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Objectives
At the end of the lecture-discussion, you will be able to : Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular. List at least three functions of the skeletal system. Name and describe the various types of fractures.
Bones: An Overview
At birth, there are over 270 bones in an infant human's body, but many of these fuse together as the child grows, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in an adult.
The largest bone in the human body is the femur and the smallest bones are auditory ossicles.
2. Protection Bones protect soft body organs Skull shields the brain Ribcage and shoulder girdle protects the heart and lungs
3. Movement Skeletal muscle attach to bones by tendons The skeletal muscles use the bones as levers to produce locomotion 4. Storage The internal cavities of bone store fat The matrix of bone tissue is a storage medium for minerals They are found in the form of inorganic salts two primary minerals: Calcium Phosphorus
5. Blood Cell Formation Certain bones have marrow cavities which contain red marrow red marrow is the site of hematopoiesis
Classification of Bones
Types of bone tissue Compact Spongy Classification of bone based on structure Long Short Flat Irregular
Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow parts of bones surrounding nasal cavity Functions: Lighten the skull Resonate and amplify voice
Perforating Fibers , also called Sharpey's fibers Secure the periosteum to the underlying bone Medullary Cavity Yellow Marrow Adult:Storage for adipose tissue Infant: forms RBC
Epiphyseal Plate Cause the lengthwise growth of a long bone Epiphyseal Line Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Bone Markings
It is where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves passed.
Projections or Processes Grow out from the bone surface Depressions or Cavities Indentations in the bone
Description
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process. These are found only on the femur Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Trochanter
Line
Process
Description Small, rounded projection or process Raised area on or above a condyle Sharp, slender, often pointed projection or process Any bony prominence
Crest
Epicondyle
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Spine
Condyle
Ramus
Head
Facet
Sinus
Fossa
Groove
Fissure Foramen
Fissure
Sinus
Foramen
Groove
Complex Structure Passageways for Nerves Blood vessels Provides the living bones with nutrients and for removal of wastes
1. Lacunae
2. Lamellae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae
3. Central (Haversian) canal Carries blood vessels and nerves to the group of lamella surrounding it Run lengthwise through the bony matrix
4. Osteon (Haversian System) Central canal and the lamellae 5. Perforating (Volkmans) canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal, run perpendicular to the shaft
Carries blood vessels and nerves
6. Canaliculi
Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Form a transport system to connect all the bone cells to the nutrient supply through the hard bone matrix
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas 1. Bridge of the nose
Bone Growth
Ossification The process of bone formation Two Steps Hyaline cartilage model is covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts (bone forming cells) The enclosed hyaline cartilage is digested away, opening up the medullary cavity within the newly formed bone
By birth or shortly after hyaline cartilage models have been converted to bone EXCEPT for two regions The articular cartilage Epiphyseal plates
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed: 1. On the external face of articular cartilage
Developmental Aspects
At birth, skull bones incomplete Bones joined by fibrous membranes fontanelles
Bone Remodeling
Bones are dynamic and active tissue Bones are remodeled due to Calcium levels in the blood Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton Essential if bones are to retain normal proportions and strength during long bone growth
Rickets
a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus or calcium, potentially leading to fractures and deformity.
Bone Fractures
A break in a bone
Comminuted Fracture
Compression Fracture
Depressed Fracture
Impacted Fracture
Spiral Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus 4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch