Annotated Bibliography Primary: Anderson, Dave. "Jackie Robinson, First Black in Major Leagues, Dies.

" The New York Times, October 25, 1972, sec. Obituary. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0131.html (accessed November 14, 2012). This author of this article is by Dave Anderson, a sportswriter for the New York Times, as well as a variety of other newspapers and magazines. This article was published on October 25, 1972 in the New York Times obituaries, the day after Jackie Robinson died at the age of 53. It was intended to be read by the American public. The purpose of this article was to make the public aware of Jackie Robinsons death and to commemorate his achievements. Besides becoming the first African American to play major league baseball, Anderson mentions achievements such as publishing his autobiography, being elected into the hall of fame, overcoming prejudice and family issues, ending his baseball career with an impressive statistical record, and, later, working in executive positions. He says, For sociological impact, Jack Roosevelt Robinson was perhaps America's most significant athlete. This article is entirely supportive of Robinson because it is meant to honor him after his death. This article gave a better understanding of how Jackie Robinson was recognized and remembered by people living in his time period. Johnson, Lyndon B. Famous Quotes by Lyndon B. Johnson. Quotes http://www.quotes.net/authors/Lyndon+B.+Johnson (accessed December 11, 2012). This website has a lot of quotes from Lyndon B. Johnson. He was the 36th President of the United States from 1963-1969. He was also John F. Kennedys Vice President. During his presidency, he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which banned racial, ethnic, religious and national discrimination as well as discrimination against women. The quote used in the website is about how Johnson wants to actually do something about equal rights instead of just talking about it. He thinks that the country has just been talking about it for too long and that it was now time to make a law. His bias is that he was the President of the United States so he had a good view of the nation as a whole and what was best for it and its people. This quote was used on the Laws and Government page because it displayed what the presidents views were about civil rights during the time of Jackie Robinson. Robinson, Frank. "Frank Ronbinson on Jackie Robinson's Legacy." Morning Edition. NPR, WBUR, April 13, 2007. Web. Transcript. In this radio interview, Frank Robinson, a former major league player and manager, is interviewed by Steve Inskeep, host of the Morning Edition program on NPR. It aired on April 13, 2007, just two days before the 60th anniversary of Jackie Robinsons first game in the major leagues. The interview was intended to be heard by all Americans to make them more aware of Jackie Robinson and his impact. The purpose of airing the interview

on NPR was to raise awareness about how Jackie Robinson was a turning point not only in baseball, but Civil Rights history. When asked what he wanted people to know about Jackie, Frank said, I think what Jackie Robinson did off the field was even more significant. I think he brought a country together. He showed the people that blacks, if they are treated equal, could be just as good if not better than the white players. Frank Robinson was biased because he believed that he had been directly affected by Jackie Robinson, and therefore supported him. Inskeep asked him if he was conscious of Jackies role in coming before him when they first met, and he answered, saying, Oh, I was very conscious. Conscious until this day of what he had to endure and what he put up with, and how graceful he handled the situation. And without him doing it the way he did it and the respect that he collected over those years, you know, it would have been very difficult for others to follow. This interview was helpful in understanding the perspective of someone who felt directly affected by Jackie Robinsons achievements. It provided important information for our Aftermath section. Robinson, Jack Roosevelt. "Jack Roosevelt Robinson - Induction Speech." Speech, Baseball Hall of Fame Induction from Baseball Hall of Fame, Cooperstown, NY, July 23, 1962. This speech was made by Jackie Robinson on July 23, 1962 in Cooperstown, New York when he was inducted into the baseball Hall of Fame, six years after retiring from baseball. It was given to a crowd of thousands of fans. The purpose of the speech was to thank everyone who had helped him succeed throughout his career. He says, I want you to know that this honor that was brought up on me here could not have happened without the great work and the advice and guidance that Ive had from three of the most wonderful people that I know. And if either of them werent here today, I know that this day could not be complete. These three people, he says, are Branch Rickey, who first recruited him to play in the major leagues, his mother, and his wife, Rachel. This source was particularly helpful in our page titled People Who Inspired Jackie because it gave a better understanding of who Jackie saw as the people most integral to his success. Robinson, Jackie and Duckett, Alfred. I Never Had It Made. New York: Putnam, 1972. I Never Had It Made is an autobiography by Jackie Robinson. It was published in 1972, the same year that he died. The autobiography reflects on Jackie Robinsons journey to successfully breaking the color barrier in major league baseball. While the focus is on his success in baseball, he also reflects on his life outside of baseball. As he explains throughout his autobiography, these two parts of his life are closely intertwined. The book is split into two parts: The Noble Experiment, which describes his experience leading up to and playing in the major leagues, and After the Ball Game, which describes his life after his baseball career and the effects. The book was written from Robinsons point of view, so the bias was clearly in favor of Jackie Robinson and does not give the perspectives of anyone else involved. This source was used for quotes directly from Jackie Robinson, and to provide more information about Jackie Robinsons own opinions, perspectives, and feelings toward the events that took place.

