Competence Aid Program

Network Advanced

Created by: Wanda Sudrajat

Agenda
 Network Hardware
 Ethernet Fundamentals
 Ethernet Switching
Network Hardware
Wired and Wireless Devices
 Network Hardware
 Hub OSI Model Layers
 An unintelligent network device that sends one 7 Application
signal to all of the stations connected to it.
 All computers/devices are competing for 6 Presentation
attention because it takes the data that comes 5 Session
into a port and sends it out all the other ports in 4 Transport
the hub.
3 Network
 Traditionally, hubs are used for star topology
networks, but they are often used with other 2 Data Link
configurations to make it easy to add and 1 Physical
remove computers without bringing down the
network.
 Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model

Source:
http://www.practicallynetworked.com/networking/bridge_types.htm
 Network Hardware
 Switch OSI Model Layers
 Split large networks into small segments, 7 Application
decreasing the number of users sharing the
same network resources and bandwidth. 6 Presentation
 Understands when two devices want to talk to 5 Session
each other, and gives them a switched 4 Transport
connection
3 Network
 Helps prevent data collisions and reduces
network congestion, increasing network 2 Data Link
performance. 1 Physical
 Most home users get very little, if any,
advantage from switches, even when sharing a
broadband connection.
 Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.

Source:
http://www.practicallynetworked.com/networking/bridge_types.htm
 Network Hardware
 Repeater OSI Model Layers
 Used to boost the signal between two cable 7 Application
segments or wireless access points. 6 Presentation
 Can not connect different network architecture. 5 Session
 Does not simply amplify the signal, it 4 Transport
regenerates the packets and retimes them. 3 Network
 Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model. 2 Data Link
1 Physical

Source:
http://www.practicallynetworked.com/networking/bridge_types.htm
 Network Hardware
 Bridge OSI Model Layers
 Connects two LANs and forwards or filters data 7 Application
packets between them.
 Creates an extended network in which any two 6 Presentation
workstations on the linked LANs can share 5 Session
data. 4 Transport
 Transparent to protocols and to higher level 3 Network
devices like routers.
2 Data Link
 Forward data depending on the Hardware
(MAC) address, not the Network address (IP). 1 Physical
 Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.

Source:
http://www.practicallynetworked.com/networking/bridge_types.htm
 Network Hardware
 Router OSI Model Layers
 A device that connects any number of LANs. 7 Application
 Uses standardized protocols to move packets 6 Presentation
efficiently to their destination. 5 Session
 More sophisticated than bridges, connecting 4 Transport
networks of different types (for example, star 3 Network
and token ring) 2 Data Link
 Forwards data depending on the Network 1 Physical
address (IP), not the Hardware (MAC) address.
 Routers are the only one of these four devices
that will allow you to share a single IP address
among multiple network clients.
 Resides on Layer 3 of the OSI model.

Source:
http://www.practicallynetworked.com/networking/bridge_types.htm
Difference of Router and
Bridge
A Router :
 Uses different network
address off all ports
 Builds tables based on
network addresses
 Blocks broadcast traffic
 Blocks traffic to unknown
addresses
 Creates a new header and
trailer
 Must always queue traffic
before forwarding
A Bridge :
 Uses the same network
address off all ports
 Builds tables based on
MAC address
 Forwards broadcast traffic
 Forwards traffic to
unknown addresses
 Does not modify frame
 Can forward traffic based
on the frame header
Routers and Serial Connections
Routers and Serial Connections
Routers and Serial Connections
 Network Hardware
 Additional Network Hardware Devices
 Network Interface Cards (NICs)
 Puts the data into packets and transmits packet onto the network.
 May be wired or wireless.
 Gateway
 Connects networks with different protocols like TCP/IP network and IPX/SPX
networks.
 Routers and Gateways often refer to the same device.
 Proxy server
 Isolates internal network computers from the internet.
 The user first access the proxy server and the proxy server accesses the internet
and retrieves the requested web page or document. The user then gets a copy of
that page from the proxy server.

