Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Micro Strip Antenna
Micro Strip Antenna
Typical Applications
single element
array
diplexer
Microstrip Antenna Integrated into a System: HIC Antenna Base-Station for 28-43 GHz
W L h x
Note: L is the resonant dimension. The width W is usually chosen to be larger than L (to get higher bandwidth). However, usually W < 2 L. W = 1.5 L is typical.
x L
Et = 0
E = z E z ( x, y )
Inside the patch cavity, because of the thin substrate, the electric field vector is approximately independent of z.
Hence
E z E z ( x, y )
E z ( x, y )
h
Hence
H ( x, y ) =
( z E ( x, y ) ) j 1
z
h
H ( x, y )
Js n = 0
Also, on lower surface of patch conductor we have
Js
W
t
L
n
x
Js = ( z H ) Js
Hence,
Ht = 0
Js
W
t
L
n
x
H t = 0 (PMC)
h
PMC
Js
W
Hence,
n ( z E z ( x, y ) ) = 0 z ( n Ez ( x, y ) ) = 0
t
L
n
x
Ez =0 n
h
PMC
Resonance Frequencies
Ez + k Ez = 0
2 2
y
(x0, y0)
m x n y Ez = cos cos L W
(TMmn mode)
x L
m 2 n 2 2 + k Ez = 0 L W
m 2 n 2 2 +k =0 L W
Hence
y
(x0, y0)
W
Recall that
k = 0 0 r
x L
= 2 f
Hence
f =
c 2 r
m n + L W
2
c = 1/ 0 0
f = f mn
W
(x0, y0)
x L
f mn =
c 2 r
m n + L W
2
(1,0) Mode
y
current This mode is usually used because the radiation pattern has a broadside beam.
x = cos Ez L
1 f10 = 2 r L c
1 x Js = x sin j0 L L
L
This mode acts as a wide microstrip line (width W) that has a resonant length of 0.5 guided wavelengths in the x direction.
c 1 f10 = 2L r
kL =
0 / 2 L = d / 2 = r
Note: a higher substrate permittivity allows for a smaller antenna (miniaturization) but lower bandwidth.
Le = L + 2L
y
L
1 f10 = 2 r Le c
L Le
eff r
r +1 r 1
2
h + 1 + 12 W 2
1/ 2
Note:
L 0.5 h
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
h / 0
r = 2.2
W/ L = 1.5
The resonance frequency has been normalized by the zero-order value (without fringing):
fN = f / f0
W = 1.5 L is typical.
Results: bandwidth
30 25
BANDWIDTH (%)
20 15 10 5 0
= 10.8
2.2
0.1
h / 0
The discrete data points are measured values. The solid curves are from a CAD formula. r = 2.2 or 10.8 W/ L = 1.5
y
(x0, y0)
Rin Ez2 ( x0 , y0 )
y
(x0, y0)
x0 Rin cos L
2
y
(x0, y0)
W
The value of Redge depends strongly on the substrate permittivity. For a typical patch, it may be about 100200 Ohms.
INPUT RESISTANCE ( )
150
r = 10.8
2.2
100
50
y
0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
h / 0
(x0, y0) W L
r = 2.2 or 10.8
W/L = 1.5 x0 = L/4, y0 = W/2
Pr er = Ptot
The radiation efficiency is less than 100% due to conductor loss dielectric loss surface-wave power
x
cos () pattern
Pr Pr er = = Ptot Pr + ( Pc + Pd + Psw )
Pc = power dissipated by conductors Pd = power dissipated by dielectric Psw = power launched into surface wave
Rs =
2.2
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
60
10.8
40 exact 20 CAD
0.1
h / 0
r = 2.2 or 10.8
W/L = 1.5
2.2
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
60
exact
r = 10.8
40 20
CAD
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
h / 0
r = 2.2 or 10.8
W/L = 1.5
60
-20
-60
120
240
150 180
210
45
-10
-45
-20
135
225
180
Results: Directivity
10
r = 2.2
8
DIRECTIVITY (dB)
10.8
6
exact CAD
0.1
h / 0
r = 2.2 or 10.8
W/ L = 1.5
Zin
Lp
L R C
0 = 2 f 0 =
1 LC
L R C
Lp
Lp
L R C
Rin ( )
50 40 30 20 10 0 4 4.5 5
CAD exact
5.5
FREQUENCY (GHz)
r = 2.2
W/L = 1.5
L = 3.0 cm
CAD exact
Xin ( )
20 0 -20 -40
r = 2.2
W/L = 1.5
L = 3.0 cm
a = probe radius
h = probe height
0 2 Xf = ( k0 h ) + ln ( k a ) 2 r 0
X f = Lp
0.577216
(Eulers constant)
0 = 0 / 0 = 376.73
0 2 Xf = ( k0 h) + ln ( k a) 2 r 0
r = 2.2
W/L = 1.5 h = 0.0254 0 a = 0.5 mm
Xf ( )
Xr
xr = 2 ( x0 / L) - 1
CAD Formulas
In the following viewgraphs, CAD formulas for the important properties of the rectangular microstrip antenna will be shown.
Rs d + 0
erhed 1 3 r L 1 h / 0 16 p c1 W h / 0
where
d
where
hed sp
kh 2 ( 0 )
(80 c )
2 1
hed Psw
3 1 1 3 3 = 2 ( k0 h ) 60 c1 1 0 r
hed r
1 1 3 1 1 + ( k0 h ) 1 4 c1 r
3
(Physically, this term is the radiation efficiency of a horizontal electric dipole (hed) on top of the substrate.)
c1 = 1
2/5
r2
a2 2 4 2 3 1 2 p = 1 + ( k 0 W ) + ( a2 + 2 a 4 ) ( k0 W ) + c2 ( k0 L ) 10 560 5
2 2 1 + a2 c2 ( k0 W ) ( k0 L ) 70
c2 = 0.0914153
a2 = 0.16605
a4 = 0.00761
hed r
hed sp
k0 h ) ( 80 2 c1 ) 2 (
2
hed sw
2 4 r (1 + x1 ) + (k0 h) x0 1 (1 + r2 x1 )
r ( x 1)
2 0
3/ 2
2 x0 1 x1 = 2 r x0
x0 = 1 +
2 r2 + 01 + r r2 2 01 + 0
r2 12
0 = s tan ( k0 h ) s
( k0 h ) s 1 1 = tan ( k0 h ) s + cos 2 k h s s ( 0 )
s = r 1
f 2 f1 BW = f0
Redge
4 L h (0 ) W 0 = Rs 1 16 p c1 W + d + 0 h / 0 3 r L
h 1 0 erhed
where
tanc ( x ) tan ( x ) / x
3 D p c1
(The directivity is essentially independent of the substrate thickness.)
L h
r
infinite GP and substrate H-plane
y W
E-plane
x J s = cos x L
x
The probe is on the x axis.
ky W sin WL 2 hex Ei (r , , ) = Ei ( r , , ) 2 ky W 2
i = or
kx L cos 2 2 k L 2 x 2 2
k x = k0 sin cos
k y = k0 sin sin
The hex pattern is for a horizontal electric dipole in the x direction, sitting on top of the substrate.
j 0 jk0 r E0 = e 4 r
TE
F ( ) = 1 +
( ) =
TM
tan ( k0 h N ( ) ) j N ( ) sec
2 tan ( k0 h N ( ) )
G ( ) = cos (1 +
( ) ) =
r cos N ( )
N ( ) = r sin 2 ( )
Circular Polarization
Three main techniques:
1) Single feed with nearly degenerate eigenmodes. 2) Dual feed with delay line or 90o hybrid phase shifter. 3) Synchronous subarray technique.
L
Basic principle: the two modes are excited with equal amplitude, but with a 45o phase.
BW =
1 2Q
(SWR < 2 )
W
x0 = y0
1 f x = f 0 1 2Q 1 f y = f 0 1 2Q
R = Rx = Ry
L
Patch with slot
L
Patch with truncated corners
P L
P+g/4
LHCP
y
Z0
feed
Z0 / 2 Z0
Z0
g/4
50 Ohm load
g/4
x
LHCP
-180o -90o
-270o 0o
Because of symmetry, radiation from higher-order modes tends to be reduced, resulting in good cross-pol.
Circular Patch
y
a h
Ez = cos ( m ) J m ( k )
Jm = Bessel function of first kind, order m.
PMC
Ez
=0
=a
J m ( ka ) = 0
PMC
f mn =
c 2 r
xmn
c f11 = x11 2 a r
x11 1.842
PMC
c f11 = x11 2 ae r
Long/Shen Formula :
2h a r a ln 1.7726 + 2h
a + a
ae = a 1 +
or
a =
h a + 1.7726 ln r 2h
x
k = k 0 r
h
H-plane
r
infinite GP and substrate
y x a
E-plane
In patch cavity:
J1 (k ) 1 E z ( ,) = cos J1 (ka ) h
2 jN ( ) P ( ) = cos (1 ( )) = cos tan (k0 hN ( )) jN ( ) sec 2 j r cos N ( ) TM Q ( ) = 1 ( ) = tan (k0 h N ( )) j r cos N ( ) N ( ) = r sin 2 ( )
1 = er 2 Psp
er = radiation efficiency
J inc ( x ) = J1 ( x ) / x
Psp = power radiated into space by circular patch with maximum
edge voltage of one volt.
Psp = ( k0 a ) 2 I c 80
4 I c = pc 3
pc = ( k0 a ) e2 k
2k k =0
e0 = 1 e2 = 0.400000 e4 = 0.0785710 e6 = 7.27509 103 e8 = 3.81786 104 e10 = 1.09839 105 e12 = 1.47731 107
Feeding Methods
Some of the more common methods for feeding microstrip antennas are shown.
x0 R = Redge cos L
2
Disadvantages: difficult to obtain input match for thicker substrates, due to probe inductance. significant probe radiation for thicker substrates
Disadvantages: significant line radiation for thicker substrates for deep notches, pattern may shown distortion.
Advantages: allows for planar feeding less line radiation compared to microstrip feed
patch
microstrip line Disadvantages: requires multilayer fabrication alignment is important for input match
patch
Improving Bandwidth
Some of the techniques that has been successfully developed are illustrated here. (The literature may be consulted for additional designs and modifications.)
microstrip line
0 -5
Frequency (GHz)
Double U-Slot Rectangular Patch Antenna, Y. X. Guo, K. M. Luk, and Y. L. Chow, Electronics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 19, pp. 1805-1806, 1998.
A modification of the U-slot patch. A bandwidth of 34% was achieved (40% using a capacitive washer to compensate for the probe inductance).
A Novel E-shaped Broadband Microstrip Patch Antenna, B. L. Ooi and Q. Shen, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 348-352, 2000.
Multi-Band Antennas
A multi-band antenna is often more desirable than a broad-band antenna, if multiple narrow-band channels are to be covered.
General Principle: Introduce multiple resonance paths into the antenna. (The same technique can be used to increase bandwidth via multiple resonances, if the resonances are closely spaced.)
feed
high-band
feed
low-band high-band
Dual-Band E patch
Miniaturization
High Permittivity Quarter-Wave Patch PIFA Capacitive Loading Slots Meandering
Note: miniaturization usually comes at a price of reduced bandwidth.
General rule: maximum obtainable bandwidth is proportional to the volume of the patch (based on the Chu limit.)
r = 1
W
E-plane
r = 4
W=W/2
L=L/2 L
It has about one-fourth the bandwidth of the regular patch.
(Bandwidth is inversely proportional to the permittivity.)
Ez = 0
E-plane
L=L/2
top view
side view
shorting plate
feed
top view
side view
The capacitive loading allows for the length of the PIFA to be reduced.
0o linear CP
90o
The slot forces the current to flow through a longer path, increasing the effective dimensions of the patch.
Miniaturization: Meandering
Meandering forces the current to flow through a longer path, increasing the effective dimensions of the patch.
Improving Performance:
Reducing Surface-Wave Excitation and Lateral Radiation
z
feed
o
x h a b
ground plane
feed
SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
60
-20
-60
60
-20
-60
120
240
120
240
150 180
210
150 180
210
conventional conventional
RSW RSW
lateral radiation
surface waves
Mutual Coupling Between Reduced Surface-Wave Microstrip Antennas, M. A. Khayat, J. T. Williams, D. R. Jackson, and S. A. Long, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 48, pp. 1581-1593, Oct. 2000.
References
General references about microstrip antennas:
Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design, Randy Bancroft, Noble Publishers, 2004. Microstrip Patch Antennas: A Designers Guide, Rodney B. Waterhouse, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003. Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. J. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Editors, Artech House, 2001. Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, K. F. Lee, Editor, John Wiley, 1997. Microstrip Antennas: The Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, David M. Pozar and Daniel H. Schaubert, Editors, Wiley/IEEE Press, 1995.
References (cont.)
General references about microstrip antennas (cont.):
Millimeter-Wave Microstrip and Printed Circuit Antennas, P. Bhartia, Artech House, 1991. The Handbook of Microstrip Antennas (two volume set), J. R. James and P. S. Hall, INSPEC, 1989. Microstrip Antenna Theory and Design, J. R. James, P. S. Hall, and C. Wood, INSPEC/IEE, 1981.
References (cont.)
More information about the CAD formulas presented here for the rectangular patch may be found in:
Computer-Aided Design of Rectangular Microstrip Antennas, D. R. Jackson, S. A. Long, J. T. Williams, and V. B. Davis, Ch. 5 of Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, K. F. Lee, Editor, John Wiley, 1997.
References (cont.)
References devoted to broadband microstrip antennas:
Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Kin-Lu Wong, John Wiley, 2003. Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Girish Kumar and K. P. Ray, Artech House, 2002. Broadband Patch Antennas, Jean-Francois Zurcher and Fred E. Gardiol, Artech House, 1995.