Robinson, Jackie. Teaching With Documents: Beyond the Playing Field Jackie Robinson, Civil Rights Advocate. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/jackie-robinson/quotes.html (accessed October 28, 2012). This source is many quotes from Jackie Robinson about civil rights. Robinson lived right through the major civil rights movement in America from 1955 to 1968 and played his first major league baseball game in 1947. This was a big deal for America because it was the first time a black person played in the MLB. Civil rights had a huge impact on Robinsons life and he became very passionate about it, as seen in the quotes. Robinson wants everyone to know where he stands on the civil rights movement, which is right behind it. These quotes explain some of his ideas about equality for all and why it is the right thing to do. The point of view of the document is from Jackie Robinson because they are his quotes. The bias is for the civil rights movement because Robinson was African American and wanted all African Americans to share the same rights as white people. This source provided information for the Impact on Civil Rights page. These Jackie Robinson quotes helped to understand how Jackie Robinson was involved with civil rights. His quotes showed that he was a motivational speaker and could really be persuasive about getting people to think about equality for African Americans. Robinson, Jackie. This I Believe: Free Minds and Hearts at Work. WBUR, Boston: NPR, 1952. Web. Transcript. This essay by Jackie Robinson originally aired on National Public Radio in 1952, while he was playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers. The essay was broadcasted on public radio, meaning it was intended to be heard by people across America. It was aired in the heart of the Civil Rights movement, just one year after the desegregation of the army and two years before the Brown v. Board of Education case was brought to Supreme Court. This I Believe was a program that began in the 1950s where Americans from all walks of life share the personal philosophies and core values that guide their daily lives. In Jackie Robinsons essay, he explains his belief that imperfection is human, but no imperfection is immovable. He explains that his success was based on the fact that free minds and human hearts were at work all around me, so there was always room for change and improvement. Knowing that he had a chance, he said, was what helped him keep going to fight for what he believed was right. His ideas expressed in the essay showed his confidence in the human race to be always improving and good at heart. His bias that the human race will always be moving away from imperfection can be seen as controversial. This essay was used to directly quote Jackie Robinson and provide a better understanding of his values and beliefs, and the things that motivated him and helped him to succeed. Robinson, Jackie, to Elliott, Roland L., Deputy Special Assistant to the President, Este, 20 April 1972. Transcript in the hand of Jackie Robinson. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/jackie-robinson/images/letter-1972.jpg