Source:
http://www.camas.wednet.edu/chs/tech/computer_tech/info/routers_hubs_bridges.htm
NIC

UTP port

AUI port
(Attachment Unit
Interface)

BNC port
(British Naval /Barrel
Network Connector)
Wireless Media
• Wireless LAN or WLAN
• Wireless local area network that uses radio
waves as its carrier

• Wi-Fi ("Wireless Fidelity“)

•A set of standards for WLANs based on
IEEE 802.11

• Wi-Max
•Emerging technology that can cover ranges
up to 10 miles or more

• Satellite/Microwave
•High speed media used for longer
distances and remote locations

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN
Internal Wireless NIC for
Desktop or Server
PCMCIA NIC for Laptop
External USB Wireless NIC
Access Point
 Ethernet
Fundamentals
Introduction
Types of Ethernet
Cabling
Ethernet
History
Ethernet was originally designed in the 1970s by Dr. Robert
Metcalfe as part of an “office of the future” project. At the point, it
was a 3 Mbps network. In 1980, Ethernet was standardized as a 10
Mbps network by the DEC-Intel-Xerox (DIX) consortium, and then in
1985 standarized by the 802 committee of IEEE.

Technology
The Ethernet uses CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with
collision detection) Technology, which called for a logical bus
topology and a method of error detection and recovery.
 The Physical layer

Layer 1 involves interfacing with:

 media, signals, bit streams that travel on the

media

 components that put signals on media, and

various topologies.
 Data Link Layer
 Data link layer provides reliable transit of data
across a physical link by using the Media Access
Control (MAC) addresses.

 Data link layer is concerned with physical (as

opposed to network, or logical) addressing.
 Data link layer– Two Parts
(sub-layers)
Logical link Control (LLC) : (IEEE 802.2)

 The Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer remains relatively

independent of the physical equipment
 Provides an interface between the MAC layer and the Network layer
which is independent of the hardware

Media Access Control (MAC): (part of IEEE 802.3)

 The MAC sub-layer is concerned with the physical components that

will be used to communicate the information..
 WHO can access the network when multiple computers are trying to
access it simultaneously.
 physical addressing (MAC addresses) and access control methods.
Ethernet and the OSI Model
 Ethernet operates in two areas of the
OSI model, the lower half of the data
link layer, known as the MAC sub layer
and the physical layer

 Trick question
 IEEE Standards
IEEE 802 Committee Standards:
 802.1 - Standards introduction
 802.2 - Logical Link Control (LLC)
 to prevent senders from overwhelming receivers (ACK)
 802.3 – Ethernet
 CSMA/CD, multiple media access methods, and packet (frame) format.
 802.4 - Token Bus - 75 ohm CATV coax or Fibre
 802.5 - Token Ring - physical standard and media access sublayer
 802.6 - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - similar to FDDI
 802.7 - Broadband
 802.8 - Fiber Optics
 802.9 - Integrated Voice and Data
 802.10 - LAN Security
 802.11 - Wireless
 802.12 -100 VG AnyLAN
Ethernet and the OSI Model
Ethernet and the OSI Model
 Naming – The MAC or
Hardware Address

 A 48-bit address All devices that are

burned onto the NIC. connected to the
 It is a unique way of Ethernet LAN have
identifying each MAC addressed
computer on a network. interfaces including
 Flat Address workstations, printers,
routers, and switches.
 Naming – MAC Address
Format

The MAC address consists of 12 hex digits (48 bits)

The first six digits (assigned by the IEEE) represent the Organizational
Unique Identifier (OUI) which identifies the manufacturer

The last six are assigned by the manufacturer and represent a unique
hardware ID number for the NIC
Framing
 Framing is the Layer 2 encapsulation process.

 Bit streams (data) 010101 alone can not be sent between

devices.

