SEMESTER 1 Chapter 5 OSI Network Layer V 4.0 5.1.1. 1 What services does the network layer provide?

What are the 4 basic processes used at the network layer? What is the PDU of the network layer? What information is contained in the layer 3 PDU? What is the role of a router? What is it called when a packet passed through an intermediary device? What happens to the transport layer PDU as the packet moves through the network? What does the network layer protocol specify? List the 5 Network layer protocols. services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices. Addressing Encapsulation Routing Decapsulation Packet Source and Destination IP address to select paths for and direct packets toward their destination. This process is known as routing Hop It stays the same

5.1.1. 2

5.1.2. 1

Which protocol will be the focus of this class? What are the basic characteristics of IPv4?

the packet structure and processing used to carry the data from one host to another host Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) AppleTalk Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet) IP Connectionless - No connection is established before sending data packets. Best Effort (unreliable) - No overhead is used to guarantee packet delivery. Media Independent - Operates independently of the medium carrying the data. requires no initial exchange of control information to establish an end-to-end connection before packets are forwarded, nor does it require additional fields in the PDU header to maintain this connection Connectionless packet delivery may, however, result in packets arriving at the destination out

5.1.3

Describe what a connectionless service in networking means? What is the main issue that may occur in a

connectionless exchange?

of sequence. If out-of-order or missing packets create problems for the application using the data, then upper layer services will have to resolve these issues. Unreliable means simply that IP does not have the capability to manage, and recover from, undelivered or corrupt packets. Transport Layer IPv4 and IPv6 operate independently of the media that carry the data at lower layers of the protocol stack. Physical Layer Maximum Transmission Unit MTU

5.1.4

What does unreliable mean in networking? Which layer is responsible for adding reliability to packet delivery? Describe media independent. What layer is responsible for preparing a packet for the media? What is the one characteristic of the network layer that is dependent on the media? What portion of the IP packet does a router use to make forwarding decisions? What remains untouched as packets travel through the network? What are the 6 key fields in an IP packet?

5.1.5

5.1.6

Header In all cases, the data portion of the packet that is, the encapsulated Transport layer PDU remains unchanged during the Network layer processes. IP Source Address IP Destination Address Time-to-Live (TTL) Type-of-Service (ToS) Protocol Fragment Offset It is discarded To determine if the header has reached the destination intact. Geographic location Purpose Ownership To improve manageability and network performance. To improve performance based on network requirements of each task. To maintain control and limit access. Performance degradation Security issues

5.1.7. 1

5.1.7. 2 5.2.1 5.2.1. 2

5.2.2

What happens to a packet if the TTL field reaches 0? What is the checksum field used for? What are three methods of determining how to divide your network? Why would you group users geographically? Why would you group users by task? Why would you group networks by ownership? What are the 3 main issues as networks grow larger?

What is a network broadcast? What is broadcast domain? Is it good or bad to increase the number of broadcast domains in your network? What is the major advantage of dividing networks by ownership? What efficiency does dividing large networks into separate networks provide to the hosts? What is the device called that hosts send information to that must travel outside their network? What is hierarchical addressing? What is the example presented that describes hierarchical addressing in our daily lives? How many bits are in an IPv4 address? How is the ip address divided? What portion of the IP address does a router use? What is the actual address used for a default gateway? What is the route that the router forwards a packet to called? What decisions do routers make as a packet enters an interface? How is the default gateway configured on a host running windows? What portion of the IP address must be the same for the host and gateway? What command is issued at the command prompt of

Address Management A broadcast is a message sent from one host to all other hosts on the network. The network area in which all hosts receive broadcasts Good access to and from resources outside each network can be prohibited, allowed, or monitored hosts who need to communicate are grouped together reduces the unnecessary overhead of all hosts needing to know all addresses. Gateway

5.2.3 5.2.4

5.2.5

A hierarchical address uniquely identifies each host. It also has levels that assist in forwarding packets across internetworks, which enables a network to be divided based on those levels. Zip codes and house addresses

5.2.5

32 IPv4 addresses are divided in four groups of eight bits (octets) Network The router interface IP address at the edge of the network. Next-hop address Is the network directly connected or not. Yes forward to that network. No forward to the next-hop router. On a Windows computer, the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties tools are used to enter the default gateway IPv4 address Network and Subnetwork ipconfig

5.3.1

5.3.2 5.3.3

5.3.3. 2

5.3.3. 3

5.3.4

windows to see the default gateway setting? What is it called when a router makes forwarding decisions? What is the map called that a router uses to make forwarding decisions (Hint: look at the figure)? What does a routing table contain? What are the 3 main features of routes in a routing table? What happens if the packet does not have an address contained in the routing table? What is a default route used for? What is the command to view the routing table for a host? What is the destination network IP address and subnet mask for the default network interface? What three commands are listed that allow you to change the routing table? What does the address in the routing table represent?

Routing Routing Table

The routing table stores information about connected and remote networks. Destination network Next-hop Metric The packet is dropped

5.3.4. 2

The default route is used when the destination network is not represented by any other route in the routing table. Netstat 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

5.3.5

5.3.5. 2 5.3.6

5.3.7. 1

route ADD route DELETE route CHANGE represents a range of host addresses and sometimes a range of network and host addresses If more than one route The route that is most specific for that IP exists in the routing table for address an address, which one will be selected? When is the default route When the IP address does not match any used? other entry in the routing table What is the next-hop? the address of the device that will process the packet next Why does a directly There are no intermediary devices and the connected device not have packet is directly forwarded a next-hop? What are the three Forward it to the next-hop router decisions a router can make Forward it to the destination host about a packet? Drop it Which layer does a router 3

5.3.7. 2

process packets at? What layer is the packet encapsulated at before it leaves the router? What is another name for a default gateway? Why would a packet take a different route than another packet that is part of the same data stream? Why are default routes so important to routers? What happens if a router has not route for the packet and does not have a default route? Why doesnt IP have error notification? What does a router need to forward a packet? What happens if routing table are not up to date? What are two ways a router can learn about routes?

Data Link Layer 2 Gateway of last resort Rotuers may learn a new path between packets because the gateway router is not likely to have a route to every possible network on the Internet. The packet is dropped

5.3.7. 3

It would reduce efficiency and add overhead Next-hop that packets may not be forwarded to the most appropriate next-hop, causing delays or packet loss route information can be manually configured on the router or learned dynamically from other routers in the same internetwork A manually configured route Static routes must be reconfigured set of rules by which routers dynamically share their routing information It updates its routing table Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGRP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Overhead that consumes network bandwidth Processing capacity necessary No network overhead produced No processing capacity used Administrative distance is configured to ensure efficient and effective routing

5.4.1

5.4.2 5.4.3

What is a static route? What must be done if the internetwork changes? What is the definition of a dynamic routing protocol? What happens when a router receives information about changes in routes? What are 3 common routing protocols? What are the 2 costs listed with using a dynamic protocol? What advantages are listed for static routing?