http://diendantoanhoc.

net

P N

Thng 01/2006

ii

L im u
Cu c thi gi i ton online VMEO [Vietnamese Mathematical E-Olympiad ] c Di n n Ton H c t ch c nm nay (2005) l l n th nh. Tuy nhin, y l l n u tin m chng ti c g ng so n th o m t t p p n chnh th c cho nh ng bi ton c a ra. M c ch c a t p p n ny l gip cc b n d thi, cng cc em h c sinh yu ton, nhng. . . cha d thi. Do , nh ng l i gi i s c trnh by m t cch kh chi ti t. C th m t s b n c s c m th y chng di dng. Khi mu n gi i thch m t vi c g cho m ch l c, ch t ch v d hi u, thi t ngh chng ta ph i ch p nh n tnh cch nhi u l i c a bi vi t. VMEO II l cng trnh chung c a r t nhi u thnh vin g n b v i Di n n. c bi t nm nay c r t nhi u thnh vin sng tc bi m i, ho c su t p bi c, ng gp vo th vi n thi. C c thnh cng l n lao ny l nh s c ng hi n c a chuyentoan, Circle, duantien, emvaanh, full_angel, Hatucdao, hungkhtn, K09, koreagerman, lehoan, MrMATH, nemo, nguyendinh_kstn_dhxd, TieuSonTrangSi. D nhin, nhm ch n ph i th c hi n nhi m v c a mnh, t c l tuy n ch n trong kho tng ng k m t s bi tiu bi u cho tn ch c a cu c thi. Mong r ng nh ng tc gi m bi khng c ch n l n ny khng l y lm. . . bu n! Nhm ch n nm nay g m c Hatucdao, K09, TieuSonTrangSi, VNMaths. Ph n ch m bi, s p h ng cc th sinh cng kh v t v v s khng c hon thnh t t p n u khng c s tham gia nhi t tnh c a chuyentoan, hungkhtn, lovePearl_maytrang, MrMATH, Mr Stoke, namdung, NangLuong, stupid_mathematician. Trong qu trnh bin so n t p p n ny, chng ti cng nh n c s gip t nhi u thnh vin cho ph n c l i, s a ch a b n nhp. N u b n th y cn s st g trong t p p n ny, xin vui lng lin l c v i TieuSonTrangSi. Mong r ng quy n p n nh ny s em l i nhi u i u h u ch cho cc b n.

Di n n Ton H c

iii

iv

M cl c
L im u Vi k hi u 1 Thng 10 1.1 Bi 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 L i gi i . . . . . 1.1.2 Phn tch l i gi i 1.1.3 M t cch khc . 1.2 Bi 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 L i gi i . . . . . 1.2.2 Ngu n g c . . . . 1.3 Bi 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 L i gi i . . . . . 1.3.2 M t bi tng t 1.3.3 Hai cu h i m . 1.4 Bi 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 L i gi i . . . . . 1.4.2 Bnh lu n . . . . 2 Thng 11 2.1 Bi 5 . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 L i gi i . . . . 2.1.2 M r ng . . . . 2.2 Bi 6 . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 L i gi i . . . . 2.2.2 M t cch khc 2.3 Bi 7 . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 L i gi i . . . . 2.3.2 M r ng . . . . 2.4 Bi 8 . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 L i gi i . . . . 2.4.2 Ngu n g c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii vii 1 1 1 2 4 5 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 9 12 13 13 13 15 16 16 16 17 18 19 20 20 21

2.4.3

M t cch khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 23 23 23 27 27 28 28 30 30 30 34 35 35 37

3 Thng 12 3.1 Bi 9 . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 L i gi i . . . . . 3.1.2 Ngu n g c . . . . 3.1.3 Hai bi tng t 3.2 Bi 10 . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 L i gi i . . . . . 3.2.2 Bnh lu n . . . . 3.3 Bi 11 . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 L i gi i . . . . . 3.3.2 Bnh lu n . . . . 3.4 Bi 12 . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 L i gi i . . . . . 3.4.2 M t bi tng t

vi

Vi k hi u
K

N
R+ Q + N

k t thc ch ng minh cu h i k t thc ch ng minh b t p h p cc s th c khng m t p h p cc s h u t dng t p h p cc s nguyn khng m gc khng nh h ng song song o n th ng AB b c c a a th c P b chia h t cho a b khng chia h t cho a nh ngha v tri b ng v ph i nh ngha v ph i b ng v tri ng d (mod ) ng th c gi a hai hm tng ng gi a hai hm

[AB] d P a|b a |b := =:

vii

viii

Chng 1

Thng 10
1.1 Bi 1

Cho a, b, c l ba s th c dng. a) Ch ng minh r ng t n t i duy nh t s th c dng d th a mn 1 1 2 1 + + = . a+d b+d c+d d b) V i x, y, z l cc s th c dng sao cho ax + by + cz = xyz, hy ch ng minh b t ng th c x+y+z 2 d (a + d)(b + d)(c + d). MrMATH

1.1.1

L i gi i

a) Nhn hai v c a ng th c 1 1 1 2 + + = a+d b+d c+d d cho d, v s d ng thnh (1.1)

d = 1 v i {a, b, c}, ta bi n i phng trnh ph i th a mn +d +d a b c + + = 1. a+d b+d c+d F (t) = b c a + + a+t b+t c+t (1.2)

Kh o st hm

(1.3)

trn mi n t (0, +), ta d th y F l m t hm lin t c v ngh ch bi n ng t (v a, b, c u dng). Hn n a, limt0+ F (t) = 3 v limt+ F (t) = 0 V y, t n t i m t gi tr d (0, +)

duy nh t sao cho F (d) = 1. K b) t X = (a + d)x, Y = (b + d)y, Z = (c + d)z. Khi , gi thi t ax + by + cz = xyz c th c pht bi u l i b ng a b c XY Z X+ Y + Z= , a+d b+d c+d (a + d)(b + d)(c + d) cn i u ph i ch ng minh th tr thnh d d d X+ Y + Z 2(a + d) 2(b + d) 2(c + d) (a + d)(b + d)(c + d). (1.5) (1.4)

Theo (1.2), cc h s bn v tri c a (1.4) c t ng b ng 1. p d ng b t ng th c trung bnh c ng/trung bnh nhn m r ng (ho c Cauchy m r ng) vo v tri c a (1.4), ta c
a a b c X+ Y + Z X a+d Y a+d b+d c+d b b+d

Z c+d ,

(1.6)

v t , ph i h p v i gi thi t (1.4), ta suy ra X a+d Y

d d b+d

Z c+d (a + d)(b + d)(c + d).

(1.7)

Theo (1.1), cc h s bn v tri c a (1.5) c t ng b ng 1. p d ng b t ng th c trung bnh c ng/trung bnh nhn m r ng vo v tri c a (1.5), ta c
d d d d X+ Y + Z X 2(a+d) Y 2(a + d) 2(b + d) 2(c + d) b 2(b+d)

Z 2(c+d) = X a+d Y

d b+d

Z c+d

1/2

. (1.8)

S d ng (1.7) th thu c i u ph i ch ng minh (1.5). K

1.1.2

Phn tch l i gi i

C m t cch suy lu n h p l no d n d t ta n con s d trong cu a) khng, n u bi khng cho ta bi t ? Ni chnh xc hn, ta ph i lm sao n u bi a ra l: Cho a, b, c l ba s th c dng. V i x, y, z th c dng sao cho ax + by + cz = xyz, tm gi tr nh nh t c a x + y + z. Hy t X = ux, Y = vy, Z = wz, trong u, v, w l 3 tham s th c dng s c xc nh m t cch thng minh. Gi thi t c a bi l a b c XY Z X+ Y + Z= u v w uvw cn bi u th c x + y + z m ta ph i tm gi tr nh nh t b ng 1 1 1 X + Y + Z. u v w (1.10) (1.9)

N u ta t i u ki n

a b c + + =1 u v w

(1.11)

th cc h s bn v tri c a (1.9) c t ng b ng 1. p d ng b t ng th c trung bnh c ng/trung bnh nhn m r ng vo v tri c a (1.9), ta c

b c a a b c XY Z = X + Y + Z XuY vXw, uvw u v w

t suy ra X 1 u Y 1 v Z 1 w uvw.
a b c

(1.12)

M t khc, cng p d ng Cauchy m r ng vo (1.10), ta tm c m t ch n d i cho (1.10), l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1.13) X+ Y + Z + + X u Y v Z w u+v+w . u v w u v w L n ny th k t qu c v hi ph c t p, v t ng cc h s bn v tri khng b ng 1, nhng i u ny khng thay i b n ch t v n . So snh (1.13) v i (1.12) g i cho ta ki n sau: n u ta mu n khai thc (1.12) ti p t c tm ch n d i cho v ph i c a (1.13), th cc b s m trong (1.12) v (1.13) ph i t l v i nhau. Ni cch khc, ta ph i ch n u, v, w sao cho i) t n t i d R th a mn ii) 1 b c a ,1 ,1 u v w =d 1 1 1 , , u v w

a b c + + = 1, y chnh l i u ki n (1.11). u v w

a T ii), ta c 1 u > 0. Ph i h p v i i) th ko theo d > 0. T i), ta c u = a + d, v = b + d, w = c + d. Th cc ng th c ny vo ii) th c

a b c + + = 1. a+d b+d c+d y chnh l phng trnh (1.2) xc nh d (> 0). K Tm l i, cng d ng c a cc tham s u, v, w l cho ta n i ui c (1.13) v i (1.12). ng th i, n cng d i ch tr ng h p d u b ng: trong t t c cc b t ng th c vi t trn, d u b ng x y ra khi X = Y = Z. Bi 1 ny tuy khng kh l m, nhng tiu bi u cho m t phng php cn b ng h s c n n m v ng trong b t ng th c. Hi u r bi ny th b n s lm c bi sau: Tm gi tr nh nh t c a tan A + 2 tan B + 5 tan C, v i A, B, C l ba gc c a m t tam gic nh n. y l bi 10 c a cu c thi VMEO I (2004). Chc cc b n thnh cng! (p s : gi tr nh nh t b ng 12, tng ng v i tan A = 3, tan B = 2, tan C = 1.)

