3.

3 The Periodic Table

and the Elements

Dr. Fred Omega Garces

Chemistry 100
Miramar College

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The Periodic Table and the Elements

What is the periodic table ? What information is obtained from the table ? How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT ?

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Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)

In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html
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The Periodic Table

A map of the building block of matter.
1 1 IA 1 18 VIIIA 2

H
3

2 IIA

Periodic Table

13 IIIA

14 IVA

15 VA

16 VIA

17 VIIA

He Ne
18

1.00797

Li Na K
19 11

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra
56 38 20 12 3 IIIB 21 4 IVB 22 5 VB 23 6 VIB 24 7 VIIB 25 8 9 VIIIB 27 10 11 IB 29 12 IIB 30

B Al Ga
65.37 31 13

C Si
14

N
15

O
16

F Cl Br
53 35 17

4.0026 10

6.939 9.0122 3

10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179

Ar Kr Xe Rn
86 54 36

22.9898 24.305 4

26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948

Sc
39

Ti

Cr Mo W
74 42

Mn Tc
[99] 43

Fe Ru Os
190.2 108 76 44

26

Co Rh Ir
77 45

Ni

28

Cu
63.54

Zn
65.37

Ge Sn Pb
82 50

32

As Sb Bi
83 51

33

Se Te Po
84 52

34

39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.71 5

72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.80

Rb
85.47

37

Zr Hf
72

40

Nb Ta
73

41

Pd Pt
78

46

Ag Au
79

47

Cd Hg
80

48

In Tl
81

49

87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94

101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30

Cs Fr

55

La Ac

57

Re

75

At

85

132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 87 88 89 104 105 106 107

Ku

192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210] [210] [222] 109 http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html

[223]

[226]

[227]

[260]

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Periodic Table Expanded View

The way the periodic table usually seen is a compress view, placing the Lanthanides and actinides at the bottom of the stable.
The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the fblock are the Lanthanides and Actinide metals

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Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals
1 IA 1 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 18 VIIIA

2 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB

Metals
3.3 Periodic Table

Nonmetals

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Periodic Table: The three broad Classes Main, Transition, Rare Earth
Main (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)

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Reading the Periodic Table: Classification

Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

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Across the Periodic Table

Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7)
1 IA 1 2 IIA

These elements have the same number of valence shells.

13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA

18 VIIIA

2nd Period
2 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB 3

6th Period
6 7

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Down the Periodic Table

Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table
(columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)
These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.
1 IA 1 2 IIA 18 VIIIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

2 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

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Infamous Families of the Periodic Table

Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members: Halogen Alkali Noble Gas Alkaline Chalcogens 1 18 (earth) IA VIIIA
1 2 IIA

Transition Metals
3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB

13 IIIA

14 IVA

15 VA

16 VIA

17 VIIA

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Important members - the Elements

Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristics
1 IA 1 18 VIIIA 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA

H
Li

He

C
3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB

N P

O S

F Cl Br I

Na Mg

Al Si

Ca

Fe

Cu Zn
Ag

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Periodic Table
e- configuration from the periodic periodic table
(To be covered in future chapters)
1 IA 1 18 VIIIA 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA

H 1s1

He 1s2 Ne 2p6 Ar 3p6

Li Be 2s1 2s2 Na Mg 3s1 3s2 K 4s1 Rb 5s1 Cs 6s1 Fr 7s1 Ca 4s2 Sr 5s2 Ba 6s2 Ra 7s2

B 2p1
3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 VIIIB 10 11 IB 12 IIB

B C N O 1 2 2p3 2p 2p 2p4 S P 3 3p4 3p

F 2p5 Cl 3p5

Al Si 3p1 3p2

Sc 3d1 Y 4d1 La 5d1

V Ti Cr Mn Fe Co 3d2 3d3 4s13d5 3d5 3d6 3d7 Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh 4d2 4d3 5s14d5 4d5 4d6 4d7 Hf Ta W Re Os 5d2 5d3 6s15d5 5d5 5d6 Db Sg Bh 6d3 7s16d5 6d5

Ni 3d8 Ni 4d8

Cu
4s13d10

Ag
5s14d10

Zn Ga Ge 3d10 4p1 4p2 Cd In Sn 10 4d 5p1 5p2 Hg Tl Pb 5d10 6p1 6p2

As Se Be 4p3 4p4 4p5 I Sb Te 5p3 5p4 5p5 Bi Po At 6p3 6p4 6p5

Kr 4p6 Xe 5p6
Rn 6p6

Ac Rf 6d1 6d2

Ir Ni 7 5d 5d8 Hs Mt 6d6 6d7

Au
6s15d10

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Periodic Table: electron behavior

The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons
METALS Alkali Alkaline Transition These elements tend to give up e - and form CATIONS
2 I IA

West (South)

METALLOID

Mid-plains

These elements will give up e- or accept e-

1 IA 1

NON-METALS Noble gas Halogens Calcogens These elements tend to accept e - and form ANIONS
13 I II A 14 I VA 15 VA 16 VI A 17 VI IA

East (North)

18 VI II A

2 3 I II B 4 I VB 5 VB 6 VI B 7 VI IB 8 9 VI II B 10 11 IB 12 I IB

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2. Trend in Atomic Radius

Atomic Radius: The size of at atomic specie as determine by the boundaries of the valence e-. Largest atomic species are those found in the SW corner since these atoms have the largest n, but the smallest Zeff.

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3. Trend in Ionization Potential

Ionization potential:
The energy required to remove the valence electron from an atomic specie. Largest toward NE corner of PT since these atoms hold on to their valence e- the tightest.

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4. Trend in Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity: The energy release when an electron is added to an atom. Most favorable toward NE corner of PT since these atoms have a great affinity for e-.

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Summary of Trend
Periodic Table and Periodic Trends
1. Electron Configuration
3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward NE of PT 4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable NE of PT

2. Atomic Radius: Largest toward SW corner of PT

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Summary
Periodic Table: Map of the Building block of matter Type: Metal, metalloid and Nonmetal
Groupings: Representative or main, transition and Lanthanide/Actanides

Family: Elements in the same column have similar chemical property because of similar valence electrons
Alkali, Alkaline, chalcogens, halogens, noble gases

Period: Elements in the same row have valence electrons in the same shell.

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