HIGHWAY ENGINEERING - branch of civil engineering which deals in the location, design, construction, maintenance, economics, financing, planning

and programming of roads. Main factors that are taken into account in the location of any highway project between two terminals are: 1. the character and purpose of the road 2. the nature and volume of present and anticipated traffic 3. the amount of funds available for its construction. Five distinct states that a modern highway location practice embraces: 1. Reconnaissance. - the purpose of which is to eliminate costly locations and limit the choice to one or two, general routes between controls. This could be aided effectively, by studying available maps, examination of, ground as seen from airplane, stereoscopic examination of aerial photographs, and ocular examination of the site on foot. 2. Route Selection - the purpose of which is to flag the best location within the general route which will more or less permit the predetermined grade controls. "Flagging" is the procedure where the selected route is marked by brazing trees or tying strips of cloth or flags to branches or to poles set on the ground. The resulting route is called Flag Line. 3. Preliminary Survey - the purpose of preliminary survey is to get the topography of the strip or strips flagged, which data will be utilized as the basic framework for projection of the line in the office. 4. Office Projection - the purpose of office projection is to fit as close as possible, the best line into the terrain within the desired standards. 5. Location Survey - the purpose of the final location survey is to transfer the paper projection determined in the office from topographic strip map to the actual site in the field. Two distinct groups in highway design 1. Geometric Design- embraces the gradeline or profile, the alignment, including curvature, and the widths of the several component parts, including intersections. 2. Structural Design - embraces the thickness of pavements, base and stability of foundations.. Data required for an intelligent geometric design are: 1. Traffic density 2. Character of traffic 3. Design speed Data required for an intelligent structural design are: 1. Maximum expected wheel load to use the highway and volume of traffic 2. Soil classification 3. Minimum field compaction 4. Modulus of subgrade reaction TRAFFIC STREAM CHARACTERISTICS Types of Facilities 1. Uninterrupted flow facilities have no external interruptions to the traffic stream. 2. Interrupted flow facilities are those that incorporate fixed external interruptions into their design and operation. Traffic Stream Parameters 1. Macroscopic parameters describe the traffic stream as a whole; a) volume or rate of flow, b) speed, and c) density. 2. Microscopic parameters describe the behavior of individual vehicles or pairs of vehicles within the traffic stream. a) the speed of individual vehicles, b) headway, and c) spacing Volume or Rate of Flow 1. Traffic volume is defined as the number of vehicles passing a point on a highway, or a given lane or direction of a highway, during a specified time interval. 2. Daily Volumes are used to document annual trends in highway usage. Average annual daily traffic (AADT). The average 24hour volume at a given location over a full 365-day year;

3.

the number of vehicles passing a site in a year divided by 365 days (366 days in a leap year). Average annual weekday traffic (AAWT). The average 24hour volume occurring on weekdays over a full 365-day year; the number of vehicles passing a site on weekdays in a year divided by the number of weekdays (usually 260). Average daily traffic (ADT). The average 24-hour volume at a given location over a defined time period less than one year; a common application is to measure an ADT for each month of the year. Average weekday traffic (AWT). The average 24- hour weekday volume at a given location over a defined time period less than one year; a common application is to measure an AWT for each month of the year. Peak hour is the single hour of the day that has the highest hourly volume and is generally stated as a directional volume (i.e., each direction of flow is counted separately).

NOTE: 1. All of these volumes are stated in terms of vehicles per day (veh/day). 2. Average weekday traffic (AWT) for each month is found by dividing the total monthly weekday volume by the number of weekdays in the month (Column 5Column 2). 3. The average daily traffic is the total monthly volume divided by the number of days in the month (Column 4Column 3). 4. Average annual daily traffic is the total observed volume for the year divided by 365 days/year. 5. Average annual weekday traffic is the total observed volume on weekdays divided by 260 weekdays/year.

Peak Hour Factor , PHF

For standard 15-minute analysis period,

Hourly Volume Max. Rate of Flow

Peak Hour Factor , PHF

V 4 Vm15 V 12 Vm5

For standard 15-minute analysis period,

Peak Hour Factor , PHF

Where:

V = hourly volume, vehs

Vm15 = maximum 15-minute volume within the hour, vehs PHF = peak-hour factor

Rate of Flow

V PHF 1000v q da q
Where:

V = hourly volume, veh/h PHF = peak-hour factor

v = average speed of cars (m/s) d a = average center to center spacing of cars, m q = maximum rate of flow within the hour (veh/h)
Speed and Travel Time Speed is defined as a rate of motion in distance per unit time. Travel time is the time taken to traverse a defined section of roadway.

S
Where:

d t

S = speed, km/h or ft/s d = distance traversed, km or ft t = time to traverse distance d, h or s

Time mean speed (TMS). The average speed of all vehicles passing a point on a highway or lane over some specified time period.

Prepared by: Melvin R. Esguerra

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Space mean speed (SMS). The average speed of all vehicles occupying a given section of highway or lane over some specified time period.

= density of a single lane (vehs/km/ln)

ha = average headway in the lane, s

Average center to center spacing of cars

S vt L

Where: S = average center to center spacing of cars in meters v = average speed of cars in meters t = reaction time in seconds L = length of one car in meters Capacity of a single lane in vehicles per hour

d t TMS i i ; n
Where:

SMS

nd ti
i

1000v S

TMS = time mean speed, km/h, ft/s SMS = space mean speed, km/h, ft/s d = distance traversed, km, ft
n = number of observed vehicles ti = time for vehicle i to traverse the section, h, s

Where: C = capacity of a single lane in vehicles/hour v = average speed of cars in meters t = reaction time in seconds HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS Accident Rates for 100 Million Vehicle Miles (HMVM) of Travel for a Segment of a Highway

TMS is computed by finding each individual vehicle speed and taking a simple average of the results. SMS is computed by finding the average travel time for a vehicle to traverse the section and using the average travel time to compute a speed. Density and Occupancy 1. Density is defined as the number of vehicles occupying a given length of highway or lane,. 2. Occupancy is defined as the proportion of time that a detector is "occupied," or covered, by a vehicle in a defined time period.

R
Where:

A 100 000 000 365 NL ADT

R =accident rate for 100 million vehicle miles A = number of accidents during period of analysis N = time period in years L = length of highway segment in miles ADT = average daily traffic
Accident Rates for Million Entering Vehicles (MEV) for an Intersection

1000 O Lv Ld

q SMS R1 D ave. length of vehicles D

Where:

R
Where:

A 1 000 000 365 N ADT

Lv = the average length of a vehicle (m), Ld = the length of the detector (which is normally a magnetic
loop detector) (m) O = occupancy over a given detector q = maximum rate of flow within the hour (veh/h)

R =accident rate for 1million entering vehicle A = number of accidents during period of analysis N = time period in years ADT = average daily traffic entering the intersection from all
legs. Severity Ratio

SMS = space mean speed, km/h, ft/s

R1 sum of vehicle lengths length of road way sec tion
1. Spacing and Headway: Microscopic Parameters 1. Spacing is defined as the distance between successive vehicles in a traffic lane, measured from some common reference point on the vehicles, such as the front bumper or front wheels.

severity ratio

fatal injury accidents fatal injury property damage

= density of a single lane (vehs/km/ln)

TERMINOLOGIES IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Asphaltness - The components of the bitumen in petroleum, petroleum products, malthas, asphalt cements, and solid native bitumen, which are soluble in carbon disulfide but insoluble in paraffin naphthas. Asphalts - Black to dark-brown solid or semisolid cementitious materials which gradually liquefy when heated, in which the predominating constituents are bitumen all of which occur in the solid or semisolid form in nature or are obtained by refining petroleum or which are combinations of the bitumen mentioned with each other or with petroleum or derivatives thereof. Asphalt cement - A fluxed or unfluxed asphalt specially prepared as to quality and consistency for direct use in the manufacture of bituminous pavements and having a penetration at 25C. (77F) of between 5 and 250, under a load of 100 g applied for 5 sec. Bitumen - Mixtures of hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous origin or combinations of both frequently accompanied by their non-metallic derivatives, which may be gaseous, liquid, semisolid, or solid, and which are completely soluble in carbon disulfide. Bituminous - containing bitumen or constituting the source of bitumen. Bituminous emulsion - A liquid mixture in which minute globules of bitumen are held in suspension in water or a watery solution.

2.

1000 dd D d a vt L
Where: = density (vehs/km/ln) v = average speed of cars (m/s) t = reaction time (s) L =length of one car (m) d d = average spacing between vehicles in the lane, m 2.

3.

4.

d a = average center to center spacing of cars, m Headway is defined as the time interval between successive vehicles as they pass a point along the lane, also measured between common reference points on the vehicles.