1.1.3

M t cch khc

Xin gi i thi u v i cc b n m t cch khc, do tc gi bi (MrMATH) cng m t th sinh (clmt) x ng. Cch ny c v d s , nhng chng ti s c g ng trnh by n m t cch h p l, t nhin. i u ki n ax + by + cz = xyz c th c vi t d i d ng a b c + + = 1. (1.14) yz zx xy G i (x, y, z) v (x0 , y0 , z0 ) hai b s th c dng th a mn (1.14). Hy hnh dung (x, y, z) l m t i m di ng b t k, cn (x0 , y0 , z0 ) l m t i m c nh, ni m d u b ng s x y ra. Hi n gi th d nhin ta cha bi t (x0 , y0 , z0 ) n m t i u. Nhng theo b t ng th c trung bnh c ng/trung bnh nhn cho 3 s (Cauchy th ng, khng m r ng), ta c a a a a + 2 y+ (1.15) 2 z 3y z . yz y0 z0 y0 z 0 0 0 B t ng th c ny c l i ch g v t i sao ngh ra c n ? M t l i ch tr c m t l khi so a snh (1.15) v i (1.14), ta th y xu t hi n cc phn s yz v y0az0 . Do , n u ta vi t hai b t ng th c tng t v i (1.15), t c l b b b b + 2 z+ 2 x 3z x zx z0 x0 z0 x 0 0 0 c c c c + 2 x+ 2 y 3x y xy x0 y0 x 0 y0 0 0 (1.16) (1.17)

r i c ng c 3 b t ng th c ny l i, ta c th s d ng (1.14) rt g n k t qu . Php c ng ny d n n b c 2 + x2 y z0 x 0 0 0 x+ c a 2 + y2 z x 0 y0 0 0 y+ a b 2 + z2x y0 z 0 0 0 z 3 1 = 2. (1.18)

n y th ta nh n th y m t l i ch khc c a (1.15): v (1.15) b c nh t i v i y, z, nn khi c ng l i, (1.18) cng b c nh t i v i x, y, z. T , n y sinh ra t ng ch n x0 , y0 , z0 kho lo, sao cho v tri c a (1.18) t l v i x + y + z (bi u th c m ta ph i tm gi tr nh nh t). V y, ta hy i h i b c c a a b 2 + x2 y = x y 2 + y 2 z = y z 2 + z 2 x , z0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v cng ng qun i u ki n b c a + + = 1. y0 z 0 z 0 x 0 x 0 y0 (1.19)

(1.20)

H phng trnh (1.19)(1.20) tuy khng kh gi i, nhng cc php tnh tng i di, nn chng ti ch xin ghi ra p s , m i cc b n ki m l i. Ta c x0 = (b + d)(c + d) , y0 = a+d (c + d)(a + d) , z0 = b+d (a + d)(b + d) , c+d (1.21)

v i d l i l ng ph trong cu h i a). Khi , ta cng ch ng minh c r ng (1.18) tng ng v i i u ph i ch ng minh trong cu b). K

1.2

Bi 2

Cc s nguyn dng c t b ng hai mu tr ng v en. Bi t r ng t ng hai s khc mu lun mang mu en, v c v h n cc s mang mu tr ng. Ch ng minh r ng t ng v tch c a hai s mang mu tr ng cng l cc s mang mu tr ng. [t m t bi c]

1.2.1

L i gi i

G i p l s nguyn dng nh nh t mu tr ng. Con s ny t n t i, v theo gi thi t, ta c v h n s mu tr ng. Nh n xt r ng n u a l m t s tr ng, v i a > p, th a p cng ph i tr ng. Th t v y, n u a p en, ta s c a = (a p) + p = en + tr ng = en, (1.22) mu thu n v i a tr ng. Nh n xt ny g i cho ta ti p t c tr cho p nh trn, n khi no khng tr c n a. Trong ngn ng ton h c, ny c bi u di n b ng php chia Euclid a = pq + r, v i q 0 v 0 r < p.

(1.23)

Khai thc nh n xt trn th ta suy ra c r tr ng. Tuy nhin, theo nh ngha c a p th v i m i 1 r < p th r en. Do , ta ph i c r = 0. T ng k t l i cc tr ng h p a > p, a = p v 1 a < p, ta c a tr ng a chia h t cho p. V y, t t c nh ng s khng ph i l b i s c a p u mu en. By gi , trong s cc b i s c a p, c th c s no mu en khng ? Hy t m gi s l c. G i n l s nh nh t sao cho np en. Khi , (n + 1)p = np + p = en + tr ng = en. (1.24) L lu n tng t th t t c cc s mp, v i m n cng en. V y, t t c m i s nguyn dng u en, ngo i tr p, 2p, . . . , (n 1)p. Nhng i u ny mu thu n v i gi thi t t n t i v h n cc s mu tr ng. Tm l i, m i b i s c a p ph i mu tr ng, v ch c nh ng s y m i mu tr ng. T d suy ra i u ph i ch ng minh. K

1.2.2

Ngu n g c

Bi 2 cng tng i d , nhi u b n th sinh gi i quy t thnh cng. Th t ra, n l bi n d ng c a m t bi t p c trong quy n Problem-solving strategies c a Arthur Engel (chng 2, bi 38): Cc s nguyn dng c t b ng hai mu tr ng v en. Bi t r ng t ng hai s khc mu lun mang mu en, cn tch c a chng lun mang mu tr ng. V y, tch c a hai s tr ng mu g ? Tm t t c cc php t mu th a mn cc i u ki n a ra.

Ta th y gi thi t tch c a th b i c v h n s mu Gi thi t t ng hai s khc bi 2 khai thc tri t gi

hai s khc mu lun mang mu tr ng trong bi g c c thay tr ng trong bi 2. Nh ng gi thi t u c tnh cch ph thu c. mu lun mang mu en m i th c s thi t y u. L i gi i a ra cho thi t chnh y u ny.

1.3

Bi 3

Cho a1 , a2 , . . . , am l cc s nguyn dng (m 1). Xt dy s {un } , v i n=1 un = a n + a n + . . . + a n . 1 2 m Bi t r ng dy ny c h u h n c s nguyn t . Ch ng minh r ng a1 = a2 = . . . = am . K09

1.3.1

L i gi i

Tr c tin, ta c n lm sng t th no l dy c h u h n c s nguyn t . M i s h ng u n c a dy u d nhin c h u h n c s nguyn t . G i D(un ) l t p h p (h u h n) c a nh ng c s nguyn t c a un . Gi thi t c a bi ni r ng t p h p

D(u) =

n=1

D(un )

(1.25)

cng h u h n. V y, hy g i cc ph n t c a D(u) l D(u) = {p1 , p2 , . . . , pk }. (1.26)

Khi c ly th a c a m t s nguyn, trong ta ki m sot c s m, m t ph n x t t l nn ngh n nh l nh c a Fermat. Theo nh l ny th v i m i 1 i m, 1 j k, ta c ai j

p 1

1 (mod pj ), 0 (mod pj ),

n u p j | ai

(1.27) (1.28)

n u p j | ai .

i u ny g i cho ta ch n n = N (p1 1)(p2 1) . . . (pk 1), v i N 1 b t k, v khi ta s c an 1 ho c 0 (mod pj ). L y t ng trn i th ta c th hy v ng suy ra c m t i u g i v un (mod pj ), th m ch d n n mu thu n khi bi n i j v tng N . Th t ra th mu n thnh cng, h ng gi i ny c n ph i c b tc b i m t s ki n c tnh cch k thu t. Nhng chng ti c trnh by s l c c t nh trn cho d hi u. Sau y m i l l i gi i th c th . t d l c s chung l n nh t c a a1 , a2 , . . . , am . Ta c th vi t ai = dbi , trong cc s nguyn dng bi nguyn t cng nhau. D th y r ng dy s {vn } , nh ngha b i n=1 vn = b n + b n + . . . + b n , 1 2 m (1.29)

cng c h u h n c s nguyn t . G i D(v) = {q1 , q2 , . . . , q }. (1.30)

l t p h p cc c s nguyn t c a dy vn . Hi n nhin l D(v) D(u). Ch n s nguyn dng l n sao cho qj > m v i m i 1 j . i u ny kh thi, v < . Theo nh l hm Euler (m r ng nh l nh c a Fermat) th ta c
(q ) bi j

1 (mod qj ),

0 (mod

qj ),

n u q j | bi

(1.31) (1.32)

n u q j | bi ,

v i m i 1 i m, 1 j , v l hm Euler. Xin lu : ph n th nh c a kh ng nh trn, t c l (1.32), khng n m trong nh l hm Euler v ph i c ki m tra tr c ti p. Th t v y, n u bi chia h t cho qj th bi
(qj )

chia h t cho qi

(qj )

. Nhng (1.33)

1 1 (qj ) = qj qj = qj (qj 1) 21

v 21 n u ta ch n 3. V y, bi By gi , ta t

(qj )

cng s chia h t cho qi .

n(N ) = N
j=1 n(N )

(qj ).

