Soil Settlement: Fall 2010

Soil Settlement
By
Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE
Fall 2010
Soil Settlement:
Total Soil Settlement = Elastic Settlement + Consolidation Settlement
Stotal = Se + Sc
Elastic Settlement or Immediate Settlement depends on
Load Type (Rigid; Flexible)
Settlement Location (Center or Corner)
Elastic Settlement
Theory of Elasticity
Time Depended Elastic Settlement (Schmertman & Hartman Method (1978)
Elastic settlement occurs in sandy, silty, and clayey soils.

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.
Consolidation Settlement (Time Dependent Settlement)

* Consolidation settlement occurs in cohesive soils due to the expulsion of the water from the voids. * Because of the soil permeability the rate of settlement may varied from soil to another. * Also the variation in the rate of consolidation settlement depends on the boundary conditions.
SConsolidation = Sprimary + Ssecondary

Primary Consolidation Volume change is due to reduction in pore water pressure
Secondary Consolidation
Volume change is due to the rearrangement of the soil particles

(No pore water pressure change, u = 0, occurs after the primary consolidation)
Water Table (W.T.)
Expulsion of the water
Water
Voids
Solids
When the water in the voids starts to flow out of the soil matrix due to consolidation of the clay layer. Consequently, the excess pore water pressure (Du) will reduce, and the void ratio (e) of the soil matrix will reduce too.
Elastic Settlement
Se = Se =
Bqo
Es
Bqo
(1 - s) (1 - s)
2
(corner of the flexible foundation)
2
(center of the flexible foundation)
Es
Where = m = B/L
[ ln ( 1 + m2 + m / 1 + m2 - m ) + m. ln ( 1 + m2 + 1 / 1 + m2 - 1 )
B = width of foundation L = length of foundation
Se =
3.0
Bqo (1 - s) Es
2.5 2.0 av r
, av, r
1.5
For circular foundation =1 av = 0.85 r = 0.88 1 2 3 4 5 L/B Values of , av, and r
1.0
3.0 6 7 8 9 10
Consolidation Settlement
Consolidation Settlement (Primary Consolidation) = Sc = (Cc/1+e o) Hc . log [(Po + P)/Po]

Qdesign = Column Load Stressed Zone
Normally Consolidated Clay
Sand
B
Caly
Hc
Overburden Pressure Po
Hc/2
2 1 Stress Distribution
2 1
Sand
Consolidation Settlement
Normally Consolidated Soil
Loading
p
Unloading
Sand Clay Sand
Sand
1
Hsand
Sand
1
Hsand
H clay/2
Dp p
Hclay
H clay/2
p Dp
Hclay
Sand
Sand
Void Ratio
Void Ratio
Void Ratio
Dp P
Dp P
eo
Cc
Po
Log P
Po
Po + Dp P
Log P
Po
Dp Po + Log P P
Cc H log(po + ) p Sultimate = = H P CS H 1 + eo Po + DPo DH = log ( ) P0 1 + eO
Po = . Hsand + ( - ) . Hclay/2 sand clay water

Re loading with Heavy Load

p2
2 1 H clay/2
Hsand
2 1
Hsand
p Dp
2
Hclay
H clay/2
2 p Dp
2
Hclay
V oid Ratio
Dp P
The soil become overconsolidated soil

P < P2
V oid Ratio
Dp22 P Dp
eo
Cs Cs
Po
Po + Dp P = Pc
Log P
Po
Pc
Po + Dp 2 P 2
Log P
DH =
P CS H P Cs C C H H log P + DP Cc H log Po + 2 P 2 log ( co Sultimatelog PC ) + = (H = +) 1 + eO 1 + eo o Pc 1 +1e+ eO Po PC o
Re loading with light Load

P > P2
p2
2
1
2
1
Hsand
Hsand
H clay/2
p Dp
Hclay
H clay/2
2 p Dp
2
Hclay
Void Ratio
Dp P
The soil become overconsolidated Po + soil P2
Po + DpP2 2
Void Ratio
Dp 22 P
eo
Cs
Po
Pc
Log P
Po
Po + P2
Pc
Log P
DH =
CS H 1 + eO
Cs H log Sultimate = = H P + DP 2) 1 + eo log ( o

Po
Pc Po
Determining The Preconsolidation Pressure (Pc)

Cassagrande Graphical Method
Void Ratio
5 1
6 3 4 2
Po OCR = Pc/Po OCR = 1 OCR > 1 OCR > 4