The author of this letter is Jackie Robison. It was written to Roland L. Elliott in the White House on April 20, 1972. This source was written in the form of a letter. The intended audience of this letter was for Roland L. Elliott who was the Deputy Special Assistant to the President, Richard Nixon. Jackie Robinson had already played in the major leagues and was expressing his concern that Black America has asked for so little but they are not receiving anything in return. He is afraid that young African Americans will have to grow up the way he did, not respected by whites. The bias of this source would be that some people do not want equal rights for African Americans and whites, but Jackie Robinson does so that would make him biased. This source will be used in explaining what else Jackie Robinson did to help make everyone equal. This source also helped explain how hard Jackie Robinson fought because before this letter he had sent many letters to the president but he did not agree with Jackie Robinson. Robinson, Rachel. About Jackie Robinson. The Jackie Robinson Foundation. http://www.jackierobinson.org/about/jackie.php (accessed January 11, 2013). This website is for The Jackie Robinson Foundation, founded by his wife, Rachel Robinson, in 1973. There is an About Jackie Robinson page that is a short description of Jackies life. The intended audience of the source is anyone who wants to learn about Jackie Robinson or learn about something they can do to help disadvantaged colored students go to college and have the same opportunities as everyone else. The main idea of the About Jackie Robinson page is to give basic information about Jackie Robinsons life. The bias is that it is published on a website for a foundation founded by Rachel Robinson so she either wrote the page or approved it for the website. Information from this source is used on the Stats and Facts page. This source provided some extra facts about Jackie Robinson that were not found in other sources. Robinson, Rachel. Jackie Robinson: An Intimate Portrait. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, 1996. The author of this source is Rachel Robinson, Jackie Robinsons wife. The Harry N. Abrams, Inc. published this book in 1996 in New York. The intended audience of this book is anyone who wants to read and learn about Jackie Robinsons story. Rachel Robinson was the head of the Jackie Robinson Foundations board of directors until 1996 when she published this book. The purpose of this book is to explain Jackie Robinsons story. Rachel wants the readers to understand the struggles Jackie went through and how discrimination affected him, his family and his team. She wants the readers to realize that becoming an accepted baseball player was hard for Jackie and that it should not have been a problem because she is against racism. That is also some bias in this book. Rachel Robinson is African American so she is against racism. Also, since she is married to Jackie Robinson, she was for everything he did and wanted him to succeed in breaking the color barrier in baseball. Everything described in the book was from her point of view so there is not much information from the other side. This source provided information for the African Americans in Sports, Discrimination Towards African Americans, Laws and Government, Early Life, Negro Leagues, Minor Leagues, Response, Walls Collapse, The Legacy and Impact on Civil Rights pages. This

source had a lot of information for the project because it was a detailed description of Jackies life. It gave a lot of information about his family, his experiences with breaking the color barrier in baseball and his experiences with being a civil rights advocate after he retired. A major part of the project is information from this source. Robinson, Sharon. Stealing Home. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1996. The authors main idea of this book is to explain how Sharon Robinsons life was affected, since her father was a major league super star. This book has pictures of Sharon and her family. The book also contains information on how her life was and how different or similar her life was compared to other people. The author of this source, Sharon Robinson, is the daughter of Jackie Robinson and it is written in her perspective so you really get her point of view. The bias of this book would be that since Sharon is the daughter of Jackie Robinson there are some good and bad sides to it. She explains that her and her brother had cameras in their face at a young age and it was sometimes too much for them to handle. This book will be useful in seeing a different perspective on Jackie Robinsons success. The source helped to understand that Jackie being in the major leagues was not always good for everyone. Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. Honoring Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The 32nd President of the United State of America 1933-1945. Wheel Me OnA Non-Profit Organization. http://www.wheelmeon.org/roosevelt.html (accessed December 11, 2012). This website is a tribute to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt succeeded President Herbert Hoover as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933-1945. He was president for 12 years making him the only president elected for more than two terms. This website has a lot of information about him as well as pictures of him. It also has some quotes from him. The one that was used in the website was about how all American citizens should be equal and that there will be no race or no man left behind. The intended audience for this quote was everyone in the United States. Roosevelt wanted everyone to know that it was time for racial equality and social justice. The bias is that he was the President of the United States so he wanted what was best for the country. This quote was used on the Laws and Government page. This quote was helpful for the project because it gave information about how the president felt about civil rights. It was important because it gave a good background of what the United States was like when Jackie Robinson was alive. Scholastic. Interview with Rachel Robinson. Scholastic. http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/interview-rachel-robinson (accessed December 11, 2012). This source is an interview with Rachel Robinson, Jackies wife. It occurred on February 11, 1998 and was published on the Scholastic website. The intended audience of this source is anyone who wants to learn about civil rights or Jackie Robinsons life. It also gives information about Rachel and how Jackies career affected her and their family. Her book, Jackie Robinson: An Intimate Portrait, had just been published two years

