Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku Chapter 2, Problem 7.

Determine the number of branches and nodes in the circuit in Fig. 2.71.

Figure 2.71

Chapter 2, Solution 7 7 elements or 7 branches and 4 nodes, as indicated. 1 20 2 30 V ++++ 40 3

2A

30

60

10

Chapter 2, Problem 8. Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.72.
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Figure 2.72

Chapter 2, Solution 8

At node a, At node c, At node d,

8 = 12 + i1 9 = 8 + i2 9 = 12 + i3

i1 = - 4A i2 = 1A i3 = -3A

Chapter 2, Problem 9. Find i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.73.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Figure 2.73

Chapter 2, Solution 9 Applying KCL, i1 + 1 = 10 + 2 1 + i2 = 2 + 3 i2 = i3 + 3 i1 = 11A i2 = 4A i3 = 1A

Chapter 2, Problem 11. Determine v1 through v4 in the circuit in Fig. 2.75.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Figure 2.75

Chapter 2, Solution 11 Applying KVL to each loop gives -8 + v1 + 12 = 0 -12 - v2 + 6 = 0 10 - 6 - v3 = 0 -v4 + 8 - 10 = 0 v1 = 4v v2 = -6v v3 = 4v v4 = -2v

Chapter 2, Problem 13. For the circuit in Fig. 2.77, use KCL to find the branch currents I1 to I4.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

2A

I2

7A

I4

I1

3A

I3

4A

Figure 2.77

Chapter 2, Solution 13 2A

1 I1

I2

7A

3 3A

I4

4 I3

4A

At node 2,
3 + 7 + I2 = 0 I 2 = 10 A I 1 = 2 I 2 = 12 A I 4 = 2 4 = 2 A I3 = 7 2 = 5 A

At node 1,
I1 + I 2 = 2

At node 4,
2 = I4 + 4

At node 3,
7 + I4 = I3

Hence,
I 1 = 12 A, I 2 = 10 A, I 3 = 5 A, I 4 = 2 A

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Chapter 2, Problem 15. Find v1, v2, and v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.79.
12 V + 8V + + 10 V + v2 + v3

+ v1

Figure 2.79

Chapter 2, Solution 15

+ v1 3

12V +

1 - 8V + 2

v2 -

v3

(a)

10V +

For loop 1,
8 12 + v2 = 0 v2 = 4V

For loop 2,
v3 8 10 = 0 v3 = 18V v1 = 6V

For loop 3,
v1 + 12 + v3 = 0

Thus,
v1 = 6V , v2 = 4V , v3 = 18V

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Chapter 2, Problem 17. Obtain v1 through v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.81.

Figure 2.81

Chapter 2, Solution 17

12V It is evident that v3 = 10V Applying KVL to loop 2,

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

v2 + v3 + 12 = 0 Applying KVL to loop 1, -24 + v1 - v2 = 0 Thus,

v2 = -22V

v1 = 2V

v1 = 2V, v2 = -22V, v3 = 10V

Chapter 2, Problem 20. Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 2.84.

Figure 2.84

Chapter 2, Solution 20 Applying KVL around the loop, -36 + 4i0 + 5i0 = 0 i0 = 4A

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Chapter 2, Problem 21. Calculate the power dissipated in the 5- resistor in the circuit of Fig. 2.85.

Figure 2.85

Chapter 2, Solution 21 Apply KVL to obtain -45 + 10i - 3V0 + 5i = 0 But v0 = 10i, -45 + 15i - 30i = 0 P3 = i2R = 9 x 5 = 45W i = -3A -

Chapter 2, Problem 22.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.86 and the power dissipated by the controlled source.

10

Figure 2.86

Chapter 2, Solution 22 4

At the node, KCL requires that

v0 + 10 + 2 v 0 = 0 4 v0 = 4.444V

The current through the controlled source is i = 2V0 = -8.888A and the voltage across it is v = (6 + 4) i0 = 10 Hence, p2 vi = (-8.888)(-11.111) = 98.75 W v0 = 11.111 4

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku Chapter 2, Problem 23.

11

In the circuit shown in Fig. 2.87, determine vx and the power absorbed by the 12 resistor.
1 +v x 6A 2 3 6 4 8 12 1.2

Figure 2.87

Chapter 2, Solution 23
8//12 = 4.8, 3//6 = 2, (4 + 2)//(1.2 + 4.8) = 6//6 = 3 The circuit is reduced to that shown below. ix + 6A
2

1 vx 3

Applying current division,

ix = 2 (6 A) = 2 A, 2 + 1+ 3 v x = 1i x = 2V

The current through the 1.2- resistor is 0.5ix = 1A. The voltage across the 12- resistor is 1 x 4.8 = 4.8 V. Hence the power is
p= v 2 4.8 2 = = 1.92W R 12

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

12

Chapter 2, Problem 28.

