&onf?
u|efawmfwkd@taejzifh t"du tav;xm;jyD; vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrSm ydduwf
awmf ukd u|efawmfwkd@qkH;&_H;cJh&aome,fy,frsm;. bmompum;/ pmayjzifh
jyefqkda&;yif jzpfonf? tm&fADpmay/ yg&Sef;pmay/ tmz*ef&Sd yk&w
Sf dk pmay/ tl&'l
pmay/ b[m&Sm tif'kdeDqD,m pmayrsm;okd@ jyefqkd&ygrnf? rGwfpvifwkd@onf
10

tD*spf EkdifiHwGif; &Sd tmZ[m bmoma&;wuUokdvf/ rav;&Sm;EkdifiHwum

tDpPvmrf wuUokdvf ponfjzifh wuUokdvfrsm;okd@ oGm;a&mufum bmom
a&;ynmqnf;yl;=uonf?
tjrifhqkH; yg&*lb@GJtxd ay;onf? bmoma&;taejzifh ukd&rfusrf;ukd tEkpdwf
avhvm jcif;/ rkd[mrwf =o0g'usrf;rsm;/ *kd%f;"rRowfusrf;rsm;/ orkdif; bmom
rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ vlrla&;ponfh bmom&yftrsm;tjym;ukd oif,l
=uonf?
ukd&rfusrf;ukd tm&Afbmompum;rS urBmhbmompum; (150)ausmfESifh
jyefqkdjyD; jzpfonf? Oa&mywkduf&Sd wuUokdvfrsm;. ta&S@wkdif;XmerSmvnf;
tdpPvmrfESifhywfouf jyD; pmwrf;wifI yg&*lbGJ@,I
l &onf? xl;qef;onf um;
rGwfpvifwkd@bmomukd armfpukdESifh yDuif;wuUokdvfrsm;wGif r[mXme txd
zGifhvSpfay;xm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? olwkd@u bmoma&;qkdif&m wm0efukd bkef;}uD;
r&SdI ynmwwfvlyk*~dKvfwkd@u xrf; aqmif=uonf?
&SifOuUX.enf;vrf;onf rGwfpvifwkd@ESifheD;pyfonf? bmoma&; udpPukd bkef ;
}uD; wkd@u csKyfukdifjcif;udk u|efawmfwkd@vl0wfa=umifrsm;u twwf EkdifqkH; r#,l
&ygrnf? bkef;}uDrsm;/ q&mawmf}uD;rsm;. "rRwm0efukd u|efawmf wkd@ 0kdif;0ef;
ulnD wm0ef cGJa0,l&ygrnf? u|efawmfwkd@taejzifh &SifAk'<. =o0g' awmftwkdif;
arwWm"gwf jzifh tjcm;olrsm;tay: atmifjrifatmif }udK;pm; &ygrnf?
Ak'<.arwWm0g'ukd pGef@y,fjyD; Ak'<enf;vrf; rusaom vrf;pOfrsm;jzifh pcef;oGm;
ae=urnf qkdygrl trsdK;aysmufrSmukd pkd;a=umufae&kHwifrubkaH ysmufrSmyif
pkd;&drf0if p&m&Sdaeygonf? TEkdifiHonf Ak'<. arwWm0g' atmufwGif&Sdae
ay&m jA[Rpkd&f w&m; v$rf;jcKHywfum urBm at;apa&;ukdom
a&S@&_oifhyga=umif;? ?
qufoG,f&ef-tjidrf;pm;oHtrwf}uD;wOD;/
tod prR'ge/ pmwku
d faowWm/ trSwf-575/ &efukefjrdK@?

11

12