5. 6.

ha
Where:

3600 q

Prepared by: Melvin R. Esguerra

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7.

8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19.

Blown petroleum - semisolid or solid products produced primarily by the action of air upon liquid native bitumens which are heated during the blowing process. (Also called oxidized asphalt.) Carbenes - The components of the bitumen in petroleums petroleum products, rnalthas, asphalt cements, and solid native bitumens; which are soluble in carbon disulfide but insoluble in carbon tetrachloride. Coal tar - Tar produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. Coke-oven tar - Coal tar produced in by-product coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal. Consistency - The degree of solidity or fluidity of bituminous materials. Cut-back product - Petroleum or tar residuums that have been fluxed with distillates. Dead oils - Oils with a density greater than water which are distilled from tars. Dehydrated tars - Tars from which all water has been removed. Fixed carbon - The organic matter of the residual coke obtained upon burning hydrocarbon products in a covered vessel in the absence of free oxygen. Fluxes - Bituminous materials, generally liquid, in which the predominating constituents is bitumen, used in combination with asphalts for the purpose of softening the latter. Free Carbon in tars - Organic matter that is insoluble in carbon disulfide. Gas-house coal tar - Coal tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal. Liquid asphalt - This is a trade term not subject to definition. Liquid bituminous materials - Those having a penetration at 25C

(77F) under a load of 50 g applied for 1 sec., of more than 350. 20. Native asphalt - Asphalt occurring as such in nature. 21. Oil-gas tars - Tars produced by cracking oil vapours at high temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas. 22. Penetration - The consistency of a bituminous material expressed as distance that a standard needle vertically penetrates a sample of the material under known conditions of loading, time, and temperature. Where the conditions of tests are not specifically mentioned, the load, time, and temperature are understood to be 100 g, 5 s and 25C (77F), respectively, and the units of penetration to indicate hundredths of a centimeter. 23. Petroleum - Liquid bitumen occurring as such in nature. 24. Pitches - Black or dark-brown solid cementitious residues which gradually liquefy when heated and which are produced by the partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tars. 25. Refined tar - Tar freed from water by evaporation or distillation which is continued until the residue is of desired consistency; or a product produce by fluxing tar residuum with tar distillate. 26. Rock asphalt - sandstone or limestone naturally impregnated with asphalt. 27. Semisolid bituminous materials - Those having a penetration at 25C (77F), under a load of 100 g applied for 5 sec., of more than 10, and a penetration at 25C. (77F.), under a load of 50 g applied for 1 sec., of not more than 350. 28. Solid bituminous materials - Those having a penetration at 25C (77F), under a load of 100 g applied for 5 sec., of not more than 10. 29. Straight-run pitch - A pitch run to the consistency desired, in the initial process of distillation, without subsequent fluxing. 30. Tars - Black to dark-brown bituminous condensates which yield substantial quantities of pitch when partially evaporated or fractionally distilled and which are produced by destructive distillation of organic material, such as coal, oil, lignite, peat and wood. 31. Topped petroleum - Petroleum deprived of its more volatile constituents. 32. Viscosity - The measure of the resistance to flow of a bituminous material usually stated as the time of flow of a given amount of the material through a given orifice. 33. Water-gas tars - Tars produced by cracking oil vapors at high temperatures in the manufacture of carburetted water-gas. 34. Asphalt filler- An asphaltic product used for filling cracks and joints in pavement structures. 35. Asphalt primer - A liquid asphaltic road material of low viscosity which upon application to a non-bituminous surface is completely absorbed. Its purpose is to waterproof the existing surface and prepare it to serve as a base for the construction of a bituminous carpet or surface course. Prepared by: Melvin R. Esguerra