Find v1, v2, and v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.92.

Figure 2.92.

Chapter 2, Solution 28
We first combine the two resistors in parallel

15 10 = 6
We now apply voltage division, v1 =

14 (40) = 20 V 14 + 6 6 (40) = 12 V 14 + 6

v2 = v3 = Hence,

v1 = 28 V, v2 = 12 V, vs = 12 V

Chapter 2, Problem 31.

In the circuit in Fig. 2.95, find v, i, and the power absorbed by the 4- resistor.
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

13

Figure 2.95

Chapter 2, Solution 31
The 5 resistor is in series with the combination of 10 (4 + 6) = 5 . Hence by the voltage division principle, v= 5 (20V ) = 10 V 5+5

by ohm's law,

i=

v 10 = = 1A 4 + 6 4+ 6

pp = i2R = (1)2(4) = 4 W

Chapter 2, Problem 34.

Determine i1, i2, v1, and v2 in the ladder network in Fig. 2.98. Calculate the power dissipated in the 2- resistor.

Figure 2.98

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

14

Chapter 2, Solution 34
By parallel and series combinations, the circuit is reduced to the one below: 10 x15 10 ( 2 + 13 ) = = 6 25 15 x15 15 (4 + 6) = = 6 25 12 (6 + 6) = 6 Thus i1 = 28 = 2 A and v1 = 6i1 = 12 V 8+6

We now work backward to get i2 and v2.

1A 1A

+ 12V i1 = 2A 8
1A

+ 6V -

6 + 12V -

1A

0.6A

28V

12

+ 6V -

15

3.6V

Thus, v2 =

v 13 (3 6) = 3 12, i2 = 2 = 0.24 15 13

p2 = i2R = (0.24)2 (2) = 0.1152 W i1 = 2 A, i2 = 0.24 A, v1 = 12 V, v2 = 3.12 V, p2 = 0.1152 W

Chapter 2, Problem 35.

Calculate Vo and Io in the circuit of Fig. 2.99.
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

15

Figure 2.99

Chapter 2, Solution 35 + V1 20 i2

50V

I0 V0 5 +

Combining the versions in parallel,

70 30 =

70 x 30 = 21 , 100

20 15 =

20 x 5 =4 25

i=

50 =2 A 21 + 4

vi = 21i = 42 V, v0 = 4i = 8 V v v i1 = 1 = 0.6 A, i2 = 2 = 0.4 A 70 20 At node a, KCL must be satisfied i1 = i2 + I0 0.6 = 0.4 + I0 I0 = 0.2 A

Hence v0 = 8 V and I0 = 0.2A

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

16

Chapter 2, Problem 37.

In the circuit of Fig. 2.101, find R if Vo = 4 V.

Figure 2.101

Chapter 2, Solution 37
Let I = current through the 16 resistor. If 4 V is the voltage drop across the 6 R combination, then 20 - 4 = 16 V in the voltage drop across the 16 resistor. 16 Hence, I = = 1 A. 16 20 6R But I = =1 4= 6R= R = 12 6+R 16 + 6 R

Chapter 2, Problem 39.

Find the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b for each of the networks in Fig. 2.103.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

17

Figure 2.103

Chapter 2, Solution 39
(a) Req = R 0 = 0

R R + = R 2 2 Req = (R + R ) (R + R ) = 2R 2R = R

Req = R R + R R =

1 Req = 3R (R + R R ) = 3R (R + R ) 2 3 3Rx R 2 =R = 3 3R + R 2 R 2R Req = R 2R 3R = 3R 3R

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

18

= 3R

2 R= 3

2 3Rx R 3 = 6R 2 11 3R + R 3

Chapter 2, Problem 41.

If Req = 50 in the circuit in Fig. 2.105, find R.

Figure 2.105

Chapter 2, Solution 41
Let R0 = combination of three 12 resistors in parallel 1 1 1 1 = + + R o 12 12 12 Ro = 4

R eq = 30 + 60 (10 + R 0 + R ) = 30 + 60 (14 + R )
50 = 30 + 60(14 + R ) 74 + R 74 + R = 42 + 3R

or R = 16

Chapter 2, Problem 43.

Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab at terminals a-b for each of the circuits in
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Fig. 2.107.

