want to catch the best result for their study.

Buying laptop online is advisable because it will cut the price. This online way is recommended since online shop also provide several laptop types. Students just need to decide which type they really need.

2.

ANECDOTE

Blessing behind Tragedy

There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America. The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned. The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune. Five days later, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was. The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.

GENERIC STRUCTURE Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do? Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for their plan Crisis: few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan. Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it. Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.

3.

Discussion Text

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow: It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make. It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium. It produces small amount of waste. It is reliable. On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident. People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy. Supporting Point: In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the world's energy needed Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy. Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.

4.

Explanation Text

How Chocolate is made

Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating. Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans. Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

Purpose

: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural Or socio-cultural phenomena.

Text Organization : 1. General statement 2. Explanation 3. Closing Language Features : 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verbs 3. Using passive voice 4. Using noun phrase 5. Using adverbial phrase 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect. General structure in the text : General statement : it is a statement which says about chocolate and how it is formed Sequenced explanation : it is a series of explanation on how chocolate is formed before we eat. First, the chocolate is coming from the cacao tree. Then it is fermented and ship to the chocolate producer. The cacao bean then are roasted and winnowed.

5. Hortatory Text

NEVER TRY SMOKING

A lot of people, especially teenagers, who do not smoke, always want to try smoking. They know it is bad for them and all, but it is just something they want to try. So they ask one of their smoker friends for a cigarette. Admittedly, they firstly can not light it on their own so they ask his friend to do it. Then they inhale that cigarette and smoke occasionally. Apparently that makes them the born smokers. Now they do smoke fairly regularly. They can not avoid smoking and they enjoy too. They have smoker friends. Everyday they bring a pack in their pocket. For them, a pack of cigarette is as important as a wallet for their money. Suddenly, for certain reason, they realize the fact that tobacco is the cause of a long list of nasty diseases. It is not only heart disease, stroke, and chronic lung disease but also bladder, lung, and pancreatic cancer. Even it was reported that around 400,000 Americans died each year. It was one every 80 seconds from tobacco-related illnesses. Then they decide it is stupid to harm selves. They want to quit smoking. Unfortunately, they find that quitting smoking is so difficult. Why can't I stop smoking? I really want to stop it. It is hard to quit because nicotine is powerfully addictive. Cigarette is one of the most efficient drug-delivery devices ever devised. As result, when people try to quit smoking, they often experience classic nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, headache, depression, and restlessness. Well, still want to try smoke? Think the facts before trying! If you are not smoker, you should never and never try to smoke. GENERIC STRUCTURE

Purpose

: To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be Case. :

Text organization

A thesis, which contatins the announcement or issue Arguments, which present reason for concern leading the Recommendation. Recommendation, which states of what ought or ought not to Happen. The use of emotive words The use of words that qualify statements The use of words that link arguments The use of present tense The use of compound and complex sentence The use of modal and adverbs The use of subjective opinions using pronouns

Language Features :

Generic Structure in The Text : 1. Thesis A lot of people, especially teenagers, who do not smoke, always want to try smoking. They know it is bad for them and all, but it is just something they want to try. 2. Arguments Admittedly, they firstly can not light it on their own so they ask his friend to do it. Then they inhale that cigarette and smoke occasionally. Apparently that makes them the born smokers. Now they do smoke fairly regularly. They can not avoid smoking and they enjoy too. They have smoker friends. Everyday they bring a pack in their pocket. For them, a pack of cigarette is as important as a wallet for their money. Suddenly, for certain reason, they realize the fact that tobacco is the cause of a long list of nasty diseases. It is not only heart disease, stroke, and chronic lung disease but also bladder, lung, and pancreatic cancer. Even it was reported that around 400,000 Americans died each year. It was one every 80 seconds from tobacco-related illnesses. Then they decide it is stupid to harm selves. They want to quit smoking. Unfortunately, they find that quitting smoking is so difficult. Why can't I stop smoking? I really want to stop it. It is hard to quit because nicotine is powerfully addictive. Cigarette is one of the most efficient drug-delivery devices ever devised. As result, when people try to quit smoking, they often experience classic nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, headache, depression, and restlessness 3. Recommendation Well, still want to try smoke? Think the facts before trying! If you are not smoker, you should never and never try to smoke.