36. Asphaltic residual oil - A liquid residue produced in petroleum refining, which contains little or no readily volatile constituents but yields asphalt upon evaporation at high temperatures. 37. Cut-back asphalt - Asphalt cement that has been rendered liquid by fluxing it with a light volatile petroleum distillate. Upon exposure to atmospheric conditions the volatile distillate evaporates, leaving the asphalt cement behind. 38. Emulsified asphalt - An emulsion of asphalt cement and water containing a small amount of emulsifying agent. (Emulsions are heterogeneous systems containing two normally immiscible liquid phases, one of which is dispersed as fine droplets or globules in the other). 39. Flux or flux oil A thick, viscous, non-volatile oil recovered from petroleum by distilling off the light volatile products present in the crude petroleum. lt is used to soften hard asphalts, to any desired consistency. 40. Gilsonite - A hard, brittle, native asphalt occurring in various localities in rock crevices or veins which it is mined like coal. 41. Hard asphalt- Solid asphalt that has a normal penetration of les s than 10.To make it suitable for ordinary use it must be softened to desired consistency by combining it with oil. 42. Lake asphalt - A native asphalt occurring as surface deposits in natural depressions of the earth's crust. 43. Maltha - A very viscous asphaltic petroleum which usually hardens rapidly upon atmospheric exposure owing to volatilization of its lighter constituents. 44. Mineral-filled asphalt - Asphalt cement containing an appreciable percentage (usually between 10 and 50 per cent by weight) of very finely divided mineral matter passing the 200-mesh sieve. 45. Petroleum asphalt - Asphalt refined directly from petroleum. Most petroleum asphalt used in highway work is produced by merely distilling off the gasoline, kerosene, and other oils that hold it in solution. Asphalt is one of the constituents of asphaltic petroleums, which are refined primarily for its recovery. 46. Powdered asphalt - Hard asphalt crushed or ground to a fine state of subdivision. 47. Preformed asphalt joint filer - Prernoulded strips of asphalt cement, mixed with fine material substances, fibrous materials, cork, sawdust, etc. They are manufactured in dimensions suitable for insertion in construction joints. 48. Refined asphalt - Any asphalt that has been subjected to a refining process. In paving work this term, however, is usually restricted to asphalt must be softened to suitable consistency by combining it with flux oil. 49. Steam-refined asphalt - Asphalt that has refined in the presence of steam during the distillation process. 50. Arterial Highway - A general term denoting a highway primarily for through traffic, usually on a continuous route. 51. Belt Highway - An arterial highway for carrying traffic partially or entirely around the urban area or portion thereof. (Also called circumferential highway) 52. Cloverleaf - An interchange with inner loops and outer connections. A full cloverleaf has an inner loop and an outer connection in each quadrant. 53. Grossing - An intersection with four approach roadways. 54. Cul-de-sac street - A local street open at one end only and with special provision f or turning around. 55. Dead-end street - A local street open at one end only without special provision for turning around. 56. Design speed - A speed selected and for designing correlation with the physical features of a highway that influences vehicle operation. It is the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of the highway when conditions are so favorable that the design features of the highway govern. 57. Design vehicle - A vehicle, the dimensions and minimum turning radius of which are larger than almost vehicles in its class selected for the purpose of establishing geometric design controls for that class of vehicles. 58. Divided highway - A highway with separated roadways for traffic in opposite directions. 59. Expressway- a divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at intersections. 60. Freeway - An expressway with full control of access. 61. Highway or Grade separations A crossing of two highways at different levels, one carried over the other on a structure. 62. Interchange - A system of interconnecting roadways, in conjunction with one or more highway separations providing for the interchange of traffic between two or more intersections

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63. 64. 65. 66.

67.

68.

69. 70.

71.

highways, usually without at-grade crossings of through and major turning movements. Island - An area within a roadway or between roadways from which vehicular traffic is intended to be excluded. Median - The portion of a divided highway separating the travelled ways for traffic in opposite directions. Multiple Intersection - An intersection with five of more approach roadways. Nose - The end of an island or neutral area at the junction of two intersecting pavements. It may be found by pavement edges or by a curb. Overcrossing or overpass - A grade separation in which the highway under consideration passes over the intersections road or railway. Parkway - An arterial highway for non commercial traffic with full or partial control of access, and usually located within a park or a ribbon of park-like development. Radial highway - An arterial highway leading to or from an urban center. Prime coat - A thin layer of light, penetrating bitumen applied by a distributor on a base to be surfaced with bituminous pavement to stop the water from rising by capillarity and to coat and bind particles, thus promoting adhesion between the base and new pavement. Tack coat - A very thin layer of bitumen to ensure a thorough bond between the new pavement and the old asphalt surface.

Harbor Engineering - is the design and construction of a calm anchorage for ships to enable repairs and overhauls, refuelling, and the loading and unloading of cargo and passenger. It also includes the planning and marking of strip channels as well as the placement of lighthouses, buoys, beacons, and other navigational aids to ensure the safe passage of ships into and out of harbor. Coastal Engineering - a branch of civil engineering pertaining to the study of the action of the seas and shore lines and to the design of structures to protect this action. Wharf - a landing place or that platform built out into or on to the water for the berthing of vessels. Piers - are wharves built into the stream or fairway perpendicular or oblique to the shore. Breakwater - a barrier constructed around or in connection with artificially sheltered harbor in order to protect the interior water area from the effect of heavy seas and making it possible for this area to use for the safe mooring, operating and handling or loading and unloading of shipping. CLASSIFICATION OF BREAKWATER ACCORDING TO MATERIAL USED 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rubble Mound Breakwater Timber Breakwater Masonry Wall Breakwater Reinforced Concrete Breakwater Composite Breakwater

1.

