Lab Exercise

1) Enlist the internal components of router and also mention its functionality?
2) A switch using a filtering table; a router uses a routing table. Can you explain the difference?
3) Compare between router and switch with respect to technical and logical features?
4) How Hub related to a repeater?
5) Which one has more overhead, a switch or router? Explain your answer.
6) How default gateway connects network?
7) Demonstrate NIC and Modem features with respect to performance and functionality?
8) Explain MAC address and its representation.
9) What if there are duplicate MAC addresses?
10) Explain briefly the project 802 also discuss its pros and cons?
11) Connect at least three pcs on packet tracer and show their IP address?

1- Enlist the internal components of router and also mention its

functionality?

SO here are the components of Router and also I have mentioned its functionalities with
it .
Components of Router:
 CPU
Executes operating system instructions
 RAM
Contains the running copy of the configuration file. Stores the rouging table.
RAM contents lost when power is off.
 ROM
Holds diagnostic software used when router is powered up. Stores the
router's bootstrap program.
 NV RAM
Stores startup configuration. This may include IP addresses (routing protocol,
hostname of a router).
 FLASH MEMORY
Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS)
 INTERFACES
Multiple fiscal interfaces that are used to connect the network. Fast Ethernet,
Gigabit Ethernet; Serial; Management interfaces
2-The routing and filter tables resemble similar tables in link layer bridges and
switches. Except, that instead of specifying link hardware addresses (MAC
addresses)

Router
The router table specify network (IP
addresses). The routing table lists known
IP destination addresses with the
appropriate network interface to be used
to reach that destination
Switches
A filter table may also be used to ensure
that unwanted packets are discarded. The
filter may be used to deny access to
particular protocols or to prevent
unauthorized access from remote
computers

3-Compare between router and switch with respect to technical and logical
features?
Router Switches
Routers operate at Layer 3 Network switches operate at layer
(Network) of the OSI model. two (Data Link Layer) of the OSI
model.
Directs data in a network. Passes Allow connections to multiple
data between home computers, devices, manage ports, manage
and between computers and VLAN security settings
 the modem.
At Initial Level Broadcast then First broadcast; then unicast &
Uni-cast & Multicast multicast as needed.

Full duplex Half/ Full duplex

Uses IP address Uses IP address

Provides security measures to Port Security

protect network

4- How Hub related to a repeater?

Hubs are a form of repeater or an Ethernet LAN which has multiple ports.
Each port (or interface) allows one piece of equipment to be connected to the
hub.  It can join more than two signals. It takes the signal, “boosts” it, and
transmits to all its ports. Typically hub can connect from 8 to 24 connections
together.
5- Which one has more overhead, a switch or router?
A router operates on three layers physical layer, the data link layer and the
network layer, whereas a switch operates on two layers, the physical layer
and the data link layer. So router has more overhead than switch.
6- How default gateway connects network?
A default gateway is the node in a computer network using the internet
protocol suite that serves as the forwarding host (router) to other networks
when no other route specification matches the destination IP address of a
packet
7-Demonstrate NIC and Modem features with respect to performance and
functionality?
Modem NIC
1. A modulator-demodulator, or 1. A network interface card, or
modem, translates data between the NIC, sends and receives data as
digital format used by computers digital signals, which are
and the analog format used over compatible with computer
phone and cable lines technology
 2. Some cable modems are capable of
supporting speeds of up to 30 Mbps
3. modems must convert data from
analog to digital and often transfer
that data to a server many miles
away, they are more error-prone
than network cards.
2. NICs are much faster, some
boasting speeds of 1 Gbps
(1024 Mbps) or more.
3. NICs have a simpler role in
networking and are less likely to
malfunction.

8. Explain MAC address and its representation.

MAC Addresses are unique 48-bits hardware number of a computer, which is

embedded into network card (known as Network Interface Card) during the
time of manufacturing. MAC Address is also known as Physical Address of a
network device.

It can be represented using any of the following formats

9. What if there are duplicate MAC addresses?

Duplicate MAC Addresses separated by one or more routers is not a problem since
the two devices won't see each other and will use the router to communicate or we
can say that If two devices have the same MAC Address (which occurs more often
than network administrators would like), neither computer can communicate
properly

10. Explain briefly the project 802 also discuss its pros and cons?
Project 802 is an ongoing project of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) for defining local area network (LAN) and wide area network
(WAN) standards and technologies. The 802 specifications define the operation
of the physical network components – cabling, network adapters, and
connectivity devices such as hubs and switches.

11. Connect at least three pcs on packet tracer and show their IP
address?