Normally Consolidated Over Consolidated Heavily Over Consolidated
Pc
Log P
Dr. Kamal Tawfiq - 2010
Example:
1. 2. 3. 4. Soil sample was obtained from the clay layer Conduct consolidation test [9 load increments ] Plot e vs. log (p) (Figure 2) Determine Compression Index (Cc ) & Swelling Index (Cs)
1
Figure 1
gsand = 96 pcf Sand gclay = 110 pcf
wc = 0.3
G.S. W.T.
3 ft 4 ft
Clay
Po 16 ft
Soil Sample
In the lab and after removing the soil sample from the ground, the stresses on the soil sample = 0
0.9
Dp1 Dp 2
In the ground, the sample was subjected to geostatic stresses. In the lab and before the consolidation test the stresses on the sample = 0. During testing, the geostatic stress is gradually recovered
100
0.8
Void Ratio (e)
Dp1 Dp Stress Dp7 Increments Dp Dp9
eo = 0.795
0.7
Cc = 0.72 Cs = 0.1
Cc Cs
Dp9
0.6
0.5
In the lab the stresses are added to the soil sample
0.4
0.3
Po 1000 Log (p)

Figure 2
10000
5.
Determine
Po = 3.(96) + 4.(96-62.4) + 8.(110-62.4) = 803.2 lb/ft2
Tangent to point 1 Example:

6. Using Casagrandes Method to determine Pc
gsand = 96 pcf Sand gclay = 110 pcf
wc = 0.3
Po
G.S. W.T.
3 ft 4 ft
Pc = 800 lb/ft2
Clay
16 ft
Overconsolidation Ratio OCR =
Point of maximum curvature
Pc Po
=1
0.9
Dp1
6 2
Void Ratio (e)
The soil is Normally Consolidated N.C. soil
0.8
X X
5 3
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
7
0.3 100
Po = Pc1000
10000
Log (p)
Casagrandes Method to Determine Preconsolidation Pressure (Pc) 1 Normally Consolidated Soil

1
0.9
2 Horizontal line
0.8
Void Ratio (e)
X X
3
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
7
0.3 100
Po = Pc1000 Log (p)
10000
Pc Po
=1
The soil is Normally Consolidated (N.C.) soil
Casagrandes Method to Determine Pc Overconsolidated Soil

2 Horizontal line 1
Void Ratio (e)
X X
3
Po
Pc Log (p)
Pc Po
>1
The soil is oversonsolidated (O.C.) soil
Building
Example:
A 150 x 100 building will be constructed at the site. The vertical stress due to the addition of the building qdesign =1000 lb/ft2 The weight of the building Qdesign will be transferred to the mid height of the clay layer Qdesign = 15,000,000 lb The added stress at 15 from the ground surface is Dp =
15,000,000 lb (150+15) x (100+15)
1
qdesign gsand = 96 pcf
G.S. W.T.
3 ft 4 ft
Sand
Clay
Po
DP1
Po 16 ft
eo = wc . Gs = 0.3 x 2.65 = 0.795
0.9
Dp1
0.8
Void Ratio (e)
0.7
DP = 790.51 lb/ft2 DP + Po =
0.6
0.5
790.51 + 803 = 1593.51 lb/ft2
0.4
0.3 100
Po1000
10000
Log (p)
Building
Example:
DP + Po = 790.51 + 803 = 1593.51 lb/ft2 Consolidation Settlement DH = DH = Cc H 1 + eO log ( Po + DP ) Po
gsand = 96 pcf
qdesign
G.S. W.T.
3 ft 4 ft
Sand
Clay
Po
DP1
Po 16 ft
0.72 x 16 1593.51 log ( ) 1 + 0.795 803
eo = wc . Gs = 0.3 x 2.65 = 0.795

1
DH = 1.9 ft Void Ratio (e)
0.9
Dp1
0.8
DP1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 100
Po1000
Po + DP
10000
Log (p)
Demolished
When the building was removed, the soil has become an overconsolidated clay.
gsand = 96 pcf qdesign
G.S.
W.T.
3 ft 4 ft
The rebound has taken place through swelling from pint 1 to point 2
Sand
Clay
Po
Po
16 ft
eo = wc . Gs = 0.3 x 2.65 = 0.795

1
0.9
Dp1
0.8
Void Ratio (e)
DP1
0.7
2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 100
Po1000
Po + DP
10000
Log (p)
Constructing a new building
Scenario #1 The soil now is overconsolidated Soil: The new building is heavier in weight
DH = CS H 1 + eO P C CH P + DP 2 log ( C ) + log ( o ) Po PC 1 + eO
1
qdesign gsand = 96 pcf
G.S. W.T.
3 ft 4 ft
Sand
Clay
Po
DP2
Po 16 ft
eo = wc . Gs = 0.3 x 2.65 = 0.795
eo = 0.61 Void Ratio (e)