 We must divide the data up and add:

 a bit pattern to flag the start of each frame

 relevant MAC addresses
 a block of data
 some bits for error detection
 a bit pattern to flag the end of the frame

 A frame is the Layer 2 protocol data unit (PDU).

Ethernet Frame Structures
Ethernet Frame Structures
Ethernet Frame Structures
MAC Rules and Collision
Detection/Backoff
MAC Rules and Collision
Detection/Backoff
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) Types
IEEE Common Physical Topology and Media Band
Number Name width
802.3 10Base2 Thin coaxial cable in a bus topology 10Mbps
802.3 10Base5 Thick coaxial cable for the backbone; 10Mbps
taps to the backbone from each PC
802.3u 100BaseT Unshielded twisted pair in a star 100Mbps
or Fast topology (10Mbps
Ethernet version is
802.3
802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic for the 1000Mbps
backbone, all in star topology
10Base2
Using Bus Topology
Using Coaxial Cable (Thin Ethernet-5 mm) and RG58
Connector
Using 50 ohm of terminator
Max. cable length in one segmen = 185 m
Max. computer in one segmen = 30 units

CAP Module
OSSS – Office Solution Service Support
Cable & Connector
Thin Net

Coaxial Connectors :
• BNC Connector
• BNC T-connector
• BNC Barrel connector
• BNC Terminator
(50 ohm)
10Base2 Installation (1)
 Thin Ethernet (10base2), sometime also called "Cheapernet", is
based on using a coax-cable, which is specified as RG58.
 The cable is connected via BNC-T-connectors to the network
card installed in the PC.
10Base2 Installation (2)

The T-connector is put directly on the BNC-connector of the Network

board.
10Base2 Installation (3)

If one of the systems is

located away from the
cable, you CANNOT use
a drop-cable from the
t-connector to the
BNC of the Network
Card (NIC) !
It either does NOT work
or works unreliable /
slow !
10Base2 Installation (4)

Run the cable to the

system and then
run it back
(watch out NOT
to exceed the
Maximum allowed
cable-length ) !
10Base2 Installation (5)

Put in a separate
"Repeater",
which allows to
connect the
remote located
system on its
own segment,
which need
to have its own
terminators
10Base2 Installation (6)

So, a more realistic view on an installation is :

At the end of the cable, the coax-cable MUST be terminated, using a BNC 50
ohm terminator
10Base2 Installation (7)
Each connection to an Thin-Ethernet RG-58 cable is called a "node", which
can be a system like a PC, a UNIX-workstation or a Fileserver, but also
anything else connecting via a BNC-connector counts a a node (network
printers, repeaters,....).
10Base2 Installation (8)
If more than 30 nodes need to be connected or if the total cable-length
needs to be longer than 185 meters, a repeater is the solution :
10Base5
Using Bus Topology
Using Coaxial Cable (Thick Ethernet-10 mm)
and RG8 Connector
Using 50 ohm of Terminator
Max. cable length in one segmen = 500 m (2,5 km with
repeater)
Cable & Connector

Thick Net

Transceiver

Pierce clamp

AUI Cable
10BaseT
Using Star Topology
Using UTP Cable and RJ45 Connector
Using Hub/Switch
Max. cable length in one segmen = 100 m
Max. computer in one segmen = 1024 units
Cable & Connector

Twisted Pair
two insulated copper wires twisted
around each other

Twisted pairs UTP

Outer insulation STP

Jacket
(for STP only)
Cable & Connector

Max segment length (UTP) : 100 m

5 Categories of UTP (EIA/TIA) :

• cat 1 : phone cable, carry voice only
• cat 2 : carry data up to 4 Mbps (LocalTalk)
• cat 3 : carry data up to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
• cat 4 : carry data up to 16 Mbps (TokenRing)
• cat 5 : carry data up to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)

Cat 3-5 : UTP category for LAN (consists of 4 twisted-pairs)

Cable & Connector

Twisted Pair Connectors

• phone connector : RJ11 (use 4 cable)

• PC LAN connector : RJ45 (use 8 cable)
10BaseT Installation (1)

If only two devices :

10BaseT Installation (2)

If more than two units of devices :

Ethernet Specifications
(Most used)

 10BaseT
 Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cable (category 3, 4, or 5), transmits
signals at 10 Mbps (megabits per second) with a distance limit of 100 meters per
segment.

 10BaseF
 Ethernet specification for fiber optic cable, transmits signals at 10 Mbps (megabits per
second) with a distance limit of 2000 meters per segment.

 100BaseT
 Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cabling that is used to transmit data
at 100 Mbps (megabits per second) with a distance limit of 100 meters per segment.

 1000BaseTX
 Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cabling that is used to transmit data
at 1 Gbps (gigabits per second) with a distance limitation of 220 meters per segment.

Source : http://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm
Common Network Media
• Electrical (copper)
• Coaxial Cable
• Single copper conductor in the center surrounded by a plastic layer for
insulation and a braided metal outer shield.
• Twisted pair
• Four pairs of wires twisted to certain specifications.
• Available in shielded and unshielded versions.

• Fiber-optic - A cable, consisting of a center glass core surrounded by layers

of plastic, that transmits data using light rather than electricity.

• Atmosphere/Wireless – Uses Electromagnetic waves. whose frequency

range is above that of microwaves, but below that of the visible spectrum.

• Choose Media based on :

• Wiring configurations
• Distance and location limitations
• Speed
• Reliability
• Security
• Budget
Cabling
Cable manufacturers :
AMP, Belden, Lucent
Belden Catalog :
>2200 types of cables
3 main groups of cable :
Coaxial
Twinaxial
Fiber Optics
Cable
Network Cabling Considerations

 Transmission Speed
 Bandwidth
 Length
 Resilience
 Maintenance
 Cost adjustment
Source : http://www.delmar.edu/Courses/ITSC1391/Sem3/4LANdesign.htm
Making a UTP Straight & Cross Cable
You will need to invest in proper tools
UTP Implementation
UTP Implementation
Straight-Through
Crossed-Over
Fiber Optics
• Infrared light is transmitted through fiber and confined
due to total internal reflection.
• Fibers can be made out of either plastic or glass.
• Used for high speed backbones and pipes over long
distances.
• Comparatively expensive.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
Fiber Optics

Example:
10 Base FL
max transmission 2 km
carry digital data signal in form of
pulse of light (not elec-magn)
current speed : 10 Mbps
one cable consists of 2 strands in
separate jacket :
Transmitter & Receiver
Fiber Optics

consists of thin layer cylinder of glass

(=core), surrounded by glass layer
(=cladding)

Core

cladding
Cevlar jacket
Fiber Optics

10 Base FL

10 Base FL
Ethernet Switching
Segments
Collision Domain
Switching/Bridging
Broadcast
Segments
What is a segment?

From the previous slide the three definitions of a

segment are:

 Term used in the TCP specification to describe a

single transport layer unit of information.

 Section of a network that is bounded by bridges,

routers, or switches.

 In a LAN using a bus topology, a segment is a

continuous electrical circuit that is often connected to
other such segments with repeaters.
Collisions in Collision Domain
Collision Domain
Segmentation
Increasing a Collision Domain
Layer 1 Devices Extend
Collision Domains
Limiting the Collision Domains
Layer 2 Bridging
 A bridge can be used to create two collision domains
 Source MAC address of a frame and the associated
incoming switch port are added to the address table
Bridges
 Switch Operation
 Switch – a multiport Bridge
 Divides collision domain into many smaller collision
domains
 Full-Duplex technology
Full Duplex
Network Latency
Switch Modes
Switch Modes
 Store and Forward - A switch receives the
entire frame before sending it out the
destination port.
 Cut-Through - A switch starts to transfer
the frame as soon as the destination MAC
address is received.
Broadcasts in a Bridged
Environment
Broadcast Domain
Segmentation
Data Flow Through a Network with
a Router
Thank You
any question ?