Table of Contents

Oral Presentations
Common Keynotes Engineering Keynotes CS1: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others) CS2: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and Vulnerability CS3: Applications of the EMS-98 and Related Future Evolutions CS4: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling CS5: Site Response and Site Eects CS6: Early Warning, Shaking and Loss Scenarios CS7: Strategies in Earthquake Mitigation CS8: Secondary Earthquake Hazards: Tsunami, Landslide, Rock Fall, Liquefaction ES 1: Geotechnical Engineering ES 2: Dam Engineering ES 3a: Structural Engineering - Analysis ES 3b: Structural Engineering - Bridges ES 3c: Structural Engineering - Concrete ES 3d: Structural Engineering - Control ES 3e: Structural Engineering - Experimental ES 3f: Structural Engineering - Masonry and Timber ES 3g: Structural Engineering - Steel ES 3h: Structural Engineering - Miscellaneous ES 4: Design Criteria and Methods, Codes ES 5: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction ES 6: Lifeline Systems ES 8 & ES 7: Earthquake Engineering Practice (Recent Projects) and Architectural Aspects, Nonstructural Components and Contents (Joint Session) ES 9 & SS 5: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes STS E1 & SS 6: The Last Mile, Implementation of Risk Mitigation Measures in Europe STS E2: Practice-oriented Nonlinear Approaches for Performance Assessment and Design STS E3: Irregular Structures. STS E4: Displacement Based Design: Initial Versus Secant Stiness STS E5: Eurocode 8 : How to Apply ? STS E6: Seismic Assessment and Retrot of Bridges STS E7: European Research on the Performance of Experimental Facilities STS E8: Shaking Table Facilities and Testing for Advancement of Earthquake Engineering STS E9: Analysis and Design of RC Frames with Masonry Inlls STS E10: By How Much Does the Natural Frequency of Structures Decrease During Seismic Response ? STS E11: Petrochemical Facilities and Large LNG Storage Tanks

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STS E12: Joint IAEE-IASPEI Session on International Collaboration of Earth Science and Earthquake Engineering Professional Associations STS E13: LESSLOSS Project: General Assembly SC-A 1: Archaeological and Historical Studies on the Earthquakes of the Past Centuries SC-A 2: Volcano Seismology and Applications to Hazard Evaluation SC-B 1: Theory of Wave Propagation and New Techniques of Data Processing SC-B 2: The 20th Century Strong Euro-Mediterranean Earthquakes from Historical Seismograms SC-C 1: Earthquake Source Complexity: From Geology Through Kinematic and Dynamic Models to Realistic Ground Motion Simulations SC-C 2: Recent Developments in Theoretical and Numerical Earthquake Source Dynamics: New Horizons to Predict Seismic Radiation and Near-Field Ground Motions SC-D 1: 2-D and 3-D Crustal Models of Europe SC-E 1: Earthquake Forecasting and Society SC-E 2: Deterministic and Probabilistic Prediction Methods: Theory, Applications and Case Studies SC-E 3 & SC-F 2: Time-Dependant Earthquake Hazard Assessment SC-E 5: Earthquakes : To Predict or not to Predict? (Controversial Debate) SC-E 6: Earthquake Physics - Field and Laboratory Study SC-F 1: Approaches to Model Seismic Scenarios SC-F 3: Multiparametric Test Sites in Europe for the Evaluation of Ground Motion Amplication SC-F 4: Geoinformation Technologies Oriented to Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk Assessment SC-F 5: Seismic Hazard and Risk due to Induced Seismicity SC-F 6: Geophysical and Civil Engineering Aspects of Hazard, Risk, and Mitigation for Major European Cities SC-F 7: Potential for Very Large Earthquake Disasters in the European Mediterranean Region SC-F 8: Near Real-Time Damage and Loss Assessment due to Strong Earthquakes SC-G 1 & SC-F WG: National Methodologies for Macroseismic Field Surveys (Joint Session with SC-F WG on Macroseismology) SC-G 2: Recent Macroseismic Field Surveys SS 1: Tsunamis in the European Mediterranean Region and the Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean SS 2: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications SS 3: Education and Outreach for Risk Reduction SS 4: ESC-UNESCO Workshop on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction : Studies in the Southern Mediterranean Countries

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95 95 96 98 100 103

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155

Poster Presentations - From Monday to Wednesday

CS1: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others) CS2: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and Vulnerability CS3: Applications of the EMS-98 and Related Future Evolutions CS4: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling ES 3b: Structural Engineering - Bridges ES 3c: Structural Engineering - Concrete ES 3d: Structural Engineering - Control ES 3e: Structural Engineering - Experimental ES 3g: Structural Engineering - Steel ES 5: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction ES 9 & SS 5: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes ES 10: Other Issues STS E2: Practice-oriented Nonlinear Approaches for Performance Assessment and Design STS E3: Irregular Structures.

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155 162 162 164 180 188 198 208 225 232 248 255 256 260

STS E4: Displacement Based Design: Initial Versus Secant Stiness STS E6: Seismic Assessment and Retrot of Bridges SC-A 0: Seismicity of the European-Mediterranean Area (Open Session  Posters Only) SC-A 2: Volcano Seismology and Applications to Hazard Evaluation SC-B 0: Data Acquisition, Theory and Interpretation (Open Session  Posters Only) SC-B 2: The 20th Century Strong Euro-Mediterranean Earthquakes from Historical Seismograms SC-D 0: Crust and Upper Mantle Structures (Open Session  Posters Only) SC-D 1: 2-D and 3-D Crustal Models of Europe SC-E 0: Earthquake Prediction Research (Open Session  Posters Only) SC-E 1: Earthquake Forecasting and Society SC-E 2: Deterministic and Probabilistic Prediction Methods: Theory, Applications and Case Studies SC-E 3 & SC-F 2: Time-Dependant Earthquake Hazard Assessment SC-F 3: Multiparametric Test Sites in Europe for the Evaluation of Ground Motion Amplication SC-F 4: Geoinformation Technologies Oriented to Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk Assessment SC-F 6: Geophysical and Civil Engineering Aspects of Hazard, Risk, and Mitigation for Major European Cities SC-F 7: Potential for Very Large Earthquake Disasters in the European Mediterranean Region SC-F 8: Near Real-Time Damage and Loss Assessment due to Strong Earthquakes SS 1: Tsunamis in the European Mediterranean Region and the Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean SS 2: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications SS 4: ESC-UNESCO Workshop on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction : Studies in the Southern Mediterranean Countries

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315

Poster Presentations - From Thursday to Friday

CS5: Site Response and Site Eects CS6: Early Warning, Shaking and Loss Scenarios CS7: Strategies in Earthquake Mitigation CS8: Secondary Earthquake Hazards: Tsunami, Landslide, Rock Fall, Liquefaction ES 1: Geotechnical Engineering ES 2: Dam Engineering ES 3a: Structural Engineering - Analysis ES 3f: Structural Engineering - Masonry and Timber ES 3h: Structural Engineering - Miscellaneous ES 4: Design Criteria and Methods, Codes ES 6: Lifeline Systems ES 8 & ES 7: Earthquake Engineering Practice (Recent Projects) and Architectural Aspects, Nonstructural Components and Contents (Joint Session) STS E1 & SS 6: The Last Mile, Implementation of Risk Mitigation Measures in Europe STS E5: Eurocode 8 : How to Apply ? STS E9: Analysis and Design of RC Frames with Masonry Inlls STS E10: By How Much Does the Natural Frequency of Structures Decrease During Seismic Response ? STS E11: Petrochemical Facilities and Large LNG Storage Tanks SC-A 1: Archaeological and Historical Studies on the Earthquakes of the Past Centuries SC-B 1: Theory of Wave Propagation and New Techniques of Data Processing SC-C 0: Physics of the Earthquake Sources (Open Session  Posters Only) SC-C 1: Earthquake Source Complexity: From Geology Through Kinematic and Dynamic Models to Realistic Ground Motion Simulations

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SC-C 2: Recent Developments in Theoretical and Numerical Earthquake Source Dynamics: New Horizons to Predict Seismic Radiation and Near-Field Ground Motions SC-E 6: Earthquake Physics - Field and Laboratory Study SC-F 0: Engineering Seismology (Open Session  Posters Only) SC-F 1: Approaches to Model Seismic Scenarios SC-F 5: Seismic Hazard and Risk due to Induced Seismicity SC-G 0: Rapid Intervention Field Investigation Teams (Open Session  Posters Only) SC-G 2: Recent Macroseismic Field Surveys SS 3: Education and Outreach for Risk Reduction

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454 455 456 464 466 470 471 471

475

Author's Index

iv

Oral Presentations

Common Keynotes

SEISMOLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN - A STRUCTURAL ENGINEER'S WISH LIST  K1-A
Priestley Nigel, "Rose School" c/o EUCENTRE, Pavia, Italy

ith onventionl foreEsed seismi designD the most importnt informtion for the struturl engineer hs een the e'etive pek ground elertionF his numer is omprtively insigni(nt in displementEsed or performneEsed seismi designD where the key dt re pek spetrl response displementD nd the 4orner4 period t whih this oursF here ppers to e disgreement etween seismologists on opposite sides of the etlnti out these dtD whih the struturl engineer views with onernD sine dutile struturl response will often e in this region of the orner periodF yther res needing lri(tion inlude the issue of how to deE velop elerogrms for timeEhistory nlysis omptile with the design seismiity using n eptly smll numer of elerogrmsD nd how to reonile the sttistil nture of seismiity hrterizE tion with the struturl engineer9s preferene for deterministi nlE ysisF here is some evidene tht onsequene of this is invlid verging of response hrteristis y struturl engineersF hese nd other points will e explored in the presenttionF
EARTHQUAKE DYNAMICS AND THE PREDICTION OF STRONG GROUND MOTION  K1-B
Madariaga Raul, Laboratoire de Gologie, Ecole Normale

his pper ddresses issues with urrent prtie in seisE mi hzrd nlysis nd gives some reommendtions for improvementsF e review of proilisti nd deterministi pE prohes is givenF he reminder of the pper is foused on reF here ontinue to e hzrd studies tht do not properly tret the ground motion vriilityD leding to systemti underestimtions of the hzrdF xextD some of the shortEomings in urrent re prtie tht n e improved without mjor revisions to the overll methodology re disussedF hese inlude seleting the in size for the deggregtionD use of niform rzrd petrD estimtion of senrio spetrD estimtion of epistemi unertintyD degree of sptil smoothing of seismiityD nd the use of strit lower ound mgnitudeF pinllyD the future diretions of re re ddressedF hese inlude inorporting siteEspei( site response into re nd tking projet spei( struture response into ount in onduting reF
SITE EFFECT EVALUATION IN AREAS OF LOW SEISMICITY  K3
Fh Donat, Swiss Seismological Service ETH-Hoenggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland

Suprieure, Paris, France

e lrge numer of erthqukes hve een modeled in deE til using seismologilD geologil nd geodetil informtionsF everl ommon trits hve een found for erthqukes kinemtis t reltively low frequenies of up to HFQ rzF ell erthqules pper omplex t these wvelength nd propE gte with rupture veloities lose to out VH7 of the sher wve speedF prom these kinemti inversions it hs een possile to deE rive dynmi fulting prmeters like the energy relese rteD some detils of the frition lw tht ontrols rupture propgtionD nd the mgnitude of sher stresses in the rust F hese results my now e extended to the higher frequenies of interest to erthquke engineering y mens of dynmi rupture propgtionD where rupture is simulted in fult system loded y tetoni stressesF e hve shown tht these models hve mny fetures of tul erthqukesD inluding n w EP spetrl ehviour t frequenies higher thn the orner frequenyF sn this tlk s will review the min results otined so fr nd the new venues of reserh tht hve een opened thnks to new erthquke dt nd the ility to simulte inresingly omplex nd relisti ruptures in omputerF
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT: PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT PRACTICE AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS  K2
Abrahmson Norman, Pacic Gas & Electric Company, San

xumerous methods hve een developed to evlute siteE e'ets during strong erthqukesF sn res of low to moderte seismiity no strong motion reordings re ville nd site e'et studies hve to rely on wek motion reords or numeril modellingF xumeril modelling requires good knowledge of the geophysil strutureD nd needs hep nd fst methods to mesure the importnt physil prmetersF emient virtion tehniques hve therefore eome very importntX they provide informtion on the eigenEvirtions of the geologil struture nd estimtes of EwveEveloities s funtion of depthF he presenttion will give exmples of the work done in witzerlnd with fous on siteEspei( hzrd studiesD on site hrteriztion of the seismi sttionsD nd on possile pplitions for uilding odesF
URBAN EARTHQUAKE RAPID RESPONSE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS  K4
Erdik Mustafa,

AND

Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research

Institute - Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey

ehnologil dvnes in seismi instrumenttion nd teleommunition permit the implementtion of relEtime rpid response nd erly wrning systemsF huring lrge erthqukesD suh systems re ple of providing from few seonds to few tens of seonds of wrning efore the rrivl of strong ground shking nd enle quik reports out the dmge estimtes to determine where emergeny response is most neededF e review of the systems urrent in opertion round the world will e givenF e se study nd exmples will e provided from sstnul irthquke pid esponse nd irly rning ystemD where IHH dedited strong motion sttions loted throughout the ity to onstitute network tht will enle rpid shke mp nd dmge ssessment fter dmging erthquke nd IH strong motion sttions re sited in proximity to the win wrmr pult for the genertion of erly wrning informtionF
NEW STRATEGY FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK MANAGEMENT  K5

Francisco, CA, United States

CS1
Okazaki Kenji, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Tokyo, Japan

Oral presentations
where the prolem hs een the deformility of the ig olumns nd rhes whih support the dome to produe high stressesD rks nd (nlly the ollpse of the domeD reuilt severl times during its long historyF sn the fsili of tF prnis of essisi the prolem hs een omE pletely di'erentF he doule urvture of the rossEvulted gothi struture is not su0iently sti' to prevent deformtion under the e'et of seismi tionsF he umultion of these deformtions under the e'et of severl erthqukes of the pst hs ledD in IWWUD to the sudden ollpse of two vultsD @nd severly dmge to the otherA lthough the intensity of the erthquke ws less thn on the previous osionsF es fr s interventions re onernedD oth s preventive meE sures nd s retro(ts to strengthen the dmged struturesD the enE gineering hllenge is lwys to (nd the optiml lne etween reinforements nd the respet of the historil vlueF he restortion of the fsili of tF prnis of essisi hs een n importnt exmple of the methodology tht we hve followed to hieve this tskD mintining the trditionl onept ut lso using the most updted tehniques nd tehnologies when these re more e0ient nd relileF
MASONRY BUILDING DESIGN IN SEISMIC AREAS: RECENT EXPERIENCES AND PROSPECTS FROM A EUROPEAN STANDPOINT  K9
Magenes Guido, Dept. Structural Mechanics - University of Pavia, Italy

sn erthquke disstersD most of deths re ttriuted to vulnerle uildingsF st is therefore indispensle to mke existing housesGuildings sferD to redue the vitims nd dmge resulting from erthqukesF efter uoe irthquke in IWWSD vrious projets nd reserh studies hve een onduted nd new poliies hve een mde in tpn in e'ort to mitigte seismi disstersF roweverD lrge numer of vulnerle uildings still existF ulnerle doe nd msonry housesD whih re ommonly seen throughout the developing worldD lso exist in huge numerD nd re eing reproduedD lthough we hve the tehnologies to redue the impt of erthqukes nd know wht kind of uilding regultions re neessryF ulnerle housesGuildings n e retro(tted only y owners themselvesF st is thus essentil to motivte nd empower people through oElerning nd risk ommunition mong ll the stkeholders so tht they n understnd the prolems nd n tke pproprite tionsF

Engineering Keynotes
NEW GENERATION OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SYSTEMS FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE  K6
Restrepo Jos I., Structural Engineering - University of California, San Diego, United States

he impt nd ost of the onsequenes of dmge used y erthqukes worldwide during the pst two dedes hve rised serious questions of whether urrent uilding seismi design philosophies re stisfying the needs of modern soietyF he rpid dvne in tehnology hs ment tht oftenD in mny ountriesD the ost of equipmentD of stok nd the loss of usiness opertion in the ftermth of modertely or strong erthquke re higher thn tht of the uilding itselfF por this reson it seems ovious tht there is need to develop new struturl systems tht re designed for spei( performne ojetives nd tht re imed spei(lly t minimizing seismilly indued struturl dmgeF he ehviourl response hrteristis nd design of these systems re exmined in this keynote letureF sn prtiulrD the use of roking wll systems nd of systems inorporting highEperformne mterils will e disussedF
ON SEISMIC DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS  K7
Gazetas George, National Technical University Athens, Greece

he reent development of new stlin seismi odeD oneived s trnsition towrds the (nl doption of iuroodesD hs een n osion to reonsider thoroughly the urrent riteri for seismi design of msonry uildingsD their experimentl nd theoretil sisD their onsequenes on prtieF hrwing from this experieneD ritil disussion of design riteri is presentedD with spei( ttention to the de(nition of ehviour ftors to e used in elsti nlysis nd more generlly on methods nd models for the seismi performne veri(tion of msonry uildingsF xeessry nd possile developments of designGssessment proedures nd ode provisions re presentedD nd reserh needs re outlinedF
EARTHQUAKE SAFETY OF EXISTING DAMS  K10
Wieland Martin , Poyry Energy Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland

he presenttion will onentrte on methods of nlysis of shllowD emeddedD nd deep foundtions sujeted to strong seismi shkingF imphsis will e given on the prtil signi(ne of soil E foundtion E struture intertion nlysisF he role of foundtion uplifting nd soil plsti(tion will e explored nd illustrted through se historiesF sssues relted to the design of ridge pier foundtions will e disussedF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY DOMES AND VAULTS: THE EXAMPLES OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN ISTANBUL AND ST. FRANCIS IN ASSISI  K8
Croci Giorgio, Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni, Facolt di Ingegneria, Universit di Roma "La Sapienza", Italy

sn iurope nd elsewhere the eonomilly fesile wter resoures hve een gretly developed until the IWUHsF elthough lrge dms elong to the (rst struturesD whih hve een designed systemtilly ginst erthqukes sine the IWQHsD the seismi sfety of these dms is unknownD s most of them hve een designed using seismi design riteri nd methods of nlysis tht re onsidered osolete todyF he ft tht no mjor dms hve filed during erthqukes nd tht few lives hve een lost @exept in the se of tilings dm filuresA my give the impression tht wellEdesigned dms re sfe ginst erthqukesF e need to reEevlute the seismi sfety of existing dms sed on urrent stteEofEtheErt prtie nd rehilitte existing dms if neessryF edditionllyD there re lrge numer of smller dmsD espeilly erth struturesD whih were uilt for irrigtion or wter supply y groups with little experiene in dm onstrutionF irthquke e'ets on these dms hve rrely een onsideredF

CS1-I: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others)

Monday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 1

ults nd domes represent the most importnt elements of historil uildingsY their evolution hs mrked three millenni of rhitetureF hese strutures usully present good intrinsi seismi resistne due to the doule urvtureD even ifD in ertin strutures sliding in the joints etween the loks my ourF he min prolems re often relted with the strutures whih support the vult or the domeD s is the se of rgi ophi D

RE-THINKING SEISMIC HAZARD MAPPING AND DESIGN RETURN PERIODS  ID 1304

J. Bommer, Imperial College London, UK

Oral presentations
eismi design odes present erthquke lods in the form of response spetr onstruted from mpped vlues of groundEmotion prmeters nhored to preEseleted return periodsF hese return periods ! whih until reently were lmost universlly set t RUS yers ! hve generlly een seleted on more or less ritrry sis rther thn through quntittive risk mngement deisionsF he reent introdution of di'erent design return periods ! mostly longer thn RUS yers ! hs generlly followed similrly ritrry seletion proeduresD with some notle exeptionsF qroundEmotion prmeters re then mpped t the design return periodD nd used ! in onjuntion with the site lssi(tion ! to onstrut the response spetrumD whih is intended to pproximte uniform hzrd spetrum @rAD hving onstnt return period ross the full rnge of response periodsF he use of siteEdependent spetrl shpes nhored only to qe hs long een reognised not to result in rD for whih reson lterntive pprohes hve een introduedD the most suessful nd elegnt eing those employing spetrl elertions t more thn one response periodF roweverD s seismi design methods evolveD it eomes neessry to represent erthquke demnds in lterntive formtsD whih n neessitte the mpping of mny groundEmotion prmetersD whih n eome umersome @espeilly when seismi lods re required for multiple performne levelsAF et the sme timeD if the designer is onerned with fetures of the ground motion eyond the elsti response of the struture t its fundmentl period of virtionD the r onE ept n e very limitingY there re mny good resons to mke erthquke senrios visile9 in the presenttion of seismi hzrd for engineering designF his pper explores rdil lterntives to the presenttion of seismi hzrd in design odesD proposing the use of quntittive loss modelling s n lterntive nd rtionl sis for the identi(tion of lodingEperformne ouplesD nd the ndonment of the rF
TOWARDS BETTER CHARACTERIZATION OF SEISMIC DEMANDS FOR DESIGN  ID 1477
E. Miranda, Stanford University, United States

CS1
hynmiD nonEliner nlysis of strutures requires the seismi demnd to e presented in the form of elertion time historiesF he most populr pproh is to use rel elerogrmsD sled to the elsti design spetrum either t the fundmentl period of the struture or over rnge of periodsF quidne on the seletion nd sling of nturl elerogrms for use in dynmi nlysis is limitedD prtiulrly in seismi design odesF sn engineering prtie there re mny widely repeted fllies regrding this sujetD prtiulrly regrding limits on the ftors y whih elerogrms n e linerly sledF his presenttion ddresses the issues involved in seleting nd sling nturl elerogrms for use in dynmi nlysisF he key points re the degree to whih the seleted nd sled reords should e omptile with the seismi hzrd ssessment for the projetD nd the numer of dynmi nlyses required to otin stle estimtes of the inelsti response of the strutureF en issue tht is often overlookedD nd whih is relted to oth of these pointsD is tht if the elsti design spetrum is derived using proilisti seismi hzrd nlysisD then the groundEmotion vriility is lredy ounted forD nd should not e inluded seond time through the vriility of spetrl mplitudes mongst the seleted reordsF elterntive pprohes to seleting reords re disussedD nd riteri for sling the elerogrms identi(edF he dvntges of djusting the elerogrmsD through the use of wvelet trnsformtionsD to hieve n improved mth etween the elerogrms nd the design elsti spetrum ! prtiulrly in reduing the numer of dynmi nlyses required ! re lso presentedF

CS1-II: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others)

Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 1
ESTIMATION OF PERMANENT GROUND PLACEMENT FORM NEAR-FAULT STRONG TION ACCELEROGRAM  ID 1631
C. H. Loh, National Taiwan University, Taiwan S. M. Chen, National Taiwan University, Taiwan S. H. Chao, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

he gol of seismi design provisions is to provide miniE mum riteri for minimizing the risk to humn lifeF enother golD often impliit ut sometimes expliitly sttedD is to provide uniform levels of risk for struturesD depending on their oupny nd use nd the risk to soiety inherent in their filureF sn urrent design odes seismi loding is spei(ed y liner elsti response spetr ssoited with rre lrge intensity erthqukesF iven if one remins within the single gol to minimize risk to humn life urrent pprohes hve numer of prolemsF ome of them reX @A lthough the proility of exeedne t the nhor point@sA of design spetr t rok is expliitly spei(edD the ultimte gol of the provisionsD whih is the risk to humn life is notY @A it is not ler tht spetrl ordintes for ll periods of siteEmodi(ed spetr hve uniform proility of eing exeededY nd more importntly @A it is not ler tht urrent provisions provide uniform levels of riskF ghllenges in improved hrteriztion of seismi demnds for design re disussedF rtiulr emphsis is given to hllenges in the ontext of performne sed design in whih performne expettions exist t inresing levels of ground motion intensityF ghllenges will e desried in the ontext of two generl possile pthsX @A hrteriztion through improved design spetrY @A hrteriztion through elertion time historiesF st is rgued tht prmeters tht re used to hrterize ground motion intensity for the purpose of designD prtiulrly for preliminry designD should e funtion of struturl prmeters suh s lterl sti'nessD lterl strengthD energy dissiption pity tht ontrol the response of struturesF ixmples of seismi demnd @intensityA prmeters tht re funtion of these struturl prmeters re provided suh s generlized interstory drift spetrl ordintesD pek inelsti displement spetrl ordintesD nd residul displement spetrl ordintesF
SELECTING AND SCALING ACCELEROGRAMS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS  ID 1306
N. Abrahamson, PG&E, United States

DISMO-

his pper proposes threeEphse lgorithm using hisE rete velet rnsform @hA to ondut the seline orretion of nerEfult ground motion elerogrm nd to estimte the permnent ground deformtionF fsed on the nerEfult ground motion dt olleted from iwn ghiEghi erthqukeD the proposed lgorithm is ppliedF sn phseEs nlysis the pek ground displement is estimted from the sifting proess of elertion dt through wvelet nlysisD nd in phseEss nlysis the onstnt level ground displement tre is estimted from the sifting proess of veloity dtF goming phseEs nd phseEss the ground deformtion tre n e estimtedF he estimted permnent ground deformtion is ompred with the nery q dt efore nd fter the erthqukeF pinllyD the e'et of nerEfult ground motion on struture is disussedF hrough the inelsti response nlysis of yhp systemD the system redution ftorD yield spetrum nd permnent deformtion re disussedF
FAULT SURFACE RUPTURES: "ASPERITY STRAIN" AND POSSIBLE RELATION TO MAXIMUM GROUND SURFACE SLIPS  ID 1930
J. Johansson, University of Tokyo, Japan K. Konagai, University of Tokyo, Japan

here is need for simple design formuls for estimting 4edrok4 fult o'set required for surfe rupture to ourF wny reserher hve performed model experiments ut our ility to predit surfe rupture is still lowF fy using slip distriutions otined from inversion nlyses we test simple pproh of using

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the rtio of the mximum slip t n sperity nd the distne long the fult dip from the sperity to the ground surfe @sperity strinA nd ompring it with reorded mximum surfe slipsF ine surfe soils usully ehve di'erent in extension @so lled tive filureA nd ompression @pssive filureA we lssify fults into six fult types rnging from reverse @ompressionA through strikeEslip to norml @extensionA fults depending on their rkeF por strikeEslip fults there is firly ler trend of inresing ground surfe slip with inresing sperity strinF por reverse fults there is no ler trend nd for norml fults there to few dt ville so frF vower nd upper ounds for the sperity strin to use nd not use surfe rupture re proposedF e ompre our results with experimentl ones nd disuss eFgF how the uplift needed for surfe rupture depends on the fult typeF
EUROCODE 8: COMPLIANT RECORD SETS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES  ID 113
I. Iervolino, Department of Structural Analysis and Design, Italy G. Maddaloni, Department of Structural Analysis and Design, Italy E. Cosenza, Department of Structural Analysis and Design, Italy

Oral presentations
ould e mintinedF roweverD more often struturl testing is employed in order to understnd the hrteristis of the modelled struture nd to estimte its vulnerility to erthquke shkingF por this more sienti( method of hoosing input timeEhistories is requiredF he proedure suggested here reognises the oserved vriety with respet to mplitudeD frequeny ontentD durtion nd shpe of erthquke ground motions in order to etter understnd the hrteristis of the strutureF
SEISMIC HAZARD DATA MATCHING ITALIAN BUILDING CODE  ID 1949 THE NEW

C. Meletti, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy G. M. Calvi, Universit di Pavia, Italy G. Di Pasquale, DPC - Ucio Servizio Sismico Nazionale, Italy A. A. Gomez Capera, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy V. Montaldo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy M. Stucchi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

emong ll possile options nturl reordings re emergE ing s the more ttrtive input for nonEliner dynmi nlysis sine essile wveform dtses re ville nd some evidenes show tht only limited numer of riteri hve to e onsidered in seletion to get unised estimtion of seismi demndF he iuroode V llows the use of rel ground motions for the nonliner seismi nlysis of struturesF he min feture to e stis(ed is the mthingD of the verge spetrl ordintes of the hosen reord setD with the elsti ode spetrD not underestimting it more thn IH7 in rod rnge of periodsF gode9s spetrl shpe depends on the seismiity of the siteD whih my e otined y ntionl seismi surveys @stlin hereinAD nd on the soil onditionsF he study presented in the pper investigted the iuropen trong wotion htse to (nd elerogrms mthing the iuroeodeV presriptions while ounting for dditive onstrints elieved to mtter in the nonEliner ssessment of uildingsF roposed reord sets llow the engineer to hoose the one etter (tting the purposes of oth oneEdimensionl nd sptil nlysesF esults refer to soft soilsD sti' soils nd rokF he elerogrm sets otined tend to overestimte s minimlly s possile the ode9s spetrum for eonomil resonsY to hve the minimum reordEtoEreord vriilityY nd re not mnipulted @iFeF not sledAD to void epsilon relted issuesF
STRONG-MOTION RECORDS STRUCTURAL TESTING  ID 5
J. Douglas, BRGM, France

SELECTION

FOR

sn PHHQ the stlin seismi lssi(tion nd the seismi ode hve een deeply hngedX the new lssi(tion is stritly onneted to the tehnil rulesD sed on iuroode VF his represents n importnt hnge nd hs required period of time to test nd re(ne the new regultionsF e preliminry lssi(tion sed on previous hzrd studies ws immeditely relesedD ut medium term upgrde ws foreseen sed on new seismi hzrd mp to e relesed in PHHRF elthough the mp hs een o0illy dopted only in PHHTD prt of the stlin engineering ommunity immeditely strted sking for vried puntul hzrd dtD suh s di'erent exeedne proilitiesD spetrl ordintesD etF his triggered lose intertion etween seismologists nd engineers tht ddressed mny topisF e signi(nt e'ort ws put to tune the di'erent elements tht onur in de(ning the seismi input for designX iA the generl riteri supporting the de(nition of the seismi zonesY iiA the groundEmotion desription in proilisti terms for eh zoneY iiiA the de(nition of smoothed elsti nd design response spetrY ivA the de(nition of site mpli(tion e'ets y mens of oe0ients relted to the hrteristis of foundtion soil or y spei( seismi mirozontion studiesY vA the de(nition of dvned design rules to llow the optiml use of hzrd informtionY viA the de(nition of seismi rules for the use of innovtive tehnologies in seismi designF es resultD seismologists put together hzrd dtset tht llows ler de(nition of the design groundEmotion nd qunti(tion of the vriility of the resultsF hese dt re eing used toX IA reEevlute the reliility of the elsti response spetrum nhor vluesY PA introdue seismologil onstrints on the response spetr for the ultimte limit sttes nd for the dmge limittion sttesY QA de(ne risk redution priorities for strtegi nd relevnt struturesF
MULTIPARAMETER SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR THE THESSALONIKI (N. GREECE) AND VALIDATION OF THE RESULTS  ID 1913
C. Papaioannou, ITSAK, Greece

hen strutures re tested ginst erthqukesD either within lortories or y omputing modellingD oserved strongE motion reords re ommonly used s inputF roweverD the method for seleting reords to use is often not stted nd it is thought tht reords re often hosen simply euse they re wellEknownF ntil the erly IWWHsD strongEmotion dt ws reltively di0ult to otin nd proess ndD in dditionD the mount ofD prtiulrly nerEsoureD strongEmotion ws limited nd therefore using stndrd reords ws often the only optionF roweverD sine then numer of lrge wellEreorded erthqukes hve ourred nd lso there re mny new strongEmotion dt soures villeF es snpshot of the stteEofEtheErt for reord seletion for struE turl testing in iurope the proeedings of the lst iuropen gonferE ene of irthquke ingineering @IPigiiA ws usedF sing those rE tiles onerned with struturl testing where strongEmotion reords re used summry of the reords used ndD if sttedD why they were seletedD is retedF xumerous strongEmotion prmeters of the most populr reords re lulted nd ompred with those estimted y reent groundEmotion estimtion equtionsF trongEmotion reords within struturl testing ould e used simply to vlidte tht the shke tle or the omputer model funtions nd to show generl spets of the strutures responseF por suh pplitions the hoie of the strongEmotion reords is not importnt nd the urrent method of using wellEknown reords

he roder hessloniki metropolitn re @xF qreeeA is hrterized y strong shllow norml fulting erthqukesF hetiled geologil nd geophysil investigtions were rried nd their synthesis with seismologil dt resulted in the determintion of the prmeters of the tive fults nd the kground seismiity in the roder reF he prmeters of these fults were used for seismi hzrd study using s prmeters the mroseismi intensity nd pek horizontl elertion nd hyrid input model onsisting of line @fultsA nd rel soures sing the ville mroseismi dt site spei( ttenution reltions were proposed for the mroseismi intensityF por the pek ground elertion two di'erent preditive reltions were pplied following the results of reent study onerning the di'erent hrteristis etween the prediting reltions of smllEtoEmoderte @w` SFHA nd moderteEtoElrge erthqukes @wSFHAF eismi hzrd lultions were performed using the psuVVw omputer ode properly modi(ed for onsidering for every site the two di'erent ttenution reltionsF he results re presented in grphs nd mpsF

Oral presentations
he distriution of the oserved intensity dt were used for the vlidtion of the proilisti hzrd results nd the ompiltion of the mximum elertion nd intensity mps for the reF he deEggregtion of the hzrd nlysis results for mroseismi intensity nd elertion for men mgnitude nd distne nd for vrious men return periods re lso presented nd disussedF

CS1
ridge nd frmed uilding will lso e onsideredF por this purposeD luster nlysis sed proedure is proposed to group E elerogrms with similr ehviourD thus eliminting the remining onesF he proposed pper will lso present study ttempting to redue the numer of neessry reords tht re requested to ssure the sme verge response tht one would get if using omplete group of ground motions sled y n e0ient sling tehniqueF yne of the min issues on the sujet of ground motion seletion is relted to the use of rel erthquke reords versus rti(il onesF he proposed study will estlish omprison etween rel nd rti(il elerogrms in terms of vriilityD in whih the ltter re generted in order to e spetrumEomptile with the (rst onesF he min onlusions im to de(ne prtil rules for ground motion slingD the minimum numer of elerogrms tht re requested to otin stle verge struturl responseD nd to id in the deision of whether the use of rel or rti(il ground motion reords is more ppropriteF
DESIGN FORCE RATIO SPECTRUM FOR PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN IN CASE OF MULTIPLE EVENTS  ID 46
S. Das, Indian Institute of Technology, India V. K. Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology, India P. K. Ramancharla, Indian Institute of Technology, India

CS1-III: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others)

Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 1
A METHODOLOGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF DESIGN EARTHQUAKE INPUTS  ID 963
T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy D. Malavolta, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy

sn reent yersD erformne fsed eismi hesign @fhA hs plyed entrl role for reserh works in the (eld of seismi engineeringF he ore ide of the fh is the proilisti ssessment of the struturl performnes due to seismi tion fertero nd fertero PHHPD woehle nd heierlein PHHRD hng et lF PHHRF prom prtil point of viewD following the ii frmework gornell nd urwinkler PHHHD this ssessment n e hieved through n rtiulted proedure whih n e summrized in the following sutsks hng et lF PHHRX roilisti eismi rzrd enlysis @reA or simply rzrd enlysis @reAY roilisti eismi hemnd rzrd enlysis @hreAY roilisti eismi gpity enlysis @geA lso lled prgility enlysisY eismi eliility enlysis @eAF his pper fouses minly on the orret identi(tion of the dynmi inputs @ins s de(ned y qiovenle et lF PHHR or is groups s de(ned herefter y the uthorsA to e used in the hre sutskF sn detilD the pper introdues generl frmework @methodology for is group retionA for the rtionllyEorgnised tretment of the ltest ontriutions in terms of ground motion prmeters whih hve sustntil e'et upon the struturl responseF emong the ftors tken into ount in the proposed methodology for the orret identi(tion of the is groupD we mention the use of vetorEvlued sws fker nd gornell PHHRD rometti et l PHHQD the reently proposed prmeter epsilon @s otined y disggregtion nlysis fker nd gornell PHHSAD mgnitude wD site to epientre distne  nd reltive numer of ner (eld reordsF
SETTING UP REAL OR ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS  ID 899
R. Delgado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal M. Marques, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal R. Monteiro, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal P. Delgado, Instituto Politcnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal X. Romo, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal A. Costa, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

he erthqukeEresistnt design methodology in most odes of prtie is sed on ensuring 9no ollpse9 during the most severe event expeted t the given site nd on providing minimum dutility in the struture so tht muh of the input energy is dissipted through plsti deformtionsF ivolution of the performneEsed design over the lst dede hs seen few performne levels dded up to this so tht the struture remins funtionl even fter modertely strong eventF his methodology however overlooks the possiility tht in se of multiple erthquke events expeted during the design life of the strutureD the struture my get grdully dmged nd tht it my not e fesile to rry out repirs in the struture fter every eventF es resultD the struture my ollpse erlier thn expeted nd perhps during n event of moderte intensityF o ddress suh onernD new spetrumD lled s design fore rtio @hpA spetrumD is proposedF hp spetrum gives the rtio y whih the design yield fore level of singleEdegreeEofEfreedom struture should e inresed suh tht the dmge used y numer of erthquke events expeted to our during its lifetime is limited to spei(ed levelF his spetrum is sed on the pplition of the order sttistis pproh for the estimtion of expeted mgnitudes of erthquke events likely to our during the lifetime of the strutureF e numeril study is rried out for hypothetil seismi region nd hp spetr re otinedF st is ssumed tht the return periods of erthqukes follow exponentil distriution over the entire rnge of mgnitudesF st is ssumed tht the erthquke ground motion for n event my e hrterized vi power spetrl density funtionD nd the struturl response is estimted y onsidering equivlent liner osilltor with eventEtoEevent degrding strength nd sti'ness hrteristisF
CONSTANT DUCTILITY BASED ON CONSTANT CONCEPT  ID 10 RESPONSE SPECTRUM YIELD DISPLACEMENT

M. Safar, McMaster University, Canada A. Ghobarah, McMaster University, Canada

ithin the sope of nonEliner seismi struturl nlysisD the dequte seletion of the ground motion reords tht will e onsidered is of fundmentl importne in order to ssess the dequy of the seismi input ndD simultneouslyD to minimize the ssoited vriilityF his seletion n e performed y nlysis of the ground motion reords or y nlysis of their e'ets on the struturesF he proposed pper will present study on the use of di'erent ground motion sling tehniques in order to identify prtiulr reords from n ville strongEmotion dtse tht ontriute signi(ntly to the stterF esults from the nlysis of

snelsti response spetr re used extensively in erthE quke engineering prtieF heir importne is inresing with the urrent inresing interest in performneEsed erthquke engineeringF e new methodology for onstruting onstnt dutility response spetr @ghA sed on onstnt yield displement lodEdeformtion model is proposedF he proposed methodology presents rtionl sis for dopting the onept of onstnt yield displement to modify the reently presented yield point spetrumF hile the yield point spetrum is n lterntive representtion of the onventionl ghD the proposed methodology presents dynmi sis for onstnt yield displement oneptF hetils

CS2
of the proposed methodology re disussed nd illustrtedF he proposed spetrum provides the needed rtionl djustment to the ghD sine unique omintions of strength nd sti'ness re ssoited with ertin yield displement vlue nd inresing dutility levelsF
COMPUTING A 'REASONABLE' SPATIALLY VARIABLE EARTHQUAKE INPUT FOR EXTENDED BRIDGE STRUCTURES  ID 1601
A. Sextos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece A. Kappos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece V. Kollias, Denco S.A., Greece

Oral presentations
CS2-I: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and Vulnerability
Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 15

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST EARTHQUAKE IN IRAN  ID 397

M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

huring strong ground motionD it is expeted tht ridge strutures re sujeted to exittion tht is nonEuniform long their longitudinl xis in terms of mplitudeD frequeny ontent nd rrivl timeD ft primrily ttriuted to the wve rrivl delyD their loss of ohereny nd the e'et of lol site onditionsF elthough onsiderle reserh hs een rried out over the lst twenty yers in ll the forementioned diretionsD the knowledge gined hs only prtilly een re)eted on modern seismi ode provisionsF gurrentlyD it is only iuroode V E rt P tht hs dopted provisions for tkling this omplex phenomenon of synE hronous motionD whih hve een revised in its (nl versionF es resultD the gol of this pper is to ssess these urrent provisions y fousing on some typil ridge struturesF sing speil purpose omputer progrmD the simpli(ed pproh proposed y igV is ritilly ompred with the results of more re(ned nlysisY the ltter involves multiple support exittion of the ridges using pierEdependent rti(il elerogrms tht ount for ll the forementioned three min soures of sptil vriility of ground motionF he results indite tht the new igV provisions re esy to pply nd provide good qulittive predition of the synhronous motion indued distress of the ridgeF roweverD in ertin sesD their pplition is sujet to limittions nd hs to e performed y exerising engineering judgementF
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CHANGING SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR LNG PLANTS  ID 1162
Z. Lubkowski, Arup, UK X. Duan, Arup, UK J. Pappin, Arup, China M. Willford, Arup, UK

sn this pperD fter rief desription of pst erthqukes from struturl point of viewD evlution of the ommon modes of filures of vrious types of uildingsD implementtion of engineering prtie nd knowEhowD lessons lerned from pst erthquke in srn nd future hllenges to sientistD engineers nd people hve een presentedF st is seen tht despite the tehnologil dvnes nd improvements of the odesD the modes of the filure in most of the doeD msonryD nonEengineered nd engineered uildings re still the smeF he dmges nd losses in the erthqukes re not due to lk of knowEhow or lk of use of the dvne tehnology in siesmi design nd onstrutionD ut it is minly due toX indequte plnning nd development with respet to seismi hzrdY inpproprite design nd onstrutionY poor ode nd lw enforement nd lk of tehnil supervisionY nd (nlly poor implementtion of existing knowledgeF sn other wordsD we hve not lerned ll tht we ould hve from pst erthqukesY nd the sienti( ommunities hs not een suessful in o'ering usefulD prtilD 'ordle nd simple methods solutions for the user to use itF husD y lssi(tion of the prolemsY we need to put the sienti( knowledge into sleD impleD e'ordle nd hole form s well s trnslting the sfety into eonomiD soil nd humn lue for people to ept nd understndF
HISTORICAL DAMAGE DATA AND MICROZONATION. AN APPLICATION TO SENIGALLIA 1930 EARTHQUAKE  ID 1267
E. Speranza, Italy A. Goretti, SSN-DPC, Italy M. Dolce, DiSGG, Italy

he seismi design riteri for vxq tnks re desried in ix IRUQ for projets in iurope nd xpe SWEe for projets in the nited ttesF hese douments de(ne the return periods nd performne requirements for the di'erent elements of n vxq plntD for exmple vxq tnks re required to remin opertionl in rre or operting sis erthquke @yfiA nd to mintin sfetyErelted opertionl funtions fter very rre or sfe shutdown erthquke @iAF evisions to xpe SWEe over the lst dede hs see the i return period redue from IHDHHH yers in IWWTD to RDWUS yers in PHHI nd PRUS yers in the PHHT edition whih is to e pulished lter this yerF he urrent edition of ix IRUQ de(nes the i return period s IHDHHH yersD howeverD the proposed revision is quoting redution to RDWUS yersD nd there is will from the energy ommunity to ensure uniformity etween the two odesD hene further redution is likely efore the revision to ix IRUQ is pulishedF hese redutions in return period hve lerly redued the level of sfety for the ritil omponents of n vxq plntF ss this redution is sfety justi(edc his pper will exmine the ppropriteness of the proposed hnges to these seismi design requirements y omprison with other ritil filitiesD suh s nuler power sttionsD dms nd o'shore oil pltformsF he uthors will lso ddress the impt of these proposed hnges in res of highD moderte nd low seismiityF pinlly rtionl frmework of return periods nd performne riteri will e proposedF

eently severl suessful methods using vulnerility nd dmge dt set olleted fter n event @IWWU mriEwrheD IWWV ollino nd PHHP wolise erthqukesA hve een proposed in the frmework of mirozontion nlysisF he present pper shows n ttempt for evluting site e'ets from historil dmge dtF he IWQH strong erthquke of eniglliD smll town of gentrl stly on the edriti ostD ws seleted s se studyF his seismi event produed hevy dmge to uildings nd severl ollpsesD mostly 'eting top storeysD resulting in swgasssEsF pollowing the erthqukeD mssive reonstrution works were rried out ndD in severl sesD mny dwellings s well s entire uilding stoks were ompletely demolished nd then reuiltF he uilding types nd the su'ered dmge t the time of the erthquke hve een refully evluted y doumentry nd photogrphi reognition of the seismi dmge nd of the reonstrution worksF he dmge ourred to uildings ws investigted through the exmintion of pitures tken fter the erthquke or during the emergeny worksF fuilding type nd dmge lssi(tionD together with the relted pituresD were then geoEreferened to dstrl mpF vol seismi intensity hs then een otined from dmge nd uilding type dtD y (ltering dmge y the uilding type vulnerilityD in order to hve n e'etive mesure of the ground shkingF o get n estimte of the ground motionD the pywEfvi updting methodology ws utilisedD inorporting unertinties in the oserved uilding type nd dmgeD s well s in the expeted seismi vulnerility of uildingsF he sptil orreltion of the ground motion ws lso introdued in the nlysisF pinllyD sptil luster nlysis sed on the ground motion mpli(tion ws performedD providing the res tht n e onsidered homogeneous in terms of mpli(tionF he results re disussed nd ompred with geologil mpsF

Oral presentations
CORRELATION OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY WITH THE ARCHITECTURAL-HISTORICAL INHERITANCE IN THE NORTHERN GEORGIA  ID 1303
D. Moshe, The College of Judea and Samaria, Israel V. Zaalishvili, Geophysical Center of Experimental Diagnostics, Russian Federation

CS2
CS2-II: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and Vulnerability
Tuesday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 15

st ws epted for long time tht on the gusus tht is hrterized y the moderte seismiityD mximum design intensity is not very high in lrge prt of the territoryF st llowed to rete oneption of reltively inexpensive uildings design nd ws foundtion of ertinly progressive plns reliztion of speeded uilding up for the mssesF pitk erthquke @ermeniD IWVVA hd shown tht greter erthqukes n our thereF nforE tuntely mentioned dt were not inluded in the orresponding seismi zontion mps of the former @IWUVAF wore thn tht design intensity of pitk for exmple ws even reduedF yn the other hnd preservtion of the rhiteturl!historil onstrutions loted in the gentrl prt of the xorth qeorgi in ny se with the history of thousnd yers is foundtion for limittion of possile ourrenes of high intensityF h erthquke with waUFI@qeorgiD IWWIA hd shown tht most of the religious uildings were destroyed nd some seriously dmgedF he nlysis of the dt of engineering mroseismi inspetion of h erthquke showsD tht most ult onstrutions hve een destroyedD nd seprte hve een seriously dmgedF he fetures of erthquke in the re of investigted region is shown in urrent workF sn the work there is onsidered design of syngogue in ity yniD tht ws onstruted not so long go @IVWSAF hus fetures of dmges in mssive onstrution where initilly there ws no mortiztion of onstrutive elements efore erthquke re shownF purther there re shown results of omprison of erthquke e'et on other ult onstrutions @hurh frkoniD wrvldzliD etFAD nd living uilding stokF he interreltion etween lol onditions nd onsequenes of erthquke is estlishedF he onept of preservtion of the existing ult onstrutions representing n rhiteturl E historil vlueD in onditions of high seismi hzrd is developedF

DAMAGE FIELDS AND SITE-EFFECTS: INVESTIGATIONS ON EARTHQUAKES OF THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY IN SWITZERLAND  ID 1619
S. Fritsche, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland

emong the strongest erthqukes tht struk witzerlnd in the IWth nd PHth entury re the events of isp @IVSSD ww a TFRA nd ierre @IWRTD ww a TFIA oth in the region of the lisD s well s the event of rnen @IWTRD ww a SFUA in the entrl prt of witzerlndF ell of them used moderte to hevy dmge to severl hundred uildingsF e investigted these events in order to understnd to wht extend siteEe'ets were responsile for the hrteristis of the dmge (eldsF sn doing soD we used multidisiplinry pproh omining historil nd geophysil investigtionsF he historil reserh foused on the reonstrution of the dmge (eldD inluding seondry geologil phenomen suh s rok fll or liqueftionF rtiulrly the dmge of the events of IVSS nd IWTR in gentrl witzerlnd re very well doumented nd llowed very urte reonstrution of the dmge (eldsF vess ompleteD ut nevertheless pplile for further reserhD re the historil outomes onerning the IWRTEevent of ionGierreF sn seond step we nlyzed the geologil site onditions of the dmged uildingsF feside mesurements of the fundmentl frequeny of resonne on lrge numer of sitesD geologil nd orehole informtion were olleted nd ompred to the oserved dmgeF por ll events our results show ler orreltion etween the dmge (eld nd the lol site onditionF sn this ontriution we present the settings nd outomes of these investigtions nd disuss the prolems nd hnes of suh n pprohF
LUIGI POLETTI AND THE 1833 RETROFITTING OF THE PALAZZO IN FOLIGNO (ITALY)  ID 1393 PROPOSED COMUNALE

URBAN SEISMIC SCENARIO OF THE OLD NUCLEI OF ALGIERS (ALGERIA) DURING THE XVIIITH CENTURY  ID 1580
A. Foufa, U. BLIDA, Algeria D. Benouar, USTHB, Algeria

L. Sorrentino, Structural and Geotechnical Engineering Department, Italy M. Antonini, I Architecture Faculty "La Sapienza", Italy D. Bruccoleri, I Architecture Faculty "La Sapienza", Italy

his reserh work presents n urn seismi senrio of one of the gretest historil erthEqukes whih hve striken the ity of elgiersF o estlish the urn seismi senrio t the nEient time mens the loliztion of the e'ets of the erthquke t the time they shook the ityF st ssumes reserh of the urn spet of elgiers over the time when the most signi(nt erthquke hppenedF his must pper with the loliztion of the entre or the ore of the ityD its hittD its streets nd its mjor uildingsF st n e hieved y the exmintion of the vriEous soures ville relling the urn spet of the ity to eh period onsideredD when it is possileD nd to superimpose them on the ssessment of the dmge whih ourred t tht timeF he (ndings will e mpped loting s muh s possile the dmge indued y the erthqukes in the wedin of elgiersF he im of this work is not to rewrite the history of elgiers ut to loEte the res dmged in the pst in order to estlish the future senrios for etter protetion of our uilt ulturl heritgeF elgiers ws striken y three gret erthqukes in the pstF he (rst one t the medievl time in IQSWD the seond one t the end of the ITth entury inITUQD nd the lst ig one t the eginning of the IVth entury in IUITFhe dt olleted re unfortuntely very rreD nd it ws di0ult to give omplete spet of eh erthqukeF e will try to rell the urn seismi senrio only for the IUIT erthquke of whih we olleted su0ient informEtionF ome informtionD whih we ould olletD is found on(ned in heterogeneous souresF

yn tnury IQD IVQP degree werlliEgnniEieerg @wgA intensity erthqukeD with epientrl re in the opino river vlleyD hit gentrl stly nd ws felt with sss wg intensity in polignoF efter tht event the rhitet vuigi oletti @IUWPEIVTWA designed new fde for the lzzo gomunleD in order to retro(t itF oletti ws prtitioner who during his life onfronted himself more thn one with sitution relted to tstrophi events nd serious struturl distressF sn IVPWEIVRS he designed the soil uttressing of the empio dell gonsolzione in odiD dmged y the IVIS erthqukeY in IVQQEIVTW he ws in hrge for the reonstrution of int ul sili in omeD lmost destroyed y the IVPQ (reY in IVQPEIVRP he ws ppointed hed engineer for the restortion of the nt wri degli engeli sili in essisiD dmged y the IVQP eventY in IVQREIVTW he reonstruted the hurh of n ennzio in gmerinoD hit y nother erthquke in IUWWF ell his experiene with onstrutions in seismi prone res ws distilled in the xori uilding odeD whih he ontriuted to write fter the IVSW eventF sn this pper the seismi tlogue of poligno is reonstrutD in order to ompre uilding nd seismi historiesF erhive ounts for previous dmges re presentedF oletti9s proposl ws silly tht to uild uttress in front of the preEexistent fdeD giving it n rhitetonilly fesile shpeF his solutionD lter on dishrged for the silly similr ut less expensive one y rhitet entonio wollriD is illustrted through ontemporry s well s new desriptions nd drwingsD is ompred oth to others presented t tht time nd with signi(nt historil preedentsF sts mehnil e'etiveness is heked y

CS3
mens of simple limit nlysisF
THE 1356 BASEL EARTHQUAKE FROM A HISTORICAL STANDPOINT: OLD WINE IN NEW WINESKINS?  ID 24
M. Gisler, Swiss Seismological Service ETHZ, Switzerland G. Schwarz-Zanetti, Swiss Seismological Service ETHZ, Switzerland D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service ETHZ, Switzerland V. Masciadri, Philologisches Seminar University of Zurich, Switzerland D. Rippmann, Historisches Seminar University of Zurich, Switzerland

Oral presentations
gineering progrmmeD however smll initillyD from whih follows inresing numers of edutors nd reserhers nd the di'usion of knowledge into engineering prtiseF igni(nt rossEpollintion or 4importtion4 of lerning from other ountries s erthquke engineering eomes more interntionE lizedF ingineering s primrily prolemEsolving professionY seismology s primrily knowledgeEseeking sieneD espeilly the rnh onerned with irth9s interior rther thn seismi ground motion t the surfeF en in)uentil though initilly smll numer of strong motion seismologists nd engineers hve ridged this gp etween the two disiplinesF

he IQST fsel erthquke is knowledged to e one of the lrgest known seismi events in the northern elpine regionF indevours to study its dmge re or its possile soure delivered severl new insights into this eventF wodern studies tht onentrte on the historil output of the event in ontrst re rther osionlY even more s most douments in use re well known sine midEIWth enturyF e urrent projet t the wiss eismologil ervie seeks to look into the event with n interdisiplinry pprohD integrting historilD seismologilD rheologilD pleoseismiD nd engineering tehniquesF sn wht follows the signi(ne nd informtion vlue of historil reords will e disussedF he e'ort is sed on three levelsX IA eserh of ontemporry douments within the supposed quke reD with n emphsis on the region outside of the ity of fselD s the exmintion of the lter is minly ventured y the rheologil temF e re trying to onentrte on reords tht n e dted very lose to the eventD s only smll numer of suh douments is known so frF his my inlude douments noting the reonstrution of dmged uildings rther thn providing informtion of the erthquke itselfF PA e very omplex sitution is given y the ft tht the destrution of TH or more stles in the fsel region is reportedF heres this numer is ited even in douments produed lose to the eventD list of the nmes of the stles on the other hnd is dted some TH nd more yers fter the eventF sn our presenttion we will onsider some historil grounds for this listF QA e will furthermore very shortly look t some prolems onerning the use of hroniles tht hold informtion on the erthqukeD nd disuss the evlution of ontent nd vlue of the provided informtion thereinF
HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FROM AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE  ID 1350
R. Reitherman, Consortium of Universities for Research in EQ Eng, United States

CS3: Applications of the EMS-98 and Related Future Evolutions

Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 15
PROPOSALS FOR EMS-98 QUESTIONNAIRES  ID 702
P. Alves, Inst. de Meteorologia, IP, Portugal

fsed on the uthor9s irthquke ingineering eserh snstitute @iisA E pederl imergeny wngement egeny @piweA rofessionl pellowship reserhD this pper notes similriE ties nd di'erenes onerning the wys erthquke engineering hs developed in di'erent ountriesF epproximtely ten ountries hve een studied nd soures of informtion nd experts in those ountries onsultedD with disiE plinry fous on the struturl nd geotehnil engineering rnhes of ivil engineeringF he development of the quntittive spets of the pplied siene of erthquke engineering is emphsizedD rther thn presriptive or trditionl onstrution tehniquesF he sope extends to some extent into the (eld of seismologyD with regrd to this questionX ht erly developments in seismology were essentil for engineering tehniques to progressD nd vie versc ome reurring ftors re enountered in the evolution of erthE quke engineering in mny ntionsD lthough the exeptions re s interesting s the ses tht follow ommon ptternX en erthquke ours tht is su0iently dmging nd whih lso ours when ountry9s engineers re redy to employ their rt nd siene to ontend with erthqukesF he estlishment of ntion9s (rst seismi provisions in uilding ode s the key development in engineering prtise s well s n importnt stimulus for engineering reserh nd edutionF he signi(ne of the strt of ountry9s (rst university enE

wroseismi questionnires re nturl result of the intensities sles in the sense they re the nturl sis for their pplitionF sn IWWV the iuropen wroseismi le ws pulished ut despite extensive guidelines nd kground mterilD wy of pplying it in n integrted form ws not suppliedF qiven the omplexity nd detil of the iwEWVD the design of questionnire is not simple tskF roweverD in order to ompileD nlyseD evlute nd rhive mroseismi informtion some ttempts to develop suh tool must hve to e doneD nd this is one of themF hree questionnires for the ssignment of mroseismi intensity re proposedX the (rst one onerning the omplete sleY the seond one etween U nd IP whih is more spei( proposl form for psig @ig pield snvestigtion emA nd third one for the rnge etween I nd TD pplile for the se of low level felt erthqukeD lmost without dmgesF e form for n intermedite rnge @REWD for exmpleA uses lmost the sme struture nd spe of the form with the omplete rnge of intensities nd for tht it is not usefulF he questionnires were designedX to e s fithful s possile to the onept of the sle nd to the intentions of the uthorsY to show ll the support informtion for preise pplition of the sleY to keep in the form ll the rw informtion to ssign the intensity inludingD for exmpleD informtion provided y individul oservers @keeping this informtionD future reEevlutionD if neessryD is lwys possileAY to e toolD s friendly s possileD for in situ work in rough onditionsY to provide n esy wy to rhive huge mounts of informtionY to e useful tool for @reAevlution of doumentry dtF ome ful(lling nd future developments exmples re disussedF
APPLICATION OF EMS-98 IN FRANCE: USE OF THUMBNAIL IMAGES FOR INTENSITY ASSESSMENTS THROUGH THE BCSF WEB SITE AND EXTENSION OF THE MACROSEISMIC SURVEY TO THE FRENCH WEST INDIES  ID 1727
M. Cara, EOST, France C. Sira, EOST, France A. Bernard, EOST, France A. Schlupp, EOST, France

everl ttempts hve een mde t the fureu gentrl ismologique prnis @fgpEiyA to run utomti proedure for evluting mroseismi intensitiesF fsi mroseismi informtion used in these simultions omes from olletive nd individul forms whih hve een designed to ful(l the requirement of the iwEWVF hese forms whih re (lled either on pper formt or diretly on the fgp we site re utomtilly onverted into n egss (le ontining the oded nswers to the questionniresF he ttempts we hve mde to design n utomti proedure sed

Oral presentations
on logil tree mimiking the humn expertise filed t produing high sores when evluting the mroseismi intensitiesF por this resonD the individul snternet questionnires hve een ompleted with likle thumnil imges illustrting some representtive situtions enountered t the di'erent degree of intensityF wuh higher sores my e otined when using the thumnils imges s primry soure of informtion when running our utomti proedureF ixoti nswers from individuls re then esily deteted when the liked imge is ontrditory to the other prt of the questionnireF st is likelyD howeverD tht pssing from individul questionnires to n evlution of the iwEWV intensity of the given re will e triky prolem ove intensity sasF ttistil estimtion of the numer of dmged uildings would then e very di0ultD if not impossileD to ssess from the spordi testimonies sent y individulsF purthermoreD our experiene onvined us tht it is very di0ult for n individul to sy in whih type of onstrution he is livingF pield visit y n expert is the only wy to get some on(dene ove intensity sF e illustrte di'erent exmple of intensity evlutions we hve performed sine PHHQ in prne nd in the prenh est sndies using either olletive forms or individul snternet questionniresF
EXPERT JUDGEMENT VERSUS AUTOMATIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MACROSEISMIC QUESTIONNAIRES  ID 21
P. Kstli, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland M. Gisler, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland

CS3
twelveEdegree slesAF st follows tht omprison of sets of ssigned vlues using di'erent sles will give insight into those dt setsD ut will proly not revel generl reltionships etween the two slesF o get generl piture of the equivlene etween two slesD the est proedure is to tret the de(nition of n intensity degree in sle e s if it were dtD nd ssign vlue to it using sle fF pollowing this proedureD the reltionship etween mjor twelveEdegree sles @suh s wuD wws nd wgA nd iwEWV is more or less IXIF he hief di'erene etween these sles is not so muh the level of shking represented y eh degreeD ut the extent to whih the wording of the sle guides the user to mke the orret intensity ssignmentF hus intensity vlues tht hve een ssigned using @syA wws nd then onverted to iwEWV will not e s relile s those ssigned diretly using iwEWVF
COMPARISON AND REFINEMENT OF TWO EMS-98 DERIVED VULNERABILITY METHODS: TOWARDS A UNIQUE DEFINITION.  ID 909
A. Bernardini, University of Padova, Italy S. Giovinazzi, University of Genoa, Italy S. Lagomarsino, University of Genoa, Italy

eutomti proessing of internetEsed mroseismi questionE nires llows for fst overview of the e'ets of seismi eventF uh proedure hs een implemented t the wiss eismologil ervie @ihAF he tool n produe shkeEmp within tens of minutes fter n eventF wroseismi oservtions re ville from mny ples nd lol soil hrteristis re lredy inludedF eutomti proessing of mroseismi dt needs lgorithms tht simulte the work of n nlystF hile intensity ssessment ws trditionlly n expert judgementD the iuropen wroseismi le @iwA provided sttistil frmework for the nlysis of erthquke oservtion dtF roweverD s dt quntities nd quisition proedures often do not fully ope with the needs for sttistil nlysisD expert judgement nd mixed mode nlysis is still ommon throughout iuropeF his pper ompres the results of three tehniques to ssess mroseismi intensitiesX E essignment y humn expert holding generl overview of quntittive nd qulittive se dtY E ure sttistil pplition of iw sle to derive intensity from strutured erthquke questionniresF E he virtul expert routine of the ih mroseismi shkemp softwre whih prtly relies on sttistil proeduresD prtly imittes humn expert judgementsF purthermoreD we nlyse three di'erent dt quisition tehniques @spontneous reports ! emil questionnires to interested people ! pper questionnires to nyodyA nd ompre their impt on derived intensitiesF he investigtion ses on intensity ssignments of iw s to s of the wiss eismologil ervie for smll to medium erthqukes in time period etween PHHQ nd PHHSF
CONVERSIONS BETWEEN OLDER SCALES AND EMS-98  ID 542
R. M. Musson, BGS, UK G. Grnthal, GFZ, Germany M. Stucchi, INGV, Italy

por the seismi vulnerility ssessment of ordinry uildingsD the de(nition of unique oservtionl vulnerility pproh in terms of vulnerility lssesD uilding typologiesD hzrd nd dmge desription should e imed for the iuropen ountries in order to implement oherent nd omprle vulnerility nlysesF he vulnerility model impliitly ontined in the iuropen wroseismi le iwEWV @qrunthl IWWVA hold these requirements so tht proposl for iwEWVEderived vulnerility pprohes hve een doneF fsed on the theory of the rndom setsD fernrdini @fernrdiniD PHHSA hve used the qulittive mesures of the sle to derive upper nd lower ounds of reltive frequenies of the dmge grdes for every iwEWV lss nd mroseimi intensityF vower nd upper hmge roility wtrixes @hwA nd interpolting vulnerility urvesD hve eenD s wellD otined y qiovinzzi nd vgomrsino @PHHRA from the de(nitions provided y the sleD y the joint use of puzzy et heory nd of the roility heory for iwEWV vulnerility lsses nd uilding typologiesF eiming to ommon nd omplete de(nition for n iuropen wroseimi vulnerility method this pper is ddressedD on one hndD to ompre the forementioned proposls ndD on the other hndD to re(ne them nd to introdue innovtive spets with regrds to the de(nition of the vulnerility model for the uilding typologiesF he omprison is ddressed to highlight the di'erenes nd the ommon spets of the hypothesis t the se of the two proposed pprohes nd to ompre the results in terms of the dmge distriutionsD the vulnerility nd the frgility urves derived for the iwEWV vulnerility lssesF yriginl proposls re put forwrd to derive frequenies of the expeted dmge for the uilding typologies nd to employ fyes theorem to updted these expeted frequeniesD when the vilility of further dt on the uilding stok llows identifying suEtypologiesF
E.M.S. - A METHOD TO REDUCE THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE STRUCTURE VULNERABILITY CLASSIFICATION  ID 1124
G. Zuccaro, Centro Studi PLINIVS - Universtity of Naples, Italy F. Cacace, Centro Studi PLINIVS - University of Naples, Italy

INTENSITY

sdellyD diret onversion etween intensity sles should never e mdeF he orret proedure is lwys to ressign intensity vlues to the originl dt using the desired sleF roweverD there re mny ses where this is not prtilD nd some guidne is needed to onvert dt from older sles to newer onesF he prolem is tht ny set of intensity vlues is ompound of the sle used nd the working prties usedD nd the ltter re usully unde(ned nd osureF husD intensity vlues re likely to vry more etween two seismologists using the sme sle thn etween two sles used y the sme seismologist @t lest for

sn the pper method to ssign uilding struture tyE pologies strutures to vulnerility lsses provides y iuropen wroEseismi le reduing the unertinty of lssi(tion showed in the iw is presentedF he iw 9WV so s the more reent versions of the sle de(nes the stndrd riteri to lssify the uildings in six vulnerility lssesF he ssignment is minly sed on the vertil struture typeD nd is 'eted y wide rnge of unertintyF sn this wyD for exmpleD 4mssive stone4 uilding is lssi(ed s 4g4D ut it n lso e lssi(ed s 4f4 or 4h4F he reserh proposes proedure to lirte the iFwFF vulnerility lssi(tion reduing the unertinty rnge of the ssignmentF he proedure hs een developed within the tivities of the

CS4
eserh rojet ei @trumenti di enlisi di ulnerilit degli idi(i esistentiA supported y xtionl heprtF of givil rotetion trough qxhEsxqD represents quik tehnique thtD sed on 4(rst level4 dtD evlutes the seismi struturl vulnerility y ssigning single strutures to uilding type fmily of whih the ehviour under seismi tion is expetedF he proedureD lthough is sed on 4poor informtion4D introdues severl prmeters tht llow to tke into ountD in the (nl vulnerility estimtionD ll the informtion possily ville on the struture hrteristis out the uilding @vertil nd horizontl struture typesD lyoutD wll dimensionsD geometryD tiesD mterils etFAF he proedure hs een lirted using lrge dtEse ontining ll the dmge dt surveyed in severl seismi events of the pst in stly onsidering more then ITSFHHH uildingsF pinlly n pplition of the proedure to the 4puli nd strtegi uildings4 in gmpni egion is reportedY the results of the puntul smple hek 4in situ4 re reported nd very good reliility of the proedure in this se hs een foundF

Oral presentations
e'et of rustl struture into empiril ground motion estimtion equtions is only prtil for oneEdimensionl struturesF he purpose of this rtile is to investigte when twoEdimensionl strutures provide signi(ntly di'erent results thn using n verge oneEdimensionl modelF his quntittive nlysis is sed on n nlysis of series of phw simultions using vriety of oneE nd twoEdimensionl struturesF he di'erene etween the Ph nd the derived Ih struture is qunti(ed y single prmeter tht seeks to hrterise how twoEdimensionl the struture isF he mximum size this prmeter n e efore Ph struture is required for urte modelling of ground motions is ssessed sed on the series of phw simultionsF he purpose of this proposed tehnique is to provide guidne s to when Ph strutures should e used or where Ih strutures re su0ientD without the requirement of performing mny simultionsF
MODELING OF DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS DURING STRONG VRANCEA (ROMANIA) EARTHQUAKES  ID 363
V. Sokolov, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany K. P. Bonjer, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany

CS4-I: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling

Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 2

STOCHASTIC FINITE-FAULT MODELING STRONG-MOTION RECORDS FROM THE BAM EARTHQUAKE IN IRAN  ID 13
A. Nicknam, Iran University of Science and Technology,

OF 2003

Iran Iran

(Islamic Republic Of ) S. Yaghmaei, Iran University of Science and Technology, (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Yazdani, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e simple nd powerful method in the simultion of strong ground motionD vstly used in reent reserhes is the stohsti (niteEfult method proposed y etkinson nd feresnevF his method is used for simulting the reorded destrutive PT heemer PHHQ fm erthquke in southern prt of srnF sn this pproh the (niteEfult plne is sudivided into elements nd stohsti spetrum is ssigned to eh elementF he groundEmotion mplitudes re simulted s summtion of stohsti point souresF he results of the synthesizing ground motion suh s elertion time historyD response spetr re ompred with those of oserved dtF qood greement of time series prmeters @iFeF qeD D v nd dA re otined whih on(rm tht seleted soure prmeters were stisftory relileF
ON THE APPLICABILITY OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL CRUSTAL STRUCTURES FOR GROUND-MOTION SIMULATION  ID 18
J. Douglas, BRGM, France H. Aochi, BRGM, France P. Suhadolc, University of Trieste, Italy G. Costa, University of Trieste, Italy

he intermediteEdepth @UHEIRH kmA erthqukes of the rne @omniA soure zone produe the most signi(nt seismi hzrd to omni nd its neighoring ountriesF enlysis of mroseismi nd instrumentl dt from the rne erthqukes reveled severl peulir e'etsD whih n e summrized s followsX @IA the erthqukes 'et very lrge res with predomE inntly xiE trending extensionsY @PA the lol nd regionl geologil onditions ontrol the vrition of mplitudes of the ground motion to lrger degree thn mgnitude or distneF pour mjor rne erthqukes ourred during the lst enturyX xovemer IHD IWRH @w a UFUAD wrh RD IWUU @w a UFRAD eugust QHD IWVT @w a UFPA nd wy QHD IWWH @w a TFWAF en extensive set of mroseismi dt for these events is ville from the omninD the fulgrinD the woldvin nd krinin territory nd ner distnt onEsle reordings of ground elertion exist for the IWVT nd the IWWH erthqukes from di'erent lolitiesF his dt set gives unique opportunity to ontrol quntittively the modeling of the ground motion prmeters of suh lrge eventsF he modeling ws performed on the sis of soure sling models @pourier mplitude spetrD peA for the rne erthqukesD s well s site response hrteristisD whih were reently nlyzed y the uthorsF hen using pe s input prmeter in seismi hzrd nlysisD it is possile to otin siteEdependent estimtions of vrious strong ground motion prmeters inluding seismi intensityD pek ground elertion @qeAD response spetr nd hrteristi elerogrmsF enlysis of oservtions nd results of modeling llows reEonstruting of the distriution of strongEmotion prmeters for the erthqukes of IWRH nd IWUUD for whih the instrumentl dt re not villeF
NEW EMPIRICAL PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR THE FOURIER AMPLITUDE SPECTRUM OF ACCELERATION AND ARIAS INTENSITY IN NEW ZEALAND  ID 820
P. Staord, University of Canterbury, New Zealand J. Berrill, University of Canterbury, New Zealand J. Pettinga, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

qround motion simultion methodsD suh s the (niteE di'erene method @phwA or the modl summtion tehniqueD require model of the struture through whih the seismi wves pss in terms of densityD veloity nd ttenution prmetersD suh s F he use of suh struturl models within simultions mens tht trvel pth e'etsD suh s the onstrutive interferene of di'erent phsesD n e modelledF gurrently oneED twoE or threeEdimensionl models re used without muh desription of the ene(ts of using prtiulr dimension of modelF ithin phwsD Ph or Qh struture n e ssumed without signi(nt inrese in omputtionl timeF yneEdimensionl models hve the dvntge of yielding results tht re esier to interpret in terms of phses nd lso they require only one set of simultions for ll onsidered horizontl soure nd site lotionsF sn dditionD the method introdued y hougls et lF @PHHRA for the inorportion of the

wo new preditive models re introdued for pplition in xew elndY one for the pourier emplitude petrum of strong ground motion elertionD the other for eris sntensityF foth mesures of ground motion hve lrge potentil for pplition in engineering design senriosD yet no models of this nture urrently exist for use in xew elndF he models re developed for ground motions from rustl erthqukes only nd re presented s funtions of moment mgnitude nd the shortest distne to the rupture surfeF ellowne for the three stndrd xew elnd site lss tegories is mde s well s for normlD strikeEslipD nd reverseGthrust fult mehnismsF he xew elnd strong motion dtset is supplemented with signi(nt worldwide nerEsoure

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reordsF he funtionl forms of the models re governed y theoretil onsidertions whih llow reltively omprehensive funtionl forms to e utilisedF sn prtiulrD the model for the eris sntensity inludes theoretil terms to ount for the sling of the ground motion mesure with oth mgnitude nd distneF ndom i'ets models re implemented in order to otin regression oe0ients for oth modelsF he generl form of the pourier emplitude petrum of elertion is modelled well over wide rnge of frequenies of relevne to engineering designF
WIDEBAND SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION BY A SPECTRUM-MATCHING, MULTIPLE-PULSE TECHNIQUE  ID 408
A. V. Gusev, Pavlov, Institute of Volcanology Branch, and Seismology, Service, Russian Russian

CS4
empiril ground motion predition reltions in highEseismi res with undnt strongEmotion reordingsD suh s estern xorth emeri @xeAD tpn nd the wediterrnen regionF s present forml mthemtil frmework for the riw nd demonstrte n exmple pplition of the method to the development of ground motion predition reltions for pek ground elertion nd elertion response spetr in istern xorth emeri @ixeA using empiril reltions from xeF he pplition ounts for di'erenes in stress dropD soure propertiesD rustl ttenutionD regionl rustl strutureD nd generi rok pro(les etween the two regionsF s will disuss the fesiility of using the riw in iuropeF he method is urrently eing pplied in southern pin nd southern xorwy y tem of iuropen reserhersF

Federation Kamchatka Geophysical Federation

o simulte erthquke ground motionD we omine multipleEpoint stohsti erthquke fult model nd suite of qreen funtionsF goneptullyD our soure model generlizes the lssi one of rskell @IWTTAF et ny time instntD slip ours over nrrow strip tht sweeps the fult re t @sptilly vrileA veloityF his ehvior de(nes seismi signls t lower frequenies @vpAD nd desries diretivity e'etsF righEfrequeny @rpA ehvior of soure signl is de(ned y lol slip historyD ssumed to e short segment of pulsed noiseF por lultionsD this model is disretized s grid of point susouresF usoure moment rte time historiesD in their vp prtD re smooth pulses whose durtion equls to the rise timeF sn their rp prtD they re segments of nonEqussin noise of similr durtionF he spetrl ontent of susoure time histories is djusted so tht the summry frE(eld signl follows ertin predetermined spetrl sling lwF he results of simultion depend on rndom seedsD nd on prtiulr vlues of suh prmeters sX stress dropY verge nd dispersion prmeter for rupture veloityY rupture nuletion pointY slip zone widthGrise timeD wvenumerEspetrum prmeter de(ning (nl slip funtionY the degrees of nonEqussinity for rndom slip rte in timeD nd for rndom (nl slip in speD nd moreF o lulte ground motion t siteD qreen funtions re lulted for eh susoureEsite pirD then onvolved with susoure time funtions nd t lst summed over susouresF he originl qreen funtion lultor for lyered wekly inelsti medium is of disrete wvenumer kindD with no intrinsi limittions with respet to lyer thikness or ndwidthF he simultion pkge n generte exmple motionsD or used to study unertinties of the predited motionF es testD relisti nlogs of reorded motions in the epientrl zone of the IWWR xorthridgeD gliforni erthquke were synthesizedD nd relted unertinties were estimtedF
THE HYBRID EMPIRICAL METHOD AND ITS USE IN PREDICTING STRONG GROUND MOTION IN EUROPE  ID 459
K. Campbell, EQECAT, Inc., United States

CS4-II: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling

Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 2
ISSUES RELATED TO THE TRUNCATION OF THE LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDMOTION RESIDUALS  ID 1084
F. Strasser, Imperial College, UK J. Bommer, Imperial College, UK N. Abrahamson, PG&E, United States

qround motion predition @ttenutionA reltions re used to estimte strong ground motion for mny engineering nd seismologil pplitionsF here strongEmotion reordings re undntD these reltions re developed empirilly from strongEmotion reordingsF here strongEmotion reordings re sprseD these reltions re often developed from seismologil models using stohsti nd theoretil methodsF elthough use of these ltter methods hs eome ommon pleD there is lrge degree of unertinty in lulting solute vlues of ground motion from suh methods in regions where dt re sprseD espeilly t the lrger mgnitudes nd loser distnes of gretest importne in engineeringF es n lterntiveD s hve developed hyrid empiril method @riwA tht uses the rtio of stohsti or theoretil groundEmotion estimtes etween trget nd host region to djust empiril ground motion predition reltions ville from the host region so tht they n e used in the trget regionF fy using empiril models s its sisD the riw tps into the vst mount of oservtionl dt nd expertise tht hs een used to develop

eent studies to ssess very longEterm seismi hzrd in the nited ttes nd in iurope hve highlighted the importne of the upper til of the groundEmotion distriution t the very low nnul frequenies of exeedne required y these projetsF sn prtiulrD the use of n unounded lognorml distriution to pture the letory vriility of groundEmotions leds to very high nd potentilly unphysil estimtes of the hzrdF gurrent prtie in seismi hzrd nlysis onsists in trunting the groundEmotion distriution t (xed numer mx of stndrd devitions @ AD howeverD there is generl lk of onsensus out the truntion level to doptD with estimtes rnging from P to R F his pper investigtes whether physil sis for hoosing mx n e foundD y exmining reords with lrge positive residuE ls from the dtset used in one of the groundEmotion models derived during the xew qenertion ettenution @xqeA projetF sn prtiE ulrD interprettions of the seleted reords in terms of ustive physil mehnisms re reviewedF his leds to the onlusion tht even in wellEdoumented sesD it is not possile to estlish roE ust orreltion etween spei( mehnisms nd lrge vlues of the residulsD nd thus otin diret physil onstrints on mxF elE terntive pprohes sed on solute levels of ground motion nd numeril simultions re disussedF roweverD the hoie of mx is likely to remin mtter of sttistil judgment for the foreseele futureD in view of the lrge epistemi unertinties ssoited with these lterntivesF edditionl issues rise from the oupling etween mx nd D whih uses the truntion level in terms of solute ground motion to e dependent on the preditive eqution usedF purthermoreD the solute truntion level will lso e 'eted if is redued signi(ntlyF hese ftors ontriute to render truntion sheme sed on single mx vlue imprtilF
A FIRST LOOK AT THE JUNE, 2000, M6.5 EARTHQUAKES IN ICELAND IN TERMS OF THE SPECIFIC BARRIER MODEL  ID 1133
B. Halldorsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland S. Olafsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland R. Sigbjornsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland

he two wTFS erthqukes tht ourred in the popuE lted outh selnd eismi one @sA on tune IU nd PID PHHHD respetivelyD re the lrgest erthqukes to tke ple in selnd sine IWIP nd for whih highEqulity strong motion dt existsF he erthqukes thus provide unique opportunity to revise

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erthquke modelingD ground motion ttenutionD nd seismi hzrd estimtes in the reF e investigte the ppliility of the reently lirted pei( frrier wodel to predit the ground motions of the tune PHHH erthqukesF e (nd tht the lol stress drop of the erthqukes is similr to tht of other interplte erthqukesF roweverD the ttenution of seismi wves in the region is signi(ntly greter thn tht in other interplte regionsF e hve lirted the pei( frrier wodel to the three lrgest erthqukes in the s y inverting for new ttenution funtionF eordings t sites in lose proximity to the soures exhiited strong nerEfult veloity pulsesF por the (rst timeD the hrteristis of the reorded nerEfult pulses hve een identi(ed in terms of simple mthemtil model of nerEfult pulses nd ompred to the worldwide dtse of suh reordsF he fw nd the nerEfult pulse model omine nturlly in fst nd e0ient synthesis of relistiD rodEnd strong ground motions in the frE(eld nd nerEfult regionF e showse the synthesis of suh strong motions for the tune PHHH erthqukes nd estimte the qulity of the (t of simultions to dtF he rodEnd simultions re shown to provide on the verge unised preditionsF he selfEonsisteny nd prsimonious nture of the spei( rrier modelD nd the reltionship to the prmeters of the nerEfult modelD mke them therefore the idel tool for the fst nd e0ient rodEnd simultion of strong ground motions for future events in the regionF
STRONG-MOTION SIMULATION USING A FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT RADIATION PATTERN CORRECTION  ID 1648
R. Castro, CICESE, Mexico F. Pacor, INGV, Italy G. Franceschina, INGV, Italy D. Bindi, INGV, Italy L. Luzi, INGV, Italy

Oral presentations
he iqey projet in witzerlnd hs o'ered unique opportunity to ritilly review the urrent stte of ground motion predition methodology in re in prtiulr for regions of low seismiityF hue to the ommon lk of empiril strong groundEmotion dt in suh resD it hs eome n epted proedure to employ empiril groundEmotion models from other regionsD potentilly with djustments for di'erenes etween host nd trget regionsF hese models re usully sed on rther di'erent sets of preditor vrilesD whih hve to e djusted s wellF sn systemtilly nd rigorously pplying the lws of unertinty propgtion to ll of the required onversions nd djustmentsD howeverD huge prie hs to e pid in n everEgrowing letory vriilityF yne this pth hs een followedD these lrge sigm vlues will drive the hzrdD prtiulrly for low nnul frequenies of exeedneF hereforeD the key issues in the ontext of groundEmotion predition for re for the ner future re to etter understnd the letory vriility of ground motion nd to develop suites of groundEmotion predition equtions tht employ the sme prmeter de(nitionsF he ltter is glol rther thn regionl hllenge whih might e desirle longEterm gol for projets similr to the ii xqe @i( irthquke ingineering eserh genterD xext qenertion of ettenution of qround wotionsA projetF
NEW STRONG GROUND-MOTION SPECTRAL ACCELERATION RELATIONS FOR THE HIMALAYAN REGION  ID 1459
M. Sharma, IITR, India H. Bungum, NORSAR, Norway

tohsti modeling tehniques for (nite fults @eFgF feresnev nd etkinsonD IWWUA simulte the highEfrequeny groundEmotion mplitudes y summing stohsti point souresF sn this proess is ommonly ssumed tht the Ewve rdition pttern is independent of frequeny nd onstnt verge vlue is onsidered to model the soure spetrF eent studies of Ewve rdition ptternD using lol erthqukes in gentrl stly @gstro et lFD PHHTAD show tht t low frequenies @f`HFS rzA the oserved rdition pttern is similr to tht expeted from douleEouple soureF roweverD t higher frequenies @fbHFS rzA the Ewve rdition pttern vry rndomly with frequenyF sn this studyD we simulte strong motion reords from the mriEwrheD gentrl stly erthquke @ww TA of eptemer IWWU using the frequenyEdependent Ewve rdition funtion otined y gstro et lF @PHHTAF his funtion ws otined seprting soure nd pth e'ets from PP lol erthqukesD mostly with norml fult mehnismsD in onsistene with the min erthquke modeledF e ompre the oserved elertion spetrD from strongEmotion instruments loted in the ner (eld nd t regionl distnesD with those simulted using the stohsti modeling tehnique of feresnev nd etkinson @IWWUDIWWVAD modi(ed to ount for frequeny dependent rdition pttern orretionF et sttion xoerD loted in the ner (eldD site nd diretivity e'ets omined hve stronger in)uene on the oserved elertion spetr thn the rdition pttern funtionF sn generlD we oserved tht lthough the frequenyEdependent rdition pttern orretion hs notle e'et on the spetrl mplitudesD the site e'et is the most importnt ftor ontrolling the strongEmotion reords generted y the IWWU mriEwrhe erthqukeF
GROUND-MOTION PREDICTION IN PSHA: A POSTPEGASOS PERSPECTIVE  ID 1312
F. Scherbaum, Universitt Potsdam, Germany J. Bommer, Imperial College London, UK F. Cotton, Universit Joseph Fourier, France H. Bungum, 4) NORSAR/ICG, Norway F. Sabetta, Servizio Sismico Nazionale, Italy

xew models for the groundEmotion exittion nd ttenuE tion from erthqukes in the rimlyn region hve een derived sed on IUS strongEmotion reords from IP rimlyn erthqukes sine IWVTD ourring over n i distne rnge of more thn PHHH kmF he events re overing moment mgnitude rnge etween SFS nd UFT nd hypoentrl distne rnge up to more thn PHH kmF everl of these reords hve een newly digitized nd ll hve een reproessed for this studyD inluding speil nlysis imed t properly de(ning the horizontl omponentF he dt se su'ers from lk of nerE(eld reordingsD howeverD whih hs een ompensted y inluding dditionl dt for distnes less thn PH km from glol dt set of reverseEfulting erthqukesF he rimlyn region poses speil groundEmotion estimtion prolems in terms of its omplex tetonis nd its wide rnge of fol depthsD lling for reful onsidertions oth of the funtionl formD whih should e physilly meningfulD nd of the distne mesure usedF he inversion inludes seprtion etween rok nd soil onditionsD nd spetrl groundEmotion models hve een developed for periods etween HFHR nd PFS seondsF
STRONG MOTION SIMULATIONS USING HYBRID 1D-3D VELOCITY MODELS AND CORRELATED SOURCE PARAMETERS  ID 1470
R. Archuleta, States P. Liu, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States S. Hartzell, US Geological Survey, United States University of California, Santa Barbara, United

e present new method of lulting rodnd time histories of ground motion sed on hyrid lowEfrequenyD highEfrequeny pprohF vow frequeny synthetis re lulted using (niteEdi'erene in Qh veloity strutureY highEfrequeny synthetis re lulted using frequenyEwvenumer integrtion in Ih veloity modelF he low nd highEfrequeny omponents re omined with mthed (ltering t rossEover frequeny of IrzF he soure desriptionD ommon to oth the Ih nd Qh synthetisD is sed on orrelted rndom distriutions for the slip mplitudeD rupture veloityD nd rise time on the fultF his soure desription llows for the spei(tion of soure prmeters independent of ny priori inversion resultsF sn dditionD we inlude orreltion oe0ients etween slip mplitudeD rupture veloityD nd rise timeD s suggested y dynmi fult modelingF he method of using orrelted rndom soure prmeters is very )exile nd

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n e esily modi(ed to djust to our hnging understnding of erthquke rupturesF e ommon relisti ttenution model is used for oth low nd highEfrequeny synthetis where is sed on the sherEwve veloityF sn dditionD to produe more urte highEfrequeny mplitudes nd durtionsD the Ih synthetis re orreted using rndomizedD frequenyEdependent rdition ptternF he Ih soil pro(le is sed on generi xir site lssi(tionF ith this hrteriztion the Ih synthetis re propgted through nonliner response using timeEdominD nonlinerD totl stress lultionF he entire proedure is vlidted y omprison with the IWWR xorthridgeD geD strong ground motion dt setF he is nd error found here for response spetrl elertion is similr to the est results tht hve een pulished y others whose models depend on n initil desription of the xorthridge ruptureF

CS4
re very lrge tive strutures loted in the etlnti mrginD whih were proposed s good ndidte for the genertion of the IUUS eventF hoever the onsensus out the responsile struture it is not yet hievedF fsed on Qh veloity model of the western serin mrgin nd using (niteEdi'erene seismi wve propgtion odeD we hve lulted q for di'erent rupture senriosF efter thtD nd using pproprited reltions etween seismi intensity @wwsA nd q we hve omputed the syntheti isoseismi mpsF fy ompring these results with ville seismi intensities it is possile to evlute the relism of the di'erent proposed souresF his study will give new insights on seismi risk in seriD nd will help identify regions tht re most exposed to strong ground motion in ssoition with knowledged fult rupture senriosF efereneX F qrndinD tF pF forgesD fF gldeirD wF fezzeghoudD pF grrilho nd gF F yliveirD trong qround wotion in seri due to djent oeni erthqukesD poster presented t the iFqFnion qenerl essemly PHHTD ville t wwwFgeFuevorFptF
MW ESTIMATION FOR REGIONAL SEISMIC EVENTS IN THE FRIULI AREA (NE ITALY)  ID 1813
P. Suhadolc, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy

CS4-III: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling

Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 2
ON THE DISCREPANCY OF GROUND MOTION PREDICTIONS DERIVED FROM WEAK AND STRONG MOTION RECORDS  ID 1671
G. Pousse, IRSN, France F. Cotton, LGIT, France F. Bonilla, IRSN, France F. Scherbaum, Inst. Geowissenschaften, Germany

A. Valori, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy G. Costa, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy L. Moratto, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy

forehole rok uikEnet ground motion dt @QQU eventsD QVWR reordsA hve een used to derive empiril ground motion models for vrious mgnitude rngesF yur dt nlysis shows tht ground motions from lrge erthqukes dey slower with distne thn those from smll erthqukes nd tht the mgnitude sling of the distne dependene dereses with mgnitudeF sing stohsti simultionsD we show tht suh mgnitude dependent dey is expeted for response spetrl vluesD even for simple 4point soure4 model in whih stress drop is onstntF oure properties of moderte nd lrge erthqukes provide nother wy to explin di'erenes in mgnitude sling propertiesF e disuss the pitflls of deriving empiril predition equtions from reordings of smll mgnitude erthqukes nd pplying them for preditions of ground motion from lrger eventsF yur results show tht the use of ground motion model outside the mgnitude nd distne rnge of the modelEgenerting dtset depends on the hosen funtionl formF sn dditionD our dt nlysis shows tht the letory vriility is mgnitude dependentF yur results provide possile explntion for the overestimtion of response spetrl wek motion mplitudes when using empiril models derived from strong motion reordsF uh overestimtionD s for exmple reently oserved for severl regions in iuropeD does not neessrily imply regionl di'erenes of ground motion ttenutionF
STRONG GROUND MOTION IN SW IBERIA AND THE SOURCE OF THE 1755 LISBON EARTHQUAKE  ID 1803
J. Borges, Centro de Geofsica de vora - Univ. vora, Portugal R. Gradin, Centro de Geofsica de vora - Univ. vora, Portugal M. Bezzeghoud, Centro de Geofsica de vora - Univ. Portugal B. Caldeira, Centro de Geofsica de vora - Univ. vora, Portugal vora,

e stle nd utomti method @endrewsD IWVTA is imE plemented to estimte in rel time the seismi moment @nd ww mgnitudeA sed on rodEnd veloimetri nd elerometri dt @ep IWWQEPHHSA ville in the outhern elps reF he phse is extrted pplying oth mnul piking proedure nd n utomti method with trveltimes estimted from the knowledge of the hypoenterD reording site nd struturl modelF he trnsversl omponent of motion is used to minimize onversion e'etsF he nlysed frequeny window is hosen on the sis of omprison etween signl nd noise spetr @G rtioAF he soure spetrum is otined y orreting the signls for geometril spreding nd intrinsi ttenutionF e ompute soure spetr for oth veloity nd displementD nd the seismi moment nd the orner frequeny re (tted @endrewsD IWVTA ssuming the frune spetrum modelF he relEtime proedure is tested o'Eline with reordings of signi(nt erthqukes in the re @fove IWWVY fove PHHRY grni PHHPA nd the results re in very good greement with seismi soure moment estimtions proposed y rrvrd nd wedxetF
PARAMETRIC STUDIES FOR SCENARIO EARTHQUAKES: SOURCE-SITE EFFECTS AND DIFFERENTIAL MOTION  ID 1844
F. Romanelli, Department of Earth Sciences, Italy G. F. Panza, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Italy F. Vaccari, Department of Earth Sciences, Italy

yn I xovemer IUSS the ity of vison ws struk y n erthquke whih mgnitude ws evluted to VFS @intensity sEssEwuAF he highest intensities were oserved in vison re nd long the elgrveF st ws felt ll over iuropeD north woroo nd wdeir sslndF his event ws ompnied y mssive tsunmiD whih ws oserved ll over the xorth etlnti osts from gornwll @uA to xorth worooFhe lotion of the soureD responsile for the vison tsunmiD is not well knownF here

sn sedimentry sins the genertion of lol surfe wves nd lol resonne n give rise to omplited pttern in the sptil groundshking senrioF por ny ojet of the uilt environment with dimensions greter thn the hrteristi length of the ground motionD di'erent prts of its foundtions n experiene severe nonEsynhronous seismi inputF sn order to perform n urte estimte of the site e'etsD nd of di'erentil motionD in relisti geometries it is neessry to mke prmetri study tht tkes into ount the omplex omintion of the soure nd propgtion prmetersF he simpli(ed model of n extended seismi soure we propose is sed on the modelling of rskellEtype soure nd ontins stohsti omponentD llowing to uild spetrum @mplitude nd phseA of the soure funtion tht tkes into ount oth the rupture proess nd diretivity e'etsF sn suh wy it is possile to perform speditive prmetri study to investigte the dependene of the ground motion @in the time nd frequeny dominA on soure prmeters @geometryD energy relese etFAF he omputtion of wide set of time histories nd spetrl informtionD orresponding to possile

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seismotetoni senrios for di'erent soure nd struturl modelsD llows us the onstrution of dmge senrios tht re out of reh of stohsti modelsF e show the numeril experiments rried out within the frmework of severl reent projetsD to ssess the importne of nonEsynhronousseismi exittion of long struturesF
THE FLING-STEP MOTIONS IN THE NEAR-FAULT RECORDS OF THE 1999 CHI-CHI, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE  ID 1955
H. C. Chiu, Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan

Oral presentations
ground motion relted to the tetoni environments nd lol geologyD nmely in volni environmentsF

CS4-IV: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling

Tuesday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 2
SITE-SPECIFIC HF ENVELOPES AND THE STOCHASTIC GREEN FUNCTION SIMULATION OF STRONG GROUND MOTIONS  ID 751
A. Petukhin, Geo-Research Institute, Japan T. Kagawa, Geo-Research Institute, Japan M. Tsurugi, Geo-Research Institute, Japan

xerEfult ground motions ontin osillting nd )ingE step motionsF he former is due to the seismi rdition from seismi soure while the ltter is ssoiting with the permnent displement of groundF he osillting motions pper in ll of the strongEmotion reords nd its simultion is well developed in the pstF gompring to the osillting motionD )ing step is muh less understood ut eing very importnt omponent in the nerEfult ground motionsF hereforeD for etter predition on the nerEfult ground motionsD we need improve our understnding the )ingEstep motionsF rior to the IWWW ghiEghi iwn erthqukeD very few strongEmotion reords ner surfe rupture hd een reordedF sn the IWWW ghiEghiD iwn erthqukeD there re ten sttions in the hngingEwll nd out twenty footwll sttion hd well reorded nerEfult dtF hese reordings provide gret dt set for studying )ingEstep motionsF sn this studyD we nlyze out twenty of these reordsF esults show tht )ing step motion hs mjor ontriution @out PGQA to the two lrge veloity impulses oserved t gHTV nd gHSPF e lso found tht the ground motion used y )ingEstep motion is muh gentler nd less sptil vrition thn tht of the osillting motionsF hese ehviors re quite di'erent from tht of the osillting motionsF hereforeD the predition of )ingEstep motions should e sed on di'erent pprohF elthough the numer of nerEfult dt is still too smll to develop preditive model for )ingEstep motionsD the ghiEghi dt did muh improvement on our understnding of nerEfult ground motionsF
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RECORDED STRONG GROUND MOTION IN THE AZORES AND ICELAND  ID 1164
C. Oliveira, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal R. Sigbjrnsson, University of Iceland, Iceland S. lafsson, University of Iceland, Iceland

his pper presents the min results of omprtive study of reorded strong ground motion on the ezores nd selndF he tetoni environments re outlined nd ompred emphsising the similrities in the geologil strutureD inluding surfe geology nd its e'ets on strong ground motionF purthermoreD the seismiity of the ezores nd selnd is ompred sed on erthquke tlogues using sttistil nlysisF he strong motion networks on the islnds re desried long with the strong motion dt used in the susequent nlysisF he strong motion dt re ompred using sttistil nlysisD inluding tEtest nd nlysis of vrineF he min emphsis is put on ttenution of strong motion dtD hrterised y root men squre elertionD pek ground elertionD eris intensityD durtion nd response spetrl ordintes for seleted nturl periods nd ritil dmping rtiosF purthermoreD the shpe of response spetr is delt withF he ttenution is lso ompred to some of the ommon ttenution reltionshipsD used y the engineering ommunity in iuropeF he min (ndings re tht there re signi(nt similrities etween the tetoni environments of the ezores nd selndF purthermoreD the similrities found in seismiity re sttistilly signi(ntF he ttenution is hrterised y rpid dey with inresing distne from site to soure nd high elertion in the ner soure reF st is found tht the sme ttenution reltionship n e pplied on the ezores nd in selndF yn the other hndD it is found tht (tting of some of the ommonly used ttenution reltionships to the dt is not sttistilly signi(ntF he devition is most pprent for lrge epientrl distnesF he (ndings of this study indite tht there my e signi(nt regionl di'erenes in strong

gomplex ground onditions underGround trget site use oth mpli(tion due to the e'et of soft lyers nd n inrese of durtion due to the stteringF petrl rtio methods re developed in di'erent modi(tions to ount for the mpli(tion e'etF i'et of the sttering is less well understoodF sn this study we propose semiEempiril method of the estimtion of the siteEspei( frequeny dependent envelopesF o do this we ssumed tht the highEfrequeny envelope t site ould e represented s onvolution of soureD pth nd site envelopesF por reords of smll erthqukes @qreen9s funtionsA soure envelope is the deltEfuntionF th envelope n e estimted s the envelope t referene site or y the generliztion of oserved envelopes t rok sitesF henD site envelope is estimted y the deonvolution of the edrok site envelope from the oserved envelopes seprtely for eh of the R otve frequeny ndsX IEPD PERD REV nd VEIT rzF his pproh n e proved y the nlysis of the residues etween oserved nd simulted envelopesY they don9t hve ny trendF sing developed methodology we estimted the rp site envelopes t the R softEsoil sites of the giyue network in the ysk sinD tpnX puD uD hy nd eiF es expetedD due to the sin wves genertionD envelopes re muh longer in the lowest frequeny nd thn in higher frequeny ndsF henD they were used to simulte rp strong ground motions during the xnkiEonnki erthquke using the stohsti qreen9s funtion methodF gomined with the e'et of the long rupture propgtion in the soure of this gint erthqukeD this method produes relisti longEdurtion strong ground motionsF woreoverD these wveforms re free of the unrelisti holes in the mplitudes due to the rupture propgtion in the interEsperity regionsD whih strongly hnge the response of the nonliner struturesF
TORSIONAL RESPONSE INDUCED BY VRANCEA EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS  ID 658
R. G. Enache, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania S. Demetriu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania E. F. Albota, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania

he ground motion during n erthquke inludes trnsE ltionl nd rottionl omponentsF he rottion out horizontl xes gives rise to rokingD while the rottionl omponent out vertil xis genertes torsionl e'ets even in symmetril uildingsF his pper dels with the rottionl omponents out vertil xisF he ngulr elertionD veloity nd displement time histories re otined from the trnsltionl elertion nd veloity on two horizontl orthogonl diretionsD reorded during IWUUD IWVT nd IWWH rne erthqukes for di'erent site onditionsF he torsionl response spetr for these sites nd the verge normlized torsionl spetrum for fuhrest re omputedF he in)uene of the rottionl omponents on the elsti seismi response is nlysed for symmetril nd for nonEsymmetril systemsF he study is mde on systems with di'erent eentriities nd sti'nessesD onsidering simultneously the reorded trnsltionl omponents nd the omputed rottionl omponent of the erthquke ground motionF

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Oral presentations
3-D GROUND MOTION MODELING IN THE ADAPAZARI BASIN, USING THE 3D STRUCTURE ESTIMATED BY MICROTREMORS  ID 923
S. Tsuno, Earthquake Research Institute, the Univ. Japan K. Kudo, Earthquake Research Institute, the Univ. of Tokyo, Japan J. Bielak, Dept. United States of Civil and Environmental Eng., CMU Univ., of Tokyo,

CS4
@ghir et lFD PHHSAF he uni(ed veloityEelertion dt set hs een onsidered to derive ground motion models for pek ground elertionD pek ground veloity nd S7Edmped pseudoEveloity response spetrD for oth mximum horizontl nd vertil omponentsF he rndom e'et model @frillinger nd rieslerD IWVSY erhmson nd oungsD IWWPA hs een pplied to estimte the interE nd intrE event omponent of vrineD while the unertinties 'eting the regression oe0ients hve een estimted vi ootstrp nlysis @ifronD IWUWAF pinllyD we pplied the mximum likelihood pproh reently proposed y herum et lF @PHHRA to mesure the goodness of (t for severl ground motion models pplied to predit the wolise strong ground motion prmetersF
STRONG GROUND MOTION PREDICTION WITH MULTI-SCALE HETEROGENEOUS SOURCE MODELS FOR HUGE SUBDUCTION-ZONE EARTHQUAKES ALONG THE NANKAI TROUGH, JAPAN  ID 1044
M. Yoshimi, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Japan H. Sekiguchi, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Japan

he Qh Ewve veloity model in the edpzri sin is estimted y integrting the inversion results of phse veloity dispersion nd elliptiity of yleigh wves inluded in mirotremors suno et lFD PHHTF e ould well reprodue the erly Ewve rrivls of the ground motion from the lrgest ftershok of eptemer IQ @wSFVA t the sediment sitesD using Ih nlysis with the horizontl lyer modelF yn the other hndD the lter rrivls ould not e modeled y Ih wve propgtionF eD thereforeD should model the ftershok ground motion using the Qh sin struture estimted y miorotremorsF he (nite element method @piwA fo et lFD IWWV is pplied for the Qh ground motion modeling in the edpzri sinF e modeled region of WTkm @estEwestA x WTkm @northEsouthA x SS km @depthAD whih inludes the soure nd the edpzri sinY the epientrl distnes from the sin re within QH kmF he element sizes vry from VH m to TRH m ssoited with the orresponding Ewve veloityF he upper frequeny of our interest is limited to HFU rzD due to the low veloity @ SUH mGsA of the surfe lyers in the edpzri sinF e used )t rustl struture model for the region outside the sin @PS km x PS kmA nd onstrined the soure model y mnk nd uikuhi @isg eismologil xoteAF e got eptle greement etween the simultions nd the oservtions t u nd sD whih re loted on rok outrop nd in di'erent zimuthF wo point souresD t depth of V km nd Q kmD give resonle greement of wveforms etween simultions nd oservtions espeilly t sediment sitesF he ground motions nd response spetr @haS7A synthesized y hyrid method omining etween Ih nlysis nd Qh simultionD mth well throughout rodnd frequeny @HFIEIHrzA with the oservtions in the edpzri sinF
GROUND MOTION MODELS FOR MOLISE REGION (SOUTHERN ITALY)  ID 938
L. Luzi, INGV, Italy P. Morasca, DIPTERIS, Italy F. Zolezzi, DIPTERIS, Italy D. Bindi, INGV, Italy F. Pacor, INGV, Italy G. Ferretti, DIPTERIS, Italy D. Spallarossa, DIPTERIS, Italy G. Franceschina, INGV, Italy

he xnki troughD lying long southern ost of the min islnd of tpnD is the ple where next gint erthqukes re ntiiptedF por preprtion for those erthqukesD it is very importnt to estimte ground motions s relisti s possileF sn this studyD we simulte strong ground motions from ntiipted xnki erthquke y (niteEdi'erene tehnique itrkD IWWW with multiEsle heterogeneous rupture models nd with relisti Qh susurfe struture modelD fousing on densely populted re of the ysk sedimentry sin out PHH km north of the xnki troughF e develop rupture models for future xnki erthquke from model pulished y the gentrl hisster witigtion gounil in tpn PHHQF win modi(tions we mke re s followsX IA pult surfes re re(ned nd (t to omplexly urved upper surfe of the suduting plteF PA lip distriutions re trnsformed hierrhilly to oey kEIFUS spetrumD verge heterogeneity derived from soure inversion results wi 8 ferozD PHHQD nd rupture veloities re lso )ututed mking soure spetr of resultnt rupture models oey omegEsqure spetrumF QA e slipEveloity funtion sed on dynmi rupture simultion xkmur 8 wiytkeD PHHH is ssumedF yur Qh susurfe struture model is omposed of ysk sedimentry sinD rustD upper mntleD suduting slD nd retionry prismF he dimension of the model is horizontlly out RHHkm x QSH km nd out IHH km in depthF imulted ground motions on the ysk sin re hrterized s long periodD prolongedD nd mpli(ed motionsF e found tht oth the etionry prism nd the ysk sedimentry sin struture ply importnt roles in produing suh ground motionsF end lso we found tht mplitudes of ground motions vry with rupture modelsF
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKING GROUND MOTION USING CHIBA DENSE ARRAY DATA  ID 1056
M. Ghayamghamian, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) G. Nouri, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

yn ytoer QIst nd xovemer IstD PHHP two moderte erthqukes of mgnitude wwaSFU @sxqErrvrd iuropenE wediterrnen egionl gentroidEwoment tensor projetA ourred in southern stlyF efter the minshoksD felt in mny muniiplities of the wolise nd ugli regionD strong motion nd seismi temporry network were instlled in the epientrl re nd surrounding regionsF he strong motion network ws omposed y W sttionsD integrting the elerometers of the permnent ete eelerometri xzionle @ex networkAD nd operted until heemer PHHQF he strong motion dt set is omposed y IWS reordings from SI erthqukes @PFS`wl`SFRA reorded y PW elerometers @hgExD PHHRAF sn ddition to the strong motion networkD severl stlin reserh institutions @sstituto xzionle di qeo(si e ulnologiD sxqY sstituto xzionle di yenogr( e qeo(siD sxyqY hiprtimento per lo studio del erritorio e delle sue isorseD niversity of qenoD hipFeFisA prtiipted in the instlltion of temporry regionl networkD omposed y QS seismi sttionsF his network imed t monitoring nd studying the time nd sptil evolution of the seismi sequeneF wore thn IWHH ftershoks in the lol mgnitude rnge PERFP were reorded in the period xovemer Ist E heemer SthD PHHP

he ground motions produed y erthqukes n e ompletely desried y six omponents of trnsltion nd rottionF he rottionl omponents re usully negletedD one of the resons eing the lk of relile dt on rottionl ground motionF everl studies hve shown the importne of these ignored omponents in the seismi nlysis nd design of struturesF sn prtiulrD the roking omponent is shown to e very importnt in the nlysis of tll nd rigid struturesF eismogrphs re generlly instlled more thn severl kilometers prt from eh otherF hese distnes re too long to relily identify the rottionl omponentsF he seismi dense rry oservtion is powerful tool to investigte the vrious hrteristis of roking omponent of erthquke strong ground motionF hreeEdimensionl dense rry t ghiD loted out QHkm est of okyoD inludes RR threeEomponent elerometers providing unique set of dt for the reserh on the properties of roking ground motionF sn this study set of dtD

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inluding IU events re onsidered nd the roking omponent is evluted for pirs of elerometers in di'erent distnes for eh eventF henD the reltion etween roking ground motion nd seismologil prmeters suh s mgnitudeD qeD distne nd durtion re investigtedF st is oserved tht the frequeny ontent of roking ground motion otined from the lose sttions re very di'erent from those evluted from distnt onesF fesidesD the rtio of response spetr of roking to vertil omponents do not follow liner ptternF

Oral presentations
nlyzedF rereD detiled geophysil nd geologil informtion re ville long with erthquke reordingsD whih llow well onstrined de(nition of the lol sher wve pro(le nd lol trnsfer funtionF foth the inversion strtegies revel to e e'etiveF roweverD prmeteriztions provided y qeneti lgorithm re not neessrily optimlF yn the other hndD vinerized inversion lgorithm require initil guess vlues for the unknown prmeters tht must e reltively ner to the (nl solution to wrrnt the onvergene towrds the optiml vluesF st hs een shown tht t the test siteD the est performing inversion strtegy hs implied two stepsF et (rstD geneti lgorithm proedure hve een used to onstrin the volume of the prmeters spe where the solute minimum of the mis(t funtion is lotedF et seondD linerized inversion lgorithmD hving the minimum mis(t model dedued form the (rst step s n initil guessD hs een pplied to drive the inversion towrds the optiml solutionF gomprison etween theoretil nd experimentl Ewve veloity pro(les ndD ove llD etween theoretil nd experimentl site response funtions show tht this omintion of inversion proedures n e very e'etive to mnge the extreme non linerity of the prolemF
IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF DAMPING RATIO FROM ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS  ID 1928
D. Albarello, Dip. di Scienze della Terra - Universit di Siena, Italy F. Baliva, Dip. di Scienze della Terra - Universit di Siena, Italy

CS5-I: Site Response and Site Eects

Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 1

USING AMBIENT NOISE ARRAY TECHNIQUES FOR SITE CHARACTERISATION: RESULTS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARK  ID 2032
C. Cornou, LGIT, France M. Ohrnberger, IGUP, Germany D. Boore, USGS, United States K. Kudo, ERI, Japan P. Y. Bard, LGIT, France

st is well known tht unfvourle site onditions my give rise to signi(nt lol mpli(tion of ground motion during erthqukesF husD there is need to rry out siteEspei( studies for llowing n e0ient mitigtion of seismi risk through oth site lssi(tion nd numeril predition studiesF wost importnt for hrterizing site e'etsD either y quntifying sQH or y forwrd modeling of frequeny dependent mpli(tion e'etsD is proper knowledge of the shllow nd sometimes deep sher wve veloity strutureF yriginlly proposed y tpenese uthorsD the use of rry mesurements pplied to mient virtion for estimting the susurfe Ewves veloity hs spred throughout the world in reent dedesF elthough proessing tehniques E minly fEk sed nd eg tehniques E hve improved nd the limittions of vrious methods for extrting veloity models from mesurements of mirotremors re etter understoodD the omined in)uene of site strutureD mient virtion soure hrteristis on the oservle mirotremor wve(eld itself is less lerF st is therefore importnt to hve ompletely independent hek of the reliility of results nd their relted unertintiesF ithin the third interntionl symposium on i'ets of urfe qeology on seismi motionD noise lind test ws thus orgnized in order to ompre results from ompeting nlysis pprohes nd mke more de(nitive ssessments regrding the potentil of mirotremor rry studies for site e'et esimtionF his lind test involved oth syntheti nd rel dt setsF yntheti dt provided enhmrk test where the site struture nd the wve(eld sitution re fully knownF el sites were used to properly ssess the reliility of results for vrious rel site onditionsF eround IS groups prtiipted to this exerise using di'erent tehniquesF e report here the results of this exerise nd outline the key issues tht should e ddressed in the future for improving the estimtion of sher pro(lesF
GENETIC AND LINEARIZED ALGORITHMS FOR THE JOINT INVERSION OF RAYLEIGH WAVE DISPERSION CURVES AND H/V SPECTRAL RATIOS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE RECORDINGS: A CASE STUDY IN THE PO RIVER VALLEY (NORTHERN ITALY)  ID 1707
M. Picozzi, University of Siena, Italy D. Albarello, University of Siena, Italy

hmping rtio of the shllow susoil represents n imporE tnt prmeter tht ontrols the mpli(tion of input seismi motionF his is usully mesured on lortory speimensD ut the e'et of smple disturne is unertin nd the frequenies used in lortory tests re usully one to two orders of mgnitude higher thn those of interest in erthquke engineeringF en lterntive pproh is to use (eld mesurements to provide inEsitu estimtesF ome ttempts in this diretion hve een performed y the diret mesurement of ody wves ttenution in the frme of rosshole or downhole on(gurtionsF sn lterntiveD to overome the severe drwks of this pprohD it hs een proposed to mesure ttenution of surfe wves y using stndrd e or we pprohesF sn this workD n ttempt is mde to retrieve dmping rtio from environmentl noise mesurements in rry on(gurtionsF st is well known tht phse veloities of surfe wves n e otined in this wy y using numer of tehniques @iegD pEuD etFAF roweverD muh more di0ult it ppers the prolem to evlute ttenution propertiesF sn prtiulrD the role of geometril spreding nnot e esily ounted for when unontrolled distriuted soures re of onernF roweverD theoretil results on the properties of di'use wve(eldsD orroorted y lortory nd (eld experimentsD show tht y rossEorrelting noise mesurements rried on t two sitesD the qreen funtions reltive to surfe wves propgting from one site to the other n e retrievedF fy following this pprohD numeril proedure hs een provided to estimte dmping rtios from environmentl noise mesurements rried on t n rry of stndrd vertil geophonesF inourging results hve een otined t two test sites where independent inEsitu estimtes of dmping rtio in the shllow susoil is villeF
MICROTREMOR ARRAY NORTHERN BUCHAREST SITE RESPONSE  ID 486
A. Aldea, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania H. Yamanaka, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan T. Takahashi, Tokyo Soil, Japan

MEASUREMENTS FOR ESTIMATION

IN OF

he joint inversion of yleigh wve dispersion nd rG urves from environmentl noise mesurements llows retrieving Ewve veloity pro(les in the shllow susoilF sn this work two inversion proeduresD respetively sed on vinerized nd qeneti lgorithmD hve een ompredF o this purposeD seismi noise reordings t test site in the o river vlley @xorth stlyA hve een

he gpitl of omniD fuhrestD is exposed to strong erthqukes from rne surustl seismi soureF fuhrest is loted on out IHHHm of sediments tht prtilly explin the long period seismi motions oserved during the wrh RD IWUU @wwaUFSA nd eugust QHD IWVT @wwaUFPA eventsF he fuhrest IWUU reord otined t sxgig seismi sttion (rstly displyed n elertion response spetr with importnt mpli(tions

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Oral presentations
t long periods @IPsA nd ttrted interntionl ttentionX 4st is indeed fortunte tht t lest one relile oservtion of the ground motion ws mde in fuhrestF st ppers to e very interesting one whih my modify the onepts of stndrd response spetrF4 @iisD IWUUAF iven some geologil dt re ville for the desription of site onditionsD there is n importnt need for knowing the soil properties t lrger depthsF erry mirotremor mesurements re nowdys populr method for identifying the sher wve veloity pro(le t siteF sn the frme of the tpn snterntionl goopertion egeny seismi risk redution rojet in omniD tpnese experts together with st' of the xtionl genter for eismi isk edutionD fuhrestD performed rry mirotremor mesurements t three sites in the northern hlf of fuhrestF e (rst set of mesurements ws done in PHHR @reording pttern nd dt nlysis ording to eg methodologyAD nd seond in PHHS @reording pttern nd dt nlysis ording to pEu methodologyAF foth sets of mesurements ontined smllD medium nd lrge size rrysD with sttionEtoEsttion distnes up to out IFS kmF he otined phseEveloities were then inverted y genetiElgorithm methodology @mnk nd sshidD IWWTAF he pper presents the rry mirotremor mesurementsD the inversion of phse veloities y geneti lgorithmsD the resulting sher wve veloity pro(les for the three sites nd disussion on the siteEresponse sed on these pro(lesF
RELATIONS BETWEEN STRONG GROUND MOTIONS AND MICROTREMORS BY AN ARRAY OBSERVATION SYSTEM  ID 255
M. Kamiyama, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Japan

CS5
struture n generte seismi wve (eld into the soilF sn this pperD the in)uene of surfe strutures on seismi site e'ets is nlyzed numerilly in the se of n lluvil sinF wo ses re onsideredX simpli(ed model with nerly Ih soil on(gurtion nd n tul shllow sin pro(le @enter of xieD prneAF et lol sleD the virtion of surfe onstrution n indue seismi wve (eld in the sur(il soil lyersF et the sle of n lluvil sinD the siteEity models onsidered herein show tht the ity e'et n led to signi(nt seismi wve (eld modi(tion when ompred to the freeE(eld seF he oinidene etween the fundmentl frequenies of the soil lyers nd eigen frequenies of the surfe strutures is key prmeter to investigte siteEity intertionF hen ompring the simpli(ed ity model to the sinEity modelD the in)uene of the lterl heterogeneities on the siteEity intertion is found to e signi(nt sine the seismi wve (eld rdited y the ity ppers to e trpped within the lluvil sinF he e'ets of the siteEity intertion re thus ene(il in some prts of the ity or detrimentl in other prts nd they lso depend on the urn on(gurtion @oundry e'etsD uilding density ontrstFFFAF pinllyD the full hrteriztion of the seismi wve (eld in densely urnized res ould often rise the need for investigtions on the siteEity intertion depending on suh prmeters sX sin nd ity fundmentl frequeniesD uilding densityD ity rrngement s well s sin e'etsF

CS5-II: Site Response and Site Eects

Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 1

he purpose of this pper is to ompre spetrl hrE teristis of strong ground motions nd mirotremors using reords otined t PH sites of n rry oservtion systemF he rry oservtion system is situted in endi gityD tpnF he systemD nmed mllEitnD onsists of PH oservtion sttions with vrious soil onditionsF ine the instlltion in IWWVD it hs oserved more thn RHH erthqukeEreordsF sing these reordsD the uthor estimted sttistilly spetrl mpli(tion ftors in the horizontl nd vertil omponentsD respetivelyD t eh oservtion siteF hese spetrl mpli(tion ftors in oth diretions re quite di'erent depending on the lol soil ondition of eh siteF wirotremors were lso oserved t ll the oservtion sitesF he soElled rG spetrumD whih is the spetrl rtio of the horizontl omponent to the vertil oneD is key prmeter re)eting the mpli(tion of mirotremorsD so s nlyzed them t eh oservtion siteF gomprisons etween the sttistil mpli(tion ftors of strong motions nd rG spetr of mirotremors showed tht the horizontl mpli(tion ftors hve strong similrity in spetrl shpe ginst the rG spetr of mirotremors wheres the vertil ones re di'erent from the rG hrteristisF elthough suh highly similr shpe of spetr ws found for the horizontl strongEmotions nd mirotremorsD the solute spetrl mplitudes in oth ones indited di'erene in levelD reveling some remrkle o'sets of spetrl mplitude tht re independent of periodF fsed on the omprisonsD (tting nlyses etween the horizontl spetrl mpli(tion ftors nd rG spetr of mirotremors were mde to otin n optiml prmeter of o'set for the rG spetr of mirotremorsF his pper (nlly onludes tht mirotremors re useful to otin mpli(tion ftors due to lol soil ondition with id of n o'set method of their rG spetrl mplitudesF
SITE-CITY INTERACTION: BENEFICIAL OR DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ?  ID 1295
J. F. Semblat, LCPC, France M. Kham, EDF R&D, France P. Y. Bard, LCPC/LGIT, France

AGGRAVATION OF SEISMIC GROUND DUE TO SLOPE TOPOGRAPHY  ID 1171

MOTION

A. Papadimitriou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Bouckovalas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

his pper presents results of numeril nlyses for the seismi response of stepElike ground slopes in uniform visoEelsti soilD under vertilly propgting seismi wvesF he im of the nlyses is to explore the e'ets of slope geometryD predominnt exittion frequeny nd durtionD s well s dynmi soil properties on seismi ground motion in prmetri mnnerD nd provide qulittive s well s quntittive insight to the phenomenonF emong the min onlusions of this study is tht this kind of topogrphy my led to intense mpli(tion or deEmpli(tion vriility t neighoring @within few tens of metersA points ehind the rest of the slopeD espeilly for high frequeny exittionsF xeverthelessD generl trend of mpli(tion ner the rest nd deEmpli(tion ner the toe of the slope seems to hold for the horizontl motionF es result of these two (ndingsD it eomes evident tht relile (eld evidene of slope topogrphy ggrvtion is extremely di0ult to estlishF purthermoreD this study highlights the genertion of prsiti vertil omponent of motion in the viinity of the slopeD due to wve re)etions t the slope surfeD tht under ertin preonditions my eome s lrge s the horizontlF griteri re estlished for deiding on the importne of topogrphy e'etsD while pproximte reltions re provided for the preliminry evlution of the topogrphi ggrvtion of seismi ground motion nd the width of the 'eted zone ehind the restF
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY: EFFECTS OF SURFACE - SUBSURFACE TOPOGRAPHY ON STRONG GROUND MOTION  ID 1163
O. J. Ktenidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece K. Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece D. Raptakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece P. Apostolidis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece K. Makropoulos, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece D. Diagourtas, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

he geometril nd mehnil fetures of surfe soil lyers hve mjor in)uene on seismi site e'etsF roweverD for lluvil sin loted in densely urnized resD the surfe strutures suh s uildings ould in)uene seismi wve propgE tion t the free surfeF purthermoreD the virtion of surfe

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he im of this pper is to study the e'ets of surfe nd susurfe topogrphy on strong ground motion using Ph numeril nlysis s well s proessing reordings from erthqukes nd mirotremor mesurementsF he site hosen for this study is eegionD qreeeD highly seismi re mrked y hrteristi morphologyD with the eegion pult dividing the ity into two levels with RHmEIHHm esrpmentF his site possesses the dvntge of permnent downhole rry @t severl depths nd t the surfeA operting lmost onstntly sine PHHP @gyeX gyinth oft oil erryA in onjuntion with ertin other surfe sttionsF enother dvntge is tht the geometryD the surfe geology nd the soil prmeters re reltively well onstrinedF e detiled Ph soil model rossing the fult nd omprising oth levels of the re ws reently onstrutedD sed on in situ nd lortory geotehnil testsD geophysil prospeting nd mirotremor mesurementsF his pper presents some numeril modelling nd dynmi Ph nlysis of the ity rossEsetion performed oth on simpli(ed nd on more detiled modelD using syntheti pulses s well s tul reordings t rok9 levelF rmetri nlyses re performedD resulting in omplex wve (elds governed y Ph phenomen in the viinity of the rest nd toeD whih nnot e explined y Ih nlysis nd re due oth to the topogrphi relief nd the lterl disontinuitiesF xumeril results re ompred to experimentl dt oth uphill nd downhillD in the time nd frequeny dominD ontriuting to etter understnding of the omplex phenomen ourringD ering seismi design odes in mindF
2D WAVE PROPAGATION AT THE ORVIETO CLIFF FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF SOIL AND TOPOGRAPHY EFFECTS  ID 809
G. Lanzo, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy A. Pagliaroli, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy P. Tommasi, National Research Council, Italy

Oral presentations
erthqukesF sn deep sedimentE(lled elpine vlleysD e'ets suh s edgeEgenerted surfe wves or glol resonnes my use even higher mpli(tions due to the omplited QEh sin strutureF sn the frmework of the reuiEev projetD we re investiE gting the response of the hne vlleyD deep sedimentry sin in outhern witzerlndF e reorded the mient virtion wveE (eld on liner nd irulr rrys t di'erent sites in the hne vlleyF epplition of the siteEtoEreferene spetrl rtio method to these noise reords shows tht PEh resonne domintes the noise wve(eld t low frequeniesD nd llows the identi(tion of the funE dmentl mode PEh resonne frequenies rHH nd HF feuse of the strong nonEIh struture of the siteD stndrd inversion tehE niques fil to invert dispersion urves derived from fEk nlysis for the sherEwve veloities of the deeper strutureF e introdue n pproh to derive sherEwve veloities of the sediment (ll in omE ined inversion of PEh resonne frequenies nd pprent yleigh wve phse veloitiesF his inversion method yields veloity models tht re onsistent with ll oservtionsF he otined sherEwve veloities re used to rete lol QEh veloity model of the ion reD whih serves s input for numeril simultions of strong ground motion with the (nite di'erene tehniqueF ogether with lol erthquke reords quired on dense temporry rryD we nlyse these syntheti wveforms with the referene sttion method nd frequenyEwvenumer tehniques to determine the mount of mpli(tion nd to study e'ets of wve propgtion in the hne sinF
MITIGATION OF THE SEISMIC MOTION APPLIED NEAR SLOPING GROUND DURING THE 1995 AEGION EARTHQUAKE  ID 1028
C. Stamatopoulos, Stamatopoulos and Associates Co, Greece M. Bassanou, Stamatopoulos and Associates Co, Greece

st is well reognised tht lol seismi e'ets n exert signi(nt in)uene on the distriution of ground motion nd dmges during erthqukesF ite e'ets inlude strtigrphi e'ets relted to the impedne ontrst etween surfe soil deposits nd the underlying edrokD nd topogrphi e'ets due to surfe topogrphyF e typil geoEmorphologil fetureD espeilly widespred in southern nd entrl stlyD is onstituted y isolted li'sD formed y rok uttes overlying more deformle lyey sustrtumD on top of whih severl historil towns re onstrutedF por this li'Elike morphology oth strtigrphi nd topogrphi e'ets n e eqully importnt in ssessing the seismi responseD espeilly t the mrgin of the rok sl where even moderte inrese of the seismi tion n signi(ntly 'et the stility onditionsF sn this ontextD the historil town of yrvieto loted in gentrl stly is onsideredF yrvieto rises on top of pyrolsti rok utte overlying n overonsolidted ly formtionF he sl is not homogeneous ut is formed y wekly emented tu' @pozzolnA overlying ompetent tu'F woEdimensionl (niteEdi'erent nlyses re onduted using iker wvelets of di'erent entrl frequenies pplied s vertil inident wvesF foth homogeneous nd heterogeneous models re onsidered in order to lrify the in)uene of impedne ontrst nd surfe geometry on the wveE(eldF he role plyed y strtigrphy ws sertined y performing Ih dditionl nlyses t the enter of the li'F he unoupling etween the strtigrphi nd topogrphi 'et hs een ttempted vi the opogrphi eggrvtion ptor @epAD de(ned s the Ph over Ih smoothed pourier spetrF sn prtiulr the onditions t the rest of the li' re nlysed nd disussed in detilF
ANALYSIS OF DEEP VALLEY RESPONSE BY AMBIENT NOISE, EARTHQUAKE RECORDS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS  ID 1108
D. Roten, ETH, Switzerland D. Fh, ETH, Switzerland D. Giardini, ETH, Switzerland

huring the IWWS eegion erthqukeD mny uildings ner the edge of the eegion slope su'ered serious dmge presumly s result of mpli(tion of the elertion ner the rest of the slopeF he e'et of two methods mitigting this dmge were studied numerillyF he (rst method onsisted of dding nhors t the top of the slope with inlintion of out TH degrees to the horizontlF he onept is to onnet the region ner the edge nd the top to the region t some depth nd fr from the edge where the elertion is lessF sn this mnnerD the whole ody onneted with nhors will move s one lokF husD the elertion t the top nd ner the edge will dereseF he seond mitigtion method onsisted of soft horizontl lyer t depth of out IHm nd slightly inlined to prevent stti filureF he onept of this method is to mitigte the lrge seismi motion pplied ner the tip of the slope y llowing ontrolled filure nd reltive displement t some depthF hynmi elstoEplsti nlysis ws performed using the pveg omputer odeF e strinEhrdening elstoEplsti model ws usedF enhors were simulted using struturl elementsF ithout mitigtionD the role tht topogrphy plyed on the mpli(tion of the elertion nd some ground settlement ner the rest of the slope were oservedF ith the (rst mitigtion methodD the seismi motion pplied ner the toe of the slope dereses to the levels of the IEh seD thus eliminting the topogrphi mpli(tion e'etF ith the seond mitigtion methodD the pplied elertion ner the toe dereses to vlues less thn the IEh seF
THEORETICAL EVIDENCE FOR INCREASES OF DURATION AND AMPLIFICATION OF PEAK EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION AT SITES WITH NONPLANAR STRESS-FREE SURFACES  ID 1330
A. Wirgin, LMA/CNRS, France J. P. Groby, LATF/KU Leuven, Belgium

he impt of lol ground motion mpli(tion on erthE quke dmge ws demonstrted during mny reent dmging

e question of some importne in seismologyD ivil engiE neeringD urn plnningD nd nturl disster risk ssessmentD is to wht extent surfe topogrphy of di'erent length nd height sles @rnging from those of mountins nd hills to ity loks nd uildingsA modi(es the seismi response on the groundF here exists

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experimentl evidene tht this modi(tion is rel nd n ttin onsiderle proportions s regrds inreses in pek ground motion nd signl durtionF ome theoretil studies seem to indite tht suh e'ets re indeed possileD ut vrious numeril studies yield on)iting results in tht some of these point to mpli(tionD while others to very wek e'etsD or even to deEmpli(tionF gon)iting results re lso otined regrding the durtion of the erthqukes t sites with uneven stressEfree surfesF e provide theoretil nlysis whih supports the onlusion tht suh sustntil deleterious e'ets nD nd willD indeed our repetedly if the irregulrity of the ground is sptillyEperiodi @s often ours in portions of modern ities nd in vrious geologil formtionsAF

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sn the erthquke engineering prtie the qunti(tion of lol site e'ets on the ground motion t the soil surfe is of prtiulr importne for erthquke resistnt designF st is well known tht the ground response depends of oth the mteril properties of soil pro(le nd the rok input motionF purthermore the unertinty in the estimtion of input motionD the soil mehnis properties @eFgF sD densityD her modulusD etA vry within the pro(le nd their evlution in the lortory exhiits some degree of unertintyF rditionllyD in the prtie the vrition of sher modulus nd dmping rtio with distortionD known s sher modulus degrdtion nd dmping rtio @iFeF qEg nd hEgA urvesD hs een known to e signi(nt feture of the soil ehviour sumitted to yli loding resulting in the extensively used equivlentEliner pprohF wny uthors propose qEg nd hEg men urves to hrterize the ehviour of di'erent kinds of soilsF husD proilisti nlysis n e performed in order to illustrte the e'et when using unertinty qEg nd hEg urves on the ground seismi response of soil pro(leF sn this workD proilisti hyperoli model is proposed in order to tke into ount esily onsiderle vrition out the men urve of sher modulus degrdtion nd dmping rtio in di'erent kinds of soilsF his model is introdued in progrm sed on the equivlent liner pproh nd ssuming vertilly propgting seismi wvesF he unertinties ssoited with the sher modulus degrdtion nd dmping rtio on the ground motion @iFeF qeD frequeny ontentA re qunti(ed using three reliility methodsD ylor seriesD point estimte method nd monterlo simultionsF
NON-LINEAR SEM NUMERICAL ANALYSES APPLIED TO SLOPE STABILITY UNDER DYNAMIC EXCITATION  ID 1100
M. Stupazzini, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Germany C. Zambelli, Politecnico di Milano, Italy C. Di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Italy G. Festa, Institut de Physique du Globe, France

CS5-III: Site Response and Site Eects

Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 1
SITE EFFECTS ESTIMATION USING EARTHQUAKE AND AMBIENT NOISE DATA: THE CASE OF LEFKAS TOWN (W. GREECE)  ID 1249
P. Triantaylidis, Inst. of Eng. Seismology & EQ Eng. Thessalonik, Greece N. Theodulidis, Inst. of Eng. Seismology & EQ Eng. Thessalonik, Greece A. Savvaidis, Inst. Greece P. Dimitriu, Inst. Greece of Eng. Seismology & EQ Eng. Thessalonik, of Eng. Seismology & EQ Eng. Thessalonik,

he town of vefks is ssigned zone sss in the urrent qreek seismi ode nd hs een repetedly hit in the pst y strong nery erthqukesD the lst one ourring on eugust IRthD PHHQ @wTFPAF en elerogrph ws instlled lmost thirty yers go in the town of vefksD nd severl reordings with pek ground elertionD qebHFIgD hve een quired permitting thorough investigtion of nonEliner soil ehviourF his onsists the strong motion dt setF efter the lst strong erthqukeD four digitlD highEresolution elerogrphs were instlled t seleted soil sites of the town nd one t referene 4rok4 siteF huring three months of ontinuous opertionD this rry reorded severl hundreds of ftershoksD providing lrge dtset suitle for the study of site e'ets in the town of vefksF his dtset onsists minly of lowEmplitude reordings @qe`HFHSgA nd represents the wekEmotion dtsetF sn the forementioned strongEmotion sttion sitesD singleEsttion mientEnoise mesurements were performed using rodnd sensors with highEresolution digitisersF hese mesurements onstitute the mientEnoise dtsetF e proessed the reordings from the three dtsets y pplying the iewiEsoftwre nd ommon proedureF pirstD t ll soil sites we evluted the stndrd spetrl rtio @A nd horizontlEtoEvertil omponent spetrl rtio @rA using the wekEmotion dtsetF hen we omputed the r t those sites where strongE motion dt were villeF pinllyD we used mientEnoise dt to estimte r t ll sttionsF gomprison etween nd r from oth erthquke nd mient noise dt revels similrity in the evluted fundmentl frequenies nd striking di'erenes in their mplitudesD in greement with previous resultsF et some soil sitesD strongEmotion r re found to e shifted with respet to wekEmotion nd mientEnoise onesD inditing nonEliner ehviour of the orresponding soil mterilsF en ttempt is mde to explin the otined results using ville geotehnil informtionD nd Ih modellingF
INFLUENCE OF VARIABILITY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA ON THE SEISMIC GROUND RESPONSE  ID 1149
F. Lopez-Caballero, Ecole Centrale Paris, France P. Soulloumiac, Ecole Centrale Paris, France

hue to the lk of numeril odes ple t simulting the omplexity of the propgtion proessD from the soure up to the lol siteD engineers tend often to simplify oth the seismi input nd the onstitutive mteril modellingF sn order to overme this kind of prolemsD we implemented into dynmi petrl ilement ode nonElol visoplsti onstitutive model hrterised y nonEssoited )ow rule nd y n nisotropi strin hrdeningF reneD the numeril ode is oth ple @iA to exite the re under study with relisti (nite soure nd @iiA to tke into ount the nonEliner response of soils triggered y strong ground motionF sn this pper we pply the tehnique to relisti study se of slope stility under dynmi exittion nd we ompre the results with those otined y employing other simpler numeril tehniquesF e ler outlook on the ene(ts nd drwks of the methods is here providedF
STRONG MOTION RECORDS AT THE TOMAKOMAI LIQUEFACTION ARRAY DURING THE 2003 TOKACHI-OKI EARTHQUAKE  ID 471
S. Nishimoto, Civil Eng. Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan S. Miwa, R&D Center, Tobishima Corporation, Japan T. Ikeda, R&D Center, Tobishima Corporation, Japan

viqueftion rry oservtion hs een onduted in soft ground t omkomi gityD rokkidoD tpnD to evlute the e'etiveness of the liqueftion ountermesuresF he ground of the oservtion sites in the ufutsu sin onsists of loose seondry volni sh nd snd depositsD whose x vlue is IH or less t qFvF @ground levelA of EIS to EPH mF viqueftion ourred in this re during the okhiEyki irthquke in IWTV nd rkwEyki erthquke in IWVPF viqueftion rry oservtion hs therefore een onduted t two sites in this re to mesure the ground elertion nd pore wter pressure during the ground motions simultneouslyF he two oservtion sites re the setion with dominnt snd lyer nd the setion with dominnt volni sh lyer in the groundF huring the PHHQ okhiEyki irthqukeD

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ler uiltEup of exess pore wter pressure nd pek ground elertion exeeding IPH mGsP were oservedF he elertion response spetr with periods of less thn Q seonds were mpli(ed in the surfe ground with QS m depthF her modulus deresed euse the strong ground motion used lrge deformtion of surfe ground nd inresing of exess pore wter pressureF elsoD the primry nturl frequeny of the ground ws out VH7 of tht reorded for smll ground motions in the pstF hese two piees of evidene on(rmed tht the mpli(tion hrteristis of the surfe ground re nonElinerF trong motion with reltively long periods of out S to V seonds ws lso oservedF prom the degree of wve dispersionD prtile motionD nd dely in predominnt time of the wve groupD it ws ssumed tht the oserved motion ws surfe wves exited in the deepD extensive sediment deposits of the ufutsu sinF vongEperiod ground motion n e predominted in ny plin with deep sedimentry lyersF
ANALYSIS OF A CLAY DEPOSIT SEISMIC RESPONSE IN EASTERN CANADA  ID 1315
M. E. Rahhal, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon G. Lefebvre, Sherbrooke University, Canada

Oral presentations
lgorithms using syntheti spetrl rtioF he geneti lgorithms nd simulted nneling shows similr onvergene speed to nerEoptiml solutionF roweverD simulted nneling n (nd models tht re muh losed to true modelF he hyrid method n (nd similr models with fster onvergene speedF hese results lerly indite high performne of heuristi serh lgorithms in soil prmeter identi(tion from vertil rry reordsF henD we pplied them to tul spetrl rtios from vertil rry reords oserved during min shok nd ftershoks of the PHHQ okhiEoki erthquke @wVFHA in rokkidoD tpnF e found di'erenes in Ewve veloity nd dmping in the inverted models from the ftershoks nd min shok inditing nonliner e'ets of soilsF

CS5-IV: Site Response and Site Eects

Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 1

SITE AMPLIFICATION FACTORS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION: PROPOSAL OF VS_10M  ID 772

H. Kawase, Kyushu University, Japan H. Matsuo, Hitachi System & Service, Japan Y. Nejime, Kyushu University, Japan

he IWVS wexio gity erthquke ws remrkly lrge eventD where it ws proved tht dmge from erthqukes is losely relted to ground onditionsF he presene of ly deposits in istern gndD mke the re predisposed to ehvior similr to the one oserved in wexio gityF he IWVV gueny erthquke tht hit this istern gndin re used vriety of geotehnil dmgesF he im of the reserh is to understnd how erthquke motions t edrok level n e drstilly modi(ed in frequeny ontents nd mplitude s the seismi wves re trnsmitted through ly depositsF wny ly deposits in the int vwrene vlley nd other ueE e res were exminedF hese minly soft nd sensitive ly deposits hve thikness of more thn PH mF he ly is generE lly normlly onsolidted or slightly over onsolidtedF e typil undrined sher strength gu pro(le is onsideredF hynmi properE ties vritions with the sher strin re otined from nlysis of resE onnt olumn resultsF es for the erthquke motions hrteristisD the elertion reorded t int sl during the IWVV gueny erthquke is onsideredF yne dimensionl ground response nlysis of lyered sites ws rried outF eelertion mpli(tions y the ly deposits were mesured oth in time nd frequeny dominsF sn the time dominD elertions mesured t the soil surfe were s muh s seven times higher thn those mesured on the neighoring rokD when rok elertions were less thn Q7gF his mpli(tion ws redued to ftor of Q when rok elertions were greter thn IH7gF he e'et of the deposit thikness s well s the reltion etween the ground response spetrum period nd the deposit fundmentl period were lrgely investigtedF et lrge deformtions the in)uene of the plstiity index s well s the void rtio eme more evident when nlyzing the response spetrumF
APPLICATION OF HEURISTIC SEARCH METHODS TO INVERSION OF SPECTRAL RATIO OF EARTHQUAKE RECORDS IN VERTICAL ARRAY  ID 464
H. Yamanaka, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

edequte evlution of the strong motion hrteristis is indispensle for quntittive strong motion preditionF por empiril predition we need reltionships etween verged Ewve veloity of ground nd site mpli(tion ftorsF e utilize seprted site ftors otined from strong motion dt of uExiD uiuEnetD nd the twe hindoEkei network in tpnF he seprtion ws performed y using onventionl spetrl inversion method with hrd rok site with n Ewve veloity of QFRS kmGs s refereneF fsed on the spetrl site ftors nd oneEdimensionl theoretil Ewve mpli(tion nlysisD we invert the est Ewve veloity strutures for IDQSP sites in tpnF e otined very good results for SWH sites mong themF et the sme time we seprte site ftors for strength indexes suh s ek qround eelertion @qeA nd ek qround eloity @qAF e then try to (nd the reltionships etween spetrl site ftors nd site ftors of these strength indexes nd verged Ewve veloity of groundF efter thorough studies we onlude tht the verged Ewve veloity over only IHm @sIHmA from the surfe is su0ient to predit site ftors quntittively for qe nd qD s well s twe seismi intensity sleF es for the verged site mpli(tion hrteristis for site tegories sed on sIHm we found tht the pek mpli(tion ftor rehes IH times t PFS rz for sites with sIHm ` PHHmGsD while it would e round P for sites with sIHm b VHHmGs up to IS rzF he stndrd devition would e round PFH @HFQ in logIHA irrespetive of the tegoriesF sf we lulte reltive mpli(tion of the sites with sIHm ` PHHmGs with respet to the engineering edrok @iFeFD sites with sIHm b RHHmGsAD then pek mpli(tion will e QFS t QFHrzD whih roughly orresponds to TH7 of the whole mpli(tionF
COMPARISON BETWEEN VS30 AND OTHER ESTIMATES OF SITE AMPLIFICATION IN ITALY  ID 270
M. Mucciarelli, University of Basilicata, Italy

enlysis of spetrl rtio otined from erthquke dt in vertil rry is one of the wellEknown tehniques to estimte physil prmeters of shllow soilsF sully soil prmeters re derived so s to (nd good (tting etween oserved nd lulted spetrl rtios with the lest squred inversion methodsF elthough the lest squred methods re wellEestlishedD we hve some troules in prtil pplition of the lest squres inversionsD suh s numeril instility nd dependene of solution to initil modelF sn this studyD we pply heuristi serh methods to inversion of spetrl rtio from erthquke reords in vertil rry to estimte Ewve veloity nd dmping ftors of shllow soilsF he serh methods tht re investigted in this study re geneti lgorithmsD simulted nneling nd their hyrid methodF pirst we estimted onvergene speed nd stility of solutions in the three

huring S mirozontion projets in stlyD we hd ess to QR estimtes of sQH otined with downEhole or rossEhole mesurementsD plus IR veloity pro(les otined with surfe tehniquesF sn ll the sites we performed r mesurements to verify the presene of resonnt frequeny nd in PP sites we instlled seismi instrumenttion to reord erthqukes nd estimte site mpli(tionF st is importnt to note tht we did not preEseleted the sitesD ut just followed the requests of two egionl governments @wrhe nd fsilitA to study set of lolities tht were hosen for resons other thn geoEmorphologil ones @previous erthqukesD pilot studiesD design of new infrstruturesAF he omprison etween site seismi mpli(tion nd sQH showed tht this lst prmeter is not good proxy of oserved site e'etsF

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he reson why in stly sQH does not provide stisftory estimtes is linked to peulir geologil settings tht re widespred in our ountryF he min prolems enountered re underestimtions y sQH t sites with veloity inversions nd overestimtions on deep sinsF sQH seems to work (ne only if site hs stritly monotoni veloity pro(le inresing with depth nd strong impedne ontrst in the (rst dozen metersF purther dt will e ville thnks to n ongoing ntionl projet funded y the givil hefene heprtment tht is fousing on sQH estimtes in the presene of veloity inversionsD frtured rok mssesD lndslides nd krst resF
AMPLIFICATION AND ATTENUATION OF SEISMIC GROUND MOTION DURING THE MW7.0 MYIAGIOKI EARTHQUAKE  ID 393
D. Assimaki, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States

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nd di'erenesF hereyD rry mesurements nd e reveled to e quite omplementryF he omintion of the dispersion urves produed y oth tehniques llowed us to determine preisely the properties of the shllow lyers @ontriution of eA nd get vlule informtion out the s of the deeper lyers @ontriution of rry mesurementsAF he outputs of ll mesurements @inluding lso rG dtA were implemented in new geophysil model used s input for erthquke ground motion simultionsF
VULNERABILITY MAPPING FROM 800KM: INCLUDING GMES TERRAFIRMA PROJECT RESULTS FOR ISTANBUL  ID 1638
C. Browitt, Edinburgh University, UK M. Aktar, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey

gurrent stteEofEprtie site response methodologies priE mrily rely on geotehnil nd geophysil investigtion for the neessry impedne informtionD wheres ttenutionD mehnism of energy dissiption nd redistriutionD is typilly pproximted y mens of empiril orreltionsF he srity of geotehnil informtion nd error propgtion of mesurement tehniquesD usully result in preditions of surfe ground motion tht poorly ompre with low mplitude oservtionsD disrepny even further ggrvted for strong ground motionF sn this pperD we illustrte tht seismi oservtions of site response n e omplementry to geophysil nd geotehnil investigtion proeduresD providing informtion on the inEsitu mteril ehvior under true seismi lodingF sn prtiulrD hyrid optimiztion shemeD omprising geneti lgorithm in series with lol lestEsqure (t opertorD is used for the inversion of wek nd strong motion downhole rry dtD reorded y the tpnese trong wotion xetwork uikExetF eftershok inversion is (rst employed for the estimtion of lowEstrin dynmi soil properties t (ve sttionsF uessivelyD inversion of the minshok empiril site response is employed to extrt the equivlent liner dynmi soil properties t the sme lotionsF pinllyD the oserved mpli(tion nd inverted ttenution ftors re tegorized ording to the urrently estlished sQH site lssi(tion systemF esults illustrte drwks of ontemporry seismi ode provisions in strong motion site response ssessmentD nd highlight the neessity for reEevlution of the site lssi(tion system sed on oservtionsF
DETERMINATION OF VS-MODELS FOR THE BASEL REGION: ARRAY MEASUREMENTS, SASW AND S-WAVE REFLECTION  ID 291
H. B. Havenith, ETH - SED, Switzerland D. Fh, ETH - SED, Switzerland U. Polom, GGA, Germany A. Roulle, BRGM, France

ine PHHQD rdr stellite dt for mny ities from hulin to rif nd wosow to o( hve een used to mp their ground movementsD exploiting the IQEyer rhive of rw informtion now held y the iuropen pe egenyF nder the projet title of qwi err(rmD prtners hve een estlished ross the iuropenEwediterrnen region to extend sienti( nd prtil pplitions in the servie of itizensD qovernmentsD industry nd ommereD nd their results re now emerging to provide exmples within spetrum of ground movements tht n e deteted using ersistent tterrer rdr snterferometry @sAF hey inlude lndslidesD susideneD ompressile soilsD mines nd engineered exvtions ndD through these oservtionsD vulnerility to erthquke shking n e reognisedF dr stellitesD in orits VHHkm ove the irthD hve een olE leting dt through the iuropen pe egeny @ieA sine IWWPD nd hve een providing informtion on ground movements t the entimetre sleF tust S yers goD new proessing tehnique @sAD developed y i in stlyD llowed tenEfold improvement in E pility so tht movements of less thn I millimetre per yer n now e mesuredF epplied to the erthquke ! thretened ity of sstnulD this leding edge tehnology herlds the prospet of vulE nerility mpping over lrge resD t low ostD with improved risk ssessment nd the fousing of resoures for remedil tionF qround vulnerility is the prmeter in the risk eqution whih hs een lest understood nd is lest qunti(leF por sstnulD the s dt illustrtesD in generl termsD why signi(nt dmge in the western prt of the ityD furthest from the IWWW szmit erthqukeD ws more signi(nt tht tht in the estern prtsF mllEsle susidene oserved from spe over the whole of the ityD identi(es tht reltive vulnerility nd piks out relimed lnd nd uried river hnnelsF

CS5-V: Site Response and Site Eects

Thursday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 1
EARTHQUAKE DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA IN ASSESSING THE PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS - A CASE STUDY  ID 1103
M. Bostenaru Dan, ROSE School, Italy

sn the frme of new seismi mirozontion of the fsel regionD n extensive geophysil survey hs een rried out in order to etter onstrin the Ewve veloities nd geometril properties of the surfe lyersF he survey inluded rry mesurementsD eD nd Ewve re)etion seismisF rereD we will fous on the pplition of the rry tehnique pplied y the ihF he rry method onsists of reording mient noise with series of seismologil sttionsF he signls re proessed through puEnlysis in order to determine the dispersion of surfe wves ontined in the noiseF he inversion of the dispersion urve provides Ih sEmodel for the investigted siteF his rry method is prtiulrly well dpted to determine Ewve veloities of sites with thik sediment over ! suh s sedimentry sinsF fsel is loted in the upper hine qren (lled with severl hundreds of meters of sedimentsF sn this region out QH mesurements with sttions in di'erent rry on(gurtions hve een rried out to determine the s properties of vrious geologil lyers down to depth of IHHEPSH mF et eight sitesD e nd Ewve re)etion seismis were rried out y the fqw nd qqeD respetivelyF por these sitesD the outputs of the rry mesurements were ompred with the results of the two other investigtions to outline similrities

he physil vulnerility of uildings is well ssessed y displement spetrF herefore their shpes need further studyD whih ws initited in this pperF gonsidered were the displement spetr for the intermedite depth frE(eld erthquke in rne @IWUUA nd the ner (eld shllow depth one in irzinn @IWWPAF urprisinglyD oth were hrterised y longEperiod pulses with smll durtionD whih explins nd ws re)eted in the destrutiveE ness of the motions on )exile struturesF he models of motions in forwrd ndGor kwrd pulses or s sinusoides previously done were reviewedD s well s studies on the dependene of mgnitude nd site onditions of the shpe of the horizontl displement responseF he nlytil expressions for the displement spetr

21

CS5
derived y pioli @PHHRA were lirted for the erthqukes onsideredD using the prmeters suggestedD the veloity pulse hlf durtion nd the pek ground onsidertionD nd proved to e onsistent in the omputtionsD despite the di'erene in the seismi soure modelsF elthough the soure mehnism must hve een di'erentD the e'ets on strutures of the two erthqukes were similrD due to stonishingly similr @y dmpling ftor of S7A displement spetr shpesF imilr were the deep nd lluvil soil onditionsF por the omprison reinfored onrete frme strutures were onsideredF wost of destrution ws doumented in literture for uildings with more thn R storeysD whih is onsistent with the deformtion sed veri(tion rried outF ine displement spetr prove to e good vulnerility ssessment menD it n only e emphsised tht mirozontion studies tking tht s seD s they hve een reently put forwrdD hve high potentilF efereneX iF pioliD F olui nd tF eyD hisplement spetr for long periodsD irthquke petr PH@PA @PHHRA QRUEQUTF
GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS FOR VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT  ID 1790
A. Ansal, BU-KOERI, Turkey G. Tonuk, BU-KOERI, Turkey

Oral presentations
is the produt of soureD propgtion nd site e'etsF e frune9stype soure is used nd ttenution is deomposed in frequeny dependent term of the form aoflph @nelsti ttenutionA nd nonfrequeny dependent term @geometri ttenutionAF he inversions give moment mgnitudes whih hve the sme orreltion with lol mgnitudes in the three regionsD nd re HFS to I unit lower thn lol mgnitudesD results lso oserved on wiss dt @frunmillerD PHHSAF he nelsti ttenution shows frequeny dependene of the form of HFRD with o rnging from PHH to SHH depending on the regionF he geometri ttenution is pproximtely equl to the theoretil one for odywves @IGAF pinllyD roust site e'ets re omputed whih re onsistent with other independent studiesF
PSHA IN NORTHERN ITALY ACCOUNTING FOR NON-LINEAR SOIL BEHAVIOUR AND EPISTEMIC UNCERTAINTY  ID 1464
F. Pelli, Geodeco S.p.A., Italy M. Mangini, Geodeco S.p.A., Italy P. Bazzurro, Geodeco S.p.A., Italy C. Eva, Universit di Genova, Italy D. Spallarossa, Universit di Genova, Italy S. Barani, Universit di Genova, Italy

wirozontion studies were rried out for (ve mjor muE niiplities loted in di'erent prts of the wrmr egionF hepending on the vilility of geologil nd geotehnil dt the investigted res were divided into totl of VPI ells y grid system of SHHmSHHm or PSHmPSHm ellsF por eh ell representtive oreholes were ssigned for estimting the e'ets of site onditionsF ite response nlyses were onduted for eh ell utilizing n equivlent liner model @hkeWIA using three previously reorded hzrd omptile in terms of mgnitudeD fult type nd fult distneY elertion time histories s outrop motion sled with respet pek ground elertions determined from proilisti nd deterministi seismi hzrd nlysis for eh ellF ite spei( ground motion dt were produed to e used for mirozontion with respet to ground shking intensityD liqueftion suseptiilityD nd lndslide hzrd in ddition to the ssessment of the vulnerility of the uilding stokF he simpler option ws to lulte diretly xir design spetrum using verge sher wve veloityF he seond option is to determine the xir design spetrum sed on the verge of the three elertion response spetrum lulted y site response nlyses for eh ell utilizing (tting lgorithm giving the est outer envelop in terms of xir design spetrumF he results otined re ompred in terms of short period @HFP seA nd long period @IFH seA spetrl elertions otined for xirF st ws oserved tht the spetrl elertions determined y (tting proedure for xir vry in muh roder rnge nd in some sesD it ws oserved tht the simpli(ed proedures would yield vlues on the unonservtive side ompred to those determined y the site response nlysesF
ACCELEROMETRIC DATA JOINT INVERSION AND SITE EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION  ID 1768
S. Drouet, OMP, France S. Chevrot, OMP, France F. Cotton, LGIT, France A. Souriau, OMP, France P. Gueguen, LGIT, France

he pper desries the nlyses rried out to ssess the ground surfe seismi hzrd for n re in xorthwest stlyF elluvil deposits hrterize the investigted reD nd t some lotions oreholesD downEhole sher veloity tests nd mirotremor reords were villeF he nonliner e'ets of the soil lyers on the intensity of the ground motion t the surfe were ptured y siteEspei(D frequenyEdependent mpli(tion funtionD ep@fAD where f is generi osilltor frequenyF sn this study we utilized simpli(ed ut urte pproh for proilisti site mpli(tion ssessment in nonEliner soil depositsF et eh lotion the ep@fA vlues were otined vi regression from those of pilot soil olumns tht were previously nlyzedF housnds of nonliner dynmi nlyses were performed using modi(ed version of the nonEliner omputer progrm whi nd suite of rel rok ground motionsF et eh lotion in the re under onsidertion the regressed medin ep@fA nd relted unertinty were then oupled vi onvolution with the siteEspei( edrok hzrd to otin the desired surfe hzrd for the site @eFgFD fzzurro nd gornellD PHHR nd AF here the results of spei( geotehnil investigtions were villeD ep@fA ws lso preditedD for omprison purposesD y suite of ground motion reords driven through siteEspei( (nite element model of the soil deposit with unertin propertiesF ine the mpli(tion funtions s provided y the simpli(ed pproh depend lso on the elsti fundmentl frequeny of the soil olumnD the nlysis of mirotremor reords provided useful informtionF ome nlyses inluded lso the epistemi unertinty in the input seismiity prmetersD in the soil hrteristis nd in the mpli(tion funtionsF wps with qe nd spetrl elertions for given men return period nd uniform hzrd response spetr t few lotions will e presentedF
MACHINE LEARNING FOR GROUND-MOTION RELATIONS  ID 1438
S. Garcia, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico M. Romo, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico

petrl inversion of lrge sets of ground motion reords hve long een used either to ompute soure properties @mgniE tudeD orner frequenyA or to ompute site e'etsF sn this study we propose n inversion of wve pourier spetr in the frequeny nd HFSGIS rz to otin simultneously seismi momentsD orner frequeniesD nelsti nd geometri ttenution prmetersD s well s site e'etsF e use n itertive qussxewton method to solve this nonliner prolemF htsets omposed of elerometri reords from di'erent @seismilly tiveA res in prne @elpsD yreneesD hine qrenAF he erthqukes hve lol mgnitudes rnging etween QFH nd SFSD nd re reorded t distnes etween IS nd PHH kmF e ssume tht the fr(eld displement spetrum

irthquke ground motions re 'eted y soureD pthD nd lol site response e'etsF hese e'ets re typilly omined for implementtion in seismi hzrd nlysesD where ttenution reltions re used to de(ne the ourrene of n erthquke with prtiulr mgnitude t spei( distne from the siteF feuse of the unertinties inherent in the vriles desriing the soure @inluded mgnitudeD epientrl lotionD depth nd soure dimensionsAD the di0ulty to de(ne tegories for hrterizing the site term @eFgFD rok nd soilA nd our lk of knowledge out wve propgtion proess from soure to siteD it is very ommon tht the preditions from ttenution regression nlyses re inurteF his rtile investigtes how mhine lerning wv methods might

22

Oral presentations
enhne urrent groundEmotion reltions in tht they ontriute to more dptive solutionsF wv proesses dt representing pst expeE rienes nd tries to either develop n pproprite response to future dtD or desrie in some meningful wy the dt seenF e hetE erogeneous tlog @thousnds of groundEmotion reords for events of w S t distnes up to severl hundred uilometers from gsE di regionD tpnD wexio nd outh emeriA ontining events from mny regions nd inluding vrious tetoni nd soilEtype enviE ronments is used to develop wv glol groundEmotion reltions for interfe nd inEsl erthqukesD using regression tree pprohF he (nl wv sheme n e used to predit urtely the dmE ging levels of motion for future erthqukes @in terms of response spetr ordintesA nd to desrie the dependenies etween the input quntities tht govern the physil proessF he lerning tool seems to e very promising lterntive to desrie the erthquke phenomen despite of the limited oservtionsD judgmentD prtil knowledge of geotehnil onditionsD nd miguous resoning employed to infer the ehvior of the poorlyEde(ned universeF
SITE EFFECTS ON DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE SPECTRA BASED ON DIGITAL STRONG MOTION RECORDS  ID 566
R. Paolucci, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy E. Faccioli, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy R. Figini, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy D. Finazzi, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy

CS6
ongoing dvnes in the use nd delivery of hkewp with prtiulr emphsis on our reent e'orts to filitte utomted use of hkewp for deision mkingD eyond simply 4looking4 t hkewpF o this endD we desrie hkegstD short for hkewp frodstD fully utomted system for delivering spei( ex hkewp produts to ritil users nd triggering estlished postEerthquke response protoolsF e lso introdue new produts like feeds for utomtilly reeiving hkewp (lesD wv nd uwv formts for qoogle irth nd other softwreD nd other new toolsF he ltest hkewp relese inludes n unertinty mesureD qunti(ed s funtion of lotion on the mpD whih is ritil for evluting the rnge of possile lossesD nd llows users to guge the pproprite level of on(dene when using rpidly produed hkewps s prt of their postEerthquke ritil deisionEmking proessF pinllyD we desrie the use of preditive hkewps for erthquke enrios s well s for the rpid evlution of signi(nt erthqukes glolly in our new system referred to s eqiD for rompt essessment of qlol irthqukes for esponse @see irle nd ldD this meetingAF hese glol hkewps re onstrined y rpidly gthered intensity dt vi the snternet nd y utomted moment tensor or (nite fult nd rpid ftershok nlyses for portrying fult rupture dimensionsF ell q hkewp nd relted produts n e found t httpXGGerthqukeFusgsFgovGshkempF
THE CONFIDENCE OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE SCENARIOS; EXAMPLES FROM THE CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD  ID 1416
C. Lindholm, NORSAR, Norway S. Molina, Dpto. Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Spain

st hs lredy een widely reognized tht the stndrd wy to lulte design displement spetrl ordintes y simply dividing the elertion spetrum y the squre of the nturl frequeny my led to uneptle errors t long periodsD espeilly in view of the inresing role of displement sed pprohes in urrent seismi designF fsed on the inresing vilility of good qulity digitl reords from strong erthqukes throughout the worldD onsiderle reserh e'ort hs een done in the reent yers to lirte improved displement spetrl shpesD nd to hek their dependene on the more relevnt prmeters for seismi hzrd nlyses nd for seismi designF he lirtion of site mpli(tion ftors suitle for seismi design t long periods is the ojet of this pperF por this purposeD relevnt set of digitl elerogrms from the tpnese uyoshin network @uExetA hve een seletedD in order to over with su0ient numer of reords the vrious site lssesF efter reful exmintion of the in)uene of di'erent seline orretion proedures on the longEperiod spetrl ordintesD nd of di'erent riteri for site lss de(nition sed on the ville soil pro(lesD verge site mpli(tion ftors re derivedD y tking the rtio of the verge response spetr t long periods for the di'erent site lssesF he e'et of mgnitude nd distne on suh site ftors is lso disussedF

irthquke loss modelling is out to eome n imporE tnt tool in mitigtion plnningF voss modelling is sed on prmeterized mthemtil representtion of the dmge prolemD nd while the mthemtil representtion models will ertinly improveD the question of sensitivity to unertin prmeteriztion eomes vitlF sn this work we will investigte the importne of the unertinties of the input prmeters in seismi risk omputtionF he pity spetrum method @gwA is usedD nd the exmples identify some prmeters tht ontriute signi(ntly to the resultsD nd therey to the on(dene levelsF he results demonstrte tht loss senrios my esily vry y s muh s ftor of P due to simple prmeter vritionsF yf prtiulr importne for the unertinty is the rftsmnship qulity of the strutureF he results represent wrning ginst nive eptne of dmge senrios nd strongly support the development of omputtionl methods in whih prmeter unertinty is rried through the omputtions filitting on(dene ounds for the dmge senriosF
IMPLEMENTATION OF RISK-UE APPROACH FOR CREATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK SCENARIOS FOR THE CITY OF BITOLA, MACEDONIA  ID 1253
Z. Milutinovic, IZIIS, Macedonia G. Trendaloski, IZIIS, Macedonia T. Olumceva, IZIIS, Macedonia

CS6-I: Early Warning, Shaking and Loss Scenarios

Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 3
AN UPDATE ON USGS SHAKEMAP DEVELOPMENTS, USES, AND RELATED TOOLS  ID 1078
D. Wald, U.S. Geological Survey, United States B. Worden, U.S. Geological Survey, United States V. Quitoriano, U.S. Geological Survey, United States K. W. Lin, U.S. Geological Survey, United States

e disuss ongoing development nd enhnements of the FF edvned xtionl eismi ystem @exA hkewp system developed under the uspies of FF qeologil urveyF hkewp is system for utomtilly generting mps of ground motion nd intensity in the minutes following n erthqukeF he rpid vilility of these mps is of prtiulr vlue to emergeny response orgniztionsD utilitiesD insurne ompniesD government deisionEmkersD the mediD nd the generl puliF e desrie

suEi enrio nlyses pproh is used to de(ne the sfety nd reliility mrgins of the gity of fitol s well s to provide elements for short nd longEterm mitigtion strtegyD preE vention mesures nd n dequte tion pln to e implemented in the ity @WAF he required qunti(tions re otined through implementtion of di'erent suEi workpkges @IEUAF wo seismi risk senrios re reted for the gity of fitolX IA wroseismi @vIAY ndD PA petrl displement senrio @vPAF he vI senrio is onsidered s minimum requirement for the ityF he seismi demndD in terms of iwEWV intensityD is estimted deterministilly sed on historil erthqukes with signi(nt impt on the ityF vwI frgility models re used to quntify the expeted dmge potentilF he vP senrio is onsidered s the worstEse senrioF he seismi demndD in terms of spetrl displementD is estimted using re @RUS yers return periodAF vwP frgility models re used to quntify

23

CS6
the expeted dmge potentilF por oth senrios the gretest ontriution to the level of seismi risk in the ity is estimted y the expeted dmges nd eonomi losses from future eventsF he lrgest dmging potentil is expeted in the trditionl uilding types with more then TH7 ontriution to the overll eonomi lossesF he erthquke sulty potentil in the gity of fitol is estimted s reltively lowD mounted to HFTEHFV7$ of the totl 'eted popultionF he seismi performne of the essentil lifeline systems @wter nd power supplyA is estimted s fvorle nd serious dverse e'ets re not expeted to the overll urn system ehvior nd responseF
RAPID ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF INVERSION FOR HUGE EARTHQUAKE  ID 914
M. Kuse, Gifu University, Japan M. Sugito, Gifu University, Japan N. Nojima, Gifu University, Japan Y. Enomoto, Gifu University, Japan

Oral presentations
ek eelertion @ieAD nd wg sntensity @wgsAF he in)uene of the erthquke fol depth is lso modelled together with (rst rw evlution of the lol mpli(tion e'et sed on the geotehnil lssi(tion of the siteF he new uilding inventory dtD oming from the lst popultion ensus @se PHHIAD llow to swith from the former onsidertion of single dwellings to the individul uildingsX the vulnerility inventory of the residentil uildings uses the iw sle for orret estimtion of the ih @irthquke esistnt hesignAD improving sustntilly the vulnerility ssessmentF he lirtion of the uildings distriution hs een mde using the postEerthquke survey dtses of the lst QH yersF woreover the time of the event is lso onsidered for the estimtion of the sultiesF e spei( wrning methodology hs een developedD llowing to ssign di'erent lert level sed on the expeted losses rther thn simply on the erthquke mgnitudeF he loss senrios nd the wrning methodology hve een vlidted through the omprison with the losses nd sulties dt of severl stlin erthqukes of the lst QH yersD inluding the lst PHHP wolise nd ugli erthqukeF
CAPABILITIES OF BAYESIAN PROBABILISTIC NETWORKS APPROACH FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK MANAGEMENT  ID 1458
Y. Y. Bayraktarli, Switzerland U. Yazgan, Inst. Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland A. Dazio, Inst. Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland M. Faber, Inst. Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Inst. Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich,

et the xnki trough tht is o'Eshore of the middle of the ronshu nd hikoku sslnd in tpnD the huge erthqukes ourred repetedlyF feuse the huge erthquke long this region hs not ourred for mny yersD the dnger of its ourrene hs een pointed out in reent yersF gonfronting these erthquke disstersD we need the seismi intensity distriution s the minimum required informtion for the e'etive dissterEprevention mesuresF sf we n tke in the seismi intensity distriution sed on detiled prmeters of soure proess right fter n erthqukeD the distriution will e useful informtion for resue nd restortionF his study presents the tehnique for the rpid estimtion of detiled seismi intensity distriution in extensive re sed on the soure proess tht is lulted y the inversion tehnique developed y uuse et lF @PHHRAF sn this studyD the tehnique is pplied to the huge senrio erthquke nmed oki irthquke tht ours long the xnki roughF he strong motions generted ssuming the reurrene of the huge senrio erthquke re used in the inversionF hese ssumed reords re generted y strong motion predition model iw @irthquke wotion redition model on ok surfeA developed y ugito et lF @PHHHAF he elertion envelopes lulted from the elertion time histories re used in the nlysisD nd the sperity pttern of strong motion energy on the fult ws estimted y the inversion tehniqueF xextD for the rpid estimtion of seismi intensity distriutionD the interpoltion tehnique developed y uuse et lF @PHHHA is usedF por shortening the required time for dt proessingD in this interpoltion tehniqueD the points tht should e simulted re seleted in ordne with the shortest fult distneF es resultD the elertion envelops nd seismi intensity distriution sed on the estimted sperity pttern were onsistent with those result sed on the ssumed sperity ptternF

he present pper onsiders lrgeEsle risk sed deiE sion mking in regrd to mngement of erthquke hzrdsF pirst n outline is given on existing methodologies on mngement of erthquke hzrds in terms of pilities nd shortomingsF herefter reently developed generi risk ssessment frmework is introdued whih tkes sis in system representtion through exposuresD diret nd indiret onsequenes s well s vulnerility nd roustnessF he frmework is fully generi in the sense tht the hrteristis of the system re formulted in terms of risk inditors whih my e spei(ed in ordne with the ville informtion onerning given systemF purthermoreD the frmework is fully fyesin suh tht proilisti models nd onsequently lso the risk ssessments n e updted sed on new informtion of relevne for the deision mkingF his in turns llows for onsidering the di'erent deision situtionsD eforeD during nd fter n erthquke tkes pleD sujet to the ville informtion in the di'erent situtionsF he si properties of fyesin roilisti xetworks @fxA re shortly introduedF king sis in previously developed fx sed risk ssessment tools for vulnerility nlysis of strutures nd soilD the presented frmework is then illustrted through n exmple where risk sed deision nlysis on possile retro(tting or reuilding of uilding strutures in lrger prt of ity is performed for the two di'erent situtions E efore nd fter n erthqukeF
SCENARIO SISMICO: A TOOL FOR SEISMIC RISK ANALYSES AND REAL TIME DAMAGE SCENARIOS IMPLEMENTATION  ID 912
A. Balbi, Provincia di Genova, Italy A. Galasco, University of Genoa, Italy S. Giovinazzi, University of Genoa, Italy S. Lagomarsino, University of Genoa, Italy S. Parodi, University of Genoa, Italy

CS6-II: Early Warning, Shaking and Loss Scenarios

Thursday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 3
LOSS SCENARIOS AND WARNING METHODOLOGIES: VALIDATION WITH ITALIAN EARTHQUAKES  ID 362
F. Bramerini, Servizio Sismico Nazionale, Italy A. Lucantoni, Servizio Sismico Nazionale, Italy F. Sabetta, Servizio Sismico Nazionale, Italy

he proedure dopted y stlin givil rotetion for the erthquke loss senrios hs een signi(ntly improved with new methodologies nd dt sesF sn prtiulr di'erent loss estimtion models re onsideredD tking into ount empiril frgility urves nd dmge proility mtries s funtion of ek qround eelertion @qeAD eris sntensity @seAD i'etive

4enrio ismio4 is qs tool thoughtD designed nd implemented y the uthors for the simultion nd the represenE ttion of seismi risk nlyses nd rel time dmge senrios in viguri egion for use y regionl nd lol givil rotetion deprtments nd government o0ilsF rzrdD vulnerilityD exposure nd dmge mps re diretly evluted on the digitl rtogrphy provided y viguri egionD where ommon nlysis unit is identi(edD nd displyed y using the evy wpGwtv pplitionF rzrd senrios re diretly evluted y the tool one the positionD the mgnitude ndD possilyD the hypoentrl

24

Oral presentations
depth is providedF iwEWV mroseimi intensity is employed to desrie the resulting shkingF sntensity inrements re pplied to ount for prtiulr morphologil onditions ssessed from the higitl ilevtion wodel provided y the viguri egionF he hrteriztion of the exposed uildingEstok is otined proessing the ville ensus dt ording to qs utomti proedure llowing updting in the se of new dt vililityF he seismi vulnerility ssessment is therefore otined pplying mroseimi pproh properly spei(ed for the uilding typologies reognized in the territoryF ell the meningful informtion ville on the uildingEstok nd the site e'ets re ounted for y the vulnerility ssessment proeduresF yne the erthquke senrio is setD physil dmgesD losses nd onsequenes to people re utomtilly otined nd displyed in terms of themti mps or dtEse sheetsF he results re provided in the form of possile rngeD s unertinties inherent in the steps inluded in the proposed loss estimtion tool hve een onsideredF his pper is ddressed to the desriptions of the methodologil frmework t the sis of the enrio ismio toolF sn dditionD exmples will e provided to show the e0y of this tool in providing rel time dmge ssessment nd its usefulness in supporting the plnning of tehnil nd nonEtehnil mitigtion strtegiesF
REAL TIME IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS WORLDWIDE FROM ALGERIA M6.7, 2003 TO KASHMIR  ID 613
M. Wyss, WAPMERR, Switzerland

CS6
tion estimtes sed on ttenution equtionsF he simultion E ounts for the interE nd intrEevent omponents of the vrine of the predited ground motionF ptil orreltion priniples re imE plemented in the simultion to generte orrelted rndom (eld to relistilly represent the ground motion distriution etween sites within ertin seprtion distneF ih simultion genertes ground motion footprint over the re of interest t I kilometer gridsD from whih the losses re lultedF he distriution of the struture types loted within the grid ell is ssumed to e deterministiF roweverD the loss rtios within the grid ell re determined with unertinty estimtesF he losses re then ggregted to produe proilisti loss estimte for one ground motion simultionF he proilisti loss estimtes for ll simultions re then omined to hrterize the proility distriE ution of the totl event lossF he loss estimtes re lso lulted t postl ode nd ounty levelsF he geogrphi vrition in loss unertinties is evluted y ompring the oe0ients of vrition @gA ross the study reF he results of this study n e used to gin etter perspetive of the rnge of possile loss vlues for senrio eventD whih is very useful for disster plnnersD risk mngersD etF
REAL-TIME GROUND MOTION FROM THE NEW STRONG MOTION SEISMIC NETWORK IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA  ID 689
A. Rosenberger, Geological Survey of Canada, Canada G. Rogers, Geological Survey of Canada, Canada

he im of rel time loss estimtes @numer of ftlitiesD injured nd dmgeA is to distinguish mjor dissters from minor onesD suh tht interntionl help n e o'ered with miniml delyD yet unneessry moiliztions of resue tems re voidedF huring the lst three yersD ewi hs issued rel time lerts for potentilly dmging erthqukesD world wideF ell erthquke dissters lrge enough to wrrnt n interntionl response were identi(ed s suhF xo minor dissters were misidenti(ed s in the elgerin erthquke of PHHQD wheres in othersD s in the ushmir PHHS erthqukeD the numer of ftlities ws underestimted @our initil lert spoke of thousnds of ftlities insted of tens of thousndsAF sing the ushmir experiene to lirte our erlier estimte of future losses of life in rimlyn erthqukes @yssD wrh PHHSAD we (nd tht the ltter should e orreted upwrd y multiplying y ftor of PFRF o ssist with improving the dt set on uilding frgility in developing ountriesD we hve olleted high resolution stellite imges for UHH ities in erthquke prone resF prom these we n onstrut Qh models of these itiesD in whih we n ount the uildings in height lsses of our hoieF sn dditionD these imges re now stored in lirryD where we n ess them in rel timeD one one of these ities is hit y n erthqukeF sn suh seD we intend to mke these imges ville in rel timeD long with our lertsD for resue tems nd disster mngers to ssist them in plnning nd exeuting resuesF yver the yersD our response time hs deresed from out two hours to QH minutesF e onlude tht our lert system is suessfulD yet our servie n e improved y n order of mgnitudeF
UNCERTAINTY OF PORTFOLIO LOSS ESTIMATES FOR LARGE EARTHQUAKES  ID 1117
G. Molas, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States R. Anderson, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States P. Seneviratna, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States T. Winkler, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States

gnd9s hief vulnerility to erthqukes is onenE trted in few urn regionsF he i( ost of the provine of fritish golumi is sujet to the hzrd posed y the gsdi sudution zone with the ssoited erthquke senrios of shllow rustl eventsD deeper surustl events nd mgnitude W megthrust erthqukesF he qeologil urvey of gnd opertes new relEtime ground motion reporting network of elerogrphs in fritish golumiF es of tnury PHHTD oneEhundred instruments hve een deployedD most onentrted in nd round the urn entres of nouver nd iE toriF he instruments omine severl funtionsD serving s ontinuE ously reording strong motion elerogrphsD nd t the sme timeD s sensors whih utomtilly detet events nd report relEtime ground motion prmeters suh s pek ground elertion @qeAD veloity @qAD nd spetrl intensity @sAF snstruments form netE work using vrious physil mens of ommunitionsD inluding wiredD wireless nd stellite snternet linksF tndrd snternet protoE ols re employed to onvey ground motion reportsF he whole network of instruments thus does not depend on the existene of seismi dt entre to nlyze full wveform dtD genE erte n lrm nd susequently dissiminte ground motion mpsF snstedD ground motion prmeters from n instrument re relyed diretly to disster response genies nd lifeline nd ritil infrsE truture opertorsF e prototype lient systemD whih depits pek ground motion vlues on themti mpD is in opertion with the winistry of rnsporttion in fritish golumiF he reliility of lrms from this network s well s the qulity of the generted shke mps depend primrily on sttion densityF ine the instruments re inexpesive to ownD deployD nd operteD dense rrys hve eome relisti propositionF

hile it is importnt to estimte the expeted losses for lrge senrio eventsD it is eqully importnt to e le to quntify the unertinty of these loss estimtesF he ojetive of this study is to quntify the unertinty of loss estimtes for lrge senrio event t severl levels of geogrphi resolutionX postl odeD ountyD nd stteF he soures of unertinty onsidered re from oth the ground motion nd the loss rtio modelingF he IWHT n prniso erthquke is presented s se studyF wonte grlo simultions re pplied round the medin ground moE

CS6-III: Early Warning, Shaking and Loss Scenarios

Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 3
DEMONSTRATIVE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES  ID 651
X. Goula, Institut Cartograc de Catalunya, Spain B. Colas, Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, France J. Jara, RSE S.A., Spain

25

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N. Romeu, RSE S.A., Spain P. Dominique, France T. Susagna, Institut Cartograc de Catalunya, Spain J. Irizarry, Institut Cartograc de Catalunya, Spain O. Sedan, Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, France M. Montserrat, CRECIT, Andorra A. Roca, Institut Cartograc de Catalunya, Spain Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres,

Oral presentations
the monitor unit @ displyD spekers nd fourEolored ptrol lightA nd employee9s ellulr phonesF e re lso using it for the usiness of the ompnyF he erthquke informtion synhronizes with yment insurne lultion systemD nd estimtes the pyment insurne nd lls memers for the dmge ssessment utomtillyF
URBAN SYSTEM UNDER EARTHQUAKE THREAT. APPLICATION TO THE AZORES  ID 616
C. S. Oliveira, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Portugal J. M. Proenca, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Portugal M. A. Ferreira, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Portugal F. Mota De S, Fuzzy, Lda, Portugal J. C. Nunes, Universidade dos Aores, Portugal M. L. Sousa, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal

he existing seismi informtion systems t the present time in iurope re limited in the mount of provided useful inforE mtionF ith the purpose of improve this sitution demonstrtive utomti seismi informtion system @seh projetA hs een developed on the istern yrenees @some rovines in pinD prenh heprtment nd endorrAF e rel time system sed on e seismi network hs een developed (rst in gtloni nd now it is opertionl in n extended regionD with Q new elerometri sttions in prneD I in endorr nd totl of IV seismi sttions for the seismi network F his projet is (nnilly supported y pihiD y the prenh invironment winistry nd the gtln uli orks heprtmentF he system n generte utomtilly few minutes fter the erthquke to uthorized people @givil hefene risis mngersA n informtive note with the estimtion of the possile dmges sed on three di'erent soft modulesX iA eismi eutomti hetermintion @ehA of the hypoentrl prmeters of lol erthquke reorded in qusi rel timeF he system is founded on irthworm toolsD developed in the q nd dpted to the lol onditions of the seismi e networkY iiA eutomtiztion of the report delivering with the estimted fol prmetersD vi pxD w or snternet @eleevisAF st is possile to de(neD thorough (ltersD the onditions required to the fol prmeters performed y eh to e sentD s the qulity of the determintionD or the threshold vlue for the mgnitudeY iiiA eutomti dmge senrios genertion orresponding to the eventul dmges used y n erthquke nd utomti delivery of tles nd mps @eihAF he senrios re de(ned following vulnerility ssessment methodologies pplied to the sle of distrit9s reD using qs tehniquesF his utomti seismi informtion system n ontriute to enhne the mngement of the risis nd shre ountry9s (rstEid orgniztions
EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM AT A LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND A PRIVATE COMPANY IN JAPAN  ID 741
H. Negishi, Nation. Japan S. Yamamoto, Nation. Res. Inst. for Earth Sci. and Disas. Prev., Japan Res. Inst. for Earth Sci. and Disas. Prev.,

essessing nd mnging erthquke risks re topis eing developed in reent yersF sn the ezores muh dvnement ws reently omplished in the re of the erthquke soures nd wve propgtionD even though there re no omplete models to explin the seismoEtetonis of the rhipelgoF he present projet follows previous one developed in the period IWWUEPHHID whih ontriuted to the seismi hzrd nd risk ssessment in the gentrl qroup of the ezores erhipelgoF he present projet ims t the development of generl methodology for reting erthqukeErisk senrios tht tkes into onsidertion the distintive fetures of ezores sslndF rtiulr ttention will e given to the response of the urn entres ehving s n entire systemD onsidering the eonomi impt nd popultion retion @rollisti viewAF sn order to hieve this gol some detiled methodologies will e developed to nlyse the vulnerility of existing housing in lrge towns of ereirD pil nd ioD pplying the iwEWV mroseismi sle onepts nd mehnil tehniques to model seismi response of uildings onstrutionsF he in)uene of the soil lyers @geologil nd geomorphologi e'etsAD slip in mpped fults nd evlution of the possile lndslides nd liqueftion will e tken into ountF en utomti seismi senrio loss estimte methodology integrted on qeogrphi snformtion ystem @qsAD whih omprises modules evluting edrok seismi inputD lol soil e'etsD vulnerility nd frgility nlysis nd humn losses nlysis will e pplied to ezores erhipelgoF his permits the endEuser to rry out omplete seismi risk ssessment nd to produe seismi risk senrios nd seismi risk mps t three geogrphil slesX freguesi @ity ounilAD suseo esttsti @ity lokA nd individul uildingF he pplition of system nlysis to urn entres in ezores @uiA will e n importnt tool to help emergeny plnningD online impt evlutionD nd for urn nd lndEuser plnnersF
SELECTION OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SEISMIC INPUT FOR EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOS  ID 1898
A. Masi, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy M. Mucciarelli, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy M. Vona, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy

e hve developed the elEtime irthquke snformtion ystemD whih provides erthquke informtion just few seonds fter Ewve rrivl t the nerest sttion from hypoenter @roriuhi et lFD feD PHHSAF his system determines hypoenter nd mgnitude immeditely y using telemetry seismogrphs network operted y xtionl eserh snstitute for irth iene nd hisster revention @xsihAF hus we get erly wrning for ig ground motion efore it egins in n re little fr from hypoenterF xow we re onduting the tul proof experiment in ollortion with lol government nd privte ompnyD in order to verify the vlidity nd prtility out the rodsting nd pplition of this informtionF he erthquke lrm informtion is utomtilly sent from xsih to the pujisw gity y0eD ungwD tpnD for lrge erthquke ourrenesF ht proessing gs t the o0e estimtes seismi intensity nd Ewve rrivl time nd disply themF he g hs funtion to ontrol n eightEhnnel eletri rely utomtilly ording to the informtionD so we n ontrol ptrol lightsD some instrumentsD etF e strted the system in tuly PHHPD nd now the IR puli hllsD two muniipl shools nd ity hospitl hve this systemF okio wrine xihido isk gonsulting goFD vtdFD risk onsulting susidiry of one of the mjor sulty insurne ompnies in tpnD introdued this system in tune PHHQF he erthquke lrm informtion is minly used for the employee9s sfetyF ht proessing gs trnsmit intensity nd wve rrivl time to

wny studies on the seismi vulnerility ssessment of uilding strutures on(rm the strong role of the seismi input hrteristisF sn this workD fter short desription of the min ground motion prmeters @strong motionD energyD durtionAD non liner dynmi nlyses on some g frme strutures re performed @wsiD PHHQAF he exmined strutures re present in the iuropen uilding stok nd re representtive of uilding types designed only to vertil lodsF purtherD y reognizing the mjor role of msonry in(lls in the seismi ehviour of uildings without erthquke resistnt designD uilding without in(llsD regulrly in(lledD nd with pilotis re exminedF erti(ilD simulted nd reorded time histories re used in the simultionsF erti(il elerogrms re generted using the swui odeF imulted elerogrms re otined from omputer progrm nmed fivpeqy derived from n older ode @wuirelli et lFD IWWUAF foth rti(il nd simulted elerogrms re spetrumEomptile with the igV elsti response spetr for

26

Oral presentations
f ground typeF el elerogrms reorded during pst seismi events re usedD minly drwn from the iuropen strongEmotion dtnkF he seismi response nd the relevnt dmge levels of the exmined strutures re evluted nd ompred s funtion of the min ground motion prmetersF hen using rti(il elerogrms generted unrelisti dmge levels re omputedD thus they pper indequte for erthquke senriosF hey re too onerous when ompred to rel elerogrmsD ssuming equl qe vluesD euse of their dmge potentil nd frequeny ontentF esults loser to the ehviour shown y g uildings in pst erthqukes re otined y pplying rel elerogrmsF roweverD using them the results show very high stterF sntermedite results re otined using simulted time histories generted y the fivpeqy odeD le to mimi rel elerogrms for similr mgnitudeD distne nd site onditions ndD t the sme timeD onverge in frequeny domin to referene response spetrumF
STATION DENSITY AND ITS ROLE IN THE EVOLUTION OF EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING ESTIMATES  ID 1665
G. Cua, ETH Hoenggerberg, Switzerland T. Heaton, California Institute of Technology, United States S. Wiemer, ETH Hoenggerberg, Switzerland C. P. Stamatiade, MTCT, Romania G. Ionescu, MTCT, Romania

CS7

he irtul eismologist @A method is fyesin pE proh to erthquke erly wrning tht filittes the use of diverse types of informtion in relEtime erthquke soure hrE teriztionF sn the erly stges of the erthquke rupture proess when oserved ground motions re sreD the estimtes re highly in)uened y relevnt prior informtion suh s previously oserved seismiityD network topologyD nd known fult lotionsF ttion density in the soure region plys n importnt role in how the soure estimtes nd their ssoited unertinties evolve with timeF oure estimtes nd unertintiesD nd not the soure estimtes loneD ply pivotl role in the deisionEmking proess of susriers ttempting to use erly wrning informtion to initite dmgeEmitigting tions efore the onset of destrutive ground motionsF o illustrte the e'ets of sttion density on the evolution of estimtesD we will ompre how the method would hve performed during the PHHR wTFH rk(eld erthquke using IA low density relEtime sttions trnsmitting dt to the gliforni sntegrted eismi xetwork nd PA the high density gliforni qeologil urvey nd qeologil urvey strong motion rryD hd they een trnsmitting dt in relEtimeF e ttempt to hrterize su0ient sttion density s funtion of user requirements in terms of ville wrning time nd unertinty on soure estimtesF e ttempt to ddress IA whether the potentil ene(ts of erly wrning informtion justify the osts of dditionl sttion deployments given the urrent osts of instrumenttionD nd PA whether the ostEene(t rtio eomes more ttrtive with di'erent instrumenttion strtegies @for instneD high density of relEtime strong motion sensorsD s opposed to joint rodnd nd strong motion instlltionsAF uh ostEene(t nlyses my help determine whih types of pplitionsD nd whih soureE regionGtrget wrning re geometries re est suited to erly wrningF

he seismiity of omniD is dominted y lrge rne intermedite depth erthqukesD with high intensities over SH7 of the territory nd reent dissters in IWRH nd IWUUF ine the reurrene is t some dedesD it is di0ult to keep live the puli wrenessF he pper presents the needs nd mens of erthquke prepredness of itizens nd shool students edution nd triningD s longEterm progrm of the winistry of rnsportsD gonstrution nd ourism ! wgD omniF es ounterprt tivityD tsge ! tpn snterntionl goopertion egenyD in oopertion with wgD (nned tpnEomni rojet on eismi isk eduE tionD on PHHPEPHHUD hving the xtionl genter for eismi isk edution ! xg s implementing genyD sxgig nd gf s prtnersF he (rst nd most ritil issue is to inrese the tive involvement of prtment owners in retro(tting their highErise uildings tht represent (rst lss of risk nd puli dngerF wny of them void to engge in strengthening worksD lthough they reognize the riskD lthough (nnil inentives from puli funds re quite dvntgeousF he pper evlute tpnese mens of knowledge dissemintion for onvining nd trining itizens for risks mitigtionF roweverD knowledge trnsfer must e dpted to omnin onditionsD sine erthqukes hve other ptternsD while strutures nd itizens pereptions re di'erentF e used seminrs with tpnese ixpertsD ooklets nd posters to inform itizensD s well s questionnire surveysF por erthquke edution of studentsD the di0ulty is relted to the need of permnent mss knowledge trnsfer through ooklets nd postersD urriul nd periodil disster response exeriesF e desrie the new set of edutionl mterilsD mde in PHHSEPHHT y wgEsxgigD with ollortion of xgEtsge ixpertsF yther issues refer to the legl frmework improvements due for PHHTD in order to stressEout the situtions of puli dngerD the ompulsory exmintion ndD if neessryD strengthening of uildingsF
TRAINING PEOPLE FOR DISASTERS IN RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES - FROM RISK TO OPPORTUNITY  ID 1376
M. Hosseini, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) Y. Izadkhah, Humanitarian Resilience, Craneld University, UK

CS7-I: Strategies in Earthquake Mitigation

Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 1
EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS IN ROMANIA AND KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION IN A JICA PROJECT ON SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION  ID 348
E. S. Georgescu, NCSRR and NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR

sn reent yersD 4gommunityEfsed hisster wngeE ment4 @ghfwAD hs een held to e one of the most e'etive mens of suessful disster mngement in vrious ommunitiesF his lso pplies to lrge populted itiesD omposed of vrious smll ommunitiesD where the resue tivities n e hindered due to vriety of ftorsD whih inlude the disruption of urn trnsporttion systemsF sn ftD issues suh s dely in nnouning the lotion of erthquke epienter nd suitle resue routes nd ess pths hve resulted in resue tems eing less e'etive in the initil ruil hours following n erthqukeF his is lso to some extent pplile to other disstrous eventsD where provision of id y the lol people t the site is onsidered to e one of the most e0ient soures of ssistne in the very (rst hours fter the eventF he proess n e filitted more e'etively if it is to e pplied to n re with preEde(ned ordersF ith this in mindD it is resonle to expet tht trined residents of residentil omplex @whose numers my vry from tens to hundredsA re the (rst people who n ssist the sulties without delyF en ttempt hs een mde in this pper to explin issues with regrd to these kinds of trining progrmmes nd their implementtion in vrious ommunitiesE prtiulrly the populted omplexes of lrge ities in developing ountriesF he pper lso disusses the roles of vrious groups of people inluding women nd hildrenD nd how they n e trined to provide neessry ssistneF
THE SOCIAL CHALLENGES AGAINST EARTHQUAKE MITIGATION IN TURKEY FOCUSING ON CULTURE OF PEOPLE LIVING  ID 681
K. Eraybar, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey A. Ilki, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

BUILDING RESEARCH, Romania T. Kaminosono, JICA-NCSRR, Romania K. Miyara, JICA-NCSRR, Romania R. Ghica, NCSRR, Romania

27

CS7
IIS irthqukes using dethD hve een experiened in entoliD sine IWHHF st is predited tht pproximtely WHFHHH people died nd QHHFHHH people got injured s onsequene of these erthqukesF sn the ltest erthqukes of uoeli nd huze in IWWWD e'eting wrmr regionD lmost PHFHHH people lost their livesF istern wrmr regionD whih ws severely e'eted y the IWWW erthqukesD hd eome n intensively industrilized re efore these erthqukesD s result of wrong regionl development strteE giesF he re eme very ttrtive to the people migrting from rurl res sine it o'ered wide jo opportunities nd reltively higher level of slriesF feuse of lrge numers of migrntsD ofE (il onstrution setor got insu0ient in overing the demnd of housing needsD nd mny uildings hd een onstruted with low qulity workmnshipD with no or very low level of engineering input nd low qulity of onstrution mterilsF st should e highlighted tht the inspetion system did not work eitherD oth due to tehnil nd ethil prolemsF yn the other hndD oth quiting the rurl res nd eing pesE ntD the new inhitnts of ities hd so mny onfusions nd difE (ulties in metropolsF his prolem reted the soil reson of hving this unhelthy stok of onstrutionsF xot eing le to entegrte into the ityD they reted their own ulture !s my e lled squtter ultureE with the identity of neither pesnt nor ity dwellersF hese people were not only more vulnerle to dissters ut lso e'eted ll lyers of the soiety y their living nd thinking ttitudesF sn this studyD it is exmined if IWWW wrmr erthqukes re turning points from the soil spet to eliminte the unhelhty onstrutions omplined outF ome soilD eonomi nd legl mitigtion suggestions re o'ered to the ountries experiening the sme period s wrmr regionF
COMBINED EFFECTS OF FIBRE MORTARS AND REINFORCED POLYMERS ON THE SEISMIC CAPACITY OF MASONRY STRUCTURES  ID 784
E. Juhasova, Institute of Construction and Architecture SAS,

Oral presentations
his undersores the urgeny to (nd simple nd eonomi solutions to reinfore doe housesF his pper summrizes reserh projet developed to explore the use of plsti meshes s reinforement for doe struturesF pour fullEsle doe house modules were tested on the shking tle of the gtholi niversity of eruF he (rst module ws unreinfored nd represented typil doe dwellingF sts ehvior under strong shking ws quite poorD with rittle filure of the wllsF he seond module ws overreinfored y ompletely wrpping ll wlls with polymer meshF huring the dynmi tests the module moved prtiE lly s rigid odyD with little dmge on the doe wlls nd sliding filure of the wlls on their onrete foundtionF he third module hd more sprse reinforement onsisting of nds of lighter polymer meshD pled t seleted lotionsF sts seismi eE hvior ws quite goodD euse lthough the wlls were dmgedD the reinforement nds were le to hold the piees together nd ollpse ws therefore vertedF he fourth module ws reinfored with plsti mesh used s protetion during rod worksD whih is fr heper thn the polymer mesh used for the previous two modE ulesF he seismi simultion test results show tht it is possile to use plsti mesh s onvenient seismi reinforement of doe housesF he next steps will e to optimize the reinforement design nd to develop guidelines for the retro(t of existing houses nd the design nd onstrution of new seismi resistnt doe housesF
GEOTECHNICAL RISK AND THE URBAN EXPANSION OF THE COASTAL METROPOLE OF GREATER BEIRUT  ID 12
J. Harb, Notre Dame University, Lebanon

Slovakia (Slovak Republic) R. Sofronie, University of Bucharest, Romania M. Hurak, HurakLtd, Slovakia (Slovak Republic)

he pper investigtes severl setors in the qreter feirut ere where in se of seismi event onsiderle geotehnil risk is presentF he most signi(nt one is the risk of liqueftion tht exists t severl sitesD sometimes exeeding VH 7 proility for return period of SH yersF woreover urn expnsion on these geotehnilly risky res hs neither een refrined nor ontrolled y legisltive uilding regultionsF e grphil representtions of the results re key tools for urn plnnersD engineers nd insurne industryD ll onerned y urn risk nd nturl hzrdsF

he msonry strutures elong to the most vulnerle strutures whih hve reorded hevy dmge or totl ollpse due to erthqukesF wny tul strutures nd lrge models were investigted y uthors in the frmework of ntionl nd interntionl reserh projetsF snvestigtion of lrge sle msonry models tested on shking tles in di'erent iuropen lortories gve enough dt for the theoretil nd numeril nlysis of the seismi response mehnism nd for uilding the sis of prtil rules for the design of new nd for upgrding of existing struturesF he pper will present the min milestones of reserhD synthesis of otined results nd the estimte of ontriution of (re mortrs nd reinfored polymers to the totl seismi resistne of msonry struturesF ixmples of numeril nlysis nd experiments will e represented y results otined for symmetril msonry strutures of one nd two storeys onstruted from solid msonry units oth with the use of (re mortrs nd reinfored polymersF hisussion on the strtegy for the mitigtion of seismi vulnerility of these frequently uilt strutures is rried on in reltion to di'erent seismi input senriosF
SEISMIC REINFORCEMENT OF ADOBE HOUSES USING EXTERNAL POLYMER MESH  ID 632
M. Blondet, Catholic University of Peru, Peru D. Torrealva, Catholic University of Peru, Peru J. Vargas, Catholic University of Peru, Peru J. Velasquez, Catholic University of Peru, Peru N. Tarque, Catholic University of Peru, Peru

CS7-II: Strategies in Earthquake Mitigation

Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 1
JOINT RESEARCH PROJECT ON DISASTER MITIGATION BY APPLYING THE INFORMATION SHARING PLATFORM  ID 479
S. Takeyasu, Kawasaki Laboratory, NIED, Japan G. Yozo, Kawasaki Laboratory, NIED, Japan

irthqukes ourring in developing ountries demonE strte gin nd gin tht doe houses re highly vulnerle nd tht millions of people who live in these houses re t gret riskF

st is well known tht the lk in informtion shring led to n enlrgement of erthquke dmges in the ryogoEken xmu erthquke of IWWSF sn the xiigtEken ghuetsu @the entrl xiigt prefetureA erthquke of ytoer PQD PHHR nd the xiigt nd pukushim hevy rinfll of ytoer PHHRD howeverD lessons lerned in the pst events of disster were not neessrily re)eted in terms of informtion shringF por the purpose of mitigting dmges due to disstersD reserh on disster mitigtion using risisEdptive informtion shring tehnology ws ommened in tulyD PHHRD s three yer joint projet etween government o0e nd genyD ntionl reserh institutesD universitiesD xy nd privte ompnyF xtionl eserh snstitute for irth iene nd hisster revention @xsihA is in hrge of projet mngement s the representtive orgniztionF wjor reserh items onduted re s followsX @IA hevelopment of the disster informtion shring pltform @PA enlysis nd regultion on rules for disster informtion shring @QA hevelopment of sptil dt preprtion methods @RA hevelopment of systems to ollet

28

Oral presentations
disster informtion y lol inhitnts nd to trnsmit disster informtion to lol inhitnts @SA eserh on disster mitigting ountermesures mking e0ient use of shred informtion he development of ommunition protool nd dtse system for the pltform hs een ompletedF he reserh on informtion items nd sptil dt trnsmitted through the pltform hs een proeededF ystems for informtion olletion nd trnsmissionD simultors nd informtion shring systems for lol governmentsD lifeline orportions hve een developedF henD proof tests re sheduled to e onduted this yerD in whih the developed systems nd tools re pplied experimentlly to tul lol governments to prove their e'etivenessF his pper introdues the results of the projet still in progress for the lst two yersF
SHOULD WE WORRY ABOUT THE POTENTIAL SEISMIC HAZARD IN A REGION OF MODERATE SEISMICITY?  ID 1532
J. S. Kuang, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

CS7
periodA he methodology is omprised of the following stgesX E eismi design of di'erent upgrde levels nd orresponding ost estimtes E xonliner nlysis of the originl uilding nd its upgrded versions to di'erent erthquke mgnitudes E hmge estimtion to the struture nd (nish worksF E ionomil ssessment of humn lifeEloss nd injuries for eh upgrded levelD under given seismi lodsF E hetermine of the optiml upgrde level of n existing uildingF st is sed on the ost of upgrde nd the expeted ost of the estimted dmgesF he methodology n e pplied to evlute the optiml level of seismi design nd for the evlution of n optiml level of seismi upgrding of group of di'erent types of existing uildings to hieve mximum ene(t from limited udgetF he pper will present the proposed pproh nd demonstrte its pilities through worked out exmpleF
RATIONAL SEISMIC DESIGN AND REDESIGN OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES  ID 316
V. Davidovici, Dynamic Concept, France

huring the pst three dedesD most of reserh e'orts in erthquke engineering were onentrted on the erthquke disster mitigtion for regions of high seismiityF st ws not until the erthquke in xewstleD eustrliD in IWWID whih ws medium erthquke ut used out PFS illion dollrs of dmgeD tht ttention to the potentil seismi hzrd in moderte seismiity regions ws revivedF his erthquke revels tht lthough the seismi intensity of n erthquke is not highD it my use signi(nt loss of life nd eonomyF sn regions of low to moderte seismiityD engineers normlly do not inlude seismi onsidertions in uildings designF his is true for mny territoriesD suh s rong uongD the u nd mny other prts of iurope nd esiF e struture whih is designed nd deE tiled sed only on grvity nd other inidentl horizontl lods would hve to rely on its inherent dutility to eptly respond to unexpeted seismi exittionsF he primry ojetive of this pper is to present the need for erthquke resistne onsidertion in uilding designs in moderte seismiity regionsD sed on the se studies of rong uongF ixE perimentl studies of lrgeEsle speimens on the seismi ehviour nd inherent dutility of nonEseismilly designed reinfored onE rete struturesD s prtised in low proility of seismi ourE rene regionsD hve een presentedD whih inlude olumnsD sher wllsD emEolumn jointsD frmes nd wllEfrme struturesF st is deduted tht the erthquke risk of uilding strutures in region of moderte seismiity is not nilF he experimentl results hve reveled tht the inherent dutility of nonEseismilly designed nd detiled g strutures my not su0iently stisfy the dutility demnd for the requirements in moderte seismiity regionsF wodi(tions in detiling tehniques for nonEseismi design should e mde in order for improving the seismi performne nd enhning the dutility of nonEseismilly designed g struturesF
AN ECONOMIC-ENGINEERING APPROACH FOR UPGRADING THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING BUILDINGS  ID 1074
D. Segal, NBRI-Technion, Israel S. Schwarz, NBRI-Technion, Israel D. Yankelevsky, NBRI-Technion, Israel E. Leibowitz, NBRI-Technion, Israel I. Nasseiri, NBRI-Technion, Israel

rospitls nd other helth filities re fol points for ny ommunity ndD fter dissterD ply vitl role in ttending to the injuredF here is widely held expettion tht suh filities re prepred to del with ny risisF hen designing hospitl uildings nd equipment for seismi reE gionsD seismi hzrd must e tken into ount in the erly stgesD thus hieving struturlly sound system t n eptle ostF his report strts with summry of struturlD nonEstruturl nd funtionl dmge to medil re filities worldwide etween IWSP nd PHHRF hrwing on numerous referenes nd nlyses of the e'ets of erthqukes on helth filitiesD the report ontins rief presentE tions of reent oneptul design nd redesign ginst seismi hzrdF he min struturl ftors re desried in detilF he report lso investigtes the intertion etween hospitl uildings nd equipment during seismi tivityF rospitls must remin fully opertionl in the event of n erthqukeF he report desries the omintion of seismi risk with expeted performne @fuilding on(gurtionD truturl performneD truturl detilsD xonEstruturl omponents nd iquipmentA so tht medil re filities n ontinue to operte e'etivelyD oth during nd fter n erthqukeF
A GLOBAL EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY ESTIMATION SYSTEM (GEVES): AN APPROACH TO INSURANCE RISK  ID 1491
R. Spence, Department of Architecture, Cambridge University, UK L. Leone, Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd, UK H. Castella, PartnerRe, Switzerland G. Andrea, PartnerRe, Switzerland S. Jenny, PartnerRe, Switzerland

his pper presents methodology to determine the optiE ml level of seismi upgrding of existing uildingsD sed on eonomiEengineering riteriF he optiml upgrding level is determined s the one tht involves the minimum life yle ost to the user nd to the soietyF he life yle ost in this se is omposed fromX E he present investment tht represent the ost ofX upgrding designD mterils nd lor works needed for the upgrde nd the ost of uilding dysfuntion during the upgrding worksF E he present vlue of expeted osts of seismi dmge @ost of dmge to uildingD ost of ftlitiesD ost of injuriesD ost of lost ontents nd ost of dysfuntion of the uilding during the repir

irthquke loss estimtion is inresingly importnt for the insurne nd reinsurne industryD in order to estimte dequte insurne nd reinsurne premiums tht ount for the potentilly lrge losses resulting from erthqukesF gurrent methods tend either to rely on the limited historil dmge nd loss dt or on the numeril simultion of the response of individul uildings to the ground shking produed y erthqukesF sn mny ountriesD howeverD the lk of detiled informtion on uildings nd ground shking renders the seond pproh di0ult to implement in ny relisti wyF et the end neither pproh is stisftory for mny insurersF huring PHHSD rterreD in ssoition with ge vtdD set out to develop new genertion of loss models to (t with their own existing erthquke ourrene modelsF he im ws to provide inventory nd eonomi loss dt for erthquke ourrene in QP di'erent ountries nd regionsD sed on lol understnding of the ftors 'eting lossesF he resulting produt known s qii @qlol irthquke ulnerility istimtion ystemA ws required to hve the following feturesX rnspreny fsed on the est ville worldwide expertise herived from nd tested ginst rel oserved lossesD inluding the most reent ixpliitly deling with unertinty

29

CS8
t eh step imple to pply for rnge of lients9 needs e key ssumption ws tht mroseismi intensity rther thn spetrl displement would e the sis of loss estimtionF he pper desries the model with emphsis on its struture nd the justi(tion for the ssumptions mdeF he pper will lso disuss vlidtion of the model ginst lulted pprohes nd oserved lossesD nd the tretment of unertinty within the modelF
PROPOSAL OF A NEW RISK FINANCE METHOD FOR BUSINESS CONTINUITY  ID 1461
S. Nishikawa, Cabinet Oce Disaster Management, Japan S. Fukushima, Tokyo Electric Power Services Co. Ltd, Japan H. Yashiro, The Tokio Marine & NIchido Risk Consulting Co., Japan

Oral presentations
(eld dt tht then feed into rther rude estimtes of the imptF he dmge due to liqueftion estimted using re re omE pred with (eld oservtions from the IWWW uoeli erthquke in edpzriF he pper onsiders the fesiility for developing improved pprohesD in whih the inherently very lrge unertinties in estimting the nture nd extent of these groundEfilure hzrds ! whih is muh lrger thn the lredy onsiderle unertinty in estimting groundEshking hzrd ! eome primry onsiderE tionF e new pproh for estimting losses due to liqueftion ! omining displementEsed mehnil elements with empiril omponents ! is presentedF he issues relted to simultneously estimting losses due to ground shking nd due to ground filure re lso disussedF
TSUNAMI HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT ALONG THE WESTERN COAST OF THAILAND  ID 1897
H. Bungum, NORSAR, Norway C. B. Harbitz, NGI, Norway F. Lvholt, NGI, Norway C. Lindholm, NORSAR, Norway S. Glimsdal, NGI, Norway F. Nadim, NGI, Norway

o minimize eonomi dmge y sudden dissters suh s erthqukesD seuring immedite funding for usiness reovery is indispensleF sn tpnD we hve witnessed ses where enterprises hd to ndon its opertions due to shortge of immedite funds for usiness reovery fter erthqukesF he tpnese qovernment reently issued set of usiness ontinuity 8 disster prepredness guidelines where it lls for usinesses to pln for quik resumption of opertionsF here re some existing methods for risk (nningD for exmpleD erthquke insurne nd eF roweverD there is still room for etter risk (nning methods to e developedF sn this pperD the pros nd ons of existing risk (nning methods re exminedF e new method is proposedD omining fetures of erthquke insurne nd prmetri triggered e with fous on minimizing sis risk y providing possiilities for refund y reipient when the immedite dmge is limitedF e model portfolio of IH uilding ssets in okyo wetropolitn re ws pplied in nlyzing the performne of this methodF hrough the pplitionD the following (ndings were otinedY this method llows su0ient risk trnsfer s provided y erthquke insurne nd lso enles immedite funding sine it does not need witing for dmge ssessmentD ompred to existing e methods this method enles lowering the ost y risk tkersD heneD this method is ttrtive for oth the reipient nd the risk tkers nd hs good possiility to e new tool for risk (nningF

CS8: Secondary Earthquake Hazards: Tsunami, Landslide, Rock Fall, Liquefaction

Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 3

EARTHQUAKE LOSSES DUE TO GROUND-FAILURE (LANDSLIDES, LIQUEFACTION)  ID 1262

J. Bommer, Imperial College London, UK J. Bird, Arup Geotechnics, UK

he present study hs een imed t developing reomE mendtions for how to del with the future tsunmi risk in hilnd in oth short nd long term perspetivesF he PHHR tsunmi wve used n inundtion @)oodingA level rnging long the ost from S to IHEIP m ove men se levelD nd these levels nd their sptil distriutions hve een on(rmed y detiled numeril simultionsF he soure model used ws sed on ville seismologil inversions nd susequently djusted sed on (neEtuning ginst the inundtion oservtionsF he study (nds tht nother megthrust erthquke 'eting the ostline of hilnd is not likely to our gin for severl hundred yersD in prt sed on the ssumption tht rrier ner the imeulue sslnds will prohiit signi(nt rupture ross itD nd in prt sed on the deresing sudution rtes north of the fnd eeh regionF st is lso onluded tht the lrgest redile erthquke to e prepred for long the prt of the undEendmn r tht ould 'et hilndD is in the short to medium term @sy within the next SHEIHH yersA n erthquke of mgnitude VFSD whih is expeted to our with more sptioEtemporl irregulrly thn the megthrust eventsF ixpeted inundtion levels here will e up to IFSEPFH m long the west ost of hilndF por n w VFS erthquke nd tsunmi senrioD the potentil onsequenes to humn life nd property will therefore e modestF roweverD in longer time perspetive @sy more thn SHEIHH yersA the potentils for erthqukes of similr mgnitude nd onsequenes s the PHHR event will eome grdully lrger nd eventully posing n uneptle soietl riskF he study hs therefore reommended tking some mitigtion mesures immeditelyD inluding lndEuse plnningD espe routesD uilding ode djustmentsD etF
GENERATION, PROPAGATION AND IMPACT OF SCENARIO TSUNAMIS IN THE CORINTH GULF (GREECE)  ID 1951
S. Tinti, Universit di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy A. Armigliato, Universit di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy S. Gallazzi, Universit di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy A. Manucci, Universit di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy G. Pagnoni, Universit di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy R. Tonini, Universit di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy F. Zaniboni, Universit di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy

irthquke loss estimtion models im to estimte the likely impt of future seismi events on the uilt environmentF e key question to e ddressed when designing n erthquke loss model is whether it is su0ient to fous purely on the dmge used y ground shkingD or whether ollterl hzrds should lso e onsideredF his pper egins with review of SH dmging erthqukes in reent yers to identify the proportion of the overll dmge ! oth to uildings nd to infrstruture ! used y ground filure rther thn diretly y strong motionF hese oservtions provide n overview of the situtions in whih the impt of these seondry erthquke hzrds n e su0iently importnt to wrrnt their inlusion in loss modelD given tht this invrily requires sustntil dditionl e'ort in dt olletionF he pper then reviews the wy tht losses due to lndslides nd liqueftion re modelled in reD whih is one of the only openly doumented erthquke loss estimtion methodologies to exE pliitly inorporte these seondry seismi hzrdsF he ritil review suggests tht these re mongst the lessEdeveloped elements of the re loss modelling pprohD requiring lrge mounts of

he qulf of gorinth is hrterised y tive extensive tetonis nd y very relevnt seismiityD with historilly reorded highest mgnitudes in the order of TFVEUF he seismiityD together with the steep ostl topogrphyGthymetry nd the high sedimenttion rtesD re responsile for the frequent triggering of sumrine mss movementsF foth erthqukes nd lndslides ontriute to the relevnt tsunmi hzrd in the regionF sn

30

Oral presentations
the frmework of the i projet QreEgorinthD we study the genertion of tsunmis in the gorinth qulf y oth erthqukes nd lndslidesF e tke into ount not only soures tht hve een proposed s possile responsile for historil tsunmisD ut lso @nd minlyA soures tht re not neessrily ssoited with historil events ut re elieved to e potentilly tsunmigeni sed on di'erent kinds of oservtions @geologilD geomorphologiD geotehnilAF por eh studied seD we simulte the propgtion of the ensuing tsunmi in the qulfD trying to highlight its min feturesD suh s the di'erent typil periods of the wves generted y erthqukes nd lndslidesD the time evolution of the tsunmi (eld nd the geogrphi distriution of the predited mximum wter heights long the sin ostsF es regrds the modelling tehniquesD the initil onditions for erthqukeEgenerted tsunmis is tken to e identil to the vertil oEseismi deformtion of the se)oorD omputed through the lssil liner elsti hlfEspe pprohF he dynmis of the lndslides is modelled y mens of n originl vgrngin numeril modelD developed oth in IEh nd in PEhD in whih the sliding ody is split into set of onstntEvolume ontiguous loksD nd the eqution of motion is solved in orrespondene with the entre of mss of eh lokF pinllyD the propgtion of the tsunmi wves is simulted through numeril (niteEelement ode solving the hydrodynmis equtions in the shllowEwter pproximtionF
GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF SEISMICALLYINDUCED SECONDARY EFFECTS IN EASTERN SICILY (ITALY)  ID 2005
C. Pirrotta, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Italy P. Guarnieri, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Italy M. S. Barbano, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Italy F. Gerardi, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Italy A. Smedile, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Italy P. M. De Martini, Ingv, Sezione Sismologia e Tettonosica, Italy D. Pantosti, Ingv, Sezione Sismologia e Tettonosica, Italy

ES 1
wehnisms involved in erthqukeEtriggered lndslides my e vriousF e possile mehnism is relted to the inrese of pore wter pressureD due to the wter migrtion during the shkingD whih my led lolly to the retion of wter (lmD espeilly t the interfe etween lyers with ontrsted physil properties @eFgF permeilityAD this wter (lm then serving s sliding surfeF his phenomenon hs een notly highlighted y uokusho uokusho PHHQ through Ih tue tests nd Ph shking tle testsD whih showed the retion of wter (lm etween lique(ed snd lyer nd n impermele lyerF sn this pperD the numeril results otined with Ih nd Ph simple non liner dynmi nlyses re presentedD in whih we onsider loose sturted snd lyer underlying either less permele sturted or impermele ly lyerF hese simultions re performed within meshfree frmeworkD using yli elstoplsti onstitutive model eury et lF IWVP under e'etive stress nd (nite strin ssumptionsF his ltter ssumption llows to mesure the evolution of soil porosity nd to simulte possile lterl spredingF hese omputtions show n inrese of porosity nd derese of sher resistne in the upper prt of the underlying loose snd lyerD iFeF ner the interfeD ttesting the lol umultion of wter in this regionF pinllyD this numeril pproh is pplied to rel shllow erthqukeEtriggered lndslide in tpn nd results re ompred with the ville oservtionsF e sensitivity nlysis on some key geotehnil prmeters @eFgF initil permeility ndGor porosityD etFAD espeilly in the super(il lyersD is lso presentedD in order to demonstrte the in)uene of these prmeters on wter (lm ourrene nd on the predition of (nl displementsF

ES 1-I: Geotechnical Engineering

Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 21
SISMUR, A TOOL FOR EVALUATION OF SEISMIC RISKS ON EXISTING RETAINING WALLS  ID 372
C. Thibault, CETE Mditerrane, France D. Criado, CETE Mditerrane, France G. Haun, SETRA, France P. Marchand, SETRA, France D. Davi, SETRA, France

istern iily is high seismiity re where some of the most disstrous erthqukes of the stlin historyD suh s the IITW nd the ITWQ events @southEestern iilyA nd the PV heemer IWHV wessin trit erthquke @northEestern iilyAD ourredF hese lrge erthqukes indued numerous seondry geologil e'etsD whihD s reported y historil souresD often used dmge to townsD even more relevnt thn the seismi shok itselfF e multiEdisiplinry study hs een undertken to (nd geologil evidene of these e'etsD espeilly ner inhited ples where the seismi hzrd my inreseF his study strted from the sites desried in the historil reports with the min gol of reognizing nd dting the seondry seismi e'ets produed y historil nd pleoEerthqukesF he wellEknown IWHV erthquke indued vrious seondry e'ets desried y witnessesX tsunmi wve long ostl resD severl frtures rupturing the surfeD numerE ous lndslidesD liqueftions nd snd oilsF roweverD only reently some of these e'ets hve een reognized in the (eldF emong themD two lndslidesD ner the pro uperiore villgeD nd set of tive fultsD tht my hve prtiipted in the distriution of the IWHV oseismi deformtion t the surfeF viqueftion is one of the most ommon seondry fetures produed y erthquke shkingF ristoril ounts frequently report liqueftion long the ost nd in lluvil vlleysF role evidene of liqueftion ws found t severl sitesF sn prtiulrD t site ner wsliD oudingeD onvolutions nd vented lsts re oserved in soft sedimentsD t di'erent levels in the strtigrphyD elow the pedogeni lyerD in QER meters deep dithF edimentologil nlysis nd rdioron dting re in progress in order to link these liqueftion fetures to one or more of the lrge historil erthqukes of the estern iily ndGor possily to pleoseismi eventsF
FINITE STRAIN MESHFREE ANALYSIS OF POROSITY EVOLUTION FOR EARTHQUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES  ID 602
S. Bernardie, brgm, France E. Foerster, brgm, France H. Modaressi, brgm, France

es prt of the elortion of syiD the prenh tool for evlution of the seismi risks on rod setionsD the vulnerility of existing strutures like ridge @swyeAD tunnels nd retining wlls hve to e estimtedF he ojetive is to summrily evluteD for di'erent erthqukes senriosD the risk of ut of rod y filure or severe dmge on the di'erent strutures of the rod networkF his pper presents the qulittive method sw for the evlE ution of grvity retining wlls whih represent the most importnt prt of retining wlls in prenh seismi zonesF sn the (rst timeD the typil modes of filureD highlighted from literture review nd post seismi oservtionsD re identi(ed nd nlysed fing geometril onsidertionsF sn the seond prt of the studyD stte of the rt of simpliE (ed methods for the seismi design of retining wlls is exminedF seudoEsttiD xewmrk9s sliding loks nd (nite elements methods hve een tested in order to evlute the movement of wlls during erthqukesF he lk of mehnil nd geometril dt out soils nd strutures pose prolems for the evlutionF prom oserved dtD the sw ode estimtes the threshold elertion for slidingD overturningD ering pity filure of soilD nd sher filure of wllF he threshold elertions re ompred to the ground elerE tions lulted for di'erent senriosF he filure of wll9s struE tures nd the displements indued y sliding nd rotting moveE ments re performed in terms of risk of rod setion9s ut o' for given senrioF gurrentlyD the proedure sw is testing on smll rod setion in the prenh re of xieF

31

ES 1
DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN RETAINING WALLS AND RETAINED STRUCTURES/GEOSTRUCTURES  ID 1112
Y. Tsompanakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece

Oral presentations
ysis hs reently een provided y the uthors in wy tht soil prmeters were otined through lssil ontinuum mehnis theoryF ilstoEplsti soil element is expressed s inkler hypothesis model using unixil mteril ojet nd zeroElength elementF ith the present pprohD otined results show firly well orreltions with rigorous Qh simultions nd mesured experimentl dtF herefore the model my e onveniently inorported s tool in the prtil design of pile foundtionsF
PILED STRUCTURES STILL COLLAPSE IN LIQUEFIABLE SOILS! - THE MISSING CONSIDERATIONS IN PILE DESIGN  ID 1444
S. Bhattacharya, University of Oxford, UK

etining systems re widely used for serving vrious purposes @emnkmentsD ridgesD portsD etAF he seismi response of wlls hs een exmined in the pstF xeverthelessD the dynmi intertion of the retining wlls with the strutures tht they usully retin hs not een investigtedF st is evident however tht during seismi event the dynmi response of eh omponent of this omplex system @wllD soilD nd strutureA my 'et sustntilly the response of the restD nd vie versF por instneD the presene of retining wll will 'et the ground shking of the retined soil lyersD while the existene of struture ndGor geoEstruture ehind the wll my inrese the dynmi erth pressures developed on the wllF sn the present studyD using numeril twoEdimensionl simultionsD the in)uene of the wll )exiility on the freeE(eld ground shking ehind the wll is investigtedF imphsis is given on the impt of the wll9s presene on the mpli(tion of the se elertion on the retined soil lyerD n mpli(tion generlly ignored y the seismi design odesF sn the sequeneD struture founded on the retined soil is inluded in the numeril modelsD s singleEdegreeEofEsystem @hypA in order to exmine how the lotion ndGor the fundmentl eigenperiod of the hyp 'et the erth pressures indued on the retining wllF sn dditionD the prmetri study investigtes t wht extend the presene of the wll my 'et the inerti fores imposed on the strutureF pinllyD the se of the dynmi intertion etween the retined soilD the retining wll nd supported geoEstrutureD for exmple highwy or ny other type of emnkmentD is investigtedF xumeril results provide ler indition of the diret intertion etween retining wll nd its retined strutures ndGor geoEstruturesF
A REPLACEMENT TO THE MONONOBE-OKABE EQUATIONS FOR SEISMIC EARTH PRESSURES  ID 1115
G. Mylonakis, University of Patras, Greece K. Papantonopoulos, University of Patras, Greece P. Kloukinas, University of Patras, Greece

he ollpse of pileEsupported strutures is still oserved fter strong erthqukesD despite the ft tht lrge ftor of sfety @ginst ending due to lterl lods nd xil pityA is employed in their designF gurrentlyD piles in lique(le soils re designed s ems to void ending filure rising from lterl lods due to inerti ndGor slope movement @lterl spredingAF st hs een estimted the design ftor of sfety lies etween R nd IHF imple tests were rried out in entrifuge to study the filure mehnisms of piles in lique(le soilsF he reserh (ndings suggest tht prt of the pile in lique(le soil needs to e treted s unsupported struturl olumns to void ukling filureF issentillyD Edelt e'ets should e tken into ount for fullyEemedded piled foundtions pssing through lique(le soilsF his is pplile mostly to loose to medium dense sndsF he urrent odes for seismi pile design suh s the iuroodeD tpnese ode nd xir odeD howeverD provide no guidne in this regrdF his pper highlights the prtil implitions of this reserhF
SEISMIC ASSESSMENT WALLS  ID 1544
D. S. Bu, Royal Haskoning, UK

OF

ANCHORED

QUAY

e losedEform plstiity solution is presented for deterE mining grvittionl nd erthqukeEindued erth pressures on retining wllsF he solution is sed on the theory of disontinuous stress (elds nd tkes into ount the following prmetersX @IA weight nd frition ngle of the soil mterilD @PA wll inlintionD @QA k(ll inlintionD @RA wll roughnessD @SA surhrge t soil surfeD @TA horizontl nd vertil seismi elertionF foth tive nd pssive onditions re onsidered y mens of di'erent inlintions of the prinipl stress plnes in the k(llF esults re presented in the form of dimensionless grphs nd hrts tht eluidte the slient fetures of the prolemF gomprisons with estlished solutionsD suh s those of okolovskii nd ghen show stisftory greement @mximum error for tive pressures out S7AF st is shown tht the pseudoEdynmi seismi prolem does not di'er fundmentlly from the grvittionl oneD s the former n e derived from the ltter y mens of similrity trnsformtion sed on rottion of the referene xesF e generlized nkine ondition involving uniform stress (eld in the k(ll is demonstrted s speil seF gompred to the wononoeEyke equtionsD the proposed solution is simplerD more urte @espeilly for pssive pressuresA nd sfeD s it overestimtes tive pressures nd underestimtes the pssiveF sn dditionD it n predit the pressure distriution on the wll ndD ordinglyD the point of pplition of soil thrustF
NUMERICAL STUDY OF SOIL-PILE GROUP INTERACTION IN SANDS  ID 1333
H. Tahghighi, Tokyo University, Japan K. Konagai, Tokyo University, Japan

seudoEstti method hs een widely dopted y prE tiing engineers to design quy wll strutures under seismi onditionsF sn the performneEsed designD howeverD port strutures of higher performne grde should e ssessed y using more sophistited methodsF sexg reommends tht time domin seismi nlysis should e dopted for performne grde e or struturesF eent dvnement of omputtion tehniques enles engineers to rry out rigorous seismi nlysis without di0ultiesF his pper presents seismi ssessment of nhored quy wll struturesF smportnt spetsD suh s hoie of input motionsD element sizeD visous oundry onditionsD dynmi time stepD dmpingD nd hydrodynmi e'etD re disussedF

ES 1-II: Geotechnical Engineering

Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 21
DESIGN OF A PILED FOUNDATION PIT IN A SEISMIC AREA AND SOIL PRONE TO LIQUEFACTION  ID 82
T. Uzunoglu, convex ZT GmbH, Austria G. Anagnostides, Asprofos S.A., Greece

e new perspetive for the soilEpile group intertion nlE

he ojetive of the pper is to present the design of struture in highly seismi re under poor soil onditions susepE tile to liqueftionF he struture is ooling wter intke pit nd is prt of new QWH w ower lnt designed nd onstruted y e igr rydro on ehlf of relleni etroleum lose to hessloniki in qreeeF he struture hs overll dimensions of QHm lengthD Um widthD nd VFSHm depthF st is loted t the shore of hessloniki9s qulf in reltively )t re nd hs top elevtion just ove se wter levelF he sope of the design ws

32

Oral presentations
to hve roust struture with thik onrete seprting wllsD ommodting lrge pumps nd uxiliry filitiesF hetiled geotehnil investigtions in the viinity of the re previls tht the site onsists minly of lluvil mterils whih re deposited there y severl rivers tht re eing dishrged t the qulf of hesslonikiF he soil mterils onsist of loose to medium dense soft lyey nd silty lyey mterilsD wheres lyers of very sti' or very dense soil ws enountered t depths of PSEQHm elow ground levelF sf this struture ws designed with onventionl rft foundtion then signi(nt settlements were expetedF sn ddition the lithologil omposition of susoil formtions suggest tht mss liqueftion is possile during n erthqukeF o void these prolems the pit ws designed with piled foundtionsF elthough the piled foundtion provides sti' nd roust solution it rised the prolem of how to design this systemF he pper will present the mjor steps in the design of this strutureD suh s the seismi onditions in the reD the geotehnil investigtionD the requirements of the qreek seismi regultionD nd the vrious senrios hosen to design the pit nd its foundtionF
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN A LARGE GROUP PILE CAUSED BY FLOW OF LIQUEFIED SANDY GROUND  ID 109
V. Sesov, Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Macedonia I. Towhata, The University of Tokyo, Japan R. Motamed, The University of Tokyo, Japan

ES 1
pipes ourred due to the liqueftion of the repled soilsF huring the restortion workD pproprite ountermesures for future erthqukes were disussedD nd (nllyD ement mixing method ws seletedF his pper shows the dmge of the mnholes nd pipes D detiled soil investigtion nd restortion workF
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR AND LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF GRAVELS  ID 851
N. Fanouraki, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Bouckovalas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece A. Valsamis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

his study investigtes lterl pressure distriution used y ground )ow in lrge group pileF e series of shking tle test were performed on sndy ground models with emedded TxT nd IIxII group pilesF he ground models onsisted of uniform gently sloped lique(le soil lyer nd horizontl lique(le lyer with sloped nonlique(le lyer t the top of the modelF hking ws pplied in lterl diretion in respet to the diretion of the ground )owF e seletive numer of piles were instrumented y strin guges nd ending moments were mesured during the shkingF he results from the experimentl investigtions revel tht the lique(ed snd )ows through the sping etween the pilesD whih ppers to e ginst the ssumptions mde in the existing design odeF he existene of nonliqui(le lyer t the top of the ground model signi(ntly 'eted the mximum ending moment of the pilesF he lterl lod due to horizontl )ow of the lique(ed slope ws not uniform in the lrge group pileD mximum lterl pressure eing oserved in the front nd the rer pile rows in terms of the diretion of the ground )owF he totl lterl fore s sum of the mesured lterl fores ting on eh individul pile ws otined nd ompred with tht in the seismi design spei(tionsF his omprison shows tht the design odes resonly well estimte the mgnitude of the totl lterl foreD whih is ting on the pile groups due to the lterl spreding of the lique(ed groundF
UPLIFTED OF BURIED MANHOLES AND PIPES DUE TO LIQUEFACTION OF REPLACED SOILS  ID 617
S. Yasuda, Tokyo Denki University, Japan H. Kiku, Kanto Gakuin University, Kazakhstan

ulished experimentl studies on the liqueftion resisE tne of snds nd sndEsilt mixtures re numerousF yn the ontrryD similr studies for sndEgrvel mixtures re rther limitedD s result of the demnd for speilized equipment imposed y the lrge grin size of suh soil mixturesF reneD there is lk of generl onsensus mong experts on how to tret these soils in prtieF pirstly dt se ws reted from TS pulished liqueftion experiments performed on reonstituted snd nd snd grvel soil smplesF ih test is desried y ll physil nd mehnil properties whih re neessry for the following interprettion of the test results @eFgF hSHD gD qoAF he liqueftion resistne of sndEgrvel mixtures ws evluted with referene to the muh etter known liqueftion resistne of len sndsF wo interprettion methods were usedX @A he 4nominl density4 methodD where snd grvel mixtures re treted s len snds with muh smller void rtioD equl to the nominl vlue mesured diretly y stndrd proeduresF @A he pprent @soil skeletonA density methodD where sndEgrvel mixture is seen s grvel skeletonD with voids whih re prtilly (lled with (ner snd nd liqueftion resistne is relted to the 4pprent4 void rtion of the grvel skeletonF hepending upon the interprettion methodD it is onluded tht the liqueftion resistne of sndyEgrvel mixturesD my e tken s equl to E tht of len snds with the void rtio equl to the nominl void rtio of the sndEgrvel mixture eoD or E out PFS tht of len snds with the void rtio equl to the void rtio of the grvel skeleton eskF he seond pproh my e more umersome to pplyD s it requires omputtion of the esk @sed on eo nd grin size distriutionAF xeverthelessD it is ssoited with lower stter of the experimentl dtF
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF GEO-STRUCTURES IN A LIQUEFACTION REGIME  ID 1245
K. Andrianopoulos, N.T.U.A., Greece A. Papadimitriou, N.T.U.A., Greece G. Bouckovalas, N.T.U.A., Greece

sn PHHR ig erthquke nmed xiigtkenEhuetsu erthquke ourred in tpnF eout IRHH sewge mnholes were uplifted during the erthqukeF wny uried sewge pipes were lso upliftedF he mximum vlue of the uplifted mnholes ws out IFS mF e r ollided with n uplifted mnhole in xgok gityF ell uplifted mnholes pipes hd to e reonstruted fter the erthqukeF fefore the restortion workD detiled soil investigtions were rried out to demonstrte the mehnism of the upliftF fsed on the investigtionD it ws lri(ed tht the uplift ourred in minly lyey groundsF xo snd oils were oserved on the lyey groundF roweverD oiled snds were oserved just eside the uplifted mnholes nd on the uried pipesF huring the onstrution of uried pipes nd mnholesD the ground ws exvted (rstD pled pipes nd mnholes in the dug dithD then repled the dith y sndsF oil investigtion of the repled soils fter the erthquke reveled tht reple snds were very loose nd esy to liquefyF henD it ws onluded tht the uplift of the mnholes nd

gurrently ville ommeril odes for the nlysis of oundry vlue prolems re not suitle for the simultion of the response of geoEstrutures in liqueftion regimeF his is minly due to the ft tht the onstitutive models ville for use in these odes re not pproprite for the simultion of the yli ehvior of soilsF reneD suh prolems re usully solved with empiril or pproximte numeril methodsD sine the speilized odes developed in reserh institutes hve usully nrrow rnge of ppliilityF his pper presents new ode for the numeril nlysis of the response of geoEstruturesD with speil emphsis given to erthqukeEindued liqueftionF he proposed ode ims t ovE ering the foregoing gp etween ommeril nd speilized odesF his is hieved y implementing relisti onstitutive model of the mehnil ehvior of non ohesive soils to pvegD iFeF omE meril (nite di'erene ode for Ph nlysis tht is widely used in irthquke qeotehnil ingineeringF ine pveg is ple of performing oupled dynmi nlysesD its use with relisti onstiE tutive model gretly enhnes its potentilF he (rst prt of the pper presents the proposed elstoEplsti onstitutive modelD nmely ounding surfe ritil stte model tht ims t the relisti simultion of the ehvior of non oheE sive soils under monotoni nd yli lodingF yf gret importne is the ft tht these relisti simultions re ttined y single set of model onstntsD for smllD medium nd lrge yli strinsD

33

ES 1
irrespetive of densityD stress levelD loding diretion nd dringe onditionsF he seond prt of the pper presents results from the lirtion nd vlidtion proedure of the proposed onstitutive model towrds the ehvior of xevd @(neA snd in element nd entrifuge testsF he neessity of performing oupled nlyses with the id of relisti onstitutive model in qeotehnil irthquke ingineering prolems is highlightedF
THE EFFECTS OF INITIAL STATIC SHEAR STRESS ON THE LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF A UNIFORM SAND  ID 1403
S. M. Haeri, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Khosh Ghalb, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Oral presentations
he method is ple to investigte the vulnerility of founE dtions nd their superstruturesD in prtiulr the suseptiility ginst liqueftion of the soil in the viinity of the foundtionD nd its onsequene for the ehviour of the foundtion s well s the dynmi response of the strutureF husD stility nd serE vieility @iFeF permnent displements nd tiltingD nd exessive soil movements in the viinityA of di'erent types of strutures nd foundtionsD s well s the suess of soil improvement mesuresD n e systemtilly investigtedF fsed on the outomes the engineer is le to deideD whih type of foundtion nd struture djusts etter to the lol site onditions ndD susequentlyD n dptive design n led to optimised foundtionsF
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF TUNNELS IN NEAR-FAULT CONDITIONS  ID 998
M. Corigliano, Politecnico di Torino, Italy C. Lai, EUCENTRE, Italy G. Barla, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

sn this pper the results of reserh on the e'ets of initil stti sher stress on liqueftion resistne of folsr nd re reportedF he studied snd is uniform nd n e lssi(ed s D ording to the ni(ed oil glssi(tion ystemF sn this study gyli rixil ests were performed on ylindril speimens of uniform sturted snd with dimeter of SH mm nd height of IHH mmF he speimens tested in this studyD were prepred for desired density using wetEtmping methodF e series of yli strinEontrolled tests were onduted on folsr nd with two di'erent reltive densities of QH7 nd SH7F he yli doule mplitude xil strin during ll tests ws mintined t HFS7F hen the pore pressure prmeter @ruA equled to the unityD the numer of yles ws reorded for de(ning the initil liqueftionF hree di'erent e'etive isotropi on(ning pressures of VHD ISH nd PSH k nd three di'erent initil stti sher stress rtios @initil stti sher stress divided y initil on(ning e'etive stressA of HD HFUT nd IFQ were onsidered s the vriles for this set of testsF he results show tht with inresing initil stti sher stress rtioD liqueftion resistne dereses for the loose sndF por the medium dense sndD inresing initil stti sher stress rtio hs no signi(nt e'et on liqueftion resistne of the tested sndD lthough in low on(ning pressuresD generl inrese in liqueftion resistne of this type of snd n e oservedF ueywordsX viqueftionD snitil stti sher stressD ndD gyli rixil est

ES 1-III: Geotechnical Engineering

Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 21

he growing need to enlrge the trnsporttion networks throughout rilwyD motorwys nd lifelines ourring in the ltest yersD hs spurred renewed interest for studying the vulnerility of tunnels to erthquke lodingF yften these represent the most ritil omponents of the network nd the ourrene of n erthE quke would not only determine potentil loss of humn lives ut lso dmges to the infrstruturesF he seismi response of tunnels is onsiderly di'erent from tht of onEground strutures sine the overll mss of the struture is usully smll ompred with the mss of the surrounding soil nd the overll on(nement ts s strong dmper of the seismi exittionF his is the reson why tunnels re usully onsidered less vulnerle to the erthqukes ompred with onEground struturesF here re however exeptions to this ruleD the most notly of whih is represented y tunnels loted lose seismilly tive fults s demonstrted y the reent IWWS tpnD IWWW iwn nd urkey erthqukes where severl tunnels hve su'ered severe dmgesF his hppens euse the ground motion lose to n tive fult is hrterized y strong intensity nd reltively short durtion @pulseElike motionA nd it possesses peulir fetures like eing strongly 'eted y fol mehnismD diretion of rupture propgtion reltive to the site nd y permnent ground displementF essessing the seismi response of tunnels is omplex prolemD whih my e onsiderly simpli(ed y unoupling the tsk of de(ning seismi exittion from the solution of dynmi soilEstruture intertionF his pper proposes simpli(ed pproh in studying the seismi response of tunnels whih tkes into ount the kinemti intertion of the tunnels nd t the sme time dequtely onsider the fetures of nerEfult motionF he proposed pproh hs een ompred with existing methods nd with more rigorous nlysesF he results of this omprison re enourgingF
MITIGATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES USING A "SOFT-CAISSON"-NUMERICAL MODELING  ID 1098
D. Pitilakis, Ecole Centrale Paris, France F. Lopez-Caballero, Ecole Centrale Paris, France A. Modaressi, Ecole Centrale Paris, France D. Clouteau, Ecole Centrale Paris, France

A FULL SEISMIC SOIL-FOUNDATION-STRUCTURE INTERACTION APPROACH  ID 421

M. M. Buehler, Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik, Germany H. Wienbroer, Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik, Germany D. Rebstock, Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik, Germany G. Huber, Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik, Germany

sn the sope of the gollortive eserh gentre @gg RTIA 9trong irthqukesX e ghllenge for qeosienes nd givil ingineering9 multidisiplinry ttempt towrds erthquke mitigtion hs een mde y losing the gp etween geotehnil nd struturl erthquke engineeringF e seismi soilEfoundtionEstruture intertion @psA nlysis using piw hs een rried out to investigte the ehviour of reinfored onrete frme struture founded on lique(le soilF hi'erent types of foundtions hve een investigtedF fy mens of the presented diret ps pprohD it is possile to determine the in)uene of lol site e'ets on the ground responseD onsidering the soil typeD stte @iFeF densityD pressureD nd remnnt of loding historyAD nd erthquke hrteristis s well s geologil nd hyE drogeologil peuliritiesF he lultions were performed with the hypoplsti onstitutive lw for the soilF

ixisting strutures my su'er during erthqukes due to the lk of su0ient seismi design t the time of their oneptionF vrge elertion nd displement mplitudes n indue inresed seismi fores in the strutureD leding to possile filure of the struturl elementsF sn this pper mitigtion sheme is proposedD implementing isson of softEmteril vertil inlusions surrounding the foundtion nd soft soil lyer eneth the surrounded foundtion soilF he soElled soft!isson isoltes the foundtion soil djent to the foundtion y (ltering the frequeny ontent of the input signl eyond trget ut!o' frequenyD leding to redution in the mplitude of the elertion whih enters the strutureF he soft!isson is shown to t ene(illy for the strutureD for ommon types of soil!struture systems nd erthquke input motionsF sn order to demonstrte the e'ets of the proposed mitigtion sheme on the struturl responseD (nite

34

Oral presentations
element numeril ode is used long with numeril ode tht performs liner soil!struture intertion nlysisF sn tht wyD ll the spets of the dynmi response of the omplete soil!struture system re inluded in the nlysisF he numeril model is vlidted with experimentl dt from shking tle testsF e simple single!degree!of!freedom struturl model nd simpli(ed soil pro(le re then used for the modeling of the struture nd the soil respetivelyF e prmetri study is performedD onerning the e'ets of the sti'ness of the vertil inlusions on the struturl responseF he response otined with the proposed mitigtion method is lwys ompred with the response of the system prior to the interventionD reveling the ene(tsD ut lso the restritions nd tehnil limittionsD of the mitigtion shemeF
INVESTIGATION OF THE SEISMIC SOILSTRUCTURE INTERACTION ON A CONCRETE INSTRUMENTED BUILDING  ID 1105
J. Facciorusso, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Firenze, Italy T. Crespellani, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Firenze, Italy C. Madiai, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Firenze, Italy

ES 1
xig theoretil modelD for the fored virtion testsF he most importnt elements otined reX @IA the sti'ness of the soil lyer situted immeditely elow the uildings is the min prmeter governing the dynmi ehviour of the system @PA the results re sensitive to the onditions of the ontt etween the soil nd the uildingsD in the emedded on(gurtions @QA in the surfe on(gurtionD the results do not depend on the position of the uildings in the exvtionF
EFFECT OF RANDOM SOIL PROPERTIES ON SOILSTRUCTURE INTERACTION  ID 1323
F. Laudarin, Universit de Marne la Valle, France G. Bonnet, Universit de Marne la Valle, France P. Argoul, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chausses, France

ixperiene hs shown tht soilEstruture intertion n ply n importnt role on struturl ehviour during erthqukesF e omplete soilEstruture intertion nlysis onsists of two prtsX site response nlysis for free (eld motions nd n intertion nlysis for struturl responseF sn the present study the e'ets of soilEstruture intertion re evluted on twoEstore onrete uilding of out IH m high nd with retngulr horizontl setion of out II m xIV mF he uildingD of puli interestD is equipped with severl elerometersF he struture nd the foundtion system re idelised y QEh (nite elements modelD while the underlying soil ws represented y semiEin(nite visoE elsti IEh modelF he soilEstruture intertion ws performed y using the sustruturing method implemented y the es PHHH numeril odeF he elerogrms reorded during low mgnitude erthquke @wv a RA y free (eld seismi sttionD Sm lose to the uildingD were dopted s the seismi input motionF sn this pper the results of the numeril nlyses otined in some signi(nt nodes of the struture re presented oth in time nd frequeny dominD nd ompred with the seismi reordingsY moreover the in)uene of the struture on the ground motion is evluted y ompring the free (eld tul motion with the numeril modelling results t the oundry etween the soil nd the foundtionF
STRUCTURE SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL RESULTS  ID 1247
D. Broc, CEA, France

sullyD the seismi ehvior of struture is ssessed using either (xed foundtion omputtion or deterministi evlution of the soil impedneF et estD the soil vriility is tken into ount y using few vlues of soil elsti moduliD the soil eing ssumed homogeneous in the horizontl diretionsF e few ppers hve shown however tht the horizontl soil vriility n led to spei( e'etsD suh s torsion D even for uilding with symmetri geometryF he pper is devoted to the evlution of the in)uene of suh horizontl vriility of the soil properties on the dynmi eE hvior of struturesF trutures re represented y equivlent oneE dimension models whose properties re omputed ording to the geometry nd mehnil properties of existing strutures X E n equivlent homogeneous imoshenko or iulerEfernoulli em pr E em with mss onentrted t eh )oor level he impedne of the foundtion is modeled y proilisti nonEprmetri modelF uh model is sed on the priniple of mximl entropy nd implies to tke into ount only the ville informtionF he men vlue of the impedne is omputed from n estimtion of the soil properties nd usul omputtions of the impedne mtrixF e wonteEgrlo method llows to uild series of impedne mtries whih re omptile with the proility distriution of the nonEprmetri modelF he proility distriuE tion is ontrolled y dispersion prmeterD whih n e estimted from the oserved vriility of soil propertiesF pinllyD the internl fores nd moments within the strutureD inluding the relted dispersion indued y the proilisti modelD re omputed y modl nlysis D when the struture is under erthquke lodsF

ES 1-IV: Geotechnical Engineering

Thursday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 21
EFFECTS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL SHAKING ON SOIL-PILE-STRUCTURE INTERACTION BASED ON SHAKING TABLE TESTS  ID 954
H. Suzuki, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan K. Tokimatsu, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Y. Mohri, National Institute of Rural Engineering, Japan M. Sato, National Research Institute for Earth Science and, Japan

sn nuler industryD sizes nd msses of strutures re suh tht oil truture sntertion @sA will tke pleF st is neessry to quntify the truture oil truture sntertion @sAD tht onsider the intertions etween two djent uildingsF e retor uilding of nuler power plnt is generlly onstruted losely to other uildings suh s uxiliry uilding or turine uildingF sn suh situtionsD djent uildings re thought to in)uene eh other through the soil during erthquke nd to exhiit dynmi ehviours di'erent from those of isolted uildingsF he pper presents truture oil truture sntertion studies performed y gie nd idpD sed on the interprettion of in situ tests performed y xig in tpnD nd on theoretil nlysisF he (eld test experiments hve een rried out y xig @txiA under di'erent onditions @IA with one uildingD two identiE l uildings or two di'erent uildings @PA in n exvtionD for the surfe on(gurtionD nd in the emedded on(gurtionD when the exvtion is (lledF pored virtion test nd erthquke oserE vtions re eing rried out in the (eld testF xig proposed theoretil model for the interprettion of the experimentl resultsD inluding soil nd uildings mehnil hrteristisF he results otined y this model re similr to the experimentl onesF gie nd idp developed sensiility nlysesD sed on the

i'ets of twoEdimensionl shking on soilEpileEstruture intertion during erthqukes re exmined through shking tle tests with ylindril lminr ox IFV m in dimeter nd IFQS m highF e PxP pile group tht penetrtes either dry or lique(le sturted snd nd supports foundtion nd superstruture is used throughout the testsF iither one or oth of the orthogonl horizontl strong motions reorded t rhinohe rror in the IWTV okhi irthquke re used s input se motionsF est results nd disussions led to the following onlusionsX IA he mximum ending moment nd xil fore in piles used y the twoEdimensionl shking n e estimted y the sum of those otined y pplying the two orthogonl omponents seprtelyF he mximum ending moment depends only on the

35

ES 1
mximum omined externl @inertil nd kinemtiA fore in the twoEdimensionl horizontl plneD regrdless of the diretion of its strong xisD resulting in lmost the sme vlue within the pile groupF sn ontrstD the mximum xil fore depends not only on the mximum omined externl fore ut lso on the diretion of its strong xisD induing di'erent xil fores within the pile groupF PA sn dry sndD the soil ner the foundtion tends to t ginst the inertil fore from the superstrutureF he mximum xil fore is lmost ontrolled y the overturning moment tht is indued y the mximum inertil fore in the horizontl plneD with its rottionl xis ner the ottom of the foundtionF QA sn lique(ed sndD in ontrstD the kinemti fore rising from the ground displement tends to t with the inertil foreF he mximum xil fore is ontrolled y the overturning moment tht is indued y the mximum omined inertil nd kinemti fore in the horizontl plneD with its rottionl xis ner the ottom of the lique(ed lyerF
TWO DIRECTIONAL CYCLIC LOADING EXPERIMENTS IN A HOLLOW CYLINDER APPARATUS  ID 1006
J. Buchheister, Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland J. Dr. Laue, Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Oral presentations
PHYSICAL MODELLING OF EARTHQUAKES IN THE LCPC CENTRIFUGE  ID 1064
J. L. Chazelas, LCPC, France F. Derkx, LCPC, France L. Thorel, LCPC, France S. Escoer, LCPC, France G. Rault, LCPC, France S. Buttigieg, LCPC, France L. M. Cottineau, LCPC, France J. Garnier, LCPC, France

sn erthquke engineering the investigted stress stte simulted in the lortory is often dpted to ville testing instrumentsF qenerlly this inludes yli or erthquke loding in one diretionF ith the new hollow ylinder pprtus of the snstitute for qeotehnil ingineering t the wiss pederl snstitute of ehnology @irA it is possile to djust ny possile stress stte in the soil prior of testingF his llows investigting di'erent stress sttes in the soil tht exists underneth uildingF ixperiments with (ne snd re investigted to simulte three di'erent stress sttes underneth uilding under simultneously two diretionl yli lodingF rimry results re presented fousing on the in)uene of stress stte nd two diretionl yli loding to e onsidered in soil struture intertionF
MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC UNDRAINED RESPONSE OF BOCA DEL RIO SAND  ID 1043
J. A. Daz-Rodrguez, National University of Mexico, Mexico M. A. Aguilar-Tllez, National University of Mexico, Mexico

sn order to ontriute to the development of erthquke engineering in iuropeD vgg hs ompleted the equipment of its geotehnil entrifuge n erthquke simultor for redued sle modelsF hynmi nd seismi tests under mro grvity in the entrifuge re heneforth opertionlF his pper presents this devie nd other peripherl thtD omined togetherD enle the physil simultion of rel erthqukesF es for erthquke modellingD the pylod mss is up to RHHkg nd the i is le to work up to VHqF he soil model is up to VHHxQHHxRHHmmD tht is to sy TRxPRxQPm t VHqF he i is Ih eletroEhydruli shker dynmilly lned using two slip tlesD ounterweights for lning the model motion nd lose loop ontrol of the hydruli tutorsF st produes I seond hrmoni inputs or rod nd or rel erthquke inputs derived from on site reords t the sis of the soil modelF he theoretil ndwidth of the system is from PHrz to PSHrz @model sle whih is HDPSrz to Qrz t prototype sle for IGVHe slingAF he mximum ndwidth depends on the type of input demnded nd on the grvity level of the testF ixmples of tests for these di'erent kinds of inputs re presentedF sn order to reprodue the seismi ehviour of the soil model in its originl in(nite hlf speD spei( ox hs een developed on the priniple of the iquivlent her fem ox for tests under the liqueftion pointF e disussion of the vlidity of the otined seismi performne is presentedF vst element to omplete the pnoply of devies imed t erthquke simultion in the entrifugeX n originl dt quisition system emrked in the swinging sket of the entrifugeF edpted to mro grvity this devie redues the distne etween the sensors nd the eGh onversionD voiding iw perturtionsF
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION AND THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF TECHNICALLY INDUCED SURFACE WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS SOIL  ID 1292
L. Auersch, Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing, Germany

sn reent dedesD study of the ehvior of sturted loose snd under undrined monotoni nd yli onditions is mtter of onern to the geotehnil engineers from viewpoint of liqueftion suseptiilityF sn this pper n ttempt is mde to present omprehensive piture of monotoni nd yli loding response of fo del o snd overing wide rnge of initil sttes of snd in order to onsider full spetrum of monotoni loding ehvior from ontrtive to diltive nd its lose link with development of liqueftion or limited liqueftion nd yli moility under yli lodingF he ehvior of fo del io snd ws investigted y monoE toni nd yli tests using the simple sher pprtusD over wide rnge of initil sttesF peimens were prepred y ir pluvition t severl reltive densitiesF he simple sher pprtus utilized ws of the xorwegin qeotehnil snstitute @xqsA typeF st ommoE dtes speimen UI mm dimeter x pproximtely PS mm highF he speimen is lterlly on(ned in reinfored ruer memrneF he undrined tests rried out were of the onstnt volume typeF he snd ehvior t (xed vertil stress level of IHHkD t the loosed void rtio of HFWPVD the snd is ontrtive with rittleness index of out HFITF es the void rtio deresesD the ontrtive ehvior grdully trnsform into diltiveF he snd ehvior t single void rtio of HFWPV ut t severl vertil stress levels is ontrtive for ll vertil stresses usedF gyli tests were performed t di'erent void rtios nd vertil stress levels of SHD TSD nd VH kF he e'et of vertil stress on the redution in yli resistne is muh smller thn urrently onsidered in rtieF

he propgtion of surfe wves is n importnt topi of seismologyF he theory is sed on the qreen9s funtions of lyered soilF he sme qreen9s funtions re lso used to lulte the sti'ness nd dmping of uilding foundtionF his prolem E lso lled soilEstruture intertion ! is importnt in erthquke engineeringF por oth relted prolems ! wve propgtion nd foundtion sti'ness ! lot of mesurements hve een performedF he results hve een ompred with theory nd show onsiderle greementF fut there re some hrteristi di'erenes etween experiments nd theory whih will e presented in this ontriutionF he e'ets hve een oserved for tehnilly exited virtion s for exmple pile drivingD rilwy tr0 nd hmmer exittionF imilr di'erenes etween mesurements nd theory re lso found for erthquke exittionF fut the possile resons for ertin highEfrequeny (lter e'ets re still in disussionF he tehnilly generted phenomen presented here n help t this disussion euse of the muh simpler struture of the prolemF et lestD the omplited soure prolem of erthqukes is redued to simple vertil surfe fore for tehnilly indued virtionF woreoverD the sme response of the soil is found for n impulse exittion of S kg hmmer s well s for n eletroEdynmi virtor of QHH kgF he mesured nd lulted trnsfer funtions of the soil re suessfully used to predit rilEtr0 indued ground virtionF gonerning the

36

Oral presentations
soilEstruture intertion prolemD solution is presented for the di'erene etween the foundtion sti'ness nd the mesured soil sti'nessF he lultion of foundtions on soils of whih the sti'ness is inresing with depth show tht the sti'ness of the soil is overestimted when it is mesured t frequenies round the lowEfrequeny soilEstruture resonneF he dispersion of these inhomogeneous soils is importnt to hieve orret predition of the soilEstruture intertionF
CENTRIFUGE MODELING OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF CLAY  ID 1456
M. Rayhani, UWO, Canada H. El Naggar, UWO, Canada

ES 2
reently reorded during moderte erthquke tht ourred in the viinity of the dmsF hree dimensionl numeril models were prepred for the dmE reservoirEfoundtion systems nd were lirted on the sis of preE viousD extensive inEsitu fored nd mient virtion dynmi testsF he lirtion prmeters inluded onrete modulus nd energy dissiption in the upstrem diretion @wter ompressiilityA nd on the reservoir ottom @wve sorptionAF hese models were then used to ompute the elertion responses of the dmD using the reorded freeE(eld motions s ground motion inputD nd ompred to tul reorded dtF sn previous study using di'erent reorded motionsD it ws found tht high dmping vlues @V to IS7 of ritilA were needed with mssless foundtion pproh to orrelte with the motions reorded t the dmsF sing n energy dissipting foundtion modelD dmping in the dm ws kept t resonle level @Q to R 7 of ritilA nd vlues of up to PH7 of ritil were needed in the foundtion modelF hese high vlues were ttriuted to the verging of the input motions long the utments nd to energy dissiption in the foundtionF sn this pperD omprison is presented etween reent erthquke dtD reorded in eptemer PHHSD with stronger motions @up to HFU of g for imosson dmD losest to the epienterAD nd dt otined during smller eventsF he modelling prmeters needed to orroorte the omputed responses with the reorded elertions re disussedD with n emphsis on foundtion dmpingF
VERIFICATION OF 3-D SEISMIC SAFETY EVALUATION METHOD FOR EXISTING DAMS BY REPRODUCTION ANALYSIS FOR ACTUAL EARTHQUAKE BEHAVIOR  ID 1214
L. Alcntara, Engineering Institute, UNAM, Mexico

gentrifuge modeling is vlule mens for otining dt to study the response of geotehnil strutures to infrequent or extreme events suh s erthqukesF gentrifuge model tests were onduted in VHg (eld using n eletroEhydruli erthquke simultor to study the dynmi response of soft soils nd seismi soil struture intertionF he results of study of four di'erent soft soil pro(les sujeted to PQ simulted erthqukes on the gEgyi geotehnil entrifuge re presented nd nlyzedF he e'et of soft soil on erthquke ground motion in di'erent types of soil strti(tions re investigted with speil emphsis on the seismi soil struture intertionF he site spei( response nd soil sher strength dt for the models re presentedF he tests showed tht the e'ets of the lyering of the soil deposits on the input motions nd overll ehvior of struture re signi(ntF he experimentl results provided improved on(dene in our ility to model site response hrteristis of soft soil depositsF

ES 2: Dam Engineering

Y. Ariga, Electric Power Development Co., Ltd., Japan

Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 21

DYNAMIC EXPERIMENT OF A LARGE ARCH DAM  ID 202
H. Wang, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, China D. Li, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, China

eismi sfety of lrge rh dms presents di0ult prolem in designY it is one of the iggest hllenges in the development of hydropower in southwest nd northwest re of ghinF sn our studyD seismi responses of lrge rh dm of PIH meters in height were studied on shking tleF he model system inluded the rh dm with ontrtion jointsD prt of reservoir upstremD prtil foundtion rok with topogrphi feture ner the dmF e dmping oundry onsisting of visous liquid were used to simulte the e'et of dynmi energy emission to fr (eldD whih mde the dynmi intertion etween dm nd foundtion in model rh dm system e represented properlyF fesides the seismi motions of design levelD higher seismi motions up to RFS times of design level were pplied too in order to exmine the dmge developed on the model dmF IH dmges hve een on(rmed t (nl stgeF end the dynmi hrteristis of the rh dmD ility of seismi resistne to stronger ground motion s well s the seismi vulnerle positions of dm re disussed in the pperF
A COMPARISON OF RECORDED AND COMPUTED EARTHQUAKE MOTIONS OF LARGE CONCRETE DAMS  ID 627
J. Proulx, Universit de Sherbrooke, Canada G. Darbre, Oce fdral de l'nerige, Switzerland

gon(rmtion nd seuring of dm sfety ginst lrge erthqukes is very importnt sujet in erthquke ountriesF sn order to relize n urte nd relile evlution for seismi sfety of existing dmsD dynmi intertion etween dm nd foundE tionD dynmi redution e'et y reservoir wterD dissiption of wve energy from foundtion to free (eldD nonEliner e'et of dm mterilD disontinuous ehvior of jointsD nd so forth should e onsidered properlyF he dynmi property vlues of dm nd foundtion will hve signi(nt e'ets upon the evluted results of dynmi stresses nd strinsD so the dynmi property vlues should e qulittively evluted sed on tul erthquke phenomenF i0ieny nd vlidity of seismi sfety evlution method should e veri(ed sed on tul erthquke phenomenF king these mtters into ountD s developed QEh nonliner dynmi nlysis method for oupled dmEjointsEfoundtionEreservoir systemF endD in order to verify the vlidity of the methodD s hve mde the QEh reprodution nlyses for tul erthquke ehviors of the xukir hm @onrete grvity dmA during the IWWQ uushiroEoki irthqukeD the skehr hm @onrete rh dmA during the IWWS ryogokenEnnu irthqukeD the hintoyone hm @onrete rh dmA during the IWWU nerE(eld erthqukeD nd the gokur hm during the PHHR xiigtkenEhuetsu irthqukeD nd so forthF fy these QEh reprodution nlysesD the vlues of dynmi sher modulus nd the dmping ftor of dms were evluted quntittivelyD nd the e0ieny nd vlidity of the QEh dynmi nlysis method were exminedF he QEh reprodution nlysis for tul erthquke ehvior of existing dms is neessry nd useful in order to verify the vlidity of the QEh seismi sfety evlution methodD nd to relize n urte nd relile evlution for seismi sfety ginst lrge erthqukes in the futureFen e'etive utiliztion of tul erthquke motions is very importntF
DYNAMIC STABILITY OF DETACHED CONCRETE BLOCKS IN ARCH DAM SUBJECTED TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING  ID 1305
S. Malla, Electrowatt-Ekono Ltd., Switzerland M. Wieland, Electrowatt-Ekono Ltd., Switzerland

his pper presents reorded erthquke motions on lrge onrete dmsD mong the tllest in the worldD loted in the southwest of witzerlnd @wuvoisinD haPSH m ndY imossonD haIVH mY nd qrndeEhixeneD haPVS mAF he elertions were

37

ES 3a
huring strong ground shkingD tensile stresses exeeding the dynmi tensile strength our in the entrl upper portion of n rh dmF es the tensile strength of the grouted vertil ontrtion joints nd the horizontl lift joints is inferior to tht of the prent mss onreteD the ontrtion joints my open nd horizontl rks re more likely to develop long the lift jointsF husD lmost independent onrete loks seprted y the open joints nd rks my e formedF he present pper disusses simple pproh for twoEdimensionl dynmi stility nlysis of dethed onrete lok formed in n rh dm during strong erthqukeF he dethed onrete lok n undergo omined sliding nd roking motions t the rked lift jointD whih is modelled with ontt elementsF feuse of the rh urvtureD the dethed onrete lok n move only towrds the reservoirF reneD the downstrem movement of the onrete lok is restrined y mens of gp elements in the twoEdimensionl modelF he restrint t the ontrtion joints due to the sher keys is ignoredD whih is onservtive ssumptionF he proposed method ws pplied to nlyse the stility of two dethed onrete loks with heights of PH m nd RH m in PSH m high rh dm sujeted to the mximum redile erthqukeF es severl ftors ply role in the dynmi stility of the loksD omprehensive sensitivity nlyses were performedF he lrgest upstrem sliding movement of IHS m ws omputed for the PH m high lok in the empty reservoir onditionF uh movement is still eptle in view of the onservtive ssumptions mde in the nlysis nd lso the ft tht the dm thikness t the lotion of the sliding surfe is out IU mF
THREE DIMENSIONAL RESPONSE OF CONCRETE FACED ROCKFILL DAMS TO STRONG EARTHQUAKES CONSIDERING DAM-FOUNDATION INTERACTION AND SPATIAL VARIABLE GROUND MOTION  ID 1406
S. M. Haeri, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Karimi, IOEC, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Oral presentations
)ushing gtesF wenwhileD severl (ll dms loted in nd round the ner (eld of the xiigtEken ghuetsu erthquke @wtTFVAD tpn tht ourred on ytoer PQD PHHR were more or less dmgedF emong themD hinEymmoto hm whih is RPFRm highD ompleted in IWWHD su'ered mximum settlement of the rest exeeding VHm nd snd liqueftionF hik sedimenttion in front of the drin lyer is presumly responsile for the liqueftionF he erthquke dmge demonstrted the urgent neessity of pplition of the quidelines throughout tpnF

ES 3a-I: Structural Engineering - Analysis

Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 22

ASSESSMENT OF RC STRUCTURES DESIGNED ACCORDING WITH 1983 PORTUGUESE SEISMORESISTANCE REGULATION  ID 138
M. J. Falco Silva, LNEC, Portugal A. Campos Costa, LNEC, Portugal E. Coelho, LNEC, Portugal

e new pproh sed on sled oundry (nite element method is used to otin sttered motion long prismti nyon with trpezoidl ross setionF he time history of three omponents of vom riet erthquke @ttion qilroyIA re used s oherent input exittions to get the sptil vrition of ground motion in the vlleyF hen the results re used s input motion for Qh dynmi nlysis of typil gonrete ped ok(ll hm @gphA loted in the nyonF sn ddition dmEfe slEutments intertion is onsidered in the nlysis using sled oundryE(nite element methodF he results of prmetri study with di'erent nyon sti'ness show tht due to dmEfoundtion intertionD mximum utments outEofEphse motion hppens in spei( reltive sti'ness of nyon nd the dm odyF esults of the nlysis lso indite tht the displements nd elertions of the dm ody nd the sl s well s the internl fores of the sl re inresed due to the outEofEphse motion of the utmentsF roweverD onsidertion of dmEfoundtion intertion n redue these vluesF he internl fores nd outEofEplne reltive displeE ments of the sls during erthqukes re onsiderly high even with onsidertion of dmEfoundtion intertionF
NEEDS FOR SEISMIC DAMS  ID 1487 SAFETY EVALUATION OF

he seismi vulnerility of the ortuguese housing stok results from mny di'erent ftorsD nmely the originl onstrutive tehnologyD the introdution of susequent modi(tions nd the stte of degrdtionF fsed on the existing onstrutive types oserved in the res of lrge seismiity nd urn onentrtion it ws possile to identify the more frequent nd representtive onstrutions of the ortuguese housing stokF o eh lss of uilding two min vulnerility ftors were ssoitedD the onstrution epoh nd the struturl typeD whih re)et the min struturl nd mehnil hrteristis of eh lss of uildingsF sn the present study the onstrution epoh ws onsidered s si vulnerility ftor nd it were distinguished the onstrutions designed efore nd fter the implementtion of the sismoEresistnt regultion in ortuglF his study refers to the nlytil simultions of the reinfored onrete uildings designed in ordne with the ortuguese regultionF sn the simpli(ed nlytil models were used Ph frmes representtive of ortuguese symmetril regulr struturesD onsidering the hngele ftors the numer of storeys nd the dutility demndsF xonEliner stti nlysisD with fores proportionl to the shpe of the (rst virtion modeD hd een mde in order to identify the resistnt pity of the more reent ortuguese uilding struturesF he orresponding pity urves re otined nd ompredF
DAMPING FACTORS AND EQUIVALENT SDOF DEFINITION IN THE PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF MONUMENTS  ID 258
S. Giovinazzi, DISEG, University of Genoa, Italy S. Lagomarsino, DISEG, University of Genoa, Italy S. Resemini, DISEG, University of Genoa, Italy

T. Ohmachi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

sn tpnD quidelines for eismi fety ivlution of hms ujeted to vevel P irthquke wotions @hrftA me into e'et in wrhD PHHRF he quidelines whih ws issued y the winistry of vndD snfrstruture nd rnsport @wvsAD ims to ensure the seismi sfety of dms ginst very strong shking lled vevel P @vPA erthquke motionsF he quidelines sttes requirementsD onepts nd proedures to evlute the vP motionD nlytil methods to evlute seismi performne of onrete dmsD (ll dms nd other pertinent strutures suh s spillwys nd

he reent stlin seismi derees @ygw QPURGPHHQ nd ygw QRQIGPHHSA hve strongly modi(ed the sfety onept for existing uildingsF his ode introdues the ide of design nd veri(tion through performneEsed nlysisF nfortuntelyD in se of monumentl heritgeD the ygw QPUR deree does not propose spei( methodologyD even though it points out the need for quntittive evlutionF iven sing the sfety hek on the sme onepts nd proeduresD vrious issues hve to e pointed outF sn this pperD the de(nition of the equivlent hyp system @to e employed in the performneEsed methodA in se of hrteristi onformtions of monumentl msonry uildings @eFgFD fdes or ell towersA nd the dynmi response peulirities of these strutures re deepenedF por msonry historil struturesD the ville literture on this topi generlly dels with the outEofEplne overturning mehnismD onsidering the wll s n osillting rigid lok @eFgFD fdes or ell towersAF es mtter of ftD for these struturesD the fundmentl periods re lrgeD even in the initil elsti rngeD nd they n inrese euse of

38

Oral presentations
rking in msonryD typilly onsidered s noEtension mterilF he e'ets of these fetures on the dynmi response nd the relted predition of displement pity need to e investigtedF por this purposeD nonEliner dynmi nlyses on the equivlent hyp systems re performedD employing di'erent input ground motionsF hese nlyses my e useful to evlute the in)uene of ftors suh sX IA the fesiility of the equivlent hyp system de(nition @s for minly roking systemD the model is derived y rousner9s nonEliner osilltorD hving elsti ehviourD with softening rngeAY PA the equivlent visous dmping reltionship nd the onsequent hisplement esponse petrum redution in the longEperiod rnge @due to the nonEliner hrteristis of motionAY QA the durtion of the seismi input nd the numer of yles in nonEliner phseF
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF CRITICAL INTERSTOREY DRIFT CONCENTRATION OF RC FRAMES  ID 288
Y. Lu, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore X. Gu, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore J. Wei, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

ES 3a
por the onreteEonrete interfesD where ontinuity n not e ssumed @eFgF through rks or onstrution jointsA the prinipl mehnisms for lod trnsmission re fousedD whih re the ggregte interlokD dowel tion nd ggregte deondingF he ehviour of g memers sujeted to endingD with nd without xil foreD nd to high sher fores is disussedF ome onsidertions out emEolumn joints nd other lol e'etsD like over splling nd reinforement uklingD re rie)y overedF purthermore the min hrteristisD dvntges nd disdvntges of the modelling tehniques re disussedX glol ehviour models @eFgF ked modelAD (re models nd the extremely omplex ut powerful Qh (nite element modelsF pinlly the onlusions of this pper re summrisedD expressing the uthor9s opinion on the most dequte proedures for modelling the seismi response of g struturesF
INELASTIC MODELING SENSITIVITY OF THE PREDICTED SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF AN EXISTING RC BUILDING  ID 980
C. Zeris, NTUA, Greece P. Giannitsas, NTUA, Greece K. Alexandropoulos, NTUA, Greece D. Vamvatsikos, U. of Cyprus, Cyprus

sn performne sed designD the evlution of displeE ment @driftA demnd in struture is ruil spetF impli(ed nlyses my e performed to estimte the overll drift demnd in frme struture from the displement spetrum of singleEdegreeE ofEfreedom @hypA systemsF roweverD prt from the overll drift informtion @usully in terms of roof displementAD it is lso importnt to understnd the ritil interEstorey drift s ompred to the roof drift so s to hve etter piture on the onentrtion of the inelsti response nd dmgeF reneD the reltionship etween the ritil interEstorey drift nd the roof drift is n importnt prmeter for more e'etive use of simpli(ed nlysis proedure using hyp nlogyF sn this pperD modi(ed pproh is proposed to evlute the regulrity of the storey strength nd sti'ness distriution long the frme heightD with the introdution of storey pity ftorF usequentlyD the reltionship etween the regulrity index de(ned on the sis of the ove storey pity ftor nd the rtio of ritil interEstorey drift to roof drift is investigted through the nonliner dynmi nlysis of severl representtive g frmes under seleted groups of ground motionsF fesides the regulrity indexD the e'ets of nonliner response level nd the numer of storeys on the interEstorey drift onentrtion re lso exminedF st is found tht the onentrtion rtio hs good orreltion with the newlyEde(ned regulrity indexF fsed on regression nlysisD n empiril reltionship is proposed to desrie the reltionship etween the drift onentrtion rtio nd the regulrity indexF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF RC STRUCTURES : REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL MODELLING STRATEGIES  ID 241
L. A. M. Mendes, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering,

Portugal E. Coelho, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal

snelsti modeling of entire reinfored onrete @gA uildings under seismi exittion is omplex prolem tht diretly in)uenes the predited seismi performneF wodeling ssumptions nd onventions dopted eome more importnt in existing g frme response preditionsD due to these strutures9 struturl hrteristis nd detilingF sn order to investigte this issue typil existing (veEstory g frme is onsideredD whih hs een designed for moderte seismiity ording to the older genertion of qreek seismi odesD with no speE il provisions for dutility enhnement or pity designF everl engineering deisions must e mde when modeling suh strutureD espeilly when hoosing the type of (nite element @piA models to e used for the emsD the olumns nd the jointsF por this purposeD di'erent plne frme pi models re formulted using two pi nlyE sis odes of wide ppliilityD nmely hesxEPh @rksh F nd qF owellD IWWQD gfGiwwEWQGIUA nd ypenees @w uenn pF nd qF penvesD version PHHSAY the pi models of the struture rnge from simple yet widely dopted in prtie onentrted plstiity elements with rigid joints nd xilE)exurl strength intertion only @hrinEPhAD to the more omplex distriuted dmge sti'ness or )exiilityEsed (er elements ounting or not for joint deformE tions @ypeneesAF he predited seismi performne of eh frme is estlished following oth onventionl stti pushover s well s nonliner timeEhistory nlyses under suite of ground motion reords pplied sEreorded or sled y onstnt ftorD therey estimting the struturl response under di'erent levels of seismi intensityF he nlysis results re (nlly ompred t the glol nd the lol dmge predition levelsD ross ll modelsD to revel sustntilD yetD often ignored errors nd wide stter of the predited vlue of key performne indiesD whih re eventully introdued into the erformne fsed hesign epproh y the model limittionsF
VALIDATION OF A NEW ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE DERIVATION OF VULNERABILITY CURVES  ID 58
T. Rossetto, University College London, UK

he min gol of this pper is to review the hrterisE tis of the ehviour of g strutures sujeted to seismi or dynmi lodsD in order to identify the most dequte strtegies for modelling the responseF he prinipl models used for lmost two dedes of studies in this re re disussedF he pper egins with some generl spets of the mterils ehviourF por the onrete the e'et of multiExil lod onditions nd the e'et of the strin rte re disussedD followed y modelling tehniquesX dmge modelsY plstiity models nd some onepts of frture mehnisF efterwrds the prinipl hrteristis of the steel used in reinfored rs re presented nd the more ommonly used models re reviewedF en entire setion is dedited to the ehviour of steelEonrete nd onreteEonrete interfesD whih n in)uene gretly the overll performne of the strutureF he prolem of ond deteriortion is presented with the qulittive nlysis of results from ville pullEout nd yli testsF he most used strtegies to model these e'ets re lso disussedF

e new nlytil proedure for deriving displementE sed vulnerility urves for lsses of uildingsD whih omines dptive pushover nlyses with modi(ed pity ssessment tehniqueD ws proposed in ossetto nd ilnshi @PHHSAF his pper looks to ssess the fesiility of pplition of the proedure nd vlidity of the vulnerility reltionships derived from itF his is done y using the proedure to derive two sets of frgility urves for popultions of lowErise re nd msonry in(lled reinfored onrete momentEresisting frmes designed to old seismi odesD nd then ompring these urves with oservtionl dmge sttistis

39

ES 3a
for these uildings olleted from pst erthquke eventsF he seond uilding type is hosen for the fesiility ssessment s the presene of in(lls nd lk of pity design use rpid hnges in the strutures9 sti'ness with progressive dmge nd onsequently lrge vritions in oth its pity nd the seismi demndF roweverD there re few ville oservtionl postEerthquke dmge sttistis with whih to vlidte the urves derived for this type of strutureF reneD vulnerility urves re lso derived for re frmes @or frmes with wek in(llsA for whih more sustntil mount of vlidtion dt existsF st is shown tht the proposed proedure llows vulnerility urves to e generted in sustntilly shorter time thn onventionl methods @dopting nonEliner timeEhistory nlysesA nd results in urves tht give resonle orreltion to pst erthquke dmge oservtionsF eferenes ossetto D eFFilnshiD @PHHSAD e xew enlytil roedure for the herivtion of hisplementEsed ulnerility gurves for opultions of g truturesD ingineering truturesD PU@QAF QWUERHWF

Oral presentations
dissipted y the ontrolled dmge of its memersF he pushover urve is de(ned onsidering tht in eh step the work of the )oor fores is equl to the struture internl workF he pushover urve is expressed in terms of energy pity nd is ompred with energy response spetr representtive of the seismi input to (nd the performne point de(ning the struturl response to the design erthqukeF he method is illustrted in seprte pper from the sme uthorsF yyih eyegr he energy pity urve n e omputed diretlyF he seismi response spetr in terms of energy need some evlutionsF seudoEenergy response spetr must e de(ned from the energy spetr of the referene erthqukes in suh wy tht they orrespond to the energy demnd of the unilterl ehviour typil of pushover nlysisF his pproh is useful for vriety of spetsX the ritrry hoie of displement ontrol point is elimintedY the equlEenergy pity urve hs physil mening sine its integrl is the tul elstiEplsti energy dissipted y the strutureY the dutility oe0ient omputed through the pity urve is the glol dutility of the tul systemY the evlution of the trget displement does not require inelsti onstntEdutility or equivlentEdmping spetr onventionlly derived from elsti spetrF iv exh evsgesyx seudoEenergy spetr re proposed orresponding to the onventionl design spetrF olutions re rried out for some ses of study inluding oth uildings nd ridgesF he results re ompred with those oming from non liner stti nlyses sed on redued spetr with ontrolled dmping or dutility nd from non liner dynmi nlysesF he potentil pplition to Qh models with torsion ehviour is investigtedF
STUDY OF LISBON ANTI-SEISMIC DOWN-TOWN QUARTERS  ID 1307
M. Monteiro, IST, Portugal M. Lopes, ICIST, Portugal R. Bento, ICIST, Portugal

ES 3a-II: Structural Engineering - Analysis

Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 22
CAPACITY CONTROL METHOD FOR SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF LOW-TO-MEDIUM RISE REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS  ID 1042
M. S. Gunay, Middle East Technical University, Turkey H. Sucuoglu, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

eismi performne ssessment of existing uildingsD whih were onstruted efore the dvnes in erthquke engineering nd onstrution tehnologyD is n importnt sujet tht should e hndled in short timeF gonsidering oth the size of the prolem nd the indequy of inelsti nlysis methods in the seismi evlution of lrge uilding stoksD it is evident tht simple nd onvenient methods re requiredF e prtil nd e0ient foreEsed seismi ssessment method for lowEtoEmedium rise ordinry reinfored onrete uildingsD whih employs liner elsti nlysis in omintion with pity priniplesD is developed hereinF o lled gpity gontrol wethod9 onsists of identifying the expeted lotions of inelsti ehvior nd determintion of the memer performnes y omputing fore demndEtoEpity rtios @hgA nd ompring them with the hg limitsF hen deision is mde out the uilding performneD omining the memer performnesF yne importnt feture of the method is the lultion of the xil fores of the olumns y using the sher fores tht n e trnsmitted from the ems t the ultimte limit stteF es yEprodut of the methodD se sher pity of the uilding is lso lultedF he method is implemented on three se study uildings in order to ompre the results with nonliner time history nlysis nd nonliner stti @pushoverA nlysisF gomprisons re sed on the distriution of the lotions exhiiting inelsti ehvior nd the memer performnesF sn dditionD xil fores nd moment pities of olumns nd se sher pities of uildings otined ording to the gpity gontrol wethod re ompred with those otined from pushover nlysisF
PSEUDO-ENERGY RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE SEISMIC RESPONSE FROM PUSHOVER ANALYSIS  ID 1183
M. Mezzi, University of Perugia, Italy F. Comodini, University of Perugia, Italy M. Lucarelli, University of Perugia, Italy A. Parducci, University of Perugia, Italy E. Tomassoli, University of Perugia, Italy

vison9s downEtown ws reuilt fter the gret destruE tion used y IUSS erthqukeF he uildings hve prtiulr hrteristis of ntiEseismi tehniquesD improved in the seond hlf of the sss enturyD fter the erthqukeF edvned seismi knowledge nd onstrution methods were pplied gthering the uildings of whole qurter to mke them respond together to the ourrene of seismi tionF hose uildings re mde of externl thik msonry wlls nd in the interior omprise tringulted wood struturesD shre middle msonry wlls nd were uilt with the sme size nd )oor heightD ording to the originl oneptionF roweverD mny hnges hve een mde sine thenD dpting uilding9s funtion to modern tivitiesF hose hnges reD mong othersD the enlrgement of typil smll rooms y reking down resistnt wlls mde of tringulted wood strutureD onstrution of dditionl )oors nd onsequent inrese of the struture virtion mssD ut of vertil elements on the ground )oorD hnge of the uniform nd regulr rhiteture nd the uts in wooden struture to insert pipe linesF e three dimensionl model of n originl qurter ws reted to study its dynmi ehviour nd to lern out the uildings intertionF sts seismi response ws ompred with tht of two uildings from the sme qurterD nlysed seprtelyF e prmetri study ws then performed iA to quntify onsequenes of negtive interventionsD iiA to hrterize wood pvement9s rigidity nd its in)uene on glol sti'ness nd seismi ehviourD iiiA to identify weker onnetions etween di'erent elements nd mterilsD ivA to lern out intertion of msonry wlls nd tringulted wood skeleton nd vA to support retro(tting interventionsF
VERIFICATION OF IMPROVED PUSHOVER PROCEDURE IRSA (INCREMENTAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS)  ID 452
G. nem, Bogazici University, Turkey M. N. Aydinoglu, Bogazici University, Turkey

yfviw hipsxssyx en pplition of non liner stti nlysis method through energy pproh is sed on the ide tht the energy of seismi input trnsferred to the struture is

istimtion of inelsti seismi demnds on strutures reE quires omprehensive inelsti nlysisF hile nonliner response

40

Oral presentations
history nlysis @reA is the most rigorous nlysis toolD it is time onsuming nd involves omplited seletion of elertion reordsF hereforeD prtieEoriented nonliner proedure sed minly on pushover nlysis hs een reognized in the pst dede s the most pproprite tool for the performneEsed seismi evlution of struturesF roweverD stndrd pushover nlysis su'ers n importnt drwk in terms of its inility to represent the struturl response developed in higher modesF sn n ttempt to ontriute to ongoing e'orts for developing improved pushover methodsD multiEmode pushover nlysis proedureD nmelyD se @snrementl response petrum enlysisA ws introdued reently y the seond uthor to enle twoE nd three dimensionl nonliner nlyses of uildings nd ridgesF he prtil version of se works diretly with smoothed elsti response spetrum nd mkes use of the wellEknown equl displement rule to sle modl displement inrements t eh pieewise liner stepF he ojetive of this pper is to evlute nd verify the e'etiveness of se through set of nonliner response history nlysesF ypil frme strutures of (ve di'erent heights @RD VD IPD IT nd PH storiesA were designed to urkish eismi gode @IWWVA provisions for three strength levels @aPD R nd TAF por nonliner response history nlysisD PH rel reords with erthquke mgnitude etween TFH nd UFS were employedF he reords were ppropritely sled to mth smoothed elsti response spetrum tht ws lso used in multiEmode pushover nlysis y seF esults re presented in terms typil nonliner response quntitiesD suh s interEstory drift rtios nd plsti hinge rottionsF st is shown tht for prtil purposes se is le to predit the nonliner response of ll types of uildings investigted with resonle ury inluding highErises dominted y higher mode e'etsF
EVALUATION OF RECENTLY IMPROVED APPROXIMATE NONLINEAR ANALYSIS PROCEDURES  ID 628
S. Akkar, Middle East Technical University, Turkey A. Metin, Middle East Technical University, Turkey A. Yakut, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

ES 3a
ith the inresed emphsis on deformtionEsed seisE mi design in the urrent prtieD it is desirle to develop proedures for prediting the struturl deformtion quntities tht ontrol design nd performne of multiEdegreeEofEfreedom @whypA systems sujeted to fultEnorml nerE(eld ground motionsF fsed on the results of n extensive set of liner nd nonliner the timeEhistory nlyses performed on models of QED WE nd PHEstory wp strutures sujeted to TR fultEnorml ground motionsD the empiril ftors tht relte the struturl deformtions to the (rst mode elsti spetrl displements re omputed nd ompred to those reported for frE(eld ground motions y other reserhersF st is shown tht the simple oe0ientEsed proedure spei(ed in piwe QST to estimte the drift demnds in whyp system from its elsti (rstEmode spetrl displement is pplile to fultEnorml nerE(eld ground motions provided the oe0ients used in the method re modi(edF sn prtiulrD it ws found for fultEnorml ground motions tht the oe0ients re dependent on the fundmentl elsti periods of the struture reltive to the period of the veloity pulse present in the ground motionF he proedure nd modi(tion ftors o'er n express estimtion of the mximum roof displement nd the mximum interstory drift for given the elsti spetrl displementD nd will ssist the prtiing engineers in the oneptul design nd in the estimting displement demnds for fultEnorml nerE(eld ground motionsF

ES 3a-III: Structural Engineering - Analysis

Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 22
ASSESSMENT OF ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER PROCEDURES BY DYNAMIC ANALYSIS  ID 863
B. Ferracuti, University of Bologna, Italy M. Savoia, University of Bologna, Italy R. Pinho, University of Pavia, Italy R. Francia, University of Bologna, Italy

he egESS projet hs presented two improved nonlinE er proedures for the estimtion of mximum deformtion demnds on struturl systems to ssess their performne ginst di'erent seismi hzrd levelsF he initil versions of these proeE dures re reommended y the egERH nd piweEQST douments nd the min di'erene etween them is the prtiulr pproh used in simulting the nonliner equivlent singleEdegreeEofEfreedom @sdofA system responseF his study evlutes these reently improved pproximte proedures for moment resisting frmes in sttistil mnner to investigte their ury in estimting the inelsti deformtion demndsF e totl of UV ground motions reorded on soil sites were used to produe error sttistis for Q to W story frme models tht on(rm to the modern seismi design odesF he mgnitude @wA nd losest soureEtoEsite distne @dA rnge of the seleted ground motions re SFU ` w ` UFT nd d ` PS kmD respetivelyF xonliner response history nlyses were onduted for PR nonEdegrdingD Q to W story frme models with fundmentl periods rnging etween HFPU s ! IFQI s nd the results were ompred with those of the pproximte proedures to evlute their uryF he nonliner response history nlyses results were onsidered s ext F sn prtiulrD the study fouses on the disrepny nd ury in the estimtion of mximum interstory nd roof drift demnds etween these proeduresF gon(ned to the uilding models nd groundEmotion dt setD the error sttistis suggest tht oth improved proedures tend to yield onservtive estimtions for roof drift demndsF he orresponding estimtions drw more omplex pttern for mximum interstory drift demndsF hese results re elieved to e importnt for performneEsed seismi ssessment of existing frme type struturesF
DRIFT DEMANDS OF FAULT-NORMAL NEAR-FIELD GROUND MOTIONS FOR MDOF SYSTEMS  ID 179
Q. Fu, Stanford University, United States C. Menun, Risk Management Solution, Inc, United States

xonliner dynmi nlysis is the most relile method to desrie struturl response under seismi tionF xeverthelessD suh tehnique n still e very timeEonsuming nd omplex proessD indequte for generl design o0e pplitionF es suhD reent yers hve witnessed n inresed fous on the development of designGssessment proedures sed on nonliner stti nlysis @or pushover nlysisAF he ltter n e'etively desrie the pity of the struture under horizontl fores in the nonliner rnge with redued omputtionl e'ort with respet to nonliner dynmi nlysisF hi'erent nonliner stti proedures hve een proposed in the litertureF hey n e sudivided in two min tegoriesY nonEdptive @onventionlA nd dptive tehniquesD the min di'erene onsisting in the mnner in whih lod distriutions re presried over the strutureF sn onventionl proeduresD the shpe of the distriution is onstnt during the nlysisD wheres in dptive pushover methods lod distriution is evluted stepEyEstepF he dptive proedure is le to tke into ount progressive struturl sti'ness degrdtionD the hnge of modl hrteristi nd the period elongtion of struture for inresing vlues of externl tionF sn the present studyD di'erent pushover proeduresD pplied to the se of reinfored onrete frmesD re ompred using the (re (nite element ode @ypeneesAF por nonEdptive nlysesD two di'erent fore distriutions re onsideredD uniform nd proportionl to the (rst modl shpeF por dptive pushover proeduresD poreEsed @peA nd hisplementEsed @heA tehnique re employed instedF sn order to vlidte these proeduresD inrementl dynmi nlyses @sheA re rried out using set of rti(il timeEhistories derived to (t the iuroode response spetrF gomprison of stti ginst dynmi resultsD in terms of oth pity urves s well s interstorey drift pro(lesD leds to the onlusion tht displementEsed dptive pushover fetures the highest potentil to etter reprodue results of inrementl dynmi nlysisF

41

ES 3a
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE SENSITIVITY OF A 9-STORY STEEL FRAME TO PLASTIC HINGE MODELING UNCERTAINTIES  ID 657
D. Vamvatsikos, University of Cyprys, Cyprus M. Fragiadakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Oral presentations
with eh otherF he formultion of the integrted model will e presented long with the vlidtion from qusiEstti yli tests on seismilly nonEonforming emEolumn jointF
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT SEISMIC RELIABILITY PROCEDURES OF RC STRUCTURES  ID 641
P. P. Diotallevi, DISTART - Dep. of Civil Engineering, Italy L. Landi, DISTART - Dep. of Civil Engineering, Italy M. Bianchini, DISTART - Dep. of Civil Engineering, Italy

he e'ets of di'erent emEolumn plstiEhinge modelE ing ssumptions on the seismi ehvior of steel frmes re studied through snrementl hynmi enlysis @sheAF he wellEknown WEstory veW Ph steel frme is used s tested y dopting multiple possile momentErottion reltionships for the em plstiEhingesF hese rnge from simple elstiEperfetly plsti kones with kinemti hrdening to full qudriliner kones with pinhing hysteresisD inluding n elstiD hrdeningD negtive sti'ness nd residul plteu rnhD terminting with (nl drop to zero strengthF he properties onsidered inludeD for exmpleD the postEyield hrdening rtioD the endEofEhrdening rottionD the slope of the desending rnhD the residul moment pity or the ultiE mte rottion rehedF uh prmeters re vried systemtilly throughout the uildingD generting numerous plusile struturl models whih di'er only in the dopted onnetion modelD some eing rther simple nd others quite more relistiF he seismi performne of eh resulting frme is then evluted using sheD iFeFD y performing multiple nonliner time history nlyses for suite of twenty ground motion reords ppropritely sled to severl intensity levelsF fy ppropritely postEproessing the results we n diretly estimte the limitEstte pities to otin solid sis for ompring the di'erent modelsF husD we re le to evlute the in)uene of plstiEhinge modeling ssumptions to the seismi performne of the frme nd understnd the possile errors introdued y the simplerD less relisti models tht re often used in prtieF
FORMULATION OF INTEGRATED BEAMCOLUMN-JOINT MODEL FOR SEISMICALLY NONCONFORMING R.C. FRAME SYSTEMS  ID 716
U. S R, University of Canterbury, New Zealand S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand A. Carr, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

his pper presents omprison etween the fully proE ilisti pprohes to seismi design nd ssessment of reinfored onrete struturesD s the PHHH egGpiwe method nd the methods sed on the esponse urfeF e numeril investigtions ws rried out onsidering set of frme strutures designed ording to iuroode V nd hrterized y di'erent struturl on(gurtionsF he strutures were studied with non liner model whih is le to represents the prinipl spets of the seismi ehviour of g elementsF ith regrd to the PHHH egGpiwe method three ommon filure mehnisms were onsideredX joint filureD olumn sher filure nd drift filureF e stndrd proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis ws performed using the gornell9s methodology nd the ttenution lw proposed y ett nd uglieseF he hzrd t the site is de(ned in terms of the spetrl elertions orresponding to periods lose to the fundmentl periods of the struturesF hese elertions re the intensity ftors of the reorded elerogrms used for the dynmi response nlysisF ith regrd to the esponse urfe wethodD the pity term in the nlytil limit stte funtion ws lulted using response surfe nd the frgility of systems is lulted y yw nlysisD with the empiril limit stte funtion s inputF he response surfe is used to model the pity of struture s funtion of numer of vriles representing mehnil prmeters s well s lodingX the pity is expressed in terms of the intensity of the seismi tion involving stte of filureF he two methods re (nlly ompred nd evluted in terms of filure proility nd of omputtionl ostF woreover the orreltion etween the filure proility nd the struturl on(gurtion nd typology is investigtedF
FINITE ELEMENT SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF GUYED MASTS  ID 1189
M. Grey, Oxford University, UK M. S. Williams, Oxford University, UK T. Blakeborough, Oxford University, UK

sn mjor seismi prone ountriesD reinfored onrete frme uildings either designedEforEgrvityElodsEonly or not onforming to urrent seismi ode requirements hve ttrted serious ttention with respet to seismi vulnerility ssessmentF es oserved in reent erthquke eventsD suh uildings hve demonstrted signi(nt distress in the joint pnel zone regionsD leding to inipient joint filure nd loss of sfety of the strutureF ixperimentl studies hve further on(rmed nd highlighted peE ulir joint filure mehnisms whih undersored the omplex pheE nomen of ond nd sher due to indequte nhorge of the lonE gitudinl reinforements nd sene of trnsverse reinforement within the jointF rene proper modelling of the joint ehviour ssumes sustntil relevne in seismi ssessment nd retro(t proE eduresF he omplexity of joint sher ehviour nd the ssoited inE triies in determining the strength nd deformtion hrterisE tis pose joint modeling s reserh hllengeF sn the pst two dedesD vrious pprohes hve een dopted suh s mirosopi (nite element modelsD mroElevel multiEspring models nd further simpli(ed models with single springF wost of the existing mro models hveD for simpliityD ignored the intertion etween sher nd ond nd hve treted their e'ets independentlyF yn the other hndD the mteril models representing foreEdeformtion hrterE istis re supported y experimentlly lirted prmetersF rowE everD only limited numer of experimentl tests on underEdesigned emEolumn joint sussemlies re ville in litertureY hene omprehensive lirtion is yet to e estlishedF sn this ontriutionD onsidering the dependeny of the mroE models on lirted prmeters on one hnd nd the omplexity of (nite elementEtype miro models on the otherD n integrted joint model is proposed omprising of (er sed plsti hinges omined with multiEspring sher pnel zone eing le to intert

quyed msts re speilized type of struture ommonly used in the rodsting industry to support equipment t sustntil heightsF he dynmi nlysis of these strutures under seismi loding is muh understudied (eld tht requires investigtionF he omplex nture of their nlysis rises from the nonliner foreEde)etion reltionship of the le supports s well s Edelt e'ets in the mstF hese led to the struture exhiiting signi(nt nonliner hrteristis even under working lod onditionsF pull nonEliner nlysis of guyed msts is rrely performed s it is omplex nd time onsumingF wsts re usully designed y equivlent stti methods for wind nd ie loding onlyD with the seismi lodse often ssumed to e less onerousF he vlidity of this ssumption is investigted s prt of this reserhF sn this projet four existing guyed msts in the u with heights rnging from WW to QIPm re urtely nlysed under vrious seismi loding onditions using ePHHH struturl nlysis softwreF he reserh ims to gin n understnding into the distriution nd mgnitudes of fores developed during typil seismi nd design wind eventsD estlish inditorsGtrends tht my id in guyed mst designD nd identify the irumstnes in whih seismi loding my e the governing lodseF snvestigtions into the trvelling wve9 e'et nd the suitility of response spetrum nlysis re lso undertkenF epplile setions of iuroode V re followed wherever possileF st is shown tht when sujeted to sustntil seismi events with pek ground elertions in the region of RmGsPD signi(nt fores n develop in msts tht re omprle to those produed during wind ssessment using the pth lod

42

Oral presentations
methodF he distriution of fores n e ppreily di'erent nd ny res with irregulrGinonsistent distriution of wind response fores n e vulnerle to seismi lodingF
SIMULATING THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ANCIENT COLUMNS INCLUDING GEOMETRICAL AND MATERIAL NONLINEARITY  ID 1427
A. Sextos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece K. Pitilakis, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece N. Argyriou, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

ES 3a
struturl response s well s response of nonEstruturl elementsD expressing these omponents in resiliene dimensionsF he prolem is frmed in roder soietl ontextD from whih is formulted suEprolem tht n e ddressed nd qunti(ed through oordinted lrgeEsle multidisiplinry erthquke engineering reserh e'ortF xonEengineering issues tht losely relte to the engineering ones re onsideredD ut fous of the pper in on the engineering tools tht n ontriute nd e integrted into deision support toolsD whih in turn ould e use for the formultion of strtegies nd poliies t higher levelF
NEW APPROACHES IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATED MULTISTORY MULTIFUNCTIONAL BUILDINGS  ID 194
M. Melkumyan, American University of Armenia, Armenia H. Hovhannisyan, American University of Armenia, Armenia

he dynmi response of nient qreek olumns ttrts sienti( ttention not only on the sis of their spei( )exiilityD support nd joint onnetions propertiesD ut primrilyD due to the fore trnsfer mehnism etween the olumns prts tht is hieved through wooden or steel pins @lled empoli9AF sn ftD this onstrution prtie of (nite strength tht does not exeed the ompressive strength of the onneted drums is n erly version of the pity design proess tht is urrently used for the seismi protetion of struturesF xeverthelessD this is very omplex nd multiEprmetri prolem tht involves oth geometril nd mteril nonlinerityY reltive sliding nd roking of the drumsD the role of nonEuniform frition nd the vrition of xil lod s well s potentil emploli frture led to oupled nd frequeny dependent dynmi response under erthquke lodingF ithin this ontextD dvned (nite element tools re used in order to investigte the ove phenomen nd ouple them in di'erent omintionsF prom the simultion of single Ph drum pled on rigid foundtion to the response of Qh rel olumns lying over elsti foundtionD prmetri nlysis is performedD exmining the vlidity of the models nd ompring the results with other numeril results nd existing simplifying or more omplex nlytil solutionsF he exmples studied fous on the tul geometry nd hrteristis of the nient olumns t the ropolis of vindos ! hodesF edditionl prmetri nlyses re lso performed sed on dt from other rheologil sites in qreee tht hve een gthered nd hieved into n eletroni inventoryF he results indite tht the overll seismi performne of the prtiulr monuments is indeed stisftory to very goodD yet the reltive ontriution of the forementioned physil prmeters is strongly seEdependent nd nnot e ssessed in dvneF

ES 3a-IV: Structural Engineering - Analysis

Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 22
EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF SEISMIC RESILIENCE FOR ACUTE CARE FACILITIES  ID 29
M. Bruneau, University at Bualo, United States A. Reinhorn, University at Bualo, United States

huring the lst IQ yers QU uildings nd strutures hve een designed in ermeni using seismi isoltion tehnologiesF he totl numer of se nd roof isolted uildingsD whih re lredy onstrutedD retro(tted or re under onstrutionD hs rehed to PTF he lst pplitions of seismi isoltion took ple in design nd onstrution of IHEPHEstory multifuntionl uildingsD whih inlude underground )oors @grgesA nd ove ground )oors for o0esD prtmentsD resturntsD (tness lusD poolsD etF he reent developments in the (eld of seismi isoltion of multistory uildings re illustrted in the pper y severl exmplesF he originl nd innovtive struturl onepts of (ve residentil omplexes nd of usiness enter nd their designs were developed in PHHREPHHTF nder di'erent olumns of g frmes nd di'erent sher wlls of these uildings di'erent quntities of seismi isoltion ruer erings re envisgedF he instlltion of the group of smll ruer erings insted of one ig ering is not typil pprohF prom the struturl point of view this pproh is inresing the seismi stility of the uildings nd is leding to more uniform distriution of the vertil ded lods s well s of dditionl vertil seismi lods on the ruer eringsF yther dvntges of this pproh re the followingX smll erings n e instlled y hnd without using ny mehnismsY esy replement of smll eringsD if neessryD without using ny expensive equipmentY esy sting of onrete under the steel pltes with nhors nd reess rings of smll dimeter for instlltion of eringsY neutrliztion of rottion of uildings y mnipultion of the numer of erings in the seismi isoltion plneD etF ell omplexes were nlyzed using the provisions of the ermenin eismi godeD s well s using di'erent time historiesF
NUMERICAL CODE FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES INCORPORATING ENERGY DISSIPATING DEVICES  ID 648
P. Mata A, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain S. Oller M, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain A. Barbat H, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain R. Boroschek, University of Chile, Chile

eismi resiliene hs een de(ned s the ility of sysE tem to redue the hnes of shokD to sor shok if it ours @rupt redution of performneA nd to reover quikly fter shok @reEestlish norml performneAF wore spei(llyD resilient system is one tht showsX IF edued filure proilitiesD PF edued onsequenes from filuresD in terms of lives lostD dmgeD nd negtive eonomi nd soil onsequenesD QF edued time to reovery @restortion of spei( system or set of systems to their norml level of performneA por geogrphilly distriuted system designed to provide stndrdized servieD suh s power gridD or wter distriuE tion networkD the physil resiliene dimension n e qunti(le vlueD suh s kilowttsD gllonsD or households provided with serE vieF roweverD for ritil systems for whih the deliverle is not simple engineering unitD suh s for the se of ute re filitiesD the vertil xis is hrder to de(neD not to mention quntifyF his pper presents onepts developed in ttempts to quntify the seismi resiliene of ute re filitiesD fousing on the

he evlution of the seismi response of uildings inE volves numeril di0ulties due to the gret mount of ftors involvedF sn ftD the strins!stresses reltionship eomes nonliner eyond the yielding pointF he on(gurtion hnges re nother soure of nonElinerityD inresing the di0ulties in numeril simultionsF huring strong erthqukes mny strutures n show highly nonliner ehvior due to mteril nd geometri ehviorsF e relisti struturl nlysis would require tking into ount ll the soures of nonElinerityD mong whih the energy dissipting pity of the strutures during erthqukes is essentilF edditionllyD it is well known tht energy dissipting devies n redue the struturl dmge providing extr protetion to the strutureF he dynmi response of strutures with energy dissipting deE vies is studied in this pperF he struture is modeled using the u uo!imo formultion for emsD wht llow onsidering geometE ri e'ets in the struturl responseF hering is onsidered llowing the reltive rottion etween rossEsetions nd the em xisF wE

43

ES 3a
teril nolinerity is treted t mteril point level with pproprited onstitutive lwsD employing uhnovs model for degrding mteE rils nd n elstoplsti mteril with (er ehvior for steelF he simple mixing theory is used to tret ompositesF he equtions of motion nd onservtion lws re expressed in terms of setionl fores nd generlized strinsY the linerized prolem is solved y using the (nite element methodF e spei( (nite element is proE posed for modeling the energy dissipting deviesF his element is developed sed on simple rods with one integrtion pointF he em nd dissipting elements were implemented in (nite element odeF sn this pper severl tests vlidting the ility of the model to reprodue the response of prest nd st in ple strutures sujeted to erthquke loding re presentedF
EVALUATION OF THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF PRECAST CONCRETE BUILDINGS WITH ENERGY DISSIPATING DEVICES  ID 652
P. Mata A, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain S. Oller M, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain A. Barbat H, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain R. Boroschek, University of Chile, Chile

Oral presentations
nd emsD prllel nd perpendiulrD with respet to the pplied erthquke lodingF he numeril vlidtion of the experimentl tests hs een rried out dopting lumped plstiity modelsX while the roof elementsD ems nd olumns re represented with elsti em elements @rked ndGor unrked setionsAD the plsti hinge regions ourring in the olumns re modeled with nonEliner rottionl springsD dopting suitle yli hysteresis rulesF woreoverD in order to evlute the role for the glol seismi performne of the systemD prmetri nlysis investigting the in)uene of the emEtoEolumn nd roofEem onnetionsD iFeF vrying initil sti'ness nd yli ehviourD will e rried outF e set of elerogrms opportunely sled to mth the igV design elertion spetrum will e used for the dynmi time history nlyses s veri(tion of the igV foreEsed designF he numeril results will on(rm on one hnd the reliility of the design pproh pursued ndD on the otherD the uryD verstility nd simpliity of the model doptedF
CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED POUNDINGS OF SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BUILDINGS  ID 1975
P. Polycarpou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus L. Papaloizou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus P. Komodromos, University of Cyprus, Cyprus

he use of prest uildings hs een inresed due to the high qulity of the resulting strutures nd the redutions of the onstruting timeF he poor performne of some prest strutures during pst erthqukes nd the lk of spei( odes hve limited their use in seismi zonesF ome of their disdvntges reX low struturl dmping levelD Eh e'ets nd low dutility of onneting jointsF hereforeD the use of dissipting devies for improving the seismi ehvior prest uildings is proposed in this pperD wht would llow to ontrol lterl displements of strutures inresing the glol dmping nd the lol dutility of onneting jointsF he seismi response of two prest strutures equipped with enE ergy dissiptors is ompred with the se when dissiptors re not employedF he (rst struture is low dmped industril prest uilding with wek onneting jointsF he seond one is Qh frme typilly uilt in urn res with moderte seismiityF he struE tures re modeled using the u uo!imo formultion for emsF ih setion is meshed in grid of qudrilterlsD eh of them repE resenting (er long the em xisF he mteril of the (ers hs severl omponents with pproprited onstitutive lwsF he simple mixing theory is used for resulting ompositeF e speil dissipting element is developed for the energy dissipting deviesF he dynmi response of the two strutures is preditedF he possiility of improving the seismi ehvior y men of using dissiptors is studiedF edditionllyD spei( dissipting devies re designed for improving the dutility of the onneting joints nd to inrese the glol struturl strengthF he results on(rm the improvement of the seismi performne of prest strutures with pssive ontrolD reduing the Eh e'etsD inresing the lol dutility nd the glol strengthF
NUMERICAL-EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF A FULL-SCALE PROTOTYPE  ID 860
A. Palermo, Politecnico di Milano, Italy L. Ferrara, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

eismi isoltion is hieved y inorporting )exiility t the se of reltively sti' uildings to void resonne with the predominnt frequenies of erthqukes nd redue the indued )oor elertions nd interstory de)etionsF roweverD prtil onstrint for the utiliztion of seismi isoltion is the sizele seismi gp tht must e ensured round the uilding to filitte the expeted lrge reltive displements t the isoltion levelF gonsidering tht there re often ertin restritions to the size of the provided seismi gpD resonle onern is the possiility of poundings of seismilly isolted strutures with djent strutures during strong ground motionsF oundings hppen mostly due to the lrge reltive displements t the isoltion level nd not due to the deformtion of the superstrutureD s in the se of (xedEsupported uildingsF his reserh work investigtes how the e'etiveness of seismi isoltion my e 'eted y the vrious design prmeters nd onditions during poundings with djent struturesF e lrge numer of simultions of seismilly isolted uildings with vriety of hrteristis hve een onduted under rnge of erthquke exittions in order to systemtilly investigte the in)uene of ertin prmeters nd onditions on the mximum )oor elertionsD interstory de)etions nd se sher fores during poundingsF he numeril simultions nd prmetri studies demonstrte tht poundings my sustntilly inrese )oor elertionsD while other modes of deformtions my e exited resulting in higher interstory de)etions insted of the lmost rigid ody motion of the superstruture tht is imed with seismi isoltionF nderstnding the onsequenes of potentil poundings of seismilly isolted uildings with djent strutures is essentil in order to rtionlly tke into ount the possiility of imptD whih relistilly nnot lwys e exludedD due to prtil restritionsF

he ontinuous spreding of prest onrete strutures for oneEstorey industril uildingsD where the lterl lod resisting system onsists of olumns ntilevering from the foundtions nd onneted with hinges to the emsD hve rised up the ttention of reserhers out the seismi performne of these strutures espeilly in severe erthquke hzrd resF he qrowth eserh rojet rest trutures igVD founded y the iuropen gommission nd spnning over three yersD imed to investigte the dequy of the urrent seismi design odes @igVAD epted for stEinEsitu reinfored onrete struturesD when pplied to the design of these prest onrete struturesF sn this pperD numerilEexperimentl vlidtion of series of pseudoEdynmi nd yli tests on two fullEsle prototypesD rried out t the ive vortory of the tgD is presentedF he two prototypes minly di'er euse of the di'erent orienttion of roof elements

ES 3a-V: Structural Engineering - Analysis

Thursday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 22

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS FOR BUILDING FOUNDATION SYSTEMS CONSIDERING STRUCTURAL DAMAGE  ID 721
L. E. Perez Rocha, Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas, Mexico J. Aviles Lopez, Intituto Mexicano de Tecnologa del Agua, Mexico

trengthEredution ftor hve een extensively studied in the pst for (rm groundD nd even for soft soils onsidering site e'etsF oilEstruture intertion hs een reently ounted for

44

Oral presentations
y the uthors of this workF his ftor ws investigted for single elstoplsti struture with )exile foundtion exited y vertilly propgting sher wvesF he onepts for (xedEse yielding systems were extended to ount for soil!struture intertion y using the simpli(ed referene model nd nonliner replement osilltor reently proposed y the writersF sn this workD simpli(ed proedure for prtil dmge nlysis of strutures onsidering the soilEstruture intertion e'etsD is used to ompute this ftorF o do thtD dmge model sed on mximum displement nd dissipted energy under monotoni loding is doptedD with the e'ets of yli lod reversls eing estimted y using modi(ed rkEeng indexF o simplify the onsidertion of the soilEstruture intertion e'etsD n equivlent (xedEse osilltor with the sme yield strength nd energy dissiption pity s the tul )exileEse struture is ppliedF eleted numeril results re presented in terms of dimensionless prmeters for their generl pplitionD using set of pproprite erthquke motions for ensuring generlity of onlusionsF he signi(ne of soilEstruture intertion in the struturl performne is eluidted nd the dequy of the pproh proposed is exminedF
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES: INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL  ID 933
L. Lehmann, Inst. of Applied Mechanics, Germany R. Borsutzky, Inst. of Applied Mechanics, Germany

ES 3a
uildingsF he proposed model is simpleD omputtionlly e0ient nd ple of representing the slient fetures of the soilEpile intertionF en inelsti (nite element nlysis is performed to investigte the e'ets of soilEpile intertion on the response of struturl systemsF everl model prmeters @eFgF pile lengthD lterl soil sti'nessD pile rossEsetion geometryA re exminedF he prmetri studies show tht the lterl soil sti'ness gretly 'ets the fundmentl period of struturl system nd the position of the plsti hinge in the pileF
EXAMPLES OF 3D NON-LINEAR SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN  ID 1165
Z. Lubkowski, Arup, UK N. Peiris, Arup, UK M. Willford, Arup, UK X. Duan, Arup, UK

sn this pperD new numeril methodology for the nlE ysis of wve propgtion in in(nite domins is presented nd pplied to the seismi nlysis of struturesF e numeril simuE ltion of threeEdimensionl soilEstruture intertion prolem is proposedF por the seismi nlysis of uildingD dt reorded during the uoe erthquke re used s exittionF he oupled model onsists of nerE(eld prt mpped vi the piw nd frE(eld reprodued y modi(ed fpiwF fy hoosing the piw for the nerE(eld disretistion nd the fpiw s soring oundry onditions severl dvntges of the solution proedure re hievedX the piw llows the use of nonEliner mteril lws in the nerE(eldD nd utilising the fpiw redues the sptil dimension y oneD while no fundmentl solution is neededF es the fpiw is formulted s ext soring oundry onditionD it is nonElol in time nd speF he nonElolity in time is the ottleE nek for long simultion time nlyses of soilEstruture intertion prolemsD nd the glolity in spe for lrge nerE(eldGfrE(eld interfesF he rt of formulting suitle oundry ondition is to redue the omplexity of the soring oundry ondition without epting signi(nt devitions to the ext solutionF reneD two min modi(tions re introdued in this pperF sn order to redue the osts of lulting the involved onvolution integrlsD reursive lgorithm is formultedF e storge redution method is presented s wellD whih results in ndedD sprse strutureF he omined use of the reursive lgorithm nd the storge redution proedure redues the operting expense of the fpiw signi(ntlyF he pplition of the presented method to seismi nlysis of uildings shows tht onsidering soilEstruture intertion esides the orret modelling of soil lyers is essentilF
MODELLING SOIL-PILE INTERACTION LATERAL EXCITATIONS  ID 997
S. Limkatanyu, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand E. Spacone, University of Chieti, Italy K. Kuntiyawichai, Ubonratchathani University, Thailand

he pper desries performneEsed nlysis tehniques used y the uthors on numer of reent projets for the more relisti ssessment of the seismi performne of strutures nd foundtions t reltively soft sitesF he soils t suh sites re often strined to their strength limit during strong erthqukesD nd re sometimes prone to liqueftionF gonventionl methods of designD or of performne ssessmentD re sed upon treting site responseD soilEstruture intertionD struturl response nd foundtion design seprtelyD the results of one ssessment eing used s input to the nextF hilst this might e vlid pproh for liner elsti soilsD it is frught with irreonille di0ulties in soils tht re highly nonE liner during n erthqukeF his is euse the strins in the soil eneth nd round the foundtion re 'eted oth y the freeE(eld site response nd y the inerti fores ssoited with the struturl responseF sn prtie it is not possile to (nd simple solution y treting the ssessment in seprte stgesD nd high degree of unneessry onservtism my e hve to e introduedF he methods dopted y the uthors use sophistited nonE liner numeril time domin simultions in Qh inluding ll the essentil elements of the system @site responseD soilEpileEfoundtion intertion nd the struturl responseA in one model to permit the nonEliner intertions to e represented relistillyF he pper desries projet pplitions nd vlidtion studies to demonstrte tht the pproh gives relisti ssessmentsF st shows tht questions suh s how does the presene of piled foundtion 'et the site response ground motions to e pplied to the struture9 to e irumvented y modelling the performne of the whole systemF
FINITE ELEMENT RESPONSE SENSITIVITY AND RELIABILITY ANALYSES OF STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS  ID 1215
M. Barbato, UCSD, United States Q. Gu, UCSD, United States J. Conte, UCSD, United States

UNDER

por mny yersD designers hve onsidered tht piles ould only support lods pplied in line with their entrl xisF es resultD piles required to rry lterl foresD were instlled t tterF roweverD it is now relized tht the lterl resistne of vertil pile is onsiderleF yviouslyD intertions etween the pile nd the surrounding soil should to e onsidered oth in the design nd nlysis of the struturl system @superstruture nd pileEfoundtionA sujeted to lterl tionsF sn this pperD displementEsed frme (er model with ontinuous lterl deformle soils is used to represent the pileEfoundtion of frme

he gol in performneEsed erthquke engineering is to design strutures le to hieve spei(ed performne oE jetives t vrious seismi hzrd levelsF o hieve this golD the struturl engineer must ount during the design proess for ll pertinent soures of letory nd epistemi unertintyF husD methods re required for propgting unertinties from modeling prmeters @desriing the geometryD mteril ehvior nd pplied lodingA to struturl response quntities used in de(ning struturl performneF hese methods lso need to e semlessly integrted with deterministi struturl nlysis methods wellEknown to the prtiing engineersD suh s the (nite element methodF his pper presents reent developments in response sensitivityD proilisti response nd reliility nlyses of struturl nd geotehnil systems s well s their implementtion into generlEpurpose softwre frmeworks for response simultion sed on dvned nonliner (nite element methodsF vtest dvnes re highlightedD whih ridge importnt gps etween lgorithms for (nite element response nd response sensitivity nlysis sed on the hiret hi'erentition wethod

45

ES 3b
@hhwAF xew hhwEsed lgorithms for urte nd e0ient omputtion of (nite element response sensitivities of struturl nd soilEfoundtionEstrutureEintertion systems re presentedF he pper will lso provide some pplition exmples in whih response sensitivity nlysis results re used to ssess the reltive importne of modeling prmeters on simulted system responseF ixmples of proilisti response @pirstEyrder eondEwoment pproximtionAD timeEinvrint @pirstEyrder eliility wethodA nd timeEvrint @men outrossing rte omputtionA reliility nlyses re presented to illustrte the integrted use of response sensitivity nlysis nd proilistiGreliility nlysis methods for proilisti performne ssessmentF pous is pled on two types of nlyses ommonly used in erthquke engineeringD nmely nonliner qusiEstti pushEover nlysis nd nonliner response @or timeA history nlysisF
SEISMIC SOIL-FOUNDATION-STRUCTURE INTERACTION: BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS  ID 1598
M. Preisig, Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne, Switzerland G. Jie, University of California Davis, United States B. Jeremic, University of California Davis, United States

Oral presentations
in seismi protetion of ridges of ny kindF his pper orresponds to n tulized stteEofEtheErt review out the seismi ehviour of leEstyed ridges with the inorportion of dditionl systems of pssive protetionF he investigtion egins with review of the seismi response of leEstyed ridgesD reent reserh results out the seismi ehviour with dditionl pssive devies nd the ltest investigtions with regrd to pplitions of the pssive strtegy in the new ionEentirion fridge @qreeeAF
NUMERICAL AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF TWO DANUBE BRIDGES  ID 1420
L. G. L. Kollar, Vigh, Dunai, Budapest Budapest Budapest University University University of of of Technology Technology Technology and and and Economics, Economics, Economics,

Hungary Hungary Hungary

gurrent design prtie for strutures sujet to erthquke loding regrds dynmi oilEfoundtionEtruture sntertion @psA to e ene(il to the ehvior of struturesF snluding the )exiility of the foundtion nd soil redues the overll sti'ness of system nd therefore redues pek lods used y given ground motionF his might e true in @someA mny sesF roweverD there is the possiility of p system going into resonne with the exiting erthquke motions s result of shift of the nturl frequenies of the pEsystemF his n led to muh lrger inertil fores ting on strutureF sn tht seD the ps is not ene(ilD ut rther hetrimentl to the seismi response of the strutures @nd of the p systemAF sn this presenttion we present n nlysis of ene(il nd detrimentl e'ets ps n hve on seismi responseF st will e shown tht n intertion etween p system nd the seismi motions plys ruil role in determining if ps will e ene(il or detrimentlF sn other wordsD ps n e oth ene(il nd detrimentl for prtiulr p systemD depending on the hrteristis of the seismi motions exiting the systemF

ES 3b-I: Structural Engineering - Bridges

Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 22

SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES WITH ADDITIONAL PASSIVE DISSIPATION DEVICES: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW  ID 35
G. Valdebenito, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile A. Aparicio, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain

eording to the former rungrin stndrd uilding strutures nd ridges were not required to design for erthquke e'etsF eentlyD erthquke resistnt design ws performed for some mjor projetsD euse the seismiity of rungry is higher thn it ws thought efore @the ground elertion is out HFI gA nd the new iuropen stndrd @igVA is going to e introdued in PHHTD whih requires the erthquke resistnt designF yur experiene on the design of two new ridges ! n rh ridge nd le styed ridge ! re presentedD whih re under onstruE tion now over the iver hnueF he modl response spetrum erthquke nlyses @reomE mended y igVA of the ridges were rried outD oth y pi models nd y simpli(ed proeduresF sn performing the pi lultion with high numer of degree of freedomD numeril prolems rose tht my led to onfronttion with the rules of igVF sn the lulE tion of oth ridgesD in order to reh the WH7 of the totl mss y the sum of the e'etive modl msses @s presried y igVAD n extremely lrge numer of modl shpes hd to e onsidered in the response spetrum nlysisF sn dditionD only few of the modes result in modl mss greter thn S7 of the totl mssF es onseE queneD the igV proposl tht modes hving modl msses over S7 should e onsidered in the nlysis my led to extremely unonE servtive resultsD sine these modes give only out RH7 of the totl mssF he prolems originte in two phenomenX unmoved msses nd the deomposition of modl shpesD whih re explinedD nd ddressed in the pperF fsed on the resultsD erthqukeEsensitive points of the struE tures re determined nd orresponding struturl modi(tionsD strengthening re reommendedF pinllyD generl onlusions re drwn on the e'ets of erthquke lods on rungrin ridge struturesF
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A BRIDGE PIER MODEL AT THE EUROSEIS-TEST SITE INCLUDING SOIL FLEXIBILITY  ID 197
G. Manos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece V. Kourtidis, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece A. Sextos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece P. Renault, RWTH, Germany S. Chiras, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece V. Soulis, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

fridges re ivil works for whih is required their struE turl integrity nd essiility fter the ourrene of n erthqukeF roweverD it is known tht these systems re very vulnerleD s it hs een demonstrted fter the ourrene of the erthquke events of n pernndo @IWUIAD vom riet @IWVWAD xorthridge @IWWRAD uoe @IWWSA nd iwn @IWWWAF gonsidering the existent ridgesD leEstyed ones re without dout very importnt lterntiveD sine they n e used for longEspns eing next to suspended ridges the most impressive engineering worksF feuse of their importneD for spnElengths tht exeed PHH mD it is desirle onservtive designD eing ommon to require n elsti or lmost elsti struturl response for the design erthquke of very low ourrene proilityF reneD requiring n elsti response nd dditionl energy dissiption on the struturl elementsD it is possile to use pssive deviesD s led ruer eringsD frition dmpers or )uid visous dmpers for the seismi ontrolF forn for militry useD energy dissiption nd se isoltion devies egn their inursion in the ivil world quiklyD improving the seismi ehviour of onstrutions nd eing the new tendenies

his pper presents results of the mesured nd predited response of ridge pier model struture whih hs een ereted t the olviEqreee iuropen est iteF efter n initil lortory testing of the ridge pier model under yli horizontl lods nd the study of its yli postEelsti ehviorD series of lowEto medium intensity exittions were performed t the test site for period of two yersF he dek elertion response ws reorded nd ws studied in the frequeny domin in order to extrt the most signi(nt eigenEmodes nd eigenEfrequenies for the vrious on(gurtions of the pier ridge modelF woreoverD n extensive numeril simultion of the response ws lso performedD inluding the )exiility of the foundtionF he numeril simultion ws lso

46

Oral presentations
extended to inlude volume of soil under the foundtion in order to study the soil response when the pier ws sujeted to low intensity mnEmde exittionsF pour pressure ells were pled in the soil under the foundtion nd mesurements were otined from these pressure sensors during the mn mde exittionsD whih were then orrelted to the numeril preditionsF e summry of the inEsitu mesurements of the ridge pier model response re presented nd ompred with the orresponding numeril preditions from vriety of numeril simultions tht ttempt either in reltively simple or reltively omplex wy to ddress the in)uene on the response tht rises from the )exile foundtion onditionsF
RESPONSE OF CABLE STAY BRIDGES SUBJECTED TO MULTIPLE SUPPORT EXCITATION  ID 222
E. Metters, University of Bristol, UK C. Dick, University of Bristol, UK J. Norman, University of Bristol, UK A. Crewe, University of Bristol, UK

ES 3b
ground motionF he rrivl times re tken into ount s HFH s for ll support points when the pprent wve veloity is ssumed in(niteF his sitution orresponds to uniform ground motionF es resultD the dek memer fores hve the sme vritions for uniform ground motion nd the wveEpssge e'et when the frition pendulum systems re used for seismi isoltion of ridgesF he totl stohsti response vlues of the isolted ridge rried out for the sptilly vrying erthquke ground motions re dominted y dynmi omponentF he ending momentsD sher nd xil fores derese with inresing pprent wve veloitiesF o generlize the resultsD solutions must e otined using mny erthquke ground motions nd di'erent ridge modelsF esults otined from di'erent ground motions nd models must e evluted togetherF
ADVANCED SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM FOR BRIDGES BASED ON OPTIMIZED SEISMIC ENERGY BALANCE  ID 360
D. Ristic, IZIIS, Macedonia V. Micov, IZIIS, Macedonia M. Vucinic, RZUP, Yugoslavia M. Jovanovic, IZIIS, Macedonia

wultiple support exittion during erthqukes is sigE ni(nt hzrd for strutures with lrge distnes etween ground support pointsF ypilly this pplies to longEspn ridgesD ut my lso e signi(nt for uildings nd other strutures with lrge pln reD prtiulrly if the geologilGsoil onditions under the struture re nonEuniformF e signi(nt mount of reserh hs een rried out in the (eld of multiple support exittion using vrious numeril modelsF o dteD little experimentl testing hs een rried out in order to verify the theory nd to test the nonliner ehviour of strutures under extreme loding sesF sn this pper we present results for series of experimentl tests on multi degree of freedom model of ridgeF he model tested is n urte dynmi model of the tindo le sty in outh uoreF he tul ridge hs QSHm min spn nd two UHm pproh spnsF he test model is IGISHth the size of the rel ridge nd is QFQm longF snitil tests using shking tle were used to estlish the eE hviour of the ridge under synhronous exittionF he model ws then moved onto set of four singleExis shking tles whih proE vided vrile input motions into eh of the ridge supportsF he response of the ridge hs een reorded for di'erent time delys etween support pointsF he experimentl results re ompred with numeril results lulted using (nite element nlysis nd show tht in ertin sesD when sujeted to multiple support exittionD the ridge response n e signi(ntly ltered ompred to tht for purely synhronous exittionF
INVESTIGATION OF STOCHASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE OF BASE-ISOLATED BRIDGES UNDER WAVE-PASSAGE EFFECTS  ID 306
B. Csak, Budapest University of Technology and Economics,

hevelopment of dvned tehnology for e0ient prevenE tion of hevy erthquke tstrophes in the future ws the min nd hllenging motivtion for the (rst uthor to strt with reliztion of the present longEterm pilotEinnovtive projet entitledX righ erformne eismi ssoltion of fridgesF he new tehnology for qulittively improved seismi protetion of ridge strutures is sed on pplition of ptented e0ient qyifP system for onstrution of seismilly sfe struturesF ulittive step of qyifP @genertionEPA innovtive seismillyEresistnt ridge systemD shortly nmed qPEfD is reted with full glol optimiztion of seismi energy lneF he originl on(rming reserh results re otined from relized extensive experimentl nd nlytil studyF he proposed new tehnology for the (rst time ws promoted t iyEPHHHD the lrgest world exhiition of inventions nd new tehnologies for the PIst enturyD held in rnoverD qermnyD @tune I to ytoer QID PHHHAF he innovtive projet ws o0illy nominted y the qovernment of the epuli of wedoni to represent new nd dvned ntionl hievements in the (eld of sxixsyx exh gsixgiF he reserh tivities re ontinued in the frme of QEyer ilterl sienti( projet wedoniEeri nd wontenegro @PHHSEPHHUA nd will e more onentrted to prtil pplition of the invented qyifP ystemF

ES 3b-II: Structural Engineering - Bridges

Tuesday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 22
ASSESSMENT OF POUNDING FORCES IN SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ISOLATED BOX GIRDER BRIDGES CONSIDERING SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION  ID 592
A. M. Halabian, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Salehi, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Hungary S. Ates, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey A. Bayraktar, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey A. A. Dumanoglu, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

tohsti seismi nlysis of n isolted ridge sujeted to sptilly vrying erthquke ground motions is performedF prition pendulum systems re seleted s seismi isoltion erings whih re sliding devies tht utilize spheril onve surfeF he sptilly vrying erthquke ground motion is hrterized y wveEpssge e'etF he importne of the wveEpssge e'etD whih rises from the di'erene in the rrivl times of wves t support points of the strutureD is investigted prtiulrlyF sn order to investigte stohsti response of isolted ridgesD twoEdimensionl nlytil model is seleted s numeril exmpleF he ridge model is sujeted to sptilly vrying erthquke ground motions in the horizontl diretionF he ridge hs uniform mss nd sti'ness properties long its ontinuous dek with ross setionF he horizontl input is ssumed to trvel ross the ridge from left to right side with (nite veloities of IHHD PHH nd RHH mGs for soft soil typeF he elertion spetrl density funtion for soft soil type is pplied to eh support points s n erthquke

ixtensive dmges or even ollpses of highwy elevted ridges during pst severe erthqukes indited tht impt etween ridge dek nd utments my hve signi(nt e'ets on dynmi response of these types of struturesF sn this studyD n nlytil model is employed to exmine vrious prmeters 'eting the seismi ehvior of isolted ox girder ridges nd evlute pounding etween dek nd utment onsidering soilEstruture intertionF e (nite element method is used to model ontinuous threeEspn ox girder ridge using new prtil pproh developed y uthors to determine dynmi sti'nesses of set type utment systemsF por n extensive prmetri studyD

47

ES 3b
some importnt prmeters inluding soil onditions of pier nd utment foundtionsD type of foundtionD sti'ness hrteristi of k(llD property of elstomeri ering nd seismi exittion were hosen to represent ll prtil spets of the issue in the ridge industryF hreeEdimensionl nonliner time history nlyses were onduted for etter evlution of seismi pounding etween dek nd utmentsF he results showed tht the pounding fores re 'eted y gp size nd the foundtion )exiility s wellF he s e'et my hnge impt ehvior y imposing seismi resonne or hnging indued fores in piersF he results lso showed tht the responses in the trnsverse diretion seems hve no in)uene on these pounding fores nd pile foundtions hs ene(il role for limittion of these fores rther thn shllow foundtionsF
EFFECTIVENESS OF SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL ON A SEISMIC-EXCITED ISOLATED BRIDGE  ID 725
T. Y. Lee, National Central University, Taiwan K. Kawashima, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Oral presentations
reEentering properties nd negligile dmge were highlighted y the hyrid solutionF sn dditionD vlidtion nd further re(nement of previously proposed simple nd relile nlytil modelsD sed on lumped plstiity pprohD will e rried outF
SEISMIC PROTECTION OF THE GUADALFEO BRIDGE BY VISCOUS DAMPERS  ID 870
J. Simon-Talero, Torroja Ingeniera, Spain R. M. Merino, Torroja Ingeniera, Spain S. Infanti, FIP Industriale, Italy

he e'etiveness of semiEtive ontrol methods using vrile dmpers on reduing the displement responses of n isolted ridge sujeted to nerE(eld ground motions is studiedF he semiEtive ontrol system with either vrile visous dmper or mgnetoErheologil @wA dmper is pplied to (veEspn vidut with highEdmpingEruer eringsD designed sed on tpn hesign pei(tions of righwy fridgesF wo ontrol lgorithmsD the v optiml ontrol nd the sliding mode ontrolD re utilized to ommnd the vrile dmpers for ompring the ontrol performneF he dynmi ehvior of the isolted ridge to extreme erthqukes is highly nonlinerD even under ontrolF hrough numeril simultionD the results show tht sliding mode ontrol presents more e'etive performne thn v ontrol on nonliner systemsF he semiEtive ontrol with vrile visous dmper sed on the v optiml ontrol lgorithm is ple of providing more similr performne y the tive ontrol while the semiEtive ontrol with w dmper sed on the sliding mode ontrol lgorithm is ple of providing more similr performne y the tive ontrolF roweverD oth semiEtive ontrol systems sed on the sliding mode ontrol lgorithm show etter performne thn tht sed on v ontrol lgorithmF
BI-DIRECTIONAL QUASI-STATIC AND PSEUDODYNAMIC TESTS OF HYBRID DAMAGE-RESISTANT BRIDGE PIERS  ID 794
A. Palermo, Technical University of Milan, Italy S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand D. Marriott, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

he qudlfeo ridge is ontinuous SEspn dek steel truss ridge SVS m long loted in the mountinous region of qrend on the eERR ierr xevd righwy in pinF he ridge dek is PR m wide nd mesures IHFQS m topEtoEottomF sts girder rossE setion omprises S min emsX three on the upper level nd two t the ottomF he truss interEnodes distne is IH m nd the digonls onneting the nodes hve irulr hollow setion @grAF e QH m thik onrete sl lies top the truss nd pier height rnges from PR to VSmF he struture is loted in region prone to erthqukes nd hs een designed to withstnd seismi tions hrterized y ek qround eelertion of HFPPTgF nder these onditionsD onventionl ridge ering system omprising (xed nd sliding pot erings ould not prevent very lrge dek displements nd pier de)etionsF hereforeD two design lterntives were investigtedF he (rst solution ontemplted shok trnsmission units onneting the dek to the utments whilst seond lterntive omprised visous dmpers t the sme lotionsF he designer opted for the seond solutionD whih rues optimum ontrol of oth dek displements nd seismi lods on piers nd foundtionsF he visous dmpers utilized re hrterized y QHHHkx pityD QHHmm stroke with HFIS dmping exponent nd re instlled in group of (ve units t eh utmentF his pper ims to provide desription of design onepts with prtiulr emphsis on the seismi design s well s the fullEsle testing tivities on visous dmpers performed t ps sndustrile lortory in stlyF
THE APPLICATION OF ENHANCED ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICE SYSTEM ON BRIDGES  ID 984
W. S. Li, National Science & Technology Center for Disas, Taiwan B. J. Shih, National Sci- & Tech- Center for Disaster, Taiwan S. S. Ke, National Sci- & Tech- Center for Disaster, Taiwan

fsed on previous reserh investigtions strted with the i rogrm @ist eismi truturl ystemsA for the seismi design of prest frme nd wll systemsD innovtive solutions for seismiEresistnt ridge piers hve een reently proposed s lterntive to trditionl monolithi solutionsF he e0ieny of jointed dutile hyrid solutionsD where the selfEentring pityD provided y unonded postEtensioned lesD is dequtely omined with the dissiption pityD provided y externl or internl dissiptorsD hs reently een proposed y the uthors to e extended to ridge piers nd systemsF es prt of omprehensive experimentl mpign for the development of hyrid ridge piers solutionD undergoing t the niversity of gnteruryD preliminry results of series of qusiEstti yli nd pseudoEdynmi tests under uniEdiretionl nd iEdiretionl loding regime on IGQ sled ridge piers with ntilever sheme will e presentedF gomprison with the performne of equivlent monolithi dutile solutions will e given in order to emphsize the enhned performne of the hyrid solutionsF elterntive solutions for the implementtion of hyrid pier systems re proposedD sed on di'erent rrngements of the unonded postEtensioned tendons @pssing through the foundtion lokA nd internl or externl yielding longitudinl dissiptersF he experimentl results on(rmed the expeted higher performne of the hyrid ridge pier when ompred to the monolithi oneX for similr monotoni momentErottion pityD

hue to the limited spe of ridge strutureD the liner )uid dmpers hve to e instlled in expnsion joints trditionllyD where provides limited speF nder this preEonditionD the energy dissiption pility of liner )uid dmper depending on the veloity would e restrined nd less ompetitive thn over devieF o extend the pity of dmperD the leverge devie onnets dmper nd superstruture nmed enhned energy dissiption devie system for inresing the input veloity of dmper y rm rtioF hrough the djustment of rm rtioD the input veloity of dmper will e mgni(edF hree prinipl topis re foused on in this pperY (rstD the theoretil model of the devie systemY seond the ridge model shking tle experiments nd numeril simultions of experiment results out )uid dmper nd enhned energy dissiption devie systemY thirdD the pplitions of devie in seismi design nd retro(tting of existing ridgesF porm the results of shking tle experimentsD enhned energy dissiption devie system will e0iently redue not only the reltive displement etween the superstruture nd the sustruture of ridge modelsD ut lso the ending moments nd sher fores of piersF hese results lso support proof of the vilility of liner ssumption for the dynmi nlysis of ridges with enhned energy dissiption devie systemF sn frequeny domin nlysisD it is found the lose reltionship etween trnsmissiility nd the response of strutureF es onsequeneD the hevily dmped struture systems do show lot of potentil for this pplition in ivil engineeringF por the pplition of devie in seismi design nd retro(tting of ridgesD the numeril results show the survivility of ridge systems fter the ttk of strong erthquke would e inresed nd the devie system is pproprite nd e'etive for upgrding the seismi

48

Oral presentations
pity of existing isolted or simply supported systemsF
STRUCTURAL IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGES BASED ON AMBIENT VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS  ID 1263
C. Karakostas, Inst. Eng. Seismology & Earthquake Eng. (ITSAK, Greece V. Lekidis, Inst. Greece K. Papadimitriou, Dpt. Thess, Greece S. Karamanos, Dpt. Mechan. & Industr. Engng., Univ. of Thess, Greece T. Salonikios, Inst. Eng. Seismology & Earthquake Eng. (ITSAK, Greece K. Christodoulou, Dpt.Mechanical & Industrial Eng., Univ.of Thes, Greece T. Makarios, Inst. Eng. Seismology & Earthquake Eng. (ITSAK, Greece I. Sous, Inst. Eng. Seismology & Earthquake Eng. (ITSAK, Greece P. Panetsos, Egnatia Odos S.A., Greece Mechan. & Industr. Engng., Univ. of Eng. Seismology & Earthquake Eng. (ITSAK,

ES 3c
with poor reinforing detils nd low onrete strengthF uh olumns re vulnerle to fil in sherF yjetives of this study re to exmine the xil lod rrying pity of Gg olumns fter sher filureF e pid speil ttention to on(ning e'ets of hoop reinforement depending on their reinforing detils nd onrete strengthF yvsxi yp i por this purpose stti loding tests of Gg olumns were ondutedF win vriles were the detils of hoop reE inforement nd onrete strengthF gon(nement of hoop reinforeE ment to ore onrete ws one of the most importnt e'ets to e disussed so four types of olumns with di'erent hoop reinforement detils were testedD iFeF iAwelded hoop for good on(nement typeD iiAhoop with IQS deg hook for norml on(nement typeD iiiAhoop with WH deg @long nhorge lengthA hook for medium poor on(nement type nd ivAhoop with WH deg hook @short nhorge lengthA for poor on(nement typeF wo types of loding methods were ppliedD iFeF iAentril xil loding test to exmine the si on(ning e'ets of hoop reinforement nd iiAxil loding test under onstnt ltE erl drift ngle to exmine the xil lod rrying pity fter erthqukesF iv exh gyxgvsyx esults of ll speimens were exmined sed on wohrEgoulom riterion de(ned y ohesive stress nd internl frition ngleF gon(ning stress y hoop reinforement ws ssumed to e degrded due to dmge of reinforement depending on the detils nd onrete strengthF pinlly evluting method of xil lod rrying pity of existing Gg olumns with vrious reinforing detils nd onrete strength ws proposedF
ANALYTICAL STUDY ON ESTIMATED DAMAGE TO REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS IN AN EARTHQUAKE  ID 344
K. O. Kanemoto, Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation, Japan H. Sakata, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan A. Wada, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

he evlution of the tul dynmi hrteristis of ivil engineering strutures through mesurements of their response to vrious exittionsD hs een ttrting n inresing reserh e'ort worldwide in the pst yersF everl other studies hve een devoted in reoniling (nite element models with mesured time history or modl dtF ih method hs its own dvntges nd shortomings nd there re not universlly estlished methodologies for suessfully treting the modl identi(tion nd modelEupdting prolemsF i0ient model updting tehniques re neessryD mong othersD in the proess of onstruting theoretil model of struture for the purpose of prediting its struturl dmgeF e (nite element model updting methodology is developed in the present study for monitoring the ondition nd ssessing the integrity of instrumented ridges y utilizing mient virtion mesurements generted y wind nd tr0F he model updting methodology is sed on the vilility of n inomplete set of modl frequenies nd modeshpe omponents t the mesured lotionsF he modl estimtes re otined from virtion mesurements using modl identi(tion proedures lso developed y the reserh tem for the se of unmesured @eFgF wind nd tr0A exittionsF he methodologyD using rel mesured elertion dt otined from tr0 lod eventsD is pplied to two ridges on ignti righwy in qreeeD whih hve een instrumented with struturl elerometer rrys X @A IVH m longD fourEspn ridge of prestressed Gg ems resting on elstomeri erings t the piers nd the utments nd @A IUH m longD Eshped ridge with urvedD prestressed Gg ox girder of vrile heightD monolithilly onneted to the entrl pierD nd resting on elstomeri erings t the utmentsF he reserh e'ort ims t providing suitle tools to the mnging uthorities of highwys for the evlution of the struturl integrity of ridges under their jurisditionF

ES 3c-I: Structural Engineering - Concrete

Monday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 4

his reserh is foused on the rks tht our in reinE fored onrete olumns fter n erthqukeF ix pproximtely IGP sle speimens were testedF he ross setion of the speimens is QPHmm x QPHmmF ixperimentl prmeters re sher spn to depth rtiosD xil foreD longitudinl nd hoop reinforing r strengthF sing hrF yhno9s loding pprtusD six speimens were tested under the yli sher foreF grk widths nd the quntity of expnsion in the sher fore diretionD )exurl nd sher displement nd story drift ngle in the speimens were ll mesuredF trins in the longitudinl nd hoop reinforing rs were mesured y wire strin guges t seleted lotions in the speimensF e digitl mirosope mesured ll rk widths ross the hoop reinforing r tht ourred in the speimensF he ury of the mesurement is IGIHHHmmF his pper outlines the experiment nd presents the resultsF e de(ne 4grk sndex4 in order to estimte the dmge of reinfored onrete olumns nd desrie the results tht explin the dmge level for eh prmeter using the dt otined from the experimentF 4grk sndex4 shows the extent of rk reltivelyF grk widths t the turn of hysteresis nd residul rk widths re estimted under vrious prmetersF he following onlusions n e drwnX IF 4grk sndex4 n e useful for n index tht shows dmge level for dmged struturl memersF PF he reltionship etween 4grk sndex4 nd rk widths re in)uened y the prmeters usedF
DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY ESTIMATION FOR RC COLUMNS. COMPARISON BETWEEN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS  ID 1031
V. Popa, TUCE, Romania D. Cotofana, TUCE, Romania

AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF R/C COLUMNS WITH VARIOUS REINFORCING DETAILS AND CONCRETE STRENGTH  ID 347
D. Kato, Niigata Univ., Japan Z. Li, Niigata Univ., Japan T. Yatutuka, Niigata Univ., Japan Y. Nakamura, Niigata Univ., Japan

yftigsi sn order to void pnke type ollpse of existing old Gg uildings during severe erthqukesD it is neessry to evlute xil lod rrying pity of existing Gg olumns

sn this pper some results of the experimentl progrm developed within the omninEtpnese ehnil goopertion rojet on the edution of eismi isk for fuildings nd trutures re presentedF yne ojetive of this progrm is to

49

ES 3c
evlute the in)uene of xil fore nd trnsversl reinforement rtio on the ultimte displement of some reinfored onrete olumnsF he tested speimens were detiled ording to the omnin prtie in di'erent periodsF he question is how proper the vlues otined using di'erent worldEwide evlution methods (t the results of the experimentl testingF he test series inluded seven speimens hving di'erent trnsversl reinforement rtios @HFHHIFFHFHHTAD nd di'erent level of xil fore intensityD @HFP or HFRA @lulted tking into ount the men strength of onreteAF he longitudinl reinforement rtio ws onsidered onstntD HFHHVF gonrete of lss gIPGIS hve een used to simulte the low qulity of onrete used in old uildingsF pour proedures hve een pplied to evlute the displement pity s followsX E proedure proposed y the ig VD rt Q @PHHSA in ennex e onerning the reinfored onrete struturesY E widely used proedure in omni tht estimte the displement pity strting from the moment urvture reltion y integrting the urvtures over the olumn heightF he proedure resemles the lterntive method proposed y igVD rt QY E proedure proposed in the est hesign quidelines for reinfored onrete uildingsY proedure proposed y woehle nd ilwoodF he ove mentioned proedures o'er relile results given the high degree of unertinties relted to the displement evlution of g memersF
BOND BETWEEN CORRODED BARS AND CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC LOADING: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS  ID 661
M. Valente, Politecnico di Milano, Italy A. Castellani, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Oral presentations
ground motionsF st hs een found tht the uilding in onsidertion n survive these ground motions for sle ftor of out HFSF e prtil retro(t solution ws designed for the de(ient frme using two di'erent steel re on(gurtionsD nmely Eres nd EresF e prmetri study ws onduted y vrying re setions nd the results reveled tht despite strength nd sti'ness ginD there ws derese in the deformility of the uilding due to lrge deformtions indued t olumns nd emEolumn jointsF st ws oserved tht Eres re more e0ient ompred to EresD sine ltter ones impose lrge deformtion demnds on emsF en lterntive hyrid strengthening sheme omposed of jketing plsti hinge regions of the (rst story olumns long with steel res ws found to yield the optimum solution where oth strength nd deformtion pity of the struture n e enhned in n eonomil wyF
STUDY OF VARIATION IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE FRAMES  ID 500
T. Takeuchi, Kyushu University, Japan Y. Sun, Kyushu University, Japan T. Fukuhara, Kyushu University, Japan

en experimentl progrmD onerning the evlution of steelEonrete ond in onrete speimen with orroded rsD is in progress t the olitenio di wilnoF he reserh is onduted to lrify the ond deteriortion proess nd to highlight the min prmeters in)uening ond of orroded rs in onrete under yli lodingF he speimens were kept for ten yers in modertely ggressive environment in presene of lorhidesF ixperimentl tests were rried out to study the e'ets of repeted yli lodingD of the nturl orrosion nd of the on(nement on steelEonrete ondF he pushEpull tests simulte the onditions of r in emEolumn joint sujeted to seismi loding s one prt of the r is in tension nd the other prt is in ompressionF sn some tests the steel yielding preeded the ond ollpse in)uening the resultsF hi'erent test results with the sme loding history my e explined with the di'erent orrosion level of the steel trnsversl reinforement nd of the longitudinl rF he di'erent on(nement of the trnsversl reinforement used y orrosion in)uened steelEonrete ondD ove ll the pek vlueD while it didn9t 'et the fritionl resistneD in ordne with previous studiesF he e'et of orrosion on ond strength of ried rs is studied y (nite element nlysesD modeling di'erent levels of on(nement given y trnsverse steel reinforementF he numeril nlyses reprodue the experimentl results of the ond testsF he e'et of yling loding on ond strength is highlightedF
APPLICATIONS OF STEEL RETROFIT SCHEMES FOR DEFICIENT BUILDINGS IN TURKEY  ID 1030
R. Ozcelik, METU, Turkey B. Binici, METU, Turkey

ine the gpity petrum wethodD one of the urrently predominnt performneEsed seismi design methodologiesD utilizes nonliner pushover nlysis to determine the seismi performne point of strutureD reliility of the lulted seismi performne results gretly depend upon the ury of the nonliner pushover nlysisF his pper disusses the e'ets of severl primry ftors involved in the pushover nlysis on the lulted seismi performne of onrete frme struturesF he ftors delt with in this pper reX IA the modeling of the struturl elementD PA the vrition of the xil lod in the side olumns of frmeD nd QA the Ehelt e'etF enlytil investigtion ws onduted y utilizing new em element proposed in this pperF his em element is multiEsegment elementD nd it n tke into ount the e'et of ded grvity on the llotion of the yielding region in the ems of frmeF fsed on the nlytil results on two stndrd onrete frme struturesD the following oservtions hve een mdeF IA he use of dumped hinge element ouldn9t tre the spred of the plsti region in the ems with the inrese of the deformtionY PA the vrition of the xil lod in the side olumns depends minly on the spet rtio of the frmeD nd the xil lod in ompression my e inresed to three times of the initil xil lod indued y the ded lodY nd QA he Edelt e'et must e tken into onsidertionD sine it my not only derese the mximum pitiesD ut lso hnge the filure mehnismF purthermoreD vrition of the lulted performne points ws studiedF por the two smple frmesD it hs eome ler tht the vrition in the xil lod of the side olumns nd the Edelt e'et my hnge the lulted results y (ve to ten perent on vergeF

ES 3c-II: Structural Engineering - Concrete

Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 4
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF RC STRUCTURAL WALLS WITH DEFICIENT LAP SPLICE AND SHEAR REINFORCEMENT  ID 893
M. Elnady, McMaster University, Canada A. Ghobarah, McMaster University, Canada

here is n urgent need of developing relile upgrde methods nd retro(t design proedures for de(ient uildings in urkeyF his hs motivted to investigte di'erent rehilittion methods t widdle ist ehnil niversity for their possile use in typil de(ient uildings with low onrete strength nd insu0ient on(ning steel reinforement detilsF por this purposeD (veEstory de(ient uilding frme loted in uoeli nd hving three ys in the short diretion nd four ys in the long diretion ws nlyzed using stti pushover nd nonliner time history proeduresF snrementl dynmi nlysis ws onduted on the se study uilding to estlish reltionship etween the indued seismi demnd @pek ground elertionA nd pity prmeters @interstory drift nd plsti rottionsA pplying huze nd uoeli

truturl wlls in existing uildings designed to pre IWUHs odes my hve de(ient sher reinforement nd lp splie detilingF vp splies t the ottom of the wll were designed in ompression with nhorge length of PR r dimeterF hen the struturl wll is sujeted to the lterl lod during mjor seismi eventD the lp splie is in the zone of mximum moment nd sher nd my e sujeted to tensionF uh design my use

50

Oral presentations
nondutile ehviour nd sudden filure of the wll due to sher or ond slip of the lp splie reinforement rsF he ojetive of this study is to simulte existing design of struturl wlls with de(ient sher reinforement nd lp splie detiling to investigte their modes of filure for the ses of )exurl or sher dominted ehvioursF en experimentl progrm ws onduted to test twoEIGQ sle struturl wlls under omined xil nd lterl yli lodsF yne of the wlls ws sujeted to moment to sher rtio of S nd the seond one ws sujeted to moment to sher rtio of PFPSF st ws found tht the lp splie is indequte to develop the yield strength of the splied rs nd is likely to fil premturely due to ond slipF he filure mode of the wll without lp splie ws premture sher filure due to the insu0ient horizontl trnsverse reinforementF st is onluded tht rehilittion of existing wlls with de(ient lp splie nd sher reinforement detiling is neessry to improve their performne nd sfety when sujeted to mjor seismi eventF
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF HYBRID FIBRE CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALLS  ID 1460
D. Buzzini, IBK-ETHZ, Switzerland A. Dazio, IBK-ETHZ, Switzerland

ES 3c
the prolemF roweverD some experiments whih were presented in previous onferenes @fF iF epiA or whih hve een performed in reent pst hve een renlysed with these new ojetives nd hve given suitle informtion s onerns A the mximl rk opening during seismi event t the design levelD A the permnent remining rk opening fter suh seismi eventF he results of this nlysis nd the omprison with existing formuls will e presentedD together with onlusions nd reommendtionsF
LATERAL LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF FRAMED SHEAR WALL SUBJECTED TO MONOTONIC INCREASED LOAD AT HIGH RATE  ID 358
Y. Matsuoka, Kinki University Technical College, Japan F. Esaki, Fukuoka University, Japan M. Ono, Kinki University, Japan

ryrid pire gonrete @rpgA is ementitious omposite mteril with highEstrength mortr mtrix reinfored y steel (res of di'erent dimensions nd shpesF rpg is hrterized y high strength nd smooth nd ontrolled postEpek softening ehviourD oth in ompression nd in tensionF feuse of these exellent mehnil propertiesD rpg is n ttrtive mteril for use in erthqukeEresistnt struturesY iFeF it is elieved tht the use of rpg insted of onventionl onrete n signi(ntly simplify the onstrution of plsti hinges zonesD improve their servieility nd ensure t lest equivlent struturl sfetyF hereforeD n ongoing study t the wiss pederl snstitute of ehnology ims t the development of rpg for the pplition in erthqukeEresistnt struturesF he gols of this study re toX IA hevelop stle nd reproduile mterilY PA hevelop onstitutive models for its ompressive nd tensile ehviourY nd QA hevelop new struturl onepts tilored to the hrteristis of the new mterilD in order to mke the use of rpg even more ppelingF sn this pper the mehnil properties of rpg re desriedD the peulirities of the newly developed rpg struturl wlls re disussed nd the results of qusiEstti yli tests on three of them re presentedF he seismi ehviour of rpg struturl wlls is then ssessed sed on the results of the tests nd of the relevnt numeril simultionF pinllyD reommendtions for the further development of rpg struturl systems re given nd res where further reserh is needed re identi(edF
ESTIMATE OF CRACK OPENING IN RC WALLS DURING AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE  ID 1472
P. Bisch, Schaud & Metz, France D. Chauvel, EDF SEPTEN, France J. P. Touret, EDF SEPTEN, France

he filure mode of frmed sher wlls @herefter referred to s sher wllA is predited y the lulted vlues of the lterl lod rrying pity @herefter referred to s lod pityA sed on the expressions proposed y the results of stti loding tests t omprtively slow speedF roweverD the sher ehvior of sher wlls is di'erent from tht sujeted to the lterl lod t high speed suh s erthquke lodF heir lod pity is 'eted y the loding rteF sn order to investigte the e'et of loding rte on the filure mode of frmed sher wllsD it is neessry to mke ler the e'et of loding rte on the lod pity of sher wllsF he im of this pper is to mke ler the e'ets of loding rte on the lod pity of sher wllsF e onduted the lterl loding tests on the IGR sle model sher wllsF he speimens were sujeted to the inresed monotoni lterl lod F he experimentl vriles inluded in the test series were loding rtes @IkineD SkineD IHkineA nd filure modesF he )exurl yielding filure mode in the (rst test series nd the sher filure mode in the seond were plnnedF he strin of longitudinl reinforing rs of ll speimens rehed yield strin t the mximum lterl lodF roweverD the oserved filure mode oinided with the predited one under the loding rte in the test seriesF he lod pity of the sher wll sujeted to the lod t high speed ws lrger thn tht t the low speedF he inresed ftors lulted y the men strin rte of digonl ompressive onrete of wll pnels for the speimens filed in sher nd the strin rte of the longitudinl reinforing rs for the speimens filed in )exurl yielding were lose to the inresed ftor of the lod pityF
DUCTILITY OF SYMMETRICALLY SHEAR WALLS  ID 545
S. B. Yuksel, Selcuk University, Turkey

FLANGED

sn the ontext of prolems linked to lektightnessD durE ility or ility to repirD there is high interest in estimting the opening of rks due to erthqukes in g wlls or shells of industril struturesX tnksD on(nement shellsD etF his is neessry either to estimte the rte of lekge fter erthqukeD or to give sis of design for n eventul linerF here exists formuls in gif mnuls or in iuroode PD utD on one hndD these formuls re well lirted for ems nd previous reserhes hve shown tht they re not properly lirted for thik sher or )exurl wllsD on the other hndD their domin of use is linked to v onditions @servieilityA nd there is question mrk onerning their ppliility in v onditions @seismi situtionAF e review of ville previous experimentl dt hs een rried outD whih showed tht the mesuring of rk opening during seismi test is not n esy mtterD nd (nlly there exists few relile dt whih ould o'er sis for n urte nlysis of

hen destrutive erthqukes hppenD rittle filure should not our t the tunnel form uildings in whih oth lterl nd vertil lods hve een ssigned to sher wllsF hutility required for the energy dissiption is losely relted with the reinforement detiling of struturl wllsF grossEsetionl dimensions of sher wllsD reinforement detiling nd the lotion of on(ned setions re di'erent thn those in olumns nd emsF hereforeD some prolems n rise in deriving moment urvture reltionships of sher wllsF eville omputer progrms used to otin the momentEurvture digrms hve limited pity in modeling reinfored onrete setions for sher wllsF por exmpleD the freewre moment urvture progrm esponsePHHH @httpXGGwwwFefFutorontoFG entzGrPkFhtmA does not hve n option for modeling on(ned onreteF eordinglyD the moment urvture response of struturl wlls hving on(ned end regions nnot e predited y using this progrmF por this purposeD omputer progrm nmed s llerPHHP hs een developed whih inludes the e'ets of steel strin hrdeningD on(nement of onrete nd tension strength of onrete in deriving momentEurvture reltionship of sher wllsF he im of this reserh is to investigte the momentEurvture ehvior of symmetrilly wide )nged struturl wlls tht re ommon omponents of tunnel form uildingsF sn this studyD the e'et of oundry reinforement nd the e'et of on(nement on symmetrilly wide )nged struturl wlls were investigtedF llerPHHP omputer progrm ws used

51

ES 3d
to investigte the momentEurvture reltionship of wide )nged struturl wlls of tunnel form uildingsF hile deriving the momentEurvture reltionship of reinfored onrete struturl wllsD the e'ets of steel strin hrdeningD on(nement of onrete nd tension strength of onrete were lso tken into onsidertionF he results otined y llerPHHP for two ses where the longitudinl oundry reinforement is not on(ned y using trnsverse reinforement were ompred with the ones otined y esponsePHHHF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF PRECAST COLUMN-TOFOUNDATION GROUTED SLEEVE CONNECTIONS  ID 163
P. Riva, University of Bergamo, Italy A. Belleri, University of Brescia, Italy

Oral presentations
TUNED MASS DAMPERS TO CONTROL THE BASEISOLATED BENCHMARK BUILDING MODEL  ID 133
B. Palazzo, University of Salerno, Italy L. Petti, University of Salerno, Italy M. De Iuliis, University of Salerno, Italy S. Sguazzo, University of Salerno, Italy

he results of set of experimentl tests onerning the yli ehviour of prefrited olumnEtoEfoundtion onnetions is presentedF he tests llow to ompre the response of stEinE ple onnetions ginst poket foundtion nd grouted sleeve solutionsF he results demonstrte tht grouted sleeves ensure dutility similr to the one of st in situ olumnEfoundtion onnetions nd of poket foundtionsD lthough slightly smller dissiption pity is oservedF st is found tht in grouted sleeves onnetions the dmge is lolized t the olumn seD in the thin grout lyer existing etween the prefrited olumn nd the foundtionF es resultD very little dmge my e oserved in the olumnD llowing n esier postEseismi olumn repirF

ES 3d-I: Structural Engineering - Control

Monday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 21

fse isoltion hs een widely onsidered s n e'etive strtegy to protet strutures sujet to seismi exittionsF roweverD it hs een shown thtD in se of seismi exittions with high energy ontent t low frequeniesD iFeF nerEfult event or seismi wve propgting through lluvil soilD isoltion erings my su'er mjor deformtionsF fy inresing the isoltion lyer dmping se displements n e reduedF roweverD high dmping in the isoltion lyer 'ets unfvourly the ehviour of the superstrutureF yserving tht seEisolted @fsA system responses re dominted y the (rstEmodl ontriution nd tht uned wss hmping @whA is le to redue the fundmentl virtion modeD new ide of omining oth properties into unique system @fs8whA ws proposed nd investigted y lzzo nd etti in IWWRF sn this pperD numeril investigtion of fs8wh omined ontrol strtegy pplied to the seEisolted enhmrk struture is presentedF he enhmrk seEisolted uilding model hs een developed y xgrjih nd xrsimhn @PHHRAD to investigte the performne of vrious pssiveD semiE tive nd tive ontrol methodologiesF he im is to test in omprle wy the e'etiveness of the fs8wh pssive strtegy evluting severl seismi performne indexes under seleted seismi exittionsF hesign riteri of the ontrol system sed on the trnsfer funtion norm relting the seismi input to the isoltors drift re rried outF esults show men redution of the seismi responseD over ll seismi inputsD of QH7 in terms of se displementsD nd of IH7 of superstruture solute elertionsD highlighting the e0ieny of proposed strtegyF
EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SLIDING BEARINGS WITH VARIABLE FREQUENCY FOR NEARFAULT SEISMIC ISOLATION  ID 183
L. Y. Lu, National Kaohsiung First Univ. of Sci. & Tech., Taiwan J. Wang, National Kaohsiung First Univ. of Sci. & Tech., Taiwan C. C. Hsu, National Kaohsiung First Univ. of Sci. & Tech., Taiwan

DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A 9-STOREY BASE ISOLATED BUILDING ESTIMATED FROM STRONG MOTION RECORDS  ID 871
T. Kashima, Building Research Institute, Japan Y. Kitagawa, Keio University, Japan

fuilding eserh snstitute @fsAD tpnD is ntionl institute tht is rrying out reserh nd development on uilding engineeringD rhiteture nd urn plnningF fs is operting strong motion oservtion network for uildings overing over tpn s one of its reserh tivitiesF uushiro qovernment y0e fuilding is one of sttion of the fs network nd is loted in uushiro gityD northern tpnF he uilding hs se isoltion system with TR nturl ruer eringsD ST led dmpers nd QP steel dmpersF e numer of vlule strong motion reords inluding reord from the PHHQ y'Eokhi irthquke @wVFHA hve een otined sine the uilding ws ompleted in PHHHF he strong erthquke motion reord with HFPTq in qe nd HFQUmGs in q ws quired from the PHHQ y'Eokhi irthqukeF he nonEliner ehvior of the surfe geology nd the se isoltion devies ws lerly reognized y mens of the spetrl nlyses of the strong motion reord from the PHHQ y'Eokhi irthqukeF he performne of the se isoltion devies ws veri(ed through the nonEliner seismi response nlysis using multiEdegreeEofEfreedom system modelF he nturl frequenies nd the dmping rtios of the upper struture were estimted from the wve nlyses of ll strong motion reordsF he dynmi hrteristis depended upon the mplitudes of responseF he nturl frequeny deresed s the mximum displement of the upper struture inresedF sn dditionD the di'erene in the nturl frequenies etween the ses efore nd fter the y'Eokhi irthquke ws found outF he estimtion of the sti'ness nd the dmping rtio ws mde using model with the se isolted storeyF he result showed good greement with the equivlent sti'ness nd the equivlent dmping rtio evluted from the theoretil hysteresis of the se isoltion devies in lrge displement rngeF

he seismi isoltion using onventionl sliding isoltor of onstnt isoltion frequenyD suh s frition pendulum system @pAD hs een proved to e very e'etive seismi resistne tehnologyF roweverD reent studies hve lso reveled tht when onventionl isoltion system is sujeted to nerEfult erthqukeD whose wveform usully possesses longEperiod veloity pulseD the system my su'er lowEfrequeny resonne tht will use onsiderle mpli(tion of the isoltor displement nd endngers the isolted strutureF sn this studyD sliding isoltor with vrile isoltion frequeny tht is funtion of the isoltor displement is proposedF he sliding mehnism of the proposed isoltor is similr to frition pendulum systemD ut the sliding surfe is mde of n xilly symmetri surfe with vrile urvture in rdil diretionD rther thn spheril surfe with onstnt urvtureF e sixth order polynomil funtion hs een hosen to de(ne the rdil urve of the sliding surfeD so tht the restoring fore of the isoltor eomes (fth order polynomil funtion of the isoltor displementF fy properly de(ning the vlues of the polynomil oe0ientsD the restoring fore will hve softening segment followed y hrdening segment s the isoltor sliding wy from its neutrl positionF he softening nd hrdening segments im to redueD respetivelyD the struturl elertion nd isoltor driftF he result of numeril simultion hs shown tht when sujeted to longEperiod pulseElike ground motionD the proposed isoltor e'etively suppresses the isoltor drift without inresing the struturl elertionF sn this studyD the prototypes of the proposed isoltors were lso frited nd testedF he test dt veri(ed the fesiility of isoltion tehnology using vrile frequeny isoltorsD nd hve lso veri(ed tht the hystereti ehvior of the isoltor is preditle y the theoretil formulF

52

Oral presentations
HYBRID PASSIVE CONTROL USING LATION SYSTEMS AND DUCTILE CONNECTIONS  ID 1467 BASE ISOCLADDING

ES 3d
power plnts nd onneted to puli lifeF sn pst filure of liquid storge tnks hs ttrted onsiderle ttention of reserhers to protet the struturesF sn onventionl tehnique inresed sti'ness of struture ttrts higher erthquke foresF roweverD se isoltionD whih is implnted etween the foundtion nd struture to isolte the strutureD redues the response of the struture y shifting the energyEontining period of the ground motion eyond the fundmentl period of the strutureF his will redue the trnsmission of ground elertions to the strutureD hene redues the erthquke foresF sn this pperD the erthquke response of elevted ylindril liquid storge tnks isolted y sliding erings is investigted under reorded erthqukesF he tnk liquid is modelled s lumped mss modelF he lumped msses onsidered re known s onvetive mssD impulsive mss nd rigid mssF he onvetive nd impulsive msses re onneted to the tnk wll y equivlent springsF he sti'ness nd dmping of the onvetive nd impulsive msses re omputed using singleEdegreeEofEfreedom oneptF he mss of the tower struture is lumped eqully t top nd ottomF he prmeters of the tower struture re omputed using the springEmss systemF he ehviour of the sliding ering is modelled s PEh idelized goulom frition oe0ientF sn order to mesure the e'etiveness of the isoltion systems the response of the isolted tnks is ompred with orresponding response of the nonEisolted tnksF st is oserved tht response of the tnk isolted y sliding systems redues signi(ntlyF reneD the sliding system is e'etive to ontrol the response of the tnksF

D. Tumay, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States B. Goodno, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States C. James, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States

elile seismi dmge ontrol n e hieved y se isoltion systems ndGor pssive energy dissiption @ihA deviesD suh s dutile ldding onnetionsF hile either of these pE prohes lone is ple of reduing seismi response to eptle levelsD it is resonle to exmine whether omintion of these tehniques might e more e'etive in terms of overll performne nd ost redutionF sn this studyD se isoltors nd dutile ldding onnetions re used in omintion to enhne servieility nd redue dutility demnd in steel strutures sujeted to moderte nd high seismi eventsF xonliner time history nlyses of the omintion of se isoltion systems nd dutile ldding onnetions were rried out using ew erform Ph softwreF QD W nd PH story eg uildings were nlyzed with ground motions tht hd di'erent frequeny ontent to investigte the e'etiveness of the hyrid systemF hutility demndD pek interEstory driftD energy dissipted through dutile ldding onnetions nd the se isoltion system were used s n evlution nd design riteriF esults of prmetri studies show tht the hyrid system is superiorD in terms of enhned servieility @eFgFD redued pek displementsD elertionsA nd redued seismi demnd on the primry strutureD to systems with either se isoltion or dutile ldding onnetions used individullyD elsoD the dutility demnds of the se isoltors nd dutile ldding onnetions re deresed in the hyrid system in omprison to the use of either system loneF
APPLICATIONS AND EFFICIENCY OF A SMART ELASTOMERIC ISOLATOR  ID 1511
J. Zevnik, Slovenia M. Fischinger, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, IKPIR, Slovenia T. Isakovic, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, IKPIR, Slovenia Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, IKPIR,

ES 3d-II: Structural Engineering - Control

Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 23

SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS USING FLUID VISCOUS DAMPERS. CASE STUDY  ID 406
A. B. Chesca, NCSRR & IMUAU, Romania R. Vacareanu, TUCEB & NCSRR, Romania R. Ghica, NCSRR, Romania

he typil foreEde)etion hrteristis of high dmpE ing ruer isoltors express signi(nt degree of nonlinerityD whih uses the sher modulus to e higher t smll de)etionsF uh nonlinerity hs the dvntge of providing restrint ginst unwnted movement under low intensity exittionD suh s tht used y wind loding of smll tremorsF roweverD the disdvntge is tht the degree of isoltion for equipment within the struture is less t low level erthqukes thn tht for design level onesF es shown y the nlyses desried in the (rst prt of this pper the response of seondry osilltors to events only IH 7 of the design se n e of omprle mgnitude to the design level responseF e smrt isoltorD sed on n elstomer le to djust its sher modulus y mens of pplying mgneti (eldD ould overome this prolemF eently prototype of suh devie hs een ssemled nd tested within the stEsmge projetF he experimentl results show the hnge of sti'ness hieved with suh mteril is out QS 7 t low strins nd pproximtely PH 7 t high strinsF fsed on the experimentl dt numeril model hs een developed nd then used to simulte the response of strutures equipped with suh deviesF sn the seond prt of the pper these results re nlysed nd ompred to those otined for strutures isolted with ordinry high dmping ruer eringsF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF ELEVATED LIQUID TANKS ISOLATED BY SLIDING SYSTEMS  ID 1784
M. K. Shrimali, MNIT JAIPUR, India

fuildings retro(tting using lssil methods implies some disdvntges for residentsGowners due to the onstrints imposed y the onstrution proessF sn omprison to trditionl seismi retro(tting methodsD in the se of introduing visous dmpersD the uilding my e usle during the whole period of the onstrution proessF sf visous dmpers re used in the seismi rehilittionGretro(ttingD it is lso importnt to notie the phse dely etween mximum inerti generted fores in struture nd mximum fores generted in dmpersF sn the pper it is investigted the possiility of improving the response of midErise g frme struture using visous dmpers suh s to redue the lrge displements expeted during strong erthqukeF he nlysed uilding with sementD ground )oor nd Q stories dissiptes too little energy through plsti deformtions in hinges @lk of dutilityA nd it is hrterized y high risk of extended dmge in se of inidene of mjor erthqukeF he preliminry design of seismi retro(tting for the frme uilding using liner )uid visous dmpers is performed in the pperF woreoverD the in)uene of dmping on the existing struture is studied s well s the reltion etween spetrl nd top displement for the struture in liner nd nonliner nlysis using di'erent vlues for dmping rtios nd for the orresponding dmpersF he hrteristis nd lyout of the dmpers neessry to get the trget dmping rtio re lso investigtedF sn the se study it ws reveled tht the use of visous dmpers for seismi rehilittion is e0ient for displement redution ut not s e0ient for se sher seismi fore redution if the struture undergoes lrge inelsti displements for the odeEimposed seismi demndF
SEISMIC UP-GRADING OF EXISTING STRUCTURES THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF EXTERNAL DAMPERS  ID 17
R. O. Curadelli, UNCU, Argentina

eismi response of elevted liquid storge tnks is very importntY sine they hve wide pplitions in industryD nuler

53

ES 3d
L. F. F. Miguel, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil J. D. Riera, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Oral presentations
e omplint liquid olumn dmper @gvghA system is presented for the seismi virtion ontrol of short period struE turesD for whihD the onventionl model of the liquid olumn dmper @vghA is not prtilly suitleF pirstD formultion for the displement trnsfer funtion of strutureD modeled s visously dmped singleEdegreeEofEfreedom @hypA system with single gvghD is developedF he seletion of optimum design prmeters of the gvgh is outlined nd numeril study is mde to demonstrte the ontrol hieved y the proposed dmper systemF xextD the pper studies the se of multiple omplint liquid olumn dmper @wgvghA systemF he trnsfer funtion formultion for the response of the hyp system with tthed wgvgh system is presentedF he roustness of single nd multiple gvghs is exmined nd the optimum numer of dmper units in the wgvgh system is evlutedF pinllyD n experimentl investigtion is rried out into the performne of single gvgh tthed to hyp system with low nturl time periodD sujeted to hrmoni exittionF eelertion time histories of the hyp systemD with nd without dmperD indite the e'etiveness of the proposed dmper systemF
A VELOCITY AND DISPLACEMENT DEPENDENT SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL ALGORITHM  ID 630
C. Oliveira, IST, Portugal L. Guerreiro, IST, Portugal

snresing wreness of the seismi risk s well s new geologil nd seismologil evideneD re leding to higher strength requirements in new uildings nd strutures throughout the worldF ixisting onstrutionsD howeverD tend to remin s they reD iFeFD nothing is leglly required nd very little is doneF he onsequene of this stte of 'irs is tht in seismi regions of the gloeD perhps up to VH7 of ll existing uildings nd strutures re suEstndrdD when their seismi reliility is ompred with modern ode requirementsF sn this pper the fesiility of upEgrding the seismi strength or reliility of strutures y introduing externl dmpers is exminedD with emphsis in medium height onrete uilding strutures nd one or twoEstories high msonry uildingsF sn the studyD dmpers similr to prototypes developed t the vortory of truturl hynmis nd eliility @vhigAD pqD frzil were onsideredF sn previous ppersD the uthors show tht for purposes of seismi retro(tting of frme struturesD externl energy dissiption systems my e dvntgeously usedF hrough full reliility nlysis of typil steel nd reinfored onrete frme uildingsD it ws demonstrted tht the introdution of pssive dmpers results in men (veEfold redution of the proility of filure due to seismi exittionF sn this ontriutionD the in)uene of externl dmpers on the seismi reliility of lowErise onrete frmes nd one or twoEstories high msonry strutures is exmined using similr pprohF e sustntil derese of the proility of filure of the strutures studied ws veri(edF st is estimted tht the seismi retro(tting my e hieved with osts of the order of PH7 of the originl ost of the strutureF
PERFORMANCE BASED OPTIMAL SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF YIELDING PLANE FRAMES USING ADDED VISCOUS DAMPING  ID 1300
O. Lavan, State University of New York at Bualo, United States R. H. Levy, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel

his pper (rst presents formultion of n optimiztion prolem for the optiml design of dded visous dmpers in yielding plne frmesF he optimiztion prolem minimizes the totl dded dmping while onstrining lol performne indies to llowle vlues under the exittion of deterministi ensemle of ground motionsF he lol performne indies re hosen s the mximl interEstory drift of eh story ndGor the normlized hystereti energy dissipted t eh of the plsti hingesF he grdients of the onstrints with respet to the design vriles @dmping oe0ientsA re then derivedD using optiml ontrol theoryD to enle n e0ient (rst order optimiztion sheme for the solution of the prolemF his sheme is (rst exeuted for single tive reord whih is refully hosen out of the originl ensemleF he optiml solution ttined for this reord is used for time history nlysisD long with eh of the remining reords within the ensemle seprtelyD to hek whether the onstrints re violted for these reordsF sf onstrints re violted for some of these reordsD dditionl reords re dded to the tive set one t time until the onstrints for ll reords re stis(edF he exmples show tht in the optimum only one or two reordsD whih re e'etively trked y the lgorithmD re expeted to e tiveF wo exmples re then presentedX two story single y frme whih is exited y single reord nd ten story three y frme whih is exited y n ensemle of twenty ground motionsF hese exmples revel fully stressed hrteristi of the optiml solutionD nmelyD in the optiml solution dmping is ssigned only in stories for whih the lol performne index hs rehed the llowle vlueF
COMPLIANT LIQUID COLUMN DAMPERS FOR CONTROL OF SEISMICALLY EXCITED SHORT PERIOD STRUCTURES  ID 45
A. D. Ghosh, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, India B. Basu, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

eismi protetion of ridges involves di'erent types of ontrol with distint hrteristisF emiEtive ontrol is one of the new (elds of reserh in the reF emiEtive devies re ontrollle pssive devies whih hve the potentil to hieve performne lose to tive devies using less energyF pollowing n lgorithmD the semiEtive devie is ple of modifying its dynmi hrteristis in order to improve the glol system responseF he key ftor tht determines the full pplition of tht potentil is the hoie of the right ontrol lgorithmF his pper presents the reserh developed in nlyzing the e'ets of semiEtive devie whih inputs fore depending on veloity nd displementF he fore lultion is sed on n lgorithm tht uses speil omintion of displementD veloity nd ontrol riteri using onsiderle improvement of the system responseF he ontrol lgorithm is presented s well s n pplition exmple in system sujeted to di'erent seismi tionsD inluding those onsidered in the ortuguese nd tpnese odesF he results otined re ompred with the no ontrol se nd using pssive devieD demonstrting the signi(nt dvntges of this semiEtive ontrol lgorithmF he model desried in this pper n e esily pplied in mgnetoErheologil or vrileEori(e deviesF yther methods of reting semiEtive devie ple of introduing the fores nlysed in rel ridge struture re lso introduedF
AN INVESTIGATION TO ENERGY RESPONSE OF SMART ISOLATED STRUCTURES AND CONTROL EFFICIENCY EVALUATION  ID 1232
Y. Du, Institute of Earthquake Protection and Disaster Mi, China H. Li, Institute of Earthquake Protection and Disaster Mi, China Y. Dang, Institute of Earthquake Protection and Disaster Mi, China

yptiml ontrol lgorithm is one of the most powerful toolsD nd hs een widely used in struturl ontrolF roweverD due to the speil feture of the erthquke exittion tht it is not known prioriD urrent reliztion of optiml ontrol lgorithm for struturl virtion ontrol in time domin is sed on ertin pproximtionD iFeFD either y omitting the erthquke exittionD or y using the so lled instntneous optiml ontrolF he (rst pproximtion is usully regrded not to e true optiml ontrolD nd the seond pproximtion hs een heked y the senior uthor nd the model for lulting the ontrol fore is found out to e mthemtilly ontrditing with eh otherF he writer developed n improved new optiml ontrol lgorithm whih hs een shown to e more dvntgeous over the existing optiml ontrol lgorithmsF his pper presents ontrol mehnism of oth pssive nd smrt isolte strutures nd evlution of ontrol e0ieny on Q di'erent optiml ontrol lgorithms se on

54

Oral presentations
energy responseF iquilirium equtions of umultive energy nd qulittive momentry energy trnsferring reltion in pssive nd smrt isolted strutures re derived y using nlyti methods nd the dvntge of smrt isoltion is shown in terms of energy response suppressingF fse on the qulittive investigtion of energy trnsmissionD some primry energy responses re seleted s performne indiesF he energy response properties for pssive nd smrt isolted systems re ompredD nd the e0ieny for Q di'erent ontrol lgorithms is evlutedF et the end of the pperD rel isolted uilding whih ws designed y the senior uthors is employed s numeril exmple to ompre the ontrol e'ets of di'erent lgorithms under two di'erent erthquke wves nd two di'erent seismi intensitiesD respetivelyF he result shows tht the ontrol lgorithm suggested y the uthor hs the est e0ieny for mitigting seismi energy responseF

ES 3e
hese tests hd the min purpose of studying nd evluting the seismi resistne of thin lightly reinfored struturl wlls repreE senttive of the gentrl iuropeF rtiulr gols hve eenX @A o investigte the in)uene of simultneous Qh loding onditionsF @A o ddress wlls with @rA rossEsetionsF @A o investigte the free edge of @rA shped wlls in ompression nd di'erent trypes of on(nementF @dA o investigte the ehviour of oupled wlls nd the ehviour of digonlly reinfored oupling ems in thin wllsF @eA o lirte nd further develop numeril modelsF snelsti dynmi nlysis ws performed using wultipleE ertilEvineEilementEwodel @wviwAD whih ws extended into Qh nd implemented into ypeneesF his mro model proved the ility to simulte nd predit the glol ehvior of the wll s well s the ehvior of on(ned oundry res nd lol extensions of longitudinl reinforementF gonsiderle overstrength ws oserved in the wll with minimum reinforementF roweverD its deformtion pity ws limited to less thn I7 of the heightF eltively thik sl enhned the strength of thin oupling ems onsiderlyF gonsequentlyD they did not perform s expeted in pity design nd high xil fores s well s sher filure were indued into the wll piersF he igV on(ning reinforement proved to e e0ientF impler detils @iFeF Eshped stirrupsA might e eptle for low wlls @SEstoreyA ndGor in the se of low seismi intensityF equene of loding nd preErking in)uened the response onsiderlyF he in)uene of iExil loding ws reltively lowF
SHAKING TABLE TESTS ON RC FRAME BRACED WITH FLUID VISCOUS DAMPERS  ID 650
R. Antonucci, Universit Politecnica delle Marche, Italy F. Balducci, Consorzio CONIER, Italy F. Bartera, CEA, France M. G. Castellano, FIP Industriale spa, Italy T. Chaudat, CEA Laboratoire EMSI, France

ES 3e-I: Structural Engineering - Experimental

Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 4

EXPERIMENTAL SEISMIC RESPONSE OF A FULL SCALE REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL BUILDING  ID 201
M. Panagiotou, University of California San Diego, United States J. I. Restrepo, University of California San Diego, United States R. Englekirk, Englekirk Partners Consulting Structural Engineers, United States

he ojetive of this reserh progrm is to verify the seismi response of reinfored onrete wll systems designed for lterl fores tht re signi(ntly smller thn those urrently spei(ed in uilding odes in nited ttesF ixperiene in erthqukes hs shown tht struturl wlls re n exellent lterl fore resisting systemF truturl engineers in gliforni hve often questioned tht the urrent design lterl fores for struturl wll uildings renders this ttrtive lterl fore resisting system lrgely uneonomil nd tht signi(nt svings ould e mde if lterl fores ould e reduedD prtiulrly in the foundtion nd in the lower levels of the wlls where hevy ongestion is oservedF st is interesting tht new displementEsed design methodologies indite tht wlls ould e designed with signi(ntly less mounts of longitudinl reinforement nd still perform stisftorily y properly ontrolling interstory driftD nd hene displement sensitive nonEstruturl dmgeD nd y hving su0ient lterl deformtion pity to meet the demnds in rre ut strong erthqukeF he test will e onduted in the newly ommissioned vrge righEerformne yutdoor hke pigure I shows rendering of the struture tht will e testedF he struture will e uild t fullEsle nd sujeted to historil input ground motions reorded in outhern gliforni tht represent demnds of erthqukes with SH7 nd IH7 proility of exeedne in SH yersFhe results of the test progrm will e disussed in tht pperF
SHAKING TABLE TESTS ON THIN LIGHTLY REINFORCED H-SHAPED STRUCTURAL WALL  ID 642
E. Coelho, LNEC, Portugal M. Fischinger, IKPIR, Slovenia A. Campos Costa, LNEC, Portugal M. J. Falco Silva, LNEC, Portugal P. Kante, IKPIR, Slovenia

his pper desries shking tle tests rried out on oneEyD twoEstoreyD fullEsle sptil g frme @R m x R mD U m highD QH t mssA equipped with )uid visous dmpers top hevron resF he tests were performed t gie ly @prneA on eevii shking tle s prt of ioleder europen projetF id tests were onduted to experimentlly verify the e'etiveness of dissiptive res to retro(t existing gEfrmed uildings originlly designed without seismi resistne requirement or pity design pproh E thus lking dutilityF sn stly nd other seismiEproneD middle iuropen nd wediterrnen ountriesD there re thousnds of uildings needing retro(ts to present seismi stndrds E where using dissiptive rings seems very promisingF reretoforeD very few dissiptive re retro(ts hve een ttempted in this re using hystereti nd visousEelsti dmpers E nd none yetD using )uid visous dmpersF he visous dmpers used were highly nonElinerF husD with very high dissiption pity even t veloities lower thn the mximum design vlueF hkingEtle tests were onduted t inresing qe levels E up to HFRI gF he seismi input ws PH s elerogrm generted y igEV spetrumD gEsoilF rious mesurements were mde to follow oth totl nd lolized struture nd dmpers ehviourF esults demonstrte tht visous dmpers n dissipte up to more thn TH 7 of input energyD strongly reduing the dutility requirements of g elementsF inergy dissiption provided through visous dmpers lso gurntees strong limittion of interEstorey drift whihD for qes up to HFP g re elow HFS 7D iFeFX the dmge limittion vlue given y igV for uildings with rittleEmterilD nonEstruturl elementsF esults re lso ompred to those otined with tests rried out on the sme frme ut without resD s well s on similr re frmeD evining the ene(ts rued using visous dmpersF
SHAKING TABLE TESTS ON RC RETROFITTING FRAME WITH FRP  ID 996
T. Chaudat, CEA, France K. Pilakoutas, Univ. of Sheeld, UK P. Papastergiou, Univ. of Sheeld, UK M. A. Ciupala, Univ. of East London, UK

he pper presents n experimentl progrm on S storey struturl wll physil model performed in vxig Qh shking tleD in visonD within the rojet igyviehiEvsF he hrteristis of the redued model nd the test setEup re desriedD s well s the nlysis of the min experimentl resultsF purthermore the results of numeril simultions re disussedF

55

ES 3e
his pper present the min test results nd desrie the experimentl work undertken on p seismi strengthening s prt of ioleder europen progrmF hking tle tests were rried out on oneEyD P storeyD fullE sle sptil gEfrme @R m x R mD U m highD QH t mssA in PHHR t gie ly on eevii shking tleF he min ojetive of the progrm ws to merge the experiene nd results of the four prtners to experimentlly test di'erent strengthening strtegies nd tehniques on seismilly underEdesigned Gg frme strutureD in order to develop simple nd rtionl tehniques for use in pE strengthening of Gg struturl elements @iFeD emsD olumns nd jointsA nd quntify their e'etiveness through design equtionsF wo series of tests were performed X S seismi tests from up to HFR g on re frmeD T seismi tests from up to HFR g nd S sine sweep tests up to HFP g on the retro(tted frmeF he seismi input ws PHEseond elerogrm generted y igEV spetrumD gEsoilF rious mesurements were mde to otin informtion on glol nd lol ehvior of the strutureF his frme ws strengthened with gron (res y preyssinet ompnyF he prinipl of the tehnique ws the miniml pplition of pD only on joints nd olumns iming to the retion of plsti hinges on the ems for igger energy dissiptionF sn dditionD two di'erent joint strengthening methods were ppliedD vlidting their e'etivenessF fre frme tests were onduted in order to otin severe dmgesF hmges were minly loted in the joints of Ist nd Pnd levelF ome rks were lso oserved in olumns nd emsF yn retro(tted frmeD new rks ppered in olumns nd plsti hinges in emsF ering of p in nodes of the Ist level ws oserved t the end of testsF
EFFECTIVENESS OF SEISMIC ROCKING ISOLATION OF BRIDGES BASED ON SHAKE TABLE TEST  ID 364
D. Sakellaraki, Greece K. Kawashima, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Oral presentations
sopeD the ssessment of the struture hs een rried out using the reommendtions of the stlin guidelines for existing strutures ygw QPURY fst repir interventionD sed on the use of qlss pier einfored olymer @qpA stripsD hs een designed using the ltely issued guidelines of the stlin xtionl eserh gounil gx PHHGPHHRF ixperimentl mpigns nd numeril nlyses hve een performed on the prototype @sEuilt nd repiredA nd results hve een ompred for studying the seismi struturl ehviourF he otined numeril nd experimentl results hve een relted to the spei( rules suggested y the stlin nd iuropen wsonry fuilding godes hw IWVUGWTD igT nd eismi godes ygw QPURD igVF

ES 3e-II: Structural Engineering - Experimental

Tuesday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 4
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MASSIVE WOODEN WALL PANEL SYSTEMS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC EXCITATION  ID 490
B. Dujic, ULFGG, Slovenia V. Hristovski, IZIIS, Macedonia M. Stojmanovska, IZIIS, Macedonia R. Zarnic, ULFGG, Slovenia

oking response of spred foundtion whih supports ridge results in mitigtion of the ridge responseD nd this is often lled s 4seismi roking isoltion4F st is e'etive to mitigte the plsti deformtion of the olumnsF his pper presents shke tle test results to show the e'etiveness of the seismi roking isoltionF
RETROFITTING OF MASONRY STRUCTURES WITH G-FRP STRIPS: VALIDATION THROUGH SHAKING TABLE TESTS  ID 1278
I. Langone, CESI S.p.A., Italy M. Eusebio, CESI S.p.A., Italy F. Venuti, CESI S.p.A., Italy G. Bergamo, CESI S.p.A., Italy A. Prota, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

ithin the frmework of projet iFwFFiFFD foused on the development of innovtive tehniques for seismi upgrde of historil msonry struturesD tests on two tu' msonry model strutures hve een onduted to evlute the e'ets of di'erent riteri nd tools for seismi retro(tF hking tle tests were performed on representtive model strutures with the Qh wei shking tle operting t the struturl lortory of gisD eriteD stlyF he two stories tu' msonry tested uilding ws IXP prototype hrterized y inEplne dimensions of PFTHm x PFVSm nd totl height of QFPH mF he threeElef type of msonry is typil of mny strutures in iurope nd in the wediterrnen reF he prototype hs een tested t inresing seismi intensity levels @gol(orito erthqukeD IWWUA until signi(nt level of dmge ws oservedF o reprodue the ftershok onditionsD the dmged prototype hs een then immeditely repired nd retested under two reent stlin irthqukes gol(oritoD IWWUY glitri IWVH hrterized y di'erent energeti nd dynmi prmetersF he min im of the seismi repir ws to perform fst nd innovtive interventionD whih should e le to ensure n immedite opertion performne level piwe QSTGPHHHF et the

he reserh reported herein hs een rried out within the ilterl loveninEwedonin projet titled 4ixperimentl nd xumeril eserh of king trength of wssive ooden ll nels4 supported y the governments from oth ountriesF he min ide of the projet ws to otin relile dt on the mehnism of ehvior of mssive wooden wll pnels tht will ontriute to design nd onstrution of seismi resistnt nd sfe uildingsF wo fullEsle models hve een ssemled nd tested on the shking tle t the sss vortoryD kopjeD wedoniF he (rst test speimen onsisted of uvr one unit wll elements with length of PRR mF he seond speimen onsisted of uvr two unit wll elements with length of IPPmF uvr pnels re produt of eustrin gompny wssiveholz qmr nd represent ross lminted timer onsisted of strips of sprue stked on top of eh other nd glued together forming lrgeEsized solid rossElminted ordsF efter pling of the speimens on the shking tleD they were loded with the llst nd mient nd fore virtion methods were used in order to mesure the mode shpes nd frequenies of the modelsF pollowing lowElevel rndom virtion tests were pplied to mesure the liner ehviour of the speimensF efterwrdsD severl elertion input motions with grdully inresing intensity were pplied on the models nd fter eh erthquke exittionD lowE level rndom virtion tests were undertken in order to monitor the hnge of the nturl frequenies nd eventul dmges on the modelsF fsed on the gined test results further reserh hs een direted towrds development of mthemtil model tht will simulte the ehvior of this type of strutures sujeted to seismi lodsF
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF R.C. ELEMENTS WITH SUBSTANDARD DETAILS  ID 819
D. Syntzirma, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece G. Thermou, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece S. Pantazopoulou, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece G. Halkitis, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece

ixisting struturesD designed up to n rry of erlier versions of seismi odes s these evolved through the lst hlf enE turyD n e generlly lssed s low deformtion pity9 systemsD iFeF they hve limited ility to sustin lrge inelsti deformtion reversls without strength lossF sn terms of reinforement mountsD struturl memers typilly re lking in properly detiled

56

Oral presentations
trnsverse reinforement resulting in limited deformtion pity of the struturl memers nd of the struturl system s wholeF hose old type9 struturl memers re experimentlly exploredD through series of omponent tests tht omprise sixteen @ITA speimens modelling reinfored onrete olumns with sustndrd detils representtive of former onstrution prtiesF golumns re ntilevers with squre ross setion of PHHmm nd lp!splies in the ritil regionF he longitudinl reinforement onsisted of IPD SHH rs wheres the trnsverse reinforement ws omposed of smooth steel of nominl dimeter TD PPHF peimens were tested in single urvture under onstnt xil lod nd yli lterl lod reversls simulting erthquke e'etsF wo loding histories were estlishedY the (rst resemled ner (eld9 erthquke e'ets with signi(nt inrese of displement from yle to yle wheres in the seond the displement mplitude ws inresed grdullyF he ritil prmeters of the experimentl series were the rtio of the longitudinl reinforementD the volumetri rtio of the trnsverse reinforementD the lp!splie length nd the loding historyF es the detiling of the speimens ws representtive of old or sustndrd onstrution losely interting modes of filure @sher filure fter )exurl yieldingD lp splie filure ompnied y sher or )exurl filureD etFA were developedF st ws onluded tht the loding history ws determinnt for the (nl response nd the mode of filure of eh struturl memerF he results of the experimentl work re presented thoroughlyF
RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURES WITH CONTRIBUTION OF FIBRE MATERIALS AND SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS  ID 215
E. Juhasova, ICA SAS, Slovakia (Slovak Republic) M. Vrabec, ICA SAS, Slovakia (Slovak Republic) M. Juhas, SjF STU, Slovakia (Slovak Republic) V. Kafka, IAM CAS, Czech Republic

ES 3e
of pseudodynmi nd tests on fullEsle prototypesD representtive of typil iuropen prest industril filitiesD rried out t the ive vortory of the toint eserh gentre of the ig in ssprF he interprettion of the test results will llow etter insight to e gthered oth on the glol response of suh prest industril filities to seismi exittionD s furthermore in)uened y the presene of ldding pnels s well s y the ehviour of onnetionsF he role of the ltters hs een lso investigted with referene to their e0y in gurnteeing diphrgm ehviour of the roof systemF ime histories of glol quntities @displement of the dekD sher fore t the ontrol pointD fores in the tutorsD sored energyA were diretly ville from the test lgorithmF woreoverD pttern for lol instrumenttion ws pled on the struture to 9pture9 ll the quntities of interest t element nd onnetion levelF sn the pperD the most meningful glol nd lol dt olleted during the tests re disussed with referene to the open issues in the seismi ehviour of prest industril struturesF
SHAKING TABLE TEST OF SCALED 4 STORY BUILDING OF 3D-PANEL PREFABRICATED SYSTEM  ID 271
M. Kabir, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he pper will desrie the results of theoretil nlysisD stti nd sttiEdynmi tests s well s those of shking tle tests of hosen omposite systemsF he nlysis omprises snvestigtion of stresses nd deformtions of omposite strutures used y nturl nd tehnologil dynmi tionsF enlysis is lso devoted to typil loding proesses nd their reltions to lssil nd omined struturl systemsD whih ould ontin elements mde from shpe memory lloysF heoretil nd experimentl nlysis of stti nd dynmi pity in view of sti'ness nd strength of lterntive mterils nd struturl omiE ntions will e presentedF heoretil nd numeril veri(tion of the system e0ieny when shpe memory lloys nd polymers re pplied for inresing the dynmi rrying pity of strutures re espeilly ddressed to seismi resistne of prospetive systems in se of high seismi tionsF glultion models nd methodsD riteri nd onditions to e used for implementtion of pity design method for these systems in iurope nd espeilly in onditions of gentrl iurope will e disussed in the presented pperF hese tests nd nlyses hve s min purpose the evlution of the ehviour of new nd older strutures where is resonle to pply di'erent omposite mterils inluding (re ones omined either with polymers or with shpe memory lloysF
PSEUDODYNAMIC AND CYCLIC TESTING OF FULL SCALE PROTOTYPES OF PRECAST R/C ONE STOREY BUILDINGS  ID 365
L. Ferrara, Politecnico di Milano, Italy E. Mola, Politecnico di Milano, Italy P. Negro, ELSA-JRC, Italy

he urrent pper presents the results of shking tle test of prest shotrete sndwih pnelsD so lled Qh pnelsD whih is onstruted y Qh system without ny frme in REstoreyF Qh sndwih wll pnels re used in onstrution of exterior nd interior ering nd nonElod ering wlls nd )oors in uilding of ll types of onstrutionF wodel of speimen is onstruted in sle of prototype down y PFQS ftorsF hking tle test of sled model of the uilding were rried out under seismi motion to verify the sfety of the systemF yjetives of the study re to otin seismi performnes of the desried struturl system under dynmi lodingD suh s liner nd nonEliner struturl hrteristisD hystereti ehviorD deformilityD sti'ness degrdtion nd filure mehnismF fy this hking tle tests struturl responses suh s the seismi dmge mehnis nd the seismi pityD the distriution of seismi foresD the wek points in the strutures is evlutedF sn liner nlysisD the primry frequeniesD virtion modes nd omprison of the results otined from the test nd numeril nlysis re presentedF sn dditionD the lterl deformtionD story drift nd torsion of system re mesured experimentlly in time dominF eelerometers re mounted to mesure elertions in oth orthogonl horizontl diretionsF he model ws sujeted to some sled seismi reord with grdully inresing mplitudeF
SEISMIC TESTS OF SYSTEM  ID 245
L. A. M. Mendes,

RC

PRECAST

BUILDING

National

Laboratory

of

Civil

Engineering,

Portugal E. Coelho, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal A. Campos Costa, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal

sn this pperD the experimentl tivity rried out in the frmework of the igEfunded reserh projet rest igV is presentedF he projetD spnning over three nd hlf yersD ims t investigting the dequy of urrent igV pprohD normlly epted for stEinEsitu rG struturesD when pplied to the design of prest struturesD through lned mix of experimentl nd numeril tivityF he pper fouses on the desription of series

his pper desries the seismi tests preformed t vxig in g prest strutureF he tests were mde with the support of the iuropen gommission nd in the sope of the reserh projet ige gi igV E eismi fehviour of rest gonrete trutures with espet to iuroode VF he referene prototype is typil ortuguese prest system used minly for industril uildings nd ws designed nd onstruted y prest ompny with their ommon prtieF he struture hs IPFHxIHFS mP in pln nd P storeys with RFS m of heightF huring the eretionD the ems re supported y steel ngles or y steel hollow oxes whih re prt of the emEolumn onnetionsF he onnetions re ompleted y welding nd olting of reinfored rs nd steel pltesF he system n e onsidered s jointed with dry onnetions of limited dutilityF he tests were divided in two phsesF et (rst it ws tested IXQ sled speimen in the vxig9s Qh shking tleD dopting the guhyEproude similitude lwF he erthquke input ws the semiErti(il olmezzo elerogrm

57

ES 3e
mde omptile with the iuroode V response spetr @soil f nd S7 of dmpingAF he struture ws sujeted to S stges with inresing intensityD rnging from qeaHFHUg to HFWSgF st is disussed the oserved ehviourD the evolution of the experimentl modl frequeniesD the )oor diphrgm hypothesisD the glol displementsD the interstorey drifts nd y mens of simpli(ed modelD the glol fores nd the glol hysteresis loopsF st is lso presented the ehviour of V emEolumn onnetions whih were instrumented with displement trnsduersF o study in more detil the ehviour of the onnetionsD seond phse of yli tests will e rried out on two types of emEolumn onnetions nd on olumnEfoundtion onnetionsF he results of these tests n e lso presentedF

Oral presentations
omprison with the experimentl response nd oserved dmge of PEh nd QEh monolithi emEolumn enhmrk speimens designed ording to the xQIHIXIWWS seismi ode provisions is rried outF he reliility nd simpliity of reently implemented speil ode provisions for the design nd nlysis of jointed dutile systems is lso on(rmed y stisftory results of nlytilE experimentl omprisonF sn dditionD the prtil fesiility nd e0ieny of simple tehnil solutions to onnet prest )oor systems nd lterl resisting frme systemsD without inurring in dmge due to displement inomptiilities re experimentlly demonstrtedF he reliility of reently implemented speil ode provisions for the design nd nlysis of jointed dutile hyrid systems is lso on(rmedF
CYCLIC TESTING OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS. BEAM-TO-UPRIGHT AND COLUMN-TO-BASE SUB ASSEMBLAGES.  ID 1152
J. M. Proenca, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal L. Calado, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Portugal C. Castiglioni, Politecnico di Milano, Italy G. Tristao, Escola de Engenharia de Sao Carlos, Brazil

ES 3e-III: Structural Engineering - Experimental

Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 4
QUASI-STATIC CYCLIC TESTS ON U-SHAPED RC WALLS: TEST DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS  ID 1408
K. Beyer, ROSE School, Italy A. Dazio, ETH Zurich, Switzerland N. Priestley, ROSE School, Italy

Eshped or hnnelEshped wlls re frequently used s lterl strength providing memers in g uildings sine their form does not only provide strength nd sti'ness in ny horizontl diretion ut is lso well suited to ommodte lift shfts or stir sesF elthough Eshped wlls re very populr in prtie experimentl results on their ehviour under seismi loding re very sprse nd odes do not provide detiled guidelines for their design when dutile ehviour is imed forF sn this ontext test progrm ws developed omprising two Eshped wlls t IXP sle with the im to ontriute to the understnding of the ehviour of dutile Eshped wlls under seismi lodingF he min di'erene etween the two test speimens is the wll thiknessF sn this pper the design of the test speimens with emphsis on the sher design is presentedF e prtiulr fous is set on sliding sher for whih the most ommon design pprohes re ompred nd disussedF he pper lso inludes disussion on the min deisions regrding the test set upF hese omprise the design of the lod stu whih ontrols wrping of the top setion nd the displement loding history in ending nd torsionF pinllyD preliminry results from the (rst wll re rie)y presentedF
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON HIGHPERFORMANCE JOINTED DUCTILE CONNECTIONS FOR PRECAST FRAMES  ID 2038
S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand A. Amaris, University of Canterbury, New Zealand U. Akguzel, University of Canterbury, New Zealand A. Palermo, Technical University of Milan, Italy

hespite their omprtively low vlueD steel storge rks re of gret importne for modern industry nd ommere nd their filure my led to severe eonomi lossesD s well s ivil nd penl right liility prolemsF he work herein presented onsists of yli tests rried out in emEtoEupright nd olumnEtoEse su ssemlges in the snstituto uperior enioD of visonF his testing mpign is prt of the isegu reserh progrmmeF hese tests were rried out in generl ordne with widely known reommendtions @suh s those of igg nd egA for yli testing of onnetions nd su ssemlgesF yn the ourse of the emEtoEupright yli tests n innovtive testing proedure ws developed y the uthors tht ddresses the vertil @ded nd liveA lod e'etsF his innovtive proedure onsists in mixedD fore nd displementD ontrol loding history whih reprodues rel demnds on frme struturesF his loding history leds to n unsymmetril response of the speimens tht llows for more orret de(nition of ollpseD s well of the governing phenomenF e totl of PH olumnEtoEse were performedD onsidering di'erent xil lodsD di'erent diretions @downEisle nd rossEisleA nd di'erent loding histories @positive nd negtive monotoni or reversed yliD igD proedureAF e totl of QH emEtoEupright onnetions were testedD onsidering di'erent @emA rossEsetion @UH nd IQH mm heightAD di'erent vertil lod e'etsD di'erent loding histories @monotoniD positive nd negtiveD igg nd proprietryAF ixperimentl results re presented in summrized mnnerF
FULL-SCALED TEST OF CONCRETE PILE UNDER SEISMIC LOADING  ID 745
R. Tuladhar, Saitama University, Japan H. Mutsuyoshi, Saitama University, Japan T. Maki, Saitama University, Japan

eent developments on high performne seismi resistE ing prest onrete frme systemsD sed on the use of unonded postEtensioned tendons with selfEentring pilities in ominE tionD when requiredD with dditionl soures of energy dissiptionD re herein presentedF elterntive rrngements for jointed dutile onnetions to ommodte di'erent struturl or rhiteturl needs hve een implemented nd vlidted through qusiEstti yli tests on series of exterior emEolumn sussemlies under uniE or iEdiretionl loding regimeF he results on(rmed the unique )exiility nd e0ieny of these systems for the development of the next genertion of seismi resisting struturesD le to undergo high inelsti displement with limited level of dmge nd negligile residul displement when ompred to trditionl monolithi @stEinEsituA dutile solutionsF sn order to further emphsize the enhned performne of these systemsD

eent reserhes hve lri(ed tht the response ehvE ior of struture is highly in)uened y the response of oth the foundtion nd the ground s wellF reneD the modern seismi design ode reommends the seismi response nlysis of the whole struturl system inluding superstrutureD foundtion nd the groundF por the development of seismi response nlysis method for the whole struturl systemD howeverD it is (rst impertive to lrify the seismi ehvior of pileEsoil systemF sn this studyD fullEsle stti nd reversed yli lterl loding tests were rried out on onrete piles emedded into the groundF he test piles were hollow prest prestressed onrete piles with outer dimeter of RSm nd thikness of UmF he length of the test piles were IRmF he experimentl oservtions showed tht the soil gp ours etween soil nd pile in the fe opposite to the loding diretionF st further showed tht signi(nt degrdtion in lterl sti'ness ours in pile sujeted to yli loding ompred to the monotoni lodingF he experimentl dt were used s the sis for Qh (nite element nlysisF sn Qh (nite element nlysisD

58

Oral presentations
soil ws modeled s PHEnode solid elementsF por the modeling of onrete pileD omprison etween QEnode (erEtheory sed em element nd PHEnode solid element were rried outF he study showed tht the PHEnode solid element for onrete pile n etter simulte the tul ehvior of pile thn the QEnode em element modelingF woreoverD with proper onsidertion of interfe element etween soil nd pile surfe nd the degrdtion of sti'ness in soil due to yli lodingD three dimensionl (nite element nlyses n simulte the seismi ehvior of the onrete pile wellF
WET-MIXED SHOTCRETE USAGE IN LOW-DUCTILE REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES  ID 892
P. Teymur Tuga, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey E. Yuksel, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey S. Pala, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey K. Taskin, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey F. Karadogan, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

ES 3e
fy utilizing oth the ojetEoriented experimentl nd (nite element softwre frmeworksD geometri nonlineritiesD threeE dimensionl e'etsD multiple support exittion nd soilEstruture intertion n e investigted y inorporting them into the nlytil modelF yne of the most dvntgeous pplitions to inorporte geometri nonlinerities into the nlytil model is in lrge displement tests where struture is tested until ollpseF gontrry to shking tle testingD no lrge physil msses hve to e present in the experimentl prt of hyrid simultionF uh lrge msses ould severely dmge testing equipment one test speimen ollpsesF reneD the grvity lods s well s the resulting geometri nonlinerities re ll modeled nlytillyF sn order to demonstrte hyrid simultionD wherein struture is tested under lrge displement e'ets until ollpseD simple oneEstory frme with two uneqully dutile olumns is usedF

he existene of mny vulnerle reinfored onrete uildings in erthquke prone res uilt efore the urrent urkish erthquke odeD presents one of the most serious prolems fing urkeyD espeilly sstnul todyF huring IWWW edpzri irthqukeD uildings hd greter dmge thn expeted t tht mgnitude of n erthquke in the ityF ine then reserhers hve een trying to (nd hep nd esily pplile strengthening solutions for the reinfored onrete nd msonry struturesF he experiments rried onD show tht in(ll wlls inrese the lterl lod pity nd the sti'ness of the struturesF st n e stted tht when the neessry preutions re tkenD the in(ll wlls n e used to strengthen the uildingF he im of the proposed work is to (nd fstD hep nd dequte erthquke strengthening methods for reinfored onrete strutures to life sfety stteF sn this study wetEmixed spryed onrete is used to form n in(ll wll within low dutile reinfored onrete frmeF he frmes were hosen to represent wek olumnGstrong em type strutures tht were very ommon in urkey espeilly for the uildings onstruted efore the urrent erthquke odeF he speimens hd nonEseismi detils suh s lrge sping of hoopsD no hoop in emEolumn onnetion region nd no use of IQS seismi hooksF he experimentl work is omposed of strengthening of one undmged nd one slightly dmged low dutile reinfored onrete frmes y forming n in(ll wll using wetEmixed spryed onreteF he wlls re onneted to the frmes through sher studs used t four edges of the in(ll wll to rete strong ond etween wll nd onrete elementsF he results of the experiments show tht the lterl lod rrying pity of the in(lled frmes strengthened using this method re pproximtely two times tht of the re oneF
APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL SOFTWARE FRAMEWORK FOR HYBRID SIMULATION OF STRUCTURES THROUGH COLLAPSE  ID 1221
A. Schellenberg, University of California at Berkeley, United States S. Mahin, University of California at Berkeley, United States

ES 3e-IV: Structural Engineering - Experimental

Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 4
EXPERIMENTAL MONITORING OF OSCILLATIONS OF FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES  ID 1049
P. Psimoulis, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Patras, Greece S. Pytharouli, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Patras, Greece V. Kontogianni, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Patras, Greece S. Stiros, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Patras, Greece

iven though hyrid simultion is verstileD powerful nd eonomilly vile experimentl methodD it is fr less utilized thn qusiEstti or shking tle testingF yne of the min resons limiting the use of hyrid simultion is the sene of ommon frmework for its development nd deploymentY thusD to relize the full potentil of hyrid simultionD n environment independent softwre frmework is needed tht is roustD trnsprentD slle nd esily extensileF sn order to hieve this desired )exiilityD the softwre frmework should e highly modulrF hereforeD sed on ojetEoriented softwre design methodologiesD set of interrelted softwre lsses is desried hereinD whih in their unity form frmework for integrting experimentl testing with the ojetEoriented (nite element softwre ypenees @ypen ystem for irthquke ingineering imultionAF ypenees provides wide vriety of high performne omputtionl fetures s well s networkEsed simultion nd ommunition pilitiesD mking geogrphilly distriuted nd other dvned forms of hyrid simultions possileF

sn the lst yers there hs een growing interest for E urte monitoring of osilltions @displements nd spetrl hrteristisAD semisEstti movements @for instne wind or temE perture induedAD s well s for displementEsed ntiEseismi modeling of mjor )exile struturesF wodern geodeti instrumentsD q nd rooti theodolite @AD hve een used for this tskD nd the (rst results re very promisingF roweverD the tolerne nd the limittion of these instruments hve not een on(rmed on the sis of independent oservtionsF sn order to ssess the limittion nd the ury of rooti theodolite nd q for monitoring semiEstti nd dynmi movementsD we mde lrge numer of experiments using n osillting system whih produed xilD omputerEontrolled osilltions of known hrteristisF e q ntenn nd re)etor were mounted on the osillting devieD the movement of whih ws reorded y oth nd qF ixperiments were limited to linerD sinusoidl osilltions with frequeny nd mplitude t the rnge of HFHS E R rz nd HFS E Q mD respetively nd to ommerilD onventionl instruments nd simpleEtoEpplyEtehniquesF ht olleted were nlyzed on the sis of spetrl nd sttistil tehniquesD nd omputed prmeters of the reorded movement @osilltion mplitude nd frequenyA were ompred with the preEdetermined @relA prmetersY proess permitting determintion of the ury nd of the limittions of the two instrumentsF yur nlysis reveled tht for ommon )exile strutures @nturl frequenies IrzA q n urtely reord osilltion mplitudes IFHEIFSmD while for more rigid strutures @nturl frequenies bIrzA urte results n e otined for osilltion mplitudes PmF purthermoreD q n de(ne urtely osilltion frequenies up to R rzD while n urtely reord osilltion mplitudes of HFSm nd de(ne osilltion frequenies up to IrzF
IN-SITU ASSESSMENT OF IMPORTANT EXISTING STRUCTURES - IP LESSLOSS/ SUB PROJECT 5 - A PROGRESS REPORT  ID 549
R. Flesch, arsenal research, Austria S. Lu, arsenal research, Austria M. Eusebio, CESI/ ISM, Italy A. Campos Costa, LNEC, Portugal

s vivyG S fouses on innovtive methods for the ssessment of importnt existing uildingsD whih must remin

59

ES 3e
serviele lso during nd fter n erthquke @strutures of vitl importne for ivil protetionD eFgF hospitlsD (re sttionsD power plntsD importnt ridgesD shoolsD ssemly hllsD etFAF he min ide is to integrte experimentl tools into the ssessment proeduresF e vevel sss ssessment proedure with detiled Qh struturl model updted vi mesured dynmi properties will e pproprite in most sesF sf suh investigtions re rried out in the preEerthquke phseD mesures for seismi upgrding n e undertken in due timeF sn the postEerthquke phse these investigtions will support the determintion of the remining sfety nd servieilityF purtherD simpli(ed vulnerility models for the ove strutures n e elorted from detiled se studiesD whih n e used in the ontext of vevel ss or vevel s pprohesF sn the (rst yer two min deliverles were elortedD whih men the kground doumenttion for the plnned 9iuropen wnul for inEsitu essessment of the irthquke esistne of smportnt ixisting trutures9F sn deliverle hPH ssessment methods re demonstrted vi se studies for existing uildingsD ridges nd hospitlsF purtherD the use of modl identi(tion pplied to physil models dmged t vxig shking tle is shownF he ove mentioned mnul in two versionsD trining version nd pplition versionD will e elorted minly in the seond yerF et the end of the projet the lyout for n iuropen essessment gode will e villeF he most innovtive tsk of vivyG S is 9updte of vulnerility estimtes vi monitoring9D whih ws lredy strted in the (rst yerF he vivy S Erining workshop will e held in ienn in tune PHHU with durtion of P dysF
FORCED VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS OF A ONEFAMILY HOUSE IN MONTHEY, SWITZERLAND  ID 1940
F. Weber, EMPA, Switzerland O. Huth, EMPA, Switzerland D. Gsell, EMPA, Switzerland G. Feltrin, EMPA, Switzerland P. Lestuzzi, EPFL, Switzerland R. Peruzzi, Kurmann & Cretton SA, Switzerland M. Motavalli, EMPA, Switzerland T. Blakeborough, Oxford University, UK M. Ojaghi, Oxford University, UK

Oral presentations

he relEtime hyrid simultion tehnique is promising experimentl method for struturl dynmisF st is sed on the sustruturing priniple nd n e hieved thnks to the improved pilities of modernEdy digitl omputing nd servoEhydruli dynmi tution equipmentF sn this reserhD the relEtime suE struture method is used to study the ehviour of steel olumn in the ottom two storeys of PHEstorey uilding struture under the il gentro xE erthquke inputF he olumns for the lower storeys re modelled physilly nd loded y dynmi tutorsF hue to limited physil pity in the lortoryD RH7 sle uilding struture is testedF he rest of the uilding strutureD onsisting of the )oorsD the remining olumns nd the ross resD is modelled numerilly nd loded omputtionllyF he numeril sustruture is nonEliner nd the numer of degrees of freedom is lrge ompred to most previous relEtime hyrid testsF en unonditionlly stle sheme of the xewmrk fmily is employed to solve the time integrtion prolemF he two sustrutures re solved simultneously in relEtimeD with the interfe onditions rigorously pplied using n dptive dely estimtion sheme nd vguerre forwrd predition tehniqueF he pper presents the experimentl method nd numeril lgorithmsD followed y results whih demonstrte the ompletion of n e'etive relEtime experiment on the PHEstorey strutureF he method is then used to simulte the pplition of tuned mssEdmper @whA devie to the uilding struture under the sme erthquke lodingF he wh is esily modelled s n dditionl prt of the numeril sustrutureF he relEtime experiment is repeted nd signi(nt response redutions re oserved s result of the wh preseneF he results demonstrte tht relEtime hyrid testing is ple of pplition to relisti whyp systems for experimentl struturl dynmisF
EQUIVALENT TIME-VARYING STIFFNESS OF BRACED FRAMES USING WAVELET ANALYSIS  ID 955
J. Goggins, Buro Happold Engineers Ltd., UK B. M. Broderick, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland B. Basu, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland A. Y. Elghazouli, Imperial College London, UK

sn ollortion with the vortory for epplied gomE puting nd wehnis of ipv nd the ureu d9ingnieurs ivils uurmnn 8 gretton e in wontheyD the truturl ingineering eserh vortory of imp hd the opportunity to tke fored virtion mesurement on oneEfmily house in wonthey @AD witzerlndF he house onsists of sementD ground )oor nd (rst )oorF wo hydruli ylinders with mximum dynmi fore of QP kx eh were mounted on the (rst )oorF e fore trnsduer mesured the shker foreF he two hydruli ggregtes were displement ontrolledF fesides sinusoidl displementsD the ontrol softwre llows lso driving ny desired displement of the ylinder pistonD eFgFD nd limited rndom signlsF eelertion sensors distriuted on the (rst )oor nd elerometers positioned pproximtely in the entre of the ground )oor nd sement s well mesured the response of the houseF emient virtion mesurements showed tht the (rst nturl frequeny ws pproxE imtely IH rzF fsed on thtD the house ws exited y nd limited rndom proesses within the frequeny rnge of S to PH rz with inresing dynmi foresF he gol ws to investigte the in)uene of the exittion intensity on the eigenfrequenies nd dmping rtiosF he tests demonstrted strong dependeny of the eigenfrequenies nd dmping rtios on the exittion intensityF he reson for tht nonliner ehviour seems to e relted to the intertion etween struture nd soilF en dditionl test series with sinusoidl shker fores ws performed with the gol to drive the house into resonne nd to dmge itF roweverD due to the very strong system dmping dmge ould not e genertedF
REAL-TIME HYBRID EARTHQUAKE SIMULATION OF A STEEL COLUMN IN A 20-STOREY BUILDING  ID 634
P. Bonnet, Oxford University, UK M. S. Williams, Oxford University, UK

he results of series of shke tle tests on fullEsle single storey onentrilly red steel frmes re nlysed to evlute the sti'ness of the frmes t di'erent stges of their responseF ih frme possessed pir of QFQm long digonl ring memers with hollow or (lled retngulr steel setions tht experiened lternting tensile yielding nd ompressive ukling when sujeted to erthquke lodingF gonsequentlyD the lterl sti'ness of the frme vried ontinuously s the omined resistne of the res hngedF sn llD eight frmes with wide rnge of re slendernesses were investigtedF e wveletEsed equivlent lineristion tehnique is employed to determine the temporl equivlent nturl frequeny of the frmesF he equivlene is estlished y minimising the di'erene in loE l response energy for the nonliner nd equivlent liner systemsF his llows the timeEvrying sti'ness of frme to e lulted throughout its responseF st is oserved tht frme sti'ness redues signi(ntly in lter stges of the tests due to the extensive yielding nd elongtion experiened y the re memersF hese oserved frme sti'nesses re ompred with initil vlues determined from the elsti properties of the res nd the mesured nturl frequenies of the test frmesD nd with equivlent energy nd sent sti'ness vluesF he initil frequenies re shown to e losely orrelted with the initil lterl deformtions of the res upon instlltion in the test frmeF egreement etween expeted nd tul sti'ness is est during the (rst strong ground motion stge of the testsF sn lter stgesD response energy is shown to shift to lower frequeny nds nd frme sti'ness is strongly in)uened y the residul lterl deformtions in the postEuked re memersF

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EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF NUMERICAL MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED POUNDING BETWEEN STRUCTURES  ID 1095
R. Jankowski, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland

ES 3f
in order to model g olumnsD ems nd wllsF he dopted pproh idelises the ehviour s elstiEperfetly plsti with limited resistne nd plstiity onentrted t the endEelementY the onsidered filure9s mehnisms re s followsX sher nd xil stress s wek filure nd xilEending s dutile filureF ome exmples show the e0ieny of this method nd highlight the ehviour9s peulirity of these struturesF
VULNERABILITY OF MASONRY WALLS ROCKING UNDER SEISMIC ACTION  ID 1455
G. De Felice, University Roma Tre - Department of Structures, Italy I. Carbone, University Roma Tre - Department of Structures, Italy

sntertions etween insu0iently seprted struturesD or their prtsD due to the outEofEphse virtions hve een repetedly oserved during mjor erthqukesF his phenomenonD often referred s the erthqukeEindued struturl poundingD my led to onsiderle dmge or n e even the reson of the struture9s totl ollpseF everl numeril modelsD suh s the liner visoelstiD the nonEliner elsti following the rertz lw of ontt nd the nonEliner visoelsti modelD hve een dopted to simulte pounding fore during imptF fsed on very limited numer of experimentl results it hs een initilly indited tht the nonEliner visoelsti model n e somehow onsidered s the most preise one mong them @see IAF he im of the present pper is to verify the ury of the impt fore models mentioned sed on the results of more extensive experimentl study onduted on shking tle under rel erthquke exittionF he pounding experiment hs een performed using models of two steel towers with di'erent nturl frequeniesF edditionl pltes mde of steelD onrete nd timer hve een pled t the top of the towers so s to study the in)uene of impts etween di'erent uilding mterilsF lues of the models9 prmetersD used in the numeril simultionsD hve een determined y (tting the experimentlly otined response time histories pplying the method of the lest squresF he results of the study show tht the use of the nonEliner visoelsti model of impt fore gives the smllest simultion errors in the poundingEinvolved struturl response histories for ll tested uilding mterilsF I tnkowski FX xonEliner visoelsti modelling of erthqukeEindued struturl poundingF irthquke ingineering nd truturl hynmis QR @PHHSA SWSETII

ES 3f-I: Structural Engineering - Masonry and Timber

Thursday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 2
NON LINEAR ANALYSIS OF MIXED MASONRY AND REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS  ID 927
S. Cattari, DISEG, University of Genoa, Italy S. Lagomarsino, DISEG, University of Genoa, Italy

he roking ehviour of rigid lok under seismi E tion reeived prtiulr ttention in the reent pstF yn the one hndD simpli(ed linerized proedure whih mkes use of the onept of sustitute struture in the ontext of displementEsed seismi design hs een proposed IY on the other hndD the vlidity of suh simple pproximte design philosophy hs een questioned nd the onlusion tht roking strutures nnot e repled y equivlent singleEdegreeEofEfreedom osilltors hs een ttined PF he present pper wishes to give ontriution to this disussionD fousing the ehviour of unreinfored msonry wlls sujeted to outEofEplne seismi tion in proilisti frmeworkF sn (rst stepD the wll is represented y single rigid lokY its ehviour under horizontl reorded ground motion is investigted nd the seismi demndD mesured y the mximum rottion exhiE ited during the time historyD is reordedF henD the ehviour of more omplex wllsD mde y severl rigid loks rrnged together with di'erent texturesD is investigted y using distint element method nd the dey of seismi pityD represented y the mximum sustinle rottionD with progressive lk of interloking loks is investigtedF pinllyD using proilisti pprohD method for outEofEplne seismi frgility evlution is proposedD whih is sed on the esE timte of the proility tht the demndD s de(ned oveD will overome the orresponding pityD depending on the struturl nd geometril properties of the wllF I hohertyD uFD qri0thD wFgFD vmD xF nd ilsonD tF @PHHPA hisplement sed seismi nlysis for outEofEplne ending of unreinfored msonry wllsD irthquke ingineering 8 truturl hynmisD QID ppF VQQEVSHF P wkrisD xFD nd uonstntinidisD hF @PHHQA he roking spetrum nd the limittions of prtil design methodologiesD irthquke ingineering 8 truturl hynmisD QPD ppF PTSEPVWF
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY STUDY TIONAL HOUSES IN IRAN  ID 680 OF TRADI-

prom the erly PHthEentury the grdul trnsformtion of the theory nd onstrutive tehniques led from the msonry uildings predominne to the reinfored onrete9s @gA struturesF ith referene to stlyD fter severe erthqukes @IWHV wessinD IWIS evezzno stlyA some regultions @oyl stlin hereeD IWPRA dvised the doption of the on(ned msonry y g frmes s seismi struturesF ogether with strutures oneived with de(nite role for the erthquke ehviourD the spreding of g tehnology used the irth of mixed solutions strting from existing strutures in order to stisfy funtionl spetsX msonry strutures sujeted to internl demolishmentD olumn insertionsD g stirses insertionsD pln enlrgements or risings y men of onrete struturesF he struturl vriety is quite wide nd the omplex set of spei( ses eludes the oded shemesX therefore sujet of prtiulr interest eomes the vulnerility of this lssF he sienti( studies on the ominedEsystem strutures re lmost sent euse of the previously mentioned struturl vrietyD ut lso euse of the prolems onerning the mutul intertionsF elso the reent odesD oth interntionl @igV PHHRA nd ntionl @ygw QRQIGPHHSAD provide only rief explntionsF woreoverD lthough there is wellEestlished kground foused on the non liner nlysis of msonry strutures nd g frmesD the set of numeril nd experimentl instruments for the study of the intertion e'ets is limitedF sn this pperD in the msonry9s idelistion s equivlent Qh frme @qlso et lF D PHHRAD formultion nd implementtion of non liner elements is proposed

M. A. Ghannad, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Bakhshi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. A. E. Mousavi Eshkiki, Sharif Sharif University of of Technology, Iran Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) Khosravifar, University Technology, (Islamic Republic Of ) Y. Bozorgnia, PEER Center, United States A. A. Taheri Behbahani, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

wore thn PH million of rurl popultions of srn live in R million houses whih hve no lterl lod ering elements nd re vulnerle to erthqukeF yn the other hnd srn is loted on elpineErimliyn erthquke elt nd hs experiened mny tstrophi erthqukes in the pst some of whih re s erthquke IWUV @IVDHHH dethsAD wnjil erthquke IWWH @RHDHHH dethsAD fm erthquke PHHQ @RHDHHH dethsA nd hhoeiehE rnd erthquke PHHS @TSH dethsAF wost of the sulties took ple in the rurl regions showing the neessity of investigtion of retro(tting methods for these housesF sn response to this need projet ws de(ned t hrif niversity of ehnology under the title eismi vulnerility

61

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study of rurl houses in srnF he (rst phse of this reserh dels with gthering struturl informtion nd lssi(tion of rurl houses sed on their seismi ehviorF his pper intends to de(ne the prolem y presenting typil rurl houses of srn nd summry of informtion on their existing sitution ording to the group9s (eld investigtion to eight provines of srnF hen the results of some tests on mehnil propertied of does re shown nd (nlly elsti modeling of two of the presented typil houses re disussedF edoe house with dome roof nd rik house with rhed rrel roof re the two models whih their filure mehnisms9 re ompred with those of the rel dmged houses inspeted fter the erthquke of hhoeiehErnd @PHHSAF
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY HOUSING IN LOW SEISMICITY AREAS  ID 220
H. Dege, Universit de Lige, Belgium A. Plumier, Universit de Lige, Belgium

Oral presentations
seismi resF sn the ptw speil polymer (lls in rks of the dmged uildings nd thus introdues new strength in ple of rks nd uses dissiption of dditionl input energy sored y the new onstruted jointF es the result of pplition of )exile joints etween struturl elements or in rks of the dmged uildingD ering struture is otined of pity similr to the primry oneD ut of greter )exiility nd dutilityF he msonry struture retro(tted in suh wy sors etter the energy deriving from virtion nd does not undergo further destrution in se of dynmi tionsF hue to itD in the se of suessive shoks the uilding n rry dditionl lods t redued internl fores without su'ering from dditionl dmgeF resented method is registered in the olish tent heprtment under xoF EQTVIUQF feside the desription of the ptwD results of sher lortory tests of rik msonry wllets efore dmge nd fter repir y use of the ptw re presentedF
INFLUENCE OF THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT ON THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF INCA STONE MASONRY  ID 709
J. Ogawa, Akita Prefectural University, Japan C. Cuadra, Akita Prefectural University, Japan K. Tokeshi, Akita Prefectural University, Japan H. Kanno, Akita Prefectural University, Japan M. Karkee, Akita Prefectural University, Japan J. Rojas, National University of Cusco, Peru

he estern prt of felgium is typil region of low seismiityD with n evluted design qe of HFIq t the edrokF vyout of the wlls nd stndrd onstrutionl detils of simple non engineered onstrutions in this re do not ount for the possiility of suh seismi event nd n therefore e relly unsfeF sn se of n erthqukeD dngerous prtil ollpse @fll of wllsD opening of rksAD nd even totl ollpse ould ourF wny of these dmges hve indeed een oserved during the erthquke in vige in IWVQ @wgnitude SFHAF st omes then tht rhitets hve usully the hoie etween two min optionsX either to design without ounting for possile erthqukesD nd therefore produe unsfe struturesD or to relise spei( reinforementsD lssil in high seismiity resD ut exessive nd uneonomi in xorthEiuropen ountriesF his ontriution presents the results of n experimentl investigtion rried out on the shking tle of the xtionl vortory of givil ingineering of vison @vxigAD in order to vlidte the e0ieny of some onstrutive proposls iming t improving the struturl ehviour of non engineered msonry housing sujeted to low to moderte seismi tionD with rther low ostsF wo speimens hve een testedF hese speimens were two fullEsle smll houses with two levelsF he (rst one ws uilt s trditionl felgin houseD while the seond inluded some ntiEseismi tehnil detilsF he min onlusions re tht oth speimens were still stnding t the mximum erthquke level foreseen for felgiumD ut tht the improved model ws muh less dmged regrding rk openings in the wllsF herefore the eonomi onsequenes nd repir osts would e muh lower with these improvementsF rowever the mximum ground elertion tht n e sustined y the strutures seems to e very little in)uened y the onstrutionl detilingF
FLEXIBLE JOINT METHOD (FJM) - A NEW APPROACH TO PROTECTION AND REPAIR OF CRACKED MASONRY  ID 282
A. Kwiecien, Cracow University of Technology, Poland B. Zajac, Cracow University of Technology, Poland P. Stecz, Cracow University of Technology, Poland J. Kubica, Silesian University of Technology, Poland

yne notle hrteristi of the sn stone msonry is tht the (nely rved stone loks were (tted without ny kind of mortrF roweverD most of these historil monuments re loted in the west side of outh emeriD whih is highly seismi zoneF he understnding of the dynmi ehvior of this type of msonry is importnt for its preservtionF he shpes of the loksD s well sD the fritionl fores generted etween these stone loks without mortrD would generte prtiulr mehnism ginst lterl fores from erthqukesF his reserh ttempts to explin some of the mehnisms of sn stone onstrution through experiments on roughness nd on frition oe0ient of stone loksF snEsitu mesurements of the roughness nd experimentl mesurements of the frition oe0ients were ondutedF e series of shking tle test on smll sle simple model of stone loks or riks were performedF vikewiseD mthemtil model ws developed to estimte the dynmi ehvior of simple stone riks under seismi lodsF he theoretil model tkes into ount the frition foresD s well sD the possile impt fores etween stone riks during shkingF eording to the results from mthemtil modelD uniform frition would e pproprite to redue the possile impt foresF roweverD high dispersion of the vlue of roughness @frition oe0ientA for the sme rik ws otined from experimentsF

ES 3f-II: Structural Engineering - Masonry and Timber

Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 2

nreinfored msonry @wA uildings re sensitive to seismi exittion euse of their rittle mteril properties with low tensile strength nd mssiveness s wellF hese uildings exhiit little dutility when sujeted to seismi lodingF pilure in msonry tkes ple when the prinipl tensile stressesD developed in the wll under omintion of vertil nd horizontl lodsD exeed the tensile strength of msonry mterilsF grked uildings funtion in new stress stte of stti equilirium tht is onsequene of post dmge redistriution of internl foresF sn most ses strengthening of rked uildings is typilly ompnied y sti'eningF sn ertin ses 4softening4 n e etter thn strengtheningF his point of view sed on 4softening4 presents the plexile toint wethod @ptwA proposed in the pperD dedited to struturl repiring of rked msonry strutures in

AN APPLICATION OF THE DIRECT DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN TO GLULAM TIMBER PORTAL FRAME-STRUCTURES  ID 932
D. Zonta, University of Trento, Italy M. Piazza, University of Trento, Italy P. Zanon, University of Trento, Italy G. Giuliani, University of Trento, Italy

elthough lot of e'ort hs een put in the lst yers in developing hisplement fsed hesign @hfhA methodology for timer struturesD most of the works found in literture refer to wood sherEwll uildingsF sn the sme wyD seismi odesD s pplied to timerD seem to knowledge the prtil design rules derived from these experimentsF hese (ndingsD howeverD hrdly

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extend to those struturesD suh s wrehouses or ommeril uildE ingsD sed on glued lminted timer portl frmesF sndeedD in this seD typeD position nd performne of the onnetions re the min fetures 'eting the seismi ehvior of the whole uildingF he work presented in this pper ims t de(ning hiret hfh methodology tht spei(lly pplies to this fmily of uildingsF he se study investigted is n industril woodEfrmed wrehouse mde of twoEhinged frmes where the postEem onnetions re semiErigid momentEresisting joints using dowelEtype fstenersF he performne of the struture ws extensively investigted through numeril simultions using nonEliner pushover nlysisF he results show tht the displement pity of the uilding minly depends on single joint ehvior nd only to smller extent on the size of struturl memersF hereforeD n urte de(nition of the onnetion hrteristis is essentil for prediting the seismi performne of the entire uildingF hese oservtions llow to de(ne prtil expression for lulting trget displement in quite simple nd relile fshionF yn the other hndD the simultions show tht the design se sher is very sensitive to the dissiption pity of the jointsD whih is quite unertin quntity di0ult to predit t the outsetF st is therefore ler tht in order to pply hfh methodologyD the reltionship etween dutility nd equivlent visous dmping needs to e more deeply investigted vi lortory experimentsF
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON LVL SEISMIC RESISTANT WALL AND FRAME SUBASSEMBLIES  ID 983
A. Palermo, Technical University of Milan, Italy S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand A. Buchanan, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

ES 3f
uilding uilt with rossElminted wooden pnels onsidering every single spet of the uilding ehviour suh s sttiD (reD oustiD therml ndD prtiulrlyD seismi performneF fuildings mde of rossElminted wooden pnels re gining roder eptne even in seismi prone zones like the mjority of the stlin territoryF roweverD in iuroode VD the iuropen seismi ode for erthquke resistne of uildingsD no reommendtions re given regrding this onstrutive systemF xeither for onstrution detils nor for the seismi ehviour ftor to e used in seismi design of this new typology of wooden uildings ny informtion n e foundF sn this pperD results from tests on the lterl resistne of rossE lminted wooden pnels re presentedF pour di'erent on(gurE tions of wll pnels hve een investigted y mens of rmp nd yli displement shedules tking into ount the in)uene of the nhoring systemD the opening lyout nd the interEstorey onE netionF ell the tests performed on(rmed tht the lyout nd design of the joints is in)uening strongly on the overll ehviour of the struturl systemF ell fores nd displement re onentrted on rther smll region of the pnel whih is then leding to lol filureF he wooden pnels ehved lmost ompletely rigidF herefore ll the dissipted energy is resulting from the onnetions @lol prolems re highlighted y this systemX eF gF if the onnetions oinide with gluing errorsD mteril filures do ourAF xevertheless the hysteresis loops show n equivlent visous dmping of IR7 s vergeF herefore this system promises to e suitle for seismi purposesF st hs high sti'ness ut still good dutile nd dissipting performnesF
EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY WALLS STRENGTHENED BY RC PLATES AND SUBJECTED TO IN-PLANE LOADS  ID 1151
G. Russo, University of Udine, Italy M. Pauletta, University of Udine, Italy E. Quagliaro, Italy

he reent development of lminted veneer lumer @vvA s n lterntive to solid timer or glue lminted timer hs gretly improved the viility of struturl timer for the seismi design of ertin uildingsF he low mssD )exiility of design nd rpidity of onstrution ll rete the potentil for inresed use of vv timer in lowErise multiEstorey uildings in seismi prone resF woreoverD s reently proposed y the uthorsD the innovtive jointed dutile dry onnetions nd in prtiulr the hyrid solutionsD developed during the i progrm @rest truturl eismi ystemsA for prest onrete uildingsD n e esily extended to the vv multiEstorey systemsF hese lterntive onnetions onsist of ritil ontt setion where the roking oursD with unonded postEtensioned tendons nd externl ndGor internl dissiptors pssing throughF he pper presents preliminry results from n extensive experimentl test progrmme in progress t the truturl vortory t the niversity of gnteruryF reliminry results from omprehensive experimentl mpign re herein presented nd ritilly disussed with referene to emEolumn joint sussemlies nd wllEtoEfoundtion onnetionsF usiEstti ndGor pseudoEdynmi tests under uniEdiretionl loding regime were performed depending on the speimen typeF he proposed innovtive jointed dutile solutions onsistently showed remrkle seismi performneX no dmge in the struturl elementsD high selfEentering pityD iFeF negligile residul displementsGdriftsD provided y unonded postEtensioned tendons nd (nlly good dissiption pity provided y the externl or internl dissiption deviesD the only sri(il element of the onnetionsF
SOFIE PROJECT - TEST RESULTS ON THE LATERAL RESISTANCE OF CROSS-LAMINATED WOODEN PANELS  ID 1912
A. Ceccotti, CNR-IVALSA, Italy M. Follesa, CNR-IVALSA, Italy M. P. Lauriola, CNR-IVALSA, Italy C. Sandhaas, CNR-IVALSA, Italy

yne of the min tehnil strtegies for seismi upgrdE ing of ordinry msonry uildingsD often utilized fter erthqukesD onsist in strengthening wlls y mens of thin reinfored onrete pltes pplied t one or oth fes of the wll nd onneted to itF his type of tehnil provision hs een urrently employed in stly nd widely utilized fter the IWUT priuli erthqukeF sn spite of thisD no experimentl investigtion hs een performed until now to ssess struturl ehvior of the omposite strutureX msonry wllEreinfored onrete pltesF sn this work n experimentl investigtion hs een rried out on msonry wlls strengthened with di'erent tehnil nd exeutive strtegies ommonly used for ordinry msonry of privte uildingF o evlute sher strength of strengthened msonry wllsD four wll test units with dimensions of IHHxIHHxPSm nd sujeted to inEplne lods hve een experimentedF yne of the wlls ws mde of ordinry msonryD one ws strengthened y reinfored onrete plte pplied only on one feD one hd reinfored onrete pltes on oth fes ut ntiEdherent sheths etween the wll nd the pltes to simulte the se of d reliztion of the upgrdingD nd one hd pltes on oth fes nd perfetly dherent to itF he experiments hve shown n inrese of RH7 in sher strength of the symmetrilly strengthened wll with respet to the re wllD s well s the importne of relizing good dhesion etween the msonry wll nd the reinfored onrete pltesF sndeed inreses of PS7 in sher strength nd TH7 in dutility hve een oserved in the omposite wll with perfetly dherent pltes in omprison to the omposite wll with ntiEdherent sheths etween the wll nd the pltesF
IMPROVEMENT OF SEISMIC ADOBE STRUCTURES  ID 146 RESISTANCE OF

he ypsi rojet is oopertive reserh projet pE tronised y the rento rovineD stly nd oordinted nd onduted y the gxEseve @stlin xg ! rees nd imer snstituteAF he min purpose of this projet is to nlyse multiEstorey

M. Shariful Islam, Saitama University, Japan K. Honda, Saitama University, Japan K. Iwashita, Saitama University, Japan

wost losses of lives nd welth in the developing ounE tries during erthqukes re due to the ollpse of doe housesF

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ES 3g
sn spite of thisD fter onsidering di'erent soioEeonomi resons nd vilility of other lternte solutionsD it is expeted tht these types of strutures will ontinue for the dedes to omeD espeilly in developing ountriesF eismi de(ienies of doe strutures re used y their hevy weightD rittle ehviorD nd low strength of the mortrF prom the onsidertion of vililityD esy onstrution nd low ostD the urrent study dopts (ers @hempD jute nd strwA s reinforement mteril to inorporte dutility nd ement to improve strengthF nixil ompression tests were onduted to oserve the e'et of (er on strength nd dutility of the doe loks nd similr tests were onduted on (er reinfored nd ementEstilized mortr to investigte the strength hrteristisF volly ville tpnese stndrd lyD snd nd entonite were used to mke doeF peimens were prepred mixing soilEsnd mixture with I7 (erF st ws oserved tht the ompressive strength of the strw nd hemp reinfored doe deresed without improving the dutilityF yn the ontrryD the dutility of the jute reinfored doe inresed signi(ntly with slight derese in strengthF st indited tht the jute (er ws the est option for improving the dutility of doeF st ws lso oserved tht dutility inresed signi(ntly with the inrese of jute ontentF fut the ompressive strength deresed with the inrese of jute ontentF roweverD P7 jute ontent ws the optimum to improve the dutilityF eginD dry density deresed with the inrese of jute ontentF tute length hd no e'et on ompressive strength nd dutilityF wortr strength ould e inresed signi(ntly using ement nd (er togetherF hking tle tests re eing onduted to study the seismi response of the reinfored doe struturesF

Oral presentations
EFFECTIVENESS OF A DESIGN METHOD FOR CHEVRON BRACES BASED ON THE ULTIMATE LATERAL STRENGTH  ID 230
A. Ghersi, University of Catania, Italy E. M. Marino, University of Catania, Italy M. Muratore, University of Catania, Italy

teel hevron red frmes re le to sustin seismi fores in very e'etive wyD thnks to their lrge lterl sti'ness nd strengthF xevertheless their use my e limited y the design method provided y iuroode V @igVAD whih in some ses is overlyEonservtive for these systemsF eording to igVD the sher strength of hevron res is sed on the ukling strength of the ompressed memerF st is not tken into ount thtD even fter the ukling of the re in ompressionD the re in tension is still elsti nd n sustin further fore efore ttining the yielding @ollpse of the storeyAF his provides reserve of lterl strength with respet to the design vlueD whih eomes lrge for slender res @hrterised y yielding strength muh lrger thn the ukling strengthAF sn onsidertion of the issues stted oveD new design method ws developed in reent reserhF eording to suh method the design strength of pir of hevron res is tken to equl the sum of postEukling strength in ompression nd yielding strength in tensionF his method llows reduing the rossEsetion size of the res in the ses when igV is overlyEonservtiveD providing t the sme time dequte seismi performneF his pper ompres the nonEliner seismi response of lrge set of hevron red frmesD designed y oth the igV nd the new methodD disussing their performne nd showing the dvntges otined y designing hevron red frmes ording to suh new methodF
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF BRACED STEEL FRAMES  ID 966
J. Goggins, Buro Happold Engineers, UK B. M. Broderick, Trinity College, Ireland A. Y. Elghazouli, Imperial College, UK

ES 3g-I: Structural Engineering - Steel

Monday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 23
A SIMPLE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TIED BRACED FRAMES  ID 268
P. P. Rossi, University of Catania, Italy M. Bosco, University of Catania, Italy A. Lombardo, University of Catania, Italy

sn this pper ttention is foused on the de(nition of design proedure of tied red frmes iming t n optiml ollpse seismi ehviour D iFeF t glol ollpse mehnism hrterised y quite uniform plsti rottions of linksF ith the im of hieving diret nd e0ient ontrol on the vlue of the ultimte pek ground elertion the proedure is founded on the displementEsed pprohF sn the wke of usul pplition of pity designD the design internl tions of olumnsD ties nd res re derived from the ultimte design internl tions of linksF por the ske of simpliityD the prolem of the evlution of design internl tions of tiesD olumnsD res nd em segments outside of links is divided into two suEprolems iming t the de(nition of xil fores nd ending moments of memersD respetivelyF hesign xil fores re otined y stti nlysis of tied red strutures onsidered s pinned in orrespondene of oth tie nd re endsF tti nlyses re rried out with referene to two di'erent distriutions of link sher vlues nd two di'erent distriutions of lterl fores de(ned y mens of simple reltionships s omintion of the (rst two modes of virtion of the systemF hi'erentlyD design ending moments in resD ties nd em segments outside of links re estimted on the sis of prtil struturl shemes onstituted y the elements whih interset the single reEtoElink nodeF ithin suh shemes ending moments trnsmitted y fully yielded nd strin hrdened links re silly distriuted etween resD ties nd ems s funtion of their )exurl sti'nessF he pplition of the proposed proedure is shown with referene to models hrterised y di'erent numer of storeys nd length of linksF snrementl dynmi nlyses referred to ten rti(illy generted elerogrms give on(rmtion of the design hypotheses nd purposesF

sn this pperD the iuroode V design pprohes for onE entrilly red steel frmes re ssessed with respet to oservtions nd (ndings from shke tle tests on fullEsle onentrilly red single storey frmesF he sti'ness nd resistne of the frmes tested re ssessedD nd reommendtions for estimting key response prmeters re outlinedF sn prtiulrD mesured frme sti'nesses nd nturl frequenies re ompred with estimtes sed on tension nd ompression re sti'nessF everl soures of memer nd frme overstrengthD whih ply n importnt role in seismi performne nd designD re identi(ed sed on the (ndings from the shke tle testsF he tensionEsed design pproh lrgely dopted in design is exmined together with the memer slenderness limits imposed on the ring memersF st is shown tht the overstrength ftor spei(ed in iuroode V for the design of the nonEdissipting memers of the struture my underestimte the tul ehviourF st is lso oserved tht the ring memers with slenderness exeeding the odi(ed limits demonstrted generlly stisftory performneF hespite lower energy dissiptionD higher frture resistneD oupled with other prtil nd design dvntges points towrds need to ressess the odi(ed slenderness limitsF qlol dutility demnds nd pities re used to ssess the ehviour ftors reommended for this type of strutureF
CAPACITY DESIGN PROCEDURES AND TESTING OF PERFORATED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS  ID 30
M. Bruneau, University at Bualo, United States D. Vian, Parsons Brinckerho, United States

teel plte sher wlls @sA re lterl fore resistE ing system tht hs seen inresed usge s primry system in uildings over the pst thirty yersF pollowing reserh of the erly IWVHsD the use of unEsti'ened nd reltively thinner pltes for

64

Oral presentations
the in(ll pnels ws introduedD y llowing sher ukling nd susequent digonl tension (eld tion development in the pnels s the method of lterl lod resistneF his pper present solutions to ddress three prolems ommonly enountered with sF pirstD in lowErise uildings with sD the minimum steel plte thikness ville often fr exeeds the vlue required from the design lultionsF fuilding with thikerE thnErequired plte my led to sEuilt systems tht re muh sti'er nd stronger thn designedD resulting in higher )oor elertions nd fore demnds on retro(tted frmingD nd lso result in onE entrted hystereti energy dissiption t individul stories long the uilding heightF eondD design limits re needed for oundry frme memers to ensure dutile ehvior nd prevent undesirle filure modesD to prevent olumn hingingD s well s to provide roust design of the nhor emsF pinllyD there is need for systemti wy to llow utilities to pss through the plne of n F olutions desried in this pper inlude speil perforted s developed nd tested to provide in(ll pltes with etter lirted strengthD nd the pssge of utilities through the wllF his pper lso introdues proedure for the e0ient design of nhor emsD those ems t the upper nd lowermost levels of multiEstory frmeD whih nhor the tension (eld fores developed in n in(ll pnelF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL FRAMES WITH SEMI-RIGID CONNECTIONS  ID 662
M. Valente, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

ES 3g
formulted s funtion of oth the yli struturl demnd nd pity of the element or erthqukeEresistnt systemF ithin this ontextD the pity of the system is de(ned in terms of the lod yE les @xA the struture is le to undergo to given dutility demndF e hllenge remins round the prtil use of dmge indies for the design of tul struturesF yftigsiX he im of this pper is to estimte the yli glol pity of severl steel momentEresisting frmes sed on experimentl results performed on struturl steel memersF wiryhyvyqX iight stndrd ouption uildings with di'erent seismi yielding oe0ients nd fundmentl periods of viE rtion were designed ording to the wexio gity fuilding godeF ushEover nlyses re performed on those strutures in order to orrelte the mximum lol dutility of the elements with the glol dutility pity of the frmesF he omprison is estlished in mximum nd yli deformtion pity termsF ivX e high orreltion etween the lol nd the glol dutility pity of the frmes ws oservedF en expression to evlute the numer of yles tht regulr steel frme is le to resist is formulted s funtion of its design seismi oe0ientD fundmentl period of virtion nd lol deformtion pityF ome exmples to evlute struturl dmge in omplex strutures @tking into ount umultive plsti demndsA through the use of simple models re presentedF
ON THE ACCURACY OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATING THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF BRACED STEEL FRAMES  ID 102
I. Hajirasouliha, Republic Of ) H. Moghaddam, Republic Of ) Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic

he seismi ehviour of steel semiErigid emEtoEolumn onnetions is studiedF he nlyses were rried out y the omputer ode uumoko t glol level nd y the (nite element ode equs t lol levelF he nlyses were vlidted ompring the numeril results with experimentl tests performed on twoEstorey steel frme prototype t the ive vortory of the tg sspr nd on steel frmes with semiErigid onnetionsF xonEliner stti nd dynmi nlyses were rried out in order to highlight the di'erent ehviour vriyng the sti'ness nd the strength of the onnetionsF hi'erent dmge index were evluted to estimte the glol nd lol dmgeF rmetri nlyses on the ehviour of olted extended endEplte onnetions using (nite element models re rried outF he nlytil models tke ount mteril nonlineritiesD geometril disontinuities nd lrge displementsF pilure modes nd stress nd strin onentrtion re highlighted in the modelsF he nlyses of the results shows tht semiErigid moment resisting frmes ould e n dequte struturl solution in seismi zoneF

ES 3g-II: Structural Engineering - Steel

Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 23
CORRELATION BETWEEN LOCAL AND GLOBAL CYCLICAL STRUCTURAL CAPACITY OF SMR FRAMES  ID 1027
E. Bojrquez, Institute of Engineering, University of Mexico,

his pper investigtes the potentilities of the pushover nlysis to estimte the seismi deformtion demnds of onentriE lly red steel frmesF eliility of the pushover nlysis hs een veri(ed y onduting nonliner dynmi nlysis on SD IH nd IS story frmes sujeted to IS syntheti erthquke reords representing design spetrumF st is shown tht pushover nlysis with predetermined lterl lod pttern provides questionle estiE mtes of interEstory driftF o overome this indequyD simpli(ed nlytil model for seismi response predition of onentrilly red frmes is proposedF sn this pprohD multistory frme is redued to n equivlent sherEuilding model y performing pushover nlysisF e gonventionl sherEuilding model hs een modi(ed y introduing supplementry springs to ount for )exurl displements in ddition to sher displementsF st is shown tht modi(ed sherEuilding models hve etter estimtion for the nonliner dynmi response of rel frmed strutures ompre to nonliner stti proeduresF
APPLICABILITY OF MODERN SEISMIC CODES TO EXISTING STEEL STRUCTURES  ID 1035
B. Homeister, RWTH, Steel Structures, Germany

Mexico A. Daz, Institute of Engineering, University of Mexico, Mexico S. Ruiz, Institute of Engineering, University of Mexico, Mexico A. Tern-Gilmore, Department of Materials, Autonomous Metropolitan U, Mexico

sxyhgsyx exh tspsgesyxX erformneE sed seismi design requires the use of resonle tools to estimte struturl dmge within numeril design methodologiesF sn ertin sesD the e'et of umultive plsti deformtion demnds should e ounted for during the estimtion of struturl dmgeF ixperimentl nd nlythil evidene rried out in steel memE ers suggest tht the liner umultive dmge index n e used to otin resonle estimtes of struturl dmgeF his index is

his ontriution dels with the ssessment of seismi reE sistne of steel strutures whih hve initilly een designed without onsidering seismi tionsF his sitution is ommon to moderte seismi regionsD where reently introdued seismi design requirements demnd sfety heks in prtiulr of importnt or strtegi struturesF he veri(tion of su0ient seismi resistne eomes mndtory for strutures whih re sujet to struturl modi(tionsD eFgF due to modi(ed opertionl onditions nd hnged lodsF sn suh ses omplete struturl nlysis inluding the veri(tion of seismi resistne is requiredF he veri(tion hs to onsider the mehnil properties of mterils nd onnetions used in the pstD the dequy of detils @in prtiulr onnetions nd nhorgesA nd the tions nd sfety ftors pplied in the initil designF rtiulr ttention hs to e pid to di'erenes etween the erlier glol sfety onept nd the prtil sfety oneptsF his inludes the onsidertion of n pproprite importne ftor depending on the onsequenes of

65

ES 3h
filure or prtil dmge of the strutureF prom the nlysis of the existing struture nd of the initil designD ville mrgins of sfety s well s potentil wek points n e determinedD llowing to utilise ville resistne reserves nd to dpt struturl prts to the dditionl requirementsF smprovements of the struturl response in terms of dissiptive ehviour n lso e hieved depending on the struturl topology nd on the possiility to omply with pity design requirementsF he ontriution is ompleted y prtil exmples of existing industril strutures whih hve een heked in order to verify their seismi resistne ording to new odesF e speil se of grnite mill hs lso een investigted whih hs een ompletely moved from non seismi region in qermny to erin region of signi(nt seismiityF
PROTOTYPE FOR EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS COMBINING STEEL FRAMES WITH LOCAL MATERIALS  ID 373
T. M. Swain, Bauhaus-Universitaet Weimar, Germany J. Schwarz, Bauhaus-Universitaet Weimar, Germany

Oral presentations
gpity design methods used for the seismi resistnt design of the QEspn ridges re desried in onnetion with iwn9s high level of seismi tivityD s ws evidened y the IWWW ww a UFT ghiEghi erthqukeD nd severl other lrge erthqukes whih hve struk the islnd in reent dedesF he ridges re lso remrkle due to their onstrution method minly in)uened y their geogrphi lotionF e TElne righwyD RElne ounty rod nd mjor river of iwn hd to e rossedF purthermoreD the viinity of the new ihung ttion used interfesD whih need to e onsidered during eretionF he ridges were onstruted y inrementl lunhing with free ntilever of IQHmD whih is likely to e one of the worldEwide longest ever lunhed ridge spn for tht kind of steel ridge strutureF

ES 3h: Structural Engineering - Miscellaneous

Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 21
BEATING EFFECT IDENTIFIED FROM SEISMIC RESPONSES OF FOUR BUILDINGS  ID 378
M. Celebi, USGS, United States D. Rinaldis, ENEA, Italy

hile steel is frequently used in infrstrutureD highErise nd industril uildingsD presently it is rrely pplied for smll residentil unitsD one reson eing the high degree of preproessing neessryF roweverD it is proven tht steel is n pproprite mteril for hieving high seismi resistneF he solution presented in this pper seeks to eliminte eonomil disdvntges y providing modulr systemD using stndrd elements to ssemle residentil units of vrying size nd shpeF por the si struturl steel system eentri rings re reommendedF hile momentEresisting frmes were disrded s uneonomiD douts out the dutility of onentrilly red frmes re risedD resulting in the reommendtion for restriting the ehviour ftor for suh systemsF he steel frme is )exileD llowing for storey drifts up to IH mY the in(ll wlls re merely required to support their own weightD ut must not intert in destrutive wy with the steel frmeD whih is hieved y movement gpsF uey elements of the system re speil unixil ouplings etween the wlls nd the steel frmeF einforement of the wlls y pplition of syntheti grids is reommended in res with very high hzrdF ests rried out in ytoer PHHR on(rmed the funtionlity of the prototype systemF he system n e pplied to smll or mediumEsize residentil homes @up to Q storiesA in erthquke regions round the worldF hile the steel frme should e provided y speilised steel omE pnyD lol mterilsD tehniques nd lour n e used for seE ondry prtsF en exmple of n rhiteturl design for urkeyD whih retins elements of lol rhiteture nd identityD is shownF he pper summrises results from the reserh projet teel irthquke hesign rried out y the fuhusEniversitt eimr in oopertion with udolstedter thlu qmr nd funded y the qermn winistry of ionomyF
LARGE STEEL TRUSS BRIDGES OF THE TAIWAN HIGH SPEED RAILWAY  ID 1450
E. Los, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany S. Sciani, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany M. Dr. Empelmann, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany D. Dr. Nowak, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany

es more erthquke reords from instrumented uildings eome villeD eting e'ets re identi(ed in the response of the uildingsF his prompts us to revisit the sujet of eting e'et s this prtiulr response hrteristi my impt the instntE neous nd longEterm shking performne of the uildings during erthqukesF feting e'et is dynmi hrteristi oserved in some uildings nd is exhiited y periodiD repetingD resonting nd elongting virtionl ehvior used y distintive lose oupling of trnsltionl nd torsionl modes of strutureF husD repetitively stored potentil energy during the oupled trnsltionl nd torsionl deformtions turns into repetitive virtionl energy using the ensuing periodiD repetingD resonting nd elongted motionsF he eting eomes severe if the system is lightly dmpedF he et frequeny generlly known in oustil physis is denoted y the solute vlue of the di'erenes in frequenies tht use the phenomenonF roweverD it is noted tht resonne used y site e'ets lso ontriutes to the eting e'etF he purpose of this pper is to present four ses of struturl reE sponses tht exhiit eting e'et tht my impose negtive impt on the ehvior nd performne of uildingF petrl nlyses nd system identi(tion tehniques re used to quntify dynmi hrteristis used in omputing eting periodsF ingineering imE plitions of the eting e'et reX ilongted yli shking due to eting e'et tkes its toll on the struturl system ! prtiulrly if the struture is rittle nd old @historil uildingsAF epetitive shking entutes ftigue nd lowEyle ftigueF feting yles n nd do use disomfort to oupntsF sdenti(tion of eting e'ets is the key to (nd remedil tion in modi(tion of dynmi hrteristis in order to ttenute or eliminte suh e'etsF yne of the four uildings retro(tted to lter its response hrteristis to ttenute or eliminte eting e'etF
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS INTERACTION  ID 931
P. Roussillon, BRGM, France C. Boutin, ENTPE, France

he 6IS illion iwn righ peed il rojetD one of the lrgest nd most hllenging infrstruture projets in the world to dteD is sheduled to ommene servies y the end of PHHTF he ivil works were onstruted under twelve seprte designs nd uild ontrtsF he gontrt gPSH @the ontrtor rf is joint venture of rygrsip eqD fllst xedm nd n esiA inludes pproximtely QW km of vidut nd ridge onstrution @othD onErete nd steelAD short lengths of ut nd over tunnel nd erthworksD nd vrious other strutures nd uildingsF sn prtiulrD the three longside loted wrren steel truss ridgesD eh RIHm longD with spns of ISHmEIPHmEIRHm nd totl of more thn PSDHHH tons of struturl steelD re ertin speility nd highlight in vot gPSHD nd in the entire iwn righ peed ilwy projetD with regrd to design nd onstrutionF

OF

SOIL-STRUCTURE

oilEstruture intertion @sA hs een widely studied in the pst three dedesF ophistited numeril methods hve een developed tht lredy llowD or will in the long term mke it possileD to tret most engineering prolemsF roweverD the uthors hve notied lk of simpleD synthetiD physil review of expeted s e'ets on urrent uildingsD to e used for inEsitu testingD vulnerility dignosesD ode seismi lodsD etF e

66

Oral presentations
present dimensionl nd prmetri nlysis of soilEstruture intertionD oupling simpleD though relisti modelsD of strutures nd soilEfoundtion systemsF e ontinuous emD inluding the e'ets of endingD sher nd rottionl inerti of setionD is su0ient to dynmilly hrterize most regulr uildingsD in prtiulr their spei( trnsmission of sher fore nd momentum t the soilEstruture interfeF glosedEform impednes given y the one model pproh re used to introdue the foundtion ompline nd energy rdition into soft homogeneous visoEelsti soilF he study highlights the dimensionl prmeters tht govern the min mehnism of the phenomenonX geometril e'etD rigidity ontrstD nd their in)uene on the omplex modl fetures of the systemF he given results llow etter physil insight into sD t lest in its fundmentl spetsD s well s (rstD resonly urte estimte of the importne of the phenomenonF his is prtiulrly true for the (rst mode whose frequeny shift nd rdition dmping prove to e lmost independent of the spei( ehviour of the uildingF
INVESTIGATION OF POUNDING DAMAGE FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH LIMITED DUCTILITY  ID 607
M. M. Said, Cairo Univ., Egypt A. F. Hassan, Cairo Univ., Egypt S. A. Mourad, Cairo Univ., Egypt

ES 3h
posed nd used in numeril simultionsF he primry limittions of these models re enountered when deling with yli ehvior of mterilsF e novel neurl networkEsed model is presented in this pper for representing the yli ehvior of mterilsF xew impliit internl vriles re introdued estlish unique reltionships etween the input nd output of the neurl network mteril models during the yli response of the mterilF he proposed neurl network sed model is ple of lerning nd representing the omplex inelsti hystereti ehvior of mterils nd struturl omponentsF e mthemtil proof of the funtionl reltionship is provided for the dmissile hystereti urvesF his proof is vlid for oth the stress nd strin ontrol formsF pollowing the new internl vriles for the proposed yli mteril modelD novel neurl network representtion is proposedF he proposed model fundmentlly di'ers from the previously proposed neurl network sed yli mteril modelsF st is minly sed on energy desriptionD di'erent from the onventionl phenomenologil hrdeningEsed plstiity modelsF he lgorithmi mteril tnE gent sti'ness mtrix is derived nd implemented s userEde(ned mteril module in the widely used ommeril (nite element odeD efeF sllustrtive exmples of yli ehvior of uniExil plin onrete nd metl re presentedF he performne of the proposed model in multiEdimensionl prolems is demonstrted through PEh emEolumn onnetion prolemF ui yhX gyli lstiity wodelY xeurl xetworksY rystereti ystemsY xonliner pinite ilement enlysis
DAMAGE EVALUATION IN R/C SHEAR WALLS USING THE DAMAGE INDEX OF PARK AND ANG  ID 165
C. Oyarzo Vera, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepcion, Chile

eismi pounding hs een one of the uses of severe struturl dmge to djent uildings in metropolitn res struk y pst erthqukesF sn some sesD the dditionl fores generted y the impt etween olliding strutures hve led to struturl ollpseF sn other sesD the uildings sustined lol dmgeD inditing tht struturl pounding my e serious thret to the strutures if stronger erthquke tkes pleF hmge due to pounding my extend to loosen or dmge ldding mterilsD thus endngering pedestrins elowF ounding tkes ple whenever seprtion distne is not su0ient to ommodte the reltive displementF he ojetive of this reserh is to investigte seismi pounding etween djoining uildings nd the ftors ontriuting to its ourrene nd severityF hese uildings re ssumed s existing old strutures not designed ording to reent odes requirements for erthqukes resistneF he studied ftors re the seprtion distneD the dynmi hrteristis of olliding uildingsD nd intensity nd hrteristis of inident erthqukesF hrough non liner time history nlyses of seven di'erent ground motion reordsD using yixii softwreD e'et of foreEmentioned ftors on the ehviour of series of (ve whyp prototype reinfored onrete uildings with UD IHD IS nd PH )oors heightF fe seprtion distne etween these uildings is evluted ording to iy ode V requirementsF he prmetri study ssumes (ve di'erent seprtion distnesY nmely H7D PS7D SH7D US7 nd IHH7 of the sfe seprtion dustneF o emphsise nd depit the e'et of pounding on the sujet uildingsD prmetri study results re ompred to those orresponding to noEpounding nlysesF he dequy of iy ode V provisions to prelude pounding etween uildings of di'erent heights nd sti'nesses under di'erent erthqukes re evlutedF esults of this prmetri study re interpreted nd orrelted with previous studiesF pinllyD preutions re outlined to minimize the dmging e'et of poundingF
NEURAL NETWORK-BASED CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS  ID 392
G. Yun, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States J. Ghaboussi, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States A. Elnashai, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States

he dmge indees re onept introdued in the lst yers y some reserhersD whih hd the prtiulrity tht they n mesure the dmge on de(ned sle @H to IAF hese indees hve eome n importnt tool for the evlution of the dmge on the struturesD ut lso they ould eme design vrile in performne sed designF yne of the most used is the hmge sndex of rk 8 engD whih onsiders the dmge due the deformtions over the elsti stge nd the umultive e'et of reversile lodsF his index ws mde to quntify the dmge in slender struturl elements @ems or olumnsA whih generlly fil y )exionD this sitE ution estlishes limittion for its use in uildings onstruted ording to the hilen prtieD euse they re generlly struE tured with sher wllsD whih present low slendernessF his reserh pretends to show tht it is not possile to use diE retly the equtions proposed y rk 8 eng to nonEslender eleE mentsD euse the prmeter eth inluded in this hmge sndex depends on other vrilesD whih re not onsidered y the uthorsF st is possile to detet importnt di'erenes in the vlues of prmE eter eth nd in the dmge indexD itselfF ome of these vriles would eX the lods historyD the degrE dtion levelD the type of fult oserved in the testing wll nd the umultive dutility of displement reorded during the testF enother interesting ft is tht the vlues of eth otined usE ing experimentl dtD seems to e more relted to the umultive dutility reorded on the filureD thn the displement rehed t the sme situtionF ell this fts show tht it is neessry otin new eqution for eth to represent in etter wy the ehvior of nonEslender elementsF
FRP IN CIVIL STRUCTURES - REHABILITATION AND NEW CONSTRUCTION  ID 1441
T. Necdet, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

snelsti nlyses of strutures ply n importnt role in ssessing the performne of strutures under yli lods suh s the erthquke lodingF lstiity models with vrious hrdening rulesD suh s kinemti nd isotropi hrdeningD hve een proE

olymer omposites @pAD whih my e used for retro(tting of existing uildings nd onstrution of new struturesD is new re for ivil engineersF elthough p produts re reltively expensiveD in mny ses it eomes more ene(il thn lssi

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ES 4
onstrution nd retro(tting tehniquesD if p system is seleted nd pplied orretlyF he im of this study is to summrize the generl informtion on p systems for engineers nd reserhersD who re willing to use p systems s n lterntive retro(tting tehniqueF sn this pper physil nd mehnil ehviors of min ontents of pD whih re (ers nd polymer @epoxyAD re desriedF he importnt hrteristis of (er types @ronD glss nd rmidA re explinedF he dvntges nd disdvntges of p re preE sentedF he riter for seletion of suitle omintion of (er nd polyE mer types is summrized nd presented in tles omprtivelyF he seletion of most e'etive p systems for di'erent purposes priE mrily depends on the ojetive of retro(ttingD type of struturl element where p is pplied @olumnDemFFFetAD type of the lod tht p nd struturl element is sujeted nd the environmentl onditions tht p is exposed toF he desription nd usge of di'erent types of p systems re presentedF hese re p frisD surfe mounted p rodsD p molded sheetsD p prestress lesD p trussD nd p pnel sysE temsF he pplition proedures of this p systems re explined in detilsD s well s struturl ehvior nd di'erent pplition stylesF he importnt pplition di0ulties re desried with di'erent lterntive solutionsD suh s nhoringF ome of the interntionl odes on p re listed nd the most importnt preutions for pplition suggested in odes re disussedF he pper is onluded with the remrks on qulity ontrol demnds for pplition of p systemsD ost evlution nd new reserh res on pF
R. Pinho, University of Pavia, Italy H. Crowley, EUCENTRE, Italy

Oral presentations

iygyhi V presents severl rules for simpli(ed nlyE sis of struturesF his work fouses on three of those rulesX the expression used to estimte the fundmentl period of free virtionD the use of the redution ftor lmdD nd the implition tht equivlent liner nlysis n only e used for uildings tht re regulr in heightF everl models re nlyzed in order to verify the ppropriteness of these rulesF he (rst rule uses the expression IagIBr@QGRA to estimte the fundmentl period of free virtionF his eqution ws developed for glifornin uildings tht might hve di'erent mterilsD on(gurtion nd onstrution prmeters thn the iuropen strutures nd my not e pplile in ll sesF he seond rule sttes tht the redution ftor lmd is equl to HFVS when uilding is t lest QEstorey high nd hs fundmentl period of free virtion lower thn PF he im of the nlysis is to ensure tht the use of this ftor does not led to n underestimtion of the seismi lodsF sn the lst ruleD the use of equivlent liner nlysis is foridden for irregulr uildings in heightF he veri(tion is intended to show tht equivlent liner nlysis tully over predits the seismi lods for this onditionF
ACCOUNTING FOR RESIDUAL DEFORMATIONS AND SIMPLE APPROACHES TO THEIR MITIGATION  ID 343
D. Pettinga, ROSE School, Italy S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand C. Christopoulos, University of Toronto, Canada N. Priestley, ROSE School, Italy

ES 4-I: Design Criteria and Methods, Codes

Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 4
PERFORMANCE-BASED ENGINEERING CONCEPTS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE  ID 77
P. Negro, JRC, Italy E. Mola, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

he development of fully performne sed pproh nd frmework to ivil engineering ppers to e the pth tht oth the reserh nd the normtive ommunities hve hosen to pursue for the ner futureF sndeedD suh hoie entils gret e'ort in reEde(ning the si onepts t the sis of the urrent design nd odi(tion philosophy in hrmonizedD selfEsu0ientD oherent nd nonEmisleding wyY on the other hndD suh n e'ort is deemed to py o' s performne sed pproh to ivil engineering is for sure newD more mtureD omprehensive nd higher pro(le oneD with respet to trditionl presriptive regultions nd design proeduresF he present pper ims t lrifying the si spets of performneEsed onepts in ivil engineering nd t pointing out the min steps of their progressive implementtion into normtive douments nd design guidelinesF et (rstD introdution on the si terminology nd onepts in givenD sed on review of the most reent reserh e'orts on the mtterY following to thtD short review of the stteEofEtheErt in the reserh nd odi(tion of f engineering onepts is rried outD with prtiulr fous on the dvnements mde in the eD iurope nd tpnF pinllyD possile sheme for the lssi(tion of urrent nd future normtive douments sed on their ontent in f onepts is presented nd outlined through se studyF sn the endD some onlusions regrding the urrent needs nd future developments in the (eld of lssi(tion nd stndrdiztion of f normtive douments re drwnF
VERIFICATION OF SOME EUROCODE 8 RULES FOR SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES  ID 1090
J. P. Angel, ROSE School, Italy

eent developments in performneEsed seismi design nd ssessment pprohes hve emphsised the importne in properly ssessing nd limiting the residul @permnentA deformE tionsD typilly sustined y struture fter seismi eventD even when designed ording to urrent ode provisionsF e omprehensive performneEsed design nd ssessment frmework hs een proposed y the uthorsD in whih residul loE l nd glol deformtions n e expliitly tken into ount through the introdution of esidul heformtion hmge snE dex @hhsAF prom this onept performneEsed mtrix omE ining mximum deformtionGdisplement nd residul deformE tionGdisplement prmeters hs lso een doptedF fsed on this hiret hisplementEfsed hesign @hhfhA pproh whih inE ludes n expliit onsidertion of the expeted residul deformE tions hs een developed to ount for oth P nd QEdimensionl whyp e'etsF rving estimted the possile residul deformtions in strutureD it remins to implement spei( design fetures to redue them to n eptle levelF e series of simple pprohes to inresing the system postEyield sti'ness re proposed hereD nd demonstrted through oth nonEliner pushover nd timeEhistory nlyses to e e'etive t hieving their intended gol of residul deformtion redutionF
A PROBABILISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC ASSESSMENT CONSIDERING RESIDUAL DEFORMATIONS  ID 731
U. S R, University of Canterbury, New Zealand S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand C. Christopoulos, University of Toronto, Canada

eent dvnes in performne sed design nd ssessE ment proedures hve highlighted the importne of onsidering residul deformtion in ddition to mximum deformtion s omplementry dmge inditorsF e QEdimensionl performne mtrixD where mximum nd residul deformtions re omined to identify performne levels oupled with vrious seismi intensity levelsD hs een reently presented y the uthors for either seismi design or ssessmentF sn this (rst formultion of omplete frmework for performne sed proEedures onsidering residul deformtion deterministi pproh hs een followedF

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sn this pperD the onept of jointed performne mtrix is presented under proilisti formultion long with the full perE formne sed proeduresF tointed frgility urves exEpressing the proility of exeedene of performne levels de(ned y pirs of mximumEresidul deformtions re derived using ivrite proE ility distriutionsD due to the sttistiEl dependene of the two pE rmetersF ith the proposed formultionD the hievement of perforE mne ojetivesD onneting de(ned performne levels t inresE ing intensity levelsD n e trgeted with ertin level of on(deneF efter oneptul presenttion of the overll proilisti formuE ltionD numeril exmples on the evlution of the seismi perforE mne of equivlent hyp systems designed ording to hispleE ment fsed hesign pproh re presentedF ixtensive nonEliner time history nlyses under properly seleted suite of erthqukes re performedF elterntive hystereti systems re modeled ssuming lumped plstiityF he signi(ne of inluding the residul deformtions with mximum deformtion indies in prediting the tul performne level is on(rmed nd its extent of in)uene is disussedF st is shown tht frgility urves otined for performne levels orresponding to only mxiEmum drift limits represent higher dmge stte when omined with residul drift limitsD thusD further highlighting the ruil need for ounting for residul responses in performne sEsessment nd design proeduresF fsed on the resultsD suggestions on struturl properties pEproprite to prtil design pplitions will e inludedF
AN EQUIVALENT DAMPING MODEL FOR DIRECT DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN  ID 1473
B. Farahmand, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic F. Comodini, University of Perugia, Italy M. Lucarelli, University of Perugia, Italy M. Mezzi, University of Perugia, Italy E. Tomassoli, University of Perugia, Italy

ES 4

Republic Of ) M. A. Ghannad, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. H. Jafarieh, Republic Of ) Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic

hipsxsxq ri yfviw yver the pst few yersD of ll the methods ville for the nlysis of postEelsti ehviour of uildings under seismi inputsD tht of nonEliner stti nlysis or pushover nlysis hs een onstntly inresingF his method is simpler thn dynmi nonEliner nlysisD nd whenever it is ompred to onventionl liner nlysisD it emerges s more relisti mens of interprettion of dissiptive mehnisms nd expeted struturl dmgeF eent guidelines mke referene to this methodF he pplition of nonEliner stti nlysis my use prolems when it omes to de(ning the hyp system pity urveD orresponding to the rel strutureD where to (ndD through the omprison with the design ertquke demnd spetrumD the design displement to e ttriuted to onventionlly de(ned point on the rel strutureF ivigsxq ri eyegr his pper de(nes n energyEsed pproh to pushover nlysis upon the onsidertion tht the energy relesed y struture under seismi inputs must e dissipted through the ontrolled dmge of its elementsF i this pprohD distriution of inresing horizontl fores is imposed onto nonEliner mthemti model while the energy tht the storey fores relese to the e'etive system is lulted step y step so s to otin the pushover urveF he resulting hyp urve is de(ned s the one tht equls the work performed y the rel systemD step y stepF sntegrting the pushover urve leds to n energeti pity urveF fiix iv exh evsgesyx he diret omprison of the pity urve in energy terms nd the spetrum of energy relesed y the seismi input mkes it possile to determine the displemnet of the hyp equivlent systemD to otin the deformed on(gurtion of the whyp system nd to hek lol dmge immeditelyF
STRENGTH DEMAND DIAGRAM BASED ON CONSTANT DAMAGE CONCEPT  ID 1710
P. Panyakapo, Sripatum University, Thailand

eentlyD the trditionl strengthEsed design philosophy is eing repled y more relevnt displementEsed design @hfhA pprohF es min stepD hfh method requires simpli(ed proedure to estimte the inelsti displement demnds of the strutureF his step is usully done y either repling the nonEliner system y n equivlent liner system or employing the wellEknown onepts of inelsti design spetrF he former onsiders the use of n equivlent liner system represented y n equivlent elsti spetrumD whih is ssoited with n e'etive dmping rtioD to estimte the nonliner responseF husD the ide of using the e'etive dmping model hs een widely used in the displementEsed design nd severl e'etive dmping models hve een proposedF sn this reserhD the ury of di'erent proposed models for e'etive dmping of the equivlent liner system is ssessed through omprison of trget dutilities with dutility demnds result from preise nonEliner time history nlE ysesF por this purposeD some typil exmples hve een designedD using hfh pprohD with the onept of equivlent liner systemD using di'erent e'etive dmping modelsF henD inelsti dynmi time history nlysis hs een performed for designed exmples sujeted to numer of design spetrum omptile rti(il reordsF he di'erene etween the resulted dutility demnds re then ompred with the initil trget dutilities for di'erent sesF pinllyD modi(ed dmping model hs een proposed whih hs etter greement with the nonEliner time history nlysis resultsF

sn this pperD the strength demnd sed on onstntE dmge onept is proposed for performneEsed designF he design pproh is lled gonstntEhmge trength hemnd higrmF his is presented s grphil plot of strength demndD whih is required to limit the seismi dmge to trget vlueD ginst the displement of the struturesD wheres the nturl periods of the systems re represented y the rdil linesF he strength demnd digrms re omputed y nonliner response nlysis for systems whih re sujeted to QV erthquke reords for rok sites nd QT erthquke reords for soft soil sitesF he elsti perfetly plsti model is seleted s the hystereti ehvior of struturesF st is found tht the strength demnds for soft soil sites re dominnt when the nturl periods of strutures re lose to the predominnt period of ground motionF he digrms re lso presented in terms of simpli(ed expressionsD whih re the reltionships of importnt prmetersD iFeFD strength demndD displementD elsti se sher oe0ientD strength redution ftor for trget seismi dmgeD trget dutility rtioD nd nturl period of virtionF he investigtion on its ppliility on(rms tht the digrms provide uniform levels of seismi dmge throughout the whole nturl periods rngeF
PERFORMANCE DOMAIN DESIGN PROCEDURE OF WALL BUILDINGS  ID 822
I. Guljas, University of Osijek, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) V. Sigmund, University of Osijek, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)

ES 4-II: Design Criteria and Methods, Codes

Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 4
ENERGY-BASED NON-LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS  ID 1178
A. Parducci, University of Perugia, Italy

sn order to develop new designD the designer fes few numers of preliminry designs nd risk itertions to determine the most e0ient strutureF imilrlyD in the se of reinfored onrete wll uildingsD nlysis is usully very omplited nd time onsuming only to (nd out tht following minimum

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ES 4
requirement ws su0ient in the (rst ple @due to the usully high wllEtoE)oor rtioAF o simplify the design of struturl wll uildingsD oneptul design pproh is proposed whih llows the designer to inorporte dutility or deformtionEsed response prmeters into the initil phse of the design proessF he proposed erformne domin proedure onsiders multiE ple performne levels nd mkes lultion simplerD estlishes the minimum mteril requests tht orrespond loser to relity nd enE le uilding of sfer nd less expensive struturl wll uildingsF he desired performne levels orrespond to demnd nd idelly this proedure involves minimum of design e'ortF st is sed on results otined in prmetri nlysis s well s on extensive liE rry of experimentl dtF he design proedure strts with the spei(tion of desired performne ojetives for the entire struE turl systemD given the hzrdous environment in whih it is to e onstrutedD nd then provides diret rtionl pth y whih the struture my e designed to ttin these golsF he struturl response limits re given y mens of eptE ility digrms otined through nonliner response of vrious model wll uildings to set of ground motionsF he ene(ts of suh methodology tend to e in improved understnding of the seismi performne of uildingsF st should produe preditle nd onsistent seismi protetion for new struturesF sn the pperD the method is desried nd disussedD nd its si derivtions re givenF epplition of the method is illustrted y mens of n exmpleF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMES  ID 605
J. M. Castro, Imperial College London, UK A. Y. Elghazouli, Imperial College London, UK B. A. Izzuddin, Imperial College London, UK

Oral presentations
QPURGHQAD ut its implementtion to rel strutures still presents severl ritil pointF he QEdimensionl model of msonry uilding n e otined y ssemling )meEtype mroEelement models of the wlls nd orthotropi memrne elements in order to represent the mehnil ehviour of )exile )oorsF his modelliztionD lthough very e'etive in representing the tul ehviour @iws progrmAD does not llow to use ommon simpli(tions suh s rigid )oor motionF woreoverD Qh pushover lgorithm requires prede(ned pttern of horizontl fores to e pplied to the struture ndD mintining onstnt the reltive fore rtiosD the horizontl displement of ontrol node to e inrementedF everl uthors suggested to void the prolem of the dependene on the fore distriution y dopting dptive lod or displement ptternsD onsidering multiEmodl distriutions updted on the sis of the struturl dmgeF e new displementEsed lgorithm for the dptive pushover nlysis of msonry wlls nd uildings is presentedX the lod ptternD in this seD is diretly derivedD stepEyEstepD y the tul deformed shpe evluted during the pushover nlysisF he hoie of the ontrol dFoFfF my lso e ritil s well s the onversion of the mFdFoFfF struture pushover urve into the lterl pity urve of n equivlent nonliner sFdFoFfF systemF everl nonEliner dynmi nlyses hve een then performed in order to diretly evlute the inertil fore distriution nd to ompre the displement demnd with the one predited y the stti proeduresF he hf dptive proedure seems to e very powerful for inEplne wll nlysesD whilst it requires some orretions in order to e pplied to QEdimensionl msonry uildingsF

gomposite steelEonrete strutures re widely employed in iurope nd elsewhere due to their reltive merits in omprison with other systems in terms of struturl ehviour s well s speed nd e0ieny of onstrutionF sn prtiulrD under seismi lodingD the fvourle performne of omposite frmes due to enhned strength nd dutility hs een reognized for mny yersF gonsequentlyD most seismi odes provide spei( provisions for the design of vrious omposite frme on(gurtionsF sn iuroode VD seismi design of omposite strutures is sed on trditionl foreEsed priniples whih dopt the onept of ehviour @or fore redutionA ftors to redue the elsti strength demnd in ordne with the expeted dutility pityF por the prtiulr se of momentEresisting frmesD the ehviour ftors proposed re the sme s those provided for steel frmesF his simpli(ed pproh however does not ount for the signi(nt overstrength oserved in omposite struturesF he level of overstrength n e shown to e diretly relted to grvity loding design requirementsF sn order to ssess the levels of overstrength present in typil omposite momentEresisting frme systemsD extensive prmetri studies inluding nonliner stti s well s dynmi timeEhistory nlyses re desried in this pperF he investigtion illustrtes the in)uene of geometri onsidertionsD design ftors nd seismi zontion prmeters on the tul performne of omposite momentEresisting frmesD espeilly in terms of strength nd duE tility issuesF he (ndings revel tht omposite momentEresisting frmes designed ording to iuroode V perform in remrkly di'erent wy from tht predited y the odeF eommendtions for ddressing these importnt e'ets through modi(tions to the ode proedures re proposedD nd their in)uene on hieving more rtionl nd relisti design pproh re illustrtedF
ON THE USE OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS FOR EXISTING MASONRY BUILDINGS  ID 1080
A. Galasco, University of Genova, Italy S. Lagomarsino, University of Genova, Italy A. Penna, EUCENTRE, Italy

ES 4-III: Design Criteria and Methods, Codes

Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 4
THE EUROPEAN STANDARD DEVICES PREN 15129  ID 1480
M. Dolce, University of Basilicata, Italy P. Bisch, ENPC, France K. Fuller, TARRC, UK R. Medeot, Consultant, Italy S. Infanti, FIP, Italy

ON

ANTI-SEISMIC

he pplition of nonliner stti @pushoverA proedures for the ssessment of existing msonry uildings hs een introE dued into seismi odes @eFgF igVD new stlin gode ygw

sn PHHI the iuropen gommittee for tndrdiztion @gixA reE ted the ehnil gommittee gixEgEQRHX entiEseismi heviesF sts sope is to drw iuropen tndrd tht overs the design of devies tht re provided in strutures designed in ordne with iygyhi VD with the im of modifying their response to the seismi tionF st spei(es funtionl requirements nd generl design rules in the seismi situtionD mteril hrteristisD mnufturing nd testing requirementsD s well s eptneD instlltion nd mintenne riteriF igid gonnetion hevies @inluding ermnent gonnetion heviesD puse estrintsD emE porry @hynmiA gonnetion heviesAD hisplement hependent hevies @viner deviesD xonEliner deviesAD eloity hependent hevies @inluding hydruli dmpersAD ssoltors @iFeF devies tht re deputed to support vertil lodsD suh s elstomeri isoltorsD sliding eringsA nd omintions of devies re delt with in spei( lusesF qenerl design rulesD evlution of onformityD instlltion n inEservie inspetion re the ojet of other generl luses tht gurntee uniform pproh to the prolemF he (nl drft of the iuropen tndrd on entiEseismi hevies ws ompleted on tune PHHRF gomments reeived during the uli inquiry hve een exmined for possile implementtionF xext version of the tndrd will e delivered y eptemer PHHT for new enquiryF he iuropen tndrd on entiEseismi hevies prix ISIPW represents the most omplete nd upEtoEdte doument in this (eld presently ville to seismi design engineers nd seismi hrdwre mnufturersF sndeedD it ims to over ll types of existing seismi hrdwreD while leving door open to future progressD this tndrd eing highly performneEorientedF his feture lso onstitutes per se gurntee of equity mong the

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Oral presentations
vrious systems tht my e used s lterntivesF he pper illustrtes the struture of the iuropen tndrdD the riteri dopted in its drfting nd some of the spets whih render this doument unique nd innovtiveF
INFLUENCE OF SOME VARIABLES ON THE SEISMIC INCREMENT ORDINATES FOR IMPORTANT STRUCTURES  ID 284
J. Garca-Prez, Instituto de Ingeniera, Mexico O. Daz-Lpez, Instituto de Ingeniera, Mexico

ES 5
dm with n impervious wter fe memrne under seismi loding from Qh model where storge sinD mountin nd fundtion ner the strutrure re tken into ountF he whole s method is implemented into the godeester R (nite element softwre wih is developed t ihp under qulity proeduresF godeester R is ville through generl puli liene y downloding from its wesiteF
THE SEISMIC RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR FOR ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES  ID 692
D. Ozhendekci, Yildiz Tech. Unv., Turkey N. Ozhendekci, Yildiz Tech. Unv., Turkey A. Z. Ozturk, Yildiz Tech. Unv., Turkey

yftigsiF he pper nlyzes how the seismi design oe0ient inrement for importnt strutures vry ording to di'erent onepts suh s pek ground sturtionD initil ostsD struturl pityD nd unertinties in di'erent prmetersF he pproh used is sed on the totl ost design riterionD inluding the initil ost s well s the osts due to erthqukes ourreneF hree di'erent sites re under studyX site in the nerE(eldD site fr wy from the soureD nd site t moderte distne etween those two sitesF pywvesyxD wiryh exh gei hsihF e onE sider tht the design is suh tht it minimizes the expeted present vlue of the totl ostD inluding initil nd mintenne osts s well s losses due to dmge nd filureF es (rst pproh we ssume tht the inrementl ftor in the design prmeter of imE portnt struturesD t one of the sitesD is optimumY fter tht we ompute the orresponding ftors for the other sitesF he erthE quke genertion proess omprises kground tivity s well s hrteristi erthqukesF por sites loted in the nerE(eld stuE rtion phenomenon is onsidered in the pek ground elertion s the mgnitude of the erthquke inresesF his phenomenonD the initil osts of strutures s well s unertinties in some prmeE ters re onsidered in order to see their in)uene on the vlues of the inrementl ftor t the di'erent sites studiedF he in)uene is mesured y ompring the vritions in the totl ostsF gyxgvsyxF snrementl ftors for importnt strutures t three sites re omputed onsidering tht the design riterion minimizes the totl ostF he in)uene of di'erent vriles nd their unertinties on these ftors re studiedF reliminry results show tht these ftors n vry ording to the site seismiityD nd tht their inrement when unertinties in some prmeters re tken into ountD is ppreileF
USE OF COUPLED AND REGULATORY METHODS IN SEISMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR NUCLEAR PLANTS AND DAMS  ID 210
V. Guyonvarh, EDF/R&D, France G. Devesa, EDF/R&D, France

odyD onventionl stti elsti nlysis proedures still remin the sis of erthquke resistnt design prtieF sn n elsti nlysis proedureD elsti se sher whih is the funtion of ode sed design spetrl elertion is redued y the seismi response modi(tion ftor @A onsidering the inelsti struturl ehviorF roweverD there is no tehnil sis for the vlues ssigned to the  nd it is empirilF wost of the studies regrding the ftor omine the results of inelsti time history nlyses of hyp systems with the results of pushover nlysis of whyp uildingsF sn this pper the inelsti time history nlyses of whyp uildings re used diretly in the evlution of ftorF hese nlyses re performed for eh eentrillyEredEfrme with hesxEPh progrm for IRU erthquke reords of outhern gliforniF wo frmesD @QDTEstoriesA re designed ording to vph pei(tion@IWWWA nd esg eismi rovisions@PHHPAF he lods nd lod omintions re determined with respet to sfg@PHHQAF iquivlent lterl lod proedure is used for erthquke resistnt designF he exmple frmes re ssumed to e in outhern gliforni egion nd the lol site lss is hosen s hF eletion of link length during design proess ensures tht under seismi lods the sher yielding domintes the inelsti response of eh linkF mdn nd qhorh9s inelsti sherElinkEelement model is usedF ih erthquke reord is sled in the inelsti time history nlyses in order tht the frmes reh the deformtion limit given in esg eismi rovisionsF he ftor vlues re lulted y using these sled reordsF st is found tht there is high vrition in the vlues of ftors with respet to reord seletion lthough these reords re lssi(ed with respet to distneD mgnitude nd frequeny ontent @eFgFDGv rtioAF he medin nd stndrd devition vlues re lso givenF
INCLUSION OF P-DELTA EFFECT IN DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES  ID 1091
A. Asimakopoulos, University of Patras, Greece D. Karabalis, University of Patras, Greece D. Beskos, University of Patras, Greece

king into ount soil struture intertion @sA methE ods is needed euse higher levels for seismi soliittions re required in the design of new nuler plnt projets or to determine remining mrgins on strutures lredy dimensioned with onserE vtive methodsF et ihpD numeril s method is pplied sed on suEstruturtion nd frequeny resolutionD whih ouples (nite element method @piwA softwreX godeester R nd oundry element method @fiwA softwreX rowsQh R F st is ompred to simpli(ed design method usully pplied in regultory studies of nuler plntsF st onsists of soil springsD loted elow the foundtionD the stifness of whih needs to e determined he use of one or oth methods will e illustrted on these representtive exmples X omprison of oth methods on the seismi response of nuler uilding with vrying homogeneous soil modulis from soft @out VHH wA to hrd @UHHH wA ehviourY prmetril study of soil modulusD soil struture onnetion nd depth of foundtion on uried nuler uilding using the oupled frequeny methodY omined use of oth methods X the design method is used to determine the redued interfe modes of soft foundtionY the use of the design method to determine soil springs with unilterl ompressive ehviour nd then the study of the semt uplift of nuler uilding from time history dynmil lultion with the piw lultion softwreY dynmi ehviour of erth

e proedure for treting the Ehelt e'et in the diret displementEsed seismi design of non deteriorting regulr steel moment resisting frmes is proposedF e simple formul for the yield displement mpli(tion ftor s funtion of dutility nd the stility oe0ient is derived on the sis of the seismi response of n inelsti single degree of freedom system tking into ount the Ehelt e'etF ixtensive prmetri seismi inelsti nlyses of plne steel frmes result in simple formul for the dynmi stility oe0ient s funtion of the numer of ys nd stories of frme s well s the olumn to em sti'ness rtioF tility oe0ients sed on the inelsti response of the moment resisting frmes re onsideredF husD the Ehelt e'et n e esily tken into ount in displementEsed seismi design through the stility oe0ient nd the yield displement mpli(tion ftorF he proposed proedure is ompred to the het oe0ient lultion method inluded in urrent seismi odes through simple design exmples where oth the foreEsed nd the diret displementEsed design methods re implementedF

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ES 5-I: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction
Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 21

Oral presentations
st is shown thtD in some sesD di'erent pushover methods my predit di'erent filure mehnismsY omprison with dynmi nlysis enles the identi(tion of the most relile solutionD typilly displementEsed dptive pushoverF wo di'erent retro(tting strtegies re proposed nd modelledX p wrpping of olumns of the softE)oor only @lol interventionA or p retro(tting of ll olumns of the struture @glol interventionAF he former is shown to led to optimum resultsF
FRAGILITY BASED ASSESSMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL DEFICIENCIES IN TURKISH RC FRAME STRUCTURES  ID 593
B. O. Ay, METU, Turkey M. A. Erberik, METU, Turkey S. Akkar, METU, Turkey

PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING R.C. FRAMES  ID 637

G. Rizzano, Depart. Italy I. Tolone, Depart. of Civil Engineering-University of Salerno, Italy of Civil Engineering-University of Salerno,

eent erthqukes hve shown tht reserh in erthE quke engineering hs to e foused on the ssessment of vulnerility of existing onstrutions lking pproprite seismi resisting hrteristisF sn ftD older uildingsD designed nd onstruted until the lte IWUH9sD without onsidering erthquke provisionsD onstitute signi(nt hzrd in mny ities of southern iuropeF hereforeD the retro(t should e mde in order to redue the vulnerilityD ndD s onsequeneD the risk to urrently epted levelsF o this sopeD the sienti( ommunity is developing more urte methodologies in order to evlute seismi performnes of existing struturesF sn this ontextD the present pper ims t the evlution of the wen ennul prequeny of exeeding limit stte of existing onrete frme y mens of the proilisti pprohD introdued y tlyer 8 gornellD ounting for the unertinty involved in the seismi response of struturesF his proedure properly omines the roilisti eismi rzrd enlysis with roilisti eismi hemnd enlysis ndD (nllyD with roilisti eismi gpity enlysisF sn order to evlute the seismi reliility of existing strutures tking into ount oth rndomness unertintyD due to the nturl vriilityD nd epistemi unertintyD due to the degree of ury in the modelling of the physil ehviourD in this pper referene is mde to experimentl results derived from tehnil litertureF sn prtiulrD two fullEsle frmes @re frmeD frme with rik in(lled wllsA tested pseudoEdynmilly t the ive vortory of sspr re onsideredF trting from the experimentl resultsD the prmeters governing the struturl model hve een lirted in order to minimize the stter etween the experimentl responseD in terms of sheD nd tht nlytil one ndD thereforeD to determine the epistemi unertintyF he developed nlysis llowed to evlute the seismi reliility of the re frmeD the in)uene of the in(ll pnels ndD (nllyD the reliility of the retro(tting solution with shotreteF
PUSHOVER ANALYSES OF FRP RETROFITTED RC FRAMES  ID 862
B. Ferracuti, University of Bologna, Italy M. Savoia, University of Bologna, Italy R. Pinho, University of Pavia, Italy R. Francia, University of Bologna, Italy

he investigtion of struturl vulnerility y onsiderE ing the ountryEspei( hrteristis of uilding stok is vitl to mnge the erthquke risk nd to develop strtegies for disster mitigtionF uh study imed to ssess the struturl de(ienies in reinfored onrete frme strutures in urkey is presented in this pperF sn vriety of hrteristisD low nd midErise struturesD whih onstitute pproximtely US7 of the totl uilding stok in urkeyD were foused for the urrent frgilityEsed ssessmentF he seismi design of threeD (veD seven nd nine story reinfored onrete frme strutures were rried out ording to the urrent erthquke odes nd two dimensionl nlytil models were onstruted ordinglyF he unertinty in mteril vriility is tken into ount in the formtion of struturl simultionsF he frme strutures in this study re tegorized s poor or superior ording to the spei( hrteristis of onstrution prtie nd the oserved seismi performne fter mjor erthqukes in urkeyF he response sttistis in terms of drift rtio were otined for di'erent sets of ground motion reordsF efter the determintion of dmge limit sttesD the frgility urves re generted for eh uilding lssF he results re promising in the sense tht the inherent struturl de(ienies were re)eted on the (nl frgility funtionsF es resultD this pper provides relile frgilityEsed dtse for erthquke dmge nd loss estimtion of reinfored onrete uilding stok in urn res of urkeyF
PREDICTION OF ULTIMATE ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY OF EXISTING RC WAFFLE-FLAT-PLATE STRUCTURES  ID 525
A. Benavent-Climent, University of Granada, Spain A. Catalan, University of Oviedo, Spain X. Cahis, University of Girona, Spain

yne of the most interesting pplitions of omposites in ivil engineering is retro(tting of g strutures in seismi resF lsti hinge on(nement y pEwrpping enles the development of lrge displements nd hord rottion dutility ftorsD s mny experimentl studies on(rmedX due to the high on(nement tionD onrete my reh lrge strin efore filureD whih typilly ours due to p ruptureF por the numeril modelling of reinfored struturesD the e'et of on(nement for olumn setions sujet to xil lod nd )exure must e evlutedF sn this seD on(nement is vrile over the rossEsetionF iven though interesting experimentl studies n e found in the literture on fullEsle speimensD few numeril models hve een proposedF sn the present studyD onstitutive lws pproprite for p on(nement re implemented in (re (nite element ode @ypeneesAX sine ehviour of omposite mteril is inde(nitely elstiD tion exerted on onrete is di'erent from tht of onrete on(ned y steel stirrupsD oth under loding nd unloding onditionsF edptive nd nonEdptive pushover nlyses of nonEseismilly designed g frmesD some of whih exhiiting midEheight softEstorey filure mehnismsD hve een rried outF

einfored onrete w1eE)tEplte strutures hve een used extensively in moderte seismiity res suh the southern prt of pinF st reserh showed tht this type of strutures hve low energyEdissiption pity nd high lterl )exiilityF woreoverD mny of these strutures were designed ording to old seismi odesD whih required reltively low lterl strength nd dutility s ompred to urrent odesF heir sfety in se of mjor erthquke is mtter of ig onernF ivluting their ultimte erthquke resistne is n importnt issue for deiding whether nd to whih extent they need to e seismi upgrdedF his pper is the lst prt of more extensive reserh presented y the uthors in two ompnion ppers @e s nd e ssAD whih ims t evluting the ultimte seismi resistne of existing reinfored onrete w1eE)tEplte strutures onstruted in the southern prt of pin efore IWWRD ording to the old seismi ode hEURF he ultimte seismi resistne is estimted in terms of ultimte energy sorptionGdissiption pity @ihgAF his pper disusses the results of the pushover nlyses nd the nonliner dynmi response nlyses presented in ompnion ppers @e s nd e ss respetivelyAD nd sed on these resultsD simple formultion for prediting the ihg of this type of strutures is proposedF he formultion is sed on the rousnerEekiym energy pprohF

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Oral presentations
A PROBABILISTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN ASYMMETRIC REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME (SPEAR) BUILDING  ID 1388
M. Dolsek, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia P. Fajfar, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

ES 5
ES 5-II: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction
Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 21
DEVELOPMENT OF FRAGILITY CURVES FOR UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS USING ANALYTICAL METHOD  ID 107
A. Bakhshi, Sharif Univ. of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) K. Karimi, Sharif Univ. of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

en importnt gol of performneEsed erthquke engiE neering is the predition of the men nnul proilities of exeedne of given performne level @limit stteAF yne of the methodsD whih is relizing this golD is the egEpiwe method developed s prt of roder proilisti frmework dopted t ii enterF he egEpiwe method involves the soElled snrementl hynmi enlysis whih represents the reltion eE tween the engineering demnd prmeter nd the seismi intensity mesureF es n lterntive to snrementl hynmi enlysisD simpli(ed pprohD lled sxP @inrementl xP nlysisAD hs een proposedF he sxP n eD in omintion with predetermined dt on dispersion typil for spei( struturl systemD employed in the ii proilisti frmeworkF sing this simpli(ed pprohD the omputtionl e'orts n e sustntilly reduedF

sn the pperD the sxP nlysis is summrizedF sts pplition is demonstrted y n exmple of threeEstory plnEsymmetri reinfored onrete frme uildingF he struture ws pseudoE dynmilly tested in fullEsle in the ive lortory in sspr within the ie projetF he mthemtil modelD used in nlysesD whih were performed with ypenees progrmD onsists of oneEomponent lumped plstiity elementsF st hs een vlidted y test resultsF he proility of exeedne of the ner ollpse limit stteD whih is ssumed to e met when the ner ollpse hord rottion is exeeded in the (rst olumnD is lulted with the proposed simpli(ed pproh nd ompred with results of more urte nlysisF he intermedite resultsD determined y the xP methodD like the summrized sxP urveD torsionl mpli(tion ftors nd the top displement orresponding to the ner ollpse limit stteD re lso presented in the pper nd ompred with results otined y nonliner dynmi nlysisF

prgility urves minly indite the vulnerility of struE tures in erthqukesF hese urves orrespond to the proility of exeeding ertin stte of dmge versus one of erthquke intenE sity prmetersF sn previous works done in this (eldD frgility urves re usully plotted sed on qe @ek qround eelertionAD even though qe is not good estimte for evlution of dmge to struturesF hereforeD in this reserhD ge @gumultive esolute eloityA hs een hosen s erthquke intensity prmeterF here re two di'erent methods in otining frgility urvesX enlytil nd ixperimentlF enlytil method is used in this projetF eltively omprehensive works re done for onrete struturesD steel strutures nd ridgesD while limited reserh is done on nEeinfored wsonry @wA uildingsD espeilly the trditionl types whih re so vulnerle to erthqukesF hue to undne of w in mny ountries nd high seismi tivity of some regions where they re uiltD frgility urves re developed for vriety of erthquke hrteristis in this pperF woreoverD piwe QST nd QSU seismi provisions nd retro(tting methods re pplied to these uildings nd frgility urves efore nd fter retro(tting re ompredF
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORIC EARTHEN BUILDINGS: DAMAGE LEVEL AND ECONOMIC RETROFITTING PROPOSALS  ID 1398
R. Arroyo Matus, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Mexico A. Salgado Rodrguez, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Mexico

P25 SCORING METHOD FOR DEFINING RAPIDLY THE COLLAPSE VULNERABILITY OF RC STRUCTURES  ID 67
I. E. Bal, ROSE School, Italy S. Tezcan, Bogazici University, Turkey F. G. Gulay, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

esults of seismi evlution of mexin southestern dwelling houses loted t the histori town enters of xo de elrnD qroFD yx de turezD yxF y ghip de gorzoD ghisFD re presentedF e seismi hzrd evlution for these three histori town entersD inluding seismi mirozoni(tion studyD is performedF e methodology to estimte struturl vulnerility urves for doe uildings is developedF sn order to otin expeted struturl dmge levels for erthqukes with di'erent return periodsD the urve of vulnerility is ominedD through proilisti proedureD with the seismi hzrd t these histori town entersF pinllyD simpli(ed methodology is developed to hoose struturl retro(tting to minimize seismi dmgeF
EXPERIMENTING SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND STRENGTHENING IN A MASONRY VILLAGE  ID 1429
M. A. Parisi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy C. Chesi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

ith the urgent need for rpid inspetion methods to hek the present uilding stok in erthquke prone zones in urkeyD n e'etive rpid ssessment tehnique lled PS oring wethod hs een developed nd tested on PT di'erent se studies reentlyD in order to predit the ollpse vulnerility of the Gg struturesF efter short desription of the pprohD the study presents the sensitivity study of the method to the seleted struturl prmeters y onsidering inrementl devition of the (nl sores from the se modelF purtherD the methodology ws performed on dditionl IHH dmged uildings in order to hek the reliility of the method nd some neessry modi(tions hve een pplied to the lgorithm fter onsidering this lrger dtseF he evlution of the results hs een interpreted s ene(il guidne for lol uthoritiesF he risk nds de(ned ording to the (nl sores nd the e'et of hnging the ndwidth hs een studied in n eonomil mnnerF e stisftory orreltion of the method with the rel dmge sttes is otined nd redyEtoEuse methodology hs een introdued for future studiesF

por historil town enters nd villges tht re mostly onstruted with msonry uildingsD the mjor steps in seismi risk mitigtion onsist of ssessing the vulnerility level of the uildings nd developing strengthening projets tht re e'etive nd fesileF sn the lst dedesD muh reserh work nd experiene hs een devoted to oth these issuesF etD full sle experimettion on rel situtions would help redue mny remining unertinties in the methodsF sn the ssessment of vulnerilityD for instneD the e'et of uildings in prtil ontinuity with the one exmined is still eing studiedD nd the e'et of ground sloping is often onsidered only grosslyF e generl di0ulty in the studies is even in the olletion of rel dt for susequent nlysesF e stone msonry villge in southern stly ws ndoned two dedes go euse of n estimted high erthquke riskF gosts for its strengthening

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ES 5
nd unertinties in results were onsidered too high t the timeF he omplexD gurderd ut not inhitedD hs een now mde essileD within reserh progrmD for study purposesD lso in view of possile rehilittionF et the momentD howeverD the villge o'ers n exeptionl opportunity s n openEir l for experimenting inEsitu studies nd tehniquesD rnging from the nlysis of msonry on fullEsize ses to the detiled study of vulnerility of typil stone msonry villgeD nd to the identi(tion of the strengthening interventions most e'etive in reduing the ssessed vulnerilityF pirst results of vulnerility ssessment hve een otined for most uildings nd re now eing deepened with onsidertions of ontinuity nd grdingF hetiled informtion on the mehnil properties on the lol msonry is eing otined from experimenttion in situD rried out lso with )t jksF he work proposed here will present the vrious spets nd results of the reserh progrmF
THE USE OF PASSIVE SEISMIC PROTECTION IN OLD MASONRY BUILDINGS  ID 1065
L. Guerreiro, IST-DECivil, Portugal M. Branco, Portugal

Oral presentations
highlights limittions nd peulirities of the nlysed modelsF ujets of prtiulr interest re the di'erent ollpse mehnisms @soft storey or uniformA ssumed in the mehnil models nd the proedure to tke into ount the irregulrity ftorsD strongly 'eting the dynmi responseD eFgF induing torsionl e'ets nd nomlous fore redistriutionF he detiled mroelement model of the most signi(nt uildings llow us to exmine with more ury these topisD performing nonEliner nlyses @in whih the fore redistriution diretly derives from the dmge pttern evolutionAD s in iuroode V nd stlin seismi deree @ygw noFQRQI PHHSAF
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A URBAN BLOCK IN FAIAL ISLAND - AZORES  ID 384
N. Neves, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Portugal A. Arde, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Portugal A. Costa, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Portugal

sn the reent yers mny tehnologies of seismi proteE tion hd een developed in ttempts to mitigte the e'ets of erthqukes on old msonry uildingsF he most importnt exmples of seismi protetion tehnology re the se isoltion or the use of energy dissiptors nd there re lredy n importnt numer of exmples of the use of these tehnologies in seismi rehilittion ll over the worldF sn this pper study for the rehilittion of n old msonry uilding with the use of seismi pssive protetion is presentedF he uilding ojet of the study is n exmple of n importnt prt of the existing uilding stok of visonD ommonly designted y qioleirosF his type of uilding were onstruted in the period omprised etween the end of the s entury nd the strt of the enturyD nd re omposed y exterior msonry wlls with wood in(ll pnels nd wooden )oorsF his kind of strutures is prtiulrly vulnerle to the seismi tion nd is ojet of di'erent studies for possile retro(t interventionsF sn the study three di'erent solutions were ompredX the use of visous dmpersY the use of se isoltion nd more trditionl intervention with reinfored onrete wllsF
MULTI-LEVEL PROCEDURE FOR THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF MASONRY BUILDINGS  ID 171
S. Cattari, University of Genoa, Italy S. Frumento, University of Genoa, Italy S. Lagomarsino, University of Genoa, Italy S. Resemini, University of Genoa, Italy

he pper dels with numeril seismi nlysis of n urE n uilding lok loted in pil islndD ezoresD hit y n erthquke on tulyD Wth IWWVF st inludes two di'erent onstrution types with distint dynmi ehvioursD mostly trditionl msonry struture on twoEthree storey uildings nd reinfored onrete struture uilding in one lok sideF he nlysis ws supported y inEsitu nd lortory tests rriedEout during this nd previous worksF en experimentl mpign ws performed with mient virtion tests on three trditionl houses nd on the g uildingF wode shpes nd virtion frequenies were otined llowing for the lirtion of mehnil prmeters onsidered in numeril models @xevesD xF PHHRAF ime!domin dynmi nlyses were mde using the elerogrms reorded during the erthqukeF e (rst nlysis stge ws limited to three houses in order to ssess the in)uene of group e'et nd )oor sti'ness on response prmetersF he seond stgeD desried in this pperD dels with the seismi nlysis of the glol lok ehviourD to ssess the e'et ofX the g uildingD the )oor hrteristis nd the possile reinforing solutions in some uildingsF he most vulnerle lok zones nd their intertion with remining struturesD were lso identi(edF he study ws done dopting glol (nite element modelD disretizing eh individul uilding with shell elements nd mteril properties lirted in previous studyF everl modelling vrints were onsidered to study the in)uene of ovementioned issuesF hen possile reinforing shemes were onsideredD results llowed ssessing their e0ieny on improving the lok ehviourF snterdependeny etween di'erent lok elements ws lso evidenedD showing tht reinforing my e done y mens of single interventions in lolized zonesF roweverD stress redistriutions used y interventions must e tken into ount euse sti'ness vritions my inrese stresses in reinfored zonesD whih mens tht individul uilding might not e ppropriteF

efter wolise erthquke @PHHP outhern stlyAD the proE lem of the puliEfilities seismi vulnerility ws strongly underlinedF eent stlin regultions estlished tht seismiE sfety heks hve to e developed on strtegi puli uildings @shoolsD etFA in (ve yersF e lrge prt of this stok is mde of msonry uildingsF eiming to ssess the seismi risk for these struturesD the need of vulnerility model fesile for the nlyses t the territoril sle risesF yne evluted the min onern for the riskEmitigtion strtegyD detiled study is vlule to ount for the struturl peuliritiesF e multiElevel proedure for the seismi sfety evlution of msonry uildings is proposedD fousing on the se of the shool uildings of nremo @xorthEwestern stlyAF he methodology involves di'erent pprohesX IA mroE seismi vulnerility model @qiovinzzi et lF PHHRAY PA simpli(ed mehnil models @hole et lF PHHRD quidelines PHHSAY QA detiled models @sed on the mroelement shemtiztionD qlso et lF PHHRAF he methodology my e pplied using di'erently detiled dt nd the vulnerility level is hieved through di'erentD ut orreltedD prmetersX the vulnerility inditorD sed on typologil nd oservtionl dt @mroseismi modelAD the qe vlue relted to the struturl ollpse @mehnil modelsAD the expeted performne level in terms of displement @detiled modelAF he results omprison for the shool uildings in nremo

ES 5-III: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction

Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 21
THE TURKISH SEISMIC REHABILITATION CODE  ID 318
H. Sucuoglu, METU, Turkey

sn ssoition with the urn risk mitigtion e'orts in urkeyD seismi rehilittion ode hs een developed during PHHQEPHHS y n ppointed ommitteeF his odeD entitled essessment nd trengthening of ixisting fuildings is ppended to the urkish eismi gode s its ghpter IQD nd hd een e'etive leglly y PHHTF ghpter IQ of the PHHT urkish eismi gode sets stndrds for the olletion of (eld dt in its (rst prtF he existing mteril strengths re sed on sttistil evlution of (eld dtD with no furE ther redution y sfety ftorsF viner elsti nd nonliner stti

74

Oral presentations
proedures re proposed for struturl evlutionF e performneE sed evlution methodology is used under three levels of erthE quke ground motion intensities hving the proilities of exeeding SHD IH nd P perent in SH yersF he performne eptne riteE ri re sed on demnd to pity rtios t ritil setions for the liner proeduresD nd mteril strins for the nonliner proeduresF wemer performne limits re desried for minimum dmgeD life sfety nd signi(nt dmge levelsD onsidering the ntiipted filE ure mode nd dutility pity of eh memerF truturl perE formne is then lulted y ounting for the distriution of memer dmges over the uildingF golumn nd wll performne dominte the system performne ompred to the emsF etro(t tehniques re lso proposed in ghpter IQ for reinfored onrete struturesF hey onsist of detiling requirements for onE entri nd eentri dded sher wllsD olumn nd em jketing for strength nd dutility enhnementD nd strengthening of mE sonry in(ll wlls y dding new mteril lyersF ghpter IQ of the urkish gode nd rt Q of iuroode V essentilly follow similr pprohes for seismi rehilittionF he si di'erenes in ghpter IQ re less restrition for liner elsti proeduresD nd the ssemling of memer performnes for otining glol system performne levelF
EVALUATION OF THE DUCTILITY AND STRENGTH DEMANDS FOR THE EXISTING BUILDINGS IN TURKEY  ID 280
P. Gundes Bakir, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium G. Degrande, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium G. De Roeck, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

ES 5
n pproprite evlution of the erthquke sfety of existing uildingsF he result of this work is quite innovtiveX the deision of whether struture might e onsidered sfeD or whether upgrding mesures must e tkenD is sed on risk riteriF e soElled ompline ftor plys predominnt roleF por the existing struture under onsidertion the ompline ftor desries the degree of ful(lment of the tul ode requirementsF e ompline ftor whih is lower thn unity mens tht the ode requirements re only prtilly ful(lledF sf it lies elow ertin miniml thresholdD the resonleness of possile mesures must e evlutedF sf it lies ove the miniml threshold ut elow unityD the ommensurility of possile mesures must e evlutedF sn this evlutionD lifeEsving ostsD iFeF the rtio of sfety osts over risk redution of the mesuresD must e determined nd heked whether they lie elow or ove (xed threshold vluesF sn se ommensurle nd resonle mesures nnot e foundD no mesures re neessryF he tehnil note put into fore t the end of PHHR hs now undergone one yer of prtil experieneF he eptne of the note ws positiveF roweverD lso some di0ulties in pplying the note hve een oserved nd numer of retions of uilding owners hve een reeivedF foth re sujet of disussions in view of improving the noteF
SEISMIC EVALUATION OF A COMMERCIAL BUILDING ACCORDING TO SIA 2018 USING A DISPLACEMENT-BASED ASSESSMENT  ID 327
K. Pfyl-Lang, Basler & Hofmann, Switzerland P. Zwicky, Basler & Hofmann, Switzerland G. Kerland, Swiss Reinsurance Company, formerly Basler & H, Switzerland

his study investigtes the seismi demnds on existing strutures due to the tstrophi IWWW wwa UFI huze erthqukeF st hs long een rgued tht the seismi dmge indued in existing uildings in urkey during the IWWW uoeli nd huze erthqukes ws due to the poor onstrution prties in urkeyF he im of this study is not to rgue these llegtions ut roden this disussion nd show tht high seismi demnds on existing uildings my hve ontriuted to the oserved dmge during these erthqukesF e omprehensive review of the inelsti response of the existing uildingsD in terms of seismi demnds is mdeF his study shows tht the dutility demnds of the huze erthquke were very severe @well ove the ode presried vluesAD even for modertely inelsti struturesD nd were not orrelted to the epientrl distneF ustntil dmge should e expeted t ll distrits of sstnul in future erthqukesD espeilly t etkoyD whih showed very high dutility demnds in oth the x nd i diretionsF por elsti strutures within the elertion nd displement sensitive regions of the spetrum nd for inelsti struturesD visous dmpers hve little or no ene(il in)ueneF roweverD se isoltion my sustntilly improve the performne of struture in the inelsti domin y deresing the yield strength demndD lthough it my not e ene(il in the elsti dominF he dutility demnds of the huze erthquke re ompred with the dutility demnds from the most signi(nt erthqukes in stlyD ortugl nd former ugoslvi in the lst QH yersF st is pprent tht the dutility demnds were muh higher in the huze erthquke ompred to these erthqukesF
RISK-BASED SAFETY EVALUATION OF EXISTING BUILDINGS - THE CONCEPT OF THE SWISS TECHNICAL NOTE SIA 2018  ID 639
E. Klz, Risk&Safety AG, Switzerland T. Vogel, ETH Zurich, Switzerland B. Duvernay, Federal Oce for the Environment, Switzerland

he mjority of the uilding stok in witzerlnd ws uilt without erthquke resistnt designF hereEfore the erthE quke protetion is often insu0ientD s the uildings do not omply with modern seismi stndrdsF es it is not possile to upgrde ll existing strutures to the urrent stndrdD the question rises s to whih sfetyEdemnd existing uildings should omply nd hene whih upgrding strteEgies re ommensurleF he tehnil ulletin se PHIVD introdued in witzerlnd in PHHRD gives guidne for the evlution of the seismi resistne of existing uildingsF his inludes tehnil guidne on the displementE sed ssessmentD s well s risk nd ost onsidertions for the deiEsionEmking proessF his pper presents the pplition of the tehnil ulletin se PHIV to typil ommeril uilding in witzerlndF he seismi evlution took ple in line with the intended refurishment of the uildEingD whih filittes possile seismi upgrding s well s reduing the e'etive ostF he uilding is typil eightEstory reinfored onrete wll strutureF sing displementEsed pprohD the pity urve of the uilding is lulted nd ompred to the displement demndD de(ned y the urrent wiss tndrdF he omprison shows tht the uilding hieves only TH7 of the required sfetyEdemnd of new struturesF hereforeD n pproprite upgrding strtegy is proEposed nd its ommensurility evlutedD y ompring its ost with the risk redution to e ttinedF
SEISMIC EVALUATION OF EXISTING BUILDINGS: LESSONS LEARNT WITH THE NEW SWISS BUILDING CODE ANNEX SIA 2018  ID 780
B. Duvernay, Federal Oce for the Environment, Switzerland E. Klz, Risk&Safety AG, Switzerland R. Vogt, ACS Partners AG, Switzerland X. Mittaz, SD Ingnierie SA, Switzerland

yver the pst few dedes odi(ed erthquke tions were inresed onsiderly in witzerlndF es onsequeneD older strutures often do not omply with tul ode requirementsF uh strutures might e judged unsfe nd onsidered for upgrdingF his however is very ostly nd upgrding ll the existing uilding stok to meet tul ode requirements would leve us nkruptF por this reson the wiss oiety of ingineers nd erhitets @seA hrged n expert group to work out tehnil note for

sn PHHRD group of experts elorted n nnex to the wiss uilding odes in order to over the prolem of the seismi veri(tion of existing uildingsF his nnex sets miniml seismi sfety requirements for existing uildings nd proposes ost ene(t riteri for their eventul retro(tF he (rst entrl onept is the ompline ftor whih indites the degree of ompline of n existing uilding ompred to the requirements for new uildingsF felow miniml threshold vlue of the ompline ftorD the sfety of individuls is uneptle

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ES 5
with n nnul proility of deth exeeding IGIHH9HHHF eove this thresholdD the sfety of individuls is judged eptleF he seond entrl onept is the so lled lifeEsving ostsD whih desries the ost e'etiveness of retro(t mesures in terms of money invested versus lives svedF wo ses re distinguishedF sf the omE pline ftor is elow the threshold vlueD retro(t mesures re in priniple mndtoryD ut their ssoited lifeEsving osts should not exeed IHH mio grp per life sved in order to ring the uilding to the miniml sfety level @resonleness riterionAF sf the ompline ftor is ove the thresholdD mesures should e implemented for lifeEsving osts not exeeding IH mio grp per life sved @ommenE surility riterionAF wost seismi veri(tions using se PHIV re linked to trnsE formtion or retro(t projetsF yn the sis of olleted evlution reportsD this pper nlyses how the onepts of se PHIV were understood nd pplied in prtieF e strong fous is set on the pplition of the ost ene(t riteri nd the resulting intervention reommendtions s well s on the degree of re(nement of the struturl nlysisF his study will serve s referene for the plnned revision of the se PHIVD whih hs to e revised every Q yersF
EAEE-TG3 REPORT - VULNERABILITY AND SEISMIC RISK OF INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES: A STATE OF PRACTICE  ID 1490
M. Dolce, University of Basilicata, Italy

Oral presentations
he inresing onern nd onsequent pprisl on durE ilityD onservtion stte nd hnge of use of old uildings in urn entres is gretly relted with struturl sfety ssessmentD prtiulrly to seismi tionsF st is lrgely reognised tht the seismi vulnerility of the mjority of historil ity entresD with uildings without dequte seismi pityD is highF he need to tlogue uildings ording to their seismi vulnerilityD prtiulrly trditionl uildingsD is key issue in ny renewl or rehilittion proessF eentlyD di'erent methods for seismi vulnerility ssessment hve een proposedD with di'erent levels of detilF eserh rried out on seismi vulnerility hve underlined tht the performne of trditionl uildings under erthquke tions is governed y severl struturl feturesD some of whih n e peulir of eh urn ontext nd onstrution tehnologyF eismi vulnerility ssessment extended to whole histori entres hs outlined the importne of qs mpping pplitions in order to id in the intervention nd risk mngement plnsF he need for n integrted multiEpurpose toolD onneted with qsD s well s with reltionl dtseD in order to hve deeper nd interdisiplinry knowledge of the site nd hene to e le to rete modulr pproh nd mnge the historil uilding stokD onservtion worksD retro(tting strtegyD risk ssessmentD uilding hrteristis nd vulnerilityD dmge nd ost estimtion is essentilF sn this pperD it is presented nd disussed the strtegy nd methodology dopted for the vulnerility ssessment of the ity entre of goimrD in ortuglD through the qs mpping of the uilding stok of the projet perimeterF hevelopment of vulnerility studies in urn entres n e onduted iming to identify uilding frgilities nd redue the seismi riskF
SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS OF R.C. BUILDING CLASSES AT THE URBAN SCALE  ID 567
I. Iervolino, University of Naples Federico II, Italy G. Fabbrocino, Department SAVA-University of Molise, Italy G. Manfredi, University of Naples Federico II, Italy M. Polese, University of Naples Federico II, Italy G. M. Verderame, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

eent erthqukes ll over the world remind us tht most of shoolsD hospitls nd filitiesD whih ply fundmentl roles for givil rotetion or hosting high vlue soil nd eonomil ontent re highly vulnerle to erthqukesF e strong need for their vulnerility nd risk ssessment is now evidentF hue to their wful numer nd the need of fousing on individul rther thn lss of strutures nd infrstruturesD new methods for vulnerilE ity ssessment re requiredD tht operte t de(nition level higher thn urrent methods for dwelling uildingsF sn the menwhileD modelling nd nlysing methodsD suh s the ones required y seismi regultionsD nnot e used to evlute ll the strutures of puli interestD t lest in (rst evlution phseF he ojetive of sk qroup Q hsD thereforeD een reEddressed towrds prolems of struturl vulnerility ssessment of individul strutures nd of seismi hzrd evlution nd lol e'et predition in individul sitesF peil ttention hs een devoted to methods nd proedure thtD though implying in situ inspetionsD tests nd mesurementsD do not require lrge mount of moneyD tke ount of ll struturl @nd non struturlA fetures 'eting the tul seismi ehviour of struture nd ll the importnt hzrd nd mpli(tion prmeters 'eting the shking intensity nd frequeny ontentD use simpli(ed upEtoEdte modelsD provide stisftory level of dmge predition for di'erent erthquke intensitiesF e stte of prtie on the ove prolems nd proedures hs een rried out y qQF e questionnire hs een sent to the iuropen reserhers potentilly deling with the di'erent proedures pplied in iuropeF he ttention hs een foused on proedures tht hve een tully ppliedD not just reserh proposlsF he pper summrises the results of the enquiry nd provides generl informtion of the tul trend in iuropeF

eismi risk ssessment t urn sle my e de(ned s estimtion of numer of uildings expeted to reh given limit stte in the region nd time period of interestF st is relted to the filure proility of homogeneous lss of uildings nd its hrteriztionF his de(nition introdues new issues in respet of reliility nlysis for single strutures whihD under some onditionsD hs een lredy ddressed in lose formF wehnil pproh my e suitle in respet of the requirements of suh territoril evlutionD thus pproprite limit stte funtions hve to e developed to get the filure proility of lsses elonging to the uilding stokF xonEliner seismi pityD in terms of se sher ndGor displementD hs to e expressed s funtion of those struturl prmeters whih identify single strutures within the lssF he ltter my e rried out y multiple regression nlysisF histriutions of rndom vriles 'eting pity re estimted y smpling the territoril popultionF sn displementEsed pproh inelsti seismi demnd my refer to proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis t the site nd suitle displement modi(tion ftorsF ell these issues re disussed in the pperY moreoverD n explntory pplition to FgF struture lsses is presentedF
EFFECT OF INITIAL-PHASE SEISMIC ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS OF EXISTING BUILDINGS ON STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR  ID 173
M. Inel, Pamukkale University, Turkey

ES 5-IV: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction

Tuesday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 21
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS IN COIMBRA, PORTUGAL, SUPPORTED BY A GIS TOOL  ID 1146
R. Vicente, University of Aveiro, Portugal H. Varum, University of Aveiro, Portugal J. A. Mendes Da Silva, University of Coimbra, Portugal

sn the lst dedesD industriliztion nd rpid populE tion growth hs rought n urgent need for new ommodtion supplyF wny uildings were onstruted s quikly s possile reE grdless of ny re for qulity nd sfety onsidertionsF ionomi losses nd sulties during reent erthqukes hve inresed interest on reserh relted to seismi vulnerility ssessment of existing uildings in mny ountriesD espeilly in erthquke prone regionsF he numer of uildings tht should e heked direts the ivil engineering profession to (nd esy nd quik methods

76

Oral presentations
to identify the sfety level of struturesF everl proedures hve een proposed to predit seismi vulnerility of existing uildings @piwe ISRD piwe QIHD nd tpn eismi sndexAF he seismi vulnerility ssessment proedures n generlly e lssi(ed into three stgesX wlkEdownD preliminryD nd (nl evlution stgesF he wlkEdown nd preliminry evlution stges re most widely used proedures when quik ssessment of huge numer of uildings is point of interestF sn these stgesD typil prmeters onsidered for vulnerility ssessment inlude site lssi(tionD numer of storiesD existene of soft storyD short olumnsD nd hevy overhngsD potentil pounding possiilityD nd lterl lod resistne of the uildingF his study ims to exmine the e'ets of these prmeters on seismi response of reinfored onrete uildings through n nlytil study using nonliner stti proeduresF he sope of urrent study is limited to lowE nd midErise reinfored onrete uildings euse the highErise uildings require spei( nd detiled evlution rther thn the use of onventionl seismi vulnerility ssessment proeduresF he implitions re disussed in the pperF
HAZARD CONSISTENT ANALYTICAL FORMULATION FOR SEISMIC LIMIT-STATE PROBABILITIES  ID 987
X. Romo, FEUP, Portugal J. Guedes, FEUP, Portugal A. Costa, UA, Portugal R. Delgado, FEUP, Portugal

ES 6
existing uildings nd to forest the dmges tht my develop s result of given erthquke senrioF his is essentil for rtionl plnning of mny tionsD suh s the retro(t progrms of existing uildings efore the ourrene of strong erthqukeD llotion of resue fores nd equipment to optimlly del with the forested dmgeD short term nd longEterm rehilittion plnning fter the ourrene of strong erthqukeD etF he present methodology is deling with residentil uildings nd n e extended to other types of uildingsF he proposed pproh is sed on very limited mount of ville dt in ommon qs dtseF he dditionl needed dt is derived from thorough exmintion of the topology of the lyout of the uildings together with supporting dt relted to lol historil developmentD pplile odes nd regultionsD etF ith this set of dtD most likely struturl system is omposedD nd it is nlyzed in speil pproximte nonEliner mnnerD suitle to the unertinty onditions of the input dtF hen the pity nd the demnd re determinedD the expeted dmge my e estimted for the entire inventory of these uildingsF he lgorithms re integrted in qs dtse to enle exmintion of lrge inventory of uildingsF ell the lgorithms re developed in modulr pkges tht n e modi(ed or omined ording to vrious given sets of dtD nd n e used s 4utomti4 lgorithms in speil purpose softwreF he pper will present the methodology nd provide exmples of its implementtionF
SEISMIC SAFETY ASSESS OF NUCLEAR FACILITY STRUCTURES USING RISK MITIGATION FACTORS  ID 1227
T. Aoki, Aichi Institute of Technology, Japan B. Stojadinovic, University of California, Berkeley, United States Y. Arici, Bechtel Corp., United States

roilisti seismi ssessment requires extensive ompuE ttionl e'ort resulting from vriility in input ground motions nd mteril propertiesF xonethelessD suh methodologies re of onsiderle importneD nmely for preEerthquke disster plnning or development of retro(tting progrmsF he proposed pper presents generl frmework for the nlytil de(nition of losed form expressions for the hzrd onsistent proility of exeedne of given vimitEtte @vA de(ned y struturl response prmeterF he vs re de(ned y single deterministi thresholds of struturl response quntitiesF ixisting work on seismi v proilities fouses essentilly on the derivtion of frgility urvesF hough this pproh yields importnt struture spei( resultsD they my not e su0ient for prtil use on ostGe'etiveness deisionEmking proesses if the erthquke hzrd @proility of exeedneA informtion is not inludedF he proposed methodology trets seismi v proilities with diret inlusion of ground motion hzrdD thus yielding n integrted strutureGsite spei( risk resultD etter suited for ostGe'etiveness deisionsF he methodology is summrized in the followingF pirst n ixtreme ype proilisti distriution is (tted to the site9s ground motion hzrd urveF xonliner dynmi nlyses re then performed to determine the struture9s pek struturl response to set of pproprite elerogrms nd struturl demnd prmeters re reordedF henD for eh nlysisD mthemtil expression is (tted to the evolution of the hosen struturl demnd for inresing vlues of the ground motion intensity mesureF pinllyD the proilisti distriution of the ground motion hzrd is nlytilly trnsformed into the urve giving the proility of exeedne of the hosen response quntityF hi'erent pprohes will e proposed to ount for the rndomness of mteril properties nd ground motion input within the present frmeworkF he pper will present n pplition of the ssessment of di'erent v proilities of reinfored onrete uildingF
EFFICIENT EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF LARGE GROUPS OF EXISTING RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS  ID 1118
Y. Or, NBRI-Technion, Israel D. Yankelevsky, NBRI-Technion, Israel

eismi sfety of new nuler fility strutures in the is evluted using the risk redution ftorD rtio of the proE ility of hzrd to the proility of filureF his rtio informs the designer on how the properties of the struture redue the risk of filure in given seismi hzrd environmentF his pproh hs een developed y uennedy nd hort in IWVH9s nd hs een reently dopted in the egi RQEHS doumentF sn this pper we re proposing risk mitigtion ftor to ssess the seismi sfety of existing nuler filitiesF isk mitigtion ftor is the risk redution ftor pplied to existing struturesF husD we demonstrte how to use the frgility informtion ville in the literture to ompute the proility of filure given seismi hzrd environmentF purthermoreD we investigte the formultion of risk mitigtion eptne riteri t the struture level @s is trditionlly done for nuler struturesA nd t the omponent level @s is trditionlly done for onventionl struturesA nd ompre the two pprohesF e onlude with n exmple of using the risk mitigtion ftor to ssess the seismi sfety of the gew s sher wll enhmrk strutureF

ES 6: Lifeline Systems

Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 21

THE SEISMIC SCENARIO SIMULATION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS  ID 200
G. Y. Liu, Taiwan Y. J. Wang, Dep. Taiwan C. W. Liu, Dep. Electrical Eng., National Taiwan University, Taiwan Electrical Eng., National Taiwan University, National Center for Research on Earthquake Eng.,

his pper presents new methodology for erthquke vulnerility ssessment of lrge inventory of existing uildingsF st is of mjor importne for residentil res in erthquke prone res where onsiderle seismi risk existF here is need for rpidD ost e'etive nd relile ssessment of the pities of the

gtstrophi erthqukes my use severe power outges ndD s onsequeneD indue huge diret nd indiret losses nd rise di0ulties in emergeny mngementF st is highly desirle to e filitted with senrio simultion tool whih n estimte the likely power outgeD ording to whih dequte mesures ould e

77

ES 6
tken to ensure the preprednessF sn order to nswer this hllengeD hzrdEindued power outges were (rstly nlyzed in this study nd split in two phses temporllyF hse one refers to the relEtime response of the system to its dmgeD in whih the onsequene of power imlne nd the tivtion of rely protetion should e onsideredF hse two refers to while fter the erthquke when system opertors strt restoring the power supplyF row muh it n e restored depends on how dly it is dmged s well s how repir work proeedsF eondlyD nlysis proedures for estimting the two phses of power outge were developedD respetivelyF his ws done y prtly reEorgnizing the power network whih isoltes the dmged or norml nodes nd linesD nd prtly onduting power )ow nlysis whih mimis the response of system opertorsF he power system in iwn ws then refully treted s se studyF egionl lineEsoure erthquke senrios were introdued to hve etter predition of ground motion intensitiesF righ voltge trnsformers in its ritil susttions were ssumed vulnerleF e lrge mount of omputtionl work hs een rried out to otin its seismi performne through wonte grlo simultionF eismi soure grids whih ontriute most to the risk of power redution hve een identi(edF he onsequene of power disruption used y regionl erthqukes of highest potentil hs een exmined in detilF ell these will provide useful informtion to utility owners s well s emergeny mngersF
EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COMPLEX NETWORKS FOR CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION  ID 413
N. Nojima, Gifu University, Japan

Oral presentations
systems need more e'ort to develop etter methodologiesF sn this reserh new view on dmge nlysis of networks in generl nd seismi dmge nlysis espeilly is presentedF ixt simultion of networks needs omprehensive methodology sed on ext )ow pth strtegyF his importnt nd relisti strtegy is pursued in this reserhF wodi(ed th wtrix @wwA methodology is developed sed on ext )ow pth strtegy to otin ll possile pths etween eh desired soure s well s desired demndF his method is sed on modifying or extension of pth mtrix @or utEset mtrixA on eh level of onnetivityF veEerI oftwre is developed for seismi proilisti nlysis of ll lifeline system networks for ll seismi hzrdsD iFeFD wve propgtionD lndslideD liqueftion nd fult ross e'etsF his softwre supports three methods to proilisti nlysis for omponents of lifeline system networkF veEerI supports four possile methods for seismi hzrd loding of lifeline systemsF es se study network of qret ehrn egion ower upply ystem is nlyzed for di'erent prole erthquke senriosF esults of nlyses show this network of power supply system network is vulnerle for seismi eventsF emong ll omponentsD susttions re the most vulnerle nd wekest espeilly susttions y ril support systemF
PREDICTION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE TO WATER PIPELINES IN DENIZLI CITY, TURKEY  ID 383
S. Toprak, Pamukkale University, Turkey F. Taskin, Pamukkale University, Turkey

rotetion of ritil infrstruture from hzrdous events is n issue of high priority in modern soietyF eent nturl nd mnmde dissters demonstrted tht tstrophi onsequenes were indued y funtionl disruption of urn infrstruture omprised of omplex network systemsF uh events motivted ntionlGlol governments nd privte setors to mke e'orts on ritil infrstruture protetionF sn prtiulrD muh ttention hs een pid to tstrophi dmge spred in mjor erthqukesD euse those events were hrterized y simultneous ourrene of intensive dmge to urn infrstruturesF ith this kgroundD this study presents method for evluting funtionl performne of omplex network systems towrd the gol of e'etive protetion of ritil infrstrutureF gonventionl studies on lifeline system performne provide fundmentl onepts for opertion of network models under dverse irumstnesF xode removl is typil wy to rti(illy degrde network modelsD representing the loss of nodl funtionF wo representtive ptterns of node removl re ompredF yne is preferentil @or trgetedA node removl to exmine ttkEtolerne of the networkF he other is rndom node removl to exmine errorEtolerneF sn this studyD severl mesures re introdued for evluting postEdisster performne of degrded networksF hey reX IA reltive rehility mong ll node pirsD PA numer of lusters @disonneted sugrphsAD QA mximum luster sizeD RA numer of isolted nodesD SA verge pth length mong ll node pirsD nd TA dimeter @the longest pth length in the mximum lusterAF xumeril exmples re presented for IA rti(illy generted omplex networksD PA the ommeril irline network system in tpnD nd QA rod network system dmged y the PHHS xiigtkenEghuetsu erthquke in tpnF he results of performne evlution re shown in omprtive perspetiveF st hs een found tht the network performne strongly depends on the node removl ptternsD network on(gurtionsD nd severity of ttks or dissters s wellF
EXACT METHODOLOGY OF FLOW PATH ANALYSIS FOR LIFELINE NETWORK SYSTEMS  ID 466
M. Bastami, Kobe University, Japan S. Takada, Kobe University, Japan Y. Kuwata, Kobe University, Japan

huring the devstting IWWW wUFR uoeli nd wUFP huzeD urkey erthqukesD sustntil wter supply dmge ourred in mny itiesF por exmpleD the entire wter distriution system in edpzri ws dmgedF he wter servie ould not e restored until mny months fter the erthqukeF yne of the most ritil lessons of the reent erthqukes is the need for seismi plnning for lifelinesD with pproprite supplies nd k up systems for emergeny repir nd restortionF eismi plnning whih inludes hzrd mitigtionD risk mngement nd emergeny responseD however requires physil loss estimtions efore the erthqukes ourF irthquke dmge to uried pipelines n e ttriuted to trnsient ground deformtion @qhA or to permnent ground deE formtion @qhA or othF qh ours s result of seismi wves nd often stted s wve propgtion or ground shking e'etF qh ours s result of surfe fultingD liqueftionD lndslidesD nd di'erentil settlement from onsolidtion of ohesionless soilF he reltive mgnitudes of qh nd qh determine whih one will hve predominnt in)uene on pipeline responseF sn this studyD dmge to the wter pipelines of henizli gityD urkey during n erthquke of out wTFQ oth from the qh nd qh suh s soil liqueftion were ssessedF henizli is n importnt industril nd tourism enter nd lso one of the lrgest ities in the west prt of entoliF eent studies show tht this region is expeted to hve n erthquke of out wTFQ in ner futureF qeogrphi snformtion ystems @qsA were used in the nlysesF eent reserh results nd dmge orreltions otined from the wter supply performne during the erthqukes in the lst dede were inorported into the ssessmentF eltive e'ets of qh nd qh on the pipeline system were disussedF he postEerthquke performne of the wter pipeline system ws evluted nd vrious mitigtion strtegies were suggestedF
SURFACE GROUND STRAINS FROM DENSE ARRAY WEAK MOTION RECORDS: THE CASE OF PARKWAY VALLEY, NEW ZEALAND  ID 879
C. Smerzini, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy E. Faccioli, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy R. Paolucci, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy L. Scandella, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy W. Stephenson, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand

gomplexity of dmge nlysis of lifeline networks is min reson to use simple s well s pproximte methodologiesF ruge mounts of diret nd indiret losses due to seismi dmge of these vitl

eismi design of uried strutures is minly sed on the evlution of the groundEmotion indued strin (eldD nd of the relted seismi tion e'ets on the strutureF he min drwk of this pproh is tht it nnot rely upon diret mesure of

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the design prmeterD strin meters eing not generlly ville in seismi networksF por n indiret mesureD simpli(ed formuls relting pek ground strin to pek ground veloity re generlly usedD sed on Ih wve propgtion theory in homogeneous mediF hese formulsD dting k to xewmrk9s studiesD su'er from two min limittionsX iA they should not e pplied when the struture rosses strong lterl disontinuities in soil propertiesY iiA even for homogeneous medi they strongly depend on the wve type nd on the inidene ngleD kind of informtion tht is not generlly ville to the designerF sn this ontriutionD we onsider the wek motion reords of dense temporry network in rkwy lleyD xew elndF he lose sping of the sttionsD of the order of few tens of metersD llows us to de(ne with resonle detilD through suitle interpoltion proedureD the threeEomponent displement (eld t ground surfeD from whih the omponents of the strin tensor t ground surfe re lultedF he oserved orreltion of pek ground strin vsF pek ground veloity is disussedD highlighting the role of suitle mesure of the pprent wve propgtion veloityF pinllyD Ph numeril simultions of seismi wve propgtion long two representtive rossEsetions of rkwy vlley hve een rried outD in order to ssess the pility nd limittions of the numeril models to urtely reprodue the oserved surfe ground strinsF

ES 8 & ES 7
ES 8 & ES 7: Earthquake Engineering Practice (Recent Projects) and Architectural Aspects, Nonstructural Components and Contents (Joint Session)
Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 23
SEISMIC STABILITY OF HEAVY STONE FACADES  ID 556
D. Jurukovski, Institute of Earthquake Engineering (IZIIS),

Macedonia Z. Rakicevic, Institute of Earthquake Engineering (IZIIS), Macedonia

MITIGATION STRATEGY FOR WATER TRANSMISSION PIPELINES UNDER SEISMIC LOADS. THE CASE OF THESSALONIKI  ID 969
M. Alexoudi, AUTh, Greece A. Hatziathanasiou, AUTh, Greece M. Themistokleous, AUTh, Greece M. Hatzigogos, AUTh, Greece K. Pitilakis, AUTh, Greece

he min gol of this pper is to estimte the seismi performne of wter trnsmission pipeline from elikmon iver in hessloniki urn reD fter the identi(tion of potentil seismi hzrdF hessloniki is seond town in popultion nd importne in qreee nd in the lst dedeD fes serious wter supply prolems espeilly in summer monthsF his trnsmission wter pipeline in fullEopertionD will solve the supply prolem in hessloniki till PHRHF woreoverD hessloniki is loted in ervomedonin mssif tht is n espeilly tive seismi zoneF es resultD of the importne of wter trnsmission pipeline nd the seismiity of the reD n optiml mitigtion solution should e proposed to enhne pipeline reliility espeilly in the wek prts of the liner systemF wo seismi senrios were developed tht orrespond to mximum historil erthquke nd to IHHyer erthquke return periodF oil hrteriztion ws sed on emrsey9s @IWWTA lssi(tion nd on igVF he pek ground elertion nd veloities were estimted using krltoudis et l @PHHPA reltionF por the estimtion of liqueftion suseptiility of soil deposits ws used oud nd erkins @IWUVA methodologyF he lultion of lterl spreding ws sed on the work of eed 8 sdriss @IWVPA nd ground settlement on sshihr @IWWIA studyF he vlues otined in grid points nd erqs ws used for the sptil distriution of seismi motion in the re nd s relile dtse for pipeline hrteristisF he vulnerility ssessment for wter trnsmission pipe ws sed on y9ourke 8 eyl @IWWQA nd ronneger 8 iquhi @IWWPA frgility urve for wve propgtion nd permnent ground deformtions respetivelyF he di'erenes in system9s reliility re provided for preEerthquke ondition without upgrding nd fterEupgrding omprising oth vulnerility nd eonomil ostF woreoverD nlysis mdeD demonstrtes the ene(ts of erthquke prepredness nd response strtegy t preEerthquke period tking into ount pproprite mitigtion poliyF

pdes represent importnt rhiteturl detils of uildE ings nd s nonstruturl elements ould hve gret impt on struturl response during erthquke ground motionF ispeillyD this is true if hevy stone fdes re onerned @ISHkgGmP or moreAD sine the dded mss will ontriute for inresing of overll inerti fores in the min strutureF sully the hevy stones fdes re mounted on steel suEstrutureD nhored on the struturl wlls orGnd other min struturl memersF oD the stility of these fdes during servieility period nd during seismi event is very importntD sine their filure or even filure of seprte stone loks n use serous dmges to the min struture nd loss of humn9s lifeF he prolem of seismi stility of hevy stone fdes hs to e treted in three dimensionsD sine during n erthquke eside in plne fores presene of out of plne fores ould hve unfvourle e'et tooF he wy of mintenne of the fdesD nd tretment for preventing of orrosion of the steel suEstruture will lso hve in)uene on the overll stility of these fdesF he stone fde mnuftured y yxsgyD stlyD for the se of uilding of eix en roveneD prneD ws tken s n exmple on whih the seismi stility ws investigtedF pour di'erent rhiteturl stone fdes were instlled on reinfored onrete v shpe wllD whih represent IXI sle frgment of the prototype strutureF he testing hs een performed on ixil seismi shking tle instlled t hxvortoryD t sssEkopjeD epuli of wedoniF esting progrmme ws prepred in pproprite order nd ordingly relizedF vrge numer of experimentl dt hs een olletedF sn this pperD seleted experimentl resultsD reorded for required input level of HFPHgD HFQHg nd HFRHg will e presented nd disussedF elsoD the stility nd sfety riteri for these type of fdes will e disussedF
SEISMIC DESIGN OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING VISCOUS DAMPERS  ID 942 REINFORCED ADDITIONAL

S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy

rest onrete strutures hrterised y not momentE resisting frmes re hrterised y reltively lrge )exiility @wFrFtF lterl lodsA whih my led to di0ult stisftion of the performne requirements imposed y the regultionsD oth in terms of resistne nd deformilityF his pper illustrtes the dvntges o'ered y the insertion of dded visous dmpers in suh strutures with respet to the use of trditionl lterlEresisting ring systems through the seEstudy of the exeutive design of reinfored onrete PEstorey shopping mll uildingF his pper lso presents detils of the design proess whih should e undertken for the seismi design of strutures using dditionl visous dmpersF he design proess my e minly summrised into two stepsX @step IA preliminry nlyses developed using liner foreEveloity reltionship for the onstitutive lw of the visous dmpers nd @step PA nlyses rried out with more relisti modelling of the ommerilly ville mnuftured visous dmpersF sn this onnetionD two originl proedures hve een suggested nd dopted in the se studyX @iA the (rst one providing for n e'etive dimensioning of the dmping oe0ients of the liner dded visous dmpersD nd @iiA the seond one

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providing for the pssge from liner @xewtoninA modelling to nonEliner @pseudoEplstiA modelling for the onstitutive lw of the visous dmpers whih leds to similr performnes under sme inputsF
MARGINS OF FLOOR SPECTRA  ID 1025
I. Politopoulos, CEA, France

Oral presentations
CONFIGURATION AND MORPHOLOGY FOR THE APPLICATION OF NEW SEISMIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS  ID 1185
M. Mezzi, University of Perugia, Italy

he im of this pper is to hve further insight into the ehviour nd nlysis of seondry struturesD to estimte the mrgins @positive or negtiveA inherent in the methods proposed y most erthquke regultions for the design of equipment nd omponents of industril filities nd to ontriute to the determintion of less onservtive ut sfe )oor spetrF sn (rst time weD rie)yD disuss mrgins due to the ssumption of no intertion etween primry nd seondry strutures when oth of them re ssumed to hve liner responseF sn seond timeD epting the deoupling ssumptionD the inE )uene of the nonEliner ehviour of the primry struture on the )oor spetr is investigted y mens of simple models with just I or P degrees of freedom @hypAF he generl trends of )oor spetr for di'erent types of nonliner ehviour of I hyp primry struture re shown nd we point out their ommon futures nd their di'erenesF e prtiulr ttention is given to the se of n elsti plsti ehviour nd method to determine n equivlent liner osilltor is proposedF he propE erties @frequeny nd dmpingA of this equivlent liner osilltor re quite di'erent from the properties of equivlent liner osillE tors ommonly onsideredF ome ses of )oor spetr of P hyp nonliner primry strutures re lso disussedF et lstD the se of nonliner equipment on liner min struture is exminedF sn prtiulrD y mens of wonte grlo simultions we ompre the vulnerility of equipment on seismilly isolted uilding nd on onventionl uilding in the se of slightly di'erent erthquke exittion thn the one onsidered for the designF
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF LARGEDIAMETER LNG TANK FOUNDATIONS TO RESIST SEISMIC EVENTS  ID 1123
N. Peiris, Arup, UK A. Cushing, Arup, United States Z. Lubkowski, Arup, UK D. Scarr, BP, UK

xew design methodsD improving the seismi sfety of uildingsD should onsider the system ility to dissipte energy nd the e'ets of the lterl deformtionF hese onsidertions involve oth the morphologil nd struturl on(gurtions of uildingsD neverthelessD so fr they hve not signi(ntly in)uened the fundmentl onepts guiding the rhiteturl designF he lk of ler guidelines of seismi rhiteture eomes more pronouned when dopting new oneptions of struturl design nd the relted innovtive tehniquesF he reserh is devoted to nlyze the reltion etween rhiteturl morphologyD struturl on(gurtion nd seismi ehvior of uildingsD when innovtive protetion systems @se isoltion or energy dissiptionA re usedF he purpose is to outline the riteri leding the rhiteturl oneption nd the seletion of even omplex formsD or new rhiteturl morphologiesD to hieve suitle seismi ehviorF he si ide is tht some essentil hrteristis usully onsidered inppropriteD n e used to enhne dmping e'ets nd energy dissiptionF he most pproprite struturl on(gurtionsD tking into ount the innovtive seismi protetion systemsD re pointed outF e design methodology sed on the study of the min ftorsD rhiteturl nd struturlD in)uening the seismi response of uildings is developedF he gols onsist of orgni lists of struturl solutions llowing for the optimum rtiultion of rhiteturl morphologies iming t seismi protetionY suitly outlined rhiteturl on(gurtions inluding their signi(nt seismi performnesY optimum lssi(tion of innovtive protetion systems for the de(ned morphologil lssesF epplitions rried out on study ses nd tul uildings re illustrtedF

RETROFIT OF ANTALYA AIRPORT INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL BUILDING, TURKEY USING SEISMIC ISOLATION  ID 1259
C. Yilmaz, Metu, Turkey E. Booth, Edmund Booth Consulting Engineer, UK C. Sketchley, Parsons Brinckerho, UK

yn ehlf of f ixplortion gompnyD vtdD erup underE took fesiility study to exmine the viility of lrgeEdimeter lique(ed nturl gs @vxqA tnks in res of lowD moderte nd high seismiityF por the design of the tnk foundtionsD three generi soil pro(les were onsideredD rnging from dense snd to soft lyF wo primry ontinment mterils were lso evlutedX W7 xikel teel nd erup9s ellEgonrete @egvxqA tnkD with volumes up to QHHDHHH ui metresF his pper desries the individul tsks ssoited with the dyE nmi soilEstruture nlysis of the vxq tnkEfoundtion systemsD long with the orresponding tehniques whih were employed in the studyF peil ttention will e pid to the development of design erthquke spetrD modl nlysis of the liquid (lled tnks nd evlE ution of foundtion sti'ness for the purpose of lulting glol inertil xil nd lterl lodsD onsidertion of kinemti soil lodE ingD nd distriution of sher nd moment fores to the foundtion elementsF yn the sis of these nlysesD foundtion designs were dopted for eh omintion of tnk typeD dimeterD seismi zoneD nd soil pro(leD whih re summrized in the pperF st ws found tht the onstrution of single QHHDHHH ui metre vxq tnk is tehnilly fesileF eltive foundtion mteril quntities for the vrious tnk options re providedF

he interntionl irport terminl uilding t entlyD urkey ws ompleted in IWWV s n in situ reinfored onrete strutureD t time when the site ws ssigned to one R of the urkish ode with seismi oe0ient of HFIF pollowing mjor revision to the urkish odeD whih ressigned ently to more seismi zoneD design seismi fores for the re inresed y PHH7F sn view of the importne of the uildingD it ws deided tht the uilding should e upgrded to provide seismi performne t lest s good s tht required y the new regultionsF roweverD this upgrding hd to tke ple with miniml disruption to the ontinuing opertion of the terminlD whih is one of the usiest in urkeyD hndling IQ million pssengers yerF efter extensive studiesD it ws deided tht the optiml solution ws to introdue seismi isoltion erings under the entire uildingD whih overs footprint re of out PSHHH sq meters nd rises to height of IVm ove groundF sn the sene of generl sementD it ws deided tht the isoltion plne should e IFSm ove ground levelF sn order to e'et thisD the olumns were temporrily proppedD nd setions of olumns ut out t this levelD into whih led ruer erings were then insertedF sn ll totl of QSH led ruer erings were usedD supplemented y some pot nd sliding eringsF e rther novel solution ws developed to overome the prolem of potentil u'eting ross expnsion joints within the uildingF he pper desries the extensive nonEliner time history nlysis used to justify the designD nd outlines the onstrution methodsD whih lthough eing used for the (rst time in urkeyD hieved their gol of timely ompletion without interruption of opertions within the terminlF

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ES 9 & SS 5-I: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes
Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 22
BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY STRUCTURES DURING THE KASHMIR 2005 EARTHQUAKE  ID 1077
M. Javed, University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan A. Naeem Khan, University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan G. Magenes, University of Pavia, Italy A. Penna, EUCENTRE, Italy S. Podest, DISEG - Universit di Genova, Italy

ES 9 & SS 5
S. Peppoloni, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

he ytoer PHHS ushmir erthqukeD using over UHHHH dethsD ws one of the worst dissters in the history of kistn nd of the sndin suontinentF he vst mjority of uildings in the struk re onsisted of msonry dwellingsD mostly stoneF feing in generl the low qulity of non engineered msonry uildings the min use of ollpse nd dmgeD ommon soures of vulnerility were reognisedD suh sX use of rule stones with irregulr oursesD use of doule stone veneers with no trnsversl onnetionD poor qulity of mortrD no onnetion detils etween orthogonl wlls @sene of proper quoins or ring ems or steel tieErodsAD sene of onding elements t )oor nd roof levelsD dmge of wlls due to outEofEplne thrust from roofsF e ritil review of the dmge on msonry uildings ourred during the erthquke is presented in the pperD pointing out the min soures of vulnerilityD nd the mesures tht ould e tken to improve the qulity of msonry onstrution for erthquke resistneF
PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE 2005 OCTOBER 8: EARTHQUAKE EXPECTATION AND SEISMIC HAZARD THROUGH TO IMPACT  ID 811
P. Burton, University of East Anglia, UK S. Cole, University of East Anglia, UK

sn utumn PHHP two moderte energy erthqukes @QI ytoerD IHXQP qwD ww a SFRD nd I xovemerD ISXHV qwD ww a SFHA struk the provines of gmposso nd poggi @southern stlyAF he erthqukes ttined n intensity ss @wodi(ed werlli sleA throughout the epientrl reD exept for the villge of n qiulino di ugliD tht su'ered n intensity sssEsF hmge nd vulnerility surveys on monuments @hurhesA pointed out tht the geomorphologil site onditions gretly 'eted the dmge levelF sn prtiulr we found thtD for omprle intrinsi vulnerility of the uildingD the struturl dmge level is diretly orrelted to lol mpli(tion phenomenD due to the di'erent morphologil nd lithologil hrteristis of eh hurh siteF he ssessment of dmge inrese relted to lol mpli(tion of the ground shking is mde possile y evluting the dmge nd seismi vulnerility of eh hurh @eFgFD the lk of ntiseismi protetionD the presene of vulnerility inditorsAF he dmge inrese ws ompred to the morphoElithologil hrteristis of eh siteD shemtized with few simpli(ed prmetersF his methodology llows us to evlute seprtely morphologil hzrdD relted to the topogrphi hrteristis of the site nd the uilding lotionD nd lithologil hzrdD evluted on the sis of the stlin seismi odeF yur reserh gol ws to set up n expeted dmge evlution methodD tht onsiders not only the uilding vulnerilityD ut lso the dditionl vulnerility relted to the hurh site onditionsF he methodology n e e'etively used in preventive nlysesD trgeted to de(ne priority list of historil uildings nd monuments t high seismi riskF
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1994 AND 2004 AL HOCEIMA (MOROCCO) EARTHQUAKES  ID 935
F. Vidal, Granada University, Spain M. Navarro, Almera University, Spain T. Mourabit, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Morocco T. Enomoto, Kanagawa University, Japan E. Ocaa, Granada University, Spain

he diret impt of the kistn PHHS erthquke used y strong ground shking nd disturnes ws immedite destrution of rurl ivil dwellings nd other similrly uilt strutures @gtegory e nd f uildings on wu nd iw intensity slesA nd upwrds of VHDHHH dethsF his ples it mong the top PR worldwide during the lst millennium nd it exeeds the QHDHHHETHDHHH deths tht ompnied the uett IWQS erthquke in kistnF wny lndslides were indued s mjor seondry hzrdF he seismiity nd pprent seismi hzrd in the reD efore nd fter the erthqukeD re ssessed to exmine hnging expettionsF wethods used rnge from mgnitude nd strong ground shking expettion exmined using extreme vlue distriutions through to umultive strin energy nlysesF he extreme vlue pproh estlishes new hzrd mps for the re for omprison to qreF he umultive strin energy pproh exmines oth hnging expettions of similr erthquke in this re nd lso indites tht this erthquke ws proly tD or very nerD the lol mximum redile expettionF he hzrd results nd relted impt implitions re ompred to nd illustrted y oservtions mde in the (eld during n irthquke ingineering pield snvestigtion em @snstitution of truturl ingineersD vondonA mission to the dmge zones during xovemer PHHSF his mission oserved dmge to uildings nd lso ourrene of lndslides nd slips of vrying sizesF yservtions were mde on the ground nd from lowElevel )ights @ghinook heliopterA nd were supported y mer nd morder photogrphyF he hzrd expettions nd impt oserved rising from the kistn PHHS erthquke will e ompred nd disussed nd illustrted using photogrphi (eld oservtionsF gonttsX pFurtondueFFuk
SIMPLIFIED PARAMETERS FOR THE EVALUATION OF SITE EFFECTS IN THE SEISMIC RISK ANALYSES OF MONUMENTS  ID 656
G. Di Capua, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy E. Curti, DISEG - Universit di Genova, Italy A. Lemme, Freelance, Italy

he woroo region presents moderte seismi tivity hrterized y erthqukes of smll nd moderte mgnitude @urrently lower thn TFSAF eently two destrutive erthqukes hve ourred in this reX the wy PTD IWWR nd perury PRD PHHR events with mgnitude ww a TFH nd TFRD nd mximum intensities of grde sss nd sssEs @iwAD respetivelyF he di'erenes nd similrities etween oth erthquke sequenes nd mong their destrutive e'ets hve een nlysedF he ftershok tivity of the two sequenes ws shllow @`IS kmA nd distriuted on severl prllel fultsF he min shoks nd most of the ftershoks hve similr fol mehnism solution of strikeEslip fultingD with the leftElterl nodl plne striking xxiE @omptile with the trends of the fults oserved in the reAF he oserved e'ets on the ground @rksD lndslides nd rokEfllsA were in the PHHR erthquke less undnt nd smller in size thn in the IWWR eventF he most prominent lessons lerned in erthquke dmge distriution were the in)uene of the topogrphil e'ets in some villges @eFgF zrhine nd foukhlifA in the PHHR erthqukeY the high level of dmge in msonry rule stone nd mudE(eldstone struturesY the surprising low perentge of dmge of grde S @`IH 7A nd grde R @` QH 7A in doe msonry strutures with doule doe wllsY the ler in)uene of softEstory e'et in the ollpse of more thn SH reinfored onrete @gA uildings in snzouremF he severe nd exessive dmge in g uildings ws minly due to dEdesign @no seismi ode ws tken into ountAD to the use of indequte mterils @eFgF nonEorrugted steel nd snd for olumnsAD to n insu0ient reinforing lyoutD to the olumn nd em setions eing very smllD to poor olumn to em nd olumn to sl onnetionsD nd to very poor onstrution prtieF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF TYPICAL STEEL AND R.C. BUILDINGS DAMAGED BY THE BAM EARTHQUAKE IN IRAN  ID 236

81

ES 9 & SS 5
N. Hosseinzadeh, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Oral presentations
e voided in the future ny other midjudges of the erthqukes hzrdD for minimizing the loss of humn lives nd mteril dmgesF
EVALUATION OF BUILDING DAMAGES IN THE JUNE 2000 EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTH ICELAND  ID 1194
N. Indridason, VST Consulting Engineers Ltd., Iceland F. G. Sigtryggsdottir, VST Consulting Engineers Ltd, Iceland A. Gudmundsson, VST Consulting Engineers Ltd, Iceland

he fm erthquke on PTth heemer PHHQ of mgniE tude wwTFS ourred s the result of rightElterl strikeEslip motion of northEsouth oriented fm fult whih psses from the viinity of the ity of fmF his erthquke struk this nient town loted out VHHkm outh ist of ehrn in srnF ek ground elertion @qeA of the horizontl omponents of the erthquke reorded in the entre of the ityD were HFUTg perpendiulr nd HFTHg prllel to the fult diretion nd HFWVg in the vertil diretionF his erthquke with mximum intensity of W iw used lmost totl destrution of the town nd the surrounding res with n estimted ost of 6IH illion nd n pproximte loss of QHDHHH livesF en importnt ulturl loss ws the destrution of ergEeEfmD the lrgest mudErik omplex in the worldD loted on the histori ilk odD whih is more thn PHHH yers oldF hereforeD prtilly this erthquke ws not only humn tstropheY it ws lso ulturl tstrophe for srn nd the worldF sn this pperD two typil steel red nd reinfored onrete @FgFA uildings dmged during the fm erthquke seleted for investigtion nd omprison of the dmge levelF viner nd nonliner nlyses used for the seismi evlution nd the implitions for design prtie sed on strength nd dutilityF his study shows tht the rittle nture of the frtures deteted in wekly welded steel ring onnetions essentilly invlidted the design pprohes nd ode provisions sed on 4dutile4 struturl responseF hmge nlyses shows tht the seismi performne of the FgF uildings ws etter thn the steel uildings in the regionF fsillyD the ruil ftor in the high levels of deth nd destrution used y this erthquke in the new uildings is the lk of implementtion of uilding onstrution odeD not the intensity of the tremorF

sn tune PHHHD southern prt of selnd ws struk y two lrge erthqukes of mgnitude TFS nd TFRF portuntelyD there were no sultiesF roweverD the erthqukes used onsiderle dmge to uildings nd their ontentsF yn ehlf of selnd gtstrophi snsurne @sgsA tem of engiE neers rried out n extensive dmge evlution of uildings loted minly in two ounties in the southern prt of selndF gonsequent insurne ompenstion omprises QS w iuros pid out lim due to erthquke relted dmgeF gomprehensive (eld survey dt long with mesurement dt o'er gret opportunity to study reltion etween erthquke lodE ing nd uilding dmgeF e vst numer of pitures were tken desriing the dmgesF his pper gives n overview of the quntity of dmged uildingsD the severeness of the dmge nd lotion with regrd to the epientre etF purthermoreD dmge is nlysed nd grouped with regrd to type of uildings nd onstrution prtsF
STATISTICAL ANALYSES ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF BUILDINGS OF SAN GIULIANO DI PUGLIA DURING THE 2002 MOLISE EARTHQUAKE  ID 1750
A. Masi, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy C. Samela, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy G. Santarsiero, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy M. Vona, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy

ES 9 & SS 5-II: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes

Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 3
GLOBAL ANALYZE OF THE EARTHS SEISMIC ACTIVITY SINCE 80S AND GENERAL LESSONS LEARNT  ID 600
S. Mara, JRC-IPSC, Romania V. Serban-Nicolae, Babes-Bolyai University Faculty of Environment, Romania

he pper nlyzes possile inresed tendeny of erthquke tivity @norml is onsidered tht the irth seismi tivity is lmost onstnt in terms of numer of erthqukes per dede for orresponding mgnitudeAD reveled fter studying the frequeny of the prinipl mjor erthqukes mgnitudes world over reordedD sine IWVH9sF he results indited n unusul inresed seismi tivityD sine WH9sD whih is in ontrdition with the generlly onstnt trend of the previous dedeF por the evlution of the erthqukes evolutionD in order to (nd out if reveled ny prtiulr trendD were nlyzed reords over the lst PS yers up to nowD from qD gthered from seismogrphs from the interntionl survey networkF e simple liner orreltion ws used in order to tegorize the trend of the erthqukes tivity ll over the worldF sn order to lrify the use of the unusul inresed trend of the erthqukes frequeny in ertin periods of times fter WH9sD were took into ount diverse ssumptionsD sed with more detiled nlyze of the reent mjor erthqukesF he detiled nlyze of the mjor erthqukes sine WH9sD suh s uoeEtpn @IWWSAD woliseDugliEstly @PHHPAD fmEsrn @PHHQA nd ushmirEkistn @PHHSAD reveled tht ll these events surprised the lol popultion nd lol nd ntionl level risk mngersD euse the hit res were not onsidered efore spei(lly historilly erthquke prone zoneD so the uilding odes were not updted for rel seismi zone @inluding mjor ities s uoe nd sslmdAF he seismi nlyze is ompnied y generl lessons lernt for the risk mngers involved in the tivities of updting nd implementing the uilding odesD seismi risk zoning nd regultionD in order to

he dmge pttern in the re striken y the PHHP wolise erthquke @wlaSFRA quli(ed the event s n intensity ss wgD with the exeption of the villge of n qiulino whereD eyond the ollpse of the primry shool using PV dethsD wide nd hevy dmge ws oservedF sn xovemer PHHP tem of reserhers of the niversities of fsilit nd of xples surveyed the uilding stok of n qiulino olleting dt on the struturl nd dmge hrteristisF he dt were olleted y using n upgrded version of the eehi formD typilly used in stly fter seismi event to evlute the uilding usilityD nd the new wihie formF he survey ws rried out on ll the uildings of n qiulinoD thus providing ompleteD homogeneous nd relile set of dt to nlyse the rel performnes of uildings ndD onsequentlyD estimte their vulnerilityF sn previous studies @holeD wsi nd uro PHHQA preliminry nlysis of the dt hs een performedD showing tht the n qiulino settlement ould e sudivided in some zones ording to dmge nd struturl types distriutionsF heres high dmge levels re present in the urn entre s wholeD strong vritions in the di'erent zones hve een oservedF hese vritions nnot e explined only y the di'erent vulnerility of uildings ut lso the role of site mpli(tions ppers signi(ntF por this resonD detiled nlyses to ssess the in)uene of the di'erent ftors re neededF sn the present pperD in order to etter understnd nd quntify the role of the most importnt prmetersD their in)uene on the uilding performnes is exmined y using sttistil tehniquesF efter the evlution of some simple sttistis @men vluesD oe0ient of vritionsAD the dt re exmined y mesuring their ssoitionD through suitle orreltion oe0ientD nd then y performing n nlysis of vrineF
PERFORMANCE OF A 3-STOREY RC STRUCTURE ON SOFT SOIL IN THE M6.4 LEFKADA, 2003, GREECE, EARTHQUAKE  ID 1140

82

Oral presentations
C. Giarlelis, University of Patras, Greece D. Lekka, University of Patras, Greece G. Mylonakis, University of Patras, Greece S. Anagnostopoulos, University of Patras, Greece D. Karabalis, University of Patras, Greece

STS E1 & SS 6
STS E1 & SS 6: The Last Mile, Implementation of Risk Mitigation Measures in Europe
Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 23
SEISMIC CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR BUILDING PROJECTS IN SWITZERLAND  ID 783
B. Duvernay, Federal Oce for the Environment, Switzerland O. Lateltin, Federal Oce for the Environment, Switzerland

en evlution is presented of the response of QEstorey reinforedEonrete struture during the PHHQ wsTFR vefkd islnd erthqukeF uey spets of the event inludeX @IA the unusully strong levels of ground motion @qe HFSgY emx PFPgA reordedD IP km from fult in downtown vefkdY @PA the surprisingly low struturl dmge in the reY @QA the very soft soil onditions @sDmx ISHmGsAF he uilding under investigtion is n elongted reinfored onrete struture of retngulr pln supported on strip footingsD whih su'ered severe olumn dmge in ll )oors in the longitudinl diretionD yet only minor dmge in the trnsverse diretionF hetiled nonEliner timeEhistory nd spetrl nlyses highlight the interply of soilD foundtion nd superstruture in modifying seismi demnd in the two orthogonl diretions of the uildingF st is shown tht soilEstrutureEintertion @sA my hve dverse e'ets on inelsti seismi response ! ontrry to the widespred view of n lwysEene(il role of sF he response of nery singleEstorey strutures tht su'ered little or no dmge is ompred to tht of the uildingF truturlD geotehnil nd seismologil spets of the erthquke re disussedF

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAMAGE TO NONSTRUCTURAL BUILDING ELEMENTS AND THE SEISMIC INTENSITIES OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN JAPAN  ID 726
H. Kambara, Shimizu Corporation, Japan Y. Hayashi, Kyoto University, Japan K. Tamura, Shimizu Corporation, Japan

sn the lst dedesD tremendous e'ort nd progress hs een mde in understnding nd doumenting erthquke hzrd nd erthquke ehvior of struturesF hese e'orts hve een trnslted in modern erthquke hzrd mps nd stte of the rt uilding odes in most erthquke prone regions in iurope nd worldwideF etD gountless reent dissters hve shown tht ountries hving stte of the rt o0il uilding odes still hd high proportion of reent poorly seismilly designed uildings leding to high (nnil nd humn lossesF purthermoreD y the opinion of risk expertsD the glol seismi risk keeps inresingD thus showing tht these theoretil instruments re not or not su0iently trnslted into tionsF witzerlnd is no exeption to this generl trendF eismi proviE sions of uilding odes re still widely ignored or misused nd the generl puli is still very unwre of the seismi riskF wny onE strution professionls @mostly rhitetsA disrd this prolemti from their projetsF king this into ountD the pederl gounil hs lunhed progrm in PHHH with series of mesures whih im t losing the lst mile nd hieving rel seismi risk redutionF his progrm hs now een trnslted into down to erth proedures to ensure tht n dequte seismi design is e'etively put in ple for new uildings nd tht the opportunity to strengthen existing uildings is systemtilly evluted y importnt retro(t projetsF he federl progrm is unfortuntely restrited to federl onstruE tion projets nd only P ntons @sttesA out of PT in witzerlnd did lso implement suh proedures for privte setor uildingsF sn this pperD the ntureD e0ienyD eptne nd osts of seismi ontrol proedures for uilding projets in witzerlnd re disussedF
THE APPLICATION OF NON-LINEAR SYSTEM AND CHAOS THEORY IN PREDICTING FREQUENCY OF EARTHQUAKE IN IRAN  ID 185
S. Imani, university of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Soltani-Fard, Uninersity of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. R. Masnavi, University of Thehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Mousavi, E.Azarbaijan&Ardabil Regional Watrer Corporat, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he ility to evlute dmge of nonstruturl elements s well s struturl elements is essentil to estimte funtionl nd eonomi loss to uildings used y erthquke shkingF sn this studyD surveysD in the form of questionnires were sent out to investigte dmge levels of nonstruturl elements of uildings in seleted resF he surveys were onduted on seleted g uildings loted ner erthquke oservtion points where twe instruments reorded seismi intensities over RFH for ny of the pst (ve erthqukes in tpnF he reltionship etween seismi intensity nd dmge levels of nonstruturl elements were derived from the rtios of uildings with dmged nonstruturl elements mong ll uildings sujeted to the sme seismi event t sme level of intensity in the reF he following hrteristis re found y this study for dmge of nonstruturl elementsF A hmge ws minly deteted in exterior nd interior wllsD window glssD eilingsD doors nd elevtor equipmentD while dmge to ir onditioning systems nd (re protetion systems ws found less frequentlyF A irthquke shkings t the level of seismi intensity over SFH used signi(nt dmge to mny kinds of nonstruturl elementsF A he perentge of uildings with dmged nonstruturl elements inresed with the ge of the uildingsF dA he reltionship etween seismi intensity nd dmge of nonstruturl elements found in the PHHH ottoriEken eiu irthquke were similr to those found in the PHHI qeiyo irthqukeF por the PHHQ okhiEoki irthqukeD howeverD the reltionship vlues for some nonstruturl elements were di'erent from those for the oveEmentioned two erthqukesF reneD di'erenes in perentges of dmged uildings in given re is due to the hrteristis of tul erthquke motions even though the seismi intensity oserved is onsistentF

srn is one of the ountries tht enounter the most rises in widdle istF tudding this ountry from historilD politilD eonomilD soil et ler tht this ountry is more often onfronting with di'erent nturl or nonEnturl risis suh s revolutionD wrD terrorist ttkD eonomi prohiitionD erthqukeD )ood etF gonsidering verge of every dedeD people of this ountry hve fed t lest with tstrophi risisF he min point is tht there is some order in their frequeny nd lso omplexity in eh of themF vife in srn uses people to fe higher levels of riskF srn9s people n e divided in threeX IE he people t risk PE he people ttempt to free of risk QE he people tht hve eptle level of riskF he numer of third group is higher thn the (rst nd seond groupF eordinglyD people nd government wnt to redue the risk of tht risesFfut unertinty of lots of prolems ostles rehing this imF sn this pper we wnt to exmine the si resons of the risis emphsizing nturl risis espeilly erthqukesF prequeny nd proility of these events in the next dede of the PI the enturyD re estimted y using hos theory lso well py to the opportunities nd treties tht use inrese or derese of the risisF pinlly this question respondedD whether tht this ountry n reh eptle levels of risk in future or notF

83

STS E2
MANAGING CRISES: EARTHQUAKES IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE  ID 2019
M. Malesic, Slovenia V. Kouskouna, University of Athens, Greece Defence Research Centre, University of Ljubljana,

Oral presentations
the gg modl omintion rule whih would lso limit ury of response spetrum nlysis @eA for linerly elsti systemsF his pilot study hs pointed to the need for evluting the we proedure for unsymmetriEpln uildings onsidering n ensemle of ground motionsF
THE N2 METHOD FOR ASYMMETRIC BUILDINGS  ID 539
P. Fajfar, Univ. of Ljubljana, Slovenia D. Maruic, Univ. of Ljubljana, Slovenia I. Peru, Univ. of Ljubljana, Slovenia

he reord of pst events nd reent reserh revel tht qreee nd loveni re oth erthqukeEprone ountriesF he uthorities of qreee nd loveni hve developed their own systems of preventionD preprednessD resue nd reovery in se of n erthqukeF ienti( oopertion etween the two ountries sprked the reserh projet wnging risesX erthqukes in omprtive perspetiveF he reserh fellows from the xtionl 8 upodistrin niversity of ethensD pulty of qeology 8 qeoenvironment nd the niversity of vjuljnD pulty of oil ienes exploreD using omprtive methodD erthqukes in historil perspetive @etlnti in IVWR nd vjuljn in IVWSA nd reent perspetive @osoje IWWV nd rnith IWWWAF hey explore seismologil spets of eventsD ut lso fous on risis mngementD using system nd funtionl pprohes to the nlysisF he reserh results should onsequently provide deeper seismologil insights into pst nd reent erthqukes @seismi prmetersD seismi risk ssessmentD ftershok tivityD etFA nd thorough informtion on the risis mngement tivity @prevention nd mitigtionD ledershipD pereption of risisD risis ommunitionD interntionliztion of risis nd lessons lerntAF he ltter should e shred y the demi nd professionl udienes of qreeeD loveni nd other interested ountriesF

STS E2: Practice-oriented Nonlinear Approaches for Performance Assessment and Design
Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 4

he xP method represents reltively simple nd e0E ient tool for simpli(ed nonliner nlysis of struturesF he si version of this method hs een implemented in iuroode V @ennex f of rt IAF he method is sed on pushover nlysisF eismi demnd is determined from inelsti spetr nd depends on the period of the idelized equivlent hyp systemF he trnsformtion from the whyp to n equivlent hyp system is sed on the ssumption of timeEinvrint displement shpeF his ssumption represents the mjor limittion of the ppliility of the methodF st works well in the se of plnr struturl models with smll in)uene of higher modesF sn the se of symmetri uilding struturesD represented y Qh struturl modelD severl modes my sustntilly ontriute to the response nd the torsionl e'ets my not e properly tken into ount y strightforwrd extension of the xP method to Qh modelsF he results of reent prmetri studies suggest tht in the mjority of ses n upper limit for torsionl e'ets n e estimted y liner dynmi @spetrlA nlysisF fsed on this oservtionD it is proposed tht the results otined y pushover nlysis of Qh struturl model e omined with the results of liner dynmi @spetrlA nlysisF he former results ontrol the trget displements nd the distriution of deformtions long the height of the uildingD wheres the ltter results de(ne the torsionl mpli(tionsF sn the pperD the extended xP method is summrized nd pplied to severl test exmplesF he results re ompred with results of nonliner dynmi timeEhistory nlysesF
FACILITATING THE SELECTION OF EFFECTIVE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN  ID 1272
F. Zareian, Stanford University, United States H. Krawinkler, Stanford University, United States

EVALUATION OF THE MODAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS PROCEDURE FOR UNSYMMETRIC-PLAN BUILDINGS  ID 1327
A. Chopra, University of California Berkeley, United States

fsed on struturl dynmis theoryD the modl pushover nlysis @weA proedure retins the oneptul simpliity of urrent pushover nlysis proedures with invrint fore distriE utionD now ommon in struturl engineering prtieF eentlyD the we proedure for estimting seismi demnds hs een extended to unsymmetriEpln uildingsF sn the we proedureD the seismi demnd due to individul terms in the modl expnsion of the e'etive erthquke fores is determined y nonliner stti nlysis using the inerti fore distriution for eh modeD whih for unsymmetri uildings inludes two lterl fores nd torque t eh )oor levelF hese modl demnds due to the (rst few terms of the modl expnsion re then omined y the gg rule to otin n estimte of the totl seismi demnd for inelsti systemsF hen pplied to elsti systemsD the we proedure is equivlent to stndrd response spetrum nlysis @eAF he proposed pper evlutes the ury of the we proedure ginst the ext nonliner response history nlysis @reA for rnge of unsymmetriEpln multistory systemsF he seleted systems represents di'erent degrees of oupling etween lterl nd torsionl motionsD s hrterized y di'erent vlues of the rtio of unoupled lterl nd torsionl periodsX torsionllyEsti' systemD torsionllyE)exile systemD nd torsionllyEsimilrlyEsti' systemF he we estimtes of seismi demnd for torsionllyEsti' nd torsionllyE)exile unsymmetri systems re shown to e similrly urte s they re for the symmetri uildingY howeverD the results deteriorte for torsionllyEsimilrlyEsti' unsymmetriEpln system nd the ground motion onsidered euse @A elsti modes re strongly oupledD nd @A roof displement is underestimted y

his pper fouses on providing simple nd prtil pproh for erformneEfsed hesign @fhAF he proess for proilisti erformneEfsed essessment @feAD s developed reently in vrious orgniztions @eFgFD i( irthquke ingiE neering eserh genterAD implies thtD given uilding nd its lotionD one n rigorously lulte the orresponding losses @eFgF expeted dollr loss t ertin hzrd level or men nnul frequeny of ollpseAF elthough this proess is mthemtilly powerful nd ounts for losses of ll struturl nd nonEstruturl omponentsD its implementtion in prtie is rigorous nd in mny ses imprtilF elsoD it is neither prtil nor e0ient to use this pproh for erformneEfsed hesign @fhAF hesign is di'erent from ssessment y virtue of the ft tht the uilding (rst needs to e retedF sn the simpli(ed fh pproh proposed in this pperD performne is de(ned y severl performne ojetives tht ple limits on diret @monetryA lossD downtime lossD nd life loss @or tolerle proility of ollpseAF he proposed design proess inorportes di'erent performne ojetives up frontD efore the struturl system is retedD nd ssists engineers in mking informed deisions on the hoie of n e'etive struturl system nd its sti'ness @periodAD se sher strengthD nd other importnt glol struturl prmetersF he tools needed to implement this design proess re @IA hzrd urves for spei( ground motion intensity mesureD @PA men loss urves for struturl nd nonstruturl susystemsD @QA struturl response urves tht relteD for di'erent struturl systemsD ground motion intensity mesure to the engineering demnd prmeter @eFgFD interstory drift or )oor elertionA on whih the susystem loss dependsD nd @RA

84

Oral presentations
ollpse frgility urvesF he proposed proess is illustrted in n exmple to demonstrte its prtilityF

STS E3
he extension onsists in generting nd nlyzing vrints of the Q nd SEstory uildingsD designed oth with zero nd S7 identl eentriityD where their physil eentriities of HFH @symmetriAD HFI nd HFP were modi(ed y introduing n extr S7  identl eentriity in oth diretionsF he results re expressed in terms of em rottionl dutility ftors nd dmge indiesF hey indite tht the identl eentriity is not very e'etive in reduing dutility demnds or the dmge indexF sn ftD in severl osions the designs with zero identl eentriity exhiited dutility demndsD in some lotions t lestD less thn those with identl eentriityF hese (ndings suggest tht the identl eentriity provisions in the odesD espeilly the more omplited ones s in the sfgPHHHD should e reEexminedD in view of the dditionl omputtionl requirements they impose on designersF
POST-TEST ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS OF PSD TESTING ON A FULLSIZE THREE-STOREY RC PLAN-WISE IRREGULAR BUILDING  ID 76
P. Negro, JRC, Italy E. Mola, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

STS E3: Irregular Structures.

Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 23
EAEE TASK GROUP (TG) 8: SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF IRREGULAR AND COMPLEX STRUCTURES: PROGRESS SINCE 2002  ID 1443
M. De Stefano, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy

he interest in seismi ehviour of irregulr strutures hs intensi(ed in reent yersF sn this pperD pulished reserh on the seismi response of irregulrD oth plnEwise nd vertillyD strutures sine IPth igii in PHHP is rie)y reviewedF st is shown tht most ppers del with the following topisX E esymmetri single nd multiEstorey uildings E ertilly irregulr nd setEk strutures E eismilly isolted nd ontrolled strutures redition of nonliner dynmi response y mens of pushover nlysis nd odeErelted issues hve een lso investigtedD while few pper hve een reporting experimentl resultsF
COMPARISON OF 2D AND 3D PUSHOVER ANALYSIS WITH TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS IN ASYMMETRIC BUILDINGS  ID 447
F. Forootan, Azad University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. S. Moghadam, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn this pper the drift response of multistory symmetri uildings re ompred using PhD Qh pushover nlyses nd nonliner time history nlysisF he struture models re mss or sti'ness eentri multistory three dimensionl steel moment resisting frmes with rings t the externl frmesF he strutures re sujeted to seven erthquke ground motions nd the edge displement rtio of the frmes to the displement of the enter of mss is de(ned s oe0ient to onsider the e'et of eentriity nd symmetryF he trget displement of the struture nd eh individul frme is lulted y the relevnt formuls nd re multiplied y the oe0ientF Ph 8 Qh pushover nlyses re onduted nd the drift responses of the uilding in di'erent frmes re ompred with time history nlysesF he result shows tht the proedure of determining trget displement in pushover methods should e modi(ed to provide onservtive results suitle for design purposeF
IMPORTANCE OF ACCIDENTAL ECCENTRICITY FOR THE INELASTIC EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF BUILDINGS  ID 1192
K. Stathopoulos, DOMI, Greece S. Anagnostopoulos, University of Patras, Greece

sn the frmework of the reserh tivity of the ive vortory of the toint eserh gentreD pseudoEdynmi testing of relEsize plnEwise irregulr QEstorey frme strutureD oth in the sEuit9 nd in two retro(tted on(gurtionsD ws rried out s the ore of the reserh projet ie @eismi irE formne essessment nd ehilittion of existing uildingsAF he experimentl tivity rried out on the ie struture llowed oneEofEEkind welth of dt to e olletedD in (eld whereD until nowD experimentl vlidtion of longElsting nd lively dete in the erthquke engineering ommunity hs een insu0ientX tht of the seismi ehviour of plnEwise irregulr struturesF yne in the postEtest phseD it eme ler tht good understnding of the omplex fetures of the response of the speimen ws di0ult to e otinedD due to the e'ets of doule eentriitiesD dding up to poor struturl detiling nd lk of dutilityF por this resonD it ws deided to pply to the most signi(nt olleted dt series the urhunenEvove @uEvA @or prinipl omponent nlysisA methodF he methodD pplied to the nlysis of the dt olleted in the test in the originl nd in the two di'erent retro(tted on(gurtionsD llowed onlusions to e drwn on the reltive e'etiveness of the retro(tting strtegies in 'eting the seismi response nd eventully in reduing the verse torsionl e'ets in the responseF woreoverD the energy dissiption ptterns in the di'erent on(gurtions were nlysed in modl perspetiveF he (nl im of the pper is to put the otined results in performneEoriented perspetiveD in the frmework of the urrently open disussion on the prmeters of eletion to e tken into ount in the design or ssessment phse in order for the engineer to orretly predit or originte the desired ehviour in the presene of pln irregulrity induing twisting e'etsF
NONLINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS WITH TEST VERIFICATION OF AN IRREGULAR BUILDING  ID 253
Y. Zhou, Research Institute of SE and Disaster Reduction, China X. Lu, State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in CE, China

he purpose of identl eentriity tht modern odes speify for erthquke resistnt uilding design is to ount for torsion due to ftors di0ult to preditD quntify nd expliitly onsiderF uh ftors re unknown distriutions of live lodsD unE ertinties in memer sti'nessD nonEstruturl elementsD rottionl omponents of ground motionD etF he identl eentriity provisions vry mong di'erent odes nd re ll sed on elsti response onsidertionsF he present pper presents n extension of erlier work where this prolem ws investigted using oth simpli(ed nd detiled inelsti models of the sher em nd the plsti hinge typeD respetivelyF he detiled models were three nd (ve story frme uildings with physil eentriities of HFH @symmetriAD HFIH nd HFPHD nd were ll designed for di'erent identl eentriitiesD inluding those spei(ed y igV nd y sfg PHHHF yriginlly these models were sujeted to group of ten semiErti(il motionsD omptile with the design spetrumF

hpes of highErise ity uildings re eoming inresE ingly unique nd omplited owing to the ommeril or estheti onsidertionsF his rings hllenges to struturl engineers in nlyzing nd prediting their dynmi responseD whih is ruil to the sfety of the uildingsF e detiled study is required to verify the seismi sfety nd rtionlity of the designF his pper presented the results of shking tle model test nd nonliner time history nlysis oth performed for highErise uilding with two lrge openings @PHm y PHmA in elevtionF sn the dynmi testD the model su'ered two erthquke inputs nd n rti(il erthquke simultion under frequentD si nd rre ourrene of seismi levelsD respetivelyF eelertion response ws mesured nd rks were oserved with the inrese of input intensity of erthquke simultionsF wodel displement ws hieved

85

STS E5
y integrting the elertion twieF sn the nlysisD nonliner struturl responses were re)eted y lulting memer skeleton urve in spei(ed softwre nd then inputting them in the (nite element progrmF enlytil resultsD inluding model frequeniesD timeEhistory nd envelop of displementD were ompred to the experimentl responsesD nd ordingly the seismi performne of the uilding struture ws evlutedF st ws onluded tht oth the experimentl nd nlytil models ould otin the urte dynmi property of the irregulr highErise uildingF he struturl design hs een improved sed on the struturl vulnerle position evlution of the dynmi model test nd timeEhistory nlysisF
OPTIMAL INSERTION OF VISCOUS DAMPERS INTO TORSIONALLY COUPLED STRUCTURES  ID 949
G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy

Oral presentations
the elsti sti'ness @eFgF the equl displement pproximtionAD nd the ssumption tht the initil sti'ness n e estimted t the strt of the design proessD efore strength is knownF hese points re elorted in the pperF
REFLECTIONS ON THE USE OF ELASTIC OR SECANT STIFFNESS FOR SEISMIC EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURE  ID 1476
E. Miranda, Stanford University, United States

trutures hrterized y non oinident enter of mss nd enter of sti'nessD lso referred to s eentri struturesD deE velop oupled lterlEtorsionl response when sujeted to seismi exittionF his oupled ehviour my inrese signi(ntly the lol pek dynmi response of suh strutureD s ompred to tht of n equivlent system with oinident enter of mss nd enter of sti'ness @equivlent nonEeentri systemAF sn reent yersD numer of innovtive erthqukeEengineering tehniquesD suh s tiveD pssive or hyrid tiveGpssive erthquke protetion systemsD hve een developed nd implemented in tul uilding onstrutionsF emong pssive protetion systemsD dded visous dmpers hve proven so fr to e esily pplile nd highly e'etiveF sn this pperD the e'ets of inserting system of dded dmpers into eentri strutures re investigted with referene to liner elsti one storey sti'ness eentri strutures sujeted to seismi exittionF he gol of the reserh study here desried is the identi(tion of the optiml system of dded visous dmpers ple of minimising the seismi indued torsionl e'etsF sn detilD the pper introdues n optimistion proedure sed upon geneti lgorithms nd the use of seleted response indexes sed upon the men squre response to stohsti inputs of the eentri systemsF he stohsti response is here evluted with referene to white noise inputF isous dmpers re modelled using liner onstitutive lwF he e'etiveness of the proposed optimistion proedure is here mesured with referene to the response of eentri systems s sujeted to historilly reorded ground motionsF

gurrent seismi design riteri mke use of either initil sti'ness or sent sti'ness for preliminry design of new struE tures nd for evlution of existing struturesF he use of these pprohes is losely relted to the hoie of pproximte methods to estimte pek deformtion demndsF hisplement sed pprohes tht use initil sti'ness re typilly used in omintion with methods sed on displement modi(tion ftors while displement sed pprohes sed on sent sti'ness re ommonly used in omintion with equivlent liner pprohesF his pper exmines oth pprohes nd provides some oservtions on themF st is shown thtD ontrry to the prevlent notion tht for medium nd long period strutures displement demnds re independent of lterl strengthD weker strutures hve lrger proility of exeeding mximum tolerle displements nd of exhiiting dynmi instilityF imilrlyD nd ontrry to the ommonly used ssumption tht pek deforE mtion in nonliner strutures depends on the energy dissiption pity @re inside the hysteresis loopAD it is shown tht pek deformtion demnds re not strongly in)uened y this struturl hrteristiF imilrlyD severl exmples re used to illustrte tht periodEindependent equtions ommonly used in equivlent liner methods to estimte equivlent dmping rtios nd period shifts my led to onsiderle errors in the se of short period struturesF purthermoreD equivlent liner pprohes my led to multiple solutions with no ler guidne s of whih one is orretF smprovements to oth pprohes re proposedF st is shown thtD if dequtely implemented oth pprohes my led to dequte resultsD howeverD oth pprohes involve onsiderle unertinties whih need to e properly ounted forF peil emphsis is pled on the level of pproximtion tht these methods provide nd how to tke into ount unertinties in rtionl frmeworkF

STS E5: Eurocode 8 : How to Apply ?

Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 4

STS E4: Displacement Based Design: Initial Versus Secant Stiness

Tuesday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 1
INITIAL STIFFNESS OR SECANT STIFFNESS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN - WHICH IS MORE APPROPRIATE?  ID 469
N. Priestley, Rose School, Italy

THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY OF EUROCODE 8 AND THE APPLICABILITY OF COMPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS - THE SITUATION  ID 310
M. Fardis, University of Patras, Greece

he pper exmines nd ompres the onepts of seisE mi design using initil sti'ness nd sent sti'ness to hrterize dutile responseF snitil sti'ness is the urrent sis of lmost ll seismi design odesD nd thus hs the merit of fmilirityD whih should not e underestimtedF glerlyD if improvements to seismi design n e logilly implemented within the frmework of n initil sti'nessGehviour ftor pprohD this is to e desiredF here reD howeverD severe limittions to the initil sti'ness pproh tht re more redily resolved y use of displementEsed proedure utilizing sent sti'nessF hese limittions inlude the determintion of the pproprite ehviour ftor for mixed struturl systems @eFgF wllsCfrmesAD the ssumption tht displement demnd n e estimted sed on

ixIWWVEIXPHHR nd ixIWWVESXPHHR were pulished y gix s iuropen tndrds in xovF nd heF PHHRF ixIWWVEPXPHHSD ixIWWVEQXPHHS nd ixIWWVETXPHHS were pulished s iuropen tndrds etween tune nd xovF PHHSF wo yers from these dtes gix wemer ttes should hve pulished the xtionl ennexes to these ixsF eording to the iuropen gommissionD i ttes should dopt the ixEiuroodes s suitle mens for struturl designD refer to them in their ntionl provisions on struturl onstrution produtsD se on them the tehnil spei(tions in ontrts for works nd relted engineering servies in the puli setor nd in the wterD energyD trnsport nd teleommunitions setorsD nd promote them in privte ontrts over ntionl regultionsF xtionl hoie through the xtionl ennex will e limited to the xtionlly hetermined rmetersD whih re symols @eFgF sfety ftorsD return period of design seismi tionAD tehnil lsses @eFgF dutility lssesA nd proeduresGmethods fully desried in the normtive textF xtionl ennexes my lso provide omplementry informtionD nonEontrditory to the ixEiuroode rulesD to ssist users to pply the ixEiuroodeF

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Oral presentations
iuroode V itself invites for suh informtion items not fully overed in its sope omplementry to iuroode V for items not fully overed in its sopeD fFiFD for the omintion of nonEindependent modes or of the mximum vetoril tion e'ets of di'erent seismi tion omponentsF yther suh items re )t sls in uildingsD prestressing in dissiptive zones of onrete memersD memer models in nonliner nlysisD or mehnil models of msonry in(ll pnels for their expliit modelling in nlysisF xtionl ennexes nnot modify or reple ny ixEiuroode ruleF elthough disourgedD suh devitions from the ixEiuroode re llowed in ntionl regultions other thn the xtionl ennexF roweverD design tht uses deviting ntionl regultions nnot e lled design ording to ixEiuroodesF
APPLICATION OF EUROCODE 8 IN SWITZERLAND  ID 1399
T. Wenk, Switzerland A. Sextos, Aristotle University, Greece

STS E6
ithin the frmework of mjor reserh progrmme @eroqeX eismi rotetion of fridges9A oordinted y the vortory of gonrete nd wsonry trutures of the eristotle niversity of hesslonikiD the need rose for deriving seismi frgility urves for ll types of ridges ommonly found in the motorwy system of qreeeY these ridges n e onsidered s representtive of urrent seismi design prtie in outhern iuropeF hese frgility urves will e useD mong other pplitionsD s prt of the seismi risk mngement system of the ridges long the TVHkm long ignti wotorwy @some of whih re instrumented within the frmework of eroqeAF everl methods re urrently eing tested for produing frgility urves for totl of ten di'erent types of onrete ridgesD identi(ed s the most ommon ones in igntiF he nlysis of these ridges is rried out using dvned inelsti tools developed y the uthorsD whih inludeD mong others modl pushover nlysis sed on ppropritely seleted monitoring points for drwing the pushover urvesD nd the populr demnd nd pity spetr pproh time history nlysis ounting for the in)uene of sptil vriility of erthquke ground motion on oth stright nd urved ridgesD s well s of soilEfoundtionEsuperstruture intertion he frgility urves re drwn ssuming lognorml distriutionD nd onstruting the si reltionship etween intensity of ground motion nd ridge dmge stte using either pushover nlysis or dynmi time history nlysisF he former reltionship then yields the dmge stte threshold vlues for the frgility urves @(ve sttes re onsideredAD whih re de(ned di'erently in ridges with yielding piers @of the olumn typeAD nd ridges with elstomeri erings nd nonEyielding piers of the wll typeF wo exmples of frgility urves will e presentedD one for eh of the forementioned typesF
FRAGILITIES OF PEER TESTBED BRIDGES  ID 1219
K. Mackie, University of California Berkeley, United States B. Stojadinovic, University of California Berkeley, United States

sn PHHQ new genertion of struturl stndrds sed on the iuroodes were pulished in witzerlndF snsted of simply tking over iuroode V s independent seismi doumentsD difE ferent pproh ws seletedF he seismi regultions of iuroode V were integrted in the tion ode nd in the di'erent mteril relted odesF et the sme timeD iuroode V regultions were ondensed to the priniples nd to minimum of pplition rules suitle for ountry with low to medium seismiityF he wiss integrtion pproh llowed to eliminte ertin ontrditions etween di'erent iuroodes nd to produe more userfriendly ode suitle for prtil useF

STS E6-I: Seismic Assessment and Retrot of Bridges

Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 23

AN ADAPTIVE CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF BRIDGES SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE ACTION  ID 511
C. Casarotti, Structural Mechanics Dept.,University Pavia, Italy G. M. Calvi, Structural Mechanics Dept.,University Pavia, Italy R. Pinho, ROSE School, Italy

istimting seismi demnds on struturesD to predit their performne level with on(deneD requires expliit onsidertion of the struturl inelsti ehviourX to this endD the use of nonliner stti proedures is inevitly going to e fvoured over omplex nonliner time history methodsF he urrently proposed ssessment proedures hve een tested predominntly ginst uilding frmesF e newly derived ssessment proedure is proposed within the sope of ridge pplitionsD sed on n innovtive displementEsed dptive pushover tehniqueF he proedureD whih n e inorported into performneEsed engineering philosophyD is pplile to whyp ontinuous spn ridges with )exile or rigid superstruturesD nd for vrying degrees of utment restrintF es (rst pplition to determine the viility of the proposed proedureD prmetri study is onduted on ensmle of ridges sujeted to erthquke motionF st is shown thtD ompred to the seismi demnd estimted y mens of the more urte nonliner dynmi nlysis toolD the novel stti ssessment method n led to the ttinment of stisftory preditionsD oth in terms of displement s well s moment demnd on memersF
A METHODOLOGY FOR DERIVATION OF SEISMIC FRAGILITY CURVES FOR BRIDGES WITH THE AID OF ADVANCED ANALYSIS TOOLS  ID 275
A. Kappos, Aristotle University, Greece I. Moschonas, Aristotle University, Greece T. Paraskeva, Aristotle University, Greece

wultipleEspn reinfored onrete highwy overpss ridges onstitute lrge numer of the totl inventory of ridges in gliforniD prtiulrly ridges of new designF erformne of these ridges is therefore integrl in the evlution of trnsporttion network performne under highEintensity erthquke senriosF edditionllyD proilisti qunti(tion of ridge response nd vulnerility provides insight into the evlution of urrent designs t di'erent levels of seismi hzrd for design nd plnning purposesF prgility urves depit the proility of exeeding performne gols t the demndD dmgeD nd loss levelsD onditioned on the intensity of ground motion experiened y the ridgeF he i( irthquke ingineering eserh @iiA genter9s performneEsed erthquke engineering frmework ws used to generte the ridge frgilitiesF sn this pperD two typil single olumnEperEentD (veEspnD postEtensioned ox girder reinfored onrete highwy ridges of new design re nlyzedF he (rst ridge hs stright dek nd TFUm olumns of equl height ove grdeF he seond ridge hs ISFPm olumn heightsF ih ridge type hs vriety of olumn designs for di'erent seismi demndsF e omplex model of the strutures is reted using the ypenees pltform tht ounts for nonliner ehvior of the olumnsD dekD utmentsD nd expnsion joints t the utmentsF eismi demnd models re then developed using nonliner time history nlysisD inluding under nerE(eld exittionF hmge in the olumns is then determined from dtse of experimentl tests nd pproximte repir ost rtios re estimted from the ssumed disrete dmge sttesF prgilities ompring the two si ridge types re presented for demnd @drift rtioAD dmge to the ridge olumnsD nd repir ost rtioF
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF BRIDGES - APPLICATION TO A REAL CASE  ID 1144
P. Delgado, Instituto Politcnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal R. Monteiro, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal M. Marques, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto,

87

STS E6
Portugal R. Delgado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal A. Costa, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Oral presentations
STS E6-II: Seismic Retrot of Bridges Assessment and

Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 23

he min sope of the pper is to present proilisti methodology for the struturl sfety ssessment nd its pplition to rel se in order to evlute its seismi sfetyF he pper hs een settled within the vivy projet ! e iuropen sntegrted rojet on isk witigtion for irthqukes nd vndslides ! whih onsists in the development of methods for seismi frgility nlysis of struturesF hese methods will ount for unertinty in seismi motionD mehnil prmetersD pity modelsD nd for multiple orrelted modes of filureF he min ojetive is to pply the proilisti methods to rel strutures to ssess their vlidity nd prtiilityF sn this workD the rel struture under nlysis is ridge ! the vordo vidut ! reently designed in seismi re of outhern stlyF he struturl modelling of the ridge is rried out using nonEliner plne model nd stepEyEstep dynmi nlysisF he study involves preliminry elsti nlysisD where mssD geometry nd modl hrteristis re de(nedD followed y detiled sfetyGvulnerility ssessment nlysisF por this lst oneD severl intensity levels of erthquke ground motion re onsidered to hieve the orresponding filure proilitiesD the points of the struturl frgility urveF sn dditionD it is lso presented the vulnerility funtionD the men dutility demnd s funtion of the intensity levelD whih enles to evlute the glol filure proilityF

SEISMIC RETROFIT OF BRIDGE - A JAPANESE PRACTICE  ID 825

K. Kawashima, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

MODELING OF EMBANKMENT FLEXIBILITY AND SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION IN INTEGRAL BRIDGES  ID 125

A. Kotsoglou, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece S. Pantazopoulou, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece

en importnt spet of seismi retro(t is tht di0ult restritions nd requirements in retro(t design sometimes vlidte to use new mterils nd onstrution methodsF gonsequently seismi retro(t is good opportunity for engineers nd reserhers for hllenging to use new nd high performne mterils nd to develop new onstrution methodsF eismi retro(t follows the stndrd seismi design nd onstrution proedures for new ridgeF he only di'erene with design of new ridge is tht tul strength nd pity insted of nominl vlues should e used in retro(t designF yptions of seismi retro(t depend on mterils nd onstrution methods villeF eismi retro(t of ridges hs een extensively onduted to existing ridges in tpnD in prtiulr sine the IWWS uoe erthqukeF por exmpleD over QHDHHH ridge olumns were retro(ttedF his pper introdues the urrent prtie on the seismi retro(t of ridge olumns in tpnF he seismi retro(ts with vrious mesures re introdued with typil pplitionF he stndrd mesure for single olumns is steel jketing nd reinfored onrete jketF einfored plstis suh s ron (er sheet nd rmid sheets re extensively usedF peil tehnil development for implementtion of the retro(t to olumns with extreme oundry nd surrounding onditions hs een ondutedF voding veri(tion tests for mjor retro(t re lso inludedF
ASSESSMENT AND UPGRADING OF RESISTANCE AND DEFORMATION CAPACITY OF CONCRETE PIERS  ID 315
D. Biskinis, University of Patras, Greece M. Fardis, University of Patras, Greece

yservtions from response reords of instrumented inteE grl ridges s well s ville seismi reords of emnkment soil displements support the onlusion tht )exile emnkments prtiipte in the dynmi response of integrl ridges y developing signi(nt trnsverse displements in the utments inter treet yverrossing nd welolnd od yverrossingD gliforni trong wotion snstrumenttion rogrmF he extent of movement depends on mny design prmeters of the ridgeD inluding the type of utment foundtionD ground motion hrteristisD nd overll ridge geometryF revious nlytil studies hve demonstrtedD howeverD tht euse the soil is highly nonliner under reversed yli deformtionD the emnkments eome more omplint with inresing erthquke intensityD rrying long the utments during this motionF hereforeD n lterntive lod pth develops in integrl onrete ridgesD where intermedite piers or ents eome follower elementsY in suh sesD overll ridge response to trnsverse exittion is driven primrily y the )exile emnkmentsF imnkment )exiility nd dynmi response of the overll system onsidering soil struture intertion re the entrl issues explored in the present pperF yjetive is to investigte quntittively nd qulittively the ontriution of the emnkments )exiility to the system dynmi response under strong intensity ground motionsF sing detiled threeEdimensionl nonliner (nite element modelD sed on inelsti onstitutive reltionships of the mterils involvedD n expliit representtion of the system is implementedF hynmi response is evluted to series of erthquke reords of vrile intensityF sn dditionD the nlytil solution of the prolem is otined nd prmetri sensitivity of the results to the min design vriles is explored through systemti omprisonsF e new simpli(ed model is developed to desrie the response of the overll system ounting for the emnkment ontriutionF

eismi ssessment of existing ridge piers is nowdys done y ompring deformtion demnds indued in them y the seismi tion to their yli deformtion pityD s ontrolled y )exure or sherF o this endD the pier yli deformtion pity should e determinedD s 'eted y insu0ient on(nement or short lp splies in the plsti hinge regionD or y degrdtion with postEelsti yli deformtions of the pier sher resistne @ontrolled y digonl tension in slender piersD or y digonl ompression in squt piersAF woreoverD for the pier seismi deformtion demnds to e relily determinedD relisti estimtes of their e'etive sti'ness up to yielding should e villeF sn this pperD lrge numer of monotoni or yli test results on irulr or hollow retngulr onrete piers re used to develop or lirteX E rules for lultion of the yield moment of the pierD s ontrolled y short lp spliingY E expressions for the pier hord rottion t yielding nd the resulting sent sti'ness to yieldingY E semiEempiril expressions for the yli sher resistne of the pier in digonl tension or ompressionD efore or fter )exurl yieldingY nd E expressions for the pier ultimte hord rottion in yli lodingD s 'eted y short lp spliesF p wrpping of the plsti hinge region is eoming the method of hoie for enhnement of the yli deformtion pity of existing onrete memersD espeilly of those with insu0ient on(nement or short lp spliesF gyli test results on irulr or hollow retngulr onrete piers retro(tted through p wrpping re used to develop or lirte rules or expressions for the determintion of suh wrpping onX E the )exurl resistne of piers with short lp spliesY E the resistne in yli digonl tension fter )exurl yieldingY nd E the yli ultimte hord rottion of piers with short lp spliesF

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Oral presentations
EXPERIMENTAL CYCLIC TESTS AND RETROFIT OF RC HOLLOW PIERS  ID 1205
P. Delgado, Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal P. Rocha, Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal V. Rodrigues, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal M. Santos, STAP, Portugal A. Arde, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal N. Vila Pouca, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal A. Costa, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal R. Delgado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal

STS E7
BRIDGE ASSESSMENT IN REGIONS OF MODERATE SEISMICITY - A CASE STUDY  ID 1256
M. Bimschas, Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland A. Dazio, Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

he min purpose of this pper is to present n experiE mentl mpign of reinfored onrete piers with di'erent ross setion under yli lodingD ompring the otined results with the ones otined for the sme piers fter seismi retro(ttingD nd evluting ene(ts onerning their struturl ehviorF he setup of the g piers experimentl tests ws designed to rry out yli top displements with xil lodF uh ixil loding ws performed using two orthogonl tutors with slide devie to llow the pier top displementsD one the vertil tutor ws (xed onneted to steel portl frmeF epresenttive of the typil ridge onstrutionD these g piers struturl ehvior nd struturl sfety improvement of the severl retro(t tehniques doptedD re presentedD s well s the illustrtion of the outside nd inside dmge ptternF ithin the sope of this work isD thereforeD to develop nd lirte proedures tht enle the evlution of the di'erent retro(t solutions e0ienyD their possiilities nd (elds of pplitionF
SISMOA : A SIMPLIFIED METHOD TO ASSESS THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF EXISTING BRIDGES  ID 150
P. Marchand, SETRA, France D. Davi, SETRA, France P. Schmitt, SNCF, France C. Thibault, CETE Mditerrane, France A. M. Duval, CETE Mditerrane, France D. Criado, CETE Meditrrane, France

witzerlnd is E ompred to other regions throughout the world E ountry of moderte seismiityF eserh during the lst dedes hs shown tht the seismi hzrd in witzerlnd hs een underestimted signi(ntly in the pstF his hs led to pronounedly more restritive provisions onerning the design of new ridges over the lst genertions of odesF ine the lrge mjority of ridges in witzerlnd hs een uilt efore those ltest provisions were estlishedD their seismi sfety is unknown nd might e insu0ient from tody9s perspetiveF reneD it hs een deided tht the existing stok of wiss ridges shll e ssessed in order to determine their vulnerilityF ehnillyD this ould e done using the foreEsed design provisions of the urrent odesF roweverD this would not e pproprite sine these do not expliitly tke the deformtion pity of n individul ridge into ount nd might thus e unrelistilly onservtiveF herefore reserh projet is urrently underwy t ir urih whih ims t developing more pproprite ssessment proeduresF hese shouldD t one hndD provide su0ient ury to desrie the ridges9 ehvior relistilly ndD t the other hndD e e0iently pplile to lrge stok of ridges t resonle e'ortF his pper presents the nlysis results of multiEspn ridge with ontinuous superstruture whih shows typil hrteristis nd weknesses of existing wiss ridges uilt in the lte IWTHsF hi'erent methods inluding nonliner stti nd dynmi nlyses re eing pplied to estimte the seismi demnd of the ridgeF he results re ompred mong eh other s well s with the ridge9s pityF purthermoreD the study gives insight into the ppropriteness of the vrious pproximte nlysis tehniques with respet to the usully low dutility pities of existing ridgesF st lso highlights typil wek spots nd prolem ses tht exist even in regions of moderte seismiityF

STS E7: European Research on the Performance of Experimental Facilities

Monday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 22
EUROPEAN RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES  ID 367
R. Severn, The University of Bristol, UK

snitited in IWWU under the supervision of the hiretorte of ods of the prenh winistry of uli orks nd rnsportE tionsD the swye method ws reted in order to estimte the vulnerility of existing ridges under seismi tionsF fsed on geometril nd typologil riteriD this qulittive method resulting from the vulnerility ssessment of the di'erent prts of ridge strutures suh s the dekD utmentsD piersD foundtionsF F F D ws tested with suess on severl seismi ritil res of the prenh territoryD hosen to e representtive of ertin type of onstrution s well s soil nd eonomil spetsF he purpose t tht time ws to get tool le to determinte whih ridges should e retro(tted in priority in order to meet seismi requirementsF sn PHHPD the hiretorte of ods deided to extrpolte the methodD from isolted ridges pproh to rod setions pprohF his signi(nt development supposed to perform the sme kind of nlysis on other strutures like retining wlls nd tunnels nd lso to del with other types of seismi indued hzrds thn ode E elertionsD suh s liqueftion hzrdD site e'etsD lndslidesD rok fllingsD inluding deterministi nd proilisti senriosFFF gonsequentlyD the swHe method ws extended to tkle the vulnerility of given ridge to environmentl hzrds suh s liqueftionD lndslides nd rok fllingsF his presenttion will minly fous on the vulnerility nlysis of ridgesF ulnerility of retining wlls nd glol risk ssessment methodology for rod setions using qs tool will e the respetive mtters of two dditionl proposed ppers referring to sw nd syi methodsF

sn IWWP the shking tle lortories t vii ethens nd iig fristol reeived n ig ontrt to study the true performne hrteristis of their filitiesF hey were quikly joined y vxig vison nd swi fergmoF he min onlusions from this study ws tht shking tles ould not e ontrolled if the physil properties of the testpiee hnged during the testD nd tht the tests ould not e rried out in relEtimeF st ws ler tht our lortories hd not een wre of developments tht hd tken ple in ontrol engineeringD prtiulrly the work in fristol niversity on medil rootis using the dptive winiml gontrol ynthesis @wgA lgorithmD the word 9dptive9 mening tht it ltered the ontrol prmeters s the physil hrteristis of the testpiee hngedF elsoD mking use of fster omputersD it eme possile to hieve opertion in relEtimeF he removl of the two mjor indequies of shking tle testE ing now mde possile numer of new reserh topis on shking tlesF et this stgeD the shking tle t gie ly nd the retion wll fility t tg sspr joined the groupD the ltter employing wg to hnge pseudodynmi into ontinuous pseudodynmi testingD therey removing the strinErte e'et in retion wll testingF he six prtners reeived three igEfunded ontrts for reserh into the following topisXE

89

STS E8
I he ility to ondut tests in the nonEliner rngeD P uE struturing in shking tlesD Q he use of severl shking tles ting together E multiple   support inputD R tndrds to e used in uli(tion testsD S gomplementry use of shking tles nd retion wllsD T gontinuous nonEliner testing t retion wllsF he lst of the three reserh ontrts hd the title 9xew pields of eserh in irthquke ingineering @xipyiiiAD nd it is the onlusions from this tht will e presented in the (ve ppers of this peil ehnil essionF
NEFOREEE - PERFORMANCE BENCHMARK OF THREE MAJOR EUROPEAN SHAKING TABLES  ID 110
J. C. Queval, CEA, France R. Bairrao, LNEC, Portugal P. Caridys, NTUA, Greece

Oral presentations
signl nd trditionlly used t the shking tlesF his pper presents the urrent stge of these studies inluding results of the performed tests in oth kinds of filitiesF he minresults in the developments of the ontinuous sh method with sustruturing re lso reportedF

NEFOREEE TASKS 4 AND 5: AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF DYNAMICALLY SUBSTRUCTURED TEST SYSTEMS AND MULTIPLE SUPPORT INPUT  ID 1809
D. Stoten, University of Bristol, UK A. Crewe, University of Bristol, UK

revious studies within former iuropen gonsorti of irthquke hking lesD hve investigted nd ompred how well the di'erent shking tles of these onsorti ould exeute the sme tsk using identil elsti test pieesF st hs resulted in ontrol enhnement t ll the filitiesF feing then neessry tht similr omprison tests e developed with extension to nonEliner ehviorD the lrgest possile speimenD spei(lly designed for tht purposeD ws uilt nd tested on three very di'erent shking tlesF his test speimen ws designed to reprodue the glol nonEliner ehvior of onrete uilding while eing dmged during n erthqukeD onerning typil glol sti'ness redutionF his systemD eing le to simulte sudden ollpse or progressive degrdtionD n reprodueD in repetitive nd urte wyD the sme nonEliner onditionsF sn the present pper the design of the test speimen is disussed nd the results of the tests re presentedF ueywordsX hking tles E gontrollersF
TESTING PERFORMANCE BENCHMARK FOR SHAKING TABLES AND REACTION WALLS WITHIN THE NEFOREEE PROJECT  ID 303
F. J. Molina, JRC, European Commission, IPSC, ELSA Laboratory, Italy R. Bairrao, LNEC/DE/NESDE, Portugal T. Blakeborough, Dept of Engineering Science, UK O. Bursi, University of Trento, Italy D. Tirelli, JRC, European Commission, IPSC, ELSA Laboratory, Italy G. H. E. Magonette, JRC, European Commission, for Earthquake IPSC, ELSA Laboratory, Italy Mouzakis, NTUA, Laboratory Engineering, Greece M. S. Williams, Dept of Engineering Science, UK

his pper desries the developments nd hievements on the utomti ontrolD dynmi sustruturing nd multiple support input tsks in the xipyiii progrmmeF sn prtiulrD we desrieX @iA the ontroller softwre nd hrdwre developmentsD sed on the use of degiY @iiA the synthesis of new dptive lgorithm for the ontrol of dynmilly sustrutured systemsY nd @iiiA series of tests on servohydruli testEeds nd shkingEtle in order to vlidte the new ontroller nd sustruturing methodE ologyF he min onlusion of this work is tht modi(ed form of the dptive miniml ontrol synthesis @wgA lgorithm totenD IWVW will yield nerEperfet synhronistion of the sustrutured omponentsD when its initil onditions re set to the soElled irzerger ginsF

RELIABILITY OF QUALIFICATION TESTS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS USING SHAKING TABLES  ID 795

G. Franchioni, CESI Ricerca SpA, Italy M. Fratelli, CESI SpA, Italy R. Fregonese, CESI Ricerca SpA, Italy

ithin the xipyiii projet @xew pields of eserh in irthquke ingineering ixperimenttionA funded y the iuropen gommissionD oneEstorey oneEyEyEoneEy steel frme model ws tested t di'erent shking tles nd pseudodynmi @shA filities within the iF he sme spei(ed unidiretionl input ws introdued in rel time t the shking tles or pseudodynmilly t the other filitiesF he speimens used t oth kinds of filities hve the sme hrteristis nd size @Qm of length nd height y PFUm of widthD with rigid mss of VPSH kgA nd were tested for severl retro(tting on(gurtions y mens of dded dissiptor deviesF roweverD t one of the filitiesD the sh tests were onduted y using only prt of the physil model thnks to the sustruturing tehniquesF et the unproteted on(gurtion the speimen ehviour is very liner ut its dmping is very lowD whih puts in evidene ny ltertion introdued y the testing methods suh s ontrol delys in the sh method or spurious roking on the shking tleF ith nonEliner dissiptor deviesD those de(ienies my e hidden y the lrge dmping developed t the speimenD ut n pproprite strinErteEe'et ompenstion tehnique is neessry within the sh methodF sn similr wyD tht non linerity my impose limittions s well on the ompenstion tehniques sed on liner (ltering of the referene

his pper dels with the issue of the reliility of the seismi quli(tion of industril produts using modern shking tles nd desries the mpign of tests rried outD in order to investigte the in)uene of di'erent spets @testing methods nd prmetersA 'eting the entire quli(tion proessF e (rst lss of prolems onerns the dequy of the referene douments @stndrds nd reommendtionsA for produts quli(tionD prtiulrly in the se of the seismi nd dynmi testingD in reltion to the tehnil di0ulties of ssessing the struturl nd funtionl ehviour of the speimen nd to the use of sophistited testing equipment nd proeduresF e seond lss of prolems rises when no stndrds or reommendtions exist t ll or there is wide dispersion of quli(tion pprohesD sometimes even invented y single roduersX the min e'et is the di0ulty of ompring the results of the quli(tion proess nd of ojetively ssessing the performnes of produtsD so vnishing the fundmentl role of the experimenttionF e (nl spet 'eting the reliility of the quli(tion proess dels with the experimentl pprohF wo prolems hve to e espeilly pointed outX the (rst one onerns the uniformity of the pprohes in the vrious lortoriesD re)eting di'erent knowledge nd shools nd generlly leding to di'erent testing proeduresF he seond spet is relted to the ville tehnologiesD shking tles for erthquke replition nd ssoited ontrol systemsF he present pper summrises the works rried out t gis vortory under the pS rojet xipyiiiD imed t exploring the ove listed prolems nd trying to quntifyD through seleted nd representtive testsD their inidene on the quli(tion proessF he following spets were minly ddressedD euse of their gret in)uene on the reliility of the experimentsX ontrol of the spurious motions of the shking tleY ssessment of ontrol strtegiesY dynmi hrteristion testsY input de(nitionF

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Oral presentations
STS E8: Shaking Table Facilities and Testing for Advancement of Earthquake Engineering
Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 22
SHAKING TABLE AND ACTIVITIES AT E-DEFENSE  ID 356
K. Kajiwara, National Research Institute for Earth Science and, Japan M. Sato, National Research Institute for Earth Science and, Japan M. Nakashima, National Research Institute for Earth Science and, Japan

STS E8
sevenEstory uilding slie uilt t fullEsleD whih ws ompleted in erly PHHTF
SHAKING TABLE AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AT EUCENTRE PAVIA  ID 1099
A. Pavese, DMS - Universit di Pavia, Italy G. M. Calvi, DMS - Universit di Pavia, Italy F. Dacarro, EUCENTRE, Italy

yver the lst ten yersD the xtionl eserh snstitute for irth iene nd hisster prevention @xsihA hd een onstruting shking tle filityD known s iEhefenseF iE hefense ws ompleted in wrh PHHSD nd its opertion strted in epril PHHSF he ryogo irthquke ingineering eserh genter ws estlished on ytoer ID PHHRD to mnge reserh projets using iEhefense nd to operte s well s to mintin the filityF iEhefense hs the unique pity to experiment with lifeEsize uildings nd infrstruturl systems in rel erthquke onditionsD nd stnds s tool of ultimte veri(tionF ith this fetureD iEhefense should help expedite the trnsfer of vrious reserh outputs into the prtie of erthquke disster mitigtionF iEhefense loted in ity lled wiki on the north of uoe gityF he hert of the fility is  j u m o E s i z e d  shking tle in the enter of the siteF he tle is tthed to (ve tutors in eh horizontl diretion nd supported y fourteen tutors instlled vertilly underneth the tleF he tle is PH meters y IS meters in the pln dimensionF st n ommodte speimen up to weight of IP wx @IDPHH metri tonAF he unique feture of the tle is tht n produe shking of veloity of two meters per seond nd displement of one meter in the two horizontl diretions simultneouslyF es fr s the pity is onernedD the tle owned y iEhefense ppers to e the lrgest shking tle in the worldF gonstrution of iEhefense ws nerly omplete in the fll of PHHRD nd sine tht time series of tests on performne lirtion hve een ondutedD without speimens in the (rst phse nd with relEsize speimens in the seond phseF
NEES-UCSD SHAKE TABLE AND TESTING ACTIVITIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO  ID 1474
J. Conte, UCSD, United States J. I. Restrepo, UCSD, United States J. E. Luco, UCSD, United States

his pper provides detiled desription of the experiE mentl filities reently instlled t igixiD iuropen gentre for rining nd eserh in irthquke ingineering @viD stlyAF igixi ws estlished in the PHHQ with the min (nnil support of the stlin xtionl givil rotetion heprtment nd those of the stlin xtionl snstitute for qeophysis nd olni tudiesD the niversity of vi nd the snstitute for edvned tudy of viF he testing filities t igixi onsist of lrge unixil high performne shking tleD two strong wlls nd n upoming ering testerF he seismi shke tle hs plten of SFT y U meters nd is powered y single innovtive w PV w hydruli tutorD the system n provide mximum horizontl displements of SHH mmD pek veloity of PFP mGseD pek elertion of T gD mximum fore of PIHH kxD overturning moment of RHHH kxmD nd n perform tests on speimens of IRH tonF he struturl testing system for pseudoEstti nd pseudoEdynmi pplitions onsist of two vEshped wlls IP m heightD PFR m thiknessD testing re of IRH mP @strong )oorA nd IH stti nd dynmi tutors whih pities rnge from PSH to PSHH kxF he shke tle pilities will e extended with the instlltion of new strong frme nd new system of tutors le to pply nd ontrol vertil lods up to SH qx to e used to test lrge vriety of erings under seismi lodingF he oil )ow rte will e inresed ITHHH lpm to sustin the new performne requirementsF he pper provides lso desription of the tivity performed to ttin the optiml lirtion of the system nd the reserh progrms whih will e rried out in the next yers whih inlude test on full sle rFF nd msonry uildings nd sled ridge piers
VALUES OF LARGE SHAKING TABLE STRUCTURAL TESTS  ID 1104
G. M. Calvi, DMS - Universit di Pavia, Italy M. Nakashima, Kyoto University, Japan A. Pavese, DMS - Universit di Pavia, Italy

he new lrge highEperformne outdoor shke tle @vryA t the niversity of gliforniD n hiegoD is one of the IS equipment sites of the qeorge iF frownD trF xetwork for irthquke ingineering imultion @xiiA funded y the nited ttes xtionl iene poundtion @xpAF punding from xp to uild the shke tle ws wrded in ytoer PHHPF he shke tle ws ommissioned in eptemer PHHRF elthough the vry urrently hs single hyp pilityD it hs een fully designed for six hypsF he vryD ting in omintion with djent equipment nd filities inluding lrge lminr soil sher ox nd two re(llle soil pitsD provides unique fility for lrgeEsle seismi testing of soilEfoundtionEstruture intertion systemsF he fility is eing used to ondut lrgeE nd fullEsle testing to investigte struturl ndGor geotehnil seismi performne issues tht nnot redily e extrpolted from testing t smller sleD or under qusiEstti or pseudoEdynmi onditionsD inluding performne under ner (eld ground motionsF uh experiments present unique opportunities to developD lirteD nd vlidte preditive omputtionl tools in erthquke engineeringF his pper will fous on design issues nd tehnil spei(tions of the vryD s well s results from ommissioning nd detiled hrteriztion testsF he pper will lso desrie possile uses of the tle nd will rie)y disuss the results of test progrmme on

he vlue of experimentl investigtions hs proven itself over the yers s most vlule mens for engineers to ssess the response of strutures when sujeted to seismi tionsF emong the vriety of methods ville the relEtime fully dynmi is onsidered the only urrently ville mens of truly reproduing the dynmi e'ets tht erthqukes impose on struturesF roweverD hydruli power limittions in the vst mjority of shking tles ville in the pst impose the requirement for the use of redued sle speimensF hisD in turnD introdues di0ulties nd unertinty in the interprettion of experimentl resultsD sine it hs yet to e estlished wht is the minimum sle or minimum portion of uilding system tht n e tested to re)et strength nd deformtion properties of tul uildingsF hereforeD the need for uilding lrge nd powerful dynmi filitiesD ple of testing up to filure fullEsle modelsD hs eome lerF efter the reent worldwide development of the lst genertion of shke tle filities for seismi simultion hrterized y lrge plten sizeD high performnes nd sophistited hrdwre nd softwre ontrolD the extension of this vlule testing tehnique to full sle prototypes seem to e loser nd relF he pper ttempts to ritilly exmine from the struturl engineers perspetive the performnes of the shke tles tody ville nd to ompre them with the requirements when ssessing strutures response during seismi lodingF imphsis is given to severl spets relted to erthquke e'ets simultion using prototypes whih represent in every pplition simpli(tion of the rel worldF rototype response reliility is disussed when size e'ets re onsidered minly when the non liner ehviour of the prototype is hievedF

91

STS E9
he response modi(tion due to the rte e'et nd to the mss distriution ssumed re lso disussed nd referred to physil properties of the tle nd performnes
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, EXPERIENCES, VALUES, CHANCES  ID 1538
A. Pinto, Joint Research Centre, Italy P. Pegon, Joint Research Centre, Italy

Oral presentations
throughout the strutureX ollpse of integrity of ground storey in(lls produes soft storeyY in(lls nonEuniformly distriuted in pln or elevtion onentrte inelsti deformtion demnds in prt of the uildingY in(lls my use preEemptive rittle filures of frme menersF igVErt I provides guidne or mndtory rules ginst suh lol or glol dverse e'etsF here re still open issues regrding the rtionl use of msonry in(lls in seismi designD ssessment or retro(ttingX vist of key mteril properties for the strengthD sti'ness nd deformtion pity of msonry in(lls nd defult vlues for themY imple rules for the strengthD sti'ness nd deformtion pity of in(ll pnels with openingsF quidne for upgrding the in(lls into engineered struturl omponents in seismi retro(ttingF
SOME CONTRIBUTIONS OF PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELLING TO THE ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING MASONRY INFILLED RC FRAMES UNDER EXTREME LOADING  ID 370
D. Combescure, CEA Saclay, France

sn order to meet the ojetives of erthquke risk mitigE tion worldwide nd progress towrds performne sed seismi design nd ssessmentD there is lso need for experimentl filities ple of hndling omplex strutures nd systemsD to understnd rel e'ets of phenomen like soilEstruture intertion nd to omine physil nd numeril testing online nd o1ine in sort of 9relEvirtul testing environment9 where lol nd glolD point nd (eld mesuringGvisuliztion systems nd orresponding proessing n provide detiled informtion on demnds nd onsequenesF purthermoreD there is need for interntionl oEopertion in order to etter use the existing filitiesD to uild on synergies from omplementry filities nd expertiseD to exploit widely the dt from the vrious experimentl mpigns rehing edutionD reserhD profession nd poliy ojetivesF xii @eA represents pioneering inititive on the retion of ountryEwide network of experimentl filities nd their users iming t ollortive reserh pproh for the ii ommunityF he iEhefense fility @tpnA hosts the lrgest shkingEtle in the worldD ple of testing lrge strutures up to ollpseF sn iuropeD there is experiene of ollortion etween ii filities nd new lrge shkingEtle ws reently onstruted in stlyF sn dditionD tgEive hs mde sustntil progress on the implementtion of h testing with sustruturingF he pper reviews the min fetures of the existing filities nd reserh progrmmesD disusses the premises of worldwide oEopertion on erthquke testing nd simultion with fous on stndrdiztion of dt llowing for exhnge etween filities s well s for e'etive dt exploittion y the user ommunitiesF he ojetive is to inrese the vlue of testing @F F F we must onverge nd ollorteF F F Fthe rrier is the lk of strtegi vision for shred resouresA nd to tlyze rel interElortory ollortion nd exhnge of expertise in view of the growing experimentl omplexityF

STS E9: Analysis and Design of RC Frames with Masonry Inlls

Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 2
SEISMIC DESIGN ISSUES FOR MASONRY-INFILLED FRAMES  ID 313
M. Fardis, University of Patras, Greece

xumeril modeling nd experimentl works represent unvoidle tools for prediting the e'ets of the unreinfored msonry in(lls on the glol nd lol ehviour of reinfored onrete frmes under oth inEplne nd outEofEplne horizontl dynmi tionsF hese nlyses usully in the non liner rnge re prtiulrly neessry for the ssessment of existing reinfored onrete strutures supporting horizontl dynmi loding indued y erthquke nd lso y internl nd externl explosion @used y filure of pressurized pipes or vesselsD hydrogen explosionD exterE nl ggressionF F F AF sn the present pperD exmples of pplition of glol nd re(ned non liner models to the nlysis of strutures tested in lortories under sttiD pseudoEstti or dynmi loding will e given showing the di0ulties to e solved during the non liner nlysis nowdys used extensively y struturl engineersF e(ned non liner modelling is very useful to perform preditive lultions on strutures with vrious geometries nd mteril hrteristisF gomplex e'ets suh s the e'et of openingsD the intertion etween in(ll nd frme n lso e studiedF xevertheless the ost of the omputtions does not llow extensive or dynmi studiesF xon liner digonl strut nd em models represent the unique strtegy for the nlysis of omplete ivil engineering strutures under extreme dynmi lodingF he most ritil step eomes the identi(tion of prmeters tking into ount the experimentl results ville in literture ut lso the mteril nd struture vriilityF he pper will inlude some results of prmetril studies performed with re(ned non liner models in order to identify the min properties of the equivlent digonl struts Esti'ness nd strengthE nd to ssess the sher fores indued y msonry in(ll in the g frme whih my ondut to rittle filure of the reinfored onrete memersF
SIMPLIFIED SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF INFILLED REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES  ID 888
M. Dolsek, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia P. Fajfar, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

pield experiene nd nlytilGexperimentl reserh demonstrte the overll ene(il e'et of msonry in(lls on the seismi performne of uildingsD espeilly when the struture hs little engineered erthquke resistneF sf they re e'etively on(ned y the frmeD in(ll pnels redueD through their inEplne sti'nessD storey drift demndsD inreseD through their inEplne strengthD storey lterl fore resistne nd ontriuteD through their hysteresisD to the glol energy dissiption pityF igVErt I onsiders nonEstruturl in(lls s seond line of defene nd soure of overstrength for new uildings nd does not redue the seismi tion e'ets for the design of the struture due to the ene(il e'ets of in(llsF igVErt Q does not inlude provisions to help the designer ount for the in(lls in the ssessment of existing uildings nd in the design of their retro(ttingF sf the ontriution of msonry in(lls to lterl strengthGsti'ness is lrge reltive to tht of the struture itselfD the in(lls my override the seismi design nd render ine'etive the designer9s e'ort to ontrol the inelsti response y spreding inelsti deformtion demnds

e reltively simple nonliner seismi nlysis method sed on pushover nlysis nd inelsti spetrum pproh @xPA hs een developed t niversity of vjuljn nd implemented in the iuropen stndrd iuroode VF he method ws reently extended in order to mke it pplile to in(lled reinfored onrete frmesF gompred to the si method implemented in iuroode V two importnt di'erenes pplyF e multiEliner ideliztion of the pushover urveD whih tkes into ount the strength degrdtion whih ours fter the in(ll filsD nd spei( EE reltion hve to e used for the determintion of the displement demnd for given seismi intensity or the determintion of the seismi intensity orresponding to seleted limit stteF he reltion etween the displement demnd nd seismi intensity n e visulised with the sxP urve whih is simple lterntive to the summrized she urveF sn the pper the method is summrized nd pplied for seismi ssessment of REstorey in(lled reinfored onrete frmeD whih

92

Oral presentations
ws pseudoEdynmilly tested in fullEsle in the ive lortory in seF he most ommon nlytil modelling tehniqueD whih employs ompressive digonl struts for modelling of msonry in(llD nd oneEomponent lumped plstiity elements for modelling of ems nd olumns )exurl ehviourD ws ppliedF he model of the in(ll frme nd the model of the re frme were vlidted y the test resultsF he ypenees progrm ws used for ll nlyses performed in the studyF he proposed method for seismi nlysis ws used to determine seismi intensitiesD whih orrespond to di'erent limit sttesF sn ddition to the in(lled frmeD the re frme ws lso nlysedF he results indite tht the seismi intensity orresponding to the ner ollpse limit stte is higher for the in(lled frmeF roweverD the plsti mehnism in the in(ll frme is less fvourle thn tht in the re frmeF

STS E11
is lrgerY nd @A for two uildingsD more thn IH erthqukes reords re villeD whih llows to investigte the dependene of dynmi hrteristis with shking intensityF

STS E11-I: Petrochemical Facilities and Large LNG Storage Tanks

Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 23
BENEFITS OF SEISMIC ISOLATION FOR LNG TANKS  ID 1083
M. Crespo, PRINCIPIA, Spain S. Omnes, PRINCIPIA, Spain

STS E10: By How Much Does the Natural Frequency of Structures Decrease During Seismic Response ?
Thursday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 4

J. Marti, PRINCIPIA, Spain

STATE-OF-THE-KNOWLEDGE ON THE PERIOD ELONGATION OF RC BUILDINGS DURING STRONG GROUND SHAKING  ID 1535
G. M. Calvi, University of Pavia, Italy R. Pinho, University of Pavia, Italy H. Crowley, ROSE School, Italy

his pper presents the se for the signi(nt elongtion of the period of virtion of reinfored onrete uildings during strong ground shking due to erthqukesF his viewpoint is sustntited y the results of experimentl tests on g uildingsD wherein lrge inrese in the period of virtion is oserved during ground shkingF he inrese in the fundmentl period is oviously dependent on the level of shking nd the ssoited extent of nonElinerity tht is ttined within the strutureF enlytil models whih replite the results of the experimentl tests re introdued nd dditionl studies on the elongtion of the period during seismi tion re presentedF
COMPARISON OF THE DYNAMIC PARAMETERS EXTRACTED FROM WEAK, MODERATE AND STRONG BUILDING MOTION  ID 1021
F. Dunand, LGIT, France P. Gueguen, LGIT, France P. Y. Bard, LGIT, France M. Celebi, USGS, United States

he pper disusses the seismi environments in whih vxq tnks need notD myD nd must e seismilly isoltedD s well s the ssoited osts nd ene(ts when oth lterntives re resonle optionsF he prolems tht grdully inresing seismi demnd my use in n vxq tnk re reviewed (rstX they inlude greter demnds in the inner tnkD prolems ssoited with orner uplift nd elephnt9s foot uklingD gross sliding of the inner tnkD thikness requirements eyond the weldle limit nd glol uplift of the inner tnkF ome of these prolems use extr osts while others mke the onstrution impossileF he elertion demnds t whih eh of these prolems re expeted to rise re qunti(edF elthough the work inludes onventionl nd seismilly isolted versions of two existing tnk on(gurtions @THDHHH nd IHHDHHH mQ pityA it onentrtes on ITHDHHH mQ tnkD whih is more representtive of urrent tendeniesY for the ltterD oth surfe sl nd pile foundtion re onsideredF he fesiility of onventionl nd seismilly isolted designs is exmined s funtion of the design elertionF ome ssumptions re then introdued for the osts of the required fetures nd mterilsD leding to osts estimtes for deling with the seismi thret for eh seismi environment nd tnk design optionF yver the rnge of elertions tht llow oth isolted nd nonEisolted designsD pproximte ost omprisons re estlishedF he study ws rried out within the frmework of the igEfunded sxhir projetF
IMPROVEMENT IN DAMPING CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC ISOLATED TANKS USING BAFFLES  ID 947
A. Maleki, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ziyaeifar, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

emient virtion nlysis is proposed s n lterntive wy to inspet uildings efore or fter n erthqukeF his fst nd lowEost method is wellEdpted to lrgeEsle studies for whih lrge mount of uildings hs to e hekedF yne of the most ommon ritis usully done on the us e of mient virtions in strutures is the very low level of virtionsF feuse of the low mplitude rnge of the mient virtion @qe`IHESgAD dynmi hrteristis otined from wekEmotion re generlly expeted to e signi(ntly di'erent from those otined using strongEmotion @qebHFIgAF his di'erene hs een lredy oserved essentilly on frequeny nd on dmping vluesD in se of foring virtions nd strong grou nd motionF hese vritions re generlly ttriuted @IA to the nonEliner ehviour in the struture mterilY @PA to the slip of the onnetions Y @QA to the intertion etween struturl nd nonEstruturl elementsY nd @RA to possile nonEliner soilEstruture intertion e'etF he ojetive of this pper is to present omprison of the struturl dynmi hrteristis dedued from strongD moderte nd wek motion re ordings for set of twelve glifornin uildings nd four iuropen uildingsF he present study di'ers from numerous previous investigtions in two spetsX @A the numer of ompred uilding

he e'etiveness of 1es in reduing erthquke responses of fse ssolted ylindril liquid storge tnks is investigted in this workF f1es re onsidered s n indispensle prt of moving liquid ontinersD howeverD their usge in viquid torge tnks sujeted to erthquke lods re limitedF tionllyD in suh sesD 1e dds to the dmping rtio of the sloshing mode of the system nd uses muh lower struturl responseF o study the e'ets of using 1es in fse ssolted viquid torge tnksD t (rstD dmping potentil of onil shped 1es in irulr tnks is estimtedF sn this regrdD methodology sed on nk fody petr is developed in whihD higher sloshing mplitude nd reltive veloity with respet to 1es in fse ssolted tnks re tken into onsidertionF he result indites thtD while dmping rtio of sloshing mode in norml v tnk is round HFS7D using 1es n esily push this rtio to out IH7F o e le to ssess the e'ets of dmping rtio improvement in generl struturl response of the systemD multi degree of freedom Ph simpli(ed model is proposedF he model n represent distriution of struturl responses long the height of the systemF he ury of the model is veri(ed through piw nlysesF ime integrtion nlyses on the simpli(ed model for di'erent types of v tnks sujeted to series of erthquke reords hve een rried outF he result of nlyses shows tht suh enhnement on dmping hrteristis

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of v tnks n eventully redue the level of struturl response of the system to more thn T perent on vergeF

Oral presentations
SEISMIC RETROFIT OF SPHERES USING ENERGYDISSIPATING BRACES  ID 1001
A. Poggianti, ENEA, Italy M. G. Castellano, FIP Industriale, Italy P. Summers, MMI Engineering, United States

BASE ISOLATED LNG TANKS: SEISMIC ANALYSES AND COMPARISON STUDIES  ID 1128
V. Gregoriou, University of Patras, Greece S. Tsinopoulos, University of Patras, Greece D. Karabalis, University of Patras, Greece

he seismi response of two typil lique(ed nturl gs @vxqA tnks isolted t their se level y ruer erings is investigtedF he prolem is solved numerilly y mens of detiled (nite element modelsD tking into ount )uidEstruture intertion e'etsF wo types of erings re investigtedX high dmping ruer erings nd led ore ruer eringsF he erE ings re modeled s nonEliner springs with the foreEdisplement reltionships derived y (tting pproprite nlytil urves to experimentl dtF he seismi exittion onsidered is n rti(il elerogrm omptile with the iuroode V provisionsF esults onerning se sher foreD sloshing vertil displement nd de)etion of the inner steel ontiner re presentedF sn order to mesure the e'etiveness of the isoltion systemsD perentge redutions of the pek response of ll mentioned quntities re lulted using the nonEisolted tnk s refereneF he reserh hs een performed in the frmework of the projet sxhir @hevelopment of sxnovtive hivies for eismi rotetion of eroremil pilitiesAD supported y the invironment nd ustinle hevelopment rogrmme of the iuropen gommission eserh hiretorte qenerl @gontrt iqIEgEPHHPEHHHTSAF

SEISMIC ISOLATION OF SPHERES AT PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES  ID 1009

G. Bergamo, CESI, Italy M. G. Castellano, FIP Industriale, Italy F. Gatti, CESI, Italy A. Poggianti, ENEA, Italy P. Summers, MMI Engineering, United States

he pper desries seismi retro(t nd prmetri nuE meril nlysis of n existing sphereD seleted s representtive of mny existing spheres found in petrohemil filitiesF he sphere hs PH m dimeter nd is supported on II olumns with onventionl tensionEonly res s the lterl fore resisting systemF en innovtive retro(t design sheme hs een onsideredD utilizing energyEdissipting res to sustitute for the existing resF wo types of dissiptive res hve een proposedD using s energy dissiption devies nonEliner )uid visous dmpers or uklingErestrined resF xonEliner time history nlyses were rried outD using s input rti(il elerogrms omptile with igV spetrD with qeaHFR gF he prmeters onsidered were those hrterizing the onstitutive lw of the dmpersD iFeFD the visous onstnt for the visous dmpers @the exponent of the veloity ws kept onstntD equl to HFIAD s well s the elsti sti'ness nd the yield fore for the uklingErestrined dmpers @the rtio of postEelsti to elsti sti'ness ws not onsideredD sine the results of preliminry nlyses hd shown tht the struturl response is not sensitive to this prmeterAF he ene(ts of the proposed seismi retro(t shemes with steelEhystereti or visous dmpers re shown in omprison with onventionl retro(t design pprohD entiling the sustitution of existing tensionEonly res with sti'er res le to work in ompressionD nd with retro(t y seismi isoltionF elthough the ltter is lso e'etiveD the retro(t using dissiptive res is esier to e implemented thn seismi isoltionD nd is le to relize redution in the struturl response prmeters on the sme orderD thus llowing the sphere to remin undmged t the trget retro(t qe of HFR gF his study ws performed within the frmework of the igEfunded sxhir projetF

STS E11-II: Petrochemical Facilities and Large LNG Storage Tanks

Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 23
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ANALYSES OF CYLINDRICAL STEEL ABOVE GROUND TANKS IN AN OIL REFINERY COMPLEX  ID 572
N. Hosseinzadeh, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Valaee, SRC, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

fse isoltion hs not yet een used s mens of mitiE gting seismi hzrds for spheres t petrohemil filitiesD despite their oftenEtimes high seismi vulnerility nd ssoited risk due to their hzrdous ontentsF his reserhD rried out within the frmework of the igEfunded sxhir projetD ws imed t showing the ene(t of seismi isoltion for oth new nd existing spheresF e numer of prmetri nonEliner timeEhistory nlyses hve een rried out on simpli(ed rousner model of typil sphere isolted with di'erent types of isoltion systemsD nd with di'erent trget isoltion periodsD in order to quntify the response redution due to seismi isoltionD nd to selet the optiml isoltion systemF he seleted isoltion system ws reprodued in mokEup sphere sujeted to shking tle testsF he mokEup ws designed to reprodue the sme fundmentl frequeny of the tul sphereF he tests were performed with two di'erent elerogrmsD t di'erent qe vlues up to HFR gD with three di'erent (lling levels @empty tnkD PH7 (lled nd WH7 (lledAD oth with nd without seismi isoltionD nd with di'erent seismi isoltion systemsF he results otined with high dmping ruer erings nd led ruer erings re reported hereinF e omprison etween onventionl nd seismilly isolted design ws lso rried outD on the sis of n nlytil ssessment of sphere vulnerility for grdully inresing seismi demnd @qe vlues rnging from HFIg to HFVgAF wo performne ojetives for onventionl design re inluded in the ssessmentX one representtive of typil odeEsed design pprohD llowing dmgeD nd the other wherey performne ojetive of miniml dmge is spei(edF his ltter pproh permits diret ost omprison with the isolted designD showing tht for design qe vlues higher thn HFPSgD seismi isoltion permits the tnk to remin reltively undmged t lower osts thn for onventionl designF

gylindril steel ove ground tnks extensively used in oil re(nery omplexes nd oil depots in srnF everge pity of this kind of tnks is out PHDHHH kl with dimeter of out RH m nd height of outIR mD whih uilt on the ompted sndF ixperienes in tpnD FF nd turkey show tht these tnks re very vulnerle to strong erthquke ground motionsF pilure modes suh s settlementD shell uklingD oof hmge nd overturning re the min uses of extensive mteril lekge nd (re immeditely fter n erthqukeF sn this pper IIP tnks in n oil re(nery omplex re tegorized into PH types in order to seismi vulnerility evlution nd retro(t designF snterntionl doumented referenes suh s esTSH nd egi stndrds nd (nite element nlyses used in this studyF smportnt prmeters suh s viquid sloshingD tnk ottom uplift nd liquidEshell intertion onsidered in dynmi nlysesF iteEspei( spetrum with mximum elertion of HFPSgD s well s site omptile erthqukes reords onsidered s input motionsF he results show tht out RH perent of the existing tnks re vulnerle nd require retro(tting or strengtheningF st n e noted tht the spet rtio @height to dimeterA is n importnt prmeter in seismi vulnerility of studied oil tnksF

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RAPID SEISMIC SAFETY EVALUATION OF EXISTING LIQUID STORAGE TANKS  ID 415
S. Eshghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Seyed Razzaghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

SC-A 1
hppenF sn tpnD onsiderle plnt filities exist nd the level of design seismi ground motions re the highest level in the worldF o the owners of the filities re required to mitigte the seismi risk of existing filities of ontinued use for the generl puli living in the viinity with the minimizing the ourrene of seismi dmgesF gonerning equipment strutures of towers supported y skirtsD seismi design of their foundtions is very simpleD if they re designed using the method of their odeF fut in ses tht some towers or strutures re set on equipment strutureD the numer of the loding ses inreses nd seismi design eme more omplitedF purthermoreD new design will e le to e simple using the design with sfety mrginD ut the seismi ssessment for existing filities is required to e devised individully in order to evlute their existing seismi performne dequtelyF sn this pperD fility onsisted of towerD its surrounding frme strutureD piping nd equipment struture is studiedF o otin the e'et of intertion mong themD prmetri studies re performed to ssess the intertion e'et of response onsidering their rtio of fundmentl frequenies nd weightF he gol of this study is to mke the informtion to otin loser estimtion of response sensitivity of their intertion t design stges or t seismi ssessment stgesF
SLOSHING LOADS IN TANKS WITH INSUFFICIENT FREEBOARD  ID 111
P. Malhotra, FM Global, United States

huring the reent dedes severl dmge su'ered y ylindril liquid storge tnks due to the erthqukes suh s enhorgeD elsk @IWTRA nd szmitD urkey @IWWWA seismi eventsF hmge to liquid storge tnks in oil relted industries not only use diret losses ut lso my use serious indiret soil nd eonomi impts due to the work stoppgeD environmentl pollutionsD etF hus the evlution of seismi vulnerility of existing storge tnks in high risk zones is n importnt tskF here re severl pprohes for rpid evluting seismi vulnerility of existing filities in di'erent guidelinesF ome of them re sed on wlk through inspetion of the filities nd some others re sed on seismi frgility urvesF he ojetive of this study is to highlight the dvntges nd shortomings of di'erent pprohes of vulnerility ssessment of the onEground ylindril liquid storge tnksF sn this pperD vrious pprohes for rpid evlution of seismi vulnerility of existing liquid storge tnks re presented nd ompre to eh other nd then the summry results of detiled seismi vulnerility ssessment of two lrge tnk frms in n oil re(nery in high seismi ity of srn re presentedF esults of this ssessment re ompred to the developed frgility urves suh s re nd egEIQ seismi frgility urvesF pinlly numeril nlyses were onduted for some of the tnks nd the ury of di'erent rpid vulnerility ssessment methods is disussedF he results of this study shows tht there is possiility to generte fmily of seismi frgility urves with inlusion of the e'ets of ftors suh s heightEtoEdimeter rtioD the volume of ontined liquid nd other importnt prmetersF his frgility urve n e used in rpid sfety evlution of exiting oil tnksF
SIMULATION OF SLOSHING EFFECTS IN LIQUIDCONTAINMENT TANKS  ID 1559
S. A. Kilic, Bogazici University, Turkey

irthquke indued sloshing in tnks is used y longE period ground motions whih ttenute slowly with distneF e minimum freeord is needed to ommodte the sloshing wvesF ine freeord results in unused storge pityD mny tnks lk the required freeordF es resultD sloshing wves impt the roofD generting dditionl fores on the roof nd tnk wllF nks hve su'ered dmge due to sloshing wvesD yet their e'et is usully ignored in seismi design of tnksF his pper presents simple method of estimting sloshing lods in )tD one nd dome roof tnksF

he wrmr erthquke of IU eugust IWWW used exE tensive dmge in industril filities in urkeyF rt of the dmge ourred t the uprs oil re(nery situted ner the epientrl regionF plotingEroof tnks ontining liquid nphth ught (re during the strong shkingF pixedEroof tnks sustined dmge in terms of upper shell ukling nd elephntEfoot deformtions t the seF pinite element simultion of the )uidEstruture intertion e'ets re presented in this pper for modeling the sloshing phenomenon for liquidEontinment tnksF he ground motion reords t the nery rim sttion re used for the dynmi nlysisF he nonEliner (nite element ode used in this study utilizes the expliit time integrtion shemeD whih llows the dynmi movement of the liquid ontinment through the use of the xvierEtokes equtionsD nd its intertion with the shell struture of the tnk wlls through oupling lgorithmF esults re presented for the surfe shpe of the liquid t vrious stges of the ground motionD nd the shell stresses on the tnk wlls due to sloshingF uggestions re provided for improving tnk design for seismi resistneF
A SEISMIC ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR EQUIPMENT STRUCTURES CONSIDERING INTERACTION BETWEEN A TOWER AND STRUCTURES  ID 952
M. Oshima, Chiyoda Advanced Solutions Corporation, Japan T. Kase, Chiyoda Advanced Solutions Corporation, Japan

STS E12: Joint IAEE-IASPEI Session on International Collaboration of Earth Science and Earthquake Engineering Professional Associations
Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 15
xo written ontriutions sumitted to this session

STS E13-I: LESSLOSS Project: General Assembly

Wednesday 09:15 - 10:15  Room 2
xo written ontriutions sumitted to this session

fsilly plnt filities suh s re(neries re ontinued omprehensive systems omposed of towersD pipingD nd their supporting struturesD etFD nd simple methods of seismi design hve een devised for the filitiesF elthough the levels of design ground motions tend to eome lrgerD nd evluted items tend to eome more detil nd to inrese in numerD euse the mximum response level of ground motion reords eome lrger nd new dmge modes often rise whenever the ig seismi events

STS E13-II: LESSLOSS Project: General Assembly

Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 2
xo written ontriutions sumitted to this session

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SC-A 1-I: Archaeological and Historical Studies on the Earthquakes of the Past Centuries
Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 15
THE EARTHQUAKES OF THE XIV AND XV CENTURIES IN CATALONIA (NE SPAIN)  ID 848
C. Olivera, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya (ICC), Spain E. Redondo, Institut cartogrc de Catalunya (ICC), Spain J. Lambert, Bureau de Recherches Gologiques et Minires (BRGM, France A. Riera-Melis, Dep. Histria Medieval, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain A. Roca, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya (ICC), Spain

Oral presentations
A REVISION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE 1356 BASEL EARTHQUAKE  ID 1296
D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service ETH, Switzerland M. Gisler, Swiss Seismological Service ETH, Switzerland

sn IWVS the qeologil urvey of gtloni strted projet to ompile omprehensive tlogue of seismi tivity in gtloni in order to provide orret evlution of seismi hzrdF he projet onludes with the pulitionD in PHHTD of ook tht gthers the results of the interdisiplinry work rried out on the most importnt historil erthqukes in gtloniD whih took ple in the s nd enturiesF yne of the most prominent fetures of this monogrph is tht it provides ompiltion of ll the doumenttion onerning the erthqukes of the lte medievl periodF por the (rst time it hs een possile to undertke joint nlysis of ll the doumenttion of the erthqukes of the lte medievl period in gtloni nd to evlute these events using homogeneous riteriF yur evlution of the erthqukes is mrked improvement on erlier studies in two respetsX nme nd qulity of the desriptionsD nd homogeneityF e tlogue of the erthqukes of the s nd enturies hs een ompiledF prom this tlogue it n e dedued tht the erthquke with the gretest intensityD sD ourred on P perury IRPV nd tht its mgnitude orresponds to the highest vlue ww of TFSF he seond lrgest erthquke ourred on Q wrh IQUQD with mgnitude ww of TFP nd epientrl intensity of sssEsF pol prmeters of the V erthqukes with so bs re presentedF hese re the P events previously mentioned @IQUQD IRPVAD S events of the IRPU seismi sequene nd nother erthquke ourred in IRRVF
"HERE ARE LIONS": HUNTING FOR TRACES OF UNKNOWN EARTHQUAKES AROUND 15TH-16TH CENTURIES AD  ID 1967
V. Castelli, INGV, Italy R. Camassi, INGV, Italy L. Postpischl, INGV, Italy

BBsnterdisiplinry projet working group @hgmr frE getziD tefn pritsheD fernhrd tggiD hilipp ustliD homs vutzD irgilio wsidriD ghristoph wttD hieter wyerEosD horothee ippmnnD qriel hwrzEnettiD trg uerD homs enkA he IQST fsel erthquke is the lrgest known seismi event in the northern elpine regionF o dte this event hs een studied minly using historil informtionD even though the dtse ws smll nd di0ult to interpretF e urrent projet t the wiss eismologil ervie in urih seeks to look into the event with n interdisiplinry pprohD integrting historilD seismologilD rheologilD pleoseismiD nd engineering tehniquesF he projet ims t ompiling ll informtion onerning the IQST fsel erthquke nd quntifying the impt nd size of the eventF snvestigtion of the historil dt nd its interprettion is foused on the entire dmge (eldF erheologil reserh on the other hnd onentrtes minly on the ity of fselD seeking to ollet informtion of prtiulr uildings still existing tody @some of them showing minor dmge onlyA in order to provide piture of the potentil dmgeF he projet inludes engineering investigtions on prtiulr uildings in order to estimte the level ground motion of the eventF hetiled seismologil investigtions were performed in the lst yersY the possile seismi soure ws identi(ed nd estimtes of site e'ets were mppedF pinllyD pleoseismologil (ndings in the re of fsel were reviewed nd integrted in the studyF sn this ontriution we present the settings nd (rst outomes of these investigtions nd disuss the prolems nd hnes of n interdisiplinry pprohF
THE 1690-EARTHQUAKE OF VILLACH (CARINTHIA; AUSTRIA) - ASSESSMENT OF MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY BY THE EMS-98  ID 1391
G. Gangl, Austria W. Egger, Austria Inst. Meteorology and Geophysics, Univ. Vienna,

sn the lst few yersD the existene of severl erthqukes @signi(nt onesD some of themA still unknown to the urrent seismi tlogues hs een disovered in the ourse of studies ! prtiulrly stlin ones E whose min gol ws the systemti exploittion of seril historil souresF gontrrily to wht it ould e expetedD most of these disoveries do not our in the upper hronologil rehes the historil seismi tlogues @iFeF in the glssil entiquity or the irly widdle egesA ut ! oddly enough ! in muh nerer historil periodD nmely the ISthEITth enturies ehF sn other wordsD there re some inklings suggesting tht there ould e sort of lk hole in the very middle of stlin seismi historyD whih the ville knowledgeD s summed up in the urrent tlogue is unle to (ll dequtelyF tudging from the evidene tht n e osionlly (shed upD this vuum is likely to hve swllowed up not few signi(nt erthqukesF his study presents set of seEhistories onerning unknown dmging erthqukes whose existene is lerly ttested y ontemporry hroniles nd diriesD trying to understnd why their ourrene filed to ttrt the ttention of the erly hunters of stlin historil erthqukes whose output of trditionl seismologil ompiltions forms the kone of the modern stlin prmetri tloguesD nd ttempting preliminry evlution of the likely relevne of the new dt for n evlution of the level of ompleteness of the urrent stlin tlogueF

he intensity of the mroseismi sle @iwWVA of the ITWH erthquke hs een evluted for the dt points of the re of dmgeF he epientre is north of the town of illh in grinthi with so a W IF he pper desries the intensity ssessment sed on further inquiries nd erlier dt quoted elowD nd gives list of intensity dt points of the epientrl reF he erthquke is ompred with the IQRV illh erthqukeF he result is n importnt ontriution to the erthquke hzrd of grinthiF fefexyFw D h fivviesD h vituyF @IWWRA oures of the study of istern elps irthqukes in the turn of the IUth enturyD eview of ristoril eismiity in iurope @rsiA IWVWE IWWQ in httpXGG emidiusFmiFingvFitGrsiGiiVrGiiVrFhtml issxqi D qhigr @IWWRA he illh irthE quke of heemer RthD ITWH in qermn ouresD eview of ristoril eismiity in iurope @rsiA IWVWEIWWQ in httpXGG emidiusFmiFingvFitGrsiGiiWeisGiiWeisFhtml qexqv qF@PHHSA trkeen in urntenD estrt zum osterD ereitstgung der qeologishen fundesnstlt in qmndD urnten
THE JANUARY 9, 1906 DOBRA VODA EARTHQUAKE - A QUICK TEST OF RELIABILITY OF EXISTING MACROSEISMIC DATA  ID 1863
C. Beauval, IRD - Geosciences Azur, France P. Labak, Geophysical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia (Slovak Republic)

hetiled omplex investigtion of historil erthqukes is mnEpower nd time onsuming e'ortD whih is possile to e

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performed only for limited numer of erthqukesF herefore deisionD whih erthquke should e studied in detil is ritil oneD espeilly during the revision of lrger mroseismi dtsesF esults of lst investigtion of the IWHT hor od erthquke re from the seond hlf of IWUHsF herefore this erthquke might e the ndidte for detiled investigtionF woreoverD the tnury WD IWHT hor od erthquke is the lrgest erthquke on the territory of lovki in the PHth enturyF st is lso (rst instrumentlly reorded erthquke with epienter in lovkiF his erthquke ws investigted in detil y ethly @IWHUAF roweverD this pper inludes results of the investigtionD inluding the intensity estimtionD rther thn dmge desription for ll lolitiesF vter ulletins nd isoseisml mps y ethly @IWSPAD urnik et lF @IWSUA nd frouek in etls of isoseisml mps for gentrl nd istern iurope refer to this work nd does not indite ny dditionl investigtion of erthquke e'etsF herefore quik dmge nd intensity estimtion ws mde from existing primry souresF esults of this intensity estimtion nd estimtions of ethlyD urnik nd frouek nd onsequenies for further investigtions re presentedF
HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN LOWER AUSTRIA - SOURCE INVESTIGATION  ID 1684
C. Hammerl, Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics, Austria

SC-A 1
he l d9yri is one of the ltest stlin entries @PHHRA of the xigy orld reritge vistF sts distintive lndspe of rolling hlk hills @the greteAD shped in the IRth nd ISth enturies to re)et n idelized model of good governneD nd elerted in the pintings of the ienese shoolD hs eome n ion of the enissne tht profoundly in)uened the development of lndspe thinking worldwideF reserving the ulturl welth emodied in this orner of usny is lso mtter of ssessing its seismi hzrd orretlyF es (rst step towrd this endD we revised the lol seismi historyF eording to the urrent ntionl tlogueD the grete re lowEseismiity re intervening etween two erthquke lusters entered on ien @northA nd wount emit @southAY the lol erthqukes on reord re very fewD with middle to low epientrl intensities nd none erlier thn the seond hlf of IUth enturyF roweverD the fortuitous disovery of reent @IVHPA dmging erthquke unreorded y ny of the extnt tlogues suggested tht the urrent interprettion ws more likely to derive from the little interest shown in the re hving y previous studies rther thn from n tul lk of dtF fy retrieving the memory of severl forgotten dmging erthqukes @from IRRW onwrdsA nd inresing the dt set of the lredy known eventsD our study does signi(ntly improve the grete seismi historyF
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE SEISMIC HISTORY OF LOCRIS, CENTRAL GREECE  ID 1055
S. Stiros, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Greece S. Papageorgiou, Archaeological Service, Greece

he pilot study 4ristoril irthqukes in tyri4D (nE ished in PHHPD served to omplete the eustrin irthquke gtlogue for the rovine of tyri to gin etter imge in terms of seismi hzrdF st is plnned to relize similr projets for the remining eight eustrin provinesF pollowing this strtegyD in PHHQ the three yers projet 4ristoril irthqukes in vower eustri4 ws inititedF he projet imed t the investigtion of A so fr unknown erthqukesD A fke qukes nd A the orretion of flse tlogue entriesF o improve the seismi hzrd ssessment in vower eustri the projet foused minly onX A the reserh of gps etween IHHH nd ISVW ! no erthqukes re known in the relevnt re ! nd ompletion of the tlogue for the period etween ITHH nd IWHHD whih omprises IV erthqukes for this period nd A the restudy of dmging historil erthqukes in the reX ireihsdorf ISWH HT PW @sHaTAY xeulengh ISWH HW IT @sHaWAY rFxeustdt ITTV HV PU @sHaUAY rFxeustdt IUIP HR IH @sHaUAY fdenGien IUQR HI HT @sHaTAY fd pishu IUTV HP PU @sHaVAY rFxeustdt IVRI HU IQ @sHaUAY hottwien IVUH HI IV @sHaTAY iihgren IVUQ HI HQ @sHaTE UAY qrensee IVUS HT IP @sHaSETAY heis IVUT HU IU @sHaUEVAY qrensee IVWS HI PV @sHaSETAY qloggnitz IVVS HW PP @sHaTEUA he results of the projet re the trnsltionD the interprettion nd the doumenttion of the soures to enle the seismologist to use the texts for his interprettionF purther tles ontining deE sription of the erthquke e'ets for eh lolity were rried outD s sis for intensity estimtion @shs ! intensity dt pointsA t lter timeF ntil now the eustrin irthquke tlogue didn9t ontin shsD exept for tyriD tht9s why this point is of prtiE ulr importneF tte qovernment of vower eustri funded the projet ! xg SWEPHHQD fhIEqESIHHGWEPHHQF

he erthquke history of voris re in gentrl qreee is rther limited to reports of IVWR erthquke ssoited with surfe fulting nd ostl susideneD s well s to two or three historil erthqukes whih ourred in the lst PDSHH yersF en exmintion of historil reords revels tht reports usully ssigned to the RPTfg erthquke orrespond to two di'erent eventsD one in RPTfg nd seond proly severl enturies lterF purthermoreD systemti study of hurhes in the wider meizoseisml zone of the IVWR erthquke reveled two lusters of hurh repir nd onstrutionD postEdting the ISRR nd IURH erthqukes known from historil reportsF ghurh restortion nd onstrution during this period were nerly impossileD s they required mong others ultn permissionD nd with the exeption of ertin known res they re)eted postEseismi reoveryF hese two lusters permit to de(ne the meizoseisml res of these two erthqukesD nd in nlogy to IWthEPHth entury erthquke in qreee to re(ne some of their prmeters @epienterD mgnitudeD etFAF e ouple of other seismi eventsD dedued from nient ruins ering tres of seismi destrutionD were lso identi(edF hese results re rodly onsistent with results of pleoseismologil studiesD sed on strtigrphi nlysesF
SEISMIC HAZARD AND GREEK MONUMENTS  ID 1860
N. Voulgaris, University of Athens, Greece G. Kaviris, University of Athens, Greece K. Makropoulos, University of Athens, Greece

SC-A 1-II: Archaeological and Historical Studies on the Earthquakes of the Past Centuries
Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 15

UNEARTHING EARTHQUAKES IN THE SIENESE CRETE: HOW WE IMPROVED THE CATALOGUE OF A LOW-SEISMICITY AREA  ID 837
V. Castelli, INGV, Italy F. Bernardini, INGV, Italy

qreee is ountry of rih ulturl heritgeD tht inorE portes lrge numer of rheologil @more thn SH7AD fyzntine nd reent sites nd monumentsF purthermoreD qreee is hrE terized y the gretest seismiity in iuropeD with lmost hlf the seismi energy in iurope relesed in qreeeF vrge erthqukes ourred sine the ntiquity using onsiderle dmgeD or destrution of ulturl monumentsF sn n e'ort to evlute the e'ets of seismi hzrd to the ulturl heritge of qreeeD detiled qs implnttion ws retedF husD the geogrphil distriution of qreek monuments revels tht their mjority @more thn TH7A lies on the seond zone of the qreek eismi hesign gode @xieuD PHHRAD orresponding to n elertion vlue of HFPRgD while more thn SH7 re sited on soft soilsD in ontrst to QH7 on rokF qreek monuments re lso vulnerle to tsunmis used y erthqukesF por exmpleD nient relikeD lssil qreek ityD ws uried in n lluvil plin on the southwest shores of the qulf

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SC-A 2
of gorinthD due to tsunmi used y lrge erthquke on QUQ FgF he monument9s eigenperiod my led to onlusions relted to dmges used y possile erthqukesF he ontriution of seismology to the retro(tting of qreek monuments my involve the detiled estimtion of the seismi hzrd for eh monumentD mirozontion in the viinity of eh monument nd estimtion of hzrd due to tsunmisD liqueftion nd lndslides used y erthqukesF eguxyvihqwix he present study ws funded through the progrm iieiu ss in the frmework of the projet ythgors E upport of niversity eserh qroups with US7 from iuropen oil punds nd PS7 from xtionl pundsD ontrt xoF UHGQGUQHTF
DEPOSITIONAL FACIES OF COLLAPSE UNITS IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ARCHAEOSEISMOLOGICAL ISSUES  ID 1816
F. Galadini, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

Oral presentations
of the humn tivity is registered t the end of the Rth enturyF purthermoreD reent rheologil exvtions hve reveled Rth entury eFhF tom where the remins of some women nd hildren re found togetherF hese ommon sepultures re unusul in the omn ultureF his ehviour nd the importnt derese of humn tivity n e seen s onsequene of n exeptionl eventD suh s nturl dissterF qeologil nd rheologil evidene in the qngi re re ll suggestive of the ourrene of n event tht produed importnt e'ets on the humn nd nturl environmentD possily in the Rth entury eFhF his event is oneivly strong erthqukeF gould it e the eFhF QTI erthquke loted in gentrl iily y the historil tloguesc
HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA: AVOIDING CIRCULAR REASONING  ID 1923
T. Niemi, University of Missouri, United States

he olletion of strtigrphi dt from rheologil exvtions is typil prtie of the rheoseismologil nlysisF sullyD the rheoseismologil evidene onsists of ollpse unitsD mde of destruted mnuftsF roweverD due to the onvergene of formsD not often the origin of the ollpse n e de(nedF he nlysis of the ollpse units imed t de(ning the depositionl fies n redue the numer of the lterntive uses of destrution nd gives piture of the destrutive eventD whih n e integrted with the results of other in situ nlysesF he study of the ollpse strtigrphy derives from two min pprohesD depending on the hrteristis of the rheologil depositX IA the pure rheologil strtigrphi pproh nd PA the interprettion of the strtigrphy mixing geologil informtion with the rheologil oneF sn the proedure de(ned t point ID the depositionl fies of the ollpse units is de(nedF por exmpleD typil ollpse strtigrphy denouning the ndonment of site is mde of @from ottomAX iA lyer of ndonment @generlly smllEsized prtilesAY iiA smllEsized portions of mnufts deE nouning the lk of mintenneY iiiA lrgeEsized portions of wllsD due to the (nl ollpse of n edi(eD etF F F sn order to interpret the depositionl fiesD the georheologil prtie eomes neessry when rheologil nd geologil deposits re ssoited @point P ove reportedAF ypil exmples re the ollpses due to lndslidingD eFgF remins of wlls my e mixed with nd overlin y (neEgrined mss deposits in se of deris or mud )ows responsile for the site destrutionF hi'erent ses of ollpse strtigrphy will e proposed in order to de(ne generl rules whih my e useful in the perspetive of the rheoseismologil interprettionF
GEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR ROMAN AGE FAULTING IN CENTRAL NORTHERN SICILY: POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF THE A.D. 361 EARTHQUAKE?  ID 1985
G. Barreca, Dip. Scienze Geologiche Universit, Italy M. S. Barbano, Dip. Scienze Geologiche, Universit, Italy S. Carbone, Dip. Scienze Geologiche, Universit, Italy

en urte erthquke tlogue is essentil for ssessE ing the seismi hzrds of regionF erheologil nd geologil dt n oth provide ruilly needed dt out oth the dte nd intensity of nient erthqukesF irthquke dt derived from rheologil exvtions nd geologil studies should e viewed s ompletely independent soure of informtion from historil textF he rheologil reord n onstrin the dte of pst erthqukes y providing the ge of fult rupture or of ollpsed nd seismilly dmged feturesF he rel distriution of rheologillyEstrti(edD erthquke dmge from severl sites n e used to develop n isosesiml mpD de(ne the epientrl loE tionD nd possily the mgnitude of pst erthqukesF roweverD the only wy to void irulr resoning is if the erthquke dmge t the rheologil site hs een independently dtedF he di0ulty my not e in reognizing erthquke dmge t rheologil sites ut dting when it hppenedF wost strutures hve experiened more thn one erthqukeF ypen vertil jointsD horizontlly shifted loksD nd other dmge to extnt strutures n only provide terminus post quem for n erthqukeF irthquke ollpse horizons often fll onto living surfes nd osionlly hve trpped vitimsD s is the se for the QTQ eFhF erthquke t etr nd the URW eFhF erthquke t ell in tordnF he dte of the erthquke n e interpreted from the ermi evideneD oinsD nd rdioron dting of orgni mteril on the surfe eneth the ruleF dlyD the utomti ssoition of ollpse horizons to doumented erthqukes in tlogue hs produed irulr rguments tht do not improve the study of nient seismi events or produe ny of the ene(ts desried oveF e must lern to refully doument the erthquke dt from rheologil sites so tht this informtion n e used to hek ndD if neessryD revise the estlished erthquke tloguesF

SC-A 2: Volcano Seismology and Applications to Hazard Evaluation

Tuesday 17:15 - 18:30  Room 7+8
A MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE STRUCTURES DAMAGE IN THE VESUVIAN AREA UNDER SEISMIC ACTION  ID 1181
G. Zuccaro, Centro Studi PLINIVS - Universtity of Naples, Italy F. Cacace, Centro Studi PLINIVS - University of Naples, Italy

eording to historil nd instrumentl reordsD the southern )nk of the wdonie wtsF @entrl northern iilyA is hrterised y only few moderte erthqukesF e present results of reent (eld investigtions rried out in the re of qngi highlighting tht the lst tetoni phses re represented y prevlently kilometri xEi dextrl strikeEslip fultsF sn dditionD ner wt elurhi set of norml xxEi fultsD relted to the sme systemD ut red onglomerte nd lluvil sndsF enlytil oservtions on onglomertes disply tht some oles re o'set y these fultsF king into ount the mehnil strength of oles it is likely tht suh ruptures represent oseismi e'etF snterestinglyD some of these fults ut lso omn votive nihes dted Rth entury eFhFY one of them is o'set out IR mF ristoril nd rheologil nlyses show tht this re ws lredy settled in prehistori timeD nd susequently inhited in qreek nd omn gesF et the qngivehio siteD there is prevlene of pottery piees nd oins dted from Ist to Rth entury eFhFD nd n importnt derese

he model represents the (rst ttempt to ssess the imE pt of rnge of di'erent volni hzrds on the uilding strutures in volni resF his theoretil pproh hs een hieved within the tivities of the ixploris projet supported y the iF he model onsiders three min hzrd phenomenX erthqukesD sh fll nd pyrolsti )owsF epprohes to this work must tke hyrid form of stohsti nd deterministi nlysesD tking into ount written histories of volni eruptions nd expertise from (eld geologists to uild up semiEdeterministi

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Oral presentations
model of the possile omintions of the ove hzrds tht re situted oth in time nd speF e time history for ulinin s eruptive senrio is ssumed y tking dvntge from the expert eliittions nd the following umultive dmge impt to the uilding strutures due to sequene of preursors seismi events is derivedF his is hieved y new originl de(nition of vulnerility funtions for multi hzrd input nd dynmi umultive dmge modelF ptors 'eting the vriility of the (nl senrio re highlightedF he results show tht some hzrd omintions inrese nd others mitigte uilding vulnerility to susequent eruptive phenomen
SHEAR WAVE SPLITTING TIME VARIATION ON VOLCANIC AREAS: THE CASE OF MT. ETNA  ID 1669
F. Bianco, INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy L. Zaccarelli, INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy L. Scarf, INGV - Sez. Catania, Italy E. Del Pezzo, INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy D. Patan, INGV - sez. Catania, Italy

SC-B 1
onstrut erly lertsF

ANALYSIS OF CN SEISMICITY PATTERNS AT MT. VESUVIUS  ID 1952

A. Peresan, University of Trieste, Italy I. Rotwain, IIEPT. Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation I. Kuznetsov, IIEPT. Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation M. Rosso, University of Trieste, Italy G. F. Panza, University of Trieste & ICTP, Italy

herEwve splitting is the elstiEequivlent of the well known phenomenon of optil irefringeneF e sher wve propgting through n nisotropi solid splits into two Ewves tht trvel with di'erent veloities nd with di'erent diretions of polriztionD generting two oservles X h tht is the time dely etween the two split wvesD nd vh tht is the polriztion diretion of the fster wveF sn the upper rust this phenomenon hs een interpreted to our in zones of )uidE(lled rksD mirorks or preferentilly oriented pore spesF he time evolution of nisotropi distriution of mirorks due to di'erentil stressD ording to the nonliner nisotropi poroelstiity @ei A modelD is explined y the )uid migrtion long pressure grdients etween neighouring mirorks nd poresF sn this frmework the sher wve splitting prmeters re inditors of the stte of stress in the upper rustF e otined sher wve splitting mesurements for lol erthqukes ourred efore nd fter the lst e'usive eruptions t itn volno @iilyD southern stlyA ourred in PHHID PHHP nd PHHRF ell the dtset hve een seleted ording to the sher wve window riteriF e oserved time vrition of h in the ndID disussing lso the possiility we were mesuring sptil vrition of nisotropy due to soures migrtionF vh is onsistent with the diretion of the ompressive stress (eld ting in the re nd show the WHEdegrees )ip for the di'erent eruptionsF e interpret the oserved time hnges of the splitting prmeters s inditors of omplex stress hngesD disussing their role s preursors of the eruptions in the investigted reF
TWO INDICATORS OF THE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY FOR OPENED AND CLOSED SYSTEMS  ID 2061
P. Palacios, Instituto Geosico, Ecuador H. Yepes, Instituto Geosico, Ecuador I. Molina, Instituto Geosico, Ecuador G. Cordoba, Universidad de Nario, Colombia

he preursory seismi tivtion preeding moderte size erthqukes ourring t wtF esuvius is investigtedF sn ftD though erthqukes in this re re not prtiulrly strong @involvE ing erthqukes with mximum mgnitude wda QFTD sine IWUPAD due to their shllow depths nd to the high urniztion of the reD they n use signi(nt onern nd dmgesF he possiility of intermediteEterm predition of moderte size erthqukesD with w3 QFHD t wtF esuvius is explored y mking use of the formlly de(ned lgorithm gxD whih is sed on set of premonitory seismiity ptternsF gxD tht ws originlly designed to identify the imes of snresed roility @ssA for the ourrene of strong tetoni erthqukesD within delimited regionD is pplied here to the nlysis of erthqukes in volni resF tisftory nd stle predition results re otinedD either y retrospetive nd forwrd nlysisD when n pproprite time sling is introduedF he preditive pility of the individul funtions of the seismi )owD whih re used to quntify the premonitory seismiity ptterns in gx lgorithm pplitionD is nlysed s wellD in order to etter understnd the preursory tivtion hrterising vesuvin miroEerthqukesF he outomes of the performed experiments indite tht the formlly de(ned premonitory ptterns deteted y the lgorithm gx for strong tetoni erthqukes n e onsistently oserved in the seismiity t wtF esuviusF

THE METHODOLOGY OF QUANTIFICATION OF VOLCANIC EXPLOSIONS FROM BROADBAND SEISMIC SIGNALS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE 2004-2005 EXPLOSIONS AT VOLCAN DE COLIMA, MEXICO  ID 1818
V. Zobin, Observatorio Vulcanologico, Universidad de Colima,

Mexico C. Navarro, Observatorio Vulcanologico, Universidad de Colima, Mexico G. Reyes, Observatorio Vulcanologico, Universidad de Colima, Mexico

sn order to hrterize the pre!eruptive ehviour of the volni strutureD onsidering it s losed systemD the time seril of the volno ! tetoni men mgnitude @wwA hs een studiedF sing the ww inditor hs een possile to forest the eruption of qlers volno on wy PHHR nd on xovemer PHHSF sn the lst se predition intervl with WS7 of proility ws uildF sn dditionD some rok experiments hve shown generl results tht might explin the ehviour of the ww inditor in the pre!eruptive proessF por opened systems n inditor tht use the men diry relesed energy @whiA hs een proposedF he whi inditor tkes into ount the energy of tremorsD explosionsD long periodD hyrid nd volno tetoni eventsF his inditor is normlized nd pondered mesure tht tries to integrte the physil vrilesF he whi inditor hs een used to follow the eruption proess of ungurhu volno nd hs n eptle reltion with the oserved phenomenonF e elieve tht these inditors my e dded to rel time proedure to

e methodology is proposed for the qunti(tion of volE ni explosions sed on three prmeters derived from the rodnd seismi signlsX the ounter fore of the eruption pD the power of the explosion D nd the durtion of the upwrd movement of the gs slug in the onduit to the mgm free surfe hF his methodology ws pplied to the PHHREPHHS sequene of explosions t oln de golimD wxioF he rodnd reords of more thn IHH explosive events were otined t distne of R km from the rterF e determined the ounter fore of the eruption y modeling the lowEfrequeny impulse of the seismi reords of TT volni explosions nd estimted the power of IIT explosions from the spetr of the highEfrequeny impulseF he power of golim explosions spns S orders of mgnitudeY the ounter fore spns R orders of mgnitudeF e show tht the power of volni explosion is proportionl to the ounter fore of the eruptionF hese prmeters my e used for the elortion of sle of volni explosionsF

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SC-B 1-I: Theory of Wave Propagation and New Techniques of Data Processing
Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 15

Oral presentations
sn generlD wv performne is poorerD s expetedD t grzing inidene ngles ut the power of spurious re)etions is signi(ntly lower in omprison with the lterntive nonEre)eting oundries exmined in this workF sn generlD lrge ttenuting funtion oe0ient vlues n produe strong re)etionsD wheres smll vlues my led to insu0ient ttenution of the impinging wvesF en lterntive is to use thiker wv zoneD whih signi(ntly improves their performne t the ost of inresed memory demndF he results show tht in order to hieve n optimum memory usge while mintining wv e0ienyD the wv thikness nd ttenuting funtion oe0ient vlues need to e spei(lly optimized for eh exmined simultion nd modelF
MODELLING AND ASSESSMENT OF THE URBANIZATION EFFECT ON SEISMIC RESPONSE  ID 1023
C. Boutin, ENTPE, France P. Roussillon, BRGM, France

EXACT CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ATTENUATION AND PHASE VELOCITY IN LINEAR DISSIPATIVE MEDIA  ID 624
K. C. Meza-Fajardo, ROSE School, Italy C. Lai, EUCENTRE, Italy

he theory of liner visoelstiity hs proved suessful to desrieD to resonle degree of uryD the yli ehviour of geomterils t smll strins under dynmi lodingF sndeed it is the simplest onstitutive model tht n e dopted to predit the mehnil response of mterils tht hve oth the ility to store nd dissipte strin energyF en importnt result tht emerges from this theory is tht phse veloity of ody wves nd mteril dmping rtio @or equivlently the qulity ftorA re relted y the urmersEuronig @uuA dispersion equtions whih re nothing else thn sttement of the neessry nd su0ient onditions for mteril funtion to stisfy physil uslityF ixpliitD simpli(ed solutions of the uu reltions hve een long proposed in seismology nd geotehnil erthquke engineeringD however their ppliility is limited y the vrious ssumptions onsidered in their derivtion @eki nd ihrdsD PHHPY wengD PHHQAF yne of the most ommon of these ssumptions is tht mteril dmping rtio in geomterils is hystereti in ntureD nmely is rte independent within the seismi frequeny ndF st is well know tht severl reserhes hve questioned the vlidity of this hypothesisD ut most importntly it is unertin how the preise de(nition of the lower nd upper ounds of seismi nd will in)uene the frequenyEdependene lw of the phse veloity of ody wvesF his pper illustrtes the derivtion of losedEform solutions of the urmersEuronig reltions to provide expliitD frequenyEdependene lws for phse veloity nd mteril dmping rtioF he only ssumption t the se of the derivtion is rther wek nd it is the soElled fding memory hypothesis whih ssumes tht the urrent stte of stress depends more strongly on the reent rther thn on the distnt strin historyF he theoretil results hve een vlidted using wellEknown solutions nd experimentl dt for di'erent types of geomterilsF
IMPLEMENTATION OF A NON-SPLITTING FORMULATION OF PML IN A 3D 4TH-ORDER VELOCITYSTRESS FD SCHEME  ID 849
A. Skarlatoudis, Aristotle University, Greece J. Kristek, Comenius University, Slovakia (Slovak Republic) P. Moczo, Comenius University, Slovakia (Slovak Republic) C. Papazachos, Aristotle University, Greece

irgin nd frd @IWWTA suggested tht some spei( feE tures @etingsD long durtionA of the seismi motion reorded in wexio gity during the IWVS wihon erthqukeD ould e explined y the energy reErdited in their surroundings y the uildings involved in multiple soilEstruture nd strutureE soilEstruture intertionsF he ide ws supported y reent lultions sed on vrious numeril desriptionsF es omplementry pprohD we present two nlytil methods whih im t identifying the leding prmeters of the siteEity e'etD nd providing etter physil insight on the e'et of the urn environment on the seismi responseF he ity is regrded s periodi distriution of simple osilltorsD whose period is smll with respet to the wvelength in the soilF his simplifyingD though eptle ssumptionD llows mrosopi desription of the response of the ity to vertil r wveF es (rst pprohD the e'et of uildings is desried y men impedne on the soilEity interfeF his enles us to highlight mehnil soilEity oupling prmeter whih governs the mgnitude of the intertionD nd to derive hrteristi time of the soilEity responseF e seond more re(ned modelD is derived from Ph homogeniztion method ssuming the existene of oundry lyer t the soilEity interfe in order to desrie the ner (elds rdited y eh uildingD nd their multiple intertionsF his provides n ssessment of oth free soil motion nd uilding sement motionD seprtelyF epplitions re given for monoEfrequeny nd multiEfrequeny itiesD resting on homogeneous nd strti(ed susoilsD under the inidene of vertil nd olique or plne wvesF i'et of depolristion nd typil mode onversions re lso desriedF
PROGRADE RAYLEIGH MOTION IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO: THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL  ID 1746
P. G. Malischewsky, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt, Germany C. Lomnitz, UNAM, Mexico F. Wuttke, Bauhaus-Universitt, Germany R. Saragoni, Universidad de Chile, Chile

yne of the most usul nd importnt prolems in (niteE di'erene methods is the truntion of the omputtionl spe y rti(il oundriesD sine suh oundries often produe spurious re)etionsD polluting the results with rti(il noiseF emong the vrious tehniquesD the erfet wthing vyers @wvA pproh seems to e the most e0ient method for the implementtion of rti(il oundries t the edges of the omputtionl modelsF ng 8 ng @PHHQA presented xonEplitting formultion of wv @xwvA sed on the introdution of smll perturtions in the wve(eld nd pplied their pproh in the ylindril oordinte system for lulting dipole nd qudrupole wveforms in loggingEwhileEdrilling environmentF sn this work the xwv tehnique in grtesin oordintes nd its implementtion in Qh RthEorder stggeredEgrid (niteEdi'erene sheme is elortedF he ury nd the e0ieny of xwv in simple models of medi re numerilly exminedF he results of this wv implementtion were ompred with the orresponding results lulted with the sme (niteEdi'erene sheme ut with the use of lterntive nonEre)eting oundriesF woreoverD di'erent tests hve een performed for exmining the implition of the ttenuting funtion nd wv thikness reltion in the overll wv performneF

heoretil results re derived for progrde ground prtiE le motion in yleigh wves for lyer over hlfEspeD nd relevnt oservtions in the vlley of wexio re providedF we ompute syntheti seismogrms for simpli(ed model of the exoo siteF sn the erthquke of IW eptemer IWVS event we (nd progrde motion in yleigh wves within spei( frequeny ndF e show tht the ritil prmeters for the existene of progrde wves re oisson9s rtio in the top lyer nd the sherEwve ontrst etween the lyer nd the hlfEspeF por high vlues of these prmeters the rnge of progrde motion lies pproximtely etween the site frequeny nd twie the site frequenyF he rnge of progrde motion depends lso on oisson9s rtio nd the impedne ontrst etween the lyersF rtile motion reserh n provide useful onstrints for the inversion of surfe wves nd for rG studiesF

100

Oral presentations
ARRAY ANALYSIS AND SOURCE LOCATION OF DEEP TREMOR IN CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE  ID 1674
M. La Rocca, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy D. Galluzzo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy S. Malone, University of Washington, United States W. McCausland, University of Washington, United States G. Saccorotti, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy E. Del Pezzo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy

SC-B 1
the site e'ets fetures resonle spetrl mpli(tion due to topogrphyF st hs mximum t frequenies etween IFS nd S rzD where it my exeed SF e dependeny on the zimuth of the inoming wve(eld is pprentF empli(tion due to sinElike strutures strts to dominte the spetrl elertion t frequenies higher thn Q rz nd seems to e less dependent on the zimuth of the inoming wve(eldF

SC-B 1-II: Theory of Wave Propagation and New Techniques of Data Processing
Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 15
GROUND MOTION SCALING IN ISRAEL  ID 1849
T. Meirova, Tel-Aviv University, Israel R. Hofstetter, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel Z. Ben-Avraham, Tel-Aviv University, Israel L. Malagnini, Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

esults of rry nd polriztion nlysis of deep tremor ourred in tuly PHHR in uget oundD shingtonD reorded y three dense rrysD re presentedF wny hours of tremor hve een nlyzed using the ero vg grossEgorreltion tehnique to estimte the propgtion properties of the most orrelted signls in the wve(eldF hetiled polriztion nlysis hs een omputed using the ovrine mtrix method in time dominF olriztion prmetersD joint with the results of rry nlysisD llows the disrimintion etween nd oherent wvesF esults show tht the deep tremor wve(eld is omposed y ody wves with predominne of sher wvesD lthough onsistent mount of signl is omposed y oherent wvesF fkzimuth nd slowness s funtion of time on(rm tht the soure of deep tremor often migrtes in wide reF wny tremor soures hve een loted using proilisti method whih n tke into ount oth propgtion vlues nd trvel times of the signlsD t one ore more rrysD given veloity modelF he most of loted tremors re hrterized y depth in the rnge QHERH kmF erry nd polriztion nlysis evidene mny E wve pirs hidden in the lmost sttionry wve(eld whose soure is oinident within the lotion error with the tremor soureF his result suggests the ontinuous ourrene of smllD low stress dropD deep erthqukes s the most resonle soure of deep tremorF roweverD the spetr of deep tremor show predominne of low frequeny not oserved in the spetr of smll tetoni erthqukes reorded in the sme reF yntheti signls ssoited with doule ouple soure mehnisms loted in the sme positions of the deep tremor soure hve een generted nd ompred with some E wve pirs oserved in the deep tremor signl to infer on the soure mehnisms of deep tremorF
3D MODELLING OF SITE EFFECTS IN TRICARICO (ITALY)  ID 1692
S. M. Richwalski, CEDIM/GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany I. Oprsal, Department of Geophysics, Charles University, Czech Republic S. Parolai, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany M. Mucciarelli, DiSGG University of Basilicata, Italy R. Wang, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany M. R. Gallipoli, DiSGG University of Basilicata/MAA-CNR Tito Scalo, Italy

e regionl study of erthquke ground motion sling reE ltionships is essentil for the design of requirements for the onstrution of erthquke resistnt strutures nd filitiesF he min gols of our work re to overome the restritions of foore @IWWRA groundEmotion reltionD nd understnd the e'ets of the seismi soureD propgtion in the irth9s rust nd lol site onditions in ssrel nd djent resF por this purpose we use the regression tehnique tht ws proposed y zd @IWWQAD rerrmnn @IWWWAD oof et lF @IWWWA nd wlgnini et lF @IWWWAF he undouted dvntge of this method is the possiility to use for nlysis dt from frequentD smll erthqukes tht re typil for this regionF por the nlysis we used RVIR wveforms reorded y QP ssrel eismi xetwork sttions sine PHHH to PHHSF nder the ondition tht the reords re otined t more thn S oservtionsD we selet QQH pproprite erthqukesD with mgnitude rnge etween IFV nd SFPF e derived the empiril exittionD siteD nd ttenution y the regressing peks mplitudes of sherEwves mesured from the ndpss (ltered wveformsF heoretil modeling ws performed y ndom irtion heory on the prmeters derived from oservtionsF por predition we used the qulity prmeter @fA a PHSBfHFU nd triliner geometril spreding g@rA rESGT for r ` TH kmD rH for TH km ` r ` UH kmD rEHFR for r b UH kmF wodeling of the exittion terms ws sed on the frune9s soure spetrumF enlysis of regionl ttenution funtion ws performed for three di'erent tetoni provinesF st ws found tht the rte of deying of sher wves is more rpid in xorthern ssrel thn in gentrl ssrelD wheres southern prt of ssrel hs no prominent di'erene with gentrl ssrelF
UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF WRONG SENSITIVITY KERNELS IN TOMOGRAPHIC INVERSION THROUGH THE NEW DISTORTION-SPECTRUM APPROACH  ID 1892
B. H. Jacobsen, Dept. Earth Sciences, Denmark

he town of ririo @outhern stlyA is situted on lrenite outropD whih is underlin y rgilleous mteril with lower sher wve veloityD ommon sitution for mny towns in this region @eFgF hiqiomo et lD feD PHHSAF hereforeD lol Qh site e'ets due to the topogrphi sedimentry over nd the geometry of the suEsurfe my resonly ontriute to possile dmges in the urn re in se of n erthqukeF he respetive erthquke hzrd is moderte to high ording to the stlin o0il seismi lssi(tion @HFPS g for return period of RUS yersAF hmge ws reported during the ITWRD IVSUD nd IWVH erthqukesF wirotremor mesurements nd elerometri monitoring of erthqukes were onduted in the town nd the nlysis of the dt showed severl fetures relted to site e'etsX the level of spetrl mpli(tion depends on wve type nd the spetrl mpli(tion level di'ers etween the two horizontl omponentsF prom geologil nd geoEengineering informtionD we onstruted detiled Qh model of the suEsurfe underneth the town nd inluded surfe topogrphyF he Qh (niteEdi'erene modelling of

sn severl importnt liner nd linerized prolems the inverse opertor is derived from liner forwrd mpping whih is deliertely pproximted for simpliity or for omputtionl e0ienyF en importnt exmple is seismi trveltime tomogrphy sed on ry urve integrls of slowness nomlyD yet the tul trveltime sensitivity is distriuted in more or less tue like shpe long the mthemtil ryF e deeper understnding of this prolem is possile through nlyE sis of the distortion spetrumD whih is omputed y singulr vlue deomposition of mtrix expression derived from omintion of oth the @nerA ext forwrd mpping nd the employed pproxiE mte mpping s well s optionl ovrine mtries of noise nd model vritionsF his presenttion demontrtes tht the e'et of the ry pproximtion on the inverse estimtes in seismi tomogrphy my rnge from hrmless perturtions to more dverse distortions

101

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of the model estimtes depending not only on the mesurement geometry nd the verge sound veloity distriution @iFeF the ry distriutionAD ut lso on the hrter of the veloity nomliesF
AUTOMATIC PHASE PICKING METHODS FOR HIGH-END SEISMOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS  ID 2006
F. Aldersons, scientic consultant, Switzerland

Oral presentations
seismi dtF sn this se the nisotropy signture provides ler evidene tht the tingshnEhoxing fult is the nturl oundry etween the ngtze nd gthysi loksF
CYTHERA M6.7 EARTHQUAKE (JANUARY 8, 2006) IN SOUTHERN AEGEAN: UNEASY RECOGNITION OF THE UPWARD RUPTURE PROPAGATION  ID 1859
J. Zahradnik, Charles University, Czech Republic J. Jansky, Charles University, Czech Republic V. Plicka, Charles University, Czech Republic E. Sokos, University of Patras, Greece

edvned seismologil pplitions usully require highE qulity seismi phse rrivl timesF hih singleEtre methodsD pplile on wide rnge of dtD n e used to utomte the determintion of rrivl times for highEend pplitions c pirst of llD high ut relisti qulity requirements need to e de(ned nd met throughout the piking proessF es onsequeneD only quite dequte omponents n e onneted together in wht we ll omplete piking 9system9F emong frequeny (lters tht n e used to inrese the signlEtoE noise rtio of seismogrmsD it is possile to design optiml zeroEphse pFsFF iener (lters tht do not distort the true shpe of onsetsF e further show tht iener (lters implemented in the frequeny domin n derive ower petr from short dt segments y using the wximum intropy wethodF st is still unlerD on wide rnge of dtD whih piking lgoE rithms perform estF por EwvesD we hve found interesting synerE gies to exist etween the ferEurdolfer @IWVUA nd the knmiE uitgw @IWVVA piking lgorithmsF uessful singleEtre utomti piking usully results in the vst mjority of utomti piks to e t lest resonly urteD nd the presene of some outliersF ine rely few perent of outliers n jeoprdize the mening of highEend pplitionsD relile utomti piking systems needD t the very lestD to e le to detet nd downEweight their less relile piksF e hve designed n utomti piking unertinty ssessment methodF he method ttempts to determine the true unertinty lss @SHmsD IHHmsD FFFA for every reported rrivl timeF he tsk is mde possileD fter lirtionD from the disriminting power provided y up to W prediting vriles mesured on every seismogrmF he lirtion involves eferene piks nd unertinties de(ned y the userD followed y hisriminnt enlysis @pisherD IWQTA performed in multiEvrite sttistil pkgeF
JOINT INVERSION OF SEISMIC REFLECTION TRAVELTIMES AND WAVE POLARIZATIONS  ID 1821
J. Chen, Institute of Geophysics, China J. Badal, University of Zaragoza, Spain J. Teng, Institute of Geophysics, China

his erthquke is importnt euseX @iA lst event of omprle mgnitude ourred in the region IHH yr goD @iiA in longEterm sense the event ws predited y pzhos et lF @PHHPAD @iiiA nodl plnes re not prllel to the min strutureD the relleni rD @ivA it is n intermediteEdepth eventD mye the est reorded so fr in the regionD thus providing opportunity to study suh events representing signi(nt thret in southern eegenD inluding possile tsunmiF his ontriution is sed on phse dt nd rodEnd wveforms essile from interntionl enters through snternetX QH teleseismi nd W regionl QEomponent reordsF he erthquke did not llow simple proessingF snstedD nonEstndrd omintion of vrious dt sets ws neededF pol depth ws est onstrined y teleseismi reords using pE @nd few sEA timesD nd y wveform (ttingF sing the resulting depth @VHEWH kmA s (rst pproximtion for the regionl lotion @PI sttions in qreee nd stlyAD the epienter ws found t out IS km south nd S km est of the iwg determintionF he lotion inluded optimiztion of the pGs rtio @a IFUSA through dti digrm nd w minimiztionD s well s ply with severl dt susets nd weightsF eleseismi wveforms suggested P to Q suevents of slightly di'erent fol mehnismF sing the sme rustl model s tht in the hypoenter @rA lotionD regionl wveforms were inverted into the entroid moment tensorF he entroid position @gA ws found t out PH km estwrd from rD nd PH km upwrdF wutul position of rD g nd the nodl plnes ws used to identify the fult plneD independently on(rmed y forwrd wve(eld simultion of simple (niteEextent soure modelF pult omplexity @two slip pthesA ws lso indited y nonEliner inversion of the pprent soure time funtions from empiril qreen9s funtionsF
SEISMIC AND INFRASONIC OBSERVATIONS NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIA  ID 1843
J. Schweitzer, NORSAR, Norway F. Ringdal, NORSAR, Norway T. Kvrna, NORSAR, Norway

IN

sn the ontext of wideEngle seismi pro(lingD the deterE mintion of the physil properties of the irth rustD suh s the elsti lyer depth nd seismi veloityD is often performed y inversion of E ndGor Ephses propgtion dt either (xing the geometry of the medium @re)etor depthsA or ny other struturl prmeter @E or Ewve veloityD densityAF woreoverD the inversion for veloity struture nd interfes is ommonly performed using only seismi re)etion trveltimes ndGor rustl phse mplitudes in isotropi mediF sn n ttempt to restrit the nonEuniqueness of the solutionD we present simultneous inversion method of seismi re)etion trveltimes nd polriztions dt of trnsient elsti wves in strti(ed medi to reonstrut not only lyer depth nd vertil Ewve veloityD ut lso the nisotropy hrter of the rust sed on the estimtion of the homsen prmetersF e (rst rry out heking with syntheti dt ompring the outputs otined y simulted nneling nd joint inversion of seismi re)etion trveltimes nd polriztions dtF his omprison proves tht wheres the results otined y nneling devite ppreily from the expeted onesD those otined y the nonliner inversion pproh (t nerly the strting modelF henD we investigte the geometryD Ewve veloity struture nd nisotropy of the rust eneth outhestern ghin y pplying the proposed inversion method to previously quired wideEngle

ine some yers the smll perture seismi rry in epE tity hs een dditionlly equipped with three infrsound sensorsF he infrsound signls oserved with these sensors re regulrly trnsmitted together with the seismi dt nd n now e jointly nlyzedF he eptity rry is out QUH km prt from the smll perture seismi rry egiF feuse of speil onstrution onditions of the individul sites of egiD most of its seismi sensors re lso sensitive to stronger infrsound signlsF sn the fll of PHHTD xye pln to uild gf infrsound rry ner egiF sn preprtion for the new infrsound rryD infrsound signls from eptity nd from egi were investigtedF gompring the infrsound signls with know seismi soures it is ovious tht mny infrsound signls re oming from explosions in known open pit mines or from militry mps where lrger mounts of mmunition re destroyedF snfrsound signls from ny given event show high orreltion ross the oserving rrysF roweverD when ompring reordings of di'erent events from the sme soure region nd reorded t the sme sttionD there is lrge vriility in infrsoni signl wveformsD wheres the seismi signls re very similrF

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SC-B 2
erthqukes nd led to revlutions of seismi hzrdF he urrent dtse inludes more thn IHHDHHH seismi reords @ PHDHHH from the iuroeismos projetA nd few hundreds ulletins ll ville t the swy we site @httpXGGsismosFingvFitAF por seismogrm vetoriztionD swy hs developed the softwre eseoP @intore et lFD geqiy QID IPUUEIPVSD PHHSA thtD in its most reent versionD llows for digitiztion of reord digitl imges to provide redyEtoEuse seismogrm in eg formt fter ll the required orretions re ppliedF gurrent developments im towrd enlrgement of the dtse through the reently funded xisi projet nd the nlysis of the most importnt historil erthqukes tht hve ourred in the iurowed reF
STORING AND DISSEMINATING THE INFORMATION AND DATA OF HISTORICAL INSTRUMENTAL SEISMOLOGY: THE TROMOS DATABASE AND THE EUROSEISMOS WEBSITE  ID 2036
G. Tarabusi, SGA - Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy G. Ferrari, SGA - Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy M. Caciagli, SGA - Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy

SC-B 2-I: The 20th Century Strong EuroMediterranean Earthquakes from Historical Seismograms
Monday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 18

EUROSEISMOS PROJECT 2002-2006: AND MAIN RESULTS  ID 2013

OBJECTIVES

G. Ferrari, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente srl, Italy

he study of the gret erthqukes nd the nlysis of their tetoni signi(ne re very importnt elements in the evlution of seismi potentilD seismi hzrd nd riskF he nlysis of the seismogrms of historil erthqukes plys ruil role in understnding the ptterns of deformtion energy releseD the hrteristis of propgtion nd intertion of the seismi wves with the inhited resD in the res 'eted y these eventsF he reovery nd reprodution of historil seismogrms nd the indispensle informtion ontined thereinD on the instruments tht reorded them nd their relted hrteristisD often eome di0ult nd lorious opertions tht deprive reserh of disproportionte mount of humn nd eonomi resoures in reltion to the ojetive omplexity of the mtterF hese di0ulties hve so fr muh redued the numer of study ses nd hve een disinentive to reserhers interested in deling with this importnt reserh strndF sn order to overome these di0ulties the iuroeismos rojet hs een strted up @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGisweA this is projet for ollortion etween reserhers nd reserh odies hving long trdition of seismi monitoringD with the following min ojetivesX IA the reoveryD with the reprodution t the swy entre of the sxq in ome @httpXGGsismosFingvFitAD of the seismogrms of the most importnt historil erthqukes @IVWS ! IWVHA in the iuroEwediterrnen re in the PHth enturyY PA enhmrking of experienes on the proessing of seismogrphi historil dtY QA retion of permnent workgroup on these spetsF o fr QQ reserhers elonging to PW iuroEwediterrnen ountries hve joined the projetF he pproximtely QHH erthqukes of primry interest for the reserhers involved hve een olleted in tlogueF ntil now out PSDHHH seismogrms of IIR iuroEwediterrnen seismi sttions hve een snned nd the reprodution of the seismogrms of R more sttion re plnned for the end of PHHTF
THE SISMOS FACILITY AT INGV  ID 1957
A. Michelini, INGV, Italy T. Sismos, INGV, Italy

ithin the sope of ywy IWWHEPHHT @sxqEqeA nd iuroeismos PHHPEPHHT @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGisweA projetsD oordinted nd prtly set up y qe within the stlin nd the iuropen spheresD vst quntity of importnt dt hve een mde ville for the study of the mjor erthqukes of iuroEwediterrnen reF sn this regrdD sine IWWHD the ywy dtse ws set up nd regulrly updtedF ine xovemer PHHP the projet we site hs een opertiveD entirely updted utomtiE lly y the ywy dtse y mens of omplex proedures of genertionF he we site of iuroeismos hs dul funtionX informing on the stte of progress of the projet nd llowing rpid onsulttion of the dt olleted for eh erthqukes 'eted y the projetF he utomti updting proeduresD strting from the exporting of the ywy dtse s well s tht of swy @httpXGGsismosFingvFitAD llow for the regenertion in short time of the over RDHHH pges of the site through whih it is possile to serh for single eventD oth on hronologil nd geogrphil groundsF fy seleting single erthqukeD it is possile to ess dynmi mp of the oservtories for whih seismogrm sns re ville nd to see diretly preview y mens of diret link to the (les present in the ismos dtseF he sme geogrphil dt re tody ville lso in the qoogle irth formtF elso reportedD where villeD is the min informtion relting to the oservtories nd the hrteristis of the reording instrumentsF he projet lso fosters the reovery nd the digitl snning of the omplementry doumenttion represented y sttion ulletins nd hndookF o tody we hve t our disposl the onsulttion nd downlod of IFHRS di'erent hp (les of ulletins from mny iuroEwediterrnen sttions reprodued within the frmework of iuroseismos nd mde ville y the rtnersF
HSDB HISTORICAL PROJECT  ID 1543
A. Bono, INGV, Italy

e desrie the urrent sttus of the swy tivities t sxqF swy is the lrgest historil seismology preservtion fility existing worldwideF et the origin of this fility is the 4rogetto swy4 tht strted in the lte 8lsquoYWHs nd it ws imed primrily towrd the preservtion of the then minly on pper stlin seismologil ptrimony rhived y the di'erent oservtories exiting in stly sine the lte IVHHF his ptrimony inludes minly historil seismogrms nd ulletins sujet to progressive deteriortion nd inevitle lossF sn PHHPD the swy tivity ws extended to seismogrms nd ulletins from oservtories in PV ountries of the iuroEwediterrnen re through the iuropen eismologil gommission orking qroup on the ristory nd ht of snstrumentl eismologyD the iuroeismos projet @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGesweGAF he min produts of swy ville through the e server @httpXGGsismosFingvFitA inludeX digitl imges of pper reord seismogrmsD digitl imges of historil seismi ulletinsD nd softwre for the nlysis of the digitl imge seismogrmsF puture produts will inludeX digitl vetor dt of seleted seismogrms nd lphnumeri dt of historil ulletinsF st is expeted tht esy ess to olletions of these seismi reords will prompt modern repprisls of historil

SEISMOMETRY

DATABASE

ismos is the itlin tem in hrge of the digitl rhive of pper reord seismogrms nd of historil seismi ulletins sine the lst yers of IWth enturyF he orking qroup ristory nd houments of snstrumentl eismologyD s prt of igD promoted n iuroeismos rojet in order to spred ismos venture in ll iuropen prtnersF his took suh group to eome the leding (rm in the reovering nd reproessing of historil seismologil dtF es of perury PHHTD more thn WQDHHH seismogrm reords hve een snned nd mde villeF he dtse rhiteture we propose here is the result of this experieneX it9s the upoming new dtse shem for ismos rhiveF e onsider it useful for those who re pprohing to reovery nd reproess omputer sed filitiesF hem desription will e divided into two portionsF e will show prmetri shem regrding seismi sttionsD instrumentsD sismi eventsD hypoentrl lotions nd prmetersF sn seond prtD we will show tles regrding seismogrmsD ulletins nd other reordsF e whole piture of the

103

SC-B 2
shem will e provided tooF e will point out tht wide vriety of dt mnipultion opertions re possileF por exmpleD users n set up di'erent versions of the sme erthqukeD linking them with potentilly di'erent phse rrivls nd seismogrmsF his llows independent reserhers to exmine n event with virtully no restritions on ustomiztionF fesidesD it9s possile to tre seismometers9 on(gurtion prmeters nd lotion during their whole lifetimeF sn ftD eismi snstruments re lssi(ed in mixed gerrhilEreltionl wy going down from prototype to prmetersF ih reord in the prmeters tle represents hnges in the on(gurtionF ismos engineers designed registered user we portl to the swy rhive nd some interesting fetures re vile t httpXGGsismosFingvFitF htse retion sripts for yrle nd wyv re lso ville on requestF
MOMENT MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION OF GREAT LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES EARTHQUAKES FROM THE OLD SEISMOGRAMS OF GEODYNAMIC OBSERVATORIES IN THE ISCHIA ISLAND (SOUTHERN ITALY)  ID 1981
J. Batll, Observatori de l'Ebre. CSIC - URL, Spain G. Ferrari, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy R. Maci, Dept. Matemtica Aplicada II, UPC, Spain

Oral presentations
these requirements ome from the iehert inverted pendulum of qttingenF he IWHS erthquke ourred in n re where severl identi(ed fults re visile in the rystlline outrop of the wontEfln nd eiguilles ouge mssifs @eFgFD veloup et lFD PHHSAF e hve tested severl fol mehnisms nd fol depths in the rnge of QEIH km to hek the low frequeny prt of these IWHS qttingen reordsX IA xPHi leftElterl norml fultD the emuz fultD investigted y elsset @PHHSAY PA the xTHi rightElterl strikeEslip fult of the wva RFW llorine erthquke whih ourred in the viinity on eptemer VD PHHSY nd QA two thrust fults prllel to the min thrust zone @xSHiA of the wontEfln mssifF sing the omputer odes of rermnn @PHHPA nd simple rustl model dpted to the epientreEsttion pthD we hve omputed the x nd i syntheti iehert seismogrmsF he synthetis orresponding to the rightElterl strikeEslip fult mehnism of the reent llorine event do not (t the qttingen reordsD while those orresponding to the fol mehnism ssoited with the leftElterl norml emuz fult (ts the oserved reords resonly wellF sing the emuz fult fol mehnismD we (nd seismi moment of w w a SFS for the IWHS erthqukeF edditionl models nd tests urrently in progress to etter onstrin the depth nd possile mehnisms of the IWHS event will e disussedF

hesigned y qiulio qrlovitz @IVRT ! IWPVA in IVVS on ehlf of the winistry of egriultureD the oyl qeodynmi yservtory of gsmiiol nd orto d9sshi strted its tivity in IVWIF yver severl dedes t the oservtories of sshiD qrlovitz designedD developed nd implemented numerous instrumentsD some of whih even rossed the ntionl orders to e instlled in numer of foreign oservtoriesF he seismologil tivity ws o0illy suppressed in the erly IWPHsD lthough the reordings ontinued to the IWQH9s F porgotten for severl dedesD the historil mterils hd remined stowed wy in the rooms of the oservtoryD while the dmpness nd prtil dey of the rooms hs to some extent dmged prt of the doumenttionF sn PHHID qeD within the sope of the ywy projet of the xtionl snstitute of qeophysis nd olnology @sxqAD reovered these preious historil mterils nd sumitted them to proess of restortionD digitl reprodutionD tloguing nd studyF he mterilD whih is still eing reorgnisedD inludesD t lestD PHHH letters @sent nd reeivedAD photogrphi pltes of instruments nd reordings @not few thn IHHHH seismi reordings from IVWS to the lte IWQHsAF he seismogrms hve een the sujet of pinstking onservtive restortionD undertken y experts in the (eldD nd digitl snning within the sope of the swy projet of the sxqF he most useful seismogrms of severl strong erthqukes ourred in the world in the period IVWS ! IWHSD with prtiulr ttention to the reordings of the qrlovitz seismi tnk nd horizontl pendulD hve een digitized nd moment mgnitude for these erthqukes lultedF fetween these erthqukes we rememer the essm @outhern sndiA of tune IPD IVWU @wa VFHA nd the sstnul @urkeyA of wy PHD IVWW @wa TFSA onesF rere we present the results otined onerning the historil nd ulturl reoveryD s well s the sienti( use of the dtF
THE CHAMONIX, 1905, EARTHQUAKE: FOCAL MECHANISM DETERMINATION BASED ON TWO GOETTINGEN WIECHERT RECORDS  ID 1866
M. Cara, EOST-IPGS, France P. J. Alasset, GSC, Canada L. Rivera, EOST-IPGS, France J. Van Der Woerd, EOST-IPGS, France J. Frechet, EOST-IPGS, France

SC-B 2-II: The 20th Century Strong EuroMediterranean Earthquakes from Historical Seismograms
Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 18
1911 SWABIAN JURA, SOUTHERN GERMANY EARTHQUAKE: A REAPPRAISAL USING SEISMOGRAMS  ID 2021
D. Kaiser, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Reso, Germany J. Batll, Observatori de L'Ebre, Spain G. Ferrari, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy R. Maci, Dept. Matemtica Aplicada II, UPC, Spain

e moderte size wm SFS E T erthquke ourred next to the prenhEwiss orderD on epril PWD IWHSF e use historil reords in omintion with mroseismi nd tetoni oservtions to help onstrin oth the seismi moment nd the fol mehnism of this erthquke t the erly ge of instrumentl seismologyF sn order to ene(t from the roustness of surfeEwve modelling t low frequenyD good signlEtoEnoise rtio is required t periods lrger thn PHsF he only reords we hve found ful(lling

ith the erthquke of IT xovemer IWIID one of the lrgest erthqukes in gentrl iuropeD signi(nt seismi tivity strted in win tur @outhern qermnyA nd ontinued with severl dmging erthqukes throughout the PHth enturyF xo mjor erthquke is known efore this event in this region tht is now onsidered to e one of the most tive in gentrl iuropeF ell erthqukes our in smll region of IH km extent in the upper rust nd show very similr strikeEslip fol mehnisms tht n e relted to xE striking sher zone of sinistrl type with no ovious surfe expressionF ine the seismogrm interprettion y qutenerg @IWISA nd the mroseismi nlysis y ieerg 8 vis @IWPSA no inEdepth studies of this erthquke re villeF his event is mongst those onsidered to hve high priority in the list of erthqukes inluded in the iuroeismos projet @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGesweAF sn the dtse of the swy projet ! sxq @httpXGGsismosFingvFitAD whih lso ollets the digitl sns of the seismogrms reovered for eh event of the iuroeismos projetD QS reordings from IT di'erent iuroEwediterrnen oservtories re ville for this erthqukeF seful reords hve een digitised with the eseo softwre tool nd the resulting vetoriztion signl hs een the sujet of pproprite orretions on the sis of the instrumentl onstnts of the historil seismogrphsF reneD it ws possile to otin reEevlution of the min seismologil prmeters of the eventF e omprison etween these prmeters nd those from previous studies re disussedF
THE ALTA VAL TIBERINA (ITALY) EARTHQUAKE OF 26TH APRIL 1917: REASSESSMENT OF THE MAIN SEISMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS.  ID 1987
M. Caciagli, SGA - Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy

104

Oral presentations
B. Palombo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy J. Batll, Observatori de l'Ebre., Spain

SC-B 2
B. Palombo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

he event on PTth epril IWIU t WXQSXSW hours @qwA loted in the elt l ierin @stlyAD is prt of series of strong erthqukes thtD in the fourEyer period IWITEIWPHD 'eted n re of the epennines from the edriti ost to xorth usny inluded within the regions of omgnD usny nd mriD nd tht hve een the sujet of numerous reent mroseismi studiesF he gtlogue of trong stlin irthqukes @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGftGAD lssi(es IQR lotions in regrd to this erthqukeD whih prtiulrly struk some entres situted on hillside reliefs to the right of the )ow of the iver ier @wonterhiD etretolo nd othersA nd hd mximum nd epientrl intensity equl to the sE degree of the wg sleD with mgnitude equivlent to TF his event is mongst those onsidered to hve high priority in the list of erthqukes inluded in the iuroeismos projet @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGesweAF sn the dtse of the swy rojet ! sxq @httpXGGsismosFingvFitAD whih lso ollets the digitl sns of the seismogrms reovered for eh event of the iuroeismos projetD RI reordings from IT di'erent iuroE wediterrnen oservtories re ville tody for this erthqukeF efter the vetoriliztion of the seismogrmsD performed using eseo softwre @httpXGGsismosFingvFitGteseoGAD the orretion of the signls on the sis of the instrumentl onstnts of the historil seismogrphs ws performedF reneD it hs een possile to otin ressessment of the min seismologil prmeters of the event nd the omprison etween these prmeters nd the sme ones extrpolted from mroseismi dt is disussedF
THE SANTA SOFIA (ITALY) EARTHQUAKE ON 10TH NOVEMBER 1918: SEISMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FROM HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS.  ID 2002
G. Tarabusi, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy B. Palombo, INGV - Centro Nazionale Terremoti, Italy G. Ferrari, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy

he strong erthquke tht hit the wugello @usnyD stlyA on PWth tune of IWIW t ISXHTXIQ @qwA hs een the sujet of reent mroseismi studiesF his erthquke is prt of series of (ve strong erthqukes thtD in the fourEyer period rnging from IWITEIWPHD struk the xorthern epennine from outhEist @edriti ostD wy IV nd eugust ISD IWITA to xorthEest @qrfgnnD eptemer UD IWPHAF he prmeters drwn from the gtlogue of trong stlin irthqukes @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGftGAD whih hs STV felt reports for this eventD indite mximum epientrl intensity equl to the degree of the wg sleD with equivlent mgnitude equl to TFQ nd mroseismi epientre of oordintes RQFWS x nd IIFRV iF he worst hit entres underwent extensive destrution nd numerous rurl houses ollpsed ompletelyF erious dmge lso ourred in the upper gsentinoD in the ldrno re nd in the epennine villges of the omgn regionD where the shok inresed the dmge of the res lredy hit y the erthquke on IHth xovemer IWIVF his event is present in the list of highEpriority erthqukes of the iuroseismos projet @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGesweAF he dtse of the swy rojet ! sxq @httpXGGsismosFingvFitAD whih lso ollets the digitl sns of the seismogrms reovered during the iuroeismos projetD omprises QQ reordings from IT di'erent iuroEwediterrnen oservtoriesF efter the vetoriliztion of the useful seismogrms e'eted using the eseo softwre @httpXGGsismosFingvFitGteseoGAD through the retrievl of informtion relting to the instrumentl onstnts of the vrious historil seisE mogrphsD the neessry orretions to the signl were performedD nd it hs een possile to otin reEevlution of the most importnt prmeters of the eventF he omprison etween these prmeters nd the sme ones lulted from mroseismi dt is disussed hereF
THE EARTHQUAKE IN NORTHERN MARCHE (ITALY) ON 30TH OCTOBER 1930: REASSESSMENT OF THE SEISMIC PARAMETERS FROM HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS  ID 1998
M. Caciagli, SGA - Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy A. Nardi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy J. Batll, Observatori de l'Ebre., Spain

yn IHth xovemer IWIV t ISXIPXPV @qwA n erthE quke hit the epennines surrounding porl @stlyAF his ws prt of series of (ve strong erthqukes thtD in the fourEyer period IWITEIWPH struk the xorthern epennines from the outhEist @edriti ostD wy IV nd eugust ISD IWITA to xorthEest @qrfgnnD eptemer UD IWPHAF eording to the gtlogue of trong stlin irthqukes @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGftGAD whih hs IVV felt reports for this eventD it hd mximum nd epientrl intensity of the s degree of the wg sleD with equivlent mgnitude SFW nd mroseismi epientre of oordintesX RQFRP x nd IIFWQ iF he worst hit villges were wortnoD n iero in fgnoD nt o( nd other lotions situted within rnge of out dozen kilometresF he iuroeismos projet @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGesweA onsiders this event to e one of those hving high priority in the list of erthqukesF he projet seeks seismi reordings tht ome from the oservtories of the vrious iuroEwediterrnen prtnersF sn the dtse of the swy rojet ! sxq @httpXGGsismosFingvFitAD whih lso ollets the digitl sns of these seismogrmsD QQ reordings from IQ di'erent oservtories re urrently ville for this erthqukeF sn order to otin the (rst tenttive evlution of the most importnt prmeters of the eventD with the help of the eseo softwre @httpXGGsismosFingvFitGteseoGA vetoriliztion of the ville reordings ws performedF he neessry orretions were mde to the signls y mens of the serh for the relted instrumentl onstnts of the di'erent historil seismogrphsF he omprison etween these prmeters nd the ones lulted from mroseismi dt is disussed hereF
THE MUGELLO (ITALY) EARTHQUAKE OF THE 29TH JUNE 1919: RE-EVALUATION OF THE SEISMIC PARAMETERS FROM HISTORIC SEISMOGRAMS  ID 2012
G. Ferrari, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy G. Tarabusi, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy

he erthquke of the QHth ytoer IWQH t the HUXIQXHT @qwA tht hit the entrlEnorthern ostline re of the wrhe region ws felt ll ross entrlEnorthern stlyD s fr s north s sstriD nd s fr s xples nd epuliF sn the gtlogue of trong stlin irthqukes @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGftGAD this erthquke hs n epientrl intensity equl to the sss degree of the wg sleD n equivlent mgnitude of SFWD oth lulted from PSH felt reportsF he erthquke9s mximum e'ets were in eniglliD where QIV houses ollpsed nd PDHHH were seriously dmgedF otl ollpses nd numerous unstle houses were reported t wontemrinoD wondolfoD n gostnzoD pnoD in some qurters @gpodimonte nd n vzzroA nd in the neighourhoods of enonF eout RH more lotions su'ered dmge of ertin importneF xo reent studies performed from seismogrms re ville for this erthqukeF his event is in the high priority list of erthqukes of the iuroeismos projet @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGesweAF por the erthquke eing studied tody we hve TR reordings ville from PP di'erent iuroEwediterrnen seismologil oservtories or sttionsF wny of these reords hve een reovered within the frmework of the iuroseismos projet nd re stored in digitl formt in the swy rojet ! sxq @httpXGGsismosFingvFitA dtseF efter the vetoriliztion of the seismogrmsD performed using eseo softwre @httpXGGsismosFingvFitGteseoGA nd the orretion of the signls on the sis of the instruments onstnts of the historil seismogrphs it hs een possile to hieve tenttive revlution of the event9s min seismologil prmetersF he results of these studies re presented hereF
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE 1951 EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTHERN SPAIN  ID 1846

105

SC-C 1
J. Batll, Observatori de l'Ebre, CSIC-URL, Spain D. Stich, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy B. Palombo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy R. Maci, Dept. Matemtica Aplicada II, UPC, Spain J. Morales, Instituto Andaluz de Geofsica, Spain

Oral presentations
deposits orrelte with seismi events nd snterEseismi phseD respetivelyF wo smples were tken from upper prt of eh interEseismi horizon for dting y thermoEluminesene dting methodD nd TUHHPSHy return period ws (nlly otined for n event with hrteristi mgnitudeF gonsidering ove nd ssuming HFQ mmGyer verge onstnt slip rte for xpD mximum mgnitude TFUETFV n e expeted due to xp future prole movementF he ltest seismi event long xp dtes k to TVHHSPS yers go unless the erthquke of WSV eh is ttriuted to this fultF
EARTHQUAKE SOURCE COMPLEXITY IN THE MARMARA SEA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON GROUND MOTION SIMULATIONS  ID 1318
K. Atakan, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Norway M. B. Srensen, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Norway N. Pulido, Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan

sn IWSID long series of more thn WH reported erthE qukesD lsting from wrh to eptemerD struk the region of ten in outhern pin @QFHo ERFSo D QUFSo EQVFSo xAF his inluded two mgnitude SC shoks on wrh IHth nd wy IWthF ine the (rst studies of the erthqukesD mny ontrditing estimtes for lotion nd depth of these erthqukes hve een pulishedD nd no onsensus hs een rehedF ispeillyD it hs een proposed tht one or oth of the min erthqukes hd n intermedite deep fousD whih would imply fundmentl rethinking of the estlished regionl tetoni frmeworkF he iyiswy projet llowed olleting mny seismoE grms nd ulletins for these erthqukesF he new olletion of seismogrms nd reorded phses llow us to serh for more preE ise epientre lotion nd slr moment determintionF fsed on the ulletin dtD relotion using vomx lgorithm is done for s mny s possile erthqukes of the seriesF fsed on digitized wveform dt from IH regionl reording sttionsD we hrterize the soure proess of the two min events using deonvolution of ftershok wveforms nd moment tensor inversionF gomprison of seismogrms from the two min events revels striking similrityD pointing to doulet hrter of these erthE qukesD with nery lotions nd similr soure mehnismsD nd ontrditing signi(nt event dispersion s oserved previouslyF prom tehnil point of viewD the reording of the IWSI ten douE let t network of ommon sttions o'ers n exellent possiility to vlidte the performne of lssi mehnil reording systemsD s well s the preision of our proessing sequene sed on mnul digitizingF st onsequently llows to stilize soure retrievl for the min events y limiting the nlysis to the oherent portion of wveformsD whih is reprodued with si similrity in redundnt seismogrmsF

SC-C 1-I: Earthquake Source Complexity: From Geology Through Kinematic and Dynamic Models to Realistic Ground Motion Simulations
Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 18
PATTERN OF LONG TERM BEHAVIOR OF NORTH TEHRAN FAULT- A PALAEOSEISMOLOGICAL APPROACH  ID 890
A. Naderzadeh, Maharem Group, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) R. Madani, Republic Of ) Mahab Ghods Consulting Company, Iran (Islamic

pollowing the destrutive erthqukes in IWWW in szmit nd hzeD there is now n inresed fous on risk mitigtion in sstnulF yne of the fundmentl spets of this is to estlish relile seismi hzrd ssessment in the reF eent studies iming to understnd the ehviour of the xorth entolin pult @xepA in the wrmr eD hve highlighted lerly tht the erthquke hzrd in sstnul is minly ontrolled y reltively wellEde(ned strutureF gontriutions from other segments of the xep in the region re ssumed to e insigni(nt s oth the estern nd the western prts of the wrmr e hve experiened reent erthqukes @iFeF IWIP qnos nd IWWW szmit nd hze erthqukesAF qiven these onditionsD previous proilisti seismi hzrd ssessments re not su0ient to ount for the expeted erthquke thret in the reF he reent ground motion simultions onduted using hyrid methodologies gve importnt insights out the vriility of the ground motion in the metropolitn re of sstnul nd its surroundingsF roweverD the unertinties in the input prmeters now fore us to look refully into our understnding of the fult ehviour in the wrmr eF everl input senrio models with vrious ritil fult prmeters re ppliedF he resulting ground motion distriution revels the in)uene of soure omplexityF he most in)uentil prmeters re the geometry of the speritiesD rupture initition nd veloityD rise time nd stressEdropF yther importnt spets re the geometry of the fult segmenttion nd linkge etween the segments in individul erthquke rupturesF essessing these ritil prmeters requires detiled understnding of the soure omplexityF leoseismologil studies of the fult ruptures during the IWIP qnos nd the IWWW szmit nd hze erthqukes therefore provide importnt lues on the expeted fult ehviour in the wrmr eF
SENSITIVITY OF GROUND MOTION SIMULATIONS TO EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS: A CASE STUDY FOR ISTANBUL, TURKEY  ID 1961
M. B. Srensen, University of Bergen, Norway N. Pulido, NIED, Japan K. Atakan, University of Bergen, Norway

xorth ehrn fult @xpA with dominnt ompression mehnism nd n iE trend forms the northern oundry of ehrn megity plinF sn western prtsD the xp hs softly displed the gullies with low rteF hue to the lk of shutter ridge in lluvil fns nd the sene of sudden o'set long xpD the rittle deformtion ondition is not dominntF sn erthquke tloguesD no seismi event is de(nitely ttriuted to xpD nd importnt erthquke events hve een relted to the woshD outh nd xorth y fultsF smmzdeh hvood pult @shpA with xEi trend nd n ovious displement in ridges rehes to xp through its southest termintionF hrough this region mny slikenside systems n e oserved long xp s n index of rittle deformtion onditionF e site ws seleted ner the juntion of xp nd shp to investigte pleoseismologyF por this purposeD three vertil trenhes were exvtedF hree olluvil!lluvil sequenes ould e logged on the trenh wllsD eh one onsisted of n immtureEngulr olluvil horizon t se nd sortedErounded lluvil horizon t topF st is supposed tht the olluvil nd lluvil

pollowing the disstrous erthqukes in szmit nd hze long the xorth entolin pult in IWWWD the erthquke hzrd in the sstnul re eme gret onernF sn this study we simulte strongEground motions used y senrio erthquke @waUFSA in the wrmr eD nd investigte the e'et of vrying the input prmeters on the rodnd frequeny ground motionF imultions re sed on multisperity soure model tht involves the omined rupture of the xorth entolin fult segments eneth the wrmr eF e use hyrid model omining deterministi simultion of the low frequenies @HFIEIFH rzA with semiEstohsti simultion of the high frequenies @IFHEIHFH rzAF gomputtion t eh frequeny rnge is performed seprtely nd the totl ground motion is omined in the time dominF e lulte totl of IT erthquke senrios orresponding to

106

Oral presentations
di'erent soure nd ttenution prmeters to study their e'et on the ground motionF he most signi(nt prmeters in terms of ground shking level re the rise timeD rupture veloityD rupture initition point nd stress dropF he lrgest vriility of strong ground motions is oserved in djent regions to sperities nd re ssoited with frequenies ove SrzF por lower frequenies our simulted veloity spetr within the sstnul re re firly stle mong senriosF
EARTHQUAKE SCALING AND GROUND-MOTIONS  ID 1873 NEAR-SOURCE

SC-C 1
site sttionsF prequeny dependent site mpli(tion vlues re lulted using empiril dtD nd onsidered for the soil site simultionsF he omprisons of simulted motion in time nd frequeny domin proved the e0ieny of the rqp method in suh rodnd simultionsF

P. M. Mai, Institute of Geophysics, Switzerland

his study nlyzes tlogs of moderteEtoElrge erthE qukes otined in QEh elsti ontinuous fult modeling governed y rteE nd stteEdependent fritionF es proxy for geometril irregulrities of the fultD we prmeterize the fritionl response of the system y inluding sptil distriutions of the ritil slip distne vF pult zones t di'erent evolutionrys stges re then hrterized y vrile rngeEofEsizeEsles present in the vEdistiutionF yur erthqukeEyle simultions return lrge sets of model qukes whose soure prmeters show remrkle similrities when ompred ginst oserved erthquke soure prmetersF e inE vestigte erthquke sling reltions on ulk soure propertiesD nd exmine the hrteristis of distriuted slip on the fult plneF sn prtiulrD slip of lrge events @w b TFSA is highly vrile on the fultD while ruptures tend to strt t the edges of sperities @regions of lrge slipAD onsistent with imged (niteEsoure rupture modelsF yur investigtions lso show tht the tlog of simulted soure models provides useful resoure to generte physilly selfEonsistent senrio erthqukes for nerEsoure groundEmotion preditionF gomined with the pseudoEdynmi soure hrE teriztion to model the temporl rupture evolutionD we use our event tlog to lulte nerE(eld seismogrms for suite of senrio erthqukesF por given trget regionD we therefore provide simultionEsed groundEshking mps tht re useful for seismi hzrd ssessmentF he lrge repository of physisEsed nerEsoure synthetis helps to investigte groundEmotion vriility for erthqukeEengineering purposesF
STRONG MOTION SIMULATION BY HYBRID GREEN'S FUNCTION METHOD: A GENERIC STUDY AND AN APPLICATION TO 2004 PARKFIELD EARTHQUAKE  ID 1693
B. Sanli, Turkey E. Durukal, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey M. Erdik, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst.,

SC-C 1-II: Earthquake Source Complexity: From Geology Through Kinematic and Dynamic Models to Realistic Ground Motion Simulations
Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 18
SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 8 JANUARY 2006 (MW 6.7) INTERMEDIATE DEPTH KYTHERA EARTHQUAKE  ID 611
C. Benetatos, Aristotle University, Greece A. Kiratzi, Aristotle University, Greece

he intermedite depth @h a TR kmA erthquke @ww TFUA of V tnury PHHT ourred lose to the smll islnd of uyther t the western prt of the relleni trenhF he erthquke ws strongly felt in ll regions of qreee nd in very lrge re of the istern wediterrnen eD from outhern stly to igypt nd tordnF wost of thedmge ws oserved in the villge witt of uyther sslndF he previous intermedite depth event in the sme region ourred on II eugust IWHQ @ww UFWA nd used similr dmge to the villge wittF e used teleseismi nd regionl rod nd reords to invert for the fol mehnism nd the slip distriution on the fultF he regionl moment tensor inversion reveled reverse mehnism with onsiderle strike ! slip omponent @xI strikeaUIyD dipaSPyD rkeaIPHyY xP strikea PHUyD dipa RUyD rkeaSUyY wo a IFQHiPT dynEmAF his mehnism is in ordne with the regionl stress (eldD t this depth rngeD where ompression is xEi following the trend of the relleni trenhF he inversion of the teleseismi dt resulted in similr mehnism ut the (t ws signi(ntly improved when we used two ! soures in the modellingF he soure time funtion lies in the rnge of IR to IT seF he inversion of teleseismi reords reveled tht the moment ws relesedin two min slip pthes on the fultF sing stohsti ground motion simultion nd the previously otined slip on the fult plne we suessfully predited the oserved ner ! (eld strong motion reordsF he unorreted mximum elertions of the nerest sttions re HFIQg on the islnd of uythir nd HFIRg on egios xikolos @southern eloponneseAF yn grete sslnd the unorreted elertions were of the order of HFHSg nd in the more distnt sttions in qreee were n order of mgnitude smllerF
THE 2005 NOVEMBER 27 QESHM EARTHQUAKE (MW 6.4) IN THE PERSIAN GULF: BLIND THRUSTING  ID 1060
M. Shahpasandzadeh, International Institute of Earthquake

his study disusses the e'etiveness of the hyrid qreen9s funtion method @rqpA in simulting ner (eld strong ground motionsF rqp method strts with lulting the syntheti qreen9s funtion whih is omintion of deterministilly lultedD low frequeny motion nd stohstilly simultedD high frequeny motionF ummtion of qreen9s funtions using the numeril frmework of the impiril qreen9s puntion method gives the lrge erthquke synthetisF sn the (rst prt of the study we performed generi simultion of strong ground motion tht would emnte from ww UFS erthquke to test the ppliility of the rqp methodF fsed on the omprison of results of this generi simultion with empiril ttenution reltions nd response spetr from severl similr mgnitude erthqukesD it n e stted tht the method yields omprle results within the distne rnge SEQHkmF here re unrelistilly lrge mplitude di'erenes etween the two horizontl ground motion omponents for sites loted t I km fult distneF rowever tht is not evident in rel reordingsF vterD we simulted the ww TFHD PHHR rk(eld erthquke produing nerEfult ground motion tht fvorly ompres with the empiril dtF e rried out simultions for the frequeny rnge HFIEPS rz t eight rok nd four soil

Engineering, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

voted t the southEestern end of the ersin qulf in the trit of rormuzD eshm sslnd is prt of gros foldEndE thrust elt y the sme geologil fetures s the min lndF sn gros foldEndEthrust eltD most seismogeni tivities re ssoited with tive lind thrustingD whih re not expressed y oseismi surfe rupturesF elthough frequent historil erthE qukesD osionlly rnging up to ww UFUD hve een doumented in the grosEeshm regionD ut few destrutive erthqukes hve een registered in the eshm sslnd during PHEPIst enturiesD none of whih were ssoited with onspiuous oEseismi surfe rupturesF emong doumented historil erthqukesD the IQTI eshm @ww SFSD sH ssCA erthqukeD IV perury IRVQ rormuz strit @ww UFUA erthqukeD epril IRWU rormuz @ww TFSD sH sssA erthqukeD nd R ytoer ITPP rormuzEfndr es erthquke

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onstitute the most prominent events in eshm sslndF es the reent seismi tivity of eshm sslndD the PU xovemerD PHHS eshm @ww TD sH ssA erthquke ruptured out IH km of fultD known s eshm fultD with n verge vertil slip of QH mm nd with surfe displements up to IH mm in plesF his erthquke devstted out PR villges with IH ded nd more thn IHH sultiesF enlysis of longEperiod seismi ody wves shows tht the erthquke ruptured reverse fult dipping northEnorthwest t QV o to depth of out IP kmF he minEshok ws followed y n erthquke @ww SFSA six hour ltterF he (eld evidenes nd fol mehnism solution of the seond event show tht nery norml fult with strike of QHVo nd vertil dipping mke it likely tht its retivtion s rightElterl strikeEslip ws triggered y the minEshokF he evlution of lind tive thrust fults nd triggering erthqukes in the gros foldEndEthrust elts hs ene(iry implitions for the seismi hzrd ssessmentF
SOFT SOIL DEFORMATION DUE TO FAULT DISLOCATION IN BEDROCK USING MESHFREE METHOD  ID 1281
A. Farahani, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan A. C. Wijeyewickrema, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan T. Ohmachi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Oral presentations
with this hrteristi is illustrted y using reord of the sme erthquke otined from nother site whih hs etter de(nition in the short frequenies rngeF
CHARACTERISATION OF THE MICROSEISMICITY WITH NANOSEISMIC MONITORING IN THE REGION NORTH OF LORCA (SOUTH SPAIN)  ID 1999
M. Hge, Geophysics, Germany M. Joswig, Geophysics, Germany

sn this pper fult rupturing during strong ground moE tion is simulted nd the e'ets of fults on nery strutures re studied using the meshfree tehniqueF he soft soil lyers re modeled using the dil oint snterpoltion meshfree tehniqueD nd the edrok is modeled with (nite elementsF hen pplying dynmi fult dislotion in the edrok region using the splitEnode tehniqueD some prt of this region moves upwrd nd pushes the soft soil lyersF he splitEnode tehnique is used to introdue displement dislotion etween djent elementsF his pper investigtes the e'ets of dipEslip ngleD mplitudeD speed nd type of fult dislotion on ground deformtion during fult rupturing nd its e'ets on nery struturesF sn order to simulte the nonEre)eting frE(eld region for the systemD timeEvrying soring oundries hve een used t the oundry nodesF ueywordsX fult ruptureD meshfreeD splitEnode tehniqueD timeEvrying soring oundriesD dil oint snterpoltion methodF
RECORD SIMULATION BY THE EMPIRICAL GREEN FUNCTION METHOD USING A SOURCE WITH TWO CORNER FREQUENCIES  ID 1326
M. Nio, ELSA, Joint Research Centre, Italy M. Ordaz, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico A. G. Ayala, ELSA, Joint Research Centre, Italy

ith the onept of xnoseismi wonitoring the miroE seismiity ws reorded to get informtion out the tivity of lol fults in the region north of vor @south pinAF he mesurement ws performed with two eismi xvigting ystems @xAD onsisting of smll triprtite rry with n perture of PHHmD respetivelyF ithin P weeks we hve registered more thn IHH miroerthqukes in the mgnitude rnge wv a IDT to wv a EIDVF he sensitivity of the system is wv a EI in IHkm nd wv a EP in Qkm distnesF he )exiility nd portility of the system llows investigting spious re nd mpping systemti fult rnhesF pirst results show tht the reent reorded seismiity nd the pleoseismi informtion listed in tetoni mps do not inevitle orrelte to eh otherF gluster nlysis nd dvned loliztion tehniques re pplied to the dtF he results will e relted to the lol tetoni frmeF
CAN GPS DATA CONTRIBUTE TO EARTHQUAKE SWARM STUDIES?  ID 1942
V. Schenk, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic F. Mantlk, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic Z. Schenkov, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic P. Kottnauer, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic Z. Fuck, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic

he lk of omplete tlogues of rel erthquke reords for the purpose of seismi design nd evlution of strutures hs mde neessry the use of simultion proedures to generte syntheti tloguesF yne of the most epted simultion methods hs een the empiril qreen funtion method s it onsiders oth the rndomness of the prolem nd the physis of the soure nd the propgtion pthF sn the pplition of this methodD the pourier trnsform of the elertion spetrum of the signl originted t soure hs een desried using single orner frequeny howeverD reent studies hve shown tht the oserved soure elertion spetrum is etter (tted y n empiril soure spetrum hrterized y two orner frequeniesD f nd fF his pper is sed on the originl formultion of the empiril qreen funtion method of the seond uthor whih improves the proility density funtion of the rupture time delys of the x ell in whih the soure of the simulted signls is dividedF he sheme summtion oeys the wP sling lw t ll frequenies pproximting the extended re of the fult y point soureD whose rupture durtionD is in ordne with its dimensionF yne limittion in the pplition of the empiril qreen funtion method in the simultion of signls to e used in the development of displement sed seismi design tehnology is the srity of reords with good de(nition on the short frequeny rngeF por this resonD in this pper strtegy to generte smll erthquke

he snstitute of ok truture nd wehnis in the frme of the gentre of irth hynmi eserh tivity is in the proess of estlishing the qiydynmi xetwork of the edemy of ienes @qiyxeAF et the moment it onsists of ten permnent q sttionsF pour of them monitoring qx stellite signls re loted in the est fohemiGogtlnd erthquke swrm regionF he motion trends of this region nd their prole irregulrities used y lol seismogeni proesses will e studiedF he sttions wet loted ner thymov nd y ner prntiskovy vzne hve een operting sine PHHQ nd the other two vf ner ghe nd ux in uynsperk sine PHHSF he reorded highEresolution q dt were proessed y the fernese softwre vF SFH with the im of (nding possile reltions etween ourrenes of individul erthquke events ndGor their swrms nd longE or shortEterm motions of the irth surfeF

SC-C 2-I: Recent Developments in Theoretical and Numerical Earthquake Source Dynamics: New Horizons to Predict Seismic Radiation and Near-Field Ground Motions
Thursday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 18
THE SCALE DEPENDENCE OF STRENGTH OF THE EARTH'S CRUST  ID 2077
T. Heaton, California Institute of Technology, United States

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s disuss the implitions of dynmi rupture with friE tion tht hs strong slipEveloity wekeningF elthough these frition lws re surprisingD they seem to e n inesple result of the oservtion tht mny fults re geometrilly thin @less thn severl mmAF hynmi frition must e very lowD or else the fult produes signi(nt sher heting nd susequent meltingF s demonstrte tht strong slipEveloity wekening frition lws produe slip pulses tht re very sensitive to perturtions in mteril properties nd the preEstress (eldF s hypothesize thtD over mny erthquke ylesD the irth9s rust evolves into stte of selfE0ne heterogeneous stressF s disuss how to uild suh frtl stress tensor nd s show tht severl spets of seismiity n e explined y suh modelF xormlly we onsider the strength of mteril to e the stress t whih yield oursF rowever if the stress is heterogeneousD the determintion of the strength of mteril is not simply the mximum stress within the mterilF s extend the de(nition of strength to e the sptil verge of heterogeneous stress over the length sle of filureF s show tht with the ssumption of sttistilly sttionry heterogeneous stressD tht this verge n e determined from the sptil power spetrum of the heterogeneous stressF purthermoreD s show tht the verge stress t whih the rust fils depends on the length sle over whih the verging oursF sf the irth9s rust evolves into stohsti stte of stress nd if the rust experienes filure t mny length sles while in this stress stteD then s show tht strength must depend derese with inresing length sleF gurrent inditions re tht the strength of the rust dereses from IHH9s of w t length sles of meters to IH9s of we t length sles of kilometersF
ASSESSMENT OF CONSTITUTIVE LAWS FOR THE SEISMIC FAULT  ID 16
L. F. F. Miguel, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil J. D. Riera, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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o predit ground motion for future eventD one of the hllenging tsks is to ntiipte its sptioEtemporl rupture proessF he soureErupture hrteristisD in turnD re strongly orrelted with the stte of stress on n erthquke fultF hough the detils of the inipient stress (eld n not e knownD its overll sttistil properties n e determined to some degreeF yur im is thus to inlude the e'ets of rupture dynmis into erthquke senrio lultions y using stohsti pproh to hrterize the initil stress (eldF her stress on the fult is modE eled s strongly orrelted rndom (elds with von urmn distriE utionsF he governing prmeters of these distriutions re the stndrd devition stdD the orreltion length nd the rurst exE ponent rD desriing the spetrl fllo'F e hve performed prmeter study to estlish quntittive links etween the stohsti stress prmeters nd the resulting hrteristis of events in Qh dynmi rupture simultionsF
DYNAMIC SOURCE INVERSION BASED ON STABLE FORMULATION  ID 1539
H. Goto, Kyoto Univ., Japan S. Sawada, Kyoto Univ., Japan

sn ddition to its unquestionle importneD the dynmE is of rupture propgtion is one of the most omplex issues in eismologyF e onstitutive riterion for the fult tht orretly desries the reltion etween the stti vriles @norml nd tngentil stressesA nd the kineti vriles @displements nd veloitiesA on the interfe is needed for relile preditions of the seismi motion in the epientrl regionF sn this pperD onstitutive riteri ommonly used in numeril solutions re initilly exminedD jointly with experimentl results otined y the uthors for frition etween solidsF ome of these models re then evluted y mens of numeril simultionF snitillyD the mteril is ssumed elsti nd homogeneousF xextD the in)uene of nonEhomogeneous mteril properties is evluted y modeling densityD oung9s modulus nd frition oe0ient s orrelted qussin rndom (eldsF he e'et of frture within the rok region djent to the fult is lso numerilly evlutedF pinllyD the in)uene of rupture of protrusions @miroEsperitiesA etween the sliding surfes is nlyzedF he in)uene of size on the form of the onstitutive lw or its prmeters is ssessed y mens of wonte grlo simultionF hen the djent rok is ssumed to e linerly elsti nd homogeneousD no size e'et is oservedF imilrlyD no signi(nt size e'et is deteted for nonEhomogeneous rokF yn the other hndD when the frition oe0ient is hrterized y rndom (eldD pereptile size e'et is oservedF prture ourrene in the region surrounding the fult does not use signi(nt modi(tions of the mro onstitutive lwsD it produes minor perturtions of the lw determined without frtureF pinllyD mro onstitutive riterion tht tkes into ount the sher rupture of protrusions on the sliding surfes is determinedF he proposed modi(ed veloityEwekening lwD onstitutes more generl nd )exile onstitutive riterionF
EARTHQUAKE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS FROM DYNAMIC RUPTURE WITH CONSTRAINED STOCHASTIC FAULT STRESS  ID 2052
J. Ripperger, Inst. of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland J. P. Ampuero, Inst. of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland P. M. Mai, Inst. of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

oure rupture proesses hs een reported for mny lrge erthqukesF heir inversion methods re sed on kinemti nlysisF feuse their nlyses estimte ll slip displements s funtion of time nd speD it is di0ult to solve inversion prolems without onstrints whih nnot e explined on physil sisF revious results hve een shown to e sed nonphysil onstrints on the rupture veloityD soure time funtionD nd totl slipF e hynmi soure model stis(es the physil reltionship etween stress nd the strin (eld on the fult plneF e posit tht this dynmi soure model introdues tht physil reltionship into soure inversion nlysisD nd tht spe resolution is improved in the estimted model euse the model is sed on severl time independent prmetersY initil stressD yield stressD residul stressD nd slip wekening distneF e propose new soure inversion method sed on dynmi soure modelF feuse smll hnge in yield trtion produes undesirle sensitivityD rupture time is used s the governing prmeter to void suh sensitivityF hree independent vrilesD seleted s estimtion prmeters in the inversion nlysisD re lled onsolidted dynmi prmetersD nd onsist of rupture timeD slipEwekening distneD nd dynmi stress dropF e multiEsle pproh to dynmi soure inversion nlysis ws introdued in whih the numer of estimted vlues nd the oservtion frequeny rnges inrese s the sle hngesF esolution of the nlysis is the divided numer when the estimted results re similr to those of the next sle modelF he distriution of the oservtion sites ws shown to 'et the resolution of the estimted resultsF
TOWARDS THE EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM: A SIMPLE MODEL OF SEISMIC SOURCE DYNAMICS  ID 1127
A. Grigorian, ARSAT Center, Armenia

resent pper onsiders our outlook on erthquke pheE nomenon s ritility nd physioEhemil nonliner osilltion ourring in tive mediumF he pper onsiders oneption of possile seismi soure origin nd its further evolutionD sed on some results of theory of rnhed hin proesses nd nlysis of nonliner dynmil systemsF e proess with very long indution period nd rupt pulse genertion one my desrie y sequene of inititionD propgtion nd termintion stgesF gritilityD s well s vrious regimes of pulse genertion nd nonliner osilltionsD is shown to e result of nonliner feedkF he results re omE pred with lortory experiments on sher deformtion of loded solids t low tempertures using fridgmn9s nvilD nd some other mehnoEhemil experimentsD ompnied y detontionEtype explosionF o simplify the model s muh s possileD the seismi soure @ lolized pulse genertor E osilltorA nd mient medi for seismi wve propgtion re ssumed seprted in speF hese mke it possile to del with set of ordinry di'erentil

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equtionsD desriing the rnhedEhin proessD nd utilize the feedk theory to design the simplest struture of the model with minimum of nonlinerities nd neessry positive nd negtive feedkF purther omplition mkes it possile to simulte wve propgtionD tooF he following hypotheti senrio is onsideredF trin in rok within the lolized re of the erthquke epienter results in umultion of internl energy @like lser pumpingAF his proess is ompnied y slow ltertion in physioEhemil propertiesF et some ritil onditionsD smll shift in kineti equilirium of tive enters n result in rpid energy dissiption vi seismi wveF her deformtion y tetoni origin is most importnt for shllow nd moderte depth erthqukesF he model is independent of physil stte of onsidered medi @solidEtoEgsA nd n desrie some other proesses of prtil interestD eFgF lod ging nd elstiEplsti rupture of mterilsF

Oral presentations
@tpnAD y using QhEphw sheme oupled with slip wekening frition lwF o infer the rp rdition we lulte the frE(eld elertion spetr @ppAD represented y the grdient of rupture veloity ross the fult plne multiplied y the dynmi stress drop distriution from the dynmi modelF glultion of this produt for the ottori erthquke suggests tht rp is rdited from regions in the fult plne where lrge rupture veloity grdient is overlpped y strong dynmi stress dropF sn this pper we infer the rp soure rdition from nerEfult ground motionsF rp ground motions re lulted s n inoherent rupture of rks evenly distriuted ross the fult plneF upture times of rks re onstrined y results of the dynmi modelF rp ground motion t every site is otined y onvolving impiril qreen9s ensor herivtives @iqhAD with the slip veloity funtion t eh rkF lip veloity funtions re otined from the dynmi model y modifying their elertion pourier spetr mplitude to llow for vrile pp nd fmxD whih re set s models prmetersF hese prmeters re otined y qe inversion sheme to optimize greement to oserved rp ground motionsF iqh re otined from set of lustered events y liner inversion shemeF iqh urtely desrie n verge propgtion pth etween eh sttion nd fol zone orresponding to minshok speritiesF
VALIDATION OF A NEW HAZARD SCENARIO (MAXIMUM PARTICLE DISPLACEMENTS); NORTHRIDGE, 1994.  ID 388
L. Sirovich, Istituto Nazionale O.G.S., Italy

SC-C 2-II: Recent Developments in Theoretical and Numerical Earthquake Source Dynamics: New Horizons to Predict Seismic Radiation and Near-Field Ground Motions
Thursday 17:15 - 18:15  Room 18
SOME INSIGHTS ON DYNAMIC RUPTURE MODELLING USING A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD  ID 856
S. Bernardie, BRGM, France H. Aochi, BRGM, France H. Modaressi, BRGM, France R. Madariaga, ENS, France

F. Pettenati, Istituto Nazionale O.G.S., Italy

pinite element methods @piwAD s often used in soil dyE nmisD should e powerful tool to simulte the dynmi rupture proess on erthquke fultsD llowing us to tke into ount the symmetry of fult geometry with respet to the ground surfe s well s mteril heterogeneity nd inelsti phenomenF e piw progrm to model nonEliner elstodynmisD qiphxD is used to model rupture propgtionF he fult is simulted using jointEelements tht re thin nd )t nd my e progrmmed to simulte numer of fritionl propertiesF e perform preliminry simultions on single plne fult emedded in Ph homogeneous unounded elsti medi nd ompre results with those of oundry integrl eqution methodF nder uniform initil stress onditionsD we relese ertin mount of stress on smll re of the fult nd the dynmi rupture progresses spontneously ontrolled y the plsti ehviour of jointEelements used to simulte the goulom frition lw on the fultF he formultion of the joint elementsD s well s the prmeters of their onstitutive model re nlysed nd disussedD suh s the sher elsti modulus q nd the initil thikness of the jointF e (nd it importnt to refully tret these jointEelements to otin the urte solutionsF ith these testsD we demonstrte tht this tool onstitutes n pproprite model to study dynmi rupture propgtion on fultF
HIGH FREQUENCY SOURCE PROCESS INFERRED FROM NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS  ID 814
N. Pulido, National Res. Inst. for Earth Sc. and Dis. Prev., Japan L. Dalguer, Dep. of Geol. Sc., San Diego State Univ. CA, United States

e extended our kinemti 4up4 pproh for lultE ing seismi senrios to otin lso regionl ptterns of mximum prtile displements @qhA of erthqukesF por some yersD we used our 4up4 formul to perform intensityEsed soure inversions of erthqukes @fFFFeFD WQD ppF RUETHY fFFFeFD WRD ppF IUQUEIURUY tFqFFD IHWD PHHQtfHHPWIWD PHHRA ndD very reentlyD to produe intensity hzrd senrios in prmetriD deterministiEwonterloD wy @see this gonfereneD nd lso iosD rnstionsD VSD RUD pIQWIAF e were not surprised y the possiility of using 4up4 lso for qh senrios euse our originl model lultes the Ewve rdition in dimensionless formD thtD howeverD is oneptully relted to the displement in the soureF he present test ws onduted on the xorthridgeD IWWRD erthqukeF por thisD we used the qh vlues provided y the following FF egenies nd niversitiesX qD gD hD ghwq @now gliforni qeologil urveyAF sn our prmetri pprohD we used SPDWUR souresD whih inluded ll soures whih were suggested y the uthors who treted instrumentl mesurementsD independently from our workF xote tht the entrl soure used y our prmetri lultions ourred to lie lose to the soure found y ld et lF @IWWTAF sn eh point of the qret vos engele egionD we lulted the men qh given y the SPDWUR souresD nd its stndrd devitionF henD we ompred our synteti qh regionl pttern with the ISV qh vlues otined y strong motion reordingsF he result ws stisftoryD mismth in the xi diretion exeptedF his is lerly due to the ft tht the study erthquke showed ler upEdip diretivityD whih is not reprodued y our simple modelF ropefullyD the qh senrio for n erthquke with more horizontl diretivity woul e more stisftory @s in thevom rietD IWVW seD tht we lso treted in this gonfereneAF
THE DIFFERENCES OF FAULTING AND NEARSOURCE GROUND MOTION OF LARGE AND SMALL EARTHQUAKES DEPICTED FROM DYNAMIC RUPTURE MODELS  ID 1781
L. Dalguer, San Diego State University, United States S. M. Day, San Diego State University, United States H. Miyake, ERI, University of Tokyo, Japan K. Irikura, DPRI, Kyoto University, Japan

imple dynmi rk models hve theoretilly demonE strted tht strong vritions of the rupture veloity t the rk oundries re responsile for most of the high frequeny @rpA soure rditionF por lrge erthqukesD strong heterogeneity in rupture veloity during the fult rupture progression my hve lrge ontriution to the rp ground motion genertionF o ddress this prolem we hve investigted spontneous dynmi fult rupture proess of the PHHH estern ottori prefeture erthquke

mll erthqukes rrely rek the free surfeD nd oE ur more often thn lrge erthqukesD while lrge erthqukes present opposite hrteristisF sn dditionD reent oservtions

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suggest tht smll erthqukes generte stronger ground motion thn lrge erthqukes in the frequeny rnge of round I rzF hese oservtions indite di'erenes in the rupture mehnism of lrge nd smll erthqukesF e explore the mehnism of erthE qukes y mens of numeril models nd propose hrteristi dynmi models for prtil pplition to strong groundEmotion preditionF he hrteristi models onsist of sperity nd surrounding kground res for surfe @lrgeA nd susurfe @smllA erthqukesF hese models show tht surfe erthqukes re hrterized y lrge re of negtive stress drop surrounding the speritiesD while suEsurfe erthqukes present positive or zero stress dropF he soure sling of seismi moments nd rupture re derived from the sperity models is onsistent with empiril models if the suEsurfe erthqukes follow selfEsimilr sling nd surfe erthqukes rek this selfEsimilrityF e pply the proposed hrteristi sperity models to simulte nerEsoure ground motionD nd we (nd tht hypoenter lotion elow the sperity n produe strong diretivity of the slip veloity funtion towrd the freeEsurfeF ht e'etD in ddition to redued fult re nd low frture energy during rupture my e signi(nt in enhning highEfrequeny ground motionF yn the other hndD lrge erthqukes re hrterized y shllow hypoenter @upper prt of sperityAD lrge frture energy on the sperities nd enhned energy sorption due to lrge res of negtive stress drop in the kground reF he existene of negtive stress drop n e mnifesttion of lrge re of dmge zone o'Efult where energy is dissiptedF hese hrteristis of lrge erthqukes inhiit severe diretivity e'ets on the slip veloity funtion diretly towrd the freeEsurfe reduing the highEfrequeny ground motionF

SC-D 1

3-D SHEAR VELOCITY MODEL OF THE UPPER MANTLE BENEATH THE AEGEAN SEA (GREECE)  ID 1822
I. Kassaras, University of Athens, Greece F. Louis, University of Athens, Greece A. Magganas, University of Athens, Greece K. Makropoulos, University of Athens, Greece G. Kaviris, University of Athens, Greece

SC-D 1-I: 2-D and 3-D Crustal Models of Europe

Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 7+8
P AND S SEISMIC VELOCITIES BENEATH THE ITALIAN PENINSULA FROM LOCAL EARTHQUAKE TOMOGRAPHY  ID 1828
D. Scadi, University of Genova, Italy S. Solarino, INGV, Italy C. Eva, University of Genova, Italy

he purpose of this work is to otin QEh sher veloE ity model of the upper mntle eneth the eegenF sn previous workD verged phse veloities of fundmentl mode yleigh wve were determined long QT intersttion pro(les ross the eegen in the period rnge IHEIHH sF hse veloities were further inverted to produe IEh pth verge sher veloity modelsF he interpoltion of these models yielded QEh imge of wvespeed lterl vritions throughout the eegen reF roweverD due to the irregulr distriution of ry pths in the region nd the limited dtsetD simple interpoltion ould not provide stle results for the lrgeEsle lterl veloity vritionsD or onstrints on the resolution of the modelF his dtset is omined in ontinuous regionliztion tomogrphi shemeD to derive smooth model of lterl sher veloity vritions nd qulittive estimtion of the model onstrint s funtion of geogrphil positionF he oservtions revel signi(nt veloity vrition etween ontinentl qreee @low veloitiesA nd the eegen e @high veloitiesAF e low veloity zone is oserved eneth the xorth eegen roughF sn outh eegen high veloities indite the suduted efrin lithosphere eneth the eegenF vow veloity zones re ssoited with regions of high extensionl strin rtesD reent volnism nd high het )owF hese oservtions suggest hot or perhps prtilly molten upper mntle ndGor distriuted deformtion of the upper mntle eneth this regionD proly relted with the sl rollEk tht hs ompnied kEr extensionF eguxyvihqwix he present study ws funded through the progrm iieiu ss in the frmework of the projet ythgors E upport of niversity eserh qroups with US7 from iuropen oil punds nd PS7 from xtionl pundsD ontrt xoF UHGQGUQHTF

QLG TOMOGRAPHY IN BRITAIN  ID 1740

S. Sargeant, British Geological Survey, UK L. Ottemller, British Geological Survey, UK

e investigte the nd wves veloity strutures nd the pGs rtio eneth the stlin peninsul down to IHH km depth y seismi trvel time tomogrphyF yur im is not only to de(ne nd on(rm the gross struturl frmework of the rust nd of the upper mntleD whih is somewht lredy knownD utD in prtiulrD to provide more detils either on the shpe of the omplex sudution tht ts on the peninsul either on the trnsition zones etween ontinentl nd oeni rustsF he experiment is sed on dt pulished y the snterntionl eismologil gentre @sgAF wore thn THFHHH phse redings nd out PSFHHH phse redings for the period IWWUEPHHSD s reorded y vrious seismi networks round the itlin peninsulD hve een inverted employing swvD the well onstrined nd worldwide dopted tomogrphi odeF he joining of n dequte dtset nd the introdution of some lterntive strtegies in the trvel time tomogrphi routine @grid designingD ry tring of the forwrd prolemD pproprite dt seletionA results in fir rossE(ring ll over the lrge inverting re nd prtly ensures ry smpling lso for deeper lyersF elthough results re prtly ised y the uneven resolution of the tomogrphi imges nd y the vrying mximum resolved depthD we disuss the struturl frmework of the most deted res of the peninsul s they pper from our p nd s Qh inversionF sn prtiulrD very shllow woho is evident in the vigurin eY gentle sudution is visile under the western elpsY in the estern elpsD n opposite dip diretion of highEveloity mntle mteril would suggest tht n edriti moho suduting under n iuropen one should e further disussedF pinllyD the sl of the glrin r is on(rmed s very steep in the yrrhenin eF

vterl vritions in vgEwve propgtion in nd round minlnd fritin hve een investigted using short period reordings from the u eismi xetworkF he dtset onsists of QH rustl erthqukes @PFUERFU wvA reorded in the distne rnge IUHETHH km giving totl of SIH ry pthsF he study re is generlly well smpled with the exeption of northernmost otlnd nd southest inglndF he regionl verge vg qulity ftorD vgD ws estimted etween HFS nd UFH rzF he result indites tht ttenution in minlnd fritin is similr to levels oserved in prne nd provides vlule informtion for ground motion simultion in the uF he lterl vrition in vg ws solved s mixedEdetermined inverse tomogrphy prolem following the methodology of yttemller et lF @PHHPAF omogrphi inversions were onduted individully for PQ frequenies in the rnge HFSEUFH rzF he sptil resolution otined ws round IHH km in res with good dt overgeF vower thn verge vg vlues were otined for the ollision zone ssoited with the losure of spetusD whih lies etween the righlnd foundry pult nd mjor sher zone in northern inglndF vow vg vlues were lso otined for the engloEfrnt wssif region wheres the older elsh wssif ppers to e hrterised y high vgF he results point towrds similr ttenution north nd south of the qret qlen pult in otlnd nd the risn pront in southern inglnd ut these res re not well resolvedF

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AUTOMATIC SEISMIC PHASE PICKING AND CONSISTENT ERROR ASSESSMENT FOR LOCAL EARTHQUAKES IN THE ALPINE REGION  ID 1762
T. Diehl, Institute of Geophysics ETH, Switzerland E. Kissling, Institute of Geophysics ETH, Switzerland S. Husen, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland N. Deichmann, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland F. Aldersons, MIES, Switzerland

Oral presentations
pths nd periods rnging from IHFR to WSFQ sF efter inverting the pthEverged group times y mens of tomogrphi method nd stohsti shemeD we hve retrieved lotionEdependent group veloities on disrete PoxPo grid nd onstruted group veloity tomogrphi mps for yleigh nd vove wves t ten typil intermedite periodsF he tomogrphi imges of the inghiEiet lteu show signi(nt groupEveloity vritions s lterlly s with depth reveling the omplexities of the regionl lithosphere nd uppermost mntleF urfe wves eome more sensitive to sedimentry sins t periods shorter thn PH s for yleigh wves nd QH s for vove wvesD nd to rustl thikness nd verge rustl veloity t intermedite periodsD QH TH s for yleigh wves nd SH UH s for vove wvesF lowEveloity nomlies t the shortest periods orrelte well with lrge sedimentry resD whilst reltively high veloities pper ssoited with mountin elts nd trnsition zonesF he juntion formed y the sudution of the sndin lte eneth the iursin lte is lerly imged y lowEveloity ndF pstEveloity nomlies t the longest periods re onsistent with the tetoni loks nd sutures peulir to the plteuD nd they show the e'ets of plte intertionF

he detiled study of the elpine lithosphere struture y lol erthquke tomogrphy requires the ompiltion of dt set overing the whole greter elpine regionF sn (rst pprohD olrino et lF IWWU ompiled phse dt from most ntionl nd regionl networks in the elps nd surrounding resF he minimum unertinty of HFP s @verge unertinty pproxF HFQ s negleting possily lrge systemti errors due to phse misidenti(tionsA for the merged phse dt ws su0ient to resolve only lrgeEsle nomlies suh s the svre ody in the estern elpsF o improve our knowledge of the detiled Qh rustl strutureD in prtiulr the struture of the lower rustD we need to ompile dt set of E nd Ewve rrivlsD whih is onsistentD of high qulity @verge unertinty pproxF HFI sAD nd @veryA lrgeF hereforeD to redue the numer of outliers @mispiks nd phse misidenti(tionsAD we repik the wveform dt ginF sn our pprohD we ompile nd merge wveform dt of the elpine region for events with wl PFS @reported y di'erent seismi oservtoriesD dt set omplete for wl QFHAD inluding reords from permnent networks in eustriD prneD qermnyD stlyD loveni nd witzerlndF he gol of onsistent nd lrge dt set n only e rehed y the pplition of n utomti piking toolF sn our pprohD we use the wnnekenixEtool of eldersons @PHHRAD whih inludes n utomti qulityEweighting shemeF e mnully piked referene dt set is used for the lirtion of the utomti piking toolF o ssure the onsisteny of this referene dt setD we pply prede(ned phse piking nd error ssessment system to the hnd piking proedureF pinllyD we present preliminry tomogrphy resultsF
P WAVE VELOCITY PERTURBATIONS CRUST BENEATH GEORGIA  ID 1414
T. Mumladze, United National Survey of Seismic

SC-D 1-II: 2-D and 3-D Crustal Models of Europe

Wednesday 15:30 - 16:30  Room 7+8

A NEW SEISMIC MODEL OF THE EASTERN ALPINE CRUST  ID 869

M. Behm, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Austria E. Brckl, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Austria M. Grad, Institute of Geophysics, Poland Celebration 2000 & Alp 2002 Working Groups, Other

OF

THE

Protection,

Georgia

sn this study ws determined the (rst highEresolution toE mogrphi imge of the rust eneth qeorgi pplying the lol tomogrphy method of ho et lF @IWWPAF he study re ws divided into four lyers vertilly nd QEh grid net ws set up in the modeling speF eloities t grid nodes were tken s unknown prmetersF he veloity t ny point in the model ws omputed y linerly interpolting the veloities t the eight grid nodes surrounding tht pointF he grid sping ws QH km in the horizontl nd S to PH km in the vertil diretionD respetivelyF e used UVDRSR nd TUDIHS wve rrivl times from TUSH erthqukes reoded y WV seismi sttions of the regionl seismi network of qeorgi nd seismi networks of ezerijn nd ermeniF yur results show strong lterl heterogeneity in the rust under qeorgi nd orreltion mong the veloity vritionsD seismiityD tive fultsD nd uternry volni entersF yur tomogrphy imge of the uppermost mntle re)ets the depth vrition of the woho disontinuityF
SURFACE WAVE GROUP VELOCITY TOMOGRAPHY OF THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU  ID 1819
Y. Chen, Institute of Geophysics, China J. Badal, University of Zaragoza, Spain J. Hu, Institute of Geophysics, China

huring the lst yersD the istern elps nd their trnsiE tion to the surrounding provines @fohemin wssifD nnonin hominD outhern elpsGhinridesA hve een investigted y the eG experiments givifesyx PHHH nd ev PHHPF he oservtion geometry of these experiments enles oth Qh nd Ph inversionsF he Qh inversion overs the ovementioned regions nd hs n extension of pproximtely THH x TTH kmF eout UVDHHH tres were used to derive Qh Ewve veloity model of the rust nd woho depth mpF he inversion methods re sed on omintion of innovtive stking tehniques nd trditionl Qh tomogrphyF Ph modelling ws performed long severl pro(les y intertive ry tringF exev nd severl vintge pro(les provide dditionl onstrints to the modelsF sn generl the Qh nd Ph models gree very wellF he di'erent hrteristis of the Ph nd the Qh pprohes re disussedD foussing on ury nd resolutionF e (nl model is derived y omining Qh nd Ph resultsF his new seismi model provides sound sis for tetoni interprettionsF sn this study we onentrte on seismologil pplitions of the model nd demonstrte its potentil for hypoentre relotion nd trvel time orretions for teleseismi studiesF
LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE OF THE WESTPANNONIAN BASIN, BASED ON CELEBRATION 2000 3D SEISMIC DATA  ID 532
T. Fancsik, ELGI, Hungary G. Falus, ELGI, Hungary Z. Hajnal, USASK, Canada R. Keller, UTEP, United States A. C. Kovacs, ELGI, Hungary I. Trk, ELGI, Hungary E. Hegedus, Elgi, Hungary A. Guterch, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland M. Grad, University of Warsaw, Poland

wore thn TTH erthqukes generted fundmentl mode yleigh nd vove wves whose vertil nd horizontl omponents were orreted for instrument response nd their respetive tres redued to ground motionF sing prequenyEime enlysis nd lusteringD we hve otined group veloity dispersion urves for more thn IDSHH yleigh nd IDRSH vove gretEirle soureEreeiver

sn the lst dedesD

modern nd geohemil reserhD

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Oral presentations
hs rought to light severl of the fundmentl tetoni omplexE ities of the nnonin fsinF yne of the most signi(nt nd upEtoEdte dtse ville for the investigtion of the deeper segments of the nnonin fsin ystem is the dt olleted y the givifesyx PHHH multintionl progrmF his novel Qh deep seismi experiment llowed the omprehensive investigtion of mjor segment of gentrlEiurope ut ws su0iently detiled for more inlusive study of this portion of the nnonin fsin ystemF tilizing this regionl dt setD Qh seismi tomogrphi inversion of the whole rust nd the uppermost mntle of the investigted re eme possileF otentil (eld geophysil dtD lthough with somewht restrited penetrtion depthD n lso rry signi(nt geologil informtionF fesides the geophysil methodsD geohemil nd mirostruturl nlysis of xenoliths smplesD whih rry diret informtion from the deep rust nd upper mntle lso ply n importnt role in this integrted study of the lithosphere of the regionF his pper dels with the struturl de(nition nd hrteriztion of the rnsdnuin gentrl nge @gA tetoni unitD one of the est studied res of the western nnonin fsinF hespite the lrge numer of geophysilD geologil nd struturl geologil studies the origin of the g is still not stisfyingly leredF his work ttempts to review previousD ontrsting ides out the origin of the g in the light of the newest geophysil nd geohemil dt ssemled in the lst dede in order to determine the horizontl nd vertil dimensions nd geometry of the gD whih hs fundmentl e'ets on its possile origin nd history during the evolution of the nnonin fsinF
SEISMIC MODELS AND CRUSTAL MAPS OF EUROPE  ID 1680
M. Grad, University of Warsaw, Poland D. Booth, British Geological Survey, UK T. Tiira, University of Helsinki, Finland

SC-E 1
STRUCTURE

NEW HIGH-RESOLUTION MARINE WIDE-ANGLE SEISMIC PROFILES ALONG THE HATTON CONTINENTAL MARGIN AND IN THE PORCUPINE BASIN, WEST OF IRELAND: A CASE STUDY  ID 2016
P. W. Readman, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland B. M. O'Reilly, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland P. M. Shannon, University College Dublin, Ireland J. Makris, GeoPro GmbH, Germany C. Ravaut, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland A. Chabert, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland F. Hauser, University College Dublin, Ireland L. Gernigon, University College Dublin, Ireland

prom the erly IWUHsD mny good rustl models hve een produed for di'erent regions in iuropeF wost rustl struture models desrie the vrition of seismi prmetersD sine seismi tehniques provide the est resolution of disontinuitiesF prom the point of view of the quntity of high resolution dt nd models now villeD prtiulrly seismi modelsD it is n pproprite time to ring them together nd produe new integrted rustl struture mps of iuropeD understnd s n re from rl wountins in the est to midEetlnti ridge in the westD nd wediterrnen e in the south to pitsergen in erti in the northF hy improve rustl struture mpsc o improve the mpsD we need to improve the struturl models from whih they re drwnD y integrting the est lol models villeF en optimum rustl struture model is required for t lest these four resonsX @IA s pointer to the tetoni proesses shping surfe geologyY @PA to improve ury of lotion of erthqukes nd explosionsY @QA to understnd nd predit regionl nomlies in seismi wve propgtionD nd @RA to llow removl of rustl e'ets in tomogrphi modelling of the mntleF iuropen institutions hve orgnized or prtiipted in severl signi(nt ollortive or individul experiments in reent yersD inluding yvyxesi9WUD iyfshqiD yD iueveuyD givifesyx PHHHD ev PHHPD hii PHHQD eve nd eiD s exmplesF he models derived from them re of prtiulr interestF he ig uommission on grust nd pper wntle struture hs proposed projet imed t produing updted mps of iuropen rustl strutureD prtiulrly in terms of seismi prmetersD suh s woho depth nd verge rustl E nd Ewve veloitiesD nisotropy nd upper mntle veloity quired through deep seismi soundingD reeiver funtion nd tomogrphi nlysisF e will present preliminry mps for severl prts of iuropeD s well s for the whole iuropeF

SC-E 1: Earthquake Forecasting and Society

Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 18
LESSONS LEARNED FOR EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION FROM FORESHOCK-AFTERSHOCK ANALYSIS: THE EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCES OF OCTOBERNOVEMBER 2005, AEGEAN SEA, AND APRIL 2006, IONIAN SEA, GREECE  ID 1990
G. Papadopoulos, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece E. Daskalaki, Greece A. Fokaefs, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece M. Kolligri, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece G. Minadakis, Greece K. Liadopoulou, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece K. Orfanogiannaki, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece A. Pirentis, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory,

esults from two mrine wideEngle seismi surveys west of srelnd re presentedF he work ontinues the series of esh @okll nd orupine srish heep eismiA projetsF rehi @rtton heep eismiA investigtes the volni rtton fsin nd gontinentl wrginD while eshR indites nonEvolni 0nity for the older @erly wesozoiA orupine fsinF hese ltest experiments represent mjor dvne in resolution of deep strutureD with up to one hundred oen ottom seismometers deployed long eh pro(leD t sping of out Q kmF eirgun soures (red t out IHH metre intervls long the experiment pro(les hve produed huge mount of dtF e omintion of forwrd modelling nd tomogrphi inversion tehniques were pplied to the dt nd yield detiled informtion out veloity struture to midGlower rustl nd upper mntle levelsF he new results from rehi hve improved our knowledge of the rustl nd upper mntle struture in the xorth etlnti regionF hey hve dded onsiderle detil to the struture of high veloity odies loted t the oenEontinent oundry tht hs generl implitions for understnding volni pssive mrginsF he eshR experiment in the orupine fsin indites tht its rustl struture is highly symmetril with nomlous upper mntle veloities interpreted s prtilly serpentinised peridotitesD similr to those inferred in the okll fsinF his se study illustrtes tht without reent dvnes in wideEngle seismi quisition tehnologiesD proessing nd interprettion strtegiesD our pility to understnd the development of pssive mrgin nd extensionl sin systems would e severely hmperedF he srish etroleum snfrstruture rogrmme nd the qeologil urvey of srelnd hve funded the rehi nd eshR projetsF

hree strong erthqukes ourred ner mos sslndD eegen eD on IU ytoer @wv SFR nd SFSA nd on PH ytoer PHHS @wvSFTAF yn IV ytoer PHHS nother strong @wvSFTA erthquke ourred ner kynthos sslndD sonin eF he kynthos seismiity inresed gin during epril PHHTF xine strong shoks of wvRFU to wvSFR were reorded from HQFHRFHT to IWFHRFHT with the lrgest two @wvSFRA ourring on IIFHRFHT nd

113

SC-E 1
IPFHRFHTF foth sequenes used serious soil prolemsF roweverD in relEtime onditions it eme impossile to disriminte etween foreshoksEminshokEftershoksF etrospetive nlysis of the stndrd tlogue showed tht in mos foreshok tivity strted on IU ytoer PHHSF he nlysis of the mos sttion @wqD epientrl distne SH kmA reords reveled set of SH smll erly foreshoks ourring from IP to IU ytoer PHHS reorded only in wqF por the mos shoks listed in the stndrd tlogue for the period ytoerExovemer PHHS reltionship ws estlished etween durtion mgnitudeD whD nd signl durtionD hD in wqF henD wh ws otined from h for the erly foreshoksF he sttistis @EvlueD seismiity rteA for foreshoks @period from IP to PH ytoerA nd for ftershoks @PH ytoer to PI xovemer PHHSA indites tht the PH ytoer PHHS event ws the minshokF e similr proedureD pplied to the kynthos sequene of epril PHHTD onluded with the retrospetive disrimintion etween foreshoksEminshokEftershoksF hese exmples show tht should n utomted system of dily monitoring of the seismiity prmeters vrition ws in opertionD the evlution of the nture of the tivity in relEtime onditions would e helped sustntillyF sn dditionD suh system would e of vlue to support uthorities in mking deisionsF he progress in reting suh n utomted system for the dily monitoring of seismiity vritions ll over qreee is presentedF
AN INTERNET BASED EARTHQUAKE FORECAST PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM  ID 1629
B. Ustundag, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey O. Gundogdu, Istanbul University, Turkey H. Eyidogan, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Oral presentations
PHHI with Q months shift were designedF irthqukes with ubaIQFS were onsidered s trget eventsF wps of ixpeted irthqukes @wiiA were onstruted on sis of distriutions of density seismogeni fults usfD slope of reurrene urve EvlueD density of the seismi events )ow xD relized seismi energy iPGQF por eh prognosti ttriute vlues of retrospetive sttistil hrteristis hve een reeived nd levels of lrm to eh ttriute re hosenF he verge witing time of strong erthquke @ubaIQFSA ppered equl expaQFRHCGEIFPU yersF he unonditionl proility of strong erthquke ourrene during exp hs een designedF st ppered equl @hIAaHFHUPHF e series of wii for region of the uuril islnd rh hs een designed with step dtaQ monthsF he nlysis of ll set of reeived wii for the uuril islnd rh hs shownD tht the e0ieny of lgorithm wii t the retrospetive forest of strong erthqukes of region is not worse thn similr prmeters on erlier investigted seismotive regions of the worldX out TV7 of strong erthqukes ours in zones with onditionl proility level @hI|uAbaUH7D nd the verge re of lrm zones thus mkes out QH7 from the re of supervisionF esults of the reserh show tht the proposed wii lgorithm nd the wps of ixpeted irthqukes might e reommended t present to strengthen oservtions over shortEterm preursors t zones of high onditionl proility nd to tke preventive mesures on order to mitigte dmge from the future strong erthqukesF he work hd (nnil support of pf grnt HSEHSEHVHPPF
SEISMIC SOURCE ZONES IN PSHA: ALEATORY OR EPISTEMIC?  ID 430
K. Coppersmith, Coppersmith Consulting, Inc., United States R. Youngs, Geomatrix Consultants, Inc., United States

e mjor onern of the erthquke forest studies is oE jetive nd omprle mesurement of the performneF e developed n snternet sed performne mesurement mehnism tht lso provides seondry methods sed on voting y the most suessful foresting methods in order to inrese orreltion to the erthqukesF he system minly mesures the positive nd negtive orreltion with respet to norml seismiity rte of the seleted regionF egionl seismi proility spetrum is represented y distriution funtionF riles of the proility distriution funtion re set with respet to erthquke tlogue nd it is updted with the reent eventsF ih projet or mteur susries to the system nd they n not hnge the method during evlution periodF usried methods re lled plyers nd the system is lled erthquke forest legue in order to provide ontinuous motivtion in long termF lyers do not see the mgnitude nd lotion preditions until the end of forest periodF gomputer hs rndom plyers who forest the erthqukes with respet to di'erent rndom distriutionsF lyers do not know who the rti(il rndom plyers re sine they use their niknmesF ih forest requires term length 8 eginning dteD mgnitude level nd simpli(ed retngulr lotion seletionF es result of reltive proilisti performne mesurement mehnismD prediting the rre events with smller trget re nd mgnitude error provides higher pointsF hese error level oriented lultion method is onstruted so tht norml proility yields zero nd logrithmi ihter mgnitude sle is stis(edF ih forest hs ost tht limits in(nite numer of forestsF e rule set is pplied to prevent homogeneity of the riteri for suh spei( ses s high norml seismiity of ftershok periodsF everl mteurs pplied in the (rst periodF fesides the sienti( purposes of this studyD we determined importnt soil ene(tsF
FIRST VERSION OF MAP OF EXPECTED EARTHQUAKES FOR KURIL ARCH : COMPARISON WITH WORLD-WIDE MEE TEST  ID 240
A. Zavyalov, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Federation

ine the ineption of proilisti seismi hzrd nlyE sis @reAD seismi soure zones hve een the most ommon tool used to represent the lotions of future erthqukesF his is espeilly the se in stle ontinentl regions where tive fults re di0ult to identifyF fut wht do seismi soure zones representc sn some implementtions they de(ne n re where erthqukes my our rndomly in spe E n letory modelF sn othersD they represent n re where unknown ut suspeted fults my lie E n epistemi modelF vikewiseD wht do the oundries of soure zones representc ere they physil limits to rupturec ho they seprte regions hving di'ering rtes of seismiityc nderstnding these di'erent interprettions ould men tht representing them in re should e done in di'erent wysF his pper exmines these lterntive interprettions of seismi soure zones nd their implitions to reF st provides exmples nd reommendtions for developing seismi soure zones to represent vrying interprettionsF ixmples will e given from siteEspei( nd regionl res onduted in iuropeD estern FFD nd other prts of the worldF
LESSONS LEARNED - THE USE OF FORMAL EXPERT ELICITATION IN PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS  ID 1270
K. Coppersmith, Coppersmith Consulting, Inc., United States R. Youngs, Geomatrix Consultants, Inc., United States R. Perman, Geomatrix Consultants, Inc., United States

he report ontinues series of ppers devoted to results of wii lgorithm test in seismotive regions of the world reeived during IWVSEPHHPF sn this work the uuril regionl i tlog ws usedF reviously it ws estlishedD tht uto' energy lss uaWFSF eries of wps of ixpeted irthqukes for the period from IWUH to

roilisti hzrd ssessments provide the opportunityD indeed the requirementD to quntify the unertinties in importnt inputs to the nlysisF he lotions of future erthqukesD their reurrene rtes nd mximum sizeD nd the ground motions tht will result t site of interest re ll quntities tht require reful onsidertion euse they re unertinF he erliest re models @gornellD IWTVA provided solely for letory vriility in these quntitiesF he most sophistited seismi hzrd models todyD whih inlude qunti(ed unertintiesD re merely more relisti representtions of this si letory modelF ell ttempts to quntify unertinties require expert judgmentD whether it e single expert or pnel of expertsF purtherD ll unertinty ssessments should onsider the rnge of views of the lrger informed tehnil ommunity t the time the hzrd nlysis is ondutedF sn some sesD espeilly for lrge projets under

114

Oral presentations
regultory reviewD forml strutured methods for eliiting expert judgments hve een employedF ixperiene hs shown tht ertin key elements re required for these ssessments to e suessfulD inludingX IA experts should e trined in proility theoryD unertinty qunti(tionD nd wys to void ommon ognitive isesY PA omprehensive nd userEfriendly dtses should e provided to the expertsY QA experts should e required to evlute ll potentilly redile hypothesesY RA workshops nd other intertions mong the experts nd proponents of pulished viewpoints should e enourgedY SA eliittions re est onduted in individul interview sessionsY TA feedk should e provided to the experts to give them insight into the signi(ne of lterntive ssessments to the hzrd resultsY nd UA omplete doumenttion should inlude the tehnil sis for ll ssessmentsF gse histories will e given from hzrd nlyses in iuropeD western xorth emeriD nd the stle ontinentl region of the nited ttesF
THE STABILITY OF THE PROPORTIONAL HAZARD MODEL WITH RESPECT TO THE INPUT ELEMENTS  ID 1976
L. Faenza, University of Potsdam, Germany W. Marzocchi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy C. Meletti, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

SC-E 2
sumitted on W tnury PHHSD we pointed out the inresed risk of n waUEUFS event on the umtr pult nd n VEVFS erthquke on the und renhF yn PV wrh PHHSD II dys fter the pper ws pulishedD the und megthrust ruptured ginD produing seond gret @wVFUA erthqukeF he rupture ws ontiguous with tht of the heemer PHHR umtrEendmn erthqukeD nd its ourrene is entirely onsistent with stress triggering leit t very low stresses on the order of just HFI rF he suessful identi(tion of the lotion nd pproximte mgnitude of future erthquke illustrtes the potentil of goulom stress modeling to ontriute to the estimtion of timeEdependent seismi hzrdF st9s importnt to noteD howeverD we were unle to sy nything out the timing of the likely eventF he stresses imposed y the seond rupture hve now rought the megthrust immeditely to the southD under the ftu nd wentwi islndsD loser to filure nd hve expnded the re of inresed stress on the umtrn fultF leoseismologi studies show tht the wentwi segment of the und megthrust is well dvned in its seismi yle nd is therefore good ndidte for triggered filureF he re under ierut sslnd hs not filed sine IUWU lthough it hs produed severl intermedite size @wTEUA erthqukes in the pst yer nd proly poses the gretest present thretF eseismi slip under the ftu sslndsD fterslip of the PHHS erthqukeD nd visoelsti relxtionD inrese stress on this segment nd inrese the hzrdF
SENSITIVITY OF SEISMIC HAZARD RESULTS TO THE TYPE OF MAGNITUDE-RECURRENCE RELATIONSHIP  ID 1324
N. Yilmaz Ozturk, Turkey M. S. Yucemen, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Ministry of Public Works and Settlement,

sn PHHQ new uilding ode for stly hs een relesedF usequently new seismi hzrd referene mp of stly @wHRA hve een ompiled for de(nition of seismi zonesF sn order to de(ne priority re for ny shortEterm poliy in loss redution in stlyD di'erent pproh hve een followed nd ompredF yne of this pproh is sed on the lustered feture of the erthquke ourrene for events greter thn wSFSD ording to the roportionl rzrd wodel proposed y penz et lFD PHHQF he nlysis of the distriution of lrge events is omposed y severl ingredientsF sn ftD esides the sttistil distriution of eventsD the tlogue nd the zontion ply n importnt roleF sn this work the sme input dt used for the wHR hve een introdued in the modelD in order to investigte its sensitivity nd the stility of the results nd to hek the in)uene into the proility distriution of ftors like the zontionD the tlogue nd the mgnitudeEtemporl windows of ompletenessF he sme nonEprmetri sptioEtemporl model of erthquke ourrene hs een pplied to two di'erent seismogeni zontionsD nd to two seismi tloguesY severl geologilEtetoni prmeters for the single zones hve een determinedD s well s di'erent mgnitudeEtemporl windows of ompleteness hve een used for the tloguesF he results show the sme pttern for erthquke ourrene in ll the pplitionsD inditing luster properties for erthquke genertion mehnismF st sems lso tht the luster hrteristiD in terms of time durtion nd intensityD my hnge dopting di'erent tlogueD ut it is not in)uened y the two zontionsF pinllyD we trnslte these results in term of onditionl proility of ourrene in the next IH yersF

SC-E 2-I: Deterministic and Probabilistic Prediction Methods: Theory, Applications and Case Studies
Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 18
EARTHQUAKE INTERACTION DEPENDENT SEISMIC HAZARD: CASE STUDY  ID 1944
S. Steacy, University of Ulster, Ireland J. McCloskey, University of Ulster, Ireland S. Nalbant, University of Ulster, Ireland

AND TIMEA SUMATRAN

sn the lssil proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis model erthquke mgnitudes re ssumed to exhiit n exponentil disE triutionF roweverD it is oserved tht the exponentilly distriuted mgnitude model my underestimte the reurrene rte of lrge mgnitude erthqukes on individul fult segmentsF eordinglyD vrious investigtions hve een rried out to develop lterntive models for erthquke mgnitude distriutionF emong themD the so lled hrteristi erthquke modelD whih ws proposed y hwrtz nd goppersmith @IWVRA nd lter modi(ed y oungs nd goppersmith @IWVSAD hs eome the most widely epted oneF sn this modelD low nd moderte mgnitudes re ssumed to e exponentilly distriuted nd lrge mgnitude hrteristi erthqukes re onsidered to e uniformly distriuted over spei(ed rngeF sn order to pply this model to ses where there is no su0ient dt to ssess the prmeters of the hrteristi mgnitude prt of the modelD oungs nd goppersmith @IWVSA mde some simplifying ssumptionsF he width of the hrteristi mgnitude prt is set equl to HFS mgnitude units nd no gp is left etween the exponentil nd hrteristi mgnitudesF sn dditionD the frequeny of the hrteristi erthqukes is tken equl to the frequeny of the exponentil mgnitude t IFS mgnitude unit less thn the mximum mgnitudeF st is lso possile to dopt di'erent distriutions for the hrteristi erthquke mgnitudesD like the trunted qussin distriutionF e se study is performed to evlute the sensitivity of seismi hzrd results to the di'erent mgnitude reurrene models tht re listed oveF ipiixgi hwrtzD hF F nd goppersmithD uF tD pult fehvior nd ghrteristi irthqukesX ixmples from the sth nd n endres pult onesD tF qeophysF esFD VWD IWVRD ppF STVIESTWVF oungsD F F nd goppersmithD uF tFD smplitions of pult lip tes nd irthquke eurrene wodels to roilisti eismi rzrd istimtesD fullF eismF oF emFD US@RAD IWVSD ppF WQWEWTRF
SEISMIC HAZARD MAP FOR NORTH AFRICA  ID 1642
A. Kijko, Council for Geoscience, South Africa M. Bejaichund, Council for Geoscience, South Africa E. Hattingh, Council for Geoscience, South Africa

smmeditely following the gret umtrEendmn erthE quke of heemer PHHRD we lulted the stti goulom stress inreses indued y it on nery seismogeni struturesF sn pper

115

SC-E 2
A. Zaghw, Cairo University, Egypt R. Roberts, Uppsala University, Sweden B. Lund, Uppsala University, Sweden L. Hagos, Uppsala University, Sweden

Oral presentations
eshwrErzr eismi one @rA is IFIT followed y IFIP for the urghrEuurrm eismi one @uAF he other twoD wtEestor eismi one @eA nd uohtEotwrElt nge @uA hve identil vlues of HFWS therey inditing ourrene of more events of reltively higher mgnitude s ompred to the other two seismi zonesF wen tivity rte of erthqukes @A rnges from RFPT to IFUQF sn deresing order the vlues re RFPTD PFTPD PFHU nd IFUQ for rD eD u nd u respetivelyF sing R regression reltionshipsD the mximum potentil mgnitude @mIA hs een determined for the RH uternry fultsF sn eh seismi zone the highest vlue within the seismi zone represents its mIF esults show tht mI is UFV in the hinterlnd @e nd rA nd UFR in the forelnd prt @u nd uAF re inorporting deterministi pproh hs een undertken t IH sites @estoreD fnnuD ughnD uohtD wnglD wlkndD wuz'rdD eshwrD lgng nd sslmdAF kistn does not hve n ttenution eqution of its ownF he two equtions of emrseys et lFD @IWWTA nd foore et lFD @IWWUA hve een used nd the results otined using the eqution of foore et l @IWWUA hve een preferredF qe9s estimted pplying heterministi eismi rzrd essessment @hreA shows higher vlues for wuz'rd @HFUWgAD sslmd @HFUSgAD uoht @HFUSgA nd eshwr @HFTRgAF

he rmetriEristori proedure of uijko 8 qrhm @IWWVD IWWWA ws used to produe proilisti seismi hzrd mp for xorthern efriF he mp depits IH 7 proility of exeeding the lulted qe t lest one in SH yersF eismi dt for xorth efri ws olleted from xisg nd sgF rious historil soures from the widdle ist @mir nd ele @PHHRAAD igypt @fdwy @PHHSAAD ithiopi @qouin @IWUWAA nd yri @einti et lFD PHHSA were used to gther historil dtF sn some seismi tive res one n expet qe of HFS gF righ levels of hzrd @up to HFU gA our long ontinentl edges nd the ist efrin rift systemF he rmetriE ristori epproh hs een pplied for mny res of the qlol eismi rzrd wp @qirdini et lFD IWWWAF e similr mp ws lso produed using the lssil gornell @IWTVA proedureF he two mps re ompred showing wek nd strong points of oth proeduresF his projet is funded y he xtionl eserh poundtion @xpA in ollortion with the wedish eserh gounil @gA nd the wedish snterntionl hevelopmentl egeny @sheA to enourge reserh oEopertion etween reserhers in the widdle ist nd xorth efrin ountriesF
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION RESEARCH AND THE JUNE 2000 EARTHQUAKES IN ICELAND  ID 1812
R. Stefnsson, University of Akureyri, Iceland

sn tune PHHH two erthqukes with mgnitude TFT @wsA ourred in the entrl prt of the outh selnd seismi zone @sAF irthqukes in this region hveD ording to historil informtionD in some ses used ollpse of the mjority of houses in res enompssing IHHH kmP in this reltively densely populted frming regionF feuse lrge erthqukes were expeted to our soon muh tE tention ws given to prepredness in the region nd for the lst two dedes it hs een the sujet of multintionlD minly iuropenD oopertion in erthquke predition reserh nd in the developE ment of high level miroerthquke systemD the sv systemF hespite intensive surfe (ssuring used y the erthqukes nd mesured elertions rehing HFV gD the erthqukes in PHHH used no serious injuries nd no struturl ollpseF he reltively minor destrution led to some optimism regrding the sfety of living in the reF fut it lso led to some optimism out the signi(ne of erthquke predition reserhF foth erthqukes hd long term predition @tefnsson et l IWWQA nd the seond of the two erthqukes hd short term wrning out ple size nd immediyF sn this presenttion s will desrie the wrnings tht were given hed of the erthqukes nd lso to reonsider them in light of new evidene from multintionl erthquke predition reserh in selndF fut this evidene lso points forwrd to even etter results in providing useful wrnings hed of erthqukes in the futureD sed on more oservtionsD new emerging modeling of erthquke proesses nd n erly informtion nd wrning systemD whih is in development prllel to ongoing erthquke predition reserhF
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF NW HIMALAYAN FOLD-AND-THRUST BELT, PAKISTAN USING A DETERMINISTIC APPROACH  ID 1611
L. Mona, Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan A. A. Khwaja, Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan

THE PREDICTION MODEL OF PURCARU FOR LARGE IN-SLAB INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH EARTHQUAKES IN ROMANIA, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF THE NEXT LARGE VRANCEA EARTHQUAKE  ID 2079
G. Purcaru, Germany Univ. of Frankfurt, Institute of Meteoroly & G,

eismi rzrd essessment @reA of the entire seismiE lly tive x rimlyn pold nd hrust felt tht inorportes deterministi pproh hs een rried out for the (rst timeF edditionl informtion in the form of erthquke tlogueD delinetion of RH tive fults in struturl mpD their relE tionship to the seismiityD fol mehnism studies of RS eventsD estlishment of seismotetoni zones hs lso een undertkenF gonsidering numer of geologil nd seismologil ftorsD four seismotetoni zones hve een estlishedF he vlue for the

ell lrge inEsl intermediteEdepth omnin erthqukes @isA our in the rne intrplte region t depth THEIUS kmF vrge shllow @t interfe nd in slA isD wb TFSD re not knownF redition of is is omplex nd very di0ultF st requires lwD deterministi or proilistiD sed on su0ient evidene in order the lw e s muh s possile stle nd pplileF elong this viewD urru @IWURA (rst found set of empiril lws for the predition of lrge rne eventsD out wbTFU nd wbUFPF e (rst identi(ed new lrge events @efore IRUSAD nd qunti(ed ll is in terms of mgnitude for the period IIHHEIWUR @urruD IWUWD for tlogD etFAF vongEterm predition lws reX lw of qusiyles @gsA for wbTFUD nd of superyles @gsA for wbUFPF he yles found in eh of three time periodsD @sA reX @HEIHD QHERH nd UHEWH yrsA in eh enturyD lthough some devitions existF he men repet timesD D in the @sA vry from WT to IHRyr for @gsAD nd out QHH yr for @gsAF he lws re essentilly deterministiY due to )ututions from the men ny predition must e intervl vluedF e found tht without the long oservtion period of out IHHHyr nd mgnitude qunti(tion of is no onvining lws n e evidenedF he @gAElw for the third @A suessfully predited the IWUU eventD waUFIEUFPF rowever the time lustered lrge is in IWVT nd IWWH were not predited seprtelyF yur model predits the next lrge i during @Aa PHHHEPHIHD entered t PHHSF he urru9s model is independent of sptil distriution of isY no rupture zones ville t tht timeF ine the omplex IWRH iD ra IPPumD wUFRD wwUFVD ruptured downEdip possily to ISHkm @qutenergEihter depthAF hus the remining depth zone ISHEIUSkm is ndidte ple of the next lrge eventD s proposed y urru nd ferkhemer @IWWVAF tronger independent su0ient evidene isD howeverD neessryF

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Oral presentations
SC-E 2-II: Deterministic and Probabilistic Prediction Methods: Theory, Applications and Case Studies
Wednesday 15:30 - 16:30  Room 18
WHERE AND WHEN WILL THE NEXT M7 VRANCEA (ROMANIA) INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH EARTHQUAKE OCCUR?  ID 1734
N. Hurukawa, IISEE, Building Research Institute, Japan M. Popa, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania M. Radulian, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

SC-E 2
drd nd lulte the di'erene of rightness temperture t eh pleF hereforeD y this methodD the e'et of sesons nd limtes on rightness temperture n e reduedF es resultD right efore nd fter some erthqukesD it hs een deteted tht the mirowve ws emitted more strongly t fult plnes ppering on the ground thn t their viinityF
SHARP AN A-Z SOFTWARE TOOL FOR SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT  ID 1644
M. Bejaichund, Council for Geoscience, South Africa A. Kijko, Council for Geoscience, South Africa

en wU intermediteEdepth erthquke ours in the rne region of omni on verge every PH to QH yersF he lst mjor erthquke ourred in IWVT @wwUFPAF eording to the verge rte frequenyD next lrge erthquke is expeted to our soonF elthough longEterm predition sed on regulrity of erthquke ourrenes hs lredy een rried out y urru @IWURA nd inesu et lF @IWURAD nd the predited wU erthquke tully ourred in IWUUD this predition ws not sed on the seismi gp theory nd the hypoenter ould not hve een preisely preditedF rere we show @iA tht omining sGsg glol nd xsi9s lol network dtD we n relote erthqukes from IWQR to PHHQ urtely y using the modi(ed joint hypoenter determintion method developed y rurukw 8 smoto @IWWPAD @iiA tht the IWRH @wUFUAD IWUU @wwUFSAD IWVT @wwUFPA nd IWWH @wwTFWA mjor erthqukes were loted inside the seismi region de(ned y the reent seismiity nd their fol depths re IPRD IHID IQT nd VS kmD respetivelyD nd @iiiA tht these erthqukes hdD thereforeD ourred t depth rnge of THEIRH km with no overlpping of the ftershok resD nd the re t IRHEITH km depth remins unrokenF urru @IWURD IWUWAD inesu et lF @IWURA nd inesu 8 inesu @IWWTD IWWWA predited from the regulrity of erthquke ourrene tht the next mjor rne erthquke will our in this dedeF gonsidering the result of this study nd the periodiity of the seismi tivity over the pst IHHH yersD the proility of the next wU erthquke to our in the depth intervl of IRHEITH km t the eginning of this entury is very highF
EVENT STUDY OF MICROWAVE EMISSION PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH EARTHQUAKES  ID 1566
M. Takashi, The University of Tokyo, Japan T. Tadashi, ISAS, JAXA, Japan

re eismi rzrd end isk essessment rogrm is seismi hzrd nd risk ssessment tool originlly written in wevef nd now esily deployed exeutle (les with userE friendly grphil interfesF e omprehensive userEmnul is lso villeF he R modules of re onsist ofX wyhvi IX e tool for the genertion of syntheti seismi event tlogues o wyhvi PX e tool for seismi hzrd ssessment t the re of interestF he pplition of the proedure results in the estimtion of men vlues of the si seismi hzrd prmeters for given reD iFeF mximum regionl mgnitudeY mmxD men seismi tivity rteY D nd vlue in the frequeny mgnitude qutenerg ihter distriutionF hese prmeters re used further for plots of the men return periods nd respetive proilities of exeedne of spei(ed vlue of mgnitude X wyhvi QX oftwre for detiled ssessment of the mxiE mum regionl erthquke mgnitude mmxF he ode is ple to ssess the vlue of mmx ording to IP di'erent proeduresF wyhvi RX epplition of this proedure results in the estiE mtion of prmeters desriing the seismi hzrd for given siteF hese prmeters re used further for plots of the men return peE riods nd respetive proilities of exeedne of spei(ed vlue of qeF ht mkes this methodology for seismi hzrd ssessment di'erent isX st is free from hving to speify seismi soure zonesD whih is often very sujetive st hs the ility to omine deterministi omponent y dding geologil nd neotetoni informtion spei( to n re st hs the ility to omine prehistori @highly inomplete nd unertinAD histori @inompleteA nd instrumentl @ompleteA erthquke dtF eismi hzrd mps n e produed st n e pplied to res of oth low nd high seismiityF here is n intensive tretment of unertinty in the results
CN EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION FOR THE ADRIA REGION AND ITS SURROUNDINGS  ID 1948
A. Peresan, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Triest, Italy I. Rotwain, IIEPT. Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation D. Herak, Department of Geophysics, University of Zagreb, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) G. F. Panza, University of Trieste & ICTP, Italy

st ws experimentlly shown tht rok rsh y stti pressure used rdio wve emissions t QHHwrzD Pqrz nd PPqrzF his result suggests tht this mirowve is emitted in the result of erthqukesF inourged y this irumstneD we im to estlish the omE puter system to detet mirowve emissions ssoited with rustl ltertionsD whih trigger erthqukesD y mirowve rdiometer loded on stelliteF et presentD the mirowve rdiometer ewE i9 loded on the remote sensing stellite equ9 is the most suitle for our purposeF ewEi is multiEfrequenyD dulEpolrized miE rowve rdiometer tht detets fint mirowve emissions from the irth9s surfe nd tmosphere s rightness tempertureF gonsidering the mirowve propgtion from the groundD we re now investigting the ewEi dt on erthqukes with igger mgnitude nd shllower hypoenter under the groundF yn the erthquke used y n tive fultD rightness temperture is inE vestigted oth t the epienter nd t fult plnes ppering on the groundF roweverD fter investigtionD it is indited tht rightness temperture )ututes very muh due to vrious ftorsF he elimintion of e'ets of these ftors is essentil to the nomly detetion of rightness temperture ssoited with erthE qukesF ine equ is on sunEsynhronous oritD y nlyzing only the dt in the desending trkD the e'et of re)etion of sunlight t the irth9s surfe on rightness temperture n e ignoredF woreoverD on eh oservtionD we regrd the rightness temperE ture t the ple ner the speil one @eFgF n epienterA s stnE

en overview of the pplition of the intermediteEterm middleErnge erthquke predition lgorithm gx for the nlysis of seismiity in the edri region nd surrounding ountriesD nmely stly nd grotiD is providedF e regionliztionD stritly sed on the seismotetoni zoningD is proposed for the pplition of gx lgorithm to the forelnd res long the edriti se s wellF he regionliztion urrently used for the routine monitoring of erthqukes ourrene in the stlin territoryD whih is omposed y three regions loted long the northEwestern oundries of the edri plteD hs een de(ned stritly following the seismotetoni zoning nd tking into ount the min geodynmi fetures of the reF pei(llyD the orders of eh region hve een tred inluding only djent zones with similr seismogeni ehviour nd the trnsitionl zones onneted to themD omptily with the inemti modelF fsed on the suessful results otined so fr @inluding the relEtime predition test for erthqukes with mgnitude lrger thn SFR in the monitored territoryAD region

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SC-E 3 & SC-F 2

suitle for gx pplition to the edriti se is de(nedD following the sme rules ontrolling the de(nition of the three regions in the stlin territoryF he new reD the edri regionD is omposed y the forelnd res extending from the edriti e to outhern iilyD trough the sonin eF e numer of stility testsD tking into ount di'erent on(gurtions of the re of investigtion nd di'erent hoies of the free prmeters of the lgorithmD re stisftorily performedF he otined results seem to support the hypothesisD tht preursors n e found inside seismogenilly homogeneous res ssoited to dominting geodynmi proessF rene the seismotetoni model my represent n useful guide in the seletion of the fult systems involved in the preprtion of strong erthqukesF

Oral presentations
imeEdependent erthquke hzrd ssessment is often ssoited with proilityEsed foresting of future seismiityF his foresting is to evlute the timesD lotionsD nd mgnitudes of future erthqukesD using the onept of proilityF rere we onentrte our ttention on the 4lotions4 nd present n pplile sttistilEphysisEsed methodF yur method is lled ttern snformtis @sAD whih n detet the lotions of temporl hnge in seismiity @seismi tivtion nd quieseneA ssoited with the ourrene of future erthqukesF he output is hzrd mp of res with proilities tht lrge erthqukes re likely to our in future IHEyer spnF epplitions of s method to gliforni nd on worldwide sis hve lso forested the lotion of future erthqukesF sn this presenttionD we show its pplition to the entrl prt of tpnF e disuss our results from severl geophysil viewpoints nd indite tht the s method shows onsiderle promise s n intermediteEterm erthquke foresting tool for the entrl tpnF st is of interest to extend the s method so s to e pplile for foresting the times nd mgnitudes of future erthqukesF
COULOMB STRESS, EARTHQUAKE TIES, AND SEISMIC RATES  ID 1939
S. Steacy, University of Ulster, Ireland J. McCloskey, University of Ulster, Ireland

SC-E 3 & SC-F 2-I: Time-Dependant Earthquake Hazard Assessment

Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 18
STATIC STRESS CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE OCCURRENCE OF STRONG EARTHQUAKES IN BULGARIA AND NORTHERN GREECE  ID 1592
E. Papadimitriou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Geophysics D, Greece V. Karakostas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Geophysics D, Greece M. Tranos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Geology D, Greece B. Ranguelov, Geophysical Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Scienc, Bulgaria D. Gospodinov, Geophysical Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Scienc, Bulgaria

PROBABILI-

etivtion of mjor fults in fulgri nd northern qreee presents signi(nt seismi hzrd euse of their proximity to populted entersF he long reurrene intervlsD of the order of severl hundred yers s suggested y previous investigtionsD imply tht the PHth entury tivtion long the southern oundry of the u!flkn gren systemD is proly ssoited with stress trnsfer mong neighouring fults or fult segmentsF pult intertion is investigted through elsti stress trnsfer mong strong min shoks @wbTFHAD nd in three ses their foreshoksD whih ruptured distint or djent norml fult segmentsF e ompute stress perturtions used y erthquke dislotions in homogeneous hlf!speF he stress hnge lultions were performed for fults of strikeD dipD nd rke pproprite to the strong eventsF e explore the intertion etween norml fults in the study re y resolving hnges of goulom filure funtion sine IWHR nd hene the evolution of the stress (eld in the re during the lst IHH yersF goulom stress hnges were lulted ssuming tht erthqukes n e modeled s stti dislotions in n elsti hlf!speD nd tking into ount oth the oseismi slip in strong erthqukes nd the slow tetoni stress uildup ssoited with mjor fult segmentsF e evlute if these stress hnges rought given strong erthquke loser toD or sent it frther fromD filureF he modeling results show tht the genertion of eh strong event enhned the goulom stress on long!strike neighors nd redued the stress on prllel norml fults in the study reF e extend the stress lultions up to present nd provide n ssessment for future seismi hzrd y identifying the fult segments tht re possile sites of future strong erthqukesF
APPLICATION OF PATTERN INFORMATICS METHOD TO FORECASTING THE LOCATIONS OF FUTURE LARGE EARTHQUAKES IN THE CENTRAL JAPAN  ID 1760
K. Z. Nanjo, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Japan J. R. Holliday, University of California at Davis, United States C. C. Chen, National Central University, Taiwan J. B. Rundle, University of California at Davis, United States D. L. Turcotte, University of California at Davis, United States

st is now widely epted tht goulom stress perturE tions 'et the lotion nd timing of susequent events nd hene hve ler implitions for timeEdependent hzrdF untifying the hzrd hnge is not stright forwrdD howeverD due to the extreme nonElinerity of the erthquke proessF yne of the more promising pprohes is sed on rteEstte frition model in whih the inrese in seismi rte due to sudden stress step n e estimtedF gruillyD howeverD this rte inrese depends on the kground seismiity rte so tht regions with greter kground rtes undergo greter rte @nd hene proilityA hngesF gn meningful kground seismiity rte e mesuredc e test this in the southern gliforni tlog whihD from inspetion of the frequeny size distriutionD is reltively omplete for wbQFH nd ontins bISHHH events from IWQP to presentF sn the region overed y the entire tlogD we (nd tht regionl seismi rte does not onverge over timesles of tens of yersF es goulom stresses 'et reltively smll resD howeverD the prtil issue my e whether stle kground rte n e mesured t smll temporl nd sptil slesY we re now investigting this systemtillyF
STEP, EEPAS AND THE NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKE FORECAST TESTING CENTRE  ID 1920
M. Gerstenberger, GNS Science, New Zealand D. Rhoades, GNS Science, New Zealand

imeEdependent hzrd is more nd more eoming foE us of erthquke hzrd reserhF here re mny pprohes to time dependeneD with model forests rnging from one dy to dedesF rere s present entre dedited to developing nd testing foresting models for xew elndD nd will lso disuss the detils of two models to e implemented within the entreX i nd iieF i provides forests of the proility of experiening wodi(ed werlli sntensity s in the next PR hoursF he methodology is sed on ftershoksD ut inludes the longEterm ontriution from stndrd hzrd mps @eFgFD the nited ttes qeologil urvey @qA nd xFF xtionl rzrd mpsAF pollowing review y the gliforni irthquke redition ivlution gounilD the q hs issued the i forests for gliforni online nd mde them ville to the puli sine wy PHHSF he iie model is sed on the ide tht every erthquke is longEterm preursor nd will therefore give rise to temporry mgnitudeEdependent inrese in the rte of erthquke ourreneY the durtion of the rte inrese is on the order of yer t mgnitude S nd up to severl dedes t mgnitude VF hen ominedD the models over rod spetrum of time dependene nd n potentilly provide etter informtion thn

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Oral presentations
either individul modelF en understnding of how e'etive omined model is will ome through testing of the models vi the xew elnd entre nd ivwD gliforniEsed testing entreF he xew elnd entre is sed on the ides of ivwD whih provides ruleEset for how models should e tested nd requires registrtion of models nd forests within the entreF uh entres hve n importnt role to ply in enourging the development of improved foresting methods y providing trnsprent nd ommunityEepted tests of model performneF
IMPACT OF TIME-DEPENDENT EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE ON PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS IN LOW SEISMICITY AREAS.  ID 1708
L. Faenza, University of Potsdam, Germany S. Hainzl, University of Potsdam, Germany F. Scherbaum, University of Potsdam, Germany

SC-E 3 & SC-F 2

omintion of strikeEslip nd thrust fults s the ietn plteuD resisted y movement to the northD extends northestF gonttsX sFoledueFFuk
BRICK BY BRICK - THE NEXT STEPS IN EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION RESEARCH  ID 1945
D. Schorlemmer, ETH Zurich, Switzerland T. H. Jordan, University of Southern California, United States M. Gerstenberger, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand S. Wiemer, ETH Zurich, Switzerland P. Maechling, University of Southern California, United States

tndrd seismi hzrd nlysis ssumes onstnt temE porl erthquke ourrene proilities even though there is ler evidene tht erthqukes re not rndom in timeF wost known in this ontext re ftershok sequenes following rustl erthqukesF he gol of this work is to quntify the impt of nonEossonin erthquke ourrene on roilisti eismi rzrd enlysis @reA on di'erent time slesF por this purpose we perform nonEprmetri nlysis of the sptioEtemporl distriution of erthqukes for seleted intrplte test regionsF sn dditionD we study extreme ses of (rstly yling minshok ourrene nd seondly ftershok tivity following reent minshokF yne the sptioEtemporl ehviour is seletedD vlidtion test is performed on oserved dt to gurntee tht the model is good representtion of the oservtionsF usequentlyD we quntify the e'et of the sptioEtemporl distriution on hzrd estimtesD in prtiulrD the impt ginst the null hypothesis of oinssonin ehviour of seismiityF sn this wyD we estimte the most likely s well s the mximum possile impt of timeEdependent erthquke ourrene for hzrd estimtions on di'erent time intervlsF

efter period of serhing for the silver ullet of erthE quke preditionD iFeF generi preursorD the sienti( ommunity is strting to roden their perspetive on new pprohesF xew e'ortsD nmely ivw @egionl irthquke vikelihood wodelsA nd gi @gollortory for the tudy of irthquke reditilityAD reollet the stepwiseD 4rik y rik4D pproh in erthquke predition reserhD reognizing it s soil demnd nd sienti( hllengeF hree questions need to e ddressedX @IA row should sienti( erthquke preditions e stted nd testedc @PA ht is the intrinsi preditility of the erthquke rupture proessc @QA gn knowledge of lrgeEerthquke preditility e deployed s useful preditionsc gi will fous on experimenttion @uestion IA nd preditility @uestion PAD not opertionl predition @uestion QAF gi will estlish ontrolled environment for the rigorous registrtion nd evlution of erthquke preditility experiments nd ondut predition experiments to gin physil understndE ing of erthquke preditility on time sles relevnt to seismi hzrdsF gi will eome glol e'ort y inluding lol reserh nd testing filities in gliforniD iuropeD xew elndD nd tpnF
MODEL-FREE ESTIMATION OF MAGNITUDE DISTRIBUTION AS A TOOL ROBUST TO DEPENDENCIES OF THE EARTHQUAKE SERIES FROM A TIME-VARYING GENERATING PROCESS  ID 1938
S. Lasocki, AGH, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Env. Prot., Poland E. Papadimitriou, University of Thessaloniki, Greece

SC-E 3 & SC-F 2-II: Time-Dependant Earthquake Hazard Assessment

Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 18
SEISMIC HAZARD OF THE NORTH-SOUTH SEISMIC ZONE, CHINA  ID 582
S. Cole, University of East Anglia, UK Y. Xu, University of East Anglia, UK P. Burton, University of East Anglia, UK

he xorthEouth eismi one @xA is the most seisE milly tive re of ghinF st is sher zoneD in midwest ghinD resulting from the extension of the ietn plteu to the west nd the resisting fores of the ihun sin nd yrdos lok to the estF hevstting erthqukes within the lst two enturies hve resulted in lrge losses of life nd dmge within this zoneF ixmples inludeX IWPH VFRws riyunD IWPU UFUws qulng nd IVQQ VFHws ongmingF e seismogeni free zone nlysis of the x is presentedF he x is divided into two setions sed on sptil seismiity nd tetonisF he extreme distriutions of qumel re pplied to determine the upper ound mgnitudeD pek ground elertion nd mximum intensity for the next SHD IHH nd PHH yers together with the WH7 proility of non exeedne in the next SH yersF gumultive strin energy relese is shown grphilly for vrying time intervls nd susetions of the zone to (nd the mximum redile mgnitudeD wQD nd the witing nd dely times for wQD ssuming no other erthqukes our mentimeF hese results show tht the highest hzrd is loted within lose proximity to known tetoni fultsF o the south of the x the inshuiheD enningheEemuhe nd iojing leftElterl fults represent the estern edge of the ihunEunnn lok whih is esping southestwrd from the ietn plteuF he north is

e timeEvrying erthquke proess results in the seismi seriesD whih re not simple sttistil smplesF gonsequentlyD nonEstndrd pproh to estimting of the proility distriution funtions of soure prmeters in neededF snteresting )exile solutions to this prolems re o'ered y kernel estimtion methodsF hese methods re modelEfree thene they provide estimtors tht depend solely on the dtF e exemplify power of the kernel estimtion presenting the results of its pplition to the nlysis of erthquke return periodsF he studies were performed on oth the originl nd the delustered tlog of events from seismotetonilly homogeneous region of qreeeF sn oth the ses the modelEfree estimtes of reurrene intervls of lrger erthqukesD otined from reltively short period of oservtions greed well with longEterm ourrenes of suh eventsF
CONDITIONAL EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITIES OVER PERIODS FROM DAYS TO DECADES  ID 1810
A. Christophersen, New Zealand E. G. C. Smith, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

e omintion of ymori9s lw for ftershok dey nd oisson distriution desries well the interEeventEtimes etween suessive erthqukes in regionF he model hs only two e'etive prmetersX he weight etween the two model omponents nd the oisson time onstntF wo further prmeters ssure tht ymori9s lw hs no singulrities t zero nd in(nityY ut the model is insensitive to themF e used the glol tlogue of the snterntionl eismologil

119

SC-E 3 & SC-F 2

gentre nd de(ned UW superlusters onsisting of ll erthqukes lrger thn mgnitude TFS etween IWVS nd PHHH in region enE tered on the lrgest erthquke within rdius of IRR km nd RSS km for mgnitude UFH nd VFH respetivelyF e (tted totl of QRI interEeventEtimes y mximum likelihoodF e then pplied the model to single superluster of IS erthqukes with w `a U tht ourred in entrl xew elnd sine IVRHF gomprison with the glol model suggests tht smll numer of lrge ftershoks my e missing from the xew elnd tlogueF es generl resultD if more thn out IHH dys pss following lrge erthquke without seond one s lrgeD the proility of susequent erthquke is pproximtely the sme s given y oisson modelF es the elpsed time inreses the proility fllsF his generl ehviour is onsistent with the seismi gp hypothesisF e found the IGt form of ymori9s lw to e universlF ythers9 reported oservtions of p b I in the modi(ed ymori lw n e explined y our model or y sttistil insigni(neF he result tht the est (t for the seond prt of the model is n exponentil implies tht 9new9 or kground erthqukes re truly independentD nd therefore nnot e modeled y either time or slip preditle modelsF
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC STRESS TRIGGERING IN THE SOUTH ICELAND SEISMIC ZONE DUE TO LARGE EARTHQUAKES SINCE 1706  ID 1870
S. M. Richwalski, CEDIM / GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany F. Roth, GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Germany

Oral presentations
permnent networkD my revel very useful informtion s regrds the ftershok genertion proessF husD suh results my e of gret interest for seismi hzrd estimtesD s they need to inlude the est possile knowledge on how ourrene of strongGmoderte minshok my sptilly nd temporlly in)uene the preexisting miroseismityF pinllyD if one onsiders tht the intertion proess etween erthqukes oeys the sme ehvior for lrge events nd mirotivityD this work my help in understnding whih prmeters put n re towrds retivtionD or quiesene of seismi tivityF

SC-E 3 & SC-F 2-III: Time-Dependant Earthquake Hazard Assessment

Tuesday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 18
NONPARAMETRIC BAYESIAN INFERENCE IN RENEWAL RECURRENCE MODELS  ID 2007
R. Rotondi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - I.M.A.T.I., Italy

hmging erthqukes in the outh selnd eismi one @sA our firly regulrly nd often s series of events with few dys only etween individul eventsF olerly relile informtion on epientre lotions nd mehnisms re ville for IQ w T events etween IUHT nd PHHHF por these eventsD we omputed the oE nd postEseismi stress (eldsD herey pproxiE mting the s y mixed elstiGinelsti lyered hlfEspeF he horizontl sher stress nd the goulom stress hnges were nlysed to detet possile trigger mehnismsD whih my id future erthquke mitigtion e'ortsF e tested severl riteri ut must onlude tht the strt of n erthquke series in the s nnot e explined y triggering through previous eventsF snside n individul seriesD howeverD one my infer triggeringF yur results re in ontrdition with (ndings in other regions of the worldF he reson might e relted to the ft tht the s is not mture fult zoneD in whih old fults re reEtivted if ertin stress level threshold is pssedF sn dditionD unertinties in the model prmeters s well s the neglet of horizontl vritions in the model nd of possile stress trnsfer due to volni tivity further omplite the evlution of our results nd need to e tken into ount in future studiesF
INVESTIGATING SEISMICITY RATE CHANGES DURING THE JUNE 2000 SEISMIC DOUBLET IN ICELAND  ID 1861
G. Daniel, LGIT, France D. Marsan, LGIT, France M. Bouchon, LGIT, France

hespite the lrge numer of studies on the timeEdependent hzrd ommonly epted model does not exist yetD ut there re some more shred onjetures s the dependene on the time elpsed sine the lst ourreneD tht isD the ide tht fter eh event the proility of the future proess my e the smeF prom the proilisti point of view this mens to onsider renewl proessesF hey re pproprite to model lrge erthqukes fter whih one n ssume tht the stress umultion proess restrtsF ttistilly this implies tht the times etween lrge seismi events n e onsidered s reliztions of independentD identilly distriuted rndom vrilesD the interourrene timesF rious proility distriutions hve een onsidered in the literture for these timesF hen stisftory results in terms of (tting were otinedD then one looked for physil interprettions of the underlying proessY for instneD distriutions with deresing hzrd n support the ide tht there re strong intertions mong neighouring fult segmentsF e prefer the opposite wy of deling with the prolemX we do not mke ny ssumption on the funtionl form of the distriution of the interourrene time nd strengthen the proilisti methodology y onsidering suh distriution s rndom funtion modelled y oly proessF he pproh followed for estimtion is fyesinD semiEprmetriY we just ssume tht the prior expettion of the unknown density funtion is hosen in the lss of the generlized gmm distriutions for its extremely gret )exiilityF enewl models hve to e pplied in intrplte regions for glol hzrd ssessment nd for dedeElong forestsF
THE APPLICATION OF MULTIPLE RANDOM EARTHQUAKE SIMULATIONS TO PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN THE AEGEAN REGION  ID 583
G. Weatherill, University of East Anglia, UK P. Burton, University of East Anglia, UK

e present n nlysis of seismiity rte hnges tht ourred during the tune PHHH seismi doulet in selndF rtiulrlyD we re interested in hrterizing the impt of the seond wTFS minshok @ourring on tuneD PIst PHHHA on the preexisting seismiity @minly ftershoks of the tuneD IUth wTFS erthqukeAF foth sptil nd temporl spets of this perturtion re investigtedF yn one hndD o'Efults res pper to hve experiened triggering of seismiity to the west of the tuneD PIst fult plneY though the res to the est of the fult plne exhiit very signi(nt quiesene of tivityF his derese of seismiity rte is temporlly orrelted with the ourrene of tht lst eventF yn the other hndD s fult plnes relted with oth events re only IU km pprtD we will present how seismiity linked with the tuneD IUth fult plne ws perturted y the tuneD PIst eventF hese resultsD dedued from oservtions y the sv

he eegen region is the most seismilly tive re of iurope nd hs experiened mny dmging erthqukes throughE out reorded historyF yverlying omplex tetoni regimeD the region experienes wide diversity of erthquke ehviourD with enormous disprity in fol mehnism nd sptioEtemporl distriutionF rditionl methods of proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis @reA re not lwys le to urtely pture suh omplexityF st my e possileD howeverD to turn to method tht llows for unertinty in the prmeters of the frequenyEmgnitude distriutionD mximum mgnitude @wmxA nd ttenution reltionF wultiple rndom erthquke simultionsD vi wonte grlo simultionD o'er the opportunity to nlyse seismi hzrd ross the eegenD whilst still llowing for unertintyF hey my lso enle meningful determintion of hzrd @in terms of ek qround eelertion @qeA nd sntensityA with exeedene

120

Oral presentations
proilities signi(ntly smller thn those urrently used in stndrd re tehniquesF sn dditionD these simultions n lso e used to ondut sensitivity nlyses tht will t s veri(tion proessD ginst whih our ssumptions regrding the seismi hzrd prmeters re ontinully testedF e tlogue of erthqukes in the eegen @IWHHEIWWWehA is used s sis for (tting pproprite models of sptil distriutionD frequenyEmgnitude reltion nd mximumEmgnitudeF his hs een hieved y oth rndom reEsmpling of the tlogueD nd y rndom smpling from (tted distriutionsD inluding founded qutenergEihter nd qumel types s nd sssF imple hzrd nlyses for seleted lotions within the eegen hve een undertken using the erthquke simultionsF sing pproprite ttenution reltionsD qe hs een determinedD nd its vriility qunti(edF he qe with IH7 proility of exeedene in SH yers is lrgely onsistent with those of urrent hzrd nlysesD whih my give the user dditionl on(dene in the hzrd determined for lower exeedene proilitiesF
IDENTIFICATION OF TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN THE SEISMICITY OF SUMATRA USING POISSON HIDDEN MARKOV  ID 328
K. Orfanogiannaki, of Geodynamics, National Observatory of

SC-E 6
show similr trend nd in prtiulr n inrese strting from few months efore eptemer UthD PHHR eruption nd derese for the following nine monthsF imilr trends hve een noted in the PHHQ period in whih rehrging mgm phse of the volno ourredD s reported in literture using mny other methodologiesF esults otined studying the Evlue trend nd the omprison with the other pulished dtD re here in disussedF pinllyD some preliminry result out the sptil distriution re lso presentedF
TOWARDS TESTING THE PRECURSORY SEISMIC QUIESCENCE HYPOTHESIS  ID 1959
T. Van Stiphout, ETH Zurich, Switzerland S. Wiemer, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Athens, Greece D. Karlis, Athens Univercity of Economics and Business, Greece G. Papadopoulos, of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens, Greece

ht olleted from the sme re in suessive time inE tervls tend to e dependent nd thusD pproprite models for sttistil modeling must ommodte this dependent strutureF sn rww eh oservtion is generted y one of m oisson proessesD tht re lled sttesF hese sttes re unoserved nd the rndom mehnism tht hooses whih stte genertes eh oservtion isD in ftD wrkov hinF he stteGphse in whih n re is t given period depends on the one in the previous periodD through the trnsition proility mtrix of the wrkov hinF he model inorportes vrying seismiity rteD it detets the hnges on the rte over time nd it orrespond di'erent rte to eh stteF yn PT heemer PHHR nd PV wrh PHHS ourred two of the lrgest erthqukes of the lst RH yers etween the sndoEeustrlin nd the southestern iursin pltes with moment mgnitudes wwaWFI nd wwa VFT respetivelyF oisson ridden wrkov models @rwwA re used for identifying temporl ptterns in the time series of the two minshoksF ih time series onsists of erthquke ountsD in di'erent time units @dysD twoEdy periodsD (veEdy periodsAD in the regions determined y the ftershok zones of the two minshoksF he unoserved sequenes of sttes tht underlie the time series of the two minshoks re estimted using rww nd similrities etween them re investigtedF edditionllyD rguments tht with some proility we expet n inrese or derese of seismi tivity in the epientrl regions of the two minshoks for lrge time frme re extrtedF
TEMPORAL DEVELOPMENT OF B-VALUE BEFORE SEPTEMBER 7TH 2004 ERUPTION AT MT. ETNA (ITALY).  ID 1825
I. Agostino, Dept. Scienze Geologiche, Italy S. La Delfa, I.R.M.A. - O.Me.G.A., Italy G. Patan, Dept. Scienze Geologiche, Italy G. Tringali, I.R.M.A. - O.Me.G.A., Italy

smproving timeEdependent hzrd ssessment will require the integrtion of preursory signls into proilisti frmeworkF wny preursory phenomen hve een oservedD ut few esides simple erthquke lustering hve een integrted suessfully into timeEdependent hzrd ssessmentF reursory eismi uiesene of miroerthqukes @A is one promising preursory signl typeY it hs een investigted in more thn IHH pulitions in the pst PS yersY nevertheless it is neither widely epted in the seismologil ommunity nor urrently usle for short or medium term hzrd ssessmentF o mke progress in investigting the hypothesis we pln over the next three yers toX @IA improve the methodology for nlysisD @PA reEinvestigte pst se studies nd @QA uild prospetive tests for seleted regionsF rereD we show results of prt I nd PF sn (rst step we improve the methodology for ssessing the signifE ine of seismiity rte hngesD in three wysX IA e systemtilly explore the e'et of delustering on seismi rte hnges y using wonte grlo imultion @wgA over input prmeters of di'erE ent delustering lgorithms s esenerg9sD windowing tehniquesD or stohsti delusteringF PA o improve our understnding of the dependeny of the rte hnge s funtion of the sixEdimensionl prmeter spe @xD yD zD timeD durtionD nd smpling reAD we introdue wg over these input prmeters to test their e'et on seismi quieseneF QA e introdue trnsltion of rte hnge esE timtors into prmeter independent proilitiesD whih then n e ompred ross di'erent prmeter spesF e illustrte these tehniques on di'erent doumented se studiesF reliminry results show tht in few sesD the in)uene of esenerg delustering is signi(nt nd hs to e onsidered for further studiesF qthering these resultsGe'ets llow us to uild prospetive tests of timeEdependent hzrd )ututions due to the oservtion of for seleted regionsF

SC-E 5: Earthquakes : To Predict or not to Predict? (Controversial Debate)

Thursday 17:15 - 18:15  Room 2
xo written ontriutions sumitted to this session

sn this work we nlyzed the vritions of the oe0E ient in the frequenyEmgnitude reltionship for erthqukes whih ourred t wtF itn volno @iilyA from HIGHIGPHHQ to QIGHIGPHHTF he used erthquke dt omes from the yFweFqFeF @invironmentl weteorologil nd qeodynmil yservtoryA of eirele nd sxq @sstituto xzionle di qeo(si e ulnologiEsetion of gtniA dtsetsF he entire tlogue onsist of IRUS erthqukes with wv rnging from HFW nd QFWD redued to IHRR events fter exlusion of those flling out of the ompleteness threshold @wlIFSAF he Evlues lulted using oth the wximum vikelihood nd the vest qures methodsD

SC-E 6: Earthquake Physics - Field and Laboratory Study

Thursday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 15
ASYMMETRIC SEISMIC PULSES ARISING AND SYNCHRONIZATION BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKES  ID 329
G. Sobolev, Federation A. Lyubushin, Institute of Physics of the EARTH RAS, Russian Institute of Physics of the EARTH RAS, Russian

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SC-E 6
Federation

Oral presentations
hey jump from grin to grinF hey n ross oundries etween di'erent types of roksF hey hold the key to deipher the mny diverse signlsD whih the irth sends out while stresses uild up deep elow to dngerously high levelsF xow we n egin to listen when the irth speksF oon we my e le to understndF hen we reh this stgeD the doors will openD inviting us to think out worldwide erthquke erly wrning systemF

eords otined t the etropvlovskD uzhnoEkhlinskD wgdnD kutskD nd yninsk ss rodnd sttions efore the uronotski @umhtkA nd xeftegorsk @khlinA erthqukes re investigted with the use of vrious progrms of proessing nd nlysis of time seriesF he initil reliztions onsisted of disrete mesurements with smpling rte of PH rzF he most ttention is given to the study of miroseismi vritions within minute rnge of periodsF es distint from other sttionsD the etropvlovsk nd uzhnoEkhlinsk reords reveled symmetri pulses out QEIH min long tht rose severl dys efore the uronotski @waUFVA nd xeftegorsk @waUFHA erthqukesF he time di'erene etween the suessive pulses dereses towrd the moments of the uronotski nd the xeftegorsk erthqukesF sntervls of stle mnifesttion of severl periods @tens of minutesA of pulses @synhroniztion intervlsA were foundF xo nomlous meteorologil e'ets were reorded in these intervlsF he symmetri pulses rising nd synhroniztion intervlsD s well s the foreshok tivtionD re inditors of the unstle stte of seismilly tive regionF
MULTIFRACTAL MEASURES OF SYNCHRONIZATION OF MICRO-SEISMIC OSCILLATIONS BEFORE STRONG EARTHQUAKES  ID 277
A. Lyubushin, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Federation

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN OIL/GAS RESERVOIRS HELPS OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE GENERATION  ID 1787
T. Fischer, Geophysical Institute ASCR, Czech Republic L. Eisner, Schlumberger, UK S. Hainzl, Potsdam University, Germany Z. Jechumtalova, Geophysical Institute ASCR, Czech Republic

eport presents results of investigting synhroniztion e'ets within permnent seismi reords otined t the etropvlovskD uzhnoEkhlinskD wgdnD kutskD nd yninsk ss rodE nd sttions efore the uronotski @umhtkD IWWUD waUFVA nd xeftegorsk @khlinD IWWSD waUFHA erthqukes using estimtes of singulrities multiEfrtl spetr evolution within moving time windowF he initil dt onsist of mesurements with smpling rte of PH rz ut preliminry they were verged nd downEsmpled to disrete time intervl QH seondsF husD the investigtion onerns the minute rnge of periods of miroEseismi osilltionsF por eh of the simultneous time series the multifrtl spetrums were estimted in the moving time window of the length IP hours tken with mutul shift I hour using de)etion )utution nlysisF he multifrtl mesure of synhroniztion ould e introdued s some mesure of simultneous vritions of singulrities spetr funtions shpes for di'erent signlsF he report presents numer of suh mesures nd demonstrtes pek ehvior of suh mesures efore strong erthqukes for miroEseismi osilltions in minute rnge of periods wht mens the presene of preursory synhronous deterministi omponentF
WHEN THE EARTH SPEAKS : UNDERSTANDING PRE-EARTHQUAKE SIGNALS  ID 426
F. Freund, NASA ARC/SJSU, United States

rydruli frturing is often used to inrese the produE tivity of gsGoil reservoirs tht exhiit deresing hydroron pressure nd permeility of oilEering sedimentsF he generted hydruli frture is ompnied y sher rksD whih emit ousti energy wves thtD if reorded y vertil rry of geophonesD enle the resulting miroseismi events to e loted y seismi methodsF e show the speEtime distriution of severl thousnd miroerthqukes reorded during hydruli tretment with the reltion of injetion rte to the spreding of the frture front nd to the energy of eventsF he hydruli frture elongtes in one diretion orresponding to the mximum ompressive stressF st grows lmost linerly with time until shutting down the injetion pressureY lter growth ontinues with deresing rte until the pressures re lnedF pol mehnisms show uniform strikeEslip pttern with one nodl plne slightly deviting from the frture trendF his unfvourle fol mehnism orienttion my indite high )uid pressure ting in the frtureF

ACOUSTIC EMISSION UNDER WATER PENETRATING INTO LOADED SAMPLE : A POSSIBLE MODEL OF SWARM SEISMICITY  ID 374
A. Ponomarev, Instiute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Federation

vosses due to erthqukes re ssessed on the sis of proility models developed primrily from historil seismi dtF roweverD irth lso often sends out other signls prior to mjor seismi eventsF hese preEerthquke signls re very vriedF hey rnge from ionospheri perturtionsD lowEfrequeny eletromgneti emissionsD strnge )ututions of the infrred rditive )ux from the lnd surfe to mny othersF hese signls hve gotten  d nme in the siene ommunityF he reson is thtD until nowD noody ould o'er physilly onsistent explntion how the irth might e le to produe suh signlsF wny hypotheses hve een proposed ut ll seem to e )wedF his is siene pperF s9ll desrie innovtive rok deformtion experimentsD whih demonstrte thtD when igneous roks re stressedD they generte eletri urrents ! like tteryF he urrents propgte through the roksF hey )ututeF hey use the rok surfe to eome positively hrged nd to shine in the infrredF uey is the disovery of eletroni hrge rriers tht normlly lie dormnt in the roks ut re wkened y stressF hese hrge rriers re defet eletrons in the oxygen sulttieD known s positive holes or pEholes for shortF he pEholes re longEdistne runnersF hey live nd trvel in the vlene ndF

he longEterm experiments to study the ousti tivity regulrities under ixil ompression of geologil environment models of out RHHH omposed from ementD snd nd grnite hips were tested under ixil ompression were rried outF he durtion of experiments ws run up to the (rst hundreds of dysF e tried to estlish how ousti emission @eiA vries with wter intrusion into zone of (ssuringF wodels were stepEloded up to pproximtely of HFV of filure lod nd then were held under onstnt lodF et the intervls of (xed lod wter @HFS mlA ws pplied on the surfe nd soredF efter )uid penetrtion notiele growth of ei loted in the frture zone ws notedF st is importnt to emphsize tht unlike the erlier experiments we did not injeted )uid under pressure into the loded smple nd therefore hydruli frturing ws ruled outF he following min onlusions ould e formulted from these testsX E infusion of smll volume of wter into rks rings the shrp lolized ei inresingD most likely due to in)uene of wter on the surfe of stressed @tiveA rksY E the mplitude distriution of initited ei signls is ner to qutenergEihter lwY E the struture of ei fter wter infusion re)ets two ompetitive proessesX inresing of instility nd relxtionY E di'erent types of initited ei time series ould e desried y funtion sed on eqution deGdt a e exp@gf E AGk known from strength kineti theory under the ssumption tht tivtion energy nd e'etive stress f re timeEdependentY E the struture of ei fter wter infusion is qulittively lose to the sme for erthquke9s swrms nd sometimes to ftershok deysF he work ws supported y pf grnt HSEHSEHVHPPF

122

Oral presentations
CHANGES IN HYDROLOGIC REGIME IN WESTERN BOHEMIA DURING THE 1985/86 EARTHQUAKE SWARM  ID 1752
J. Malek, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic O. Novotny, Charles University, Fac. Republic V. Stejskal, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic of Math. and Phys., Czech F. Bianco, INGV, Italy

SC-F 1
qround motion prmetersD suh s durtionD dedued from seismogrmsD re essentil for desriing the hrteristi of motion in ompt nd quntittive formF wultiple sttering models desrie the energy envelope of the seismogrms in terms of three prmetersX the energy t soureD the intrinsi dissiption nd the sttering ttenution oe0ientF he pttern of the seismogrm energy envelope s funtion of lpse time minly depends on the mount of sttering in the propgtion mediumF here re two extreme situtionsX one in whih the erth medium is opque @high sttering ttenutionA nd the opposite in whih the erth medium is trnsprent @low sttering ttenutionAF sn the trnsprent medium the mplitude dey vs time is higher thn tht in the opque mediumF his my e importnt in the simultion of the ground shking durtion for the nlysis of the seismi riskF sn ftsD the experimentl dt show tht there re zones @for exmples volni resA in whih sttering predominteD nd others in whih intrinsi dissiption is more importnt thn sttering ttenutionF gonsequentlyD the experimentl knowledge of the reltive mount of intrinsi dissiption nd sttering ttenution is importnt in order to orretly ddress ll the physil fetures relted to the ground motion proessesF hese results should e tken into ount for wveform simultion euse ground motion durtion hs strong in)uene on erthquke dmgeF
TWO VALIDATIONS OF A KINEMATIC APPROACH TO CALCULATE SEISMIC HAZARD SCENARIOS  ID 387
F. Pettenati, Istituto Nazionale O.G.S., Italy L. Sirovich, Istituto Nazionale O.G.S., Italy

he ontriution dels with some hydrologi e'ets in the estEfohemiGogtlnd seismotive regionF sn IWSUD hydroE logi orehole ws drilled t distne of P km from the prntiskovy vzne spF ehing SS m depthD the orehole exploded @ geyser of wterD snd nd ron dioxideAF his deompression 'eted the individul minerl springs in prntiskovy vzneD ut in di'erent wysF e onsider this drilling ident to e n interesting nturl experimentD vlule for understnding the erthquke phenomenF imilr hnges in minerl springs in prntiskovy vzneD ut of the opposite signD ourred during the IWVSGVT erthquke swrmF he sp ws loted t distne of IS km from the epientrl reF st follows from the similrity of the minerl springs vritions in IWSU nd IWVSGVT thtD during the swrmD ron dioxide ws proly injeted into the sme underground wter reservoirF e thus onlude tht n injetion of rustl )uids proly plyed n importnt role in the erthquke swrmF gonsidering this mehnismD existene nd reliility of hydrologi preursors of erthqukes in this region will e disussedF rydrologi hnges in other lolities of the region will lso e mentionedF
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CHUYA EARTHQUAKE (2003 SEPTEMBER, M=7.3) AFTERSHOCK PROCESS BY DD-TOMOGRAPHY  ID 1225
A. Emanov, Institute of Geophysics SB RAS, Russian Federation E. Leskova, Institute of Geophysics SB RAS, Russian Federation

he lgorithms employed so fr in otining the lotions of erthqukes in the eltiEyn region were designed for sre regionl seismologil networkF he deployment of denser network of the elti seismologil test site mde it possile to use other methods llowing more urte solutions from lol dtF he methods we used to reproess the ghuy erthquke @qorny eltyD ussiD PU eptemer PHHQD waUFQA dt provided lerer ide of the spe distriution of ftershoks nd of the ftershok proess s wholeF sn this work we hve used dditionlly the douleE di'erene tomogrphy methodD soElled hhEtomogrphyF his proessing tehnique unites opportunities of doule di'erenes method nd seismi tomogrphyF sing geologil informtion out struture of ghuy erthquke re we represent more detiled vision of proessF sn this work reproessing of erthqukes lotion ws reeived y hhEtomogrphy methodD veloity model ws onstruted for epienter zoneF eftershoks lotion ws ompred with lokEdividing fult nd frture deformtions tht mpped on the surfeF sn this tivtion three lrge events re emphsizedF end lso three tivtion strutures re emphsized y hhEtomogrphyF sn ddition eh of these strutures hs lrge eventsF

SC-F 1-I: Approaches to Model Seismic Scenarios

Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 22
FULL SEISMOGRAM ENVELOPE INVERSION FOR THE ESTIMATE OF THE ATTENUATION PARAMETERS: INFERENCES FOR SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS  ID 1709
E. Del Pezzo, INGV, Italy D. Galluzzo, INGV, Italy M. La Rocca, INGV, Italy

eentlyD we vlidted the intensityEsed soure inverE sions of two erthqukes with our new 4up4 tehniqueX the wvSFW hittier xrrowsD IWVU erthquke in the qreter vos engeles egion @fFFFeFD WQD ppF RUETHY fFFFeFD WRD ppF IUQUEIURUAD nd the wSFVETFP gnsiglioD IWQT erthquke in xi stly @tFqFFD IHWD PHHQtfHHPWIWD PHHRAF sn the present pperD we use our kinemti 4up4 pproh in the diret mode to produe two seismi hzrd senrios in gliforniY the 4up4 is used in prmetriD deterministiEwonterloD wyF he wonterlo tehnique is pplied to eleven soure prmetres of the 4up4 formulF sn so doingD we otin severl tenths of thousnds of soures to lulte eh senrioD llowing us to tke into ount the vriilities of the soures within the onsidered seismotetoni settingsF sn prtiulrD our senrio soures inlude ll soures tht were found from instrumentl mesurementsD independently from our workF he vlidtion of our senrios is performed y quntittively ompring our intensity senrios with the site intensities oserved y the F F qeologil urvey in the (eldF henD we lso produe the trditionl senrios otined y the widely used ttenution of intensity with distneD nd mke quntittive omprison with our up senriosY this is done y omputing the intensity residuls t the surveyed sitesF yur senrio is slightly etter then the trditionl one for the xorthridgeD IWWR erthqukeY on the other hndD there is signi(nt improvement for the vom rietD IWVW eventF his is due to the ompt shpe nd the upEdip diretivity of the former soureD s well s to the extended shpe nd horizontl diretivity of the ltter oneF egrding thisD we rell tht our simpli(ed model is le to simulte only the horizontl diretivity @to void overprmetriztion when treting the preEinstrumentl erthqukesAF
STOCHASTIC FINITE-FAULT GROUND MOTION SIMULATIONS AT MT VESUVIUS INFERRED BY LOCAL EARTHQUAKES  ID 1705
D. Galluzzo, INGV, Italy G. Zonno, INGV, Italy E. Del Pezzo, INGV, Italy

he stohsti tehnique used in this work is sed on the (niteEfult simultion method psxsw @feresnev nd etkinsonD IWWUD IWWVAF his method ssumes tht the fult plne is retnE

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SC-F 1
gleD sudivided into n pproprite numer of suEfultsD whih re modelled s point soures hrterized y n omegP spetrumF he suEfult moment nd orner frequeny re derived from the size of eh suEfult nd the numer of triggered suEfults is djusted so tht the spei(ed trget moment is hievedF he simultions re evluted for IS lol erthqukes @PFH ` wv ` QFTA ourred t wtF esuvius during the IWWW seismi rises nd reorded t three omponents digitl seismi sttions equipped with short period sensors @I rzAF he min input prmeters of the stohsti model re the fult geometryD the verge elsti properties of the propgtion mediD suh s rustl sher veloityD density nd ttenution ftorsD nd soure relted prmeters s seismi moment nd stress prmeterF ite e'et estimtions re otined with lssil spetrl rtios method pplied on horizontl omponents of motionF he suEfult dimension dl nd stress drop re (xed with tril nd error proedure y ompring syntheti wveforms nd esponse eelertion petr @eD S7 dmpingA with the oserved ones evluted on rel seismogrmsF his proedure is pplied for fui sttion nd is heked with other ville sttionsF he empiril reltions dl vs wv nd stressdrop vs wv n e used for the evlution of pek ground motion nd response spetr for seismi events with wv b QFTF he resulting ground motion prmeters n e onsidered ritil seismi hzrd estimtion ftor for the investigted reF
HYBRID MODELLING OF GROUND MOTION  ID 759
E. Gottschmmer, Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe University, R. Rotondi, CNR-IMATI, Italy

Oral presentations
G. Zonno, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

Germany A. Oth, Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe University, Germany J. Miksat, Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe University, Germany F. Wenzel, Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe University, Germany

yur im hs een to rry out omplete proilisti nlysis of the prolem of the intensity ttenutionF he proedure followed strts from the intensity dt points of some erthqukes nd rrives t the ssessment of the proility distriution for the intensity t site given the epientrl intensity nd the siteEepienter distneF xo priori ssumptions hve een done onerning oth empiril ttenution lws nd zontionF e hve onsidered test set of SS erthqukes overing the entire stlin territory with epientrl intensity from ss to s degree of the wg sleF en explortive nlysis of this dt set hs een performed to prtition it in ll possile lusters of events with similr ttenution trendF por eh dey degree we hve ssumed medinD menD nd US7 quntile of the set of the siteEepienter distnes s representtive vriles of the ttenution trendF en gglomertive method @uufmn nd ousseeuwD IWWHA llowed us to prtition the test set in three lsses of erthqukes identi(edD heneD s similr from the ttenution viewpointF uh lsses hve een used s lerning set to uild prior distriutions of the model prmeters in the fyesin frmeworkF he proilisti model used for the intensity t siteD or equivlently the deyD is tht presented in otondi nd onno @ennls of qeophysisD RUD SD ISPIEISRHD PHHRAD where the semiEqulittive hrter of the intensity is emphsized y the pplition of the inomil distriution for the intensity t siteF sn this wy we were le to give the preditive proility distriution of the dey t ny distne given the epientrl intensity of n erthquke with di'erent ttenution trendF he vlidtion hs een performed through proilisti mesures of the (tD like soring rule nd odds rtioD following rossEvlidtion tehniqueF

he rne region @omniAD loted in the grpthin erD is one of the seismilly most tive regions in iuropeF ithin the frmework of the gg RTI trong irthqukesX e ghllenge for qeosienes nd givil ingineering9 funded y the qermn eserh poundtion @hpqA we try to understnd the tetoni proesses tht re responsile for the strong intermedite depth erthqukes in order to develop relisti models nd preditions of ground motionF roweverD s in other ontinentl regionsD the dt se of lrge erthqukes is rther sreF e forwrd modelling pproh using piniteEhi'erenes @phA ws suessfully performed y wikst et lF @PHHTAF he phEmethodD due to omputtionl limittionsD ws in this se restrited to frequenies elow RFS rzF yth et lF @PHHTA simulted ground motion for the w a SFW rne erthquke @yE toerD PUD PHHRA using srikur9s simultion tehniqueF st is sed on the onept of selfEsimilrity nd ssumes onstnt stress drop for smll @w in the order of SFHA nd lrge @w up to P mgnitude units lrgerA erthqukesF he smll erthqukes re used s empirE il qreens9s funtions to model ground motion of lrge eventsF etD with this methodD ground motion is only ville t those lotions where smll events hve een reordedF e develop hyrid modelling method tht n overome those shortomingsF e use pourier elertion spetr omputed from dt reorded during the lst lrge events in IWUUD IWVT nd IWWHF edditionllyD we inlude spetr otined from forwrd modelling with ph nd srikur9s method in our inversionF sn the spetrl dominD we invert for the free prmeters nd use these prmeters to model ground motion then with stohsti methodF husD this new pproh llows us to model reEwide ground motion tht integrtes informtion otined from lrge nd smll eventsD s well s our knowledge out the susurfe strutureF

THE ATTENUATION OF SEISMIC INTENSITY IN ITALY: MODELING AND VALIDATION  ID 1855

C. Pasolini, Dip. di Fisica, Univ. di Bologna, Italy D. Albarello, Dip. Sc. della Terra, Univ. di Siena, Italy P. Gasperini, Dip. di Fisica, Univ. di Bologna, Italy V. D'Amico, Dip. Sc. della Terra, Univ. di Siena, Italy B. Lolli, Dip. di Fisica, Univ. di Bologna, Italy

SC-F 1-II: Approaches to Model Seismic Scenarios

Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 22
SEISMIC SCENARIOS IN TERMS OF MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY  ID 1934

he hrteriztion of intensity dey with distne from the soure is of prmount importne for seismi hzrd ssessment nd to erthquke dmge senrios neessry for the mngement of prevention tivitiesF sn the reent litertureD renewl of interest out this prolem is ourring in prtiulr s onerns the stlin region where di'erent prmeteriztions hve een proposedF he signi(nt stter etween these reltionships suggested reEnlysis of the prolem in order to overome most signi(nt drwks tht hrterised previous pprohesD s disussed in ompnion presenttionF es (rst step the nlysis imed t the de(nition of n isotropi ttenution reltionship vlid for the whole stlin reF ine this ttenution reltionship hs to e primrily used in proilisti seismi hzrd ssessmentD mjor ttention hs een devoted to evlute ttenution reltionship in its omplete proilisti formF en importnt spet hs een the preliminry evlution of the intrinsi sttering of dt @iFeF the one independent of spei( ttenution reltionship to e usedAD whih represents the lowest threshold for the vrine to e explined with the ttenution reltionshipF purthermoreD to redue possile isesD ompleteness of the ville dtse hs een heked nd suitle dt seletion hs een performedF ine epientrl intensity nnot e de(ned unmiguously from the experimentl point of viewD the ttenution reltionship hs een sled with new vrile more representtive of the erthquke dimensionF everl riteri hve een onsidered to evlute ompeting ttenution formuls @exyeD fsgD esgD etFA while sttistil unertinty out empiril prmeters hs een evluted y using stndrd pprohes nd ootstrp simultionsF et lstD the performne of the seleted reltionship hs een nlysed y using distriutionEfree pprohF

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Oral presentations
MACROSEISMIC INTENSITIES FOR SEISMIC SCENARIOS, ESTIMATED FROM INSTRUMENTALLY BASED CORRELATIONS  ID 569
E. Faccioli, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy C. Cauzzi, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy T. Aksinenko, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel M. Kalmanovich, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel G. Ataev, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel V. Giller, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel I. Dan, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel

SC-F 3

e del here with the tsk of relistilly ssessing mroseismi intensities of historil erthqukes using signi(nt dmge to itiesD from the perspetive of using suh ssessment in the onstrution of erthquke dmge senriosF es is well knownD the ltter re ritilly in)uened y the unertinties tht inevitly 'et the intensity ssessments sed on the interprettion of writE ten nd other historil reordsD often resulting in n overestimtion of the severity of ground shkingF o ope with this shortomingD very refully seleted nd doumented set of oservtions is used to develop two empiril orreltions sed on instrumentl dt @mostly from stlin erthqukesAX one using mgnitude nd distne s independent prmetersD nd the other ground motion prmeter @mximum veloity or elertionAF he input dt nd results of preliminry previous study re here signi(ntly updted nd improvedX IF y introduing well known tehnique in regression nlysisD the determintion of mgnitude dependene is deoupled from the determintion of distne dependeneY PF mroseismi intensity dt entries re ritilly revised in order to use only omprle intensity slesY QF prtiulr ttention is pid to the homogeneity of the dt set distriution in mgnitude nd distneF he di'erenes with respet to the instrumentlly sed orreltion developed in gliforni for shkeEmps evlutions re nlyzed nd disussedF he pplition of the orreltions otined is illustrted for the se history of gtni ity @stlyAD su'ering destrution y lte IUth entury erthquke for whih extensive historil doumenttion of dmge existF

SC-F 3-I: Multiparametric Test Sites in Europe for the Evaluation of Ground Motion Amplication
Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 7+8

sn the frmework of mirozoning study of the rif fyD whih is lose to mjor seismogeni zone of the hed e iftD methodology sed on integrtion of rG mirotremor mesurements nd Ih liner model using reui ws pplied in order to hrterize seismi ehvior of sedimentsF wjor geologil fetures of the study re inlude suEprllel horsts nd grens disseted y fultsY the sene of ommon re)etor for the whole reY the presene of (ve lithologil unitsD whih my e onsidered s potentil lol re)etorsY intermedite hrd lyers in ddition to the min re)etor t most of the nlyzed sites nd overll sediment thiknesses vrying from IH m up to THH mF prom mirotremor mesurements onduted t RVH lotions in n re of out SH kmP horizontl nd vertil omponent spetrl rtios were derivedF he results show two rG peks t frequenies relted to resonnes of deep nd shllow struturesF ptil vritions of the frequeny @HFSES rz for the (rst pek nd IEV rz for the seond pekA nd rG mplitude level @PEQ for the (rst pek nd PEIS for the seond pekA re)eting the geologil omplexity re shown in four distriution mpsF vimited dt on sediment thikness nd veloities were ville from few refrtion surveys nd oreholesF rnsfer funtions lulted for models sed on these dt were used to vlidte rG rtios t orresponding lotions nd justi(ed their further utiliztionD y veloities extrpoltionD to study other sitesD wy from refrtion lines nd oreholesF hereD lyer thiknesses were soughtD yielding lulted trnsfer funtions to mth the oserved rG urvesD onsidering ll response peksF he modeling results re represented grphilly in the geologil ross setions hrterizing the study reF sn some sesD these models suggest revision of existing onepts s regrds the susurfe struture in the regionF
SPATIAL VARIATION ISTANBUL  ID 1988
E. Harmandar, Inst., Turkey

OF

GROUND

MOTION

IN

Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research

THE TURKEY-FLAT EXPERIMENT - 2004 PARKFIELD EARTHQUAKE STRONG MOTION "BLIND" PREDICTION  ID 1888
I. Oprsal, Charles University, Czech Republic J. Zahradnik, Charles University, Czech Republic

E. Durukal, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey M. Erdik, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey O. Ozel, Turkey Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst.,

his is prt of the interntionl lind predition experE iment @gliforni qeologil urveyD PHHSA of the wTD epF PVD PHHR rk(eld erthqukeF trong motion dt t urkey )t siteD sed on knowledge of rel reords from two sttions @ID hQD respetivelyAD re preditedF eelertion time historiesD pourier spetrl rtiosD pek ground motion vluesD nd response spetr t other sttions @PD ID PD hID hPD hQAD inside or round shllow sti'Esoil sedimentry vlley of urkey pltD re studiedF sn ontrst to the most widely used philosophy of experiments like thisD where min fous is on lol site e'ets while the exittion is represented y plne inident wvesD our trik is to emphsise the soure e'etF he ville strong motion dt @gsxA t I re modelledF gompositeEsoure preditions utilized nonEuniform fult slip distriution @tiD PHHSAF vol e'ets re treted in simpli(ed wy using individul Ih models elow eh reeiverF uh simpli(ed tretment is possile sine the Qh struturl heterogeneity is smllF yur preditions omine the fult ruptureD rustl wve propgtionD nd Ih lol site e'etsD t H to RH rz ndF
INTERPRETATION OF MICROTREMOR H/V RATIO IN MULTILAYERED MEDIA: A STUDY AT HAIFA BAY, ISRAEL  ID 153
Y. Zaslavsky, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel M. Gorstein, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel

he sptil vrition of erthquke ground motions n our s onsequene of sooure propertiesD wve propgtion through di'erent erth strtD soil medi nd topogrphi fetures nd serves to quntify the mplitude nd phse di'erenes of ground motion over distne or reF he sptil vrition of erthquke ground motion hs n importnt e'et on the response of liner lifelines suh s ridgesD pipelinesD ommunition systemsD nd should preferly e ounted for in their designF sn this studyD sptil vrition of strongEground motion in sstnul from two erthqukes reorded y the sstnul irthquke pid esponse nd irly rning ystem @siA is nlyzedF he (rst event @wv RFQA took ple on ITFHSFPHHR o' the lov ost in the istern wrmr eF he seond one @wv RFHA ourred on PWFHWFPHHR to the south of the rine islndsF he sptil vrine of motion within the network is investigted y the nlysis of the intrEevent vrition of pek horizontl elertions @reA nd pseudo spetrl veloities @AD s well s y ohereny nlysisF he intrevent sptil vriility of re9s is exmined y the re rtio of two sttions s funtion of seprtion distne over frequeny rnge of HFP to PS rzF he nlysis is repeted using rtios of 9s of sttionEpirs lulted s the verge of 9s etween HFP nd IFH s periods for SEperent ritil dmpingD nd plotted ginst sttionEseprtion distneF F e lso ompred the ohereny results with the other relted studiesF he results re preliminry in the sense tht so fr two events were reorded y the lrger numer of sttions in the si his work forms the

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skeleton of n utomted system to uniformly lulte the vrine of reorded motionsF st is expeted tht the results otined will stilize nd eome more relile s the numer of reorded events inreseF
SITE EFFECT INVESTIGATIONS BASED ON THE DEAD SEA TRANSFORM EARTHQUAKES ML=5.2 ON FEB. 11, 2004 AND ON JUL. 7, 2004  ID 1639
Y. Zaslavsky, GII, Israel R. Hofstetter, GII, Israel N. Perelman, GII, Israel

Oral presentations
snversion ehniqueF pinllyD for some of the investigted sites the site response ws ompred with soil hrteristisD historil dmge nd with theoretil site response derived from geotehnil nd geophysil prmetersF
INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ON QUANTITATIVE MICROZONATION IN THE AREA OF BASEL; RESULTS FROM A MULTIPARAMETRIC STUDY  ID 1722
P. Huggenberger, Dept. Environmental Sciences, Switzerland E. Fh, Dept. Environmental Sciences, Switzerland D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland H. B. Havenith, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland B. Steiner, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland

he phenomenon of seismi wve mpli(tion due to sedimentry deposits nd topogrphil onditions onstitutes mjor ftor in dmge nd loss during strong erthqukesF sn the present study we onentrte on evlution of site e'ets t the sites where two lol erthqukes tht ourred IIFPFPHHR nd UFUFPHHR long the hed e trnsform triggered strong motion elerometers nd were reorded y threeEomponent short nd rod nd seismi sttions operted s prt of the ssrel eismi xetworkF he horizontlEtoEvertil @rGA omponent spetrl rtio of erthquke sher wve @reeiver funtion estimtesA ws used to pproximte the fundmentl resonne frequenies of the susurfe nd their ssoited mplitudeF empli(tion e'ets y nerEsurfe geologil onditions of ftor RET re oserved t vrious frequenies in the HFVER rz ndF hese dt were used to onstrin IEh susurfe models tht developed using geologil nd geophysil informtionF he seismi sttion loted on the high plteu ner top esrpment nd on smll mountins nd hills mpli(ed the motion in the frequeny rnge IFHEQFH rz with ftor of up to SF et these sites we oserve gret di'erenes etween xE nd iE omponentsF hese erthqukes dd signi(ntly to our knowledge out the in)uene of the e'ets of lol geology nd topogrphi prominenes on the mplitude of seismi wvesF yur results show tht reeiver funtions my e lso useful for desriing the frequeny nd topogrphil mpli(tionF
SITE EFFECT INVESTIGATION IN URBAN AREAS: THE POTENZA TEST SITE (SOUTHERN ITALY)  ID 1721
A. Strollo, GFZ, Germany M. Mucciarelli, USB, Italy S. Parolai, GFZ, Germany R. M. Gallipoli, IMAA-CNR, Italy S. M. Richwalski, GFZ, Germany D. Bindi, INGV, Italy

he fsel re in the x of witzerlnd is loted t the southern edge of the upper hine qren nd its relted genozoi rift system tht is ounded to the south y the foldEnd !thrust elt of the tur wountins nd to the est y the ulr turF he kground seismiity in the qren is modest ompred to the overll seismi tivity of outhern iuropeF roweverD the erthquke of IV ytoer IQST is the lrgest event reorded in entrl iuropeF e reurrene time of this erthquke mgnitudes in the fsel re ws estimted to e in the order of ISHH to PSHH yersF es the e'ets of sur(l geology on seismi motion ould e lrgeD there hve een signi(nt e'orts to etter understnd the di'erenes in vulnerility with respet to the distriution of susurfe prmetersF ine the pulition of the qulittive mirozontion mp of the ity of fsel in IWWWD quntittive mirozontion study of n extended reD inluding the dense populted river vlley firsD irgolzD hein nd iese ws initited within the frmework of the iuropen sxiiq sss progrmF he quntittive mirozontion tkes into ount the present knowledge of the geophysil proesses s funtion of susurfe geology @mpli(tions of groundmotions nd fundmentl frequenE iesAF he di'erent geologil prmeters hve een determined sed on nlysis of severl thousnd drillEore dt deriving from the geologil dtse of the niversity of fselF e omprison of the distriution of the di'erent geologil prmeters nd the geophysil dt of the vrious mesurements llow to distinguish series of zonesD for whih di'erent ehvior with respet to seismi motions is expetF ptors 'eting frequeny nd mpli(tion re disussedF sn dditionD mp of phenomen supplements the zontion mp with siteEspei( geologilEgeotehnil informtion relevnt for engineering purposesF

he ity of otenz is loted in the outhern eppenE nines @stlyA nd hs urrently UHFHHHH inhitntsF sn the lst PS yers three dmging erthqukes 'eted this reF he srpini erthquke @IWVHA rehed intensities ssEsss wg inside the urn re of otenzY the IWWH nd IWWI erthqukes yielded mximum oserved intensity of s wgF he ity lies over omplex geoEmorphologil re @di'erent kinds of soilD )t lluvil vlleys surrounded y steep hillsA nd therefore detiled study of the e'et of oth lol geology nd topogrphy on seismi ground motion is neessry in order to investigteD whih res will e more prone to dmge in se of n erthqukeF por these resonsD the ity of otenz ws seleted for prepring ground motion senrio within the hgEsxq Q projetF o do thisD II sttions omposed of eftek UPe dt quisition system nd wrk vERgEQh sensors were instlled within the urn re for reording seismi noise nd erthqukesF he xetwork hd reorded PSP erthqukes ontinuously sine middle of ytoer PHHR to wy PHHSF hi'erent tehniques were used in order to evlute the site responseF sn (rst stepD the rG spetrl rtio tehnique ws pplied to oth noise nd erthquke reordingsF sn generl we found tht the results otined from di'erent dt sets were onsistentF elthough the site response vries signi(ntly in the investigted reD even t neighouring sitesD the results show for most of the mpli(ed sites n mpli(tion in the frequeny rnge PES rzF he lrgest pek is oserved on top of )uvil sediments @i AF sn the seond stepD site responses were lulted y pplying the qenerlized

SC-F 3-II: Multiparametric Test Sites in Europe for the Evaluation of Ground Motion Amplication
Tuesday 15:30 - 16:15  Room 7+8

1D VERSUS 3D HYBRID MODELLING OF SITE AND PRONOUNCED TOPOGRAPHY EFFECTS FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF AUGUSTA RAURICA, SWITZERLAND  ID 1885
I. Oprsal, Charles University, Czech Republic D. Fh, ETH, Switzerland

xumeril modelling using Ih nd Qh tehniques hs een pplied to the omn ity of eugust uriD loted ist of fselD witzerlndF yne importnt topi of the ity9s history onerns the hypothesis of n erthquke striking the ity in the middle of the third entury eFhF he Qh (niteEdi'erene @phA method omputes the full Qh wve (eld y hyrid pproh on n irregulr gridF opogrphy is inluded in the modellingF he IhEmtrix method is used to model the E response for IWS x PIQ Ih strutures extrted from the Qh omputtionl model y retrieving vertil pro(le under eh surfe pointF he

126

Oral presentations
inoming wve (eld is relized y vertilly inident plnr wve for fmily of souresF he estlished threeEdimensionl veloity struture for the studied re omprises @s geophysil edrokA limestones unit @wushelklkAD tertiry sediments @ueuperAD nd uternry grvel lyersF he re is hrterized y pronouned topogrphyF he softEsediment over is typilly not thiker thn SHmF seudoEspetrl response mpli(tion @eeD S7EdmpingA for frequenies etween HFIrz nd IHrz shows vlues up to ftor RFT in the Ih se nd up to ftor WFI in the Qh omputtionsF he lotions of the lrgest mpli(tions di'er etween the Ih nd Qh methodF hus the Qh E vsFIhE mpli(tion is expressed y rtio of out PFSD usully t the top of the most pronouned topogrphi fetures within the uternry formtionF

SC-F 4
SC-F 4: Geoinformation Technologies Oriented to Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk Assessment
Monday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 3
GIS BASED EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION INFORMATION SYSTEM (EDMMIS)  ID 719
B. Sarma, Jorhat Engineering College, India

A PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR THE DISTANCE DEPENDENCE OF THE SPECTRAL DECAY PARAMETER K FOR THE EUROSEISRISK STRONG MOTION ARRAY  ID 1907
C. Papaioannou, ITSAK, Greece

he pourier mplitude spetr of seleted elerogrms reorded y the Qh strong motion rry t the iyissu @xorthern qreeeA study re were used for the study of the distne dependene of the prmeter F he spetrl dey tehnique ws used for the estimtion of the dey prmeter kpp of the high frequeny elertion spetrF he dt set used onsists of PUP horizontl omponents with epientrl distnes in the rnge of I km ` `IWW kmF pollowing the spetrl nlysis of the wveformsD reltions holding for the distne dependene of kpp were determined for vrious soil typesF he prmeter o for every reording site ws lso determinedF he nlysis ws rried out using n intertive toolD whih enles the tril of vrious windows seletion in the time domin for the nlysis nd then the dt elortion in the frequeny dominF he length of the window of the seleted signl in the time domin depends on the epientrl distne nd mgnitude of the orresponding erthquke sn order to investigte the vritions of o with the soil onditions the dt were plotted for sttions hving the sme onditionsF he vlue determined for the sttions loted long xis of the vlley @thik depositsA ws found equl to VSmseD for the sttion t very sti' soilD o found equl to RW mseD while for the trnsition re t the edges of the vlley the vlue ws found equl to TTFS mseF he dt nlysis in the frequeny domin resulted lso in the estimtion of the frequeny fWS @X frequeny whih de(nes the upper limit of the frequeny nd inluding the WS7 of the energyA nd the fmxF he results for the iyissu rry were ompred with the results otined for other res in qreee nd the omprison shows tht the wygdoni grenD where the iyissu rry is deployed hs the highest ttenution mong the exmined resF

he northestern region of sndi is reognized s eing highly seismi nd two of the worlds most severe erthqukes of IVWU nd IWSH hve ourred in this regionF he erthquke risk ssessment nd mitigtion is multidisiplinry tsk nd requires ollterl pproh nd olletion of huge mount of dt in di'erent (eldsD its integrtion nd interprettionF here is strong need of pplition of spe tehnology integrted with qs tehnologies to rete glol digitl dtse ontining urn sprwl informtionD ville lnd for urn growthD the rte of lnd development nd lnd use hngeD informtion regrding edrok pro(leD liqueftion potentil informtion etF for hisster witigtion nd wngement lnningF sn sndiD this proess hs een initited in di'erent ities inluding the ity of quwhti situted in very high seismi zone @one AF sn this studyD proilisti seismi hzrd mp is prepred on qs pltform through the overlying nd susequent integrtion of the her wve veloity @A site lssesD qeology nd qeomorphology @qqAD fsement @fAD vndslide ones @vADnd the seismologil themes suh s ite esponse @AD ek qround eelertion@qeA nd redominnt prequeny@pAF his dtse omprises of generl priniple of risk nlysisD integrtion of seismi hzrdGvulnerility dtD equivlent dmge rtion @ihA nd index for people living in strutures suseptile to dmgeD dmge to di'erent lifeline struturesD retro(tting proedures etF pinllyD emote ensing nd qs sed irthquke hisster wngement nd witigtion snformtion ystem @ihwwsA is designed to provide filities to the plnning uthorities to tke strtegi deisions nd to set guideE lines regrding the new onstrutions nd vulnerility ssessment of the existing struturesF his dtse nd methodology n e used s steppingEstone in the proess of the preprtion of qlol snformtion ystem for erthquke risk ssessment nd its prepredness onsidering vrious likely erthquke senrios in the worldF
GIS-BASED JAPAN ENGINEERING GEOMORPHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION DATABASE FOR SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT  ID 762
K. Wakamatsu, Kawasaki Laboratory, NIED, Japan M. Matsuoka, EDM, NIED, Japan

CAN THE BALLISTIC- DIFFUSIVE TRANSITION IN THE SEISMIC NOISE-FIELD BE SEEN AS A SITE RESONANCE FREQUENCY DETECTOR?  ID 1774
A. Caserta, Isituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Govoni, Osservatorio Geosico Sperimentale, Italy S. Parolai, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany

he nlysis of the sttistil properties of the seismi noiseE(eld shows tht two dynmil regimes re present t the sme timeX the llisti nd the di'usive regimeF yne regime n e predominnt in respet to the other one ording to the site onditionsD iFeFD ording to the level of heterogeneities on smll sleF en d ho experiment hs een designed nd relized to mesure in di'erent sitesD the di'usive onstnt versus frequenyF st hs seen tht the llistiEtoEdi'usive trnsition tkes ple t frequenies tht n e thought s resonne frequenies of the siteF

efter the IWWS uoe erthqukeD ntionlly ville erthqukeEdmge ssessment systems were developed in tpn nd re now eing used y government nd other puli nd privte orgniztionsF nder these systemsD ground onditions ply importnt roles in the evlution nd foresting of hzrdsF roweverD neither digitl dtses nor pper mps of ground onditions throughout tpn hve een ville in uni(ed formF husD to evlute seismi hzrds for wide re systemtillyD the uthors hve developed QHErEseond tpn ingineering qeomorphologi glssi(tion wp @QHErEseond tiqwA for hzrds ntionwideY this is the (rst ntionlly stndrdized qs dtse for ground onditions in tpn @kmtsu et lF PHHRAF he digitl dt of the tiqw were relesed in xovemer PHHS @kmtsu et lF PHHSAF o perform more urte hzrd zoningD we hve een developing UFSErEseond tpn ingineering qeomorphologi glssi(tion wp @UFSErEseond tiqwA for the whole of tpnD whih is high sptilEresolution version of the oveEmentioned QHErEseond tiqwF sn this pperD the outline of the UFSErEseond tiqw nd its utiliztion for ntionwide seismi hzrd ssessment will e presentedD inluding site mpli(tion nd soil liqueftionF he resulting mps n e

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useful for evluting the pproximte res 'eted y hzrds nd for disster prevention plnningF
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE ROAD NETWORK IN THE FRENCH-ITALIAN BORDER REGION USING WEB SERVICES  ID 827
J. Douglas, BRGM, France J. J. Serrano, BRGM, France D. Coraboeuf, BRGM, France F. Robida, BRGM, France H. Modaressi, BRGM, France M. Atkinson, Joint Research Centre, Italy G. Vowles, Ordnance Survey, UK I. Holt, Ordnance Survey, UK

Oral presentations
eletril hrges on the eletrode will e funtion of dieletri oe0ient hnge of the mteril etween the supply nd the sn trjetoryF he sme feture holds for the lithosphere of the irth sine there is lwys equivlent internl hrge distriuted in lyersF xonEsttionry hrter of the kground eletri (eld is the min prolem of pssive eletrostti imgingF por this reson we ollet long term dt from (xed sttions insted of moile mesurementsF rene we get the long term development of periodi omponents nd ompenste the ptterns to e evlutedF hisontinuities nd period de)etions of the ptterns hve signi(nt orreltion to the seismi events s shown in exmplesF
GEOTIME II: A WEB-GIS FOR A COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL PROCESSES  ID 537
V. Gitis, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Federation A. Derendiaev, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Federation P. Metrikov, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Federation

he ig prmework rogrmme T sntegrted rojet yE grie @ypen erhiteture nd ptil ht snfrstruture for isk wngementD httpXGGwwwFeuEorhestrForgGA is onerned with the retion of n informtion tehnology rhiteture nd ssoited we servies for risk mngementF sts im is to improve the interoperility of risk mngement dt nd softwre nd led to interntionl softwre stndrds @similr to those provided y the ypen qeosptil gonsortiumA in the ontext of the ig sxsi diretiveF sn prtiulrD multiErisk nd rossEorder issues re ddressed sine these re importnt within the iuropen ontextF sn order tht the outome of the projet is useful in relElife risk mngement situtions numer of pilot projets re plnned to test prts of the developed systemF st is lso hoped tht these pilots will demonstrte the utility of the ygrie projet to end usersF his pper disusses the pilot projet eing undertken y fqwD tg nd yrdnne urvey with the ollortion of lol prtners in the prenhEstlin order region etween xie nd qenoF he sis of the projet is the evlution of risk to the rod network nd the impt of rod network disruption yD for exmpleD erthqukesD lndslidesD )oodsD (res nd hemil spillsF od losures n hve drmti impt on the eonomiD soil nd funtionl life of region nd these impts n spred fr from the site of the lokge ndD evenD ross interntionl ordersF he region hosen for this pilot projet is espeilly prone to hzrdous events nd lsoD due to the lk of redundny in the rod network within the regionD disruption to mjor route n hve lrge e'etF his pilot will seek to rete distriuted network of we servies tht will ess hzrdD route nd tr0 informtion held within dtses sed t the dt providersF
ELECTROSTATIC IMAGING TO DETECT POSSIBLE EARTHQUAKE PRECURSORY STRUCTURAL CHANGES  ID 1623
B. Ustundag, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey O. Kalenderli, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey H. Eyidogan, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

eEqs qeoime ss is new system designed for omplex nlysis nd foresting of sptioEtemporl proessesF he system is implemented s tv IFS progrm @ppletA nd is inluded in e pgeF sn loding suh pgeD the system is utomtilly instlled into user9s omputer nd strts opertingF tvEpplets n operte on ny pltform provided with stndrd snternet rowsersF eEqs qeoime ss is de(ned s distriuted network geoinformtion environmentD whih n utilize the dt nd progrm modules @plugginsA set up in widely seprted weEservers nd user9s omputerD s well s n sve the results on the user9s omputerF he system supports opertions with vetorEsedD PhD QhD nd Rh gridEsed dtF ixplortion of sptioEtemporl proesses supports with the methods of intertive visul explortionD wide set of sptil nd sptioEtemporl dt trnsformtionsD nd plusile inferene sed on multidimensionl sttistisD pttern reognitionD fuzzy lultions nd simultion tehniqueF qeoinformtion network tehnology for nlysis of sptioE temporl proesses nd se studies of weEqs pplitions to seisE mi hzrd ssessmentD estimtion of seismi dmgesD nd nlysis of erthquke preursors re disussedF he work ws prtly supported y fp projets HQEHUEWHIIRD HREHUEHISSD HTEHUEVWIQW nd y fsi reserhes progrm of residium of e PID setion 4iletroni irth4F
GIS BASED DATABASE AND TOOLS DEVELOPED FOR THE SEISMICITY STUDIES AND SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF GEORGIA  ID 1436
M. Elashvili, UNSSP, Georgia Z. Javakhishvili, UNSSP, Georgia T. Mumladze, UNSSP, Georgia T. Godoladze, UNSSP, Georgia

e network of PS onEline sttions tht ontins monopolr eletri (eld proes ws instlled round xorthern entolin pult to detet erthquke preursory eletril nomlies eginning from IWWWF iletrodes of the proes re intended to mesure eletril displement etween the upper lithosphere nd the lower tmosphereF wo strtegies re used to show the reltionship etween the erthqukes nd the monopolr eletril displement mesurementsF he (rst is yw type rti(il neurl networks those onstrut the reltionship etween the mesurement ptterns nd the seismi eventsF his is useful if we onsider tht model unertinty is highF elthough it is prtil nd reltively simpleD it requires supporting dt in order to speed up the tehing phseF ytherwise too mny orrelting events re needed for eh regionF he seond method is nlyti investigtion of the signls in order to th spei( preursory proessesF hilteny is the min exmple to those preursory struturl hngesF e propose sort of pssive eletrostti imging in time to detet eginning nd rte of the struturl hngeF sn eletril engineeringD eletrostti imging requires known eletril hrge soure nd oupling mesurement proeF sf the proe is moile in spe then the indued

he nlysis of the historil nd instrumentl seismiity of qeorgi showsD tht this is the region of moderte seismiityF he strong erthqukes with mgnitude up to U nd mrosiesmi intensity W @wu sleA ourred hereF he reourrene period of suh event is of order IHQEIHR yersF he seismiity pttern is well orrelted with mp of tive fults of qeorgi nd fult plne solutions of moderte nd lrge events re in greement with generl seismotetoni feture of regionF elso we n stte some seismi tivity inrese in the regionD onneted with resent destrutive eventsF wultifuntionl dtse sed on seismologilD qeophysil nd qeologil fetures ws reted in eriew QFQ softwreF peil tools were developed in qsD iming temporl nd spe nlysis of seismiity s well s proilisti seismi hzrd lultionsF gomputer progrm issu sss fter fender nd erkins IWVU ndD ws integrted in qsD llowing us to use ll the dvntges of modern tehnologiesF

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Oral presentations
SC-F 5-I: Seismic Hazard and Risk due to Induced Seismicity
Friday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 18
MAN-MADE EARTHQUAKES ECONOMIC FACTOR  ID 717 A SERIOUS GEOGeorgia

SC-F 5
T. Godoladze, United Survey for Seismic Protection of Georgia, Georgia M. Elashvili, Georgia United Survey for Seismic Protection of Georgia,

C. Klose, Columbia University, United States

he seismologil spotlight hs een generlly on nturl erthqukes ut hzrds nd risks used y mnEmde erthE qukes were given reltively little sienti( nd puli ttentionF e worldEwide ompiltion of strong @ww b SA nturl nd mnEmde erthqukes revels tht triggered seismiity ours mostly in stle ontinentl regions @gsA suh s mny prts of emeriD iursiD efri or eustrliF gEerthqukes show imodl depth distriution with very shllow upper rustl omponent @` U kmAF heir fol depths re generlly overEestimted @often y IHH7AD due to sprse ntionl seismi networksF hese nd other fts hve een prtly hidden with systemti hzrd underEestimtions of mnEmde erthqukes exempli(ed in ostEene(t nlysis sed on PHH yers ol mining in xew outh les @eustrliAF flk ol mining wekened nd retivted mjor fult eneth the xewstle ol (eld therey triggering the IWVW wSFT xewstle erthqukeF he erthquke used more thn QFS illion FF dollrs dmge nd eustrli9s (rst nd to dte only erthquke ftlitiesF ilevted levels of geomehnil pollution @qwA indued y mining nd other industril proesses hve elerted throughout the seond hlf the PHth entury nd n e onsidered s serious geoEeonomi ftorF
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR MINING-INDUCED SEISMICITY  ID 1882
S. Lasocki, AGH, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Env. Prot., Poland

he height of inguri high r dm is PUI metersF st is loted in seismilly tive regionF he (rst stge of reservoir (lling egun in epril of IWUV nd the numer of smll erthqukes of surrounding territories rpidly inresedF efter IFS yer from the eginning of reservoir (lling two moderte erthqukesD with mgnitude RFQ nd RFUD nd their ftershoks ourredF yn ytoer TD PHHS t PI US lol time @IUXSU gA n erthquke with mgnitude waRFV ourred in western qeorgi in the viinity of inguri righ dmF he minshok ws preeded y the foreshok with waQFT t ITXIU gF hese erthqukesD s well s severl ftershoksD were reorded y seismi network of qeorgiF he epienters of these events situted very lose to eh otherF he oordintes of the min shok wereX xaRPFVQT nd iaRPFPHQD fol depth E IH km nd for the foreshok xaRPFVQT nd iaRPFPPVD fol depth U kmF he epienter of the min shok situted t distne of out IS km from the inguri righ hm nd town tvriF he erthquke ws reorded y the strong motion seismogrphs instlled on the rest of the dmF hetil nlysis of nturl frequenies nd other dynmil hrteristis of the dm were performedF e used results to lulte righ hm hzrd senrio in gse of strong irthqukeF yur im is to rete two dimensionl wter distriution model sed on rel topogrphy of djent territoriesF ome work on this diretion ws lredy doneD ut only for oneEdimensionl seD up to IS lultion models were tested nd most e0ients were seleted for further modelingF opogrphy of djent territory ws reted in qs using I X SHDHHH sle mpsF

SEISMIC HAZARD DUE TO SMALL-MAGNITUDE, SHALLOW-SOURCE, INDUCED EARTHQUAKES IN THE NETHERLANDS  ID 2008
T. Van Eck, KNMI, Netherlands F. Goutbeek, KNMI, Netherlands H. Haak, KNMI, Netherlands B. Dost, KNMI, Netherlands

he proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis @reA is stndrd tool to estimte expeted seismi impts of erthqukesF winingEindued seismiityD howeverD signi(ntly di'ers from the erthquke proessF he ourrene of seismi events is predominntly ontrolled y timeEvrying mining worksD therefore the tive zones in mines re trnsientF woreoverD even during their lifetimeD the tivity of these zones hnges onsiderlyF e hve modi(ed the stndrd re proedure so tht it is pplile lso to miningEindued seismiity resF sn this modi(ed proedureD lotions nd times of tivity of the zones tht will e tive in the future re dedued from progrms of mining opertionsF roilisti hrteristis of these zones re inferred from weighted hrteristis of the zones tht were tive in the pstF he weights orrespond to the degree of similrity in mining nd geologil onditions etween the pst zones nd the future onesF e present the detils of this pprohD nd n exmple of its pplition to n tul prolem evoked y miningEindued seismiity in the vegniEqogw gopper histrit in olndF everl thousnds events ourring yerly in three opper mines loted in this regionD the strongest eing of lol mgnitude more thn RFHD rete serious prolem for the sfety of ground struturesF emong suh strutures is elzny wost ore )ottion wstes repositoryD whose present pity is more thn QSH million mQ of minerl wstesF e used re to provide design vlues of pek ground elertion long the emnkments for the next PH yersF rtiulr ttention ws given to expetle seismiity of one re of future mining worksD whih would e loted very lose to the repositoryF sn this se the nlysis ws supported y expert judgment regrding the ntiipted hrteristi of future seismiityD nd di'erent possiilities of the proess development were omined with the logi tree pprohF
SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC HAZARD STUDY FOR ENGOURI HIGH DAM AREA  ID 1451
Z. Javakhishvili, United National Survey for Seismic Protection,

he xetherlnds hs lrge on lnd gs reservoirsD whih re eing exploited sine IWTHF mllEmgnitude @wv QFSAD shllow @depth ` R kmA events indued y this gs exploittion use light dmge nd muh onern to the regionl popultionF es one of the onsequenes the huth lw requires sine PHHQ seismi hzrd nd risk estimtes for eh mining onessionF p to now only generl quntittive hzrd estimtesD mximum possile erthquke nd mximum possile intensity were villeF rere we provide more spei( quntittive hzrd estimtesF e longEterm monitoring progrm shows sttionry rte of seismiity sine IWWPD proly oupled to sttionry prodution rteF fsed on this we present (rst order siteEspei( hzrd estimte using rolisti eismi rzrd enlysis @reAF e preditD nd oserveD reltively high ek qround eelertions @qeAF qe ove HFPg is not unusulD ut dmge hs so fr een restrited to nonEstruturl dmgeD minly rks in msonryF elevnt hzrd estimtes for the lolD mostly lowErise uildings re given in terms of ek qround eloity @qA or the mximum in the SH7 dmped response spetr t IH rzF por exmpleD ove the lrgest huth gs (eldD the qroningen (eldD we expet tht pek vlues of PH nd QH mmGse my e exeeded with IH7 proility in one nd IH yersD respetivelyF eove some smll @out QER kmPA gs (eldsD oswinkel nd fergermeerD we expet vlues round QS nd TH mmGseD respetivelyF hese vluesD whih exeed the huth uilding reserh @fA virtion guidelinesD re otined using simple model ssumptions nd re ompnied with n unertinty nlysisF he re provides n importnt dditionl insight for the deision mker s to whih relevnt unertinties my e deresed nd whih notF his n e nd is eing used to set reserh nd monitoring prioritiesF

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SC-F 5-II: Seismic Hazard and Risk due to Induced Seismicity
Friday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 18

Oral presentations
tsks in n ennexF he outome of this ws to hold workshops in perury PHHS 8 PHHT fter the reservoirEengineering meeting in tnfordF e summrise the ongoing work of this group hereF

THE MW 4.4 ROTENBURG, NORTHERN GERMANY EARTHQUAKE AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP WITH GAS RECOVERY  ID 2051
T. Dahm, Uni Hamburg, Germany F. Krueger, Uni Potsdam, Germany K. Stammler, BGR, Germany K. Klinge, BGR, Germany R. Kind, GFZ, Germany K. Wylegalla, GFZ, Germany J. R. Grasso, Grenoble, France

CONTROL OF THE INDUCED SEISMIC HAZARD ASSOCIATED WITH THE HYDRAULIC STIMULATION OF A HOT FRACTURED ROCK GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR  ID 1706
S. Oates, Shell, Netherlands J. Bommer, Imperial College, UK

e study the ww RFR D PHth ytoer PHHR otenurg @uemmeA erthqukeD loted in previously seismi region in the xorthern qermn sedimentry sin e onstrin the soure prmeter y using di'erent tehniquesF e possile reltionship etween this eventD the regionl tetoni setting nd lol gs reovery is investigtedF hi'erent wveform inversion nd modeling pprohes onstrin the depth of the min shok etween S nd UkmF he soure mehnism ws olique norml fulting on plnes striking roughly xF en inversion for kinemti rupture prmeters indites unilterl rupture propgtion towrds the northD onsistent with the higher mroEseismi intensities found towrds the north in the region of rmurg ompred to those t similr distne towrds the south in the region of rnnoverF elotions of the minEshok nd three of the lrgest ftershoks indite tht these events ourred within few kilometers from three mjor gs (elds nd t depth lose to gs prodution intervlsF he omprison with the seismiity triggered in the xorthern xetherlnds y the depletions of similr gs reservoirs in similr tetoni environment suggests tht the waRFR otenurg event my e relted to gs reoveryF
RISK OF INDUCED SEISMICITY IN GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS AND POSSIBLE WAY FORWARD  ID 2053
R. Baria, Mil-Tech UK, UK E. Majer, LBNL, United States M. Fehler, LANL, United States N. Toksoz, MIT, United States C. Bromley, IGNS, United States D. Teza, BESTEC, Germany

sn PHHQ hydruli stimultions were rried out in il lE vdor9s ferlin geotherml (eld s prt of projet to explore the fesiility of ommeril hot frtured rok energy genertionF e key requisite ws tht the indued seismiity ssoited with the reservoir stimultion t depths of I!P km should not produe levels of ground shking t the surfe tht would present thret or serious disturne to those living in nd round the (eldF e pump ontrol system E whih we refer to s the tr0 light system E ws implemented whih utilised rel time seismi monitoring dt nd ground motion estimtes lirted using elerogrph mesurementsF hresholds of tolerle ground motion were inferred from guidelines nd regultions on tolerle levels of virtion nd from orreltions etween instrumentl strongEmotion prmeters nd intensityD onsidering the vulnerility of the exposed housing stokF hese thresholds were de(ned in terms of pek ground veloity @qA nd inorported into the tr0 light system through lolly derived preditive equtions for q in terms of event mgnitudeF he system lso took into ount the frequeny of ourrene of the indued erthqukesF huring the stimultion opertions we enountered muh lower level of indued seismiity thn ntiipted suh tht the oundries of the tr0 light system were not tested ut we rgue tht n pproh suh s this is vile method for ensuring tht hydruli stimultion is onduted in n environmentlly responsile mnnerF he mjor shortoming of this type of pproh is tht it does not ddress the issue of seismiity ourring fter the end of the pumping opertionF his presenttion is sed on the mteril reported in detil in 4gontrol of hzrd due to seismiity indued y hot frtured rok geotherml projet4D y fommerD ytesD gepedD vindholmD firdD orresD wrroquin nd ivsD to pper in ingineering qeologyF

es the glol demnd for energy resoures inreses it is eoming pprent tht geotherml energy nd other resoures of energy will ply signi(nt prt in meeting this demndF ixploittion of deep resoures suh s geothermlD miningD hydroE ron etF will need mnipultion of the deep geologil setting to relese the eonomi resoureF eismi events my e generted during the extrtion or the mnipultion of the eonomi resoureF yne of the environmentl s well s sienti( issues tht will need to e ddressed is the e'et nd the role of indued seismiity in the mngement of these resouresF he genertion of felt @cA seismi events with mgnitude P nd ove my use onern mong the lol residentsF sn prtiulrD the generl puli9s pereption is tht this indued seismiity my use dmge to strutures on the surfeD similr to tht used y nturl erthqukesF inhned qeotherml system hs signi(ntly more potentil for delivering energy then nturl hydrotherml systemD s the reE soure for this type of energy is signi(ntly lrgeF qenertion of indued seismi events is prt of the development of this tehnolE ogy for reservoir development nd the susequent extrtion of het from undergroundF ome of these indued events hve een lrge enough to e felt y popultions living in the viinity of urrent geotherml development sitesF he ojetive is to investigte these events to otin etter understnding of why they our so tht they n either e voided or mitigtedF he sieGqseI prtiipnts reognized this prolem nd therefore the topi of indued seismiity ws dded s one of the

MICROSEISMICITY INDUCED BY HYDRAULIC ACTIVITY IN A POPULATED REGION: CASE OF SOULTZ-SOUS-FORTS (NORTH ALSACE, FRANCE)  ID 1772
J. Charlty, EOST-IPGS, France L. Dorbath, IRD-LMTG, France

ine PHHHD four stimultions hve een rried out t the geotherml site of oultzEsousEports @prneAF ih stimE ultion hs indued miroseismi tivity whose mximum mgnitude is PFWF iven if the mgnitude ws not lrge the projet hd to fe some nnoyne from the popultionD whih is linked to the nuisne used y the few lrgest erthqukesF sndeed the lowest mgnitude felt in this prtiulr re is IFRF

sn this workD we will present the indued seismiity used y the hydruli tivity in terms of sptil nd temporl distriution s well s in term of qutemergEihter lwsF e will lso hrterise the virtions felt t the surfe in referene of levels for virtion pereption of humn sensitivityF

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Oral presentations
SC-F 6-I: Geophysical and Civil Engineering Aspects of Hazard, Risk, and Mitigation for Major European Cities
Monday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 15
EARTHQUAKE MASTER PLAN FOR ISTANBUL  ID 1901
A. Ansal, Bogazici Uni. Kandilli Obs & Earthquake Res. I, Turkey

SC-F 6
ilities sdenti(tion of pproprite vulnerility reltionships SFisE timtion of losses to industril filitiesF he pper ulmintes with generi desription of dmge expeted in industril filities depending on the erthquke intensity tht they will e exposed in the se of the ourrene of the senrio erthqukeF por the professionl engineerD the study ontins enough informtion nd dt to enle himGher to rry out (rst order estimte of the spei( erthquke risk to given industril filityF
ESTIMATE OF FREQUENCY AND DAMPING FOR LARGE SETS OF BUILDINGS IN DENSE URBAN AREAS  ID 211
M. Mucciarelli, Universit della Basilicata, Italy M. R. Gallipoli, Universit della Basilicata, Italy

he irthquke wster ln for sstnul hs een motiE vted y the request of the wetropolitn wuniiplity to onsortium involving four leding urkish universitiesF his ommitment ws ful(lled y the two temsD the (rst tem is omposed of reserhers from widdle ist nd sstnul ehnil niversitiesD nd the seond tem is omposed of reserhers from fogzii nd %ld%z ehnil niversitiesF he min guiding priniple hs een the selfEevident ft tht while no nturl disster n e prevented from hppeningD the inorportion of wellEformulted plnning nd tehnil ounterEmesures will mitigte dmges nd losses signi(ntlyF he sope of irthquke wster ln for sstnul ws omposed of nine si themesX @IA essessment of urrent situtionY @PA eismi ssessment nd rehilittion of existing uildingsY @QA rn plnning issuesY @RA vegl issuesY @SA pinnil issuesY @TA edministrtive sssuesY @UA irthquke informtion infrstrutureY @VA idutionl nd oil issuesY @WA isk nd disster mngement issuesF he mjor im ws to provide shortD medium nd long term pln for the tivities in these (eldsD preprtion of implementtion progrmsD nd identi(tion of the responsiilities nd responsile uthorities for erthquke disster mitigtion works to e rried out in sstnulF he wy the issues hve een identi(ed nd solutions o'ered re likely to e di'erent sumitted y the two temsF his is nturl euse omprehensive mster pln is relted in omplex wy to leglD dministrtiveD (nnil nd soil mttersF olutions in suh ontexts re not neessrily unique s in tehnil mttersD nd n re)et multitude of syntheses leding to some di'erent set of reommendtionsF he reliztion of the wster ln n not e omplished only within the provine of the lol governmentD ut requires support nd lose oopertion of the prliment nd the exeutive rnh of governmentF
EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES IN THE ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN AREA  ID 2042
E. Durukal, Bogazici University, Turkey M. Erdik, Bogazici University, Turkey E. Uckan, Bogazici University, Turkey K. Sesetyan, Bogazici University, Turkey M. Demircioglu, Bogazici University, Turkey

he im of the projet xey iene for ee WVHVSU @eefA is to mitigte seismi risk in the ities of kopjeD gre nd vjuljnF yne of the tsks of the projet is to perform estimtes of the fundmentl frequeny of uildings nd of underlyE ing soilsD in order to identify possile resonne phenomenF his resonne pproh hs een reently introdued for mirozontion studies of lrge ities @eFgF qrnd in xvrro et liiD IQth giiD PHHRAF ytining fundmentl frequeny nd dmping is the (rst step to vlidte vulnerility models of uildingsF tndrd nd detiled pprohes will e used for limited numer of seleted uildingsX the hllenge fed in the eef projet is to otin simple ut relile estimtes of dynmi prmeters for thousnds of uilding in twoEyer timeF his hs to e hieved with the sme instrumenttion used on soils nd without indued foringF e propose timeEdomin nonEprmetri method tht does not require (ltering nd ssumptions on signl strutureD nor multiple mesurement points or ler single trnsients indued y shkersD shoks or relese testF his overomes some of the disdvntges of well estlished pprohes like ndomhe @ndiver et liiD tournFwehFhesFD IWVPAD hlfEpower method @glough nd enzienD IWUSA or wveletElogrithmi derement or rossEorreltion @vmrque et liiD tournFoundFiD PHHHAF he nlysis of IH minutes reording of mient noise with single highEresolution seismometer top the uilding n provide good estimte of the required prmeters for the (rst two )exurl modesF e heked the stility of the proposed method with respet of the durtion of the signl nd ompred the results otined y others with stndrd tehniquesF e explored lso possile limittion due to uilding height nd onstrution mterils @reinfored onrete or msonryAF
AN ADVANCED APPROACH TO EARTHQUAKE RISK SCENARIOS OF SOFIA  ID 831
A. Kaneva, CLSMEE, Bulgaria M. Kostov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria E. Vaseva, CLSMEE, Bulgaria D. Stefanov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria G. Varbanov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria N. Koleva, CLSMEE, Bulgaria

sn reent dedes erthquke disster risks to industry in urn enters of oth developed nd developing ountries hve inresedF he inrese in the developed ountries is due to ging filitiesD greter dependene on tehnology nd simplyD more vlues exposed to riskF heres in developing ountries the min soures of the inresed seismi risk n e ttriuted to fulty lndEuse plnningD improper design nd onstrution of industril filities nd indequte infrstruture nd serviesF pollowing the losses su'ered during the two mjor erthqukes tht struk urkey in IWWWD there hs een rod reognition mong urkey9s governmentlD nonEgovernmentl nd demi orE gniztions of the need for extensive response plnning sed on detiled risk nlyses of likely seismi hzrds in urkey generl ndD sstnulD in prtiulrF yne of the lrgest risks evidened y the erthquke nd prtly ssumed y the insurne setor hs een ssoited with the industril filitiesF he pper nlyses the erthquke risk to the industril under the following setionsX IFhmges to industril filities during pst erthqukes PFsnE ventory of industril filities QFhe(nition of the most prole erthquke nd ssoited hzrds RFypi(tion of the industril fE

he ssessment of the seismi risk is of speil imporE tne for the mngement of pitl lrge ityF he resulting produed mps give pitures of the onsequenes of possile erthquke to the ity sed on the reserh rried out nd hrteristi dt olleted in qs formt for the elements of ityD uildingsD popultionD etF st onstruts erthqukeEdmge senrios tht serve to predit dmge nd undertke proper ountermesures to redue the onsequenesF sn this report is presented short desription of the reserh performed for the ity of o( in the frmes of the suEi projet en dvned pproh to erthquke risk senrios with pplitions to di'erent iuropen towns of the pifth frmework progrmme of igF he ssessment is hieved in the following si stepsX identify the uilding stok of o(Y evlute seismi hzrd of o(Y nlyze o( urn system exposureY perform the vulnerility ssessment of uilding stok nd lifelinesY evlute the erthquke risk for o( nd produe the mps of the onsequenesF ell these steps re

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SC-F 6
disussed in the pper with the methodology explined rie)y nd results for eh stepF he disussed pproh is pplied to the ity of o( in the frmes of the suEi projetF
EARTHQUAKE RISK RESEARCH IN ROMANIA - !0 YEARS OF COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS  ID 480
F. Wenzel, Geophysical Institute, Germany G. Schmitt, Geodetic Institute, Germany

Oral presentations
dministrtionD s well s the tehnil nd sienti( ommunity seriously foussed on the mitigtion of seismi risk in the lst IS yersF omni is now the unique iuropen ountry hving set of lws nd regultions relted to the identi(tion of most risky uildings nd to their retro(ttingD inluding (nnil solutions for those opertionsF he pper presents the sttus of ll tions relted to uilding retro(tting in fuhrestD inluding the reently strted orld fnk rzrd isk witigtion nd imergeny repredness rojet in omni @PHHREPHHWA E gomponent fX irthquke isk edutionF st lso desries the synergy etween ntionl progrms nd interntionl projets sX tsge rojet eismi isk edution for fuilding nd trutures in omniD suEi rojet en dvned pproh to erthquke risk senrios with pplition to U iuropen towns @PHHIEPHHRAD pf RTI rojettrong irthqukesX e ghllenge for qeosienes nd givil ingineering @IWWSEPHHUAD xey rojetD rrmoniztion of eismi rzrd nd isk redution in gountries in)uened y rne erthqukes @PHHREPHHUAD iuropen rojet yrsig irthquke rotetion of ristoril fuildings y eversile wixed ehnologies @PHHUEPHHWA nd othersF
SEISMIC FRAGILITY OF HIGH RISE RC MOMENTRESISTANT FRAMES. ESTIMATION OF DRIFT HAZARD  ID 1000
R. Vacareanu, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania B. Chesca, NCSRR/UAUIM, Romania P. Olteanu, Inginerie Civila SRL, Romania

e gollortive eserh gentre RTI 9trong irthqukes ! prom qeosienes to givil ingineering9 @httpXGGwwwE sfRTIFphysikFuniEkrlsruheFdeGA hs een estlished in IWWT in response to the uoe erthquke of tnury IUD IWWS tht demonstrted the interdisiplinry needs of erth siene nd ivil engineeringF he gentre de(ned its regionl fous in omniD with fuhrest s the iuropen ity with the seond highest risk fter sstnulF sn ddition to interdisiplinry work the oopertion with vrious omnin institutions hs high priorityF uey ojetives of urrent reserh reX @IA gompletion of methodE ology nd dt se for siteEspei( proilisti hzrd ssessment nd qunti(tion of geodynmi model of intermedite depth rne erthqukesF @PA development of ground motion mps @hkempsA on urn nd regionl sle using neurl net methods for the orreltion of geologil nd seismologil oservtions nd onsidering liqueftion potentil nd other nonliner soil ehviorF ogether with n improved irly rning ystem key elements of n irthquke snformtion ystem will e estlishedF @QA gomE pletion of the hisster wngement ool @hwA with dditionl modellingD deision support nd ommunition omponentsF st will eome fully opertionl nd will e tested in oopertion with the omnin givil rotetion gommndF he presenttion will give n overview on reent results nd pst hievementsD suh sX @IA he elerometer instlltions in fuhrestD s well s the ountryEwide uPEnetwork mintined y the xtionl snstitute of irth hysis @xsiA nd sxgig nd the dt jointly exploitedF @PA e seismi rodnd experiment @rn eismology ! A with QP instruments for lmost one yer in opertion in fuhrest ws rried out with xsiF @QA qeologil nd hydrogeologil dt were olleted nd doumented with the fuhrest wetro gompny wiyv nd fuhrest niversityF @QA he hw hs een tested during n erthquke exerise in oopertion with the givil rotetion gommnd @eveA in ytoer PHHRF

SC-F 6-II: Geophysical and Civil Engineering Aspects of Hazard, Risk, and Mitigation for Major European Cities
Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 15

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS FOR SEISMIC RISK MITIGATION IN BUCHAREST, ROMANIA  ID 995
D. Lungu, UTCB/INCERC, Romania C. Arion, NCSRR/UTCB, Romania R. Vacareanu, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania

he estimtion of struturl performne under seismi lodsD in prtiulr the estimtion of the men nnul rte of exeeding spei(ed level of struturl demndD eFgFD mximum pek interstorey drift rtio mx or ertin limitEstte pity is n importnt issue in erformneEfsed irthquke ingineeringF he snrementl hynmi enlysis @sheA involves performing nonliner dynmi nlyses of the struturl model under suite of ground motion reordsD eh sled to severl intensity levels designed to fore the struture ll the wy from elsti ehvior to (nl ollpse stte @mvtsikos nd gornellD PHHPAF husD one n generte she urves of the struturl responseD s mesured y hmge wesure @eFgFD mxF pek interstorey driftA versus the seismi intensity levelD mesured y n sntensity wesure @eFgFD pek ground elertion or the S7Edmped (rstEmode spetrl elertion @IYS7AAF sn turn these n e proessed nd sumE mrized to get the distriution of demnd hmge wesure given sntensity wesureF yne n derive the men nnul frequeny tht the displementEsed demnd @eFgFD mximum pek interstorey driftA exeeds given vlue dD lso referred to s the drift hzrd @tlyer nd gornellD PHHQAF o illustrte the methodologyD it is used highErise g momentEresisting frme struture designed ording to the erthquke resistnt odes in fore in omniF he seismi motion intensity mesure s seleted the pek ground elertion @qeAF he seismi motions used during the nlysis onsist of nine lsses of rndom proEesses omprising ten smples ehF ilsti Eelertion spetr re used to generte smplesF por prmetri nlysis purposeD the eleroEgrms re rti(illy generted t prede(ned vlues of qeF he omputer progrm sheg Ph @uunnth etF lFD IWWPA is used for performing inelsti dynmi nlyEsesF
APPLICATION OF DATA DERIVED BY REMOTE SENSING FOR VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF URBAN AREAS  ID 1412
J. C. Mnich, Universitt Karlsruhe (TH), Germany L. Stempniewski, Universitt Karlsruhe, Germany

he pitl ity of omni is reognized s the iuroE pen pitl with the highest seismi riskF he high seismi risk is due to the omintion of severe nd very peulir seismi hzrd due to rne suustrl seismi soure loted t out IHHEISH km from the ity @qe HFQS g for ws a RUS yrF nd long period of ground virtionD IFS sA with the existing frgile tll g uildings in entrl fuhrestF he long predominnt period of the ground motion oserved during the strong rne erthqukes of wrh RD IWUU @moment mgnitude wwaUFSA nd eugust QHD IWVT @wwaUFPA ws extremely ggressive for hundreds )exile tll g strutures uilt efore the eond orld r nd even efore IWUU event in ity enterF omnin qovernment nd lol

yjetive of this study is the reserh to enhne ssessE ment methodologies for supply in risk monitoring tool using dt derived y stelliteF he reserh re of this study is eytinurnuD distrit of sstnulF eytinurnu o'ers wide spetrum of di'erent typil uilding strutures nd ws sujet of numerous studies in the pstF he ongoing urnistion is ountle for the genesis of huge urn resF sstnul with n nnul verge

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inrese of RHHDHHH new inhitnts nd with supposed numer of inhitnts of IRDHHHDHHH is one of the so lled wegitiesF his fst growing popultion is responsile for the dynmi development in the uilding stokF esulting rpid ltertion neessittes the onsidertion of the hnges in periodi time steps for the perpetul risk ssessment nlysesF enother ggrvtion is tht mny dwellings were uild without onsidering legl normsD engineering knowledge nd lso without permission of the muniiplityD hene no development pln exists to show numer of dwellings nd propertiesF espeting these irumstnes (rst stge ssessment eomes importnt pointing out the res with the highest risk levelsF eepted nd well known methods tke into ount uilding prmeters oserved y streetF urveys require tll ssignment of humn resouresD espeilly for mpping the ltertionF ith the use of new tehnologies from the (eld of remote sensingD fst nd semi utomti method for (rst stge risk ssessment is possile nd thus the neessry use of humn resoures nd time deresesF herefore uilding properties di'erentile y ir photogrphs re requiredF ulnerility funtions for di'erent types of uildings must e developed whih re le to tke into ount the disrepnies in the uilding lssi(tion methodsF he risk ssessment model is developed on the sis of the uilding distriution in eytinurnu nd djusted dmge funtions derived from the intensity sed vulnerility funtions of egF
EARTHQUAKE RISK MAP OF EUROPE  ID 112
P. Malhotra, FM Global, United States

SC-F 7

SC-F 7: Potential for Very Large Earthquake Disasters in the European Mediterranean Region
Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 7+8
SOCIETY AND SEISMIC RISK  ID 1814
L. A. Mendes-Victor, CERU, Portugal

sn tionl speehD the inident report of tstrophe proves tht there is importnt missing in the ognitive worldF he seismi idents tht tke ple t present demonstrte the lk of pity of the individuls to pprehend the ontext of these environmentl risksD where idents should not tke pleF o wht it seems to e lkingD in order to implement the soiety wreness of tstrophesD whih re produts of iskD of its mngement nd of n dequte strtegy of preventionD should e the onvenient understnding nd pereption of the wy they re deteted nd lotedF F sn spite of the existing stoktkings nd of the etter knowledge of soil intertions in the modernityD the tstrophes keep on provoking lrge numer of vitimsD espeilly due to the strtegi inomprehensionD shown lso in the glol soietyF
LARGE EARTHQUAKES IN THE HELLENIC ARC AND TRENCH SYSTEM: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE  ID 1995
G. Papadopoulos, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece A. Fokaefs, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece K. Orfanogiannaki, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece

he geogrphil distriution of seismi risk is used for mitigtionD priing nd trnsfer of erthqukeErelted riskF he uilding ode mps do not provide true piture of the seismi riskD euse @IA uilding ode mps do not mke djustments for lol soil onditionsD nd @PA the return period of design ground motions in uilding odes is not uniform throughout the ountryF eismi risk mps displying the return period of dmging ground motions re generted s followsX @IA he (rmErok motions were otined for SHED IHHED PSHE nd SHHEyer return periodsY @PA preeEsurfe motions were lulted y pplying soil mpli(tion ftors to the (rmErok motionsY nd @QA qround motion threshold for slight dmge to poor uildings ws pplied to the freeEsurfe motions to disply the return period of nontrivil lossesF imilr mps re eing generted for the rest of the worldF
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE UNDERGROUND GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF FIRENZE (ITALY) FOR SEISMIC MICROZONATION STUDIES  ID 1865
F. Agili, Earth Sciences Department - University of Firenze, Italy V. D'Amico, Earth Sciences Department - University of Siena, Italy G. Naso, National Civil Protection Department, Italy N. Casagli, Earth Sciences Department - University of Firenze, Italy D. Albarello, Earth Sciences Department - University of Siena, Italy

hough the ity of pirenze is loted in moderte seisE miity reD the huge rtisti nd rhitetoni vlue of the elements exposed t risk long with their high vulnerility level mkes the lol seismi risk nything ut negligileF husD studies devoted to the seismi mirozontion of the ity re ould e prtiulrly signi(ntF en e'ort in suh diretion is presented in this studyF trting from the nlysis of out IPHH strtigrphi logsD n underground geologil model is de(ned for the ityD in whih the distriution of the mjor sedimentry odies @iFeF )uvioElustrine depositsA nd the edrok morphology re highlightedF fy onsidering the thikness of soft sediments nd informtion ville from out IVH lortory geotehnil tests nd PH downEholeGrossEhole testsD the study re is divided into numer of zonesD where nerly homogeneous seismi response ould e expetedF por eh of these zonesD mpli(tion funtions re then omputed using monodimensionl odeF esulting vlues of soil fundmentl resonne frequenies otined from the numeril modelling generlly gree with those ssessed through wide survey of seismi noise mesurements nlysed using the r tehniqueF

he relleni er nd renh @reA system genertes lrge instrumentl erthqukes of w UFSF ristoril seismiity dt indite tht erthqukes of w V lso our in reD like the erthqukes of PI tuly QTS nd V eugust IQHQF hey hd very lrge res of pereptiility nd generted tstrophi tsunmis whih propgted in remote ples of the wediterrnen eF he similrity etween the two events indite tht they onstitute hrteristi re erthqukesF roweverD the QTS erthquke ruptured the western segment while the IQHQ erthquke ruptured the estern segment of reF xo other similr events re known to hve tken ple in the two segments of reF his implies tht they re of very long return periodF o investigte the present seismi sttus in the two segments of re we mpped the lterl distriution of rupture zones of @A the two ig erthqukesD @A the lrge erthqukes @w over UA of the lst RHH yrs nd @A of the strong erthqukes @w over TFSA of the lst IHH yrsF st is oserved tht the rupture zones of the two ig erthqukes were not ruptured y lrge erthqukes sine out IUSH nd y strong erthqukes sine IWHH if not erlierF roweverD the res tht ound the two ig rupture zones were ruptured up until UH9sF hese results my indite tht the res ruptured y the QTS nd IQHQ erthqukes re strongly oupled filing to rupture y lrge erthqukes in lst enturiesD whih my imply tht ig erthqukes re under preprtionF he repet of ig events like those of QTS nd IQHQ in the future my use drmti onsequenes for mny regions of the est wediterrnen eF hereforeD it is urgent need to study more systemtilly the western nd estern re segments ut lso to orgnize speil ountermesures ginst future ig erthqukes regrdless the times they my ourF
A UNIFIED DATABASE OF EUROPEAN EARTHQUAKES FEATURING LARGE EVENTS (UP TO M=8.5)  ID 1695
G. Grnthal, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany R. Wahlstrm, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany

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he study of the potentil for lrge erthquke disstersD s well s other seismiity studiesD require high qulity dtseF he tlogues from interntionl seismologil dt entresD suh s sgD xisg or iwg nd their predeessorsD over short time periodsD nd the urnk stndrd tlogue for iuropen nd wediterrnen erthqukesD strting in IVHHD hs high strength thresholdsF hese soures do not meet the full requirements of mny studiesF he tlogue of iuropen erthqukes presented here is sed on domesti nd regionl erthquke tlogues of instrumentl nd historil erthquke dt improved y numerous speil studies on individul events or sets of eventsF st is the intention to inlude lso pleoseismologil dtF xonEseismi @fkeA events were identi(ed nd removedF ih event ws ssigned uni(ed mgnitudeD wwD ndD in the se of onEshore eventsD mximum intensityF sf not given y the originl soureD these mesures were lulted y existing lol trnsformtion reltions or y regression reltions derived in the present studyF he tlogue ontins severl erthqukes in the wediterrnen nd the etlnti yen res with mgnitudes of wwaV or lrgerF he potentil for tsunmi genertion of suh erthqukes in ertin seismotetoni environments is lrge nd disstrous events hve ourredD eFgFD vison IUSS nd wessin IWHVF elso events down to wwaU nd osionlly wwaT nd smller my pose severe onsequenes of humn nd struturl dmge whether tsunmi is generted or notF he distriution of the epientres of lrge erthqukesD wwaT or moreD shows good greement with the plte oundries nd their susidiriesF gomprison is mde with mps sed on the sg nd urnk dtD whihD lthough restrited in timeD generlly show lrger stter with respet to the plte oundriesF
POTENTIAL FOR LARGE DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKE IN WESTERN ALGERIA: PALEOSEISMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES  ID 56
Y. Bouhadad, CGS, Algeria

Oral presentations
dipping plne nd line souresD respetivelyY QF he hine qren @oer lleyA system tht runs from northern stly into estern felgiumD prmeterized s omintion of dipping plne nd line souresD nd (nlly RF fkground seismiityD prmeterized s re souresF he fult model is sed on slip rtes using hrteristi reurreneY where pplileD time dependent ssumptions hve een inludedF he modeling of kground nd sudution zone seismiity is sed on ompiltion of severl ntionl nd regionl histori seismi tlogs using qutenergEihter reurrene modelF
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS PREPAREDNESS  ID 1926 OF INVESTMENTS IN

A. Smolka, Munich Reinsurance Company, Germany

leoseismi investigtions remin very limited in elgeri despite the reltively high seismi tivity of the ellen etls hinF sndeedD the only ville studies re those performed in the il esnm fultD following the ytoer IHthD IWVH erthqukeF hereforeD suh dt seem neessry to prevent ny surprising mjor seismi event nd to perform more relisti erthquke hzrd modelsF reliminry (eld investigtions undertken in western elgeri indite very promising pleoseismi perspetivesD prtiulrlyD in the southern edge of the yrn quternry plin where oneEmeter vertil o'set of quternry deposits is oserved long hrteristi fult srpF ueyEword X elgeriE pleoseismiE perspetivesE erthquke potentilF
A SEISMIC SOURCE MODEL FOR CENTRAL EUROPE AND ITALY  ID 2027
M. Nyst, RMS, United States C. Williams, RMS, United States T. Onur, RMS, United States

fillions of iuros re rised routinely fter gret nturl tstrophes for disster reovery nd rehilittionF snvestments in protive prepredness nd preventionD howeverD represent only smll frtion of the mounts spent for retrotive disster reoveryF gostEene(t nlysis of e'orts direted t prevention is n importnt mens to onvine deisionEmkers nd the puli to invest more in protive disster risk mngement prtiesF fut performing suh nlyses is hllengingX heres osts n e esily identi(edD the orresponding ene(ts re di0ult to mesure nd unertinD ll the more s these ene(ts re not only svings in monetry disster ostsD ut lso ! nd most importntly ! sved livesF xevertheless suh nlyses hve een rried out for vrious projets nd progrmsD eFgF y the pederl imergeny wngement egeny of of the e nd y the orld fnkD nd hve proven minimum monetry ostEene(t rtio of IXRF ystemti omprtive evlutions of ostEene(t rtios for vrious prepredness nd prevention tivities suh s puli edutionD lnd use plnningD improved onstrution tehniques nd erly wrning systems re not ommon prtieD ut would e highly suitle for prioritizing nd mximizing the use of ville resouresF sn modern soiety there is tendeny to prefer expnsive tehnologil solutions ginst soft mesures like edution nd wreness mpignsD tendeny whih my not lwys e justi(ed y ostEene(t onsidertionsF

SC-F 8-I: Near Real-Time Damage and Loss Assessment due to Strong Earthquakes
Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 3

VULNERABILITY FUNCTIONS FOR NEAR REALTIME DAMAGE AND LOSS ASSESSMENT: RISK-UE CONTRIBUTION  ID 2066
Z. Milutinovic, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia

es prt of n overll seismi risk nd loss modeling projet for gentrl iurope nd stlyD we present seismi soure model for gentrl iurope @felgiumD qermnyD witzerlndD nd eustriA nd stlyF eprte presenttions t this onferene disuss the di'erent spets of our projetX ground motion modeling @ynur et lFD PHHTAD vulnerility study @f et lFD PHHTAD nd proilisti seismi hzrd nd risk ssessment @illims et lFD PHHTAF yur seismi soure model overs the whole region under onsidertion nd onsists of the following omponentsX IF e sudution zone environment in glriD i stlyD with interfe events etween the iursin nd efrin pltes nd intrsl events within the suduting slF he sudution zone interfe is prmeterized s set of dipping re soures tht follow the geometry of the surfe of the suduting plteD wheres intrsl events re modeled s plne soures t depthY PF he min norml fults in the upper rust long the epennines mountin rngeD in glri nd gentrl stlyF hipping fults nd @suEA vertil fults re prmeterized s

he reent erthqukes in iurope nd wediterrnen @urkeyD IWWVY qreeeD IWWVY stlyD PHHPY elgiersD PHHQY worooD PHHRA demonstrted tht deision mkers nd disster mngers of erthqukeEprone ities need onrete nd relile ner relEtime estimtes on possile impts of potentil seismi eventsF eogE nizing these needs ten iuropen tems from seven i nd nonEi ountries inluding lol governments from seven seleted ities hve omined their knowledge on the erthquke phenomenon nd its e'ets on uildings nd popultion nd in the ontext of the Sth iuropen gommission prmework rogrmme lounged nd ompleted projet 4en dvned pproh to erthquke risk senriosD with pplitions to di'erent iuropen towns ! su i4F yver the period of Q yers @PHHIEPHHRA suEi hs een onentrted on development of generl nd modulr methodology for formulting erthqukeErisk senrios tht onentrtes on the distintive fetures of iuropen townsF suEi orking kge R 4ulnerility essessment of gurrent fuildings4 hs een foused on developing two level pproh for ssessing the vulnerility

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of uilding typology used in urrent urniztionD iFeFX vevel sD using trditionlD soElled mroseismi4 or 4sttisti4D methods sed on lrge dmge dt sets ompiled in pst erthqukes 'eting stlyD qreeeD omni nd former ugoslviD nd vevel ssD using modernD soElled mehnil @nlytilA methodsD sed on ehviorl nlysesD soElled 4displement nlyses4 for ssessment of destrutive 4performne4 nd whose min development ws proposed in the eg RH @IWWTA nd the re @IWWWA projetF he HR developments re priniplly rried out y sss @kopjeAD xsqi @qenoAD eh @hesslonikiAD nd gf @fuhrestA for fundmentlly iuropen uildings9 ontextD sed on the typologies de(ned under the suEi HIF he presenttion intends to disuss the hievements of suEiD in prtiulr vevel s nd ss vulnerility funtions developed for iuropen uilding environment tht n redily e implemented for rel time priori nd ll level @lolD regionlD glolA dmgeGloss ssessmentsF
VULNERABILITY OF THE BUILDING STOCK ACCORDING THE EMS-98 - APPLICATION TO SOFIA  ID 409
E. Vaseva, CLSMEE-BAS, Bulgaria D. Stefanov, CLSMEE-BAS, Bulgaria M. Kostov, CLSMEE-BAS, Bulgaria A. Kaneva, CLSMEE-BAS, Bulgaria G. Varbanov, CLSMEE-BAS, Bulgaria N. Koleva, CLSMEE-BAS, Bulgaria

SC-F 8
models re onstruted on the sis of informtion derived from (eld oservtions nd ville dtsesF lidtion nd lirtion of the models re performed with the use of oserved dt from few pst dmging erthqukes in qermny nd the nery reF he results of the vlidtion prove tht the developed models re dequte to predit the performne of the uilding stok under seismi in)uene nd therefore they re pplile oth for risk ssessment studies nd nerErel time dmge nd loss estimtes in the regionF
REAL-TIME ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE INDUCED DAMAGE: LESSONS LEARNED IN ICELAND  ID 1346
R. Sigbjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland

wethodology for evlution of vulnerility of uildings in given region in terms of ssignment of the vulnerility lsses ording the new iw WV sle is presentedF he methodology is pplied for vulnerility nlysis on surveyed uildings in o( ! ridit regionF he min results of this se study re the grphs where re shown the distriution of uildings in di'erent vulnerility lssesY the reltionships etween di'erent dmge grdes nd intensity for some of the vulnerility lssesF ell results re presented in qs formtF he vulnerility urves re shown for types of uildings inluded in dt nk of uildingsD typil to fulgriF he results in this pper re reeived with (nnil support of iuropen gommision in the frme of rojet suEi en dvned pproh to erthquke risk senrios with pplitions to di'erent iuropen townsF
BUILDING STOCK VULNERABILITY MODELLING FOR EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE AND LOSS ASSESSMENT  ID 2054
S. Tyagunov, University of Karlsruhe, Germany L. Stempniewski, University of Karlsruhe, Germany G. Grnthal, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany R. Wahlstrm, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany J. Zschau, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany

his pper desries lessons lerned in selnd on ner relEtime ssessment of erthquke indued dmgeF he senrio is the outhEselnd vowlnd in tune PHHHD whih hs een hit y devstting outhEselnd irthquke leving thousnds of dmged uildings in its wkeF he ssessment of the dmge hd to e rried out swiftlyD without ny delysD to prevent people from stying in unsfe uildings s the re ws eing shken y further onEgoing erthqukes tivityF purthermoreD to provide the uthorities with relEtime informtion required for e0ient plnning of urgently needed relieve opertionF he dmge ssessment nd the susequent numeril nlysis ws orgnised y the lol y0e of fuilding snspetorF he methodology dopted n e desried s relEtime9 onEline lossEestimtion pplying geogrphi informtion tehnology nd the snternetF snformtion on dmge ws olleted in the (eld y quli(ed engineersF his informtion ws then trnsferred to dtse lredy ontining uilding relted informtion like rhiteturl nd engineering drwingsF his dt ws redily linked to the o0il relEestte dtse to get informtion relted to eh uildingD inluding insurneD vlueD numer of inhitntsD their ge etF purthermoreD the dtnk ws lso linked to the selndi trongEwotion xetworkD whih provided relEtime informtion on reorded ground motionF he dt on dmgeD long with ove mentioned informtionD ould then e visulisedD inspeted nd nlysed using psswordEproteted esiteF his esite provided the lol uthorities with vlule nlysis tool they ould use to follow diretlyD from one hour to the nextD the development in the (eldF purthermoreD they got rpid estimte on extend nd nture of the dmge whih proved helpful oth in their shortE nd longEterm plnning of mitigting tions nd relief opertionsF pinllyD new development of this dmge ssessment systemD introdued sine the desried relEtime opertion ws rried outD is outlinedF
AUTOMATED DAMAGE DETECTION OF BUILDINGS FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES  ID 714
F. Yamazaki, Chiba University, Japan K. Kouchi, University of Tokyo, Japan

eismi vulnerility is one of the key ftors determining the level of risk in erthquke prone regionsF he vulnerility my 'et di'erent spets of ommunity sfety @struturlD funtionlD soilD eonomiD etFAD thoughD primrilyD the seismi vulnerility is onsidered in the struturl senseD whih implies the ility of uildings nd strutures to withstnd seismi lodsF yften the struturl vulnerility of existing uilt environment might e responsile for the ulk of humn nd eonomi losses resulting from erthqukesF he pper presents methodology of nlysis nd modelling of seismi vulnerility of the uilding stok of ommunities for dmge nd losses ssessments on regionl sleF sn the frme of the lrgeEsle pproh the min ttention is pid to the seismi performne of the whole uilding stok of ommunities rther thn to the seismi response of single uildingsF hereforeD the prinipl ore of the methodology is modelling of the vulnerility omposition of the existing uilding stok of ommunitiesD whih is implemented in terms of the vulnerility lssi(tion of the iuropen wroseismi le @iwEWVAF hesription nd pplition of the methodology is given with spei( referene to the residentil uilding stok of erthquke prone ommunities of qermnyF he vulnerility omposition

sn the reent yersD stellite remote sensing hs eome one of the most importnt nd e0ient tools to identify 'eted res due to nturl disstersD notly erthqukesD tsunmisD hurrinesD nd )oodsF emong vrious remote sensing tehnologiesD highEresolution optil stellitesD eFgF uikfird @fA nd skonosD hve demonstrted their pility to pture dmge distriution in urn res due to disstersF sing tul highEresolution imges with sptil resolution of HFTEIFH mD visul dmge inspetions hve een onduted y severl reserh groups for reent disstersF fut it is time onsuming to over lrge res nd the results of visul inspetion re dependent on interpretersF rene in this studyD utomted dmge detetion methods re developed nd their ury is exminedD ompred with the results of visul interprettionF es n exmpleD uikfird imges otined oth efore nd fter the PI wy PHHQ foumerdesD elgeriD irthquke re employedF foth pixel sed lssi(tion nd ojetEoriented lssi(tion methods re used to identify severely dmged or ollpsed uildingsD whih re hrterized y deris round themF fsed on pixel sed lssi(tion using edge informtionD

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SC-F 8
ommission errors re found to e signi(nt euse some vegettion nd smll ojets hve similr edge hrteristis with derisF o redue this errorD on(ning serh res only round uildings is found to e e0ientF yn this purposeD ojetEsed lssi(tion for the preEevent imge is rried out to identify uildings utomtillyF emovl of vegettion sed on the normlized di'erene vegettion sndex @xhsA is lso reommended s preEproessingF iither ojetEsed lssi(tion or sptil (ltering is neessry to eliminte sltEndEpepper noisesD whih re interpreted mistkenly s derisF pollowing this proedureD utomted dmge detetion using highEresolution optil stellites imges is proven to e very promising pprohF

Oral presentations
P. Soddu, Department of Civil Protection, Italy F. Sabetta, Department of Civil Protection, Italy

SC-F 8-II: Near Real-Time Damage and Loss Assessment due to Strong Earthquakes
Wednesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 3

PROMPT ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL EARTHQUAKES FOR RESPONSE (PAGER): A SYSTEM TO ESTIMATE IMPACT FOLLOWING SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES WORLDWIDE  ID 1782
P. Earle, USGS, United States D. Wald, USGS, United States K. W. Lin, USGS, United States

he qeologil urvey9s xtionl irthquke snforE mtion genter @qGxisgAD with support from the egeny for snterntionl hevelopment @eshAD hs implemented system known s the rompt essessment of qlol irthqukes for esponse @eqiAD whih estimtes the numer of people exposed to severe ground shking following signi(nt erthqukes worldwideF eqi otins these estimtes y omining mps of shking intensity derived using glol version of hkewp with glol popultion dtse @vndsnPHHRA developed y yk idge xtionl vortoryF eqi9s utomti nlysis is (nished within minutes following the relese of reviewed xisg erthquke lotion nd mgnitudeD nd lerts re distriuted vi eEmil nd text messgeF smpt reports with supporting hkewps nd popultion mps re posted on the snternet nd distriuted s feedsF inhnements to eqi re foused oth on improved hzrds estimtion nd loss qunti(tionF sn the hzrd renD we re working on produing etterEonstrined glol estimted hkewps with rpid (niteEfult nlyses @from oth rpid ftershok nlyses nd seismi inversionsAD oserved intensity nd ground motion onstrintsD nd regionl ground motion predition equtions nd site onditionsF e re lso dding in estimtes of shkingEindued lndslide proilitiesF sn the loss renD we re pursuing two prllel nd omplementry trks to loss estimtionF por regions with qunti(le struturl inventoriesD inluding the nited ttesD we will use n nlytil pproh sed on known uilding inventory nd vulnerility to ground shkingF voss estimtes will e otined from preEomputed loss versus groundEshking tles @vulnerility tlesA derived using piwe9s re methodologyF sn ontrstD in res of the world where detiled uilding inventories re not villeD we will use empiril methodsF e re developing regionl vulnerility funtions round the gloe sed on region9s performne during pst erthqukes or from expert opinion in res tht hve not experiened reent signi(nt erthqukesF
NEW GENERATION CODES FOR SEISMIC SCENARIO EVALUATION SUPPORTING EMERGENCY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT  ID 1045
F. Papa, Department of Civil Protection, Italy R. Ferlito, Department of Civil Protection, Italy A. G. Pizza, Department of Civil Protection, Italy

he min ojetives of erthquke senrio nlysis for givil rotetion reX A fter destrutive erthqukeD providing rpid pproximte estimte of the dmgeD to e used for mnging the emergeny phseY A t times of seismi quieseneD evluting the impt of hypothetil ut typil events in regionD in support of disster relief plnningF ine IWWSD omputer progrm for seismi senrio nlysis hs een opertionl t the stlin xtionl eismi ervie of the givil rotetion heprtmentF he progrm is running on the imergeny wngement snformtive ystem nd is used fter ny event in the ntionl territory ple of produing signi(nt dmgeF irthquke onsequenes suh s the expeted numer of dmgedD unusle nd ollpsed dwellingsY the diret eonomi lossesY nd the numer of homeless individulsD sulties nd ftlities in eh muniiplityD re estimted in qusi rel timeF he performne in terms of glol losses is generlly stisftoryF roweverD the ode hs undergone vrious modi(tions nd extensions to remove limittions nd improve the ury of the originl modelF he (rst updte of the progrm is the pegi odeD whih llows to onsider liner souresD diretivity e'etsD nd the in)uene of fol depthF he most reent modi(tion of the ode is the development of proilisti nlysis ode lled ie tht ddresses toX quntify unertinty on the mny prmeters nd vriles used in senrio nlysesY updte the initil postEevent loss estimtes using oserved erthquke e'ets to provide more urte evlutions s time goes y nd more dt eome villeF he pper desries the min fetures of the senrio methodologies mentioned oveF woreover it shows the results of severl test either in terms of omprison mong the di'erent methodologiesD or spei(lly on the results of the ie odeD through di'erent pplition to rel pst eventsF
PROPOSAL OF A SIMPLE SEISMIC EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR ALGERIA  ID 204
M. Belazougui, CGS, Algeria

elgeri is periodilly striken y seismi events tht ould trigger importnt humn nd mteril losses suh s the 4PIst wyD PHHQ foumerdes irthquke4 whih resulted in very importnt losses @ PQHH ded people nd Q illions 6AF sn ddition to trditionl ountermesures for seismi risk reduE tionD it ppers for us of gret importne to set up nd implement n erly @rpidA wrning system for the se of dmging erthquke striking in the seismi prone res of the ountryF st is expeted from suh system to help for moilizing very quikly the dpted relief nd resue mens t lol D regionl nd ntionl levelsD so tht the humn losses ould e redued nd the reovery elerted in the region hit y n erthqukeF sn this systemD Q wrning levels deling with lolD regionl nd ntionl moiliztions re respetively proposedY they depend only on P prmetersD popultion density representing the potentil vulE nerility in the epientrl region nd its surroundings nd the level of mgnitudeF they re inferred from mtrix with R entrnes for rnges of popultion densities nd R entrnes for rnges of mgE nitudesFo illustrte the systemD mps of wrning levels re preE sentedD for R rnges of mgnitudesF xturlly the system hs to e ompleted y more preise geodeti oordintes nd omputerized model tht ould give utomtilly the level of wrning immediE tely fter the ntionl seismologil oservtory give the min nd neessry prmeters of the wrningX dteD timeD mgnitude nd geodeti oordintes of the epienterF he system n e improved lter y introduing new prmeters of in)uene s the deepness of hypoenter or the vriility of regionl vulnerility nd periodilly updtedF
STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER ASSESSMENT FOR A LARGER AREA BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC GRID  ID 1640
S. Xianghua, China Earthquake Networks Center, China J. Lixin, China Earthquake Networks Center, China

136

Oral presentations
king the minlnd of ghin s n exmpleD this pper ims to introdue the pproh to evlute the disster of erthqukeF he pproh is developed minly sed on geogrphi gridD nd it is more e'etive when eing pplied to lrger reF sn terms of the di'erenes of vrious ftors of uilding strutureD siteD popultion distriution nd eonomi developmentD the minlnd of ghin is divided into six suEresF hen we mke further study of every suEre one y oneD suh s lulting vulnerility of uildingsD determining seismi intensity ttenution nd (guring out popultion distriutionF end nextD we divide vergely the whole minlnd into IkmBIkm gridsF yne gird is the minimum lulting unit in this pprohF king the popultionD eonomy nd uilding ftors into ountD we n work out the dmges nd losses of every grid ndD (nllyD we n get the urte distriution of the dissterF his pproh will e very helpful to erthquke disster emergeny plnningF
DIFFERENTIATION OF DAMAGE FUNCTIONS ACCORDING THE NUMBER OF STORIES BY THE EQUIVALENT RESPONSE VALUE  ID 456
M. Raschke, Co. M. Raschke, Germany

SC-F 8
timely nd orret tion just fter n event n result in signi(nt ene(ts in sving livesF sn this se the informtion out possile dmge nd expeted numer of sulties is very ritil for tking deision out serh nd resue opertionsD s well s o'ering humnitrin ssistneF uh informtion my e provided y ner rel time systemsF he pper ddresses one of the questions most frequently rised y risk mngersX wht is the likely outome @onsequenesA of strong erthquke just ourredF st suggests proedures for estiE mting the potentil impt of the event in terms of life nd propE erty lossesF he proedures re sed on hin of models tkling seismi hzrdD vulnerility of elements t riskD impt on popuE ltion nd goodsF o strt withD the erthquke soure prmeters re tken from speilized egenies rodsting rpidly determined event prmetersF ith these input dt prole impt is esE timted nd mppedD heked y experts ginst ville previous mroseismi dt nd ginst erly (eld oservtionsD if pplileF he reliility of expeted dmge nd loss estimtions with simE ultion models pplition strongly depends on unertinties of inE formtion on elements t risk nd hzrd souresD tht of regionl vulnerility funtionsD s well s on disrepnies in strong erthE qukes9 prmeters determintion y di'erent elert eismologil urveysF he pper nlyzes the in)uene of mentioned unertintiesD s well s tht of intrinsi methods ppliedD on the reliility of estimtions otined with ner rel time systems pplitionF he wys to inrese the reliility of estimtions in emergeny mode nd the e0ieny of suh systems re disussedF
RAPID ESTIMATION OF MACROSEISMIC EFFECTS AND SHAKEMAPS USING MACROSEISMIC DATA  ID 1353
P. Kstli, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland

sn erthquke risk nlysisD the reltion etween the lol quke intensity nd the lol quke dmge is lulted y dmge funtionsD the dmge eing desried s monetry or physil dmgeF his pper dels with the physil nture of dmge s it is desried y the dmge lsses of mkroseismi intensity slesF he dmge funtions show the reltion etween the uilding stoks proportions of the dmge lsses nd the quntity of the lol erthquke shkingF rereD this reltion is redued to the funtions men dmge ! quntity of shking nd dispersion ! menF ynly the funtion of the men dmge is dmge funtion itself nd sujet of this pperF he dmge funtions re di'erentited ording to uilding type hereF he im is further di'erentition of them ording to the numer of storiesF sn litertureD this is mostly rried out on the sis of theoretil nlyses nd in the form of lsses of storie numers onlyF en individul dmge funtion for eh storie lss is given thereF rereD the equivlent response vlue is introdued nd used for the di'erentition of the dmge funtions ording to the numer of storiesF he si ide of the equivlent response vlue onsists in the modi(tion of the reltion of the pseudo response vluesF he onnetion to the storie numer is mde y the reltion numer of stories ! own period of uildings s usulF sn this pperD this reltion is disussed theoretillyF he prtiility of the pproh is veri(ed on the sis of theoretil dmge funtionsF henD n intensity sed dmge funtion for storey uildings mde of reinfored onrete onsidering the numer of stories is determined y the nlysis of empiril dmge dtF esponse spetr relted to the intensity re used to solve this prolemF he results re disussedF

e qusi relEtime estimtion of erthquke e'ets hs to rely on reorded groundEmotion dt tht re ville efore dmge informtion is rriving from the 'eted resF wroE seismi intensity is thus estimted from the online seismi dt stremD generlly with single prmeter desriing the ground motionF ine mroseismi intensity sles re sed on desripE tions of vrious types of erthquke e'etsD the performne of instrumentlEprmeter to intensity onversions is limitedF e use set of pirs of instrumentl mesurements nd intenE sity ssessments from the sme event nd site to derive empiril reltionships etween mroseismi intensity nd instrumentl pE rmeters suh s qeD qD eris sntensityD nd rousner sntenE sityF impirilly derived proility models llow to estimte inE tensity from instrumentl dtD nd vie versF he performne of these proility models vries for di'erent intensitiesX hile low intensity levels ss to s re more preisely estimted from qeD qEsed models perform est to distinguish dmging shking from nonEdmging shkingF he derived proility models re ompred to other pulished intensity groundEmotion reltionsF yne pplition of this ground motionEtoEintensity onversion is tool developed t the wiss eismologil ervie whih uses wveforms from online seismometers to lulte intensityEsed shkemps for witzerlnd within some seonds fter n eventF hese instrumentl shkemps re ounterheked y shkemps derived from utomtil proessing of internetEsed morseismi questionniresF his omintion helps to improve the qulity of informtion within the (rst minutes fter strong erthqukeF rediting erthquke e'ets for ples without seismi instruments needs profound knowledge of the lol site ondition nd relted site mpli(tion e'etsF sn regions with heterogeneous susoil onditions s for exmple in witzerlndD site e'ets estimE tions relying only on the top soil onditions provide only limited informtionF e therefore present se study for witzerlndD nd disuss the possiility nd limits of simpli(ed methods for siteEe'et estimtionsF

SC-F 8-III: Near Real-Time Damage and Loss Assessment due to Strong Earthquakes
Wednesday 15:30 - 16:30  Room 3

EXPECTED DAMAGE AND LOSS ASSESSMENT IN "EMERGENCY" MODE AT GLOBAL SCALE: ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTIES  ID 1264
N. Frolova, Seismological Center of IGE, RAS, Russian Federation V. Larionov, Extreme Situations Research Center, Russian Federation J. Bonnin, Institute of Physics of the Earth, France

he experiene of reent dissters in mny ountries shows tht the o0ils who re responsile for emergeny response re lking prompt nd relile informtion on the disster sleF xeverthelessD

137

SC-G 1 & SC-F WG

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMIS AND OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS  ID 1241
B. Ranguelov, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria

Oral presentations
re oordinted y entrl ureu tht updtes the intensity mp in rel timeD mintins ontt with the givil rotetion uthorities nd dissemintes @if possileA the olleted dt y internetF he lst experiene of i ws the prtiiption t iyy PHHSD n interntionl trining opertion of simulted erthquke ourring in istern iilyD during whih the sxq tem heked its oordintion nd ommunition system in (eld tivitiesF

he di'erent nturl hzrds hve di'erent destrutive potentil @here de(ned s volumes or msses involved in the movements ndGor their veloityGenergy of the nturl proessAF eording to the physil properties of the medium @irD wter or solid irth msses movements or energy ! elstiD hetD freezeD etFA the nturl limittions of the onsequenes they n reted re usully oservedF ell nturl phenomen @ppering hzrds like nomlies in their e'etsA hve di'erent mesuring sles ! mgnitudeD intensityD etF ording their power expressionF prequently the size of the 'eted re depends of the power of the nturl hzrdous eventF ome of the hzrds hve only lol in)uene @torndoD vlnhesD etF F F AD some n over lrger res depending on their mgnitudes @erthqukesD tsunmisD volnoesD etFA nd some hve even glol e'ets @il xinoD ozone holeD glol wrmingAF ummrizing the similrity of the e'etsD whih the di'erent nturl hzrds n produe nd using di'erent physil prmeters for rrngementD severl lssi(tions hve een reted outX E re overge @sed on the destrutive potentilA E time durtion @sed on the veloity nd the power of the hzrdsA E possiilities of the erly wrning @sed on the sudden pperne nd preditilityA ell these lssi(tions n serve out the estimtion of the 'eted strutures @their numersD domino e'etsD etFAD seondry e'ets they ould rete nd the possile preventive mesures out the sfety of the struturesF he omprison etween the erthqukesD tsunmis nd other nturl hzrds hs een done on the ses of the ove mentioned lssi(tionsF he results otined ould e useful for the implementtion in the ner rel time dmge nd loss ssessment systemsF

METHODOLOGY FOR MACROSEISMIC FIELD SURVEYS IN SLOVENIA  ID 1659

I. Cecic, ARSO, Slovenia

es the history of mroseismi surveys in loveni lsts for more thn IHH yersD only the most reent exmple of methodE ology for mroseismi (els surveys will e disussedF hue to the moderte seismiity of the regionD the dmging erthqukes do not hppen often in loveniD so there is no suh thing s permnent (eld temF sn se of dmging erthquke @intensity lrger thn iwEWVAD nd onsidering the degree of dmge nd the size of the 'eted reD one or more (eld tems re formedF he min tem onsists of senior seismologist nd ivil engineerD nd the other tems re formed depending on the sitution in (eldF sn se tht the most 'eted re is not too lrgeD the tems tend to inspet every uilding nd ollet s mny dt s possileD inluding the photogrphi evideneF huring their workD some previously prepred forms re usedD mking the dt olletion esier nd more e0ientF he (eld work my lst from one to severl dysD depending on the size of the re nd the intensity of the min shokD s well s of the numer of strong ftershoksF he min tool for dt evlution is iwEWVF sn the seond stepD the dt otined y our tems re omined y the dt olleted y the o0il ommissions for dmge evlutionF

SC-G 1 & SC-F WG: National Methodologies for Macroseismic Field Surveys (Joint Session with SC-F WG on Macroseismology)
Thursday 17:15 - 18:15  Room 7+8

A MODEL FOR SEISMIC DAMAGE, VULNERABILITY AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF STRUCTURES: MEDEA  ID 1130
F. Papa, Dip. della Protezione Civile, U. Serv. Sismico, Italy G. Zuccaro, Centro Studi PLINIVS - Universtity of Naples, Italy

MACROSEISMIC FIELD SURVEYS IN ITALY: THE ORGANISATION OF THE ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA (INGV)  ID 1941
R. Azzaro, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy R. Camassi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Tertulliani, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

ine PHHI the sxq hs een rrying outD under the umrell of the internl working group i @uik irthquke urvey emAD tivities imed t investigting erthquke e'etsF he tem onsists of some twenty people tht lterntively prtiipte in the surveysD depending on the erthquke sizeD its epientrl lotion nd st' vililityF he distriution of the sxq deprtments throughout the stlin territory mkes it possile to intervene not only in se of severe erthqukesD ut lso for moderte eventsF ih lol group @iFeF gtni for iilyEglriD ome for gentrl epenninesD etA is responsile nd gurdin for the prt of stly flling within its rnge of tionF yur retion time for stlin erthqukes is very fstX lerted y w from the sxq utomti lotion system of the ntionl seismi networkD we re le to orgnize preliminry survey in the following threeEfour hoursF wroseismi investigtions re generlly rried out ording to stndrd protool in order to otin homogeneous dtX diret (eld oservtions in the dmged reD telephone surveys in the fr (eldD olletion of mroseismi dt for pplying wg nd iw intensity slesF sn the period PHHPEPHHSD i hs onduted V reonnissne surveys for @fortuntelyA moderte eventsF huring the emergeny the (eld temsD osionlly )nked y other personnel from universities etD

he pper presents methodology for quik evlution of vulnerility nd seismi dmgeD sed on selftrining multiE medi hndook lled wihieF sn its (rst pplition wihie ws designed s protool to ollet seismi dmge interpreted in terms of ollpse mehnismsD in order to support trditionl tools for sfety survey nowdys used in stlyD in whih the desription of the dmge is performed only through the nlysis of the extension nd the dmge levelF wo wultimedil gh om @msonry nd reinfored onreteA hve een relizedD le to ddress the tehniE ins involved in survey tems for dmge nd sfety evlutionF he softwre presented o'ers interesting ues for n ojetive9 evlution of suh dtF sn its originl ide wihie ws proposed sX A hndook for onsistent tegoriztion of the struturl elements in msonry nd rFF uildings nd of their relevnt dmge typologiesY A tehing tool for the trining of tehniins involved in dmge nd sfety evlutions in posterthquke mngementY A supporting tool for more detiled sfety survey formY dA guided tool for mroseismi evlution on the (eldY eA tehing resoure to e used t di'erent levelsF sn seond step wihie hs eme tool to e used lso during the 4pee time4 for the nlysis of struturl typologil hrteristisD interpreted s struturl de(ienies le to in)uene the seismi ehviourD ddressing towrds preferentil ollpse mehnismsF yn this seD spei( survey formD lled wihieD hs een designedD in order to nlyze the reltionships mong ollpse mehnismsD di'erent seismi dmge nd vulnerility ftors of the uildingF herefore the pper outlines simple proedure for numeri evlution of the dmge nd the seriousness level of the possile ollpse mehnismsD tht represents (rst ttempt to mesure the residul pity of the uildingF

138

Oral presentations
USING THE NEW INQUA INTENSITY SCALE FOR THE INTENSITY ASSESSMENT OF GREEK EARTHQUAKES  ID 324
A. Fokaefs, National Observatory of Athens, Greece G. Papadopoulos, National Observatory of Athens, Greece

SC-G 2
SPATIAL DAMAGE DISTRIBUTION AND SEISMOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE 2003 NOVI L. (ITALY) MW=4.9 EARTHQUAKE  ID 960
S. Podest, Dept. of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Italy S. Resemini, Dept. Italy D. Bindi, National Institute for Geophysics & Volcanolog, Italy D. Spallarossa, Dept of the Study of the Territory & its Resou, Italy F. Pacor, National Institute for Geophysics & Volcanolog, Italy of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,

he new sxe seismi intensity sle is n importnt hllenge in the (elds of mroseismology nd erthquke geologyF sn order to lirte the sleD ompre it with onventionl sles nd improve itD we hve seleted three strong qreek erthqukes for whih the oservtionl mteril is relile nd detiled enough ndD thereforeD provides good sis to test the new sxe seismi intensity sleF he erthqukes seleted re the followingX uylliniD x eloponneseD IT ytoer IWVV @ws a SFVAD ethensD ettikD U eptemer IWWW @ws a SFWAD vefkd islndD sonin eD IR eugust PHHQ @wsa TFQAF hese erthqukes were strong nd their mroseismi e'ets inluded not only dmge in uildings nd other strutures ut lso environmentl e'ets like ground filures of severl types like lol lndslidesD rokEfllsD ground (ssures nd soil liqueftionD whih re tken into onsidertion y the new snqu leF sn dditionD the mroseismi (elds of the seleted erthqukes were studied nd intensities in onventionl sles were ssessed during postEevent (eld surveys undertken y the uthorsF e omprison etween the onventionl nd new intensities hs een mde nd the results re evluted s regrds the e0ieny nd possile future improvement of the new sxe sleF

SC-G 2: Recent Macroseismic Field Surveys

Thursday 15:30 - 16:45  Room 7+8
COMPARISON TEST OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED BIVARIATE INTERPOLATION ALGORITHMS (TO DRAW ISOSEISMALS)  ID 618
F. Pettenati, Istituto Nazionale O.G.S., Italy P. Galuppo, Paneura Software & Services, Italy B. Vladan, Paneura Software & Services, Italy L. Sirovich, Istituto Nazionale O.G.S., Italy M. Bobbio, Istituto Nazionale O.G.S., Italy

e tested some of the most ommon ivrite interpolE torsD whih re used to ompute isolines of mny kinds of dtF st must e rememered tht di'erent ontours re needed to show dt @without (ltersAD ndD on the other hndD to interpret vrious (elds nd to forest resulting dt in unsmpled pointsF sn prtiulrD we fed the prolem of drwing isoseismlsD nd so onsidered the following pprohesX uriging @fFFFeFD WSD ppFSRHESRVAD pline in ension @extremes hrmoni nd iEhrmoni sesX tension equl HFP nd HFV respetivelyA @fFFFeFD WPD TD ppF PHTIEPHUWAD snvers eighted histne everges @sheD gomputF qeosiFD ISD UWEWRAD nd our nturlEneighor pplition @xExA @fFFFeFD WPD ppFIWQQEIWRHAF por thisD PTU sprse lotions were onsidered @from n erthquke of IWQT in xi stlyAF pirstlyD xEx ws on(rmed to e the est preEproessing for sprse dtD to otin esyEtoEgrsp pitures nd to (nd outliers nd errorsF eondlyD we produed PTU syntheti dt set y the qrndori et lF @IWVUA ttenutionY thenD we trimmed it y QH dt points hosen y rndom ndD ginD y PT dt points only in the epientrl re @where the qrndori et lF reltion produes plteuAF henD we used ll interpoltors @with two sets of ontouring prmetres note tht xEx is prmetre freeAD nd lulted the w errors @lultedEminusEoserved in the trimmed sitesAF xEx ws est t thing the qrndori plteu well @with hrmoni plineD aHFVD s silver medlAY iEhrmoni plineD aHFPD won the QHEtrimmed test over the xEx interpoltorF hirdlyD we repeted the test of fFFFeFD WPD ppFIWQQEIWRH @pigF TY QV IUIEdt setsD two outliers inludedD rndomly trimmed y U intensitiesAF he w errors nd the ghiEsqures were lulted on the QV trimmed sets @with the oserved intensities s refereneAF sn this testD uriging won goldD nd xEx silverF

yn epril II PHHQ wwaRFW erthquke ourred in xorth estern stlyF he mroseismi spetsD onerning the struturl dmgeD were investigted throughout the dmge nd sfety ssessment fter the seismi eventD oordinted y the iedmont regionl dministrtionF his survey involved more thn SHHH uildingsF sn prtiulrD PUH monumentl uildings @hurhesA were investigted through twofold survey methodologyX the ministeril inspetion form @gwEhg QESEPHHI winistry hereeA hs een (lled together with the new PV dmge mehnisms formD proposed fter PHHP wolise erthquke @outhern stlyA nd reently dopted s o0il form for the dmge survey setionF his survey methodology is suitle to hieve not only dmge distriution informtionD ut lso dt out struturl vulnerilityX deep tehnologil investigtions nd oservtionl dt of the slightGmoderte seismi dmge were dopted to explin the tivtion of severl dmge mehnismsF he olleted dt were used to uild up the preliminry seismi dmge senrioF he presene of dmged uildings onentrted in spei( zimuthl setors is not ompletely explinle with the struturl intrinsi vulnerilityF sn order to understnd if seismi soures properties ould hve signi(ntly 'eted the dmge ptternD severl seismologil spets were deepenedF sndeedD the nlysis of rodEnd reordings of the minshok reveled tht this erthquke ws hrterized y strike slip mehnism nd suggested tht the rupture senrio ws unilterl towrd xorthEestF o quntify soure durtion nd diretivity e'etsD the veloity pulse durtion ws exmined nd the empiril qreen9s funtion @iqpA sheme ws pplied to isolte nd explore the minshok rupture kinemtisF es seismologil resultD diretivity e'ets ould e oserved for this moderte size erthquke t distne of out RH kmF hese seismologil evidenes seem to e in ordne with the dmge senrioD even if this orreltion hs to e on(rmed y mens of deepened studiesD sed on wider nd omplete dt setF
AN EVALUATION OF STRONG GROUND MOTIONS AND FAILURES OF NATURAL AND CUT SLOPES INDUCED BY KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE OF OCTOBER 8, 2005  ID 1352
O. Aydan, Tokai University, Japan M. Hamada, Waseda University, Japan K. Konagai, University of Tokyo, Japan

e lrge devstting erthquke ourred in ushmir on ytF VD PHHS t VXSH @QXSHgA lol time of kistnF he depth of the erthquke ws estimted to e out IHkm nd it hd the mgnitude of UFTF he erthquke killed more thn USHHH peopleD most of whih ws on kistni side of ushmirF eout PHHH people were killed in sndin side of ushmirF he erthquke resulted from the sudution of sndin plte eneth iursin plteD nd the fulting mehnism solutions indited tht the erthquke ws due to thrust fultingF elthough there ws no surfe frture s result of the fultingD the vlley etween qrhi to flkot through wuz'rd my e the lotion where the fult should hve pperedF he lrgest ity in)uened y the erthquke ws wuz'rdD whih is the pitl of kistni ushmir regionF flkot town ws the nerest settlement to the epienter nd it ws the most hevily dmgedF feuse of loose deposits resulting from steep slope degrdtion nd slope filuresD it would hve een extremely di0ult to di'erentite the e'et of surfe e'ets of the fultingF he erthquke used extensive dmge to housing nd strutures founded on these loose depositsF purthermoreD extensive

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SS 1
slope filures ourred long xeelum vlleyD whih ostruted oth river )ow nd rodwysF he uthors were the memers of the joint tem of tgi nd estF sn the (rst prt of this rtileD strong ground motions of instrumented res nd nonEinstrumented re re evluted through di'erent diret mesurements nd indiret tehniques utilizing the ojetsD whih ws slid ndGor toppled nd they re ompred with eh otherF hen geotehnil evlution of the filure of nturl nd ut slopes indued y the erthquke is presented nd their implitions on ivil infr strutures nd site seletion for reonstrution nd rehilittion re disussedF
THE PARAMETERS AND BACKGROUND OF SEISMOTECTONIC CONDITIONS OF TBILISI EARTHQUAKE ON APRIL 25, 2002  ID 1495
N. Tsereteli, Institute of Geophysics, Georgian Academy of Scien, Georgia O. Varazanashvili, Institute of Geophysics, Georgian Academy of Scien, Georgia T. Mukhadze, Inst of Struct. and Earthquake Engineering, Georgia

Oral presentations
@wqaUFPAF hese ws mong the most dmging erthqukes in omni originted in the rne regionF yn ytoer PUD PHHRD moderte size erthquke of mgnitude wwa TFHD ourred in the northEestern prt of the rne seismogeni zoneD t IHH km depthF he intensity in epienter re ws ssF he quke ws felt in severl ities loted xi nd from epienter @ssiD fuD posniD fuhrestA nd lso felt in the epuli of woldovD krineD fulgri nd urkeyF

SS 1: Tsunamis in the European Mediterranean Region and the Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean
Wednesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 7+8

yn epril PSD PHHP t PPXRI lol timeD moderte erthE quke ws a RFT ourred in ilisi regionD qeorgiF he min kinemti nd dynmi prmeters of erthquke nd the geometri size of the soure re determinedF he isoseisml mp hs een onstrutedF uite good greements re oserved etween mroseismi nd instrumentl epienter s pproprite to wek nd moderte erthqukesF he entrl prt of ilisi urn re ws evluted s sH a ss mroseismi intensityF rere is oserved the lol zone with mximum intensity ss ! sssD seprtion of with ws sed upon on the speil mroseismi investigtionF he min shok ws preeded y (ve foreshoksF emong of them only two events @II HR PHHPD ws a QFU nd PI HR PHHPD ws a PFHA were felt y muh of pitl9s popultionF eording to the mroseismi dtD seismi intensity of these events ws estimted s nd s in wu sle orrespondinglyF ynly in the (rst week more thn QSH events with mgnitude rnge w a HQ were (xed nd these proess ontinued to the end of the yer with deresing tivityF he fol mehnism solution ws onstrutedD using wve polrity dtF his solution hs mehnism involving right lterl strike slip motion trending x ! iF he wen orienttion of nd exes for this event ws xEi nd xiE respetivelyF qeologil interprettion of the erthquke ourrene hs een rried out in the west end of ehrErileti tetoni zone9s tive fults systemF he importnt seismotetoni results hve een tken on the ses of instrumentl nd mroseismi investigtionF ilisi erthquke on epril PSD PHHPD hs reveled the seismogenesis regulrity of this regionF st ws shown the existene of tive digonl ilisiEwtkvri fult zone t the end of ehrErileti tetoni zoneD with is essentil for pitl hzrd ssessmentF
FINAL RESULTS ON MACROSEISMIC INTENSITIES FOR OCTOBER 27, 2004 EARTHQUAKE (M=6) FROM VRANCEA SEISMOGENIC ZONE (ROMANIA).  ID 1854
A. Pantea, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. Constantin, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

TO THE PROBLEM OF GENERATION OF STRONG TSUNAMIS IN INDIAN OCEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN SEA  ID 461
R. Mazova, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Russian Federation

sn this ontriutionD there re presented the results of numeril simultion of surfe wter wve @on the sis of shllow wter equtionsA generted y oth tsunmigeni erthqukes nd underwter lndslidesF sn (rst seD the sudution keyord model of tsunmigeni erthqukes I is used for numeril simultion of fetures of the nerEumtr soure of sndin yen tsunmi PT heemer PHHR used y olique sudutionF his model tretes the nomlously long soure of this tsunmi s due to multilok piston mehnism with nonEsimultneous reliztion of eh keyord lok whih 9hord9 hve led to gint tsunmiF enlysis of dynmil proess of formtion of se)oor displements demonstrtes tht hrter of this proess essentilly determines the tsunmi wve height distriution t the ostF st is espeilly importnt for the lol tsunmiF st is oviously thn knowledge of se)oor displements nd veloities during erthquke entirely provides solution of the prolem of tsunmi wve formtionF sn seond seD the novel elstoplsti model of lndslide ody is used for numeril simultion of fetures of lndslide in the gorinth fy where IU perury IWTQ the dmging tsunmi due to the lndslide ws formedF uh lndslides s known re hrteristi for the wediterrnen e regionF nder lultions there were tken lyer densityD sher modulusD ulk modulusD ohesionD mximl frition ngleD nd tensile strengthF he simultion of initilD preliminry stressed stte of slope with sediments formed under tion of its own weight nd sturtion with the wter under se pressure ws performedF he rheologil e'et of derese sediment mss nd possiility of lndslideEmss liqueftion under onditions of seismi or ny externl tion ws lso tken into ountF I vFsFvokovskyD FuhFwzovD sFeFqrgshD vFuFutevD xFFetrukhinD qeophysFesFestrFof iq qenerl essemlyD iennD eustriD PREQH epril PHHSD UD HHWRW
SOURCES OF STRONG TSUNAMIS IN THE EUROMEDITERRANEAN REGION  ID 1997
G. Papadopoulos, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece E. Daskalaki, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory G. Diakogianni, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece A. Fokaefs, Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory, Greece

rne seismogeni zone @A is situted on omnin territoryD in the region of the ow of yrientl grpthins or more preise where the grpthin r endsD in wellEon(ned fol volumeF he rne seismogeni zone @A is one of the most onspiuous erthqukeEprone zones nd extremely peulir seismi soure worldEwideD s well s the omni9s min seismi hzrd soure nd onsequently foused the ttention of numerous seismologists @wrz et lFD PHHPAF he rne seismogeni zone @A is entred upon the triple juntion of three tetoni unitsX the ist ! iuropen plteD the snterEelpine suplte nd the weson suplteF his situtionD is interesting s prtiulr seismotetoni proess in itself nd leds to the genertion of rustl nd surustl or intermedite depth @the TH to PHH kmF deepA erthqukesF huring the lst sixty yersD omni ws struk y two destrutive intermedite erthqukes ourred in the rne region on xovemer IHD IWRH @wqaUFRA nd on wrh RD IWUU

sunmi wves in the iuroEwediterrnen region re sE soited minly with the ourrene of strong erthqukes ut lso with volni eruptions nd erth slumpsF e tlogue of tsunmis generted from the ntiquity up to the present time is ompiledF he size of eh tsunmi event hs een ressessed on the sis of the new IPEpoint tsunmi intensity sleF he rupture zones of the strong tsunmigeni erthqukes re determined from

140

Oral presentations
empiril reltions etween the dimensions nd orienttion of rupture zonesD fol prmeters @eFgF mgnitudeD fol mehnismA nd mroseismi prmeters @eFgF mximum intensityD high intensity isoseismlsA of the erthqukesF e mp is presented for the (rst time of the seismi nd nonEseismi soures of tsunmis in the iuroEwediterrnen regionF smplitions for the ssessment of tsunmi hzrd s well s for the support of tsunmi wrning systems in the iuroEwediterrnen region re disussedF
26TH DECEMBER 2006 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: THE INTENSITY FIELD  ID 326
E. Daskalaki, National Observatory,Institute of Geodynamics,

SS 1

MODELLING THE NEXT SUMATRA  ID 1943

LIKELY

TSUNAMI

IN

J. McCloskey, University of Ulster, Ireland A. Antonioli, University of Ulster, Ireland A. Piatanesi, INGV, Italy S. Steacy, University of Ulster, Ireland K. Sieh, California Institute of Technology, United States S. Cianetti, INGV, Italy S. Nalbant, University of Ulster, Ireland C. Giunchi, INGV, Italy M. Cocco, INGV, Italy

Greece A. Fokaefs, National Observatory,Institute of Geodynamics, Greece K. Orfanogiannaki, National Observatory,Institute of Geodynamics, Greece G. Papadopoulos, National Observatory,Institute of Geodynamics, Greece

he wwaWFI umtr erthquke of PT heemer PHHR triggered one of the most devstting tsunmisF es resultD gret numer of ostl sites round sndin yen from nerE(eld up to distnes of more thn THHH kmD orresponding wve trvel time ws up to V hrsD hve een 'etedF wny reserh groupsD inluding the present oneD mde vlule oservtions during severl postEtsunmi (eld surveysF ell the olleted dt hve een ompiled nd lssi(ed ording to their geogrphil distriutionF sn every oservtion pointD the vrious e'ets of the tsunmiD suh s the degree of destrution or dmgeD hve een trnsformed to tsunmi intensitiesF foth the lssi TEpoint nd new IPEpoint intensity sles were usedF gomprison etween the tsunmi intensity nd the tsunmi wve runEup ws mde nd the reltions etween them re investigtedF sntensity ttenution lws re lso investigtedF he pttern of tsunmi intensity (eld otined is ompred with the pttern of the erthquke intensity (eldF
DECEMBER 26, 2004 GREAT SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE: A POST- TSUNAMI AND EARTHQUAKE SURVEY IN AND AROUND ANDAMAN ISLANDS  ID 23
D. Shanker, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India

pollowing the reent erthqukes in the umtr regionD there is signi(ntly inresed risk of lrge @wbVA erthquke to the west of umtrF he oseismi goulom stress inrese due to the omintion of the heemer PHHR nd the wrh PHHS events is high under the islnd of ierut nd it hs lso een shown tht the und trenh megthrust hs een loked in this re sine IUWU nd hs thus umulted over IHm of strinF he megthrust under the wentwi sslnds south of ierut hs proly not slipped sine IVQQ whih gin suggests the possiility of on the order of IHm of slipF en event rupturing the megthrust eneth ierut might e expeted to propgte southwrd into this re resulting in gret erthquke of mgnitude w VEWF rere we show results for rnge of possile tsunmis tht might e produed y suh n eventF he tsunmis re simulted yX IA qenerting suite of frtl slip distriutions for R possile lengths E PIHD QQHD TQHD nd VRH kmF PA piltering these distriutions them sed on geologi knowledge of pst rupturesF QA sing Qh (nite element model to ompute the se)oor displements for eh simulted eventF RA olving the hydrodynmi equtions using (nite di'erene method to ompute tsunmi wve heights nd wve energies long the ost of umtr nd in the sndin yenF e hve digitized the thymetry just o'shore umtr s well s its ostline in order to improve the resolution in this vitlly importnt reF
DEVELOPMENT OF PLANNING AND ZONING CRITERIA FOR THE TSUNAMI THREATENED COASTLINE OF SRI LANKA  ID 1224
J. J. Wijetunge, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

wssive erthquke of WFH mgnitude tht ourred t HUFSV lol time on PTth heemer PHHR t the interfe etween the sndi nd furm pltes o' the west ost of xorthern umtrD sndonesi used tsunmi disster to severl ountries in the sndin yenF he quke ws followed y few tremors susequently lsoF he hrdest hit were the ountries of sndonesiD rilnkD sndi nd hilndF he deth toll exeeds QHHDHHH people nd is mjor disster for the RH yersF his pper presents reonnissne report of study of dmge due to tsunmigeni megthrust umtr erthquke nd tsunmiD in nd round endmn nd xior sslndF his re ws experiened lrgest shking nd hrdest hit y tsunmiF elthoughD erthquke indued dmges @ground deformtions nd rksEgeotehnil spets of dmgesD dmges to struturesA re di'erent in nture ompred to those used y sunmi wves dmges @geotehnil spets of dmgesD dmges to mrine struturesAF he erthquke hs produed intense susidene nd upliftment t the oen ottom t di'erent ples s seen from the (eld evideneF et severl ples lterl spredingD ground uplifts @out meterAD grounding slumping nd deep rks hve een oservedF et ort flirD the se wter level hs risen permnently y out I meterD suggesting susidene of the lndmssD wheres in widdle endmn sslnds emergene of new shllow orl ehes suggests upliftF viqueftion with ejetion of snd nd opious wter nd lso derese of wter level in severl wells were oserved in the prt of the higlipur reF et frtng n older mud volno eme tive gin fter the erthquke nd lso severl new smll mud volnos erupted long with lrge ground deformtionF i'et of tsunmis were dominnt in ll ostl regions of islnd in outh endmn nd this kept on inresing southwrds @vittle endmnD gr xior nd qret xiorAF

he umtr tsunmi on the PTth of heemer PHHR lerly indited tht the risk of tsunmi inundtion nd dmge is not evenly distriuted long the ostline of ri vnkF sn generlD suh nonEuniform tsunmi height nd inundtion ould e ttriuted to mny ftors inluding the trvel pth of the tsunmi wvesD the energy fousing e'etsD the shpe of the ostlineD the nershore thymetryD the lnd topogrphy nd the surfe roughnessF roweverD s further detiled studies re neessry for us to understnd nd determine whih of the ove ftors hve primrily in)uened the inundtion distne nd the onsequent dmge t given lotionD the uthor rried out detiled (eld survey of the tsunmi heightsD the extent of inundtion s well s the degree of dmge long the 'eted ostline of ri vnkF he dt gthered from the (eld survey together with ville thymetry nd topogrphy mps hve een employed to underE stnd nd interpret the sptil distriution of the inundtion due to the reent umtr sunmiF uh informtion is vitl to identify highEhzrd nd lowEhzrd site res in formulting potEtsunmi ostl lnd use plns s well s for evution of people during tsunmi wrningsF eordinglyD the (ndings of the study hve een used to rry out vulnerility ssessment for potentil tsunmi @s well s storm surgeA dmge nd to drft preliminry guidelines for plnning nd zoning riteriD for the ostline of ri vnkF his investigtion reeived (nnil support from xp qrnt xoF qGPHHSGhwwGHPF

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SS 2-I: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications
Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 3
ARE SURPRISINGLY EVITABLE  ID 350 HIGH

Oral presentations
ridge stteEofEtheErt seismi hzrd ssessment with n insurne risk modelF epplying this model to typil uilding stok in tpn we derived dmgeEexeedneEproility urvesF yn lol sleD the risk lndspe hnged onsiderlyD while on tpnEwide sle the hnges re surprisingly smllF
EARTHQUAKE LOSS ESTIMATION MODELS: TIME TO OPEN THE BLACK BOXES?  ID 834
J. Bommer, Imperial College London, UK R. Pinho, ROSE School, Italy R. Spence, Cambridge University, UK

LOSS

LEVELS

IN-

A. Allmann, Munich Reinsurance Company, Germany

sn view of strongly inresing loss potentils due to ntuE rl tstrophesD omplex proilisti risk models hve eome mjor omponent of priing nd risk ontrol in the insurne setorF elthough the losses from the IWWR xorthridge erthquke were gretly underestimtedD on(dene in these models hs ontinued to riseF esults re often used unhllengedD nd people tend to forget tht the outome from model is not the solute truthF he PHHR nd PHHS hurrine sesons nd espeilly the losses due to hurrine utrin lerly illustrted the unertinties inherent in ll models nd lled into question the reliility of t models in generlF voss rtiosD key omponent of ll modelsD re sed on sprse empiril dt or on engineering theoryF sn erthquke modellingD powerful omputers llow degree of omplexity nd level of detil without su0ient empiril dt to support itF hereforeD engineering theory hs gined widely in importneF nfortuntelyD losses pid y the insurne industry show tht issues suh s lients9 expettionsD lims hndlingD frudD the tul extent of overgeD politil pressureD demnd surge nd omplex usiness dependenies ll ply lrge role in determining the (nl lossesF sn dditionD the qulity of the underlying exposure dt does not mth the omplexity of the modelD thus reting sope for huge hndling errorsF wodelling remins the most e'etive mesure to quntify risk nd should e the sis for ll risk mngementY howeverD it hs to e tken into ount when utilizing the results tht these re fr from perfetF ytherwise it seems inevitle tht there will other unplesnt surprises down the lineF iuropeD hrterized y high vlue onentrtionsD moderte ut unertin hzrd estimteD nd poor exposure dt would e prime ndidteF
EARTHQUAKE TOKYO: HOW RESULTS FROM A PUBLIC-PRIVATE RESEARCH PROJECT AFFECT AN INSURANCE RISK MODEL  ID 1673
M. Bertogg, Swiss Reinsurance Company, Switzerland A. Dodo, Swiss Reinsurance Company, Japan B. Grollimund, Swiss Reinsurance Company, Switzerland G. Kerland, Swiss Reinsurance Company, Switzerland

huring reent yers the (eld of erthquke loss modelling hs developed rpidlyD driven y the needs of oth governments nd the reinsurne industry to e le to estimte likely losses from future seismi eventsF rtiulr impetus for this proess ws provided y the IWWR xorthridge nd IWWS uoe erthqukesD oth of whih used unpreedented eonomi lossesD the former prtiulrly 'eting the insurne industryD nd the IWWW uoeli nd huze erthqukes whih pled n enormous (nnil urden on the urkish governmentF he mostly widely used models re those developed s propriE etry softwre pkges y ommeril tstrophe modelling (rmsF e ommon hrteristi mongst the mjority of ommeril loss models is tht the detils of their inner workings re not reveled to the userD who often will not know even whih methodologil pproh is eing used to lulte the lossesD muh less how erthE quke senrios re eing modelledD whih groundEmotion prmeE ters re eing preditedD nd how the vulnerility of the exposed uilding stok is eing de(nedF woreoverD the user is not informed of the underlying ssumptions in the model nd how unertinties in eh of the input prmeters is represented in the lultions nd hene in the outputF he use of suh lk oxes9 thus requires lind eptne of the output nd this does not llow informed deision mkingF he pulition of trnsprent pprohes to loss modelling suh s re nd the growth of openly pulished demi reserh in the (eld of erthquke loss estimtionD whih inludes studies demonstrting the sensitivity of the results to the dopted method nd the unertinties ssoited with the input prmetersD mke it inresingly nhronisti to ontinue the prtie of distriuting lk ox9 modelsF sn this pper the se is presented for trnspreny nd for the introdution of enhEmrking proedures to lirte ll models to industry stndrdsF
EARTHQUAKE LOSS ESTIMATION MODEL FOR THE RE-INSURANCE INDUSTRY IN INDIA  ID 1168
S. Francis, RMSI PVT. LTD., India R. Mohindra, RMSI PVT. LTD., India K. Jaiswal, RMSI PVT. LTD., India

tpn hs experiened in its history long series of strong nd devstting erthqukesD resulting in ountless sultiesF sn prtiulr in the qreter okyo re n exeptionlly high popultion nd vlue onentrtion oinides with very high seismi hzrd nd mkes okyo to fol spot of interest for emergeny plnners s well s insurne ompniesF he erthquke history of qreter okyo is mrked y the devstting IWPQ unto eventD preeded y the doumented IUHQ event of similr sizeD s well s set of numerous previous eventsD of whih we only hve pleoseismi evideneF ht is the reurrene proility for suh devstting erthquke tking the ovious ylility into ountc his question hs een ddressed y tpneseG reserh tem in puliGprivte prtnership with reinsurne ompnyF he tem found tht the proility for untoEtype erthquke 'eting okyo in the next few dedes is now onsiderly lower thn previously ssumedF roweverD in turn the proility for otherD more lol soures 'eting okyo hs een strongly inresedF he fous of highest seismi hzrd hs shifted to the oki re southE west of okyoF he urrent risk mngement proess for n insurne ompny underwriting erthquke risk in tpn hs historilly een foused on qreter okyoF row hs it een 'eted y these hngesc e stteEofEtheErt insurne risk model frmework hs een used to implement the detiled sienti( (ndingsF hrough the oEopertion with the reserher9s temD we hve een le to

xerly twoEthirds of the sndin suEontinent is prone to erthqukesF righly seismi regionsD suh s the north nd northE estern segments of the rimlysD nn of uuth nd endmn 8 xior sslndsD in the suEontinent hve generted some of the most intense erthqukes of the worldF es reveled y some of the reent eventsD the potentil soil nd eonomi onsequenes ssoited with erthqukes ourring in these regions n e very severeD due to their proximity to lrge urn gglomertions suh s helhiD wumiD ehmddD etF hespite low overll insurne penetrtion in sndiD erthquke relted risk to insured ssets is pereived to e high owing to high insurne losses in the reent qujrt @PHHIA erthquke nd due to the ft tht more thn VH7 of the insured ssets onsisting mostly of ommeril nd industril property is onentrted in nd round seismilly tive regionsF ws reently developed proilisti erthquke loss model ple of estimting verge nnul nd return period losses to insurne portfolios t gieD stte nd distrit levelsF pirst of its kind in the sndin reEinsurne industryD the proilisti model inorportes stteEofEtheErt modeling methods nd the ltest region spei( reserh on erthquke hzrd nd uilding vulnerilityF he si frmework of the model onsists of rzrdD ulnerility 8 pinnil modulesF he rzrd module

142

Oral presentations
omprises RPDHHH stohsti events generted from WQ soure zones delineted sed on omprehensive erthquke event tlog spnning more thn RHH yers omined with sienti( reserh on seismotetonis nd geologyF he ulnerility module omprises vulnerility funtions tht orrelte hzrd intensities with level of dmge for residentilD ommeril nd industril uildingsF he (nnil module outputs loss estimtes for insurne exposures sed on preEde(ned insurne struturesF he model is lirted nd vlidted ginst historil event losses nd will e used y insurne nd reEinsurne ompnies for upoming renewls this yerF
USE OF PROBABILISTIC EARTHQUAKE LOSS ESTIMATION MODELS FOR INSURANCE RATING. CASE STUDIES.  ID 653
L. Chiroiu, Beneld, UK M. Simic, Beneld, UK C. Dyer, Beneld, UK

SS 2
qukesD dmge proility mtries @hwA re onstruted from oservtionl nd estimted dtF hmge sttistis of pproxiE mtely IPHDHHH uildings re ompiled nd proessedF he proposed model is used for the ssessment of the erthquke insurne premium rtes for reinfored onrete nd msonry uildings onstruted in di'erent seismi zones of urkeyF

SS 2-II: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications

Tuesday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 3
EUROPEAN SEISMIC RISK MODEL COVERING ITALY, SWITZERLAND, AUSTRIA, GERMANY AND BELGIUM  ID 2024
C. Williams, Risk Management Solutions, United States M. Nyst, Risk Management Solutions, United States T. Onur, Risk Management Solutions, United States P. Seneviratna, Risk Management Solutions, United States A. Baca, Risk Management Solutions, United States A. Sorby, Risk Management Solutions, UK

pully proilisti loss estimtions models re usully reE quired for reinsurne purposesD for estimting wvs nd generting the loss exeedne proility urvesF en lterntive output of suh models is the nnul verge loss @eevAD whih lulte the nnul premium due to erthquke perilF fy vrying nd omining di'erent prmeters suh s uilding types nd onditionD oupniesD overges nd lotionsD n insurne rting tool ould e derived from norml loss estimtion modelF sn this pper we present the pplition of fen(eld qe uke models for deriving n erthquke rting tool for omni nd qermnyF fsed on fully proilisti hzrd model whih genertes syntheti events over SHDHHH yersD on iwEWV sle nd on reonstrution ost rtiosD the eev is otined for di'erent lotions nd representtive struture typesF por instneD uilding type g fter iwEWVD loted in fuzu ountyD omniD neighouring high hzrd rne zoneD would hve yerly erthquke insurne tri' of PFHT 7$F uh n pplition ould represent very interesting tool for priing the yerly ost of erthqukesD for insurne industry nd lso for the governmentl nturl hzrd mitigtion shemesF
ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE PREMIUM RATES FOR THE TURKISH CATASTROPHIC INSURANCE POOL  ID 1325
M. S. Yucemen, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

efter the two mjor erthqukes in IWWWD the qovernE ment of urkey hs deided to enfore the erthquke insurne on the ntionwide sis with the sole purpose of privtizing the potentil risk y o'ering insurne vi the urkish gtstrophi snsurne ool @gsA nd then exporting the mjor prt of this risk to the interntionl reinsurne nd pitl mrketsF ell registered residentil dwellings re required to e in the ompulsory erthquke insurne overgeF sn the implementtion of the oligtory insurne progrmD the erthquke insurne premium rtes were set y the rime winE istry of the urkish epuliD the nderEseretrit of resury nd hrged y the insurne ompnies under the ontrol nd oordiE ntion of gsF husD this study ims t presenting simple model for the ssessment of erthquke insurne premium rtes y onE sidering the dmge sttistis nd the potentil seismi hzrdF he model integrtes the informtion on seismi hzrd nd the inforE mtion on expeted erthquke dmge on engineering filities in systemti wyD yielding to estimtes of erthquke insurne preE mium rtesF he qunti(tion of the future erthquke thret is hieved y mking use of the proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis @reA tehniquesF hrough the proilisti pprohD improved dt proE essing methods re utilized long with omprehensive seismi dt se orreted with respet to inompletenessD dependene nd difE ferenes in the mgnitude slesF woreoverD upEtoEdte informtion is employed in the delinetion of seismi soures nd in the use of ground motion predition equtionF por the estimtion of dmge tht my our during future erthE

e seismi risk model for iurope hs een developed to ssisted insurers nd reinsurers in ssessing their (nnil risk posed y erthqukesF his model ws overs stly nd severl ountries in entrl iurope inluding witzerlndD eustriD qerE mny nd felgiumF his presenttion summrizes the methodology nd dt within the model nd inludes disussion of the key results from the hzrd nd risk perspetivesF he erthqukeD riskEmodel frmework hs four omponentsF pirstD the stohsti event set is determinedD s well s its ssoited event proilities @xyst et lFD PHHTD Ist igiiAF e groundEmotion model inluding geotehnil dt is dded to omplete the seismi hzrd model @ynur et lFD PHHTD Ist igiiAF o determine riskD reE gionl uilding vulnerility urves @f et lFD PHHTD Ist igiiA nd (nnil model re inorportedF en insurer property expoE sure dtse ws developed to determine the insured seismi risk in these ountriesF sing this modelD exmintion of resulting hzrd mps @PSHD SHH nd IHHH yersA nd of ityElevelD hzrdEurves gives insight to the key drivers of risk ross the regionF rzrd deEggregtion llow for exmintion of key drivers of risk in terms of seismi soures nd events typesF ixmintion of loss osts for residentil nd ommeril @short nd midEriseA strutures gives insight into the risk perspetive for these vrious lines of usinessF pinllyD inorportion of the insurer property exposure llows for n exmintion of the insured risk ross the region nd etween exposure onentrtions inluding omeD urihD ferlinD ienn nd entwerpF
CURRENT AND EMERGING INSURANCE MARKETS - EARTHQUAKE MODELS AND RISK TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY  ID 1287
S. Tabuchi, Willis Limited, UK R. Sanders, Willis Limited, UK J. England, Willis Limited, UK

sn PHHHD the urkish ntionl insurne pool ws lunhed in order to filitte the provision of erthquke insurne following the IWWW uoeli eventF his pool development provided key step forwrd in the development of ntionl erthquke insurne poolsF pollowing its suessful nd innovtive lunh mny ntionl nd lol governments nd insurne uthorities showed n interest in setting up their own erthquke poolsF hese uthorities hve identi(ed requirement to quntify potentil humn nd eonomi losses from dmging erthqukes in order to design nd develop methodology for deling with suh n event nd to tke forwrd the implementtion of poolF he stndrd methodology for identifying potentil losses inE volves uilding hypothetil historiD or fully proilisti erthE

143

SS 2
quke hzrd models t ntionl or regionl levelF hese physil hzrd models re integrted with eonomi modules whih express the output s (nnil mountF he wider tstrophe modelling ommunity hs de(ned the funE dmentl uilding loks for erthquke modellingD nd individul regions requirements for omplexity nd ompleteness re de(ned nd onstrined y dt vilility nd user needsF he ompoE nents of the tstrophe model re frequently relint on reent or new sienti( nd engineering reserh provided y the demi ommunity nd the need to invest in nd enourge dt improveE ment nd reserh dvnement is stressedF sn this pperD exmples of pools nd models from urkeyD elgeri nd witzerlnd re used to illustrte three very di'erent situtions fed y developersD in terms ofY seismiityD dt vilility nd physil essiilityF he di'erenes in pproh tken y the ommerilD intermediry nd demi ommunities re disussed nd list of idel dt nd reserh requirements is presentedF he tehnil development of erthquke insurne pools nd likely regions for new pools re lso touhed uponF
EARTHQUAKE LOSS MODELLING FOR LOW SEISMIC REGION OF EASTERN AND NORTHERN EUROPE  ID 2014
M. R. Zolfaghari, EQECAT, UK K. Campbell, EQECAT, United States N. Shome, EQECAT, United States

Oral presentations
tetoni environmentF yne the seismiity model is retedD two options for modelling the seismi hzrd @in terms of the nnul frequeny of exeedne of given levels of ground motionA re studiedX the (rst onsiders the use of proilisti seismi hzrd urves nd the seond the use of stohstilly generted erthquke tlogues nd ground motionsF he two methods re then used in the lultion of urves of diret loss versus nnul frequeny of exeedne using displementEsed erthquke loss ssessment methodologyF he theoretil superiority of the stohstillyEgenerted ground motions due to the possiility to model orrelted ground motion (eld with seprte omponents of interE nd intrEevent vriility is disussedF usequentlyD the following ltertions to the stohsti groundEmotion model re rried out to test their reltive in)uene on the loss resultsX use of timeEdependent @enewlA erthquke ourrene modelY vrition of the proportions of interE nd intrEevent vriilityY onsidertion of distneEdependene on the spetrl dmping redution ftorY nd inlusion of mgnitudeEdependene on the orner period of the displement response spetrumF he use of enewl model s opposed to the oisson model is seen to use the lrgest impt on the loss exeedne urves for this prtiulr loss modelD though the in)uene on the verge nnul loss is found to e reltively insigni(ntF
SPATIAL CORRELATION - A KEY FACTOR IN LOSS ESTIMATION FOR INSURANCE  ID 1301
W. Dong, RMS, United States

gtstrophe loss modelling hs een under rpid developE ment in the reent yersF his is minly due to signi(nt demnds for nturl tstrophe models nd their pplitions in the (nnil nd insurne industryF hue to the high severity nd low frequeny of nturl tstrophe suh s erthqukesD the use of trditionl turil methods sed on historil loss reords is indequte nd inompleteF gomputer risk models tody re used to evlute potentil losses from future events nd provide filities for etter ontrolling exposure to potentil lossesF hese omputer models provide sound sis for risk priing for insurne nd reinsurne portfolio mngementF snformtion otined from this type of modelling is idelly suited to the regionl risk onsidertion of trditionl (nnil entities s well s to the growing insurne tstrophi mrket in the regionF he (rst genertion of the erthquke loss model for iuropen region ws developed in the lte IWWH9s nd hs een used y mny insurne nd reinsurne ompnies for vrious insurne portfolio nlysesF sn this pper the methodology nd preliminry results for new erthquke model for the iuropen region is presentedF he seismi hzrdD the uilt environment inventory nd the uilding vulnerilities re proilistilly onvoluted to estimte proilisti lossesF uh results one implemented in user friendly (nnil softwreD re used y insurne nd reinsurne ompnies to estimte their potentil exposure to seismi hzrdsF he min dvntges of this model re its high resolution stohsti event setD detiled seismi modelD nd rnge of vulnerility funtions desriing vrious uilding types nd ontentsF he new model uses the ltest informtion on regionl seismotetoni to develop new regionl seismi hzrd model for ontinentl iuropeF his model ene(ts high geogrphil resolution for the underlying dministrtive units to pture detiled vrition of seismi hzrd nd to enhne the modelling of soil e'et
INFLUENCE OF GROUND MOTION MODELLING ON LOSS EXCEEDANCE CURVES FOR PORTFOLIOS OF BUILDINGS  ID 621
H. Crowley, ROSE School, Italy J. Bommer, Imperial College, UK

wost engineering hzrd nlysis hs een foused on single lolityD sy nuler power plntF he nlysis is deepD onsidering gret del of unertintiesY however it is only onentrted on single lotionF ptil orreltion ws not n issueF et the other endD insurne pplition requires to estimte loss for sptilly distriuted portfolioF sn tht seD sptil orreltion of losses plys signi(nt role in loss llotion mong ll stkeholdsD prtiulrly for reinsurersF en exmple will e given to demonstrte why the sptil orreltion is so importnt to the loss estimtion for insurne portfolioF here re mny soures whih ontriute to sptil orreltion nd will e disussed from engineering perspetiveF roweverD this pper will fous on how to use the oserved loss @limA dt to quntify the sptil orreltionF wo pprohes @simultion pE proh nd mutting pprohA will e explored nd the results will e presentedF he result shows lerly tht orreltion is depended on the distne etween lotions nd orreltion is deyed with distne inreseF eurte wy to lulte pir wise orreltion in lrge portfolio is formidle @omintory explosionA tskF por prtil purposeD mro orreltion weight method is presented nd reommended for implementtionF purther reserh for erthquke engineering to improve qunti(tion of sptil orreltion will e disussed in the onluding remrkF
SYNTHETIC EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUES FOR A PROBABILISTIC EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODELLING: CASE STUDY CHINA  ID 1672
P. Tscherrig, Swiss Reinsurance Company, Switzerland M. Bertogg, Swiss Reinsurance Company, Switzerland M. Guatteri, Swiss Reinsurance Company, United States P. M. Mai, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland B. Grollimund, Swiss Reinsurance Company, Switzerland G. Kerland, Swiss Reinsurance Company, Switzerland

his pper fouses on detiled study of the desription of the seismi hzrd in n erthquke loss model nd the sensitivity of the loss results to hnges in the ground motion modelF e se study loss model is set up for the wrmr egion in urkey through the olletion of dtses on the uilding inventory for seletion of sitesD the struturl hrteristis of the uildingsD the erthquke tivity of the regionD nd the

por insurne erthquke risk modelling purposesD we deE veloped novel methodology to rete syntheti erthquke tloguesF he method is sed on smplingEwithEreplement tehnique from given erthquke tlogue nd retes syntheti erthquke tlogues tht might e representtive for the erthquke ourrene in the forthoming millenniumsF es se studyD we present the seismi hzrd nd risk ssessE ment results sed on this method for the minlnd ghinF he output of the methodD syntheti erthquke tlogueD hs een used to rete seismi hzrd mpsF he resulting hzrd mps re

144

Oral presentations
on regionl sle very omprle to mps generted with onE siderly more detiled methodsF he model development sed on our new method hs een found to e very resoure e0ientF e lso pply the model to typil ghinese residentil uilding stok ! s se study in n insurne model frmeworkF he method n lso e modi(ed in order to rete proilisti representtion of erthquke senrios for emergeny plnning purposes or to ondut detiled hzrd deEggregtion studiesF gompred to trditionl reEnlysesD the proposed method llows with omprtively minor e'ort to generte omprehensive set of erthquke hzrd informtionF st either llows prgmti representtion of the seismi hzrd s well s the inorportion of detiled seismologil modelsD depending on the required preisionF e nontrivil dvntge is lso tht the method is oneptully very demonstrtive nd it is therefore esy to ommunite its output to ll prties involved in risk ssessment proessF rene we reommend to work with this method lso outside of the oundries of trditionl insurne risk modellingF
Colombia

SS 2
S. Armbula, Evaluacin de Riesgos Naturales, ERN Colombia, Colombia M. G. Ordaz, Evaluacin de Riesgos Naturales, ERN Consultores, Mexico O. Mahul, World Bank, United States F. Ghesquiere, World Bank, United States

SS 2-III: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications

Tuesday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 3

THE USE OF RISK IN DESIGN: THE ATC 58 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE  ID 647
C. Comartin, CDComartin, Inc., United States R. Hamburger, SGH, United States A. Whittaker, SUNY-Bualo, United States R. Bachman, Consultant, United States

nderstnding prole losses nd reonstrution osts due to erthqukes retes powerful inentives for ountries to develop plnning options nd tools to ope with riskD inluding lloting the sustined udgetry resoures neessry to redue those potentil dmges nd sfegurd developmentF sn the frmework of the ulnerility edution rogrm in golomi supported y the orld fnk nd the snterEemerin hevelopment fnk etion ln for smproving hisster isk wngementD spei( tstrophi risk model hs een developed to evluteD uilding y uildingD the proilisti losses of di'erent portfolios nd pure premiumsD tking into ount the seismi mirozontion of the itiesF his model hs een used to evlute the (sl ontingeny liilities of the government nd to uild n optiml struture for risk trnsfer nd retentionD onsidering ontingeny reditsD reserve fundsD insurneGreinsurneD nd t ondsF sn dditionD n innovtive insurne tool hs een implemented with the property tx to over the privte uildingsD inluding ll lowEinome owners using ross susidiesF vstlyD the model llows the evlution of n exeedne proility urve of ene(tEost rtioD providing groundEreking tool for deisionEmkers to nlyze the net ene(ts of the risk mitigtion mesuresD suh s the erthquke retro(tting nd the seismi ode enforementF his pper desries the model nd the derived ovementioned tools using the results of loss senrios nd the strtegies implemented in ities s fogot nd wnizles in golomiF
TURKISH CATASTROPHY INSURANCE POOL  ID 1785
F. zay, Turkey

he pederl imergeny wngement egeny @piweA is supporting the epplied ehnology gounil @egA to develop next genertion of performneEsed seismi design guidelines for uildingsF he projetD egESV will result in the pility to se design deisions expliitly on the expeted performne of the uilding in future erthquke eventsF erformne is mesured s the risk of experiening three types of lossesX heths nd serious injuriesF hiret pitl losses ttriutle to dmge ontentsF sndiret losses ttriutle to the loss of use for repir or reonstrutionF his hrteriztion of performne provides ommon frmework for design deisions tht n e redily dpted to the perspetives of ll stkeholders @eFgF ownerD rhitetD engineerD ontrtorD regultorD lenderD insurerAF st lso filittes e0ient plnning nd design deisions through omprison of osts nd ene(ts of vrious lterntivesF his pper desries proedure to ssess risk nd potentil losses for individul uildingsF hking hzrd is de(ned to speify how intense shking might e nd how often it is likely to ourF gorresponding ground motions re pplied to nonliner model of the uilding to lulte the demnds @fores nd distortionsA on struturl nd nonstruturl omponents nd systems produed y eh ground motionF p to this point the proedures re somewht similr to those tht hve een used y engineers for design purposesF he next steps deprt from trditionl design proeduresF he demnd is used to generte n estimte of dmge to the uilding inluding dmge to the strutureD to nonstruturl omponents nd systemsD nd to ontentsF pinllyD the projeted losses re determined sed on the totl dmge nd onsequene funtions tht trnslte the dmge into humn lossesD pitl lossesD nd downtimeF e prtil exmple is inluded to illustrte pplition of the proedureF
DETAILED EARTHQUAKE LOSS ESTIMATION MODEL FOR COMPREHENSIVE RISK MANAGEMENT  ID 724
O. D. Cardona, Evaluacin de Riesgos Naturales, ERN Colombia, Colombia L. E. Yamn, Evaluacin de Riesgos Naturales, ERN Colombia,

he pper desries the rief history nd then the funE tioning of the urkish gtstrophy snsurne ool whih is mndtory insurne sheme e'etive in urkey s from yer PHHHF st provides over ginst erthquke risk for the struturl prt of residentil uildingsF he funtioning of the sheme will e detiled in reltion to the sope of overgeD sttistil hrteristis of risks onsisting of uilding typeD numer of storiesD geD se re nd the reltion etween the erthquke umultion (gures nd the wv levels eptle nd used in ommon prtieF he ide of the pool is to generte dequte funds in yers to redue the need for reinsurne protetion of the overed risks ut until this hppens sustntil mount of over is essentil for the seurity nd future of the systemF hereD the e'et of wv @proE le mximum lossA eomes very importnt s it leds to the ultiE mte deision of how muh protetion should e ought for di'erent loss senrios sed on di'erent reurrene periods nd intensity of eventsF enother outstnding point is tht the e'et of the poliy dedutile eomes importnt espeilly in the nlysis of the expeted loss senrios s the di'erene when pplying the dedutile to prtil or totl loss ses n e sustntil wheres the likelihood of the ehvior of the umultion pro(le is yet to e determined for justi(ed wv nlysisF
THE TURKISH CATASTROPHE INSURANCE POOL AND BUILDING LOSS ESTIMATION FOR ISTANBUL  ID 2083
E. Durukal, Bogazici University, Turkey M. Erdik, Bogazici University, Turkey K. Sesetyan, Bogazici University, Turkey

sn terms of ntionl eonomy the insurne system is n essentil element for the eonomi reovery of usinessesD industry nd fmiliesF he need for prdigm hnge ws lerly relized

145

SS 2
y ll prties involved following the IWWW urkey erthqukes tht used sustntil diret nd indiret lossesF sn this ontext the urkish government estlished the ntionl erthquke insurne progrmD reinsurne ompnies redued their risks y inresing their premiums or y even leving the mrket nd the privte setor ompnies deided to reEsssess their portfolio risks in order to shpe their future mrket strtegiesF gurrently there is twoElevel erthquke insurne system in urkeyF vevel I is the ompulsory erthquke insurne nd level P is privte insurneF foth for oth systems the premium rtes re set y the governmentF sn this tlk the urrent system will e desriedF otentil di0ulties tht my e fed y the tors involved t the ntionl nd lol level in the event of lrge erthquke in sstnul will e highlighted with the help of n erthquke loss ssessment methodology tht n e used for insurne priing nd portfolio loss estimtion in urkeyF he si ingredients of this methodology re proilisti nd deterministi regionl site dependent erthquke hzrdD regionl uilding inventory @ndGor portfolioAD uilding vulnerilities ssoE ited with typil onstrution systems in urkey nd estimtions of uilding replement osts for di'erent dmge levelsF role mximum nd verge nnulized losses re estimted s the result of nlysisF he e'et of the twoElevel erthquke insurne system in urkey @the ntionl ompulsory erthquke insurne sheme nd the privte erthquke insurne systemA is inorported in the methodologyF es demonstrtion of the methodology we look t the se of sstnul nd use its uilding inventory dt insted of portfolioF e stteEofEtheErt time dependent erthquke hzrd model tht portrys the inresed erthquke expetnies in sstnul is usedF sntensity nd spetrl displement sed vulnerility reltionships re inorported in the nlysisF sn prtiulr we look t the unertinty in the loss estimtions tht rise from the vulnerility reltionshipsD nd t the e'et of the implemented repir ost rtiosF
SEISMIC HAZARD AND RISK IN SHANGHAI AND ESTIMATION OF EXPECTED BUILDING LOSSES  ID 1715
S. Cole, University of East Anglia, UK Y. Xu, University of East Anglia, UK P. Burton, University of East Anglia, UK C. Cai, Shanghai Bureau of Seismology, China W. Wang, Shanghai Bureau of Seismology, China Y. Yin, Shanghai Bureau of Seismology, China

Oral presentations
snsurne premiums in ortugl for erthquke inidene were estlished sed on study mde in the mid IWWHsF his study took into onsidertion the existing hzrd modeling for the ountry nd lssi(tion of the housing stok into severl typologies essentilly prmeterized y ge of onstrution nd numer of storiesF e mixture of iedemnnD nd gourn nd pene vulnerility methodologies were developed sed on the ssignment of eismi goe0ient to eh typology whih depend on the seismi ode in prtie t the epoh of onstrution of tht typologyF ine tht timeD few new pprohes to vulnerility were developedD grouped into two min tegoriesX one sed diretly on empiril dt gthered in reent erthqukesY nd the other mking use of the priniples of struturl nlysisD nd essentilly pplying nonEliner performne sed displements modelsF he present pper presents the new trends in vulnerility nlysis developed in ortugl nd how they n 'et the results otined dede goF

SS 2-IV: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications

Tuesday 17:15 - 18:15  Room 3

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON SEISMIC RISK SWAP USING PURE PARAMETRIC TRIGGERS FOR BUSINESS CONTINUITY  ID 800
S. Fukushima, Tokyo Electric Power Services Co., Ltd., Japan H. Yashiro, Tokio Marine & Nichido Risk Consulting Co., Lt, Japan

hnghi is megEity on the estern seord of ghin with popultion of over IQ millionF ody it hs eome ghin9s leding eonomi nd usiness entreF udong xew reD estlished in IWWHD is t the forefront of hnghi9s modernistionF e seismi hzrd nlysis of hnghi nd neighouring region hs een determinedF ek ground elertionD mgnitude nd intenE sity hzrd re evluted using qumel9s extreme distriutionsF gumultive strin energy relese provides grphil method of determining the nnul energy relese nd mximum redile9 erthqukeF ixpeted uilding losses hve een mpped in qs for setion of udong together with two other res of hnghi nmed utuo nd xnjing odF e totl of UWI uildings re inluded in the surveyF even uilding types were used to divide the stok dt nd four dmge grdes were used in ssessing potentil dmgeF enlysis of dmge urves is used to de(ne the wen hmge ptor whih shows men dmge proility for vrious intensities for the vrying uilding typesF esults show the most vulnerle uildings re old ivil houses nd the lest vulnerle re reinfored onrete frme nd super high uildingsF his dt n e used to estimte potentil uilding loss in terms of )oor re nd ssoited dmge grdeF gonttsX sFoledueFFuk
NEW TRENDS IN VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS FOR UPDATING INSURANCE IN PORTUGAL  ID 878
C. S. Oliveira, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Portugal A. Campos Costa, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal M. L. Sousa, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal

eentlyD some seismi risk mngement mesures re utilized re)eting the quntittive nd qulittive ssessment of seismi riskF hese mesures re tegorized into risk ontrol nd risk (nningY the former is essentil to mitigte seismi risk nd the ltter is e'etive to over the unexpeted loss used y unforeseele nd omplited seismi eventsF sn this pperD seismi risk swp using pure prmetri triggers is employed s risk (nning mesureD so tht the rpid nd ost ene(il reovery pln n e hievedF ortfolios onsisting of SH filities in okyoD ysk nd pukuok re employed s model enterprises in order to exmine the fesiility of seismi risk swp ssuming tht the exhnged nnul expeted losses re identilF hrough the exmintionD it is lso proposed the proedure to determine the prmeters used in prmetri trigger sed risk swpD from the viewpoint of redution in proilisti mximum lossF
DEVELOPING A MICRO-ECONOMIC APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING INDIRECT LOSSES OF DISASTERS  ID 688
D. Borst, Universitt Karlsruhe (TH), CEDIM, Germany U. Werner, Universitt Karlsruhe (TH), CEDIM, Germany

ithin the gihsw reserh on urrent nd future erthquke risk in wetropolitn sstnul this projet fouses on eonomi spetsF st ims t developing methodology to forest (nnil losses used y indiret eonomi e'ets of disster useful for omprehensive risk ssessmentD thus enling poliy mkers to optimise their (nnil strtegies for preventionF he pper explins in detil the working pln nd progress of miroEeonomi pproh of loss ssessmentF es sis for the rest of the workD input senrios of diret losses due to n erthquke disster hve to e de(nedF henD the urrent nd future eonomi struture of the ity is exminedX uey eonomi setors with respet to their importne in terms of employment nd supply of goods essentil for the wetropolitn ommunity re identi(edF sn next stepD representtive units of ritil setors re seleted y the use of lol seondry dtF his leds to detiled nlysis of their usiness models whih re heked espeilly regrding to their vulnerility to possile disruptions fter n

146

Oral presentations
erthqukeF hisruptions might e used y roken physil linkges @eFgF interrupted supply of goodsAD y deteriortion of puli infrstruture @suh s informtion systemsA or y loss of key eonomi gentsF gentrl to the projet is model of interlinked eonomi units whih inorportes the spreding of indiret e'ets s funtion of the hnges of the supply of input goodsD of diret dmges t key eonomi nodes themselves @eFgF irE nd seportsAD nd of possile delines of sles mrkets s nother ostle hindering eonomi prosperityF he results re then sled up from ertin setors to the wetropolitn eonomy eFgF using inputEoutputEtlesF pinllyD the model is lirted for historil eventsF
PROBABILISTIC HOLISTIC SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES  ID 2028
K. Nasserasadi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Eshghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. R. Zolfaghari, Khajeh nasir tousi UN., Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

SS 3
utomotive mnufturing filities loted in the wrmr egion were visited inluding pordD oyotD rondD himlerEghryslerD pitD enult nd ryundiF uestionnires designed to doument the struturl propertiesD nonEstruturl equipment detilsD peripherl units @powerD supplierD etFAD pst erthquke dmges nd usiness losses ssisted in the quisition of homogeneous nd onerted dtF weetings were held with the onstrutor (rms nd insurne professionls involved in the retro(t designs of dmged filities nd in the insurne lim proessing fter the IWWW erthqukeF irthquke performne nd vulnerility issues were disussed with the mnufturers of ritil mhineD roots nd equipment nd onerned reinsurneGrisk mngersF ypil dmge nd loss (gures onerning uildingsD mhineryD equipment nd stokD nd timeEtoEnormlEopertion ould e estimted only for the iw high intensity zones @sss n sA sine the dmges nd losses were ompletely reported only in these intensityF sssues regrding the struture of the erthqukeEinsurne used y the setor were elorted together with its performne in overing the losses in the IWWW uoeli erthqukeF pinlly projetions regrding the possile losses tht my e experiened y the utomotive setor in the event of lrge erthquke in the wrmr re presentedF he onsequenes of these losses s well mitigtion proposls re disussedF

e methodology for estimtion of holisti perspetive of erthquke impts on industril filities imed to use the results in the mitigtion progrms is introdued in this pperF he methodology is divided to two min modulesX estimtion of diret impts nd estimtion of indiret nd mroeonomi imptsF sn the diret moduleD the diret impt of erthquke on equipE mentsD strutures nd pipes re estimted in proilisti mnnerF fsed on diret imptsD the reliility of plntsD proility of seE quentil e'ets nd seondry hzrd like (reD )ood nd explosion re estimtedF e proilisti method for estimtion of dmge efE fet of seondry hzrds9 onsequene is developedF he proility of equipments9 dmge is estimted y ggregting the proility of dmges to erthquke hzrd nd seondry hzrdsF he gE gregted proility of dmges is then used for estimtion of proE ility of diret eonomil losses nd reonstrution timeF sn the indiret moduleD the indiret eonomi impts s well s mroeonomi losses re estimtedF he dt of diret impt of erthquke whih is estimted in the previous module is fed to indiret module in ddition to some more informtion out the soE iety nd dependeny of ftory to thtF he revenue loss of ftory is estimted s result of ftory9s reovery periodF he mroE eonomi impt is then estimted sed on ville informtion nd inputEoutput modelF he method hs een pplied to n oil re(nery s se studyF rere re some remrkle resultsF he seondry hzrds hve signi(nt e'et on dmge of equipment nd diret losses s wellF he indiret nd mro eonomi losses re sustntil grter thn the diret oneF rmeter study hs shown tht the unertinty of hzrd ure is signi(ntly ontriuted on the unertinty of resultsF he reovery of household nd dependeny of ftory to tht is signi(ntly ontriute on the indiret loss of ftoryF
A STUDY ON THE EARTHQUAKE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN THE MARMARA REGION  ID 1139
. er, Bogazici University, Kandilli Earthquake Research, Turkey E. Durukal, Turkey M. Erdik, Bogazici University, Kandilli Earthquake Research, Turkey Bogazici University, Kandilli Earthquake Research,

SS 3-I: Education and Outreach for Risk Reduction

Thursday 10:45 - 12:15  Room 7+8

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TSUNAMI RISK PERCEPTION - A COMPARATIVE STUDY  ID 78

T. Kurita, Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Japan S. Colombage, Kobe University, Japan

he wrmr region is home to US7 of the utomotiveE prodution filities in urkeyF sn the light of the dmges sustined y the utomotive setor in the IWWW uoeli erthquke nd the very high proility of ourrene of lrge erthquke @whih stnds t out TS7 during the oming QH yersA mkes it impertive tht ertin prepredness proedures e ontrived in the event of nd prior to n erthquke dissterD whih in turn requires the qunti(tion of e'ets of the erthquke on the utomotive setorF ith the endorsement nd support of the urkish essoition of eutomotive wnufturersD eleven

IF yjetive he PHHR sndin yen sunmi used more thn QHHDHHH sulties nd lmost IFP million 'eted peopleF st is onsidered tht lk of knowledge out tsunmi used suh dmgeD sine tsunmis re infrequent in this reF euthors rried out questionnire survey on tsunmi wreness in ri vnk nd the wldives on the sle of PDHHH smplesF he primry purpose of the survey is to ssess nd evlute situtions nd ommunity9s pity to respond to nturl disstersF PF eserh wethod fsilly the survey foused on two tE egories of smple groups nd di'erent methodologies hve een dopted to ollet dt from distintive trget groups s followsF E esidentsX uestionnires followed ompletely y n interview E qovernment o0ersX uestionnires (lled independently y responE dents themselves QF esults nd gonlusions e reful onsidertion hs given to the di'erenes in soil nd ulturl kgrounds throughout the study espeilly when nlyzing results quntittively nd interpretE ing the implitionsF he uthors ould reh following onlusionsF E he overll trend shows tht there is no signi(nt di'erene etween ri vnk nd the wldivesF pollowing the ommon perepE tions oserved reX lk of prior wreness on tsunmi disstersD dire need for disster edution in shoolsD neessity of e'etive ounterE mesure for touristsD nd neessity of hving evution drills toE gether with government nd ommunity involvementF E esidents in ri vnk who live ner the shorelinesD where the dmge is reltively severeD do not hve ny intension to sty t sme ples in the futureD while most of people in the wldives wnt to inhit sme plesF st is onsidered tht this result revels re)etion of ntionl hrterD sine the lnd of the wldives is limitedF E sn the wldivesD government o0ils in the sslnd y0es hve similr thought with residents on evution ple nd ountermesures ginst nturl dissters ompred to the entrl government o0ilsF

147

SS 3
CAPACITY BUILDING FOR EARTHQUAKE SAFETY AND MITIGATION THROUGH AWARENESS AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION  ID 722
P. Barooah, Jorhat Engineering College, India

Oral presentations
"TUTTI GIU' PER TERRA" (ALL FALL DOWN) - AN ACTIVE COURSE TO DISCOVER EARTHQUAKES TOPICS  ID 1390
R. Camassi, INGV, Italy F. Brasini, ConUnGioco, Italy D. Modonesi, ConUnGioco, Italy B. Sidoti, ConUnGioco, Italy

he sndin suontinent is highly prone to nturl dissE ters like )oodsD drughtsD ylones nd erthqukesF hisster risk mngement is essentilly development prolem nd thus ny prepredness nd mitigtion plnning hs to e tken up in tndem with environmentl onerns tht the ountry is fing todyF he xorth ist sndi is highly vulnerle to erthquke risk with the ourrene of two mjor devstting erthqukes of the world @IVWU nd IWSHAF prom the periodiity of the erthqukesD mjor erthquke is due t ny time for whih prepredness for mitigtion of suh disster is of topmost priorityF he wreness regrding erthquke risk nd its mitigtion hs to e tken to the people t vrious levels from professionls to the lymenF peil groups suh s womenD disled personsD hildren etF re more vulnerle in n emergeny sitution nd hene require speil ttentionF everl erthqukes show tht women re usully worse 'eted thn men when the disster strikesF he women re not only vitimsY ut lso gents of hnge nd women nd men working together n identify the hzrds tht re threts to their homes nd livelihoods nd n work together to uild sfer ommunitiesF e study hs een mde in the urnD semiEurn nd rurl res of torht distritD essm iming t strengthening pities of these groups to respond to disstersF peil trining methodsD trining mnuls together with udioEvisul ids re prepred nd provided to women for enhnement of their pities to rry out the tivities e'etivelyF gpity uilding of women groups inludes skill up grdtion in use of the ltest know how for e'etive response nd sustinle reovery in erthquke disster situtionsF he results of this study re highly enourging in enhning the pity of women in (rst idD ter nd nittionD helter mngement nd esue nd ivutionF
FRENCH SCHOOLS SEISMIC SAFETY, BUILDINGS AND USERS PREPAREDNESS IN FORT DE FRANCE AND GRENOBLE AREAS  ID 2050
S. Cartier, CNRS, France L. Colbeau-Justin, France

ehing topis involving risk nd sfetyD nd erthqukeD requires full involvementF ytherwiseD it n e uselessF e full involvement mens n experiene rewrding the person in hisGher integrityD strting from prtie to go eyond itD understnding phenomen not using siene s form of rtionl elieveD working on the di'erent ingenuous ide tht everyone hs of the erthqukeD stying relted to the soil onnetions of the lerning groupF gonnqioo developedD strting from these ojetivesD 4utti gi per terr4D n tive ourse for disoverD for the itlin sxqX the ourseD whose title is inspired to the lst line @4ell fll down4D in itlinD 4utti gi per terr4A of the hild singing gme 4ing ring9o roses4 @in itlinX girotondoAD is sed on n intertive nd prteiptive pprohF pollowing the tive ourseD prteipnts n experiment feeling nd emotions relted to the experiene of n erthquke @through simultion toolsAY thereforeD strting from the questions tht the simulted experiene rised in everyoneD the group will serh its own nswersD investigting theoril knowledges with sienti( experiments nd gmesD stying in touh with explntions oming from legendsD history nd religionY the ourse will end in the re of onrete tions nd possile retions to n erthqukeD tlking out preventions nd solutionsD individully nd s ommunityF
THE COMIC, A HIGH IMPACT AND EFFECTIVENESS DIVULGATION MEDIA FOR BASIC SEISMIC ENGINEERING LEARNING  ID 1401
R. Arroyo Matus, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Mexico R. Iglesias Segrera, Universidad Aut{onoma de Guerero, Mexico

irthquke sfety in shools is prtil nd symoli imF hools onentrte vulnerle popultion nd re drmtiE lly strokeF hool uildings re lso refuge ples fter shkesF hools represent ohesion etween genertions in ommunity lifeF he vqs is studying shool uildingsF he soil sienes pE proh nlyzes ntiEseismi investment of shool owners nd preE predness of people using itF fsed on soiologilD psyhologil nd geogrphi skillsD the tem explore two prenh sites loted in seismi res X port de prne nd qrenoleF por eh seD sfety moilize enough ttention to e welome mong lol dministrtionsD whih ept to explin responsiE ilitiesD fers nd responses to redue vulnerilityF righ seismi tivity nd exposure to nturl trets in wrtinique indue etter people wrenessF sn qrenole reD seismi preouption is lower thn industril fer nd keeps more s n dministrtive wrenessF sn oth sitesD there is di0ulty to lrify liilities nd mens to prepre shool usersF hools hve often een uilt efore ntiEseismi odesF ynly new shools nd restrutured ones re retrofetedF einfore old uildings would e di0ult for tehnil nd (nnil resonsF sn spite of dministrtive doumentsD tully sfety trining is very lowD euse of lke of informtionD lke of time nd di0ulties to know responsiilities reprtitionF sf the nturl seismi exposition is di'erent for eh popultionD oth shre di0ulties to mnge ompetenesD to (nd money to retro(t uildings nd to trin usersF plling within the ompetene of lol uthoritiesD sfety investment is to hevy nd long term to forget users triningF futD the omplexity of liilities ording to uildings nd moments void the lri(tion of oordintion nd trining of di'erent shool usersF

sn order to spred the stteEofErt of erthquke engineerE ing through high impt nd penetrtion ommunition medi mong non speilized people Epriniplly hildrenED in this pper the ook vook how s9m shking is presentedF qenerl seismologyD si priniples to know if our home possesses erthqukeEresistnt hrteristis s well s si ivil protetion prepredness mesurements re desried in this freeEdistriuted omiEookF ytined sttil results fter the ook9s distriution shown tht omis llow more signi(nt understnding of seismi spets s well s the re)etive understnding on mitigtion tsks of the erthquke9s orrelted e'etsF

SS 3-II: Education and Outreach for Risk Reduction

Thursday 13:30 - 15:00  Room 7+8
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM IN EGYPT  ID 1340
M. Sobaih, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

he urrent sttus of erthquke engineering is still limE ited in spite of the reently remrkle erthqukes in igypt nd the e'orts done y the igyptin oiety for irthquke ingineering whih is xqyF pew yers go the winistry of idution hs reted the righer idution inhnement pund @ riipA funded y the snterntionl fnk to help in enhning the edution system in igyptF he pulty of ingineering t giro niversity in ollortion with the igyptin oiety for irthquke ingineering hs sueeded to otin funded projet within the frmework of riipF he projet entitled 9 inhning irthquke ingineering idution9 lsts for two yers strting midEjuly PHHSF st ims t enhning erthquke engineering

148

Oral presentations
edution on oth the undergrdute nd grdute levelsF his will e hieved y developing (ve ourses nd tivting righer hiplom in irthquke ingineeringF o rete se for edution resoures series of tivities will e mdeF e speilized lirry will e reted inluding ll pulished reserh done in igyptF st lso inludes some of the most reent referenesD textooks nd proeedings of interntionl onferenesF e fol point will e reted ontining dt out tive igyptin reserhers in the (eldF his will enle them to ommunite nd disseminte informtion with eh otherF he experimentl filities t the pulty of ingineeringD giro niversity will e upgrdedF fesidesD virtul lerning unit will e estlishedF st is expeted tht the projet will hve gret impt on upgrding the edution in the (eld of erthquke engineering in ll igyptin niversitiesF
WEBSISMO: INTERACTIVE WEB SITE FOR EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS ON EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMIC RISK  ID 1777
M. J. Jimenez, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera-CSIC, Spain M. Garcia-Fernandez, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume AlmeraCSIC, Spain E. Rubio, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera-CSIC, Spain M. Gomez, GEOMEDIA, Spain

SS 4
typil kithenF e speil wrning notie hs een ereted in ses of medil emergenyD nd seurity mesures hve een tken t the entrneD exit nd round the shke tleF rior to the erthquke simultionD visitors will hve ttended presenttion on the erthquke phenomenon nd the mesures nd tions tht ought to e tken eforeD during nd fter n erthqukeF he experiene on the shke tle ims t the fmiliriztion of the puli with the erthquke shkingF le drive motion is provided y g sed view virtul instrument lled oseidonF wo memers of the st' @postgrdutes in eismologyA re present during the demonstrtionX the opertor who enters the input erthquke dtD nd the instrutor who is present on the shke tleF he visitors enter the erthquke simultor room in groups of up to IP peopleD inluding their guide nd the instrutorF he instrutor9s rie(ng is modi(ed ording to the type of visitors onerned @eFgF shool hildrenD dultsD the elderlyD persons with speil needsD etFAF huring this rie(ngD the shking is experiened without prior wrningD ut with running ommentry y the instrutorF

he ifswy is omined sienti(D tehnil nd edutionl projet whih is prt of the estlished oopertion etween severl institutions in pin nd is funded y the pnish winistry of idution nd ieneF ifswy ims to develop n intertive we site for edutionl purposes s well s to inrese puli wreness on erthqukes nd seismi riskF he we site onsists of virtul ommunity whih is 'eted y seismi events of di'erent hrteristisF fsed on the elements of the ommunity @puli or privte uildingsD struturesD lifelinesD lndspe elementsD etA numer of seismi senrios n e generE tedF he elements in the ommunity onstitute links to numer of didti units llowing the userX IA to understnd the origin of erthqukesY PA to diretly oserve erthquke e'ets in uildings nd lifelines with wide rnge of vulnerilitiesY nd QA to e wre of the proper mesures to prevent nd mitigte erthquke e'etsF purthermoreD the we site will inlude the ess to updted tehniE l doumenttion on uilding odesD mirozontion for muniipliE ties nd emergeny response plnsF he onept of ifswy is sed on n open rhiteture tht will further llow to dpt or modify spei( spets tilored to the needs of the potentil hosting puli or privte institutionsF he hosen mediD the snternetD provides one of the most e'etive wys t present to shre knowledge nd insights from erthqukes studies nd other reserh tht is needed y the ommunity eforeD duringD nd fter dmging erthquke to mitigte seismi riskF ifswy projet is een developed t the snstitute of irth ienes tume elmerD in lose oopertion with externl outreh professionls @qiywihseAF he we will e implemented nd tested s pilot experiene lso t the niversity of wdridD t the niversity of elinteD t the xtionl qeogrphil snstituteD t pnish givil hefeneF
EDUCATING THE PUBLIC IN THE CENTRE SEISMOPOLIS: THE EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR  ID 2031
V. Kouskouna, University of Athens, Greece G. Giouvanelli, University of Athens, Greece G. Papadokotsolis, University of Athens, Greece G. Sakkas, University of Athens, Greece N. Sakellariou, University of Athens, Greece K. Vasilakou, University of Athens, Greece N. Voutsas, University of Athens, Greece I. Zamba, University of Athens, Greece

EARTHQUAKES AND GHOST TOWNS IN SICILY (SOUTHERN ITALY): A JOURNEY THROUGH THE PLACES OF MEMORY. A PROPOSAL OF VIRTUAL SEISMIC ITINERARIES AS AN EDUCATIONAL TOOL  ID 2047
R. Azzaro, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy R. Camassi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy M. Cascone, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy L. Peruzza, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanograa e Geosica Spe, Italy A. Amantia, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy F. Guglielmino, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy S. Mangiagli, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

ithin the edutionl entre iswyyvs @ethensD qreeeAD the erthquke simultion re onsists of seprte roomD within whih the shke tle hs een trnsformed into

sn the frmework of the ihsu rojet @irthquke ehtionX journey for seismi su redutionAD we hve developed n innovtive multimedi produt inspired y the most trumti e'et of seismi tstropheD nmely the ndonE ment of inhited entresF his sitution represents n event of wide historilD ulturl nd nthropologil impt euse it determines the loss of piee of history nd ultureY t the sme time it witnesses the frgility of the territory with respet to erthqukesF he redisovery nd reEevlution of lolities ndoned following erthqukes is therefore unique opportunity from ulturl stndpoint when deling with erthquke edution strtegiesD enhning the wreness of seismi risk s n element of dily lifeF pollowing this guidelineD we hve pulished the (rst hhEom for virtul seismi itinerry through iilyD to visit IU lolities destroyed y the ITWQD IUVQ nd IWTV erthqukesF he hh hs een issued in two versionsX fullD in itlin nd exportD in englishF hi'erent kinds of mterils hve een olleted nd merged together in order to fully explin the seismi history of the seleted rheologil sitesX imges doumenting how they ppered in the pst nd their present sttusD historil douments ounting for the e'ets of erthqukes s well s for susequent soil impt ssoited with reonstrution dynmisD informtion on the erthqukes nd the seismi lssi(tion of the territoryF he intertive tehnique dopted for virtully exploring nd nvigting throughout the ndoned sites is the uik imeTM irtul elity formt @AF he user n selet three themti journeysX spe @iFeF the territory seen through the imgesAD time @the memory reovered through historil doumentsA nd seismiity @iFeF the nturl useAF ih pth presents nd links together the di'erent kinds of mteril @reportsD hronilesD mpsD pitures nd videosA ontined in the hhD giving more emphsis to prtiulr spetF

149

SS 4
SS 4-I: ESC-UNESCO Workshop on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction : Studies in the Southern Mediterranean Countries
Monday 15:30 - 17:00  Room 3

Oral presentations
COMPLETENESS AND SCALING RELATIONS FOR THE EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE OF EGYPT  ID 1837
H. Hussein, NRIAG, Egypt E. Abu El-Nader, NRIAG, Egypt I. Korrat, NRIAG, Egypt K. Abou Elenean, NRIAG, Egypt I. Marzouk, NRIAG, Egypt M. Elgabry, NRIAG, Egypt

ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC HAZARD IN JORDAN  ID 226

M. Jimenez, Institute of Earth Sciences "Jaume Almera", Spain H. Al-Nimry, Royal Scientic Society, Jordan A. Khasawneh, Royal Scientic Society, Jordan T. Al-Hadid, Royal Scientic Society, Jordan K. Kahhaleh, Royal Scientic Society, Jordan

roilisti hzrd mps for tordn re developed using homogeneous proilisti seismi hzrd ssessmentF he resulting mps quntify seismi hzrd in terms of pek ground elertionD qeD nd of spetrl elertionD eD @t HFID HFPD HFQD HFSD IFH nd PFH seondsA for proility of exeedene of IH7 in SH yers for rok sitesF he study re is divided into IV disrete homogeneous seismi soures nd the seismi prmeters re ssigned ordinglyF he ground motion ttenution models developed y emrseys et