Computer Networks

Network Devices

Raja Malviya, PGT-Computer Science,

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya,
Badi, Raisen(M.P.)
 Outlines
 Modem
 RJ-45 Connector
 Ethernet Card
 Hub
 Switch
 Bridge
 Repeater
 Router
 Wi-Fi Card
MODEM
 A modem is computer peripherals that allow to connect
and communicate with other computer via telephone
lines.

 The shift of digital data into analog data and back again,
allows two computers to “speak” with one another
called modulation / demodulation.
MODEM
Modulation is the process of sending data on a
wave, three types of modulation are used:
 AM (Amplitude Modulation)
 FM (Frequency Modulation)
 PM (Phase Modulation)

External Modem Internal Modem

RJ-45 Connector

 RJ-45 stands for

Registered Jack- 45. It is an
eight wire connector
which is commonly used
to connect computers on
local area networks i.e.
LAN.
 RJ-45 Connector is much
wider than RJ-11 as it
houses 8 wires instead of
four
 Ethernet Card
Ethernet is the dominant cabling and low level data delivery technology used in
Local Area Networks (LAN’s).
It was developed by Xerox corp. along with DEC and Intel.
Features:
 Ethernet transmits data up to ten million bits per second.
 Ethernet supports networks built with twisted pair, thin and thick coaxial and
fiber optic cabling.
 Each device on an Ethernet network operates independently and equally,
precluding the need for a central controlling device.
 Ethernet supports a wide array of data types, including TCP/IP, ,apple talk, and
IPX.
 To prevent the loss of data, when two or more devices attempt to send packets
at the same time, Ethernet detects collisions.
Ethernet Card / Network Interface Card(NIC)
 A network interface card is a piece of computer hardware designed
to allow computers to communicate over a computer network.
 The computers that are part of Ethernet have to install a special
card called Ethernet Card.
 An Ethernet supports three types of connections:
1. RJ-45 connection, if it is designed for twisted pair
2. BNC Connector, if it is designed for coaxial cable
3. AUI connector
 HUB
 It is multi-port and unintelligent network device which
simply transfer data from one port of the network to
another.
 IT is hardware device used to connect several computer
together with different ports.
 Ehen the packet reaches one port, it is copied to all
other ports of the hub without changing the destination
address in the frame.
 It simply copies the data to all the nodes connected to
the hub.
 HUB
 Problem with hub is that it is not
an intelligent device.
 It shares bandwidth with all the
attached device and broadcasts
the data. i.e., sends the data
frames to all the connected
nodes, as it does not remember
devices/ computers connected
to it.
 Also it can not filter the data
and causes unnecessary traffic
jams
 SWITCH
 A switch is a device that is used to segment networks
into subnetworks called subnets.
 Allow different nodes of a network to communicate
directly with each other.
 Allow several users to send information over a network
at the same time without slowing each other down.
 Responsible for filtering-transforms data in a specific
way and for forwarding packets between LAN segments.
SWITCH
 Device that is used to segment networks into different
sub networks called subnets or LAN segments.
 A switch is responsible for filtering.
 It support any packet protocol.
 LAN that are segmented through switches are called
Switches LANs. In case of Ethernet LANs , they are
called Switched Ethernet LANs
REPEATER

What internetworking devices operate at the physical

layer (layer 1) of the OSI model?
 When signals first leave a transmitting
station, they are clean and easily
recognizable. However, the longer the
cable length, the weaker and more
deteriorated the signals become as they
pass along the networking media.
 Repeaters can be installed along the way
to ensure that data packets reach
destination
REPEATER

What is the disadvantage associated with

using a repeater?
 it can't filter network traffic. Data,
sometimes referred to as bits, arriving
at one port of a repeater gets sent out
on all other ports
 data gets passed along by a repeater
to all other LAN segments of a
network regardless of whether it
needs to go there or not.
 REPEATER
 It amplifies the signal being
transmitted on the network.
 It is used in long network line, which
exceed the maximum rated distance
for a single run.
 Repeaters can be installed along a
way to ensure that data packets
reach their destination.
 They are of two kinds:
 Amplifier
 Signal repeater
Repeater: It is a network device that amplifies and restores signal for
long-distance transmission.
Gateway
 Device that connects dissimilar networks.
 It expands the functionality of routers by performing data
transmission and protocol conversion.
 It is needed to convert Ethernet traffic from the LAN to SNA
(system network architecture) traffic on a legacy (birthright)
system.
 SNA is a networking standard developed by IBM, used by fine
IBM mainframe and AS/400 microcomputers everywhere.
 It then routes the SNA traffic to the mainframe.
Thus, gateway is a network device that connects dissimilar
networks and establish an intelligent connection between a
LAN and external network with completely different
structures.
Gateway
 Gateway node often acts as a proxy server and
firewall.
 Proxy server is a machine that is not actually a server
but appears as a server
 firewalls is a system designed to prevent unauthorized
access to or from a private network.
 Gateway = router + switch
 Router is device that uses headers and forwarding
tables to determine where packets are sent.
 Switch is also a device that provides the actual path for
the packet in and out of the gateway.
Gateway
 Device that connects dissimilar networks.
 Operates at the highest level of abstraction.
 Expands the functionality of routers by performing data translation and
protocol conversion.
 Needed to convert Ethernet traffic from LAN to SNA(Systems Network
Architecture) traffic legacy system.
 Then routes the SNA traffic to the mainframe.
 When Mainframe answers, Reverse process occurs.
 Establishes an intelligent connection between a local network and
external networks with completely different structures.
Gateway
 Bridge
 Used to connect two LAN or two segments of the same LAN.
 But LAN or LAN segments connect through bridge must follow
the same protocols.
 A bridge allows to cross only that data which has a valid MAC
address of other side of bridge.
Bridge
 Router
 It is network device that connects multiple networks
irrespective of their protocol.
 It forwards data packets from one connected network
to another depending upon their IP address and NOT
their MAC addresses.

Difference between Bridges and router

Bridge Router
It cannot handle multiple It can.
protocols
It works with MAC address It can works with IP address.
Router
Router
 What are routers?
 Routers are another type of internetworking device.
 These devices pass data packets between networks
based on network protocol or layer 3 information.
 Routers have the ability to make intelligent decisions as
to the best path for delivery of data on the network.
What network problems can routers help resolve?

 The problem of excessive broadcast traffic can be

solved by using a router.
 Routers are able to do this, because they do not
forward broadcast frames unless specifically told to
do so.
 How do ROUTERS differ from BRIDGES?

 Routers differ from bridges in several respects.

 First, bridging occurs at the data link layer or layer 2,

 while routing occurs at the network layer or layer 3 of the

OSI model.

 Second, bridges use physical or MAC addresses to make

data forwarding decisions.
 Routers use a different addressing scheme that occurs at
layer three
How do routers work?
 Routers are used to connect two or more networks.
 For routing to be successful, each network must
have a unique network number.
Wi-Fi Card
 Wi-Fi card is either an internal or
external LAN adapter with a
built-in radio and antenna.
 Wi-Fi card is used in a desktop
computer that enables a user to
establish an internet connection.
 Wi-Fi cards also known as
Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) cards are
widely used in notebook
computers due to their high
portable nature.