(1.34)

T (1.31)(1.32), ta c bi 1 ho c 0 (mod qj ), ty theo bi khng chia h t hay chia h t cho qj . D a trn (1.29), ta th y r ng xt theo modulo qj , s h ng vn(N ) ng d v i t ng c a m s b ng 1 ho c 0. Cc s ny khng th b ng 0 h t c, v n u s ki n ny x y ra, th t t c cc bi s ph i chia h t cho qj , v i u ny mu thu n v i tnh ch t cc bi nguyn t cng nhau. V y, vn(N ) ng d v i m t t ng s sN no , v i 1 sN m. Tuy nhin, v m < qi nn sN 0 (mod qj ). i u ny ch ng t r ng n u ta xt phn tch c a vn(N ) thnh th a s nguyn t qj j
j=1 (N )

vn(N ) =

(1.35)

th b t bu c s m j (N ) ph i nh hn , t c l j (N ) 1. Do , v i m i N 1 th vn(N ) b ch n b i vn(N )
1 qj . j=1

(1.36)

Vi c ny ch c th x y ra khi b1 = b2 = . . . = bn , hay a1 = a2 = . . . = an . K

1.3.2

M t bi tng t

Vi ngy sau khi thi thng 10 c cng b (01/10), c m t s thnh vin Di n n bo co cho ban t ch c bi t r ng bi 3 c trn MathLinks (http://www.mathlinks.ro). Th t ra, bi trn Mathlinks c g i sau, vo ngy 21/10. D sao i n a th y cng l m t s trng l p t ng r t ng ti c. Cng ph i ni r ng trn MathLinks ch c l i gi i cho tr ng h p m = 2 (tng i d hn v khng c n ph i ch n ). Bi 3 c th xem l bi kh nh t c a thng 10. N l m t trong nh ng bi ton m tc gi (K09) kh o st, lin quan n dy s nh ngha b ng t ng cc ly th a. D i y l m t trong nh ng k t qu ta c th thu c. Theo ki n th c hi n t i c a chng ti th y l m t k t qu m i. Cho a1 , a2 , . . . , am l cc s nguyn dng (m 1). Xt dy s {un } , v i un = n=1 an + an + . . . + an . Gi s v i m i n l n th un l s chnh phng. Ch ng minh m 1 2 r ng m l s chnh phng. Bi ny khng d . B n no mu n trao i thm v ti ny th xin lin l c v i K09 trn Di n n.

1.3.3

Hai cu h i m

m r ng bi 3, chng ti c hai cu h i m sau y, d ng nh cng r t kh. 1. Cho a1 , a2 , . . . , am l cc s nguyn dng (m 1). Xt dy s {un } , v i un = n=1 an + an + . . . + an . Gi s dy ny c h u h n c s chnh phng. Ch ng minh r ng m 1 2 a1 = a 2 = . . . = a m . 2. T n t i hay khng m t dy s nguyn {an } sao cho n=1 (a) c v h n cc s h ng ai khc 0; (b) dy un = an + an + . . . + an ch c h u h n c s nguyn t . n 2 1

1.4

Bi 4

a) Cho tam gic ABC v m t i m I n m trong tam gic. Gi s IBA > ICA v IBC > ICB. Ch ng minh r ng, n u ta ko di BI, CI c t AC, AB t i B , C tng ng, th BB < CC . b) Cho tam gic ABC c AB < AC v phn gic AD. Ch ng minh r ng v i m i i m I, J thu c o n [AD] v I = J, ta lun c JBI > JCI. c) Cho tam gic ABC c AB < AC, v i phn gic AD. Ch n M, N l n l t thu c cc o n CD, BD sao cho AD l phn gic c a gc M AN . Trn o n [AD] l y i m I ty (khc D). Cc ng th ng BI, CI c t AM, AN t i B , C . Ch ng minh r ng BB < CC . duantien

1.4.1

L i gi i
ICA nn ta c th l y C [IC ] sao cho IBC = ICA. Do IBC > (1.37)

a) Do IBA > ICB, nn

C BC = IBC + IBC > ICB + ICA = B CB. M t khc, d th y r ng C BC + B CB < C BC + B CB = 180 A < 180 . Ph i h p (1.37) v (1.38) th ta c B CB < C BC < 180 B CB.

(1.38)

(1.39)

C'

C'' I

B'

Hnh 1.1: Bi 4, cu a) G i R bn knh vng trn ngo i ti p t gic B C BC (xem hnh 1.1). Ta c CC 2 = 2R2 2R2 cos(2 C BC) = 4R2 sin2 C BC BB 2 = 2R2 2R2 cos(2 B CB) = 4R2 sin2 B CB. (1.40)

T (1.39), ta c sin B CB < sin C BC. V y, hai ng th c (1.40) a n k t lu n BB < CC < CC . K b) T t nhin, ta c th coi J n m trn o n [AI]. L y E i m i x ng c a B qua AD. G i F l nh th t c a hnh thang cn CIJF (xem hnh 1.2). V m t hnh thang cn lun n i ti p c, ta c ICF = 180 IJF = 180 AIC =
1 2

A + AEJ > AEJ

(1.41)

nn tia CA n m trong gc ICF . Hn n a, EJI = v

1 F JI = F IA = 180 ( 2 A + ICA) 180 ( 1 A + C) = 2 1 2 1 2

A + AEJ =

1 2

A + ABJ <

1 2

A+ B

(1.42)

A+ B

(1.43)

nn ta suy ra EJI < F JI. i u ny ch ng t r ng E n m trong hnh thang CIJF . Ni ring l E n m trong cung ch a gc JCI d ng trn o n [IJ]. V y, JBI = JEI > JCI. K

J I E B D
Hnh 1.2: Bi 4, cu b) c) V hnh c n th n, ta c c m gic l BC v CB c t nhau t i m t i m J [AD]. Ta hy t m gi s nh n xt ny th t v thi t l p k t qu cu c). Sau , ta s tm cch ch ng minh nh n xt ny. p d ng cu b) vo tam gic ABC v c p i m (I, J), ta c JBI > JCI. p d ng cu b) vo tam gic ABC v c p i m (I, D), ta c IBC > ICB. Hai b t ng th c ny cho php p d ng cu a) vo tam gic JBC v i m I. Khi , ta suy ra BB < CC . k t thc, ta ph i ch ng minh r ng BC , CB v AD ng quy. Ta s thi t l p i u ny m t cch gin ti p: ta t J = BC AD, B = JC AM v c g ng ch ng minh r ng BB , CC v JD ng quy. Khi , i m ng quy b t bu c ph i l CC AD = I, v t B =B.

10

J C' I B N

B'

Hnh 1.3: Bi 4, cu c) p d ng nh l Menelaus vo tam gic JDB v ct tuy n AC N , ta c (xem hnh 1.4) C J N B AD = 1. C B N D AJ p d ng nh l Menelaus vo tam gic JDC v ct tuy n AB M , ta c B J M C AD = 1. B C M D AJ Chia (1.44) cho (1.45), r i cho hai phn s qua v ph i, ta c ND MC DN M C CJ B C = = . CB B J NB MD DM N B M t khc, theo tnh ch t ng phn gic th DB AB = DC AC Dng (1.47), ta bi n i (1.46) thnh C J DB B C AN AB M C S(ABN ) M C = ,= =1 C B DC B J AM AC N B S(ACM ) N B (1.48) v DN AN = . DM AM (1.47) (1.46) (1.45) (1.44)

k hi u S t ng trng cho di n tch c a tam gic. Theo nh l Ceva th cc ng th ng BB , CC v JD ph i ng quy. K

11

J C' B'' C'

J B''

Hnh 1.4: p d ng 2 l n Menelaus

1.4.2

Bnh lu n

Bi 4 cng l m t bi kh, v s l m t bi r t kh n u ch c cu c), khng c hai cu a) v b) ng vai b . Tc gi (duantien) i n bi ton ny khi tm cch t ng qut nh l Steiner-Lehmus. Xin nh c l i v n t t n i dung c a nh l Steiner-Lehmus. Cho tam gic ABC. Xt hai ng phn gic trong BB v CC c a cc gc v C, v i B [AC] v C [AB]. N u AB < AC th BB < CC . B

Ta cng t c k t qu c a cu c), m c ch chnh c a bi ny, b ng m t con ng khc. Thay v a) v b), ta c th dng hai b sau, cng do duantien ngh : 1. Cho tam gic ABC v i AB < AC. Xt trung tuy n AM , phn gic AD, cng m t i m I b t k trong tam gic AM D, nhng khng n m trn o n M D. Cc ng th ng BI, CI c t l n l t AC, AB t i E, F . Ch ng minh r ng BE < CF . 2. Cho tam gic ABC v i AB < AC. Xt m t i m J b t k trn ng phn gic AD. Ch ng minh r ng CJ > BJ v ABJ > ACJ. Cn hai b a) v b) th t ra l do Hatucdao x ng. S d con ng ny c ch n lm bi v n tng i d hn (d ch tng i thi!). Ring cu b) cn c nhi u cch ch ng minh. Trong s cc b n d thi, h u nh m i ng i u c m t cch khc bi t t nhi u v i l i gi i chnh th c trn!

12

Chng 2

Thng 11
2.1 Bi 5

Cho a, b hai s nguyn dng. H i c bao nhiu s nguyn c th c bi u di n d i d ng ap + bq, trong p, q l nh ng s nguyn khng m, v p + q 2005. lehoan

2.1.1

L i gi i

Thay 2005 b ng s nguyn n, ta xt v n t ng qut: tm un , s cc s nguyn c th c bi u hi n d i d ng ap + bq, v i p + q n, trong a, b l hai s nguyn dng cho tr c, p, q l nh ng s nguyn khng m. D th y r ng n u a = b ( 1) th un = n + 1. V y, ta ch c n nghin c u tr ng h p a > b 1 (khi , a 2). S d ta c quy n gi s v y l v a, b ng vai tr i x ng trong bi. Chia a, b cho c s chung l n nh t c a chng, ta khng i p s un . V y, ta cng c th gi s a, b nguyn t cng nhau. V i cc gi thi t ny, ta s tm m t cng th c truy h i cho dy un . 1 Trong 4 -m t ph ng (x, y), ta xt tam gic Tn = {(p, q) N2 | p + q n}. (2.1)

G i l tam gic cho ti n, ch th t ra l t p h p r i r c c a nh ng i m c t a nguyn trong tam gic th c th Tn = {(x, y) R2 | x + y n}. Nh ng i m c a Tn c t mu en () trn hnh 2.1. V thm ng th ng Dn+1 = {(p, q) N2 | p + q = n + 1}. (2.2)

M t l n n a, g i l ng th ng cho ti n, ch l t p h p r i r c c a nh ng i m c t a nguyn trn ng th ng th c th Dn+1 = {(x, y) R2 | x + y = n + 1}. Nh ng i m c a Dn+1 c t mu tr ng () trn hnh 2.1.

13

y
n+1 n n-1 (p0, q0) ax+by=ap0+bq0 Tn

(p1, q1) ? 2 1 0 0 1 2 n-1

Dn+1

n+1

Hnh 2.1: Bi 5 M t s nguyn N c th c bi u hi n d i d ng N = ap + bq, (p, q) Tn , n u ng th ng c phng trnh ax + by = N xuyn qua t nh t m t i m c a Tn . Qua m i i m (p0 , q0 ) Dn+1 , ta v ng th ng ax + by = ap0 + bq0 . N u ng th ng ny xuyn qua m t i m (p1 , q1 ) Tn no , th s N = ap0 + bq0 l m t s c, c m trong un . Ng c l, n u ng th ng ny khng xuyn qua i m no c a Tn , th N = ap0 + bq0 l m t s m i, cha c m trong un nhng ph i c m trong un+1 . T p h p Dn+1 g m n+2 i m. Ta ph i tnh xem trong , c bao nhiu i m (p0 , q0 ) Dn+1 tng ng m t s c. Nh n xt r ng, theo gi thi t a, b nguyn t cng nhau, ta c ap0 + bq0 = ap1 + bq1 k Z sao cho p1 = p0 + kb q1 = q0 ka = (n + 1) p0 ka. (2.3)

Khi , p1 + q1 = (p0 + q0 ) k(a b) = (n + 1) k(a b). M t khc, d th y r ng (p1 , q1 ) Tn p1 + q1 n, p1 0, v q1 0 k 1, p0 + b n, v (n + 1) p0 a 0 i u ki n cht tng ng v i p0 min(n + 1 a, n b) = n + 1 a (2.5) (2.4)

14

(v a b + 1). V y, n u n + 1 < a, ta khng c s c trn Dn+1 . N u n + 1 a, ta c ng n + 2 a i m (0 p0 n + 1 a) tng ng v i s c trn Dn+1 . Tm l i, un+1 = un + (n + 2) (n + 2 a) = un + a, un + (n + 2) 0 = un + n 2, n u n + 1 < a; n u n + 1 a. (2.6) (2.7)

t c l un+1 = un + min(a, n + 2). Ngoi ra, d thi t l p u0 = 1, u1 = 3. Ph i h p v i (2.6)(2.7) th suy ra un =

1 2 (n + 1)(n + 2), 1 2 a(a + 1) + (n

n u a > n + 1; a + 1)a, n u a n + 1.

(2.8) (2.9)

k t thc, ta quay tr l i bi v p d ng c th cho n = 2005 sau khi gp chung l i cc tr ng h p v a c xt. 1. N u a = b, ta c u2005 = 2006. 2. N u a = b, t c= max(a, b) , gcd(a, b) (2.10)

v i k hi u gcd = c s chung l n nh t. Khi , n u c > 2006, n u c 2006, u2005 = 1 c(c + 1) + (2006 c)c = 1 (4013 c)c. 2 2 (2.12)
1 2

u2005 =

2006 2007 = 2013021;

(2.11)

S d ta ph i nh ngha c theo (2.10) l v cc cng th c (2.8)(2.9) ch c hi u l c khi a, b nguyn t cng nhau v a > b. K

2.1.2

M r ng

L i gi i trn tuy c v di dng, nhng bi 5 ny khng ph i l m t bi kh. D a trn nh ng t ng c trnh by, m t h ng t ng qut bi 5 c th nh sau. Cho cc s nguyn dng a1 , a2 , . . . , am , v i m 1. H i c bao nhiu s h u t c th c bi u di n d i d ng p1 p2 pm + + ... + , a1 a2 am trong pi l nh ng s nguyn khng m, v p1 + p2 + . . . + pm 2005.

15

2.2

Bi 6

Cho t gic ABCD n i ti p. Trn ng cho AC, ta ch n m t i m I sao cho I v C n m v hai pha khc nhau i v i BD. Trn ng cho BD, ta l y hai i m E v F sao cho IE AB v IF AD. Ch ng minh r ng BIE = DCF . lehoan

2.2.1

L i gi i
DAC = DBC. T

V IF AD nn F IC = DAC. Theo gi thi t ABCD n i ti p, ta c , F IC = F BC, cho nn t gic IBCF n i ti p.

D F C

E I A B

Hnh 2.2: Bi 6, cch 1 Do , BIC = BF C. Nhng BIC = BIE + EIC, cn (gc ngoi c a tam gic DCF ). V y, BIE + EIC = BDC + DCF . M t khc, DCF . K EIC = BAC = BDC, nn (2.13) c th c rt g n thnh BF C = BDC + DCF (2.13) BIE =

2.2.2

M t cch khc

L i gi i trn do b n dungCT tm ra. C th coi l cch ng n g n nh t, khng c n d ng hnh ph , khng c n s d ng khi ni m g cao c p hn gc n i ti p. Cn r t nhi u cch gi i,

16

a s u ph i b c qua giai o n IBCF n i ti p. D i y l m t trong nh ng cch , ph n cht kh ng nghnh, do tc gi (lehoan) x ng. Ko di BI, CF cho chng c t vng trn ngo i ti p ABCD l n l t t i M, N . V IBCF n i ti p nn IF C = 180 IBC. V M BCN n i ti p nn M N C = 180 IBC. V y, IF C = M N C, suy ra M N IF AD.

D N F

M A

E B

Hnh 2.3: Bi 6, cch 2 Khi , t gic ADM N l m t hnh thang. Hnh thang ny n thang cn. V y, AM = DN . i u ny ko theo ABI = DCF , trong), nn BIE = DCF . D nhin l tr ng h p M = N c th x y ra, v khi ta Nhng tnh hu ng ny tng ng v i m t v tr c bi t, v t s a ch a d dng. K i ti p, nn ph i l m t hnh v v ABI = BIE (so le khng cn hnh thang n a. ng ch ng minh c th c

2.3

Bi 7

Tm t t c cc hm f : [0, ) R sao cho f n i u v [f (x) + f (y)]2 = f (x2 y 2 ) + f (2xy), v i m i x y 0. Hatucdao

17

2.3.1

L i gi i

Cho (x, y) = (0, 0) vo ng th c c a bi. Ta c 4f 2 (0) = 2f (0), suy ra f (0) = 0 ho c 1 . 2 Chng ta hy l n l t xt hai kh nng. f (0) =
1 2

Cho (x, y) = (1, 0) vo ng th c c a bi, ta c [f (1) + f (0)]2 = f (1) + f (0). Sau khi 1 n gi n, ta c f (1) = 1 ho c 2 . 2 N u f (1) = 1 th cho (x, y) = (1, 1) vo ng th c c a bi, ta c f (2) = 1 . 2 2 Song khi f (0) > f (1) v f (1) < f (2), i u ny mu thu n v i f n di u.
1 N u f (1) = 2 , xt dy x1 = 1, xn+1 = 2x2 . Cho (x, y) = (xn , xn ) vo ng th c c a n bi, ta c 4[f (xn )]2 = f (xn+1 ) + 1 . (2.14) 2