earlier and had come out in paperback by this time. The purpose of this interview was to get some extra details about Jackies career and how he felt about everything that was going on. There is bias in this interview. Rachel Robinson experienced first-hand what it was like for Jackie to break the color barrier in baseball so her answers to the questions are from that point of view. Also, since she was married to Jackie, she can also answer a little from his point of view because she makes it clear that from the beginning they were in it together. This source was used in the Laws and Government page of the website. There are two quotes about what it was like to grow up as an African American in a country where they were discriminated against. This source was important because Rachel described a contrast of severity of segregation in three places in the country. This showed that discrimination varied from place to place. She also got at the point that there were laws for discrimination in some towns but not in others.

Secondary: Adelson, Bruce. Brushing Back Jim Crow: the Integration of Minor-League Baseball in the American South. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999. Bruce Adelson, the author of this book, has written about baseball in newspapers and magazines such as the Washington Post, USA Today's Baseball Weekly, Sport Magazine, and Baseball America. The book tells the story of some of the first African Americans to play minor league baseball including Jackie Robinson, and how their achievements played a part in eventually gaining equal rights for African Americans. Adelson quotes Ace Parker, a manager, who said, I think it is alright to play Negroes. I played with them in professional football and once the game is underway you dont realize that you have them on the team just another ball player as far as I am concerned. This proves his point that once whites realized that African Americans could fit in within the world of sports, it would translate to their lives outside of baseball. He also compares minor league baseball in the south versus in the north, and in big cities rather than smaller towns. He acknowledges that integration did not have the same effect everywhere. The author focuses on the perspective of African Americans throughout this time period, and seldom explains a situation from the point of view of whites. Since most of the sources focused on the major leagues, this source was helpful because it provided more information about the minor leagues. A+E Television Networks, LLC. " Jackie Robinson Jackie Robinson Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story - Biography.com ." Biography. True Story Famous Biographies & TV Shows - Biography.com . http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson9460813?page=2 (accessed January 12, 2013). The main idea of this website was to write about the important events in Jackie Robinsons life. The website had pictures and videos of him. Also, there are a few quotes and important facts about him. There is no known author of this source. The bias of this source would be that the source does not have a lot of negativity so it does not show both side of the story. This will be useful in the Stats and Facts part of the project

because it has a lot of statistics on his career. This website helped to understand more of his statistics, why he was so important and his impact in Major League Baseball. Blackball Productions. The Playing Field From Discovery Education. Full Video. 1993. http://www.discoveryeducation.com/ (accessed 19 September 2012). Discovery Education is a resource for students that provides media such as videos, images, and articles to be used for educational purposes. The Playing Field is a secondary source video about baseball and its role in African American history. It provides contextual information about the history of baseball in the United States and civil rights in the early 20th century, including when baseball became popular and how segregation impacted blacks in the United States. It explains when the Negro Leagues were formed, how they impacted the lives of African Americans, and how they helped lead to the integration of the major leagues. (Bias will be analyzed after comparing with more sources.) This source was used to provide information about the Civil Rights situation during Jackies time and events that led up to the integration of major league baseball. BookRags Media Network. "I'm not concerned with your... at BrainyQuote." Famous Quotes at BrainyQuote. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/jackierobi140153.html (accessed January 20, 2013). The main idea of this website is writing famous quotes from famous people. The website had many quotes by Jackie Robinson and other famous people. There is no known author of this source. This bias of this source would be that there are not just famous baseball players on this website so not all the quotes are on the same topic. This source will be useful in the Major Leagues part of the project because there are a lot of quotes that have to do with his teammates and other players respecting him as a player too. This website helped to understand how many of his quotes were memorable to other people. Eig, Jonathan. Opening Day: The Story Jackie Robinsons First Season. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007. In this source, the author writes about how Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play major league baseball. The book is mainly about how his first day on a major league field was. The book talks about how the fans called him names and threw things at him on the field. The author of this book is a writer for The Wall Street Journal in Chicago. He also wrote a book called Luckiest Man: The Life and Death of Lou Gehrig. The bias of this would be that not everyone wanted Jackie Robinson to be in the major leagues so some people might not like this book because they think that this author is biased. This book does not only talk about how good Jackie Robinson was and his successes in the major leagues but it talks about his struggles and how he pulled through and became stronger from them. This source will be used in explaining Jackie Robinsons first season and how he dealt with people booing him all the time. This book helped explain the successes and the failures that Jackie Robinson had in his first game and season in the major leagues.

