VASE or FACE

We dont see things as they are, we see things as we are A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. The process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world.

What do you see?

Now what do you see?

 Factors influencing Perception

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

Perception

Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity

Person perception:-Attribution Theory

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

observation

Interpretation
H Distictinctiveness L

Attribution of cause

External Internal

H Individual behavior Consensus L

External Internal

H Consistency
H high L- Low

Internal External

Distictiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situation

Consensus Do other person Behave in the Same manner?

Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ?

Yes Low Distinctiveness No High Distinctiveness

No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus

Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency

Internal

External

COMMON SHORTCUTS (ERRORS) IN JUDGING OTHERS

Selective perception
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience and attitudes.

COMMON SHORTCUTS (ERRORS) IN JUDGING OTHERS

Halo Effect
Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single characteristics.

COMMON SHORTCUTS (ERRORS) IN JUDGING OTHERS

Contrast Effect
Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are effected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

COMMON SHORTCUTS (ERRORS) IN JUDGING OTHERS

Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that persons belongs.

 The importance of perception in managerial behaviour : i)

Attitude formation: Perceiving events and people is critical in attitude formation.

ii) Relationship base : The managers

relationship with others are based on perceptions of their basic natures and motivations.

 iii) Employment interview :Interviewers make perceptual judgments, draw impressions and arrive at conclusions about the applicants.

iv) Performance evaluation :An employees performance appraisal is very much dependent on the perceptual outlook.

 v)Performance Expectations: Expectations become reaIity.

vi)Organisational goals :The interpretation

and accomplishment of organisational goals again depend on the philosophies and ideologies of those who are expected to pursue them.

CONTRAST EFFECT

Disclaimer Great Leaders in this presentation are used as metaphors only for illustrative purposes. No offence is meant and our Group respects these leaders from bottom of our hearts.

- difficult to define - even more difficult to understand completely - Attempts to understand this phenomenon for thousands of years

- will most likely debate for a thousand more.

Source: AllPsych

- a complex state of feeling - results in physical and psychological changes - influences thought and behavior.

Theories of Emotion
Does your heart pound because

you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

Theories and Concepts of Emotion-- Four Theories of Emotion

James-Lange: emotions occur after arousal Cannon-Bard: arousal and emotion occur

simultaneously Schachters Two-Factor: arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs Lazarus Cognitive-Mediational Theory

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Experience of emotion is awareness of

physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)

James-Lange theory
Situation

bodily reaction emotion

FEAR
or

LOVE?

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Pounding heart (arousal)

Emotion-arousing stimuli

Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)

simultaneously trigger:
physiological responses subjective experience of

emotion
Fear (emotion)

Schachters Two Factor Theory of Emotion

Pounding heart (arousal)
Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion)

To experience

emotion one must:

be physically

aroused cognitively label the arousal

Cognitive label Im afraid

The Schachter theory

Situation

bodily reaction emotion + cognitive appraisal

FEAR

LOVE

The Schachter theory

Testing the theory:
Hypothesis: The same bodily reaction will cause one

emotion in one situation, and another emotion in a different situation.

Give people a dose of adrenaline; Put them in different situations; What happens?

FEAR

LOVE

Lazarus CognitiveMediational Theory Cognitive Label This is a dangerous situation!

Pounding Heart (arousal)

Fear (emotion)

Can You Explain Why Pleasant Feelings Increase When Teeth Show?

What Theory of Emotion is Portrayed in this Figure?