6. Narrative

The Three Feathers

There was once upon a time a king who had three sons, of whom two were clever and wise, but the third did not speak much, and was simple, and was called the simpleton. When the king had become old and weak, and was thinking of his end, he did not know which of his sons should inherit the kingdom after him. Then he said to them, go forth, and he who brings me the most beautiful carpet shall be king after my death. And that there should be no dispute amongst them, he took them outside his castle, blew three feathers in the air, and said, you shall go as they fly. One feather flew to the east, the other to the west, but the third flew straight up and did not fly far, but soon fell to the ground. And now one brother went to the right, and the other to the left, and they mocked simpleton, who was forced to stay where the third feather had fallen. He sat down and was sad. Then all at once he saw that there was a trap-door close by the feather. He raised it up, found some steps, and went down them. Then he came to another door, knocked at it, and heard somebody inside calling - little green waiting-maid, waiting-maid with the limping leg, little dog of the limping leg, hop hither and thither, and quickly see who is without. The door opened, and he saw a great, fat toad sitting, and round about her a crowd of little toads. The fat toad asked what he wanted. He answered, I should like to have the prettiest and finest carpet in the world. Then she called a young one and said - little green waiting-maid, waiting-maid with the limping leg, little dog of the limping leg, hop hither and thither, and bring me the great box. The young toad brought the box, and the fat toad opened it, and gave simpleton a

carpet out of it, so beautiful and so fine, that on the earth above, none could have been woven like it. Then he thanked her, and climbed out again. The two others, however, had looked on their youngest brother as so stupid that they believed he would find and bring nothing at all. Why should we give ourselves a great deal of trouble searching, said they, and got some coarse handkerchiefs from the first shepherds' wives whom they met, and carried them home to the king. At the same time simpleton also came back, and brought his beautiful carpet, and when the king saw it he was astonished, and said, if justice be done, the kingdom belongs to the youngest. But the two others let their father have no peace, and said that it was impossible that simpleton, who in everything lacked understanding, should be king, and entreated him to make a new agreement with them. Then the father said, he who brings me the most beautiful ring shall inherit the kingdom, and led the three brothers out, and blew into the air three feathers, which they were to follow. Those of the two eldest again went east and west, and simpleton's feather flew straight up, and fell down near the door into the earth. Then he went down again to the fat toad, and told her that he wanted the most beautiful ring. She at once ordered her big box to be brought, and gave him a ring out of it, which sparkled with jewels, and was so beautiful that no goldsmith on earth would have been able to make it. The two eldest laughed at simpleton for going to seek a golden ring. They gave themselves no trouble, but knocked the nails out of an old carriage-ring, and took it to the king, but when simpleton produced his golden ring, his father again said, the kingdom belongs to him. The two eldest did not cease from tormenting the king until he made a third condition, and declared that the one who brought the most beautiful woman home, should have the kingdom. He again blew the three feathers into the air, and they flew as before. Then simpleton without more ado went down to the fat toad, and said, I am to take home the most beautiful woman. Oh, answered the toad, the most beautiful woman. She is not at hand at the moment, but still you shall have her. She gave him a yellow turnip which had been hollowed out, to which six mice were harnessed. Then simpleton said quite mournfully, what am I to do with that. The toad answered, just put one of my little toads into it. Then he seized one at random out of the circle, and put her into the yellow coach, but hardly was she seated inside it than she turned into a wonderfully beautiful maiden, and the turnip into a coach, and the six mice into horses. So he kissed her, and drove off quickly with the horses, and took her to the king. His brothers, who came afterwards, had given themselves no trouble at all looking for beautiful girls, but had brought with them the first peasant women they chanced to meet. When the king saw them he said, after my death the kingdom belongs to my

youngest son. But the two eldest deafened the king's ears afresh with their clamor, we cannot consent to simpleton's being king, and demanded that the one whose wife could leap through a ring which hung in the centre of the hall should have the preference. They thought, the peasant women can do that easily, they are strong enough, but the delicate maiden will jump herself to death. The aged king agreed likewise to this. Then the two peasant women jumped, and jumped through the ring, but were so clumsy that they fell, and their coarse arms and legs broke in two. And then the pretty maiden whom simpleton had brought with him, sprang, and sprang through as lightly as a deer, and all opposition had to cease. So he received the crown, and has ruled wisely for a length of time. GENERIC STRUCTURE Purpose : To entertain the reader with a story that deals with complications or problematic events which lead to a crisis and in turn finds a resolution. Text Organization : Orientation Sets the scene : where and when the story happened, introduces the participants of the story : who and what is involved in the story Complication Tells the beginning of the problem which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants Resolution The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in sad (tragic) ending Re-orientation This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consisrs of a moral lesson, advice or teaching from the writer. Language Features :

Nouns : ring, toad, turnip Pronouns : his, their, its, it, etc Noun phrases : a golden ring, beautiful carpet, beautiful Woman. Time connectives and conjunctions : There was once upon a time, one day, then, when, etc. Adverbs and adverbial phrases : angrily, wonderfully, etc Material processes (action verbs) : Jumped, knocked, carried, opened, sat, went. Verbal processes (saying verbs) : told, asked

7. Procedure Text

Making Kite
Having a kite flying is interesting and make it by self is easy. Prepare the following materials to make a kite: Butcher cord Scotch tape or glue 1 Sheet of strong paper 2 Strong, straight wooden sticks of bamboo Markers, paint or crayons After the materials have been prepared, the directions bellow is easy instruction on how to make a kite: 1. First, make a cross with the two sticks, with the shorter stick placed horizontally across the longer stick. 2. Tie the two sticks together with the string in such a way as to make sure that they are at right angles to each other. 3. Then, cut a notch at each end of the sticks. Make it deep enough for the type of string you are using to fit in to. Cut a piece of string long enough to stretch all around the kite frame. 4. Lay the sail material flat and place the stick frame face down on top. Cut around it, leaving about 2-3cm for a margin. Fold these edges over and glue it down so that the material is tight. 5. Make a tail by tying a small ribbon roughly every 10cm along the length of string. 6. Finally, decorate your kite with the markers! GENERIC STRUCTURE

Purpose

: To help us do a task or make something. They can ba a set of instructions or directions. : Goal (the final purpose of doing the instructions) Materials (ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions) Steps (a set of instructions to achieve the final purpose)

Text organization

Language features :

Use of imperatives (ex. Cut, lay) Use of action verbs (ex. Make, Cut, Fold, etc) Use of connectives (ex. First, then, finally)

Use of adverbial phrases (every 10cm along the length of string, about 2-3cm for a margin)

8.

Recount

My Horrible Experience
Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali. Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks. Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town. When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured. GENERIC STRUCTURE Purpose : To tell the readers what happened in the past, through a sequence of events : Orientation (who were involved in the story, when, and where) Events (tell whap happened in chronological order) Re-orientation (optional) (the conclusion of the experience)

Text organization

Language features :

The use of nouns and pronouns

(ex. Car, I, my, home, me, you) The use of action verbs (ex. Driving, lunched, trapped, reached) The use of past tense (ex. I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock.) The use of time conjucntions (ex. And, but, after, finally) The use of adverbs and adverbs of phrases (ex. Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view, I was on the car las week. Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc. Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking God because nobody was seriously injured. Language Feature Analysis Using personal participant; I Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly Using linking verb; was, were Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the car, my car lunched on one side, etc

9.

Report Text

Human Body Energy

Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc. The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body staying healthy. GENERIC STRUCTURE Purpose : To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, manmade, and social phenomenon in our environment. : General Classification (describes the phenomenon in general) Description (describes the phenomenon in details, in terms of: Part (and their function), qualities, habits or behaviours.)

Text organization

Language features

Focus on generic participants Use of relational processes to state what and which it is, Use of present tense (unless extinct) No temporal sequence

Generic Structure in The Text 1. General Classification Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy? 2. Description The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc. The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important for body staying healthy.

10.

Spoof Text

Loving Money Too Much

There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything. Even, just before he died, he said to his wife, "Now listen, when I die, I want you to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the afterlife." So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she would put all the money in the casket with him. Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said "Wait just a minute!" She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long after that, her friend said, "I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the casket." The wife turned to her friend and replied, "Yes, because I have promised." Then she continued; "I can't lie. I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket with him." Feeling shocked, her friend said, "You mean that you have put every cent of his money in the casket with him?" Then the wife answered, "Surely I did. I got it all together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check." GENERIC STRUCTURE Purpose : To tell an event with a humorous twist :

Text organization

Orientation

(who were involved in the story, when, and where) Events (tell what happened in chronological order) Twist (provide the funniest part of the story) Language features : The use of action verbs (ex. Worked, came, put, wrote) The use of connectives (ex. Then, finally, one day) The use of adverbial phrases of time and place (ex. in the casket, two days ago) The use of the simple past tense (ex. She had a box in her hands)

Generic Structure In The Text 1. Orientation It is the introduction of the story. By giving the orientation, reader will recognize, for the first time, who involves in the story.The above story talks about a wife and his husband who loves money too much even up to his death. 2. Events Several events are explored in chronological way which able to arrange the story read nicely.Promising with her money miser husband, Putting the box inside casket, locking and rolling the casket are the events which build the complete story. 3. Twist This is the unpredictable event/thing/way which amuse the reader. Readers even did not predict before that it would be. When reading the above story, for the first, readers likely think that the wife would put all the money instead of just a check.

11. News Item Text

Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms

Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect against HIV, a news report said. This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive) Abdul Latiff Ahmad was quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. But this just a suggestion, its up to them. Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which was celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for HIVvictim. In the past the event was held behind closed door. Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily rising. Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex workers, many women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected unknowingly by their husbands. Its not that people dont know that condoms can protect them. But there are some men who dont care to take precaution, even though they know they have HIV she said. GENERIC STRUCTURE Purpose : to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important Text Organization : 1. Newsworthy event(s) 2. Background event(s)

3. Sources Language Features: 1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline 2. Using action verbs 3. Using saying verbs 4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.

Generic structure in the text : 1. News worthy event: Malaysian women is urged to carry condoms to protect HIV. 2. Background event 1: International Memorial Day was held openly in Malaysia to reduce stigma for HIV victims. 3.Background event 2: The number of Malaysian women who are infected with HIV is steadily rising. 4. Source: Malaysian Aids Council president said that there were some men who did not care to take precaution even though they knew they had HIV

12. Review

Good Young Mother

It is about a young mother. It has a title of yummy mummy. This blog is representative of her idea of becoming young mother. He pours her thought and opinion on this blog in relating her position of a mother of kid and a wife of a husband. Beside that, she is trying to monetizing it This blog has fresh physical appearance. She choose green border of her template. She is young therefore she has to have a blog look fresh and energetic. She looks to have strong care to her baby that is why we find her monthly calendar of feeding milk to her baby attaches on the header of the blog. She is not only a good mother for her baby but also a good wife for her husband. She expresses it in her post labeled wedding anniversary. It is a romantic scene. In the last she is monetizing this blog. It must help her husband support financially the family. It is really a reference blog for every young mother and wife.

GENERIC STRUCTURE Purpose : to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience Text Organization : 1. Orientation 2. Evaluation 3. Interpretative Recount 4. Evaluation

5. Evaluative Summation Language features : 1. Focus on specific participants 2. Using adjectives 3. Using long and complex clauses 4. Using metaphor

13. Discriptive Text

Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia. Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

GENERIC STRUCTURE Purpose : to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail. Text Organization : 1. Identification 2. Description

Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Using special technical terms Generic Structure in the text : Text Organization 1. Identification : identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple 2. Description : describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics Language Feature 1. Using adjective and classifiers; valuable 2. Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known,The temple is constructed, etc

Puja Indah Anggraeni XII IPA 2

SMA NEGERI 1 BANJARMASIN BANJARMASIN 2009

I. PENGERTIAN
Kultur jaringan atau biakan jaringan merupakan teknik pemeliharaan jaringan atau bagian dari individu secara buatan (artifisial). Yang dimaksud secara buatan adalah dilakukan di luar individu yang bersangkutan. Karena itu teknik ini sering kali disebut kultur in vitro, sebagai lawan dari in vivo. Dikatakan in vitro (bahasa Latin, berarti "di dalam kaca") karena jaringan dibiakkan di dalam tabung inkubasi atau cawan Petri dari kaca atau material tembus pandang lainnya. Kultur jaringan secara teoretis dapat dilakukan untuk semua jaringan, baik dari tumbuhan maupun hewan (termasuk manusia) namun masing-masing jaringan memerlukan komposisi media tertentu. Kultur jaringan juga dapat diartikan teknik perbanyakan tanaman dengan cara mengisolasi bagian tanaman seperti daun, mata tunas, serta menumbuhkan bagian-bagian tersebut dalam media buatan secara aseptik yang kaya nutrisi dan zat pengatur tumbuh dalam wadah tertutup yang tembus cahaya sehingga bagian tanaman dapat memperbanyak diri dan bergenerasi menjadi tanaman lengkap. Prinsip utama dari teknik kultur jaringan adalah perbayakan tanaman dengan menggunakan bagian vegetatif tanaman menggunakan media buatan yang dilakukan di tempat steril.
Metode kultur jaringan dikembangkan untuk membantu memperbanyak tanaman, khususnya untuk tanaman yang sulit dikembangbiakkan secara generatif. Bibit yang dihasilkan dari kultur jaringan mempunyai beberapa keunggulan, antara lain: mempunyai sifat yang identik dengan induknya, dapat diperbanyak dalam jumlah yang besar sehingga tidak terlalu membutuhkan tempat yang luas, mampu menghasilkan bibit dengan jumlah besar dalam waktu yang singkat, kesehatan dan mutu bibit lebih terjamin, kecepatan tumbuh bibit lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan perbanyakan konvensional.

II. Tahapan Teknik Kultur Jaringan

Tahapan yang dilakukan dalam perbanyakan tanaman dengan teknik kultur jaringan adalah: 1) Pembuatan media 2) Inisiasi 3) Sterilisasi 4) Multiplikasi 5) Pengakaran 6) Aklimatisasi Media merupakan faktor penentu dalam perbanyakan dengan kultur jaringan. Komposisi media yang digunakan tergantung dengan jenis tanaman yang akan diperbanyak. Media yang digunakan biasanya terdiri dari garam mineral, vitamin, dan hormon. Selain itu, diperlukan juga bahan tambahan seperti agar, gula, dan lain-lain. Zat pengatur tumbuh (hormon) yang ditambahkan juga bervariasi, baik jenisnya maupun jumlahnya, tergantung dengan tujuan dari kultur jaringan yang dilakukan. Media yang sudah jadi ditempatkan pada tabung reaksi atau botol-botol kaca. Media yang digunakan juga harus disterilkan dengan cara memanaskannya dengan autoklaf.

Inisiasi adalah pengambilan eksplan dari bagian tanaman yang akan dikulturkan. Bagian tanaman yang sering digunakan untuk kegiatan kultur jaringan adalah tunas. Sterilisasi adalah bahwa segala kegiatan dalam kultur jaringan harus dilakukan di tempat yang steril, yaitu di laminar flow dan menggunakan alat-alat yang juga steril. Sterilisasi juga dilakukan terhadap peralatan, yaitu menggunakan etanol yang disemprotkan secara merata pada peralatan yang digunakan. Teknisi yang melakukan kultur jaringan juga harus steril. Multiplikasi adalah kegiatan memperbanyak calon tanaman dengan menanam eksplan pada media. Kegiatan ini dilakukan di laminar flow untuk menghindari adanya kontaminasi yang menyebabkan gagalnya pertumbuhan eksplan. Tabung reaksi yang telah ditanami ekplan diletakkan pada rak-rak dan ditempatkan di tempat yang steril dengan suhu kamar. Pengakaran adalah fase dimana eksplan akan menunjukkan adanya pertumbuhan akar yang menandai bahwa proses kultur jaringan yang dilakukan mulai berjalan dengan baik. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap hari untuk melihat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan akar serta untuk melihat adanya kontaminasi oleh bakteri ataupun jamur. Eksplan yang terkontaminasi akan menunjukkan gejala seperti berwarna putih atau biru (disebabkan jamur) atau busuk (disebabkan bakteri). Aklimatisasi adalah kegiatan memindahkan eksplan keluar dari ruangan aseptic ke bedeng. Pemindahan dilakukan secara hati-hati dan bertahap, yaitu dengan memberikan sungkup. Sungkup digunakan untuk melindungi bibit dari udara luar dan serangan hama penyakit karena bibit hasil kultur jaringan sangat rentan terhadap serangan hama penyakit dan udara luar. Setelah bibit mampu beradaptasi dengan lingkungan barunya maka secara bertahap sungkup dilepaskan dan pemeliharaan bibit dilakukan dengan cara yang sama dengan pemeliharaan bibit generatif. Keunggulan inilah yang menarik bagi produsen bibit untuk mulai mengembangkan usaha kultur jaringan ini. Saat ini sudah terdapat beberapa tanaman kehutanan yang dikembangbiakkan dengan teknik kultur jaringan, antara lain adalah: jati, sengon, akasia, dll. Bibit hasil kultur jaringan yang ditanam di beberapa areal menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang baik, bahkan jati hasil kultur jaringan yang sering disebut dengan jati emas dapat dipanen dalam jangka waktu yang relatif lebih pendek dibandingkan dengan tanaman jati yang berasal dari benih generatif, terlepas dari kualitas kayunya yang belum teruji di Indonesia. Hal ini sangat menguntungkan pengusaha karena akan memperoleh hasil yang lebih cepat. Selain itu, dengan adanya pertumbuhan tanaman yang lebih cepat maka lahan-lahan yang kosong dapat c.

III. KEUNTUNGAN PEMANFAATAN KULTUR JARINGAN

1. Pengadaan bibit tidak tergantung musim 2. Bibit dapat diproduksi dalam jumlah banyak dengan waktu yang relatif lebih cepat (dari satu mata tunas yang sudah respon dalam 1 tahun dapat dihasilkan minimal 10.000 planlet/bibit) 3. Bibit yang dihasilkan seragam 4. Bibit yang dihasilkan bebas penyakit (meng gunakan organ tertentu) 5. Biaya pengangkutan bibit relatif lebih murah dan mudah 6. Dalam proses pembibitan bebas dari gang guan hama, penyakit, dan deraan lingkungan lainnya.

IV. MANFAAT YANG DIPEROLEH DARI KULTUR JARINGAN

1. Sebagai sarana dalam penelitian pertumbuhan danperkembangan berbagai organ tanaman. 2. Dapat diarahkan untuk perbanyakan massal tanaman untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bibit. 3. Eliminasi virus pada bibit tanaman.