Jackie Robinson: The Official Website. Jackie Robinson: The Official Website. Jackie Robinson. http://www.jackierobinson.com/about/index.php (accessed October 27, 2012). The main purpose of the author is to provide information about Jackie Robinson. There is a short biography and many facts about him. There is also access to many pictures, links of other sites containing information about Jackie and the link for the Official Jackie Robinson Store. The author shows bias when he talks about Jackie and explains all his success. The way he explains everything Jackie did shows that he thinks highly of him. An example of this is when he says that his legacy will live on forever. Because the biography is pretty short, there is not a lot of detail about his struggles but the author does mention that his family was a huge emotional support. This source is used on the Early Life and The Legacy pages. This source provided some quick background facts about Jackie Robinson and supplied a few details to add to the project that were not found on other sources. Lipsyte, Robert. Heroes of Baseball: the Men Who Made it America's Favorite Game. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2005. Robert Lipsyte is an author and sports journalist. This book was written to highlight some of the best players in the history of American baseball. Jackie Robinson is included as one of these heroes of baseball. The chapter covering Jackie Robinson is titled The First. In this chapter, he describes his obstacles and achievements leading up to his admittance into the major leagues, both athletically and outside of baseball. He went on to describe Jackies success in the major leagues and the impact he had on other athletes and African Americans. Throughout both the books introduction and the chapter on Jackie Robinson, it is clear that the author supports and admires Jackie. On page 40, for example, he describes Jackie as handsome and smart. On page six, he says, A very few, through their courage and personal sacrifice, give us a glimpse of the potential for heroism that every one of us, with or without a mitt, is born with (Jackie Robinson). He explicitly shows his strong support and admiration of Jackie Robinson, both on and off the field. This source provided information about Jackie Robinsons life before he played major league baseball, including information about his childhood, his college career, and his time in the minor leagues. It also described well the long-lasting impact that Jackie Robinson had on other athletes, African Americans, and civil rights and baseball as a whole. This source was used to understand the role that Jackie Robinson played in the lives of the people that he inspired, and how he was viewed by his fans. McGowen, Roscoe Robinson, Negro shortstop, is due at Montreal Baseball Camp Today. New York Times, March 1, 1946, p. 24 The authors main idea of this article is to explain where Jackie Robinson is going today and why. This article has quotes from Branch Rickey and says what Robinson and the other guys trying out will be doing. The author of this source, Roscoe McGowen, is a writer for the New York Times. The bias of this source would be that a lot of people did not want an African American to play in Major League Baseball, and not just the fans but

the players too. This source will be useful in the Negro Leagues part of the project. The article helped to find out exactly when he tried out at Montreal Baseball Camp. Rampersad, Arnold. Jackie Robinson: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Incorporated, 1997. The authors main purpose is to describe Jackie Robinsons life in as much detail as possible. Jackies wife, Rachel, chose Arnold Rampersad to tell his full story so everyone will know what Jackie was like. It is clear that both Rachel and Rampersad think highly of Jackie so they believe he deserves nothing less than a complete biography that lets the world know the man Jackie Robinson was inside and outside of baseball. Rampersad is Woodrow Wilson Professor of Literature at Princeton University where he is a member of the Department of English and the Program in African-American studies. He has written many other books including Life of Langston Hughes and Days of Grace: A Memoir with Arthur Ashe. He was also appointed a MacArthur Foundation fellow in 1991. The bias in this biography is that Rampersad thinks highly of Jackie Robinson so he is going to write things from a positive point of view. Also, he got the majority of his information from Rachel Robinson so that gives him another reason to be biased towards Jackie. This source is used on the Discrimination Towards African Americans, Early Life, Major Leagues, Response and Impact on Civil Rights pages. This source was helpful because it showed another point of view of Jackies life. It was also good for information about his experiences and actions not only inside of baseball, but outside of it as well. Rogosin, Donn. "The World that Negro Baseball Made." Invisible Men: Life in Basebal l's Negro Leagues. New York: Atheneum, 1983. 3-31. Print. The author of this book, Donn Rogosin, works primarily with television and documentaries. He helped to create the documentary There Was Always Sun Shining Someplace, also about the Negro Leagues. The main idea of the book, as conveyed through the title, Invisible Men, is to raise awareness of the Negro Leagues and their significance in 20th century America. Rogosin gives background information about the league while incorporating stories and quotes from significant people involved, including Jackie Robinson, Josh Gibson, Buck Leonard, and many others. Not only does he discuss the baseball and the athletes, but the effect it had on the African American community and the United States as a whole. He says, speaking of the Negro League players, Scuffling to make a living playing the game that they loved, these men became symbols of competence and achievement for all black people. Here, he is saying that by matching the playing level of the major leagues, the Negro Leagues helped African Americans to prove that they could be just as successful as whites. In this chapter of the book, Rogosin focuses primarily on the beneficial effects of the Negro Leagues and how they helped the African American community rather than their downfalls. This source provided more information about what it was like to play for the Negro leagues, as well as primary source quotes.

Savali, Kirsten West. Celebrating Jackie Robinson: Beyond The Baseball Field. NewsOne for Black America. http://newsone.com/2002806/celebrating-jackie-robinson-january-311919-october-24-1972-beyond-the-baseball-field/ (accessed October 27, 2012). Kirsten West Savali has a degree in Psychology and experience as a mental health professional. She is the former Senior News Editor at YourBlackWorld.com and has also had articles featured on many news websites. The main idea of her article is that although Jackie Robinson was very prominent in the sports world, he was even more important to civil rights. She states this in the article when she writes, But his contributions to the world of sports as larger-than-life and transcendent as they unequivocally are dwell parallel to the passionate civil rights advocacy that defined his life. Another main argument in her article is that Jackie Robinson inspired and continues to inspire so many people. She mentions this when she writes, His sheer tenacity and refusal to accept invisible boundaries continues to illuminate the path of men and women walking proudly in his footsteps. These two quotes really show why Savali wrote this article. She wanted people to know how important Jackie Robinson was to civil rights because most people just know him as a sports hero. This is the bias in her article. It is clear that she looks up to Jackie Robinson and is portraying him as a great, man who really made a difference in civil rights. Information from this article is used on the Impact on Civil Rights and The Legacy pages. This source was helpful because it provided a lot of information about how Jackie Robinson was important to civil rights, not just baseball. Scott, Richard. Jackie Robinson. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. Richard Scott is a senior editor at a publishing company, and often works on books about sports. This book focuses on telling the story of Jackie Robinsons major league baseball career. It does not include much information about Jackies life outside of baseball. Scotts story starts, for example, just before Jackie Robinson joined the major leagues the first chapter is titled, The Experiment Begins. Although the book does not cover Jackies life outside of baseball, it gives a detailed, chronological account of Jackies career, including many specific dates and statistics. But, by not including any information about this part of Jackies life, the biography is biased because the reader does not have any insight as to how Jackie was affected by his childhood, family, or other aspects of his personal life. This source was especially helpful in providing a better understanding of the chronology of Jackies career, and providing statistics for the Stats & Facts page, and included many pictures to help convey the story. Simon, Scott. Jackie Robinson and the Integration of Baseball. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2002. In the book it talks a lot about Jackie Robinson and how he made it to the major leagues. It also talks about how other people thought and whether they supported him or not. Some of the fans hated him and always yelled mean things to him when he was up at bat. Some people grew to like and appreciate him like his team did. The author, Scott Simon, has written many books and gone on many talk shows. He has only written one other

book about baseball but has written about many other things too. In the book they talk a lot about Jackie Robinson but not as much about the integration of baseball and him in the major leagues. It was mostly about him in the minor leagues and that would be the bias. This source will be useful in explaining how Jackie Robinson got to the major leagues and why he was the first. This book helped explain the journey that Jackie Robinson took in becoming the first African American to play major league baseball. Singer, Tom. The pioneer: Robinson's entrance into the big leagues spelled the beginning of the end for the Negro Leagues. MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/history/mlb_negro_leagues_profile.jsp?player=robinson_jackie (accessed January 11, 2013). Tom Singer has been an MLB.com reporter since 2001and has reported about baseball since 1974. This source is about how Jackie Robinson made it from the Negro Leagues to the Major Leagues and how him playing in the Major Leagues would start an end for the Negro Leagues. Singer believes it was destiny, not talent, that brought Robinson to the Major Leagues. A quote from this source used on the website is Were he not tapped on the shoulder by destiny, all indications are Jackie Robinson would have been a transient blip on the Negro League radar. It wasn't a question of talent -- Robinson hit .387 or .345, depending on the source, in his only season with the Kansas City Monarchs -- but of inclination. This quote is on the Negro Leagues page of the website and explains how Robinson got chosen out of all the men playing in the Negro Leagues. He also referred to destiny when he wrote, the accomplishment came looking for him. This bias is that Singer believes what happened to Jackie Robinson could have happened to anyone playing in the Negro Leagues and that it all happened according to destiny. Sports Reference LLC. Jackie Robinson. Baseball-Reference.com. http://www.baseballreference.com/players/r/robinja02.shtml (accessed January 11, 2013). The main idea of this source is to explain Jackie Robinsons accomplishments and why he is in the Baseball Hall of Fame. The website has information about his childhood and career as a baseball player. There is no known author of this source. The bias of this source would be that not everyone wanted Jackie Robinson to be in the Major Leagues so some people would not find his statistics to be very impressive. This source will be useful in the Stats and Facts part of our project because this source has a lot about his batting average and how many bases he stole. This website helped to understand about his early life too, before he played in the Major Leagues. The Jackie Robinson Story. DVD. Directed by Alfred E. Green. Beverly Hills, California: Jewel Picture Corporation/MGM, 1950. In this film the director tells the story of Jackie Robinson. He starts in the beginning when he got his first glove and finishes with him in the major leagues. They show his family, mom and brother, and they show how much they supported him and what he was trying to accomplish. Someone else who supported him was his wife, Rachel Robinson. This movie really captures the moments when he stepped on the field or up at bat and no

one ever cheered for him. It was difficult for him but he tried not to let it get to him and then some people started to respect him. Some other movies that Alfred E. Green directed are The Green Goddess, The Jolson Story, and The Eddie Cantor Story. The bias of this source would be that some people did not agree with integrating baseball and making a movie about it might be frowned upon by some people and that would make Alfred E. Green biased to some people. This source will be useful in explaining the earlier life of Jackie Robinson and how he got to the major leagues. This source helped understand the setting at the time and really picture how people treated Jackie Robinson and people like him at the time. Warmund, Joram , Charles E. Schumer, and Joseph Dorinson. Jackie Robinson: Race, Sports, and the American Dream. Armonk, New York : M. E. Sharpe, Inc. , 1998. The authors main idea of this book is to explain Jackie Robinsons dream and how it relates to the American dream. It talks about the obstacles that he faced, what Robinson was trying to accomplish and why. The authors of this source are all writers. The bias of this source would be that it was not always a good thing to be the first African American to play in the major leagues because there was a lot of negativity. This source will be useful in the Major Leagues Today part of the project because the book compares a lot of things from when Jackie Robinson played to now. This book helped us find out more about the Major Leagues today.