T , b ng qui n p, ta c f (xn ) = 1 v i m i n N . V xn v f n i u 2 1 nn ta suy ra f (x) = 2 v i m i x 0. f (0) = 0 Cho (x, y) = (x, 0) vo ng th c c a bi, ta c [f (x)]2 = f (x2 ), v i m i x 0. (2.15)

M t khc, cho (x, y) = (x, x) vo phng trnh hm, ta c 4[f (x)]2 = f (2x2 ), v f (0) = 0. K t h p hai ng th c ny, ta c 4f (x2 ) = f (2x2 ) v i m i x 0, hay 4f (x) = f (2x), v i m i x 0. (2.16)

Trong phng trnh hm ban u, t x = u + v, y = u v. K t h p v i (2.16), ta c [f (u + v) + f (u v)]2 = f (4uv) + f (2(u2 v 2 )) = 4[f (2uv) + f (u2 v 2 )] = 4[f (u) + f (v)]2 (2.17)

v i m i u v 0. T (2.15), ta suy ra f (x) 0 v i m i x 0. Do , l y cn b c hai, ta c f (u + v) + f (u v) = 2[f (u) + f (v)], v i m i u, v 0. (2.18) y l h ng ng th c hnh bnh hnh, s c c p n trong ph n m r ng. T (2.18), ta s ch ng minh r ng f (w) = f (1)w 2 , Tr c tin, d th y r ng f (nx) = n2 f (x), v i m i n N . (2.20) v i m i w R+ . (2.19)

18

theo (2.18), nn

Th t v y, v i n = 0, 1, 2, i u ny d thi t l p. Gi s kh ng nh (2.20) ng n n. Khi , v f ((n + 1)x) + f ((n 1)x) = 2[f (nx) + f (x)], (2.21) f ((n + 1)x) = 2[f (nx) + f (x)] f ((n 1)x) = 2[n2 f (x) + f (x)] (n 1)2 f (x) = (n + 1)2 f (x). i u ny ch ng t r ng (2.20) cng ng v i n + 1. p d ng (2.20), ta c f
m n

(2.22)

= m2 f

1 n

m 2 n

n2 f

1 n

= f (1)

m 2 n

(2.23)

v i m i m, n nguyn dng. t w =

m . V y, n v i m i w Q . + (2.24)

f (w) = f (1)w 2 ,

Nh gi thi t n i u c a f v tnh ch t tr m t c a Q trong R, ta c (2.19). Trong (2.15), cho x = 1 th ta c f (1) = 0 ho c 1. N u f (1) = 0 th f (x) = 0 v i m i x 0. N u f (1) = 1 th f (x) = x2 v i m i x 0. T ng k t l i t t c nh ng tr ng h p, ta c 3 hm th a mn i u ki n bi ton. l (i) f (x) = 0, v i m i x 0. K (ii) f (x) = 1 , 2 (iii) f (x) = x2 .

2.3.2

M r ng

Bi ny c tc gi (Hatucdao) l y c m h ng t h ng ng th c (x2 +y 2 )2 = (x2 y 2 )2 +(2xy)2 . Nh ta bi t, h ng ng th c ny lin quan m t thi t n vi c gi i phng trnh nghi m nguyn A2 + B 2 = C 2 . V chnh n l m u ch t trong bi n i d n t i (2.15), m t i m quy t nh c a bi ton. Trong l i gi i trn, ta cng c m t i m then ch t khc. l h ng ng th c hnh bnh hnh (2.18). S d n mang tn l v n u u, v l hai vc-t trong m t ph ng v . l k hi u di, ta c u + v 2 + u v 2 = 2( u 2 + v 2 ). (2.25) B n ch t ph n c a l i gi i l ch ng minh r ng m t hm f : R R n i u v th a mn h ng ng th c hnh bnh hnh b t bu c c d ng f (w) = f (1)w 2 . K t qu ny th t ra t ng qut trn Rn : m i cc b n suy ngh bi sau. Cho s nguyn dng n. Tm t t c cc hm lin t c : Rn R sao cho (u + v) + (u v) = 2((u) + (v)), v i m i u, v Rn .

19

Nghi m t ng qut cho phng trnh hm trn l d ng ton phng

n n

(x) =
j=1 i=1

aij xi xj ,

(2.26)

v i aij R v x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).

2.4

Bi 8

Cho a, b, c l cc s th c dng. Ch ng minh r ng 1 1 3 1 + + . a a+b b b+c c c+a 2abc Hatucdao

2.4.1

L i gi i

Ta vi t l i b t ng th c c n ch ng minh d i d ng x + y + z 3, v i x= 2bc , a(a + b) y= 2ca , b(b + c) z= 2ab . c(c + a) (2.27)

Quan st cc s x, y, z, ta c g ng tm m t m i lin h gi a chng. Ta th y cc i l ng yz = 2a (b + c)(c + a) , zx = 2b (c + a)(a + b) , xy = 2c (a + b)(b + c) (2.28)

kh p. Gi s ta ch ng minh c xy + yz + zx 3. Khi , ta s c (x + y + z)2 3(xy + yz + zx) 3 3 = 9, (2.29) v t s suy ra c x + y + z 3. V y, ta hy c g ng ch ng minh xy + yz + zx 3. th c hi n m c ch , ta t u = b + c, v = c + a, w = a + b. (2.30) Khi y, yz = v xy + yz + zx 3 v(v 2 + u2 w2 ) + w(w2 + v 2 u2 ) + u(u2 + w2 v 2 ) 3uvw (u3 + v 3 + w3 ) + (u2 v + v 2 w + w2 u) (v 2 u + w2 v + u2 w) + 3uvw. (2.32) Tuy nhin, d th y b t ng th c cu i cng ng, v w 2 + v 2 u2 , uv u2 + w 2 v 2 , vw v 2 + u2 w 2 wu

zx =

xy =

(2.31)

20

 khai tri n b t ng th c hi n nhin u(u v)2 + v(v w)2 + w(w u)2 0, ta c (u3 + v 3 + w3 ) + (uv 2 + vw2 + wu2 ) 2(u2 v + v 2 w + w2 u). p d ng b t ng th c trung bnh c ng/trung bnh nhn (Cauchy) cho 3 s , ta c u2 v + v 2 w + w2 u 3uvw. C ng (2.33) v (2.34) theo v , r i rt g n, th ta c (2.32). K (2.34) (2.33)

2.4.2

Ngu n g c

Bi ny pht sinh khi tc gi (Hatucdao) tm cch ch ng minh b t ng th c hA hB hC + + 3. mB mC mA (2.35)

trong tam gic ABC. R i thay, b t ng th c (2.35) ny s c ch ng minh n u ta ch ng minh thnh cng b t ng th c c a bi 8 trong chi u. . . ng c l i!

2.4.3

M t cch khc

M t nt hay c a cch gi i trn l ch c n mu n g vi t y, i c a chnh m t cch kh h p l. Ph n cht, ta cng c th theo m t l i khc: khai tri n b t ng th c Schur u(u v)(u w) + v(v w)(v u) + w(w u)(w v) 0, ta c (u3 + v 3 + w3 ) + 3uvw 2(u2 v + v 2 w + w2 u) + (uv 2 + vw2 + wu2 ). p d ng b t ng th c trung bnh c ng/trung bnh nhn (Cauchy) cho 3 s , ta c 2(u2 v + v 2 w + w2 u) 6uvw. (2.37) (2.36)

Sau , c ng (2.36) v (2.37) theo v thi t l p (2.32). Cc b n th sinh cng tm ra nhi u l i gi i hay khc cho bi ny. Xin gi i thi u cch 1 d i y, kh ng n g n, c a b n dungCT. t p = a , q = 1 , v r = 1 . Khi , b c 1 1 1 = + + a a+b b b+c c c+a p
1 1 1 1 +1 + p + q q r r p pq q qr r rp = + + . p+q q+r r+p

r
1 p

(2.38)

B t ng th c ph i ch ng minh c th c chuy n v d ng p 2r(p + q) + q 2p(q + r) + 3 . 2 2q(r + p) r (2.39)

21

S d ng b t ng th c trung bnh c ng/trung bnh nhn cho 2 s p + q + r

st 1 (s + t), ta c 2

2p 2q 2r + + p + q + 2r q + r + 2p r + p + 2q 2r(p + q) 2p(q + r) 2q(r + p) 2p2 2q 2 2r2 = 2 + 2 + 2 p + pq + 2rp q + qr + 2pq r + rp + 2qr (2.40) Ta l i dng b t ng th c Buniakovski-Cauchy-Schwarz tm ch n d i cho v ph i. D th y r ng
cyc. p2 + pq + 2rp

p2

cyc. p

2 cyc. (p + pq + 2rp)

(2.41)

nn ta c th n i ti p (2.41) v i (2.40) v thu c p 2r(p + q) + q 2p(q + r) + 2(p + q + r)2 (p2 + q 2 + r2 ) + 3(pq + qr + rp) 2q(r + p) 2(p + q + r)2 = . (p + q + r)2 + (pq + qr + rp) r

(2.42)

Nhng ta bi t r ng pq + qr + rq 1 (p + q + r)2 . Do , 3 p 2r(p + q) + q 2p(q + r) + 2(p + q + r)2 (p + q + r)2 + 1 (p + q + r)2 2q(r + p) 3 3 = . 2 r (2.43)

y l i u mong mu n (2.39). K

22

Chng 3

Thng 12
3.1 Bi 9

Trn m t bn c vua chu u g m 64 (8 8) , hy tm m t cch s p t 9 qun h u cng 1 qun vua sao cho cc qun h u khng th b t nhau (m t qun h u c th b t c t t c nh ng qun ng cng hng, cng c t, ho c trn hai ng cho xuyn ngang n ang ng, v nh ng qun khng b c n b i m t qun khc). [t m t bi c]

3.1.1

L i gi i

C n t ng c ng. . . 128 cch s p th a mn i u ki n bi! N u ta coi cc cch s p tng ng nh m t1 , th khi c 16 cch. trnh by 16 cch s p c b n ny, ta c th gi s qun vua n m bn tri, trn cao. Khi , ta s c: 5 cch s p c qun vua ng t i trung tm bn c , d5. 5 cch ny c th hi n trn hnh 3.1; 3 cch s p c qun vua ng trn ng cho, c6, 2 cch s p c qun vua ng t i d6. 5 cch ny c th hi n trn hnh 3.2; 4 cch s p c qun vua ng t i d7, 2 cch s p c qun vua ng t i c7. 6 cch ny c th hi n trn hnh 3.3. bi ch i h i 1 cch. Ta c th m m n m t cht, v nh n th y ph i khai thc ng cho m c th t nhi u qun h u. M t khc, qun vua ph i n m gi a t nh t 2 c p qun h u trn cng hng, cng c t ho c cng ng cho.
Hai cch s p c g i l tng ng n u cch ny c th suy ra t cch kia qua m t php i x ng ho c m t php quay trn bn c .
1

23

8 7 6

8 7 6

5 4 3 2 1 a b c

5 4 3

2 1 d 8 7 6

5 4 3 2 1 a 8 7 6

e 8 7 6

4 3 2 1 a b c d e f g h

4 3 2 1 a b c d e f g h

Hnh 3.1: 5 cch s p khng tng ng c qun vua t i d5

24

8 7

8 7

6 5 4 3 2 1 a b

5 4 3

2 1 c d 8 7

6 5 4 3 2 1 a 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b c d e f

e 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Hnh 3.2: 5 cch s p khng tng ng c qun vua t i c6 ho c d6

25

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a 8

7 6 5

4 3 2 1 b c d e f g h 8

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b c

5 4 3 2 1 b

h 8 7 6 5 4

3 2 1 d e f g h a b c d e f g h

Hnh 3.3: 6 cch s p khng tng ng c qun vua t i d7 ho c c7

26

3.1.2

Ngu n g c

Nm 1850, Gauss pht bi u bi ton sau: cho m t bn c vua g m n n , tm t t c cch s p t n qun h u trn bn c sao cho cc qun h u khng b t c nhau. c r t nhi u cng trnh nghin c u v bi ton ny, cn mang tn l the Queens problem. c bi t, khi n = 8, th ta c h t th y 92 cch s p t, g m 12 cch c b n khng tng ng. Ta c th nh n xt r ng n l s qun h u l n nh t c th t ln bn c n n chng khng b t nhau c, n u khng c qun no khc trn bn c . Th t v y, n u c n + 1 qun h u, theo nguyn l Dirichlet, b t bu c ph i c t nh t 2 qun h u trn cng m t hng. Khi , hai qun h u ny s b t nhau c, v khng c qun no khc ng gi a c n. Cu h i t ra l n u ta cho php s d ng thm m t qun no khc, c cng d ng ng c n, th li u c t c n + 1 qun h u ln bn c khng. Cu tr l i l c, n u n 6. Ch ng minh tuy khng kh (qui n p trn n), nhng v chi ti t cng kh phi n ph c, nn chng ti khng trnh by ni y. G i C(n) l s cch s p t c b n, khng tng ng. G i T (n) l s cch s p t, trong m c cc cch tng ng. Cc tr s u tin c a C(n) v T (n) l n 5 6 7 8 9 C(n) 0 2 3 16 52 T (n) 0 16 20 128 396

3.1.3

Hai bi tng t

C r t nhi u bi v s p qun trn bn c vua. m r ng bi 9, ta c th xt thm hai bi sau. Bi th nh t do MrMATH c . Trn bn c vua chu u 8 8 , tm cch s p t 8 qun h u cng 1 qun vua ng t i m t b t k sao cho cc qun h u khng th b t nhau. Thay v 9 qun h u, ta ch cn c 8 qun h u. Nhng l gi ph i tr cho v tr t do c a qun vua. Khi qun vua b t u di chuy n vo gc a8 th ta m i b t u k t, v khi , n khng cn cng d ng c n hai qun h u cng hng ho c cng c t n a! Bi th nh cng kh th v , v n s d ng khi ni m mu c a qun. Trn bn c vua chu u 8 8 , tm cch s p t 2 nhm qun h u tr ng v en, m i nhm 9 qun cng mu, sao cho hai qun h u khc mu khng th b t nhau. D i y l m t cch gi i. Mong b n s thnh cng trong vi c tm cch khc, khng tng ng, ho c ch ng minh r ng khng cn cch no khc!

27

5 4 3 2 1 a b c d e f g h

Hnh 3.4: M t cch s p t 2 9 qun h u

3.2

Bi 10

a) Ch ng minh r ng v i m i s nguyn dng m > 2, phng trnh y 3 = x3 + x3 + . . . + x 3 1 2 m lun c nghi m nguyn dng. b) Cho s nguyn dng n > 1 v gi s n = 3. Ch ng minh r ng m i s h u t x > 0 u c th c bi u di n d i d ng x= a3 + a 3 + . . . + a 3 n 1 2 b3 + b3 + . . . + b3 n 1 2

trong ai , bi (i = 1, . . . , n) l nh ng s nguyn dng. K09

3.2.1

L i gi i
93 = 1 3 + 6 3 + 8 3 . (3.1) (3.2)

a) V i n = 3, ta c V i n = 4, ta c 133 = 13 + 53 + 73 + 123 . V y, m nh a ra ng v i 3 v 4. Gi s n ng v i t t c cc s nguyn t 3 n n 1 (n 5). Ta mu n ch ng minh n cng ng v i n. Theo gi thi t qui n p cho n 2 ( 3), t n t i cc s nguyn dng x1 , x2 , . . . , xn2 v y sao cho y 3 = x3 + x3 + . . . + x 3 . 1 2 n2 (3.3)

28

Nhn hai v c a (3.3) cho 93 , ta c (9y)3 = (9x1 )3 + (9x2 )3 + . . . + (9xn2 )3 . (3.4)

D a trn (3.1), ta phn tch (9x1 )3 = x3 + (6x1 )3 + (8x1 )3 . Th ng th c ny vo (3.4) th ta 1 th y (9y)3 l t ng c a n s l p phng. V y, m nh ng2 v i n. K b) bi cho gi thi t n > 1 v n = 3. V y, d ng nh n = 2 l m t tr ng h p c bi t c n ph i xt ring. Hi n gi th ta cha bi t x tr ng h p ny ra sao. Nhng n u ta t m gi s n ng, th ta c th dng cu a) gi i quy t cu b) cho m i n > 3. Th t v y, cho s h u t x c bi u hi n d i d ng a3 + b3 x= 3 . (3.5) c + d3 v i a, b, c, d nguyn dng. V n > 3 nn n 1 > 2, v theo cu a) th phng trnh y 3 = x3 + x3 + . . . + x 3 2 n1 1 (3.6)

c nghi m nguyn dng. Nhn m u s v t s c a (3.5) cho y 3 , r i s d ng phn tch (3.6), ta c (ya)3 + (yb)3 (x1 a)3 + (x2 a)3 + . . . + (xn1 a)3 + (yb)3 x= = . (3.7) (yc)3 + (yd)3 (x1 c)3 + (x2 c)3 + . . . + (xn1 c)3 + (yd)3 Trong phn s cht, m u s v t s u l t ng c a n l p phng. V y, kh ng nh bi ng v i n. By gi ta ch cn ph i xt tr ng h p n = 2. Ta ph i ch ng minh r ng m i s h u t u c th bi u hi n d i d ng (3.5). Ta c a + b a2 ab + b2 a3 + b3 = . c3 + d 3 c + d c2 cd + d2 Hy xt vi tr ng h p c bi t th y r hn. N u ta ch n b=d=a+c th khi a2 ab + b2 = c2 cd + d2 , v phn s trn tr thnh 2a + c . 2c + a V i d ng (3.10) ny, ta c th bi u hi n c t t c cc s h u t r r = p th h q 2a + c = 3p a + 2c = 3q
2

(3.8)

(3.9)

(3.10)
1 2, 2

. Th t v y, n u (3.11)

Nh n xt: nguyn l qui n p m ta v a p d ng nh y t n 2 ln n. Do , ta ph i kh i u qui n p v i hai gi tr c a n ( y l 3 v 4).

29

ch c nghi m (nguyn) dng khi r nguyn dng sao cho

1 2, 2

. By gi , v i x h u t b t k, lun t n t i u, v
1 2, 2

u3 x v3

(3.12)

i u ny pht ngu n t tnh ch t: gi a hai s th c lun t n t i m t s h u t . Do , t n t i s h u t u sao cho v 1 u 3 2 3 . (3.13) 2x v x Khi , v u3 x c d ng (3.5), nn x cng c d ng (3.5). Tm l i, ta c i u ph i ch ng minh v v i m i h u t dng. K
3

3.2.2

Bnh lu n

Theo tc gi (K09), bi ny l k t h p c a m t s k t qu c s n trong cc bi s h c d tuy n. Cu a) l m t bi r t c i n. Cc th thu t qui n p trong hai cu a) v b) cng l nh ng ph n x c n ph i c.

3.3

Bi 11

Cho P m t a th c h s th c c b c l n hn 1. Tm t t c cc c p (f, Q) g m hm f : R R v a th c h s th c Q th a mn hai i u ki n sau : i) v i m i x, y R, ta c f (P (x) + f (y)) = y + Q(f (x)) ; ii) t n t i x0 R sao cho f (P (x0 )) = Q(f (x0 )). emvaanh

3.3.1

L i gi i

Cho (x, y) = (x0 , v) vo i), v i v R, ta c f (P (x0 ) + f (v)) = v + Q(f (x0 )). Cho (x, y) = (x, P (x0 ) + f (v)) vo i), ta c f (P (x) + f (P (x0 ) + f (v))) = P (x0 ) + f (v) + Q(f (x)). Th (3.14) vo v tri c a (3.15), ta c f (P (x) + v + Q(f (x0 ))) = P (x0 ) + f (v) + Q(f (x)). S d ng gi thi t ii) bi n i v tri, f (P (x) + v + f (P (x0 ))) = P (x0 ) + f (v) + Q(f (x)). (3.17) (3.16) (3.15) (3.14)

30

M t khc, cho (x, y) = (x, P (x0 )) vo i), ta c f (P (x) + f (P (x0 ))) = P (x0 ) + Q(f (x)) = v ph i c a (3.17). Do , (3.17) tr thnh f ( P (x) + f (P (x0 )) + v) = f ( P (x) + f (P (x0 )) ) + f (v). (3.18)

V y, v i m i u c d ng u = P (x) + f (P (x0 )) v m i v R, ta c f (u + v) = f (u) + f (v). i u ny r t hay, v n c ngha l f g n nh c c ng tnh. Ch l g n nh thi, v hi n gi mi n xc nh c a u cn b h n ch b i d ng u = P (x) + f (P (x0 )). Ta mu n ch ng minh f c c ng tnh hon ton, t c l f (u + v) = f (u) + f (v) v i m i (u, v) R R, th c hi n vi c ny, ta dng hai b d i y. Tr c tin, ta nh ngha m t t p h p T R l m t t p h p t t n u n c d ng (, t] ho c [t, +), v i t R. Ta cng k hi u g() = {g(x), x } ch nh c a ( R) qua m t nh x g : R R no . (3.19)

B 1 N u S l m t a th c h s th c c b c dS > 0 th S(R) lun ch a m t t p h p t t. Chnh S(R) l m t t p h p t t n u dS ch n. Th t v y, n u dS l ,

x

lim S(x) =

x+

lim =

(3.20)

v i = 1 (tng ng = 1) n u h s cao nh t c a S dng (tng ng m). Tuy nhin, S lin t c, nn S(R) = R, v c nhin ch a m t t p h p t t. N u dS ch n, v S khng ph i l m t h ng s , nn lim S(x) = v lim = (3.21)
x x+

v i = 1. Cng v S lin t c, t n t i min S(x) xR t= max S(x)

xR

n u = +1 n u = 1

(3.22) (3.23)

Khi , S(R) = [t, +) ho c (, t] l m t t p h p t t. N B 2 Cho f m t hm xc nh trn R, v T m t t p h p t t. N u f c c ng tnh trn T R, th f cng c c ng tnh trn R R, t c l (u, v) T R, f (u + v) = f (u) + f (v) = (u, v) R R, f (u + v) = f (u) + f (v).

Xt tr ng h p T = [t, +). V i (u, v) R R b t k, t n t i w t sao cho w + u t (ch n w = max{t, t u} ch ng h n). Khi , w T v w + u T , nn ta c th tnh f (w + u + v) b ng hai cch: 1. f (w + u + v) = f (w) + f (u + v); 2. f (w + u + v) = f (w + u) + f (v) = f (w) + f (u) + f (v). (3.24)

31

So snh hai k t qu th ta suy ra f (u + v) = f (u) + f (v). Tr ng h p T = (, t] ch ng minh tng t . N Theo gi thi t, a th c S(x) = P (x) + f (P (x0 )) c b c l n hn 1. p d ng B 1 th S(R) ch a m t t p h p t t T . T ng th c (3.18) ta suy ra f c c ng tnh trn T R. p d ng B 2, ta suy ra c c ng tnh c a f trn R R. V f c c ng tnh nn f (0) = 0 (xt u = v = 0). Cho y = 0 vo gi thi t i), ta c f (P (x)) = Q(f (x)) (3.25)

v i m i x R. ng th c ny tng i d thng hn i). Kh i hnh t (3.25), ta s ch ng minh r ng f c tuy n tnh, t c l f (x) = f (1)x. th c hi n i u ny, ta s c n B 3 Cho m t hm f : R R c c ng tnh, cng hai t p h p t t A v B sao cho f (B) A. Khi , f c tuy n tnh, t c l x R, f (x) = f (1)x.

Kh ng nh trn tuy l m t bi c i n, nhng cng xin nh c l i v n t t cch gi i: vi t q = m , n ta c nm m mf (1) = f (m) = f = nf , (3.27) n n r i chia cho n th c (3.26). ch ng minh tuy n tnh trn ton R, ta xt tr ng h p A = [a, +) v B = [b, +). Cc tr ng h p cn l i ch ng minh tng t . V i m i z 0, theo c ng tnh ta c f (z) = f (b + z) f (b). Nhng v b + z b nn b + z B. Do , f (b + z) f (B) A. V y, f (b + z) A, t c l f (b + z) a. Tm l i, z 0 f (z) a f (b) =: c. (3.28) Cho x R b t k. T n t i hai dy s h u t {rn }n1 v {sn }n1 h i t v x v th a mn rn x sn . p d ng (3.28) v i l n l t z = n(x rn ) v z = n(sn x), ta c n 1, n 1, f (nrn ) + c f (nx) f (nsn ) c. nrn f (1) + c nf (x) nsn f (1) c. xf (1) f (x) xf (1). (3.29) V bi t f (nx) = nf (x) v thi t l p tuy n tnh (3.26) cho s h u t , ta c (3.30)

V c ng tnh, nn f (nx) = nf (x) v i m i x R v n N. T suy ra tuy n tnh cho cc s h u t , t c l q Q, f (q) = qf (1) (3.26)

Chia cc v cho n r i cho n + th ta c n 1, Cu i cng th f (x) = xf (1). N Tr v bi ton. D a trn tnh ch t (3.25), ta hy xt hai tr ng h p. (3.31)

32

 d Q ch n Theo B 1, P (R) ch a m t t p h p t t B v chnh Q(R) l m t t p h p t t A. ng th c (3.25) ko theo f (B) A. p d ng B 3, ta suy ra tuy n tnh. d Q l t P (x) =
k=0

ak xk

Q(x) =
=0

bx

(3.32)

v i an = 0, bm = 0, v m l . Xt cc a th c hai bi n n1 P (x, y) = P (x + y) P (x) P (y) =: Rk (y)xk T nh ngha ny, d ki m r ng Rn1 (y) = nan y
m1 Q(x, y) = Q(x + y) Q(x) Q(y) =: S (y)xk =0 k=0

(3.33)

Sm1 (y) = mbm y n u m > 1.

(3.34) m 1.

Hn n a, cng d th y r ng Rk (0) = S (0) = 0 v i m i 1 k n 1, 1 L i ch c a cc a th c hai bi n (3.33) n m trong php bi n i sau. Ta c f (P (x, 1)) = f (P (x + 1) P (x) P (1)) = f (P (x + 1)) f (P (x)) f (P (1)) = Q(f (x + 1)) Q(f (x)) Q(f (1)) = Q(f (x) + f (1)) Q(f (x)) Q(f (1)) = Q(f (x), f (1)). Th d ng (3.33) vo (3.35), r i dng c ng tnh c a f , ta c
n1 m1

(3.35)

f (Rk (1)x ) =
k=0 =0

S (f (1))[f (x)] .

(3.36)

khai thc tri t ng th c (3.36), ta xt z R b t k, v t ck = f (Rk (1)z k ) Thay x = z vo (3.36), v i N, ta c

n1 m1

d = S (f (1))[f (z)] .

(3.37)

N,

ck k =
k=0 =0

d.

(3.38)

n y th ta ph i phn bi t 3 tr ng h p.

33

 m>n Khi m > 1, v b t bu c dm1 = 0 (h s c a s h ng c b c l n nh t), t c l dm1 = mbm f (1)[f (z)]m1 = 0.

m<n T (3.37), ta suy ra cn1 = 0 (h s c a s h ng c b c l n nh t), hay f (nan z n1 ) = 0. V l p lu n ny ng v i m i z R, nn f 0.

(3.39)

m=n T (3.38), so snh cc s h ng c b c l n nh t, ta suy ra cm1 = dm1 , hay f (mam z m1 ) = mbm f (1)[f (z)]m1 .

N u f (1) = 0, th f (z) = 0, nhng i u ny x y ra v i m i z R, nn ta cng c f 0. Cn n u f (1) = 0, th theo (3.37), d = 0 v i m i 1 m 1. T (3.38), ta suy ra cn1 = 0. Tng t v i tr ng h p trn (m < n), f 0.

(3.40)

N u f (1) = 0, ta c f (mam z m1 ) = 0 v i m i z R, nn f 0. Cn n u f (1) = 0, th nh c a R qua cc nh x z mam z m1 v z mbm f (1)z m1 l hai t p h p t t B v A no (do B 1 v m 1 ch n). ng th c (3.40) ko theo f (B) A. p d ng B 3 th gi i quy t c tr ng h p ny. Tm l i, trong c 3 tr ng h p trn, lc no ta cng vi t c f (x) = f (1)x. Nh th l ch ng minh c tuy n tnh cho f . M t khi c tuy n tnh th bi ton g n nh xong. G i = f (1). Th f (x) = x vo gi thi t i) ban u, v khai thc c ng tnh c a f , ta c (x, y) R R, P (x) + 2 y = y + Q(x). (3.41)

ng nh t ha cc h s c a y th ta c = 1. K t lu n, bi ton c hai nghi m 1) 2) f (x) = x, Q(x) = P (x); f (x) = x, Q(x) = P (x). (3.42)

3.3.2

Bnh lu n

C th ni y l bi kh nh t c a thng 12, ng th i cng l m t trong nh ng bi kh nh t c a k thi VMEO II. Bi ny c tc gi (emvaanh) l y c m h ng t bi d i y, c a Rumani. Ta s g i n l bi A. Cho P m t a th c c b c l n hn 1. Tm m i hm f : R R c c ng tnh th a f (P (x)) = P (f (x)) v i m i x R.

34

Trong bi A, c ng tnh l m t gi thi t ph i c cung c p ngay t u, v khng c cch no suy ra n t phng trnh hm. Hn n a, n u khng i h i c ng tnh, bi A s khng c ngha (d ta v n miu t c cc nghi m, nhng c u trc c a chng khng c g c bi t). Trong bi 11, c ng tnh tuy khng c li t k trong gi thi t, nhng th t ra n l h u qu c a hai i u ki n a ra. Phng php c tnh che gi u c ng tnh xu t pht t m t bi khc, c a Trung Qu c, m ta s g i l bi B. Cho n m t s nguyn dng l n hn 1. Tm m i hm f : R R th a f (xn + f (y)) = y + [f (x)]n v i m i x, y R. Trong bi B, c ng tnh c ng m l ng vo phng trnh hm. chuy n t bi B qua bi 11, n th c xn c th b ng a th c b t k P (x) bn v tri. v n c th suy ra c ng tnh, ta ph i tr gi tnh t ng qut c a P b ng m t gi thi t b sung, l l ii). M t khc, tng ph n r i r m, [f (x)]n c th b ng Q(f (x)) bn v ph i, v by gi ta ph i tm m t c p (f, Q) ch khng ph i m t hm f m thi. Tuy nhin, i u ny khng thay i b n ch t v n v cng khng lm cho n kh hn. M t s thnh vin t cu h i v sao c n gi s b c c a P l n hn 1 trong bi 11 (ho c n > 1 trong bi B). Hy xt tr ng h p P (x) = x (ho c n = 1 trong bi B). Khi , phng trnh hm ph i gi i l f (x + f (y)) = y + f (x). (3.43) Ta cng suy ra c c ng tnh cho f . T , phng trnh hm tr thnh f (f (y)) = y. Nhng cc nghi m c a phng trnh ny khng p (cho d c c ng tnh), c u trc c a chng khng c ngha g ng k (d ta v n miu t c m t l p nghi m).

3.4

Bi 12

a) Tm t t c cc s th c k sao cho t n t i h ng s dng ck th a mn (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) ck (x + y + z)k v i m i s th c dng. b) V i cc s k tm c, hy xc nh s ck l n nh t. Hatucdao

3.4.1

L i gi i

a) Ta s thi t l p k [0, 2] l i u ki n c n v . Th t v y, n u k < 0 th xt tr ng h p c bi t x = y = z = w v cho w 0+ . Khi (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) = (w 2 + 1)3 1 (x + y + z)k = (3w)k +. (3.44)

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V th , khng th no ch n ck cho v ph i b ch n trn b i v tri. N u k > 2 th ta hy xem x l m t bi n, cn y, z l hai tham s c nh, v cho x +. Khi (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) (y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1)x2 (3.45) (x + y + z)k xk . V th , khng th no ch n ck cho v ph i lun nh hn v tri. K t lu n, k [0, 2] l i u ki n c n. Mu n ch ng minh k [0, 2] cng l i u ki n , ta s ph by m t s c 0 no th a mn (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) c(x + y + z)k (3.46) v i m i k [0, 2], m c d t t nhin h ng s c cha ph i l gi tr t i u ck . t m c ch ny, ta dng php nh gi th b o sau: (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 1 1 3 (x + y + z)2 + 1 1 k > 3 2 (x + y + z)2 + 1 1 3 (x + y + z)k V y, c =
1 3

k 2

[trung bnh ly th a] [0 k 2] [Cauchy suy r ng]

(3.47)

b) D th y r ng v i k = 0 th c0 = 1. Xt k (0, 2]. Cc bi u th c x2 + 1, y 2 + 1 v z 2 + 1 g i cho ta chuy n v l ng gic. Do , ta hy t x = tan a, y = tan b, z = tan c, Lc , (x + y + z)k = (cos a cos b cos c)2 (tan a + tan b + tan c)k (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) = (cos a cos b cos c)2k (cos a cos b sin c + cos b cos c sin a + cos c cos a sin b)k = (cos a cos b cos c)2k [sin a sin b sin c + sin(a + b + c)]k v i a, b, c 0, . 2 (3.48)

hon thnh nhi m v (3.46). Cho nn k [0, 2] cng l i u ki n . K

(3.49)

tm ch n trn t t nh t cho v ph i c a ng th c trn, ta t t = sin 1 (a + b + c). V 3 hm sin lm trn o n 0, ( o hm b c hai m), nn 2 sin 1 (a + b + c) 1 (sin a + sin b + sin c) 3 3 3 sin a sin b sin c (3.50)

(b t ng th c cu i cng l do Cauchy cho 3 s ). T suy ra sin a sin b sin c t3 . Tng t , v hm cos lm trn o n 0, ( o hm b c hai m), nn 2 cos 1 (a + b + c) 1 (cos a + sin b + sin c) 3 3 3 cos a cos b cos c (3.52) (3.51)

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v v th Ph i h p (3.51), (3.53) v i (3.49), ta c cos a cos b cos c (1 t2 )3/2 . (3.53)

(x + y + z)k (1 t2 )3(1k/2) (t3 + (3t 4t3 ))k = 3k tk (1 t2 )3k/2 . (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) Xin lu : chnh ngay nng (3.51) ln ly th khng i chi u, cc s k t thc, ta ch hm c a n,

(3.54)

t i b c (3.54) ny, ta m i c n i u ki n k [0, 2]. Th t v y, ta ph i a b c k v (3.53) ln ly th a b c 2 k. cho cc b t ng th c m k v 2 k u ph i dng. c n kh o st hm gk (t) = 3k tk (1 t2 )3k/2 trn mi n t [0, 1]. o gk (t) = 3k tk1 (1 t2 )2k/2 (k 6t2 ), (3.55)

3.4.2

b ng 0 t i t = 0, t = 1 v t = k/6. y l nh ng i m c c tr duy nh t c a gk trn [0,1]. Nhng d th y r ng t = 0 v t = 1 tng ng v i nh ng c c ti u. Do , t = k/6 ph i tng ng v i c c i. Gi tr c a c c i chnh l 1/ck . V y, k k 3k k 2 3 k 2 3 n u k = 0; (3.56) 3 ck = 2 2 1 n u k = 0. K (3.57)

M t bi tng t

a) Tm t t c cc s th c k sao cho t n t i h ng s dng ck th a mn (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1) ck (xy + yz + zx)k v i m i s th c dng. b) V i cc s k tm c, hy xc nh s ck l n nh t. Bi trn cng do Hatucdao sng tc v c ng ln Di n n. N l m t t ng qut t bi APMO 2004 (x2 + 2)(y 2 + 2)(z 2 + 2) 9(xy + yz + zx). (3.58) 9 (xy + yz + zx), 4

B n thn bi (3.58) tng ng v i

(x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)(z 2 + 1)

(3.59)

t c l tr ng h p k = 1 c a bi t ng qut. p s c a bi t ng qut l k [0, 2] v i c0 = 1. v ck = 33k (3 k)k3 k k , (3.60)

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