Assume Po + Dp2 = 2100 psf
0.9
Dp1
DP2 DP1
0.8
0.7
DH =
0.1 x 16 1 + 0.61
log (
1593.51 803
) )
0.6
+ 0.72 x 16 log ( 2100 1 + 0.61 1593.51 =
CS
0.5
CC
0.4
0.3 100
Po1000
Pc
Po + DP 2
10000
Log (p)
New Building
Constructing a new building
qdesign
Scenario # 2 The soil now is overconsolidated Soil:
G.S. W.T.
gsand = 96 pcf
3 ft 4 ft
Sand
Clay
Po
The new building is lighter in weight

DH = CS H P + DP 2) log ( o P0 1 + eO
DP2
Po 16 ft
eo = wc . Gs = 0.3 x 2.65 = 0.795

1
0.9
Dp1
eo = 0.61
Void Ratio (e)
Assume Po + Dp2 = 1600 psf
DP2 DP1
0.8
0.7
0.6
DH =
0.1 x 16 1 + 0.61 =
log ( 1600 1593.51
CS
0.5
0.4
0.3 100
Po1000Po
+ DP2
10000
Log (p)
New Building
Example of Semi-log Scale

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Soil Settlement: Fall 2010

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Soil Settlement: Fall 2010

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Soil Settlement

Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE

Elastic Settlement or Immediate Settlement depends on

Load Type (Rigid; Flexible)

Settlement Location (Center or Corner)

Time Depended Elastic Settlement (Schmertman & Hartman Method (1978)

Elastic settlement occurs in sandy, silty, and clayey soils.

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

Consolidation Settlement (Time Dependent Settlement)

SConsolidation = Sprimary + Ssecondary

Volume change is due to the rearrangement of the soil particles

Water Table (W.T.)

Expulsion of the water

(corner of the flexible foundation)

B = width of foundation L = length of foundation

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

Consolidation Settlement (Primary Consolidation) = Sc = (Cc/1+e o) Hc . log [(Po + P)/Po]

Normally Consolidated Clay

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

Sand Clay Sand

Cc H log(po + ) p Sultimate = = H P CS H 1 + eo Po + DPo DH = log ( ) P0 1 + eO

Po = . Hsand + ( - ) . Hclay/2 sand clay water

Re loading with Heavy Load

The soil become overconsolidated soil

P CS H P Cs C C H H log P + DP Cc H log Po + 2 P 2 log ( co Sultimatelog PC ) + = (H = +) 1 + eO 1 + eo o Pc 1 +1e+ eO Po PC o

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

Re loading with light Load

The soil become overconsolidated Po + soil P2

Cs H log Sultimate = = H P + DP 2) 1 + eo log ( o

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

Determining The Preconsolidation Pressure (Pc)

Po OCR = Pc/Po OCR = 1 OCR > 1 OCR > 4

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

Dr. Kamal Tawfiq - 2010

Void Ratio (e)

Dp1 Dp Stress Dp7 Increments Dp Dp9

In the lab the stresses are added to the soil sample

Po 1000 Log (p)

Po = 3.(96) + 4.(96-62.4) + 8.(110-62.4) = 803.2 lb/ft2

Dr. Kamal Tawfiq - 2010

Tangent to point 1 Example:

Overconsolidation Ratio OCR =

Point of maximum curvature

Void Ratio (e)

The soil is Normally Consolidated N.C. soil

Casagrandes Method to Determine Preconsolidation Pressure (Pc) 1 Normally Consolidated Soil

Dr. Kamal Tawfiq - 2010

Point of maximum curvature

Void Ratio (e)

Po = Pc1000 Log (p)

Overconsolidation Ratio OCR =

The soil is Normally Consolidated (N.C.) soil

Dr. Kamal Tawfiq - 2010

Casagrandes Method to Determine Pc Overconsolidated Soil

Void Ratio (e)

Overconsolidation Ratio OCR =

The soil is oversonsolidated (O.C.) soil

Dr. Kamal Tawfiq - 2010

qdesign gsand = 96 pcf

eo = wc . Gs = 0.3 x 2.65 = 0.795

Void Ratio (e)

790.51 + 803 = 1593.51 lb/ft2

Dr. Kamal Tawfiq - 2010