19

Figure 2.107

Chapter 2, Solution 43
(a) Rab = 5 20 + 10 40 = 5x 20 400 + = 4 + 8 = 12 25 50
1

60 20 30 =

1 1 1 + + 60 20 30

60 = 10 6

Rab = 80 (10 + 10) =

80 + 20 = 16 100

Chapter 2, Problem 45.

Find the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b of each circuit in Fig. 2.109.

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

10 40 20 a 30 50 b (a) 5

20

30

12 5 20

25 15 (b) 10

60

Figure 2.109

Chapter 2, Solution 45
(b) 10//40 = 8, 20//30 = 12, 8//12 = 4.8

Rab = 5 + 50 + 4.8 = 59.8

(c) 12 and 60 ohm resistors are in parallel. Hence, 12//60 = 10 ohm. This 10 ohm and 20 ohm are in series to give 30 ohm. This is in parallel with 30 ohm to give 30//30 = 15 ohm. And 25//(15+10) = 12.5. Thus
Rab = 5 + 12.8 + 15 = 32.5

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

21

Chapter 2, Problem 46.

Find Req at terminals a-b for each of the circuits in Fig. 2.110.

Figure 2.110

Chapter 2, Solution 46
Rab = 30 70 + 40 + 60 20 = 30 x 70 60 + 20 + 40 + 100 80

= 21 + 40 + 15 = 76
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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

22

The 10-, 50-, 70-, and 80- resistors are shorted.

20 30 =
40 60 =

20 x 30 = 12 50 40 x 60 = 24 100

Rab = 8 + 12 + 24 + 6 + 0 + 4 = 54

Chapter 2, Problem 56.

Determine V in the circuit of Fig. 1.120.

Figure 2.120

Chapter 2, Solution 56
We need to find Req and apply voltage division. We first tranform the Y network to .
30 16 + 100 V 10 + 100 V 16 35 30

37.5 30 45

b
20

Req
Rab = 15x10 + 10 x12 + 12 x15 450 = = 37.5 12 12

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Rac = 450/(10) = 45, Rbc = 450/(15) = 30 Combining the resistors in parallel, 30||20 = (600/50) = 12 , 37.5||30 = (37.5x30/67.5) = 16.667 35||45 = (35x45/80) = 19.688 Req = 19.688||(12 + 16.667) = 11.672 By voltage division, v = 11.672 100 = 42.18 V 11.672 + 16

23

Chapter 2, Problem 58.

The lightbulb in Fig. 2.122 is rated 120 V, 0.75 A. Calculate Vs to make the lightbulb operate at the rated conditions.

Figure 2.122

Chapter 2, Solution 58
The resistor of the bulb is 120/(0.75) = 160
40 2.25 A 1.5 A

+ 90 V - 0.75 A VS
+

160

120 V

80

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

24

Once the 160 and 80 resistors are in parallel, they have the same voltage 120V. Hence the current through the 40 resistor is 40(0.75 + 1.5) = 2.25 x 40 = 90 Thus vs = 90 + 120 = 210 V

Chapter 2, Problem 68.

Find the current I in the circuit of Fig. 2.128(a). An ammeter with an internal resistance of 1 is inserted in the network to measure I as shown in Fig. 2.128 (b). What is I? Calculate the percent error introduced by the meter as I I' 100% I

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

Figure 2.128

25

Chapter 2, Solution 68
(a)

40 = 24 60
i= 4 = 0.1 A 16 + 24 4 i' = = 0.09756 A 16 + 1 + 24 0.1 0.09756 % error = x100% = 2.44% 0 .1

Chapter 2, Problem 69.

A voltmeter is used to measure Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.129. The voltmeter model consists of an ideal voltmeter in parallel with a 100-k resistor. Let Vs = 40 V, Rs = 10 k, and R1 = 20 k. Calculate Vo with and without the voltmeter when (a) R2 = 1 k (b) R2 = 10 k (c) R2 = 100 k

Figure 2.129

Chapter 2, Solution 69

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku

With the voltmeter in place, R2 Rm V0 = VS R1 + R S + R 2 R m where Rm = 100 k without the voltmeter, R2 V0 = VS R1 + R 2 + R S When R2 = 1 k, R m R 2 = 100 k 101

26

100 V0 = 101 (40) = 1.278 V (with) 100 101 + 30 1 V0 = (40) = 1.29 V (without) 1 + 30 1000 When R2 = 10 k, R 2 R m = = 9.091k 110 9.091 V0 = (40) = 9.30 V (with) 9.091 + 30 10 V0 = (40) = 10 V (without) 10 + 30 When R2 = 100 k, R 2 R m = 50k
50 (40) = 25 V (with) 50 + 30 100 V0 = (40) = 30.77 V (without) 100 + 30 V0 =

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