Table of contents

Introduction ................................................................... 3 Theory ............................................................................ 5 Apparatus....................................................................... 5 Procedure ....................................................................... 5 Results & Graphs .......................................................... 7 Calculations.................................................................... 7 Discussion ....................................................................... 8 Conclusion.................................................................... 10 References .................................................................... 10 Appendices ................................................................... 10

Introduction
Saint-Venant's principle named after the French elasticity theorist Jean Claude Barr de Saint-Venant can be stated as "... The strains that can be made in a body by the application, to a small section of its surface, of a system of forces statically approximate to zero force and zero couple, are of negligible magnitude at distances which are large compared with the linear dimensions of the part." The initial statement was published in French by Saint-Venant in 1855. Although stated verbally the principle is familiar among mechanical engineers in this informal formulation. More present mathematical literature gives a precise view in the context of partial differential equations. An early participation to this came from von Mises in 1945. The Saint-Venant's principle permits elasticians to replace complex stress distributions or weak boundary conditions into ones that are easier to solve, as long as that boundary is geometrically short. Quite similar to the electrostatics, where the electric field because of the i-th momentum of the load ( with 0th being the remaining charge, 1st the dipole, 2nd the quadrupole) decays as over space, Saint-Venant's principle mentions that high order momentum of mechanical load ( momentum with order higher than torque) decays so quick that they dont need to be considered for regions far from the short boundary. Therefore, the Saint-Venant's principle can be considered as a statement on the asymptotic behavior of the Green's function by a load at point. Loadsmustbedispersedoverafinitearea.Inpracticeitisquitehardtofindoutaccurate stressesclosetothepointofapplicationofaload.Engineersdealwiththisproblembyapplying St.Venant'sprinciplewhichindicatesthatstaticallyequivalentsystemsofforcesmakethe samestressesandstrainswithinabodyexceptintheimmediateregionwhereappliedloads arepresent.Hence,thestressesdeducedinthemiddleofabeamarenotaffectedbytheway theendsaresupportedaslongasthesupportingforcesandmomentsarestaticallyaliketo thoseinthemathematicalmodel.Localproblemsaredealtwithbyseparatemethods.

Aim
Whenexaminingacircularholeinaplate,thecircularholeinthemiddlewillcausea concentrationofstress.Thiswillincreasethelevelofthestressatspecificpointsnearthehole toavaluehigherthanthenominalstressintherestoftheplate.Theactualaimofthis investigation/exerciseistofindthestressconcentrationfactoratpointAontheplateandto getthelongitudinalstressprofilebetweenthepointsA&B.Itisalsonecessarytostudythe valueofthestressatpointC.Whencarryingoutthisexercisetwodifferenttypesofelements wouldneedtobeusedandaconvergencestudywouldneedtobeperformedwitheach element.

ProblemSpecification

Geometry: Alongplateofthickness(t)anddepth(D),asshownabove.Theplatecanbesuggestedtobeof infinitelength,thus,thedeficiencyinlengthdimension.Theplatehasacircularholewitha specificdiameter(d),situatedinthemiddleoftheplateprecisely. Loading:

Uniformlydistributedload(w=150N/mm)overtheendsoftheplate,asshowninthefigure above. Propertiesofthematerial:

Youngsmodulus(E=7000N/mm),Poissonsratio(=0.33). Propertiesofthegeometry: Thicknessoftheplate,t=4mm Depthoftheplate,D=50mm Diameterofthehole,d=20mm Typeofelements: 2Dplanestress4&8nodedquadrilateralelements

Theory
ThemainconceptoftheSt.Venantsprinciplewhichisrelatedtomodelingthelengthofthe plateistoassume/estimatealengthwithdimensionofmorethantwicethedepthoftheplate, i.e.L>2D. TheformulatocalculatethelongitudinalstressconcentrationfactoratpointAisgivenbelow: K=33.13 +3.66 1.53

WhereK=thelongitudinalstressconcentrationfactor,d=thediameterofthehole(mm),D= thedepthoftheplate(mm). Theempiricalformulae(handcalculation)involvedinthisassignmentareasfollows: K= and = =thepeaklongitudinalstress(N/

WhereK=thelongitudinalstressconcentrationfactor, mm)atpointA,

=thenominalstress(N/mm), =uniformlydistributedtensileload(N/mm),D=the depthoftheplate(mm),t=thethicknessoftheplate(mm),d=thediameterofthehole(mm).

Apparatus
Forthisassignment,thefiniteelementanalysissoftware(Ansys)wasused.

Procedure
Outline

Thisexerciserequiredtheuseofengineeringdecisioninthesizeoflengthoftheplateeither sideoftheholeitwasnecessarytomodel.Thiswasessentialthatadequatelengthwas modelledsothatatthelimitsofthemodelthestressfieldhadestablishedfromthedisturbance duetothehole.TodeterminethisSt.Venantsprinciplewasused,i.e.L>2D.Forthis assignmentthelengthwas2.5timesmorethanthedepth,i.e.L=2.5D=2.550=125mm. Withthislengthsize,symmetrywasusedinordertocutdownthesizeoftheactualfinite elementmodel.Thenthepartoftheplatethatwasmodelledwassplitupinto3geometrical areas,eachonewithfoursides.Theboundaryconditionswerestatedbytheuseofsymmetry.

MethodofanalysesusingtheAnsyssoftware
4Nodedquadrilaterals(4Node42): 5

Thegeometryoftheshapewasformedbymakingthekeypoints.Todothisthe preprocessorwasopened,modellingwasclickedonfollowedbycreatethenkey pointsinactiveCS.Allthevaluesweretypedinsidetheboxforeachkeypoint. Then lines were connecte dtoeach key point,by opening the preproc essor, then modelli ngwas clicked on followed by create lines. Thenin thelinesmenu,thestraightlinewaschosen.Allthekeypointswerejoinedwithlines into2splitrectangles/squares.Thentheleftsquare/rectanglewassplitintotwo triangles. Next,therectangle/squareandtriangleswerefilledwiththeareas,i.e.theyallturned blueindicatingtheyhadareas.Thiswasdoneagainbyopeningthepreprocessor,then clickingonmodellingandthenoncreateandthenareas,arbitraryandbylines.So eachshapewasfilledinseparately,byclickingoneachlinethenonapply,tofillthe shape.Thenokwasselectedtoclosethebox. Acirclewasmadeattheorigin(0,0)forthenextstep.Thiswasdonebyclickingon preprocessorandthenonmodelling.Thenoncreateareas,arbitrary,circleandthen solid.Inthebox,zeroswereputforxandyandthenaradiusvaluewhichwashalfof thediameter. Thecirclewassubtractedfromtherectangle,byopeningthepreprocessorandthen clickingonmodelling,operate,Booleans,subtractandthenonareas.Therectangle wasselectedincludingthetrianglesandthenapplywasclickedon,thischangedthe colourtopink.Thesamewasdoneforthecircleandthentheokbuttonwasselected. Nexttheelementtypewaschosenbyclickingonpreprocessor,elementtypeand add/edit/delete.Inthefirstboxaddwasselected,theninthesecondboxsolidand4 node42wereselected.Thiswaschangedto8node82forthisanalysis.Theninthe elementtypewindow,theoptionsbuttonwaschosen.Inthewindow,K3waschangedto planestressw/thkandK5tonodalstress.

Thenthegeometricpropertiesweredefinedbyclickingonthenpreprocessor,thenon realconstantsandthenonadd/edit/delete.Theaddbuttonwasselectedandthentype 1plane42wasselected.Thenathicknessvaluewasaddedof4. NexttheYoungsmodulusandpoissonsratiowereadded.Byopeningthepreprocessor andthenclickingonmaterialpropsandthenonmaterialmodels.Thenstructuralwas selected,thenlinear,elasticandisotropic. Thenextstepwastomeshtheelementusingthemeshtoolinthepreprocessor.Number 1wastypedinthewindowinthenumberofelementsdivisionsbox.Fortheothermesh densitiesthenumberofelementdivisionswerechangedto2,4&8. Afterthisstep,thestaticloads/displacementswereappliedtothemodel.Thenthe pressurewasappliedtothemodel. Next,theproblemwassolvedbyclickingonsolution,solve,currentLS. Next,theresultswereplottedonacontourplot,nodalsolution.Theresultserelistedof thenodalsolution. Thenthenodeswereplotted.includingthenumbers/elements Thisprocedurewasrepeatedforothermeshdensitiesandthe8node82elementtype.

Results & Graphs

Theresultsareinaspreadsheetinappendix1andthegraphsareinappendix2.

Calculations
LongitudinalstressconcentrationfactoratpointAforameshdensityof8: K=33.13 +3.66 1.53

K=33.13

+3.66

1.53

K=31.252+0.58560.09792 K=2.236 Empirical(handcalculatedvalues)fora4node42elementwithmeshdensity8forthe longitudinalstressconcentrationfactor(K): = =138.57 K= = =2.217 = = =62.5N/mm

Empirical(handcalculatedvalues)fora8node82elementwithmeshdensity8forthe longitudinalstressconcentrationfactor(K): =62.5N/mm =137.61 K= = =2.202