2.

3.

4.

CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES According to the method of supporting the roadway Through bridge - this is one where the roadway is supported directly at the lower chord panel points and with lateral bracing between the upper chord joints. Deck bridge - this is one where the roadway is supported directly at the upper chord joints or on the upper chords themselves. Pony truss bridge - this is usually of short span with the roadway supported at the lower chord panel joints, but because of insufficient height there is no lateral bracing at the upper chord. According to the kind of load carried by the bridge: Highway Bridge - this carries ordinary traffic on highways such as trucks, automobiles, road rollers, pedestrians, and may be in time of war, ranks and other equipment. Rail Road Bridge - this carries the rolling equipment or railroads such as locomotive, trains and other, equipment of railroads. According to the material used and method of construction plate girder bridges, including rolled I beams Riveted truss bridges Pin - connected truss bridges Welded bridges Concrete bridges Timber bridges According to the method of transmitting the load to the substructure Simply supported beams and truss-bridges Continuous girders Arch bridges Cantilever bridges Suspension bridges combination of the cantilever bridge with the arch suspension system PORTS AND HARBOR

Mole - a mount or massive work forms of masonry and large stone or earth laid in the sea as a breakwater and the protected side used as a quay for wharfage. Energy Dissipators - these are devices used in connection with breakwaters in order to break the force of the waves. These serves as the protective armors for breakwater. TYPES OF ENEHGY DISSIPATORS: Tetra Pods Quadri Pods Hexapods Tetratredron Tribars Modified Cubes Stabits Dolosse Akmon Armor uniit Prism Armor Block Armor Jetty - a structure extending into a body of water to prevent the formation of shoals at the harbor entrance by sand moving along the coast. Groin structures built out from the shorelines perpendicular to or at an angle between shores. Its functions are to prevent or retard the erosion of existing beds or provide a beach where none exist. Quay - a stretch of paved and strengthen bank or a solid artificial landing place made along or parallel to the side of a navigable water for convenience in loading and unloading ships. Quay Wall or Bulkhead - are protection walls for quay and sharves for retaining and protecting embankments or retaining fill. Anchor Piles - these are piles set at an angle with vertical not only to resist horizontal load but also to resist upward pressure. Batter Piles - piles placed into the ground at an angle to the vertical so that they are capable of resisting horizontal load. Fender Piles - piles placed singly along the dock line about 3m on center to protect the concrete dock from abrasion from ships. Sheet-Piles - these are piles which are not usually used, to transmit load but whose primary purpose is to serve as retaining wall.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Harbor - any body of water of sufficient depth for strips to enter end find shelter in storm and other natural phenomena. Ports - this is the harbor with the necessary terminal facilities to expedite the moving of cargo and passenger at any stage of the journey aside from its sharves, piers and cargo handling machinery. CLASSIFICATION OF HARBORS 1. 2. Natural Harbor This is an inlet or water area protected from the storms and waves by the natural configuration of the land. Artificial Harbor - a harbor which is protected from the effects of waves by means of breakwaters or one which maybe created by dredging. Prepared by: Melvin R. Esguerra

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Levee - an embankment built along the side of the rivers to prevent the overflow of banks and thus to protect the adjoining land from floodwater. Dikes or Training Walls - these are employed to direct the flow of current in rivers with a view to the establishment of more favorable and fixed channel and often also to prevent scour and erosion an d the carrying away of river banks. Spur Dikes - These are employed to regulate and direct the current of the river by contracting the flow area and causing a scour and lateral deposition of material behind or in between dikes. Permeable Dikes - merely used to slacken and retard the current flow instead of entirely cutting off or diverting it.

1.

How many vehicles pass thru a certain point in a highway every hour if the density is 48 vehicle/mile and space mean speed is 50 kph? 2. The rate of flow at a point in the highway is l200 vehicles per hour. Find the space mean speed if the density is 25 vehicles per mile. 3. Determine the approximate spacing of vehicles center to center in a certain lane if the average speed of the cars using that particular lane is 40 kph and the volume of traffic is 800 vehicles per hour. 4. Compute the average speed in kph that a passenger car should travel in a certain freeway if the spacing of the cars moving in the same lane is 40 m center to center. Volume of traffic at that instant is 200 vehicles per hour. 5. The speed of a car moving on a single lane is 60 kph. If the length of the car is 4.2 m and the value of the reaction time is 0.70 s a. Compute the average center to center of cars in meters, b. Compute the capacity of the single lane in vehicles per hour, c. Compute the average density of traffic in vehicles per km. 6. In an observation post shows that 5 vehicles pass through the post at intervals of 8 s, 9 s, 10 s, 11 s and 13 s respectively. The speeds of the vehicles were 80 kph, 76 kph, 70 kph, 80 kph, and 50 kph respectively. a. Compute the time mean speed, b. Compute the space mean speed if the distance travel by the vehicles is 250 m, c. If the density of traffic is 20 vehicles per km, compute the rate of floe of traffic in vehicles/hour. 7. From the data of a highway traffic observation team shows the distances of each vehicle have travelled every 3 s on a portion of the highway. Vehicle Distance 1 88 m 2 86 m 3 83 m 4 82 m a. Compute the space mean speed of the traffic, b. Compute the flow of traffic, c. Compute the density of traffic. 8. There are 5 vehicles passing through an intersection of two highway in a period of 20 s Vehicle Spot Speed (kph) 1 34.20 2 42.40 3 46.30 4 41.10 5 43.40 Compute the space mean speed in kph. 9. from the following data of a freeway surveillance, there are 5 vehicles counted for length of 200 m and the following distance S are the distance that each vehicle have travelled when observed on the two photographs taken 2 s apart. Compute the flow of traffic if the density of flow is 25 vehicles per km. Express in km/h. Vehicle Distance, S in m 1 24.40 2 18.80 3 24.70 4 26.90 5 22.90 10. The traffic intensity of a certain freeway is 0.833. The arrival rate of vehicles at a certain intersection (stop sign) is 200 vehicles per hour. a. Compute the service rate in vehicles/hour. Prepared by: Melvin R. Esguerra

Compute the average waiting time at the stop sign per vehicle in seconds, c. Compute the total delay time (queue time plus service time) in minute. 11. Scheduled maintenance will close two of the four westbound lanes of a freeway during one weekday for the period from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. The demand on the two lanes are as follows: Time Demand (Vehicles/Hour) 9 10 A.M. 4000 10 11 A.M. 3500 11 12 NN 2500 12 1 P.M. 2000 1 2 P.M. 2000 2 3 P.M. 2000 3 4 P.M. 2000 If the estimated capacity of the 4 lanes with 2 lanes open is 2960 vehicles/h, a. Compute the time when queue occurs, b. Compute the maximum queue (number of vehicles) c. Compute the maximum queue length in meters if one car is assumed to be 5 m long. 12. Compute the peak hour traffic (PHF) if the hourly volume of traffic is 1800 vehicles per hour and the highest 5 min. volume is 250. 13. The table shows a 15 minute volume counts during the peak hour on an approach of an intersection. Time Volume of Traffic 6:00 - 6:15 P.M. 375 6:16 6:30 P.M. 380 6:31 6:45 P.M. 412 6:46 7:00 P.M. 390 a. Determine the peak hour volume, b. Determine the peak hour factor, c. Determine the design hourly volume (DHV) of the approach. 14. The peak hour factor for traffic during rush hour is equal to 0.60 with a highest 5 min. volume of 250 vehicles. The space mean speed of the traffic is 90 kph, a. Compute the flow of traffic in vehicles/hour, b. Compute the density of traffic in vehicles/km, c. Compute the maximum spacing of the cars in meters. 15. A car travelling 70 kph requires 48 m to stop after the brakes have been applied. What average coefficient of friction was developed between the tires and the pavement? 16. Data on traffic accident recorded on a certain intersection for the past 5 years has an accident rate of 4160 per million entering vehicles (ARMV). If the average daily traffic entering the intersection is 504, find the total number of accidents during the year period. 17. Data on a traffic accident recorded for the past 5 years on a certain stretch of a two lane highway is tabulated as follows: Year Property Injury Fatal Damage 1960 110 42 4 1961 210 54 2 1962 182 60 5 1963 240 74 7 1964 175 94 6 Compute the severity ratio.

b.

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