Discussion
FromthegraphoflongitudinalstressatpointAagainstthemeshdensity(logn)inAppendix2, forthe4node42curve,asthemeshdensity(logn)increasesfrom0to2,thelongitudinal stressatpointAalsoincreasessteadily.Thenfrommeshdensity(logn)2to3,thecurve flattensout.Thisshowsthatthelongitudinalstressonlyincreasesslightlyuptothispoint.This demonstratesthatasthenumberofelementsincrease,thelongitudinalstressatpointAis more.Moreover,forthe8node82curve,asthemeshdensity(logn)increasesfrom0to1,the longitudinalstressatpointAalsoincreaseshigherthanthe4node42curve.Thenfrommesh density(logn)1to2thecurveslowlyflattensout,i.e.thelongitudinalstressatpointAslowly increases.Thishappensmorefrommeshdensity(logn)2to3.Thisagainshowsthatthe longitudinalstressatpointAishighwhenmoreelementsareused.Bothcurvesconvergetothe samepointatmeshdensity(logn)3;againthisiswheretheelementnumberishigh(192)and therealmeshdensity(n)is8. Forthenextgraphinappendix2oflongitudinalstressatpointCagainstthemeshdensity(log n)forthe4node42curve,asthemeshdensity(logn)increasesfrom0to1,thelongitudinal stressatpointCdecreasesslowly.Alsofromameshdensity(logn)from1to2,thelongitudinal stressatpointCdecreasesrapidly.Finallyfrommeshdensity(logn)2to3,thecurveslightly 8

flattensout,i.e.thelongitudinalstressatCslowlydecreases.Thisexplainsthatthelongitudinal stressatpointCstartsoffhighbutdecreasesvastlywithanincreasingmeshdensity.Therefore, thelongitudinalstressatCislowwhentheelementnumberishigh.Alsothestressesturn negativewithanincreaseinmeshdensityandelementnumber.Moreover,forthe8node82 curve,thelongitudinalstressvalueatpointCisnegativeatmeshdensity(logn)0.Thenasthe meshdensityincreases(logn)from0to1,thestressincreasessteadily.Thenagainfroma meshdensity(logn)of1to3,thelongitudinalstressatCincreasesslower.Thetwocurves againconvergenearenoughtothesamepoint.Thisshowsthatatahighelementnumberor meshdensitythestressvalueisalmostthesameforbothnodalelements. Moreover,fromthegraphoflongitudinaldeflectionofpointCagainstmeshdensity(logn)for the4node42curveasthemeshdensity(logn)increasesfrom0to1,thelongitudinal deflectionatCincreasesatahighrate.Frommeshdensity(logn)1to2thedeflectionatC increasesevenmoreatahighlevel.Finally,fromlogn2to3,thedeflectionatCincreasesa little.Forthe8node82elementcurveaslognincreasesfrom0to1,thelongitudinaldeflection atCincreasessteadilyhigherthanthevalueofthe4node42curve.Thenfromameshdensity of1to3(logn)thedeflectionatCincreasesalittlethengoestoaconstantvalue.Againthey almostconvergetoasamevalue.Thisshowsthatastheelementnumberincreases/mesh densitythelongitudinaldeflectionatpointCishigh. Next,forthegraphofthepercentageerrorinthestressvaluesfromthestressfieldsofthe2 elementsagainstthemeshdensityforthe4node42curveinappendix2aslognincreases from0to1,thepercentageerrorincreasesquitesteadily.Butwhenthemeshdensityincreases from1to3,thepercentageerrordecreasessteadily.Forthe8node82curve,asthemesh densityincreasesfrom0to1,thepercentageerrorincreasesalittlebuttoalowervaluethan the4node42curve.Thenfromlogn1to3,thepercentageerrordecreasesbyabigmargin. Thisshowsthatatahighermeshdensity(4&8)andahigherelementnumber(48&192),the percentageerrordecreasesrapidly.Additionally,the8node82quadrilateralelementproduces moreaccurateresultsthanthe4node42quadrilateralelement. Additionally,forthegraphofthepercentageerrorinthestressvaluesfromthestressfieldsof the4elementsagainstthemeshdensityforthe4node42curve,asthemeshdensity(logn) increasesfrom1to2,thepercentageerrordecreasesslowly.Aslognincreasesfrom2to3the percentageerrordecreasesfurther.Moreover,forthe8node82curve,thepercentageerror decreasesmorethanthe4node42curvefromlogn(1to3).Thisdemonstratesthatagainata highermeshdensityorelementnumberthepercentageerrordecreasesvastly.Alsothatthe8 node82elementismoreaccuratethanthe4node42elementasthereislesspercentageerrors inthestressvaluesatnodesbetween4elements. Finally,forthelastgraphinappendix2,i.e.thelongitudinalstressesatmeshdensity8between pointsA&Busingnodallyaveragedvaluesagainstthenodenumberforboththe4node42 elementandthe8node82elementastheyarealmostidentical,atnode1(A),thestressvalue ishigh.Thenfromnodes1(A)to9(B),thestressvaluesdecreasebyabigdifference.This showsthattheaveragestressvaluebetweenA&BdecreasesfromAtoB.SoatpointB(away fromthehole),thestressvalueislowandthemorenearertotheholethemorethestress value,whetherthequadrilateralelementisa4node42typeora8node82type. FromthecalculationsofthelongitudinalstressconcentrationfactoratAwithmeshdensity8, thevalueis2.236whichisclosetotheempirical(handcalculated)valueforthe4node42

elementof2.217.Thisshowsgoodagreementbetweenthe2values.Sothisshowsthatthe longitudinalstressvaluesatpointAareaccurateandreliable.Forthe8node82element,the empiricalvalueforK=2.202,againwhichisclosetotheoriginalKvalueof2.236.Againthis showsthattheresultsareaccurateandreliable. Furtherworkwhichcouldbedoneforthistypeofproblemismaybetousemoredifferent typesofmeshdensitiesormoretypesofquadrilateralelementsordifferentshapedelements.

Conclusion
Thehigherthemeshdensityorelementnumber,thehigherthelongitudinalstressatpointA. AlsothelongitudinalstressatpointCdecreasesfora4node42element,withanincreasing meshdensity.Alsoforan8node82element,thestressatCincreaseswithincreasingmesh density,butitisnegative.Moreover,astheelementnumberincreases/meshdensitythe longitudinaldeflectionatpointCishigh.Themoremeshedthequadrilateralelement,themore accuratetheresults.Alsothe8node82elementismoreaccuratetouseforthisassignment problemastherearelesspercentageerrorsintheresults.Additionally,thestressvalueswere accurateasthestressconcentrationfactorvalueforempiricalandtheoriginalvaluewere almostthesameforbothtypesofelements.Thestressvaluesarehighernearertotheholeand theyarelowerawayfromthehole.Furtherworkcouldbedonetoextendtheinvestigation mentionedinthediscussion.

References
Practicalfiniteelementanalysislecture/labbook. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaintVenant%27s_principle Assignmenthandout

Appendices
Theseconsistofnearlyalltheresultsanalysisonseparatepages.
4 node 42: Stress at point A Longitudina log n l stress () 0 76.929 1 105.61 2 128.88 3 138.57 4 Node 42: stress at point C Longitudinal log n stress () 0 11.277 1 8.4761 2 0.78956 3 -1.596 8 Node 82: Stress at point C Longitudinal log n stress () -7.8197 0

Appendix 1

8 Node 82: Stress at point A Longitudina log n l stress () 108.42 0

10

1 2 3

123.08 132.84

137.61

1 2 3

-5.9746 -2.6483

-1.0515

4 Node 42: Deflection at point C log n 0 1 2 3 Deflection (Ux) 0.17222 0.17628 0.18746 0.19208

8 Node 82: Deflectio n at point C log n 0 1 2 3 Deflection (Ux) 0.17548

0.19185 0.19376 0.19389

% in stress values from the stress fields at nodes between 2 elements (4 N. 42) High stress ( Low stress log n high) ( low) Percentage error (%) 0 69.722 49.639 33.651 1 66.816 42.864 43.676 2 55.444 38.059 37.186 3 42.967 32.248 28.502 Appendix 1 % in stress values from the stress fields at nodes between 2 elements (8 N. 82) Low stress log n High stress ( high) ( low) Percentage error (%) 0 43.328 39.488 9.274 1 38.609 33.822 13.218 2 28.905 27.083 6.509 3 21.948 21.462 2.239 % in stress values from the stress fields at nodes between 4 elements (4 N. 42) Percentag log n Stress values () e error (%) 1 49.894 52.166 42.729 50.345 19.345 2 66.489 70.027 59.602 66.907

15.854 Percent age error (%) 19.345 15.854

90.668 93.377 86.269

log n 1 2

11

90.452

7.881

7.881

% in stress values from the stress fields at nodes between 4 elements (8 N. 82) Percentag log n Stress values () e error (%) 1 51.749 55.132 52.907 47.393 14.942 2 70.528 70.34 65.373 66.295

6.213 Percent age error (%) 14.942 6.213 1.709

92.532 92.507 90.964 91.095

1.709

log n 1 2 3

For M. density 8, 4 Node 42 Node number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

longitudinal stresses between points A & B using nodally averaged values 8 Node 82 Node Stress values () number Stress values () 138.57 node 1 137.61 91.85 node 2 93.385 72.67 node 3 73.39 61.97 node 4 62.315 55.06 node 5 55.175 49.74 node 6 49.648 44.71 node 7 44.358 38.84 node 8 38.173 30.73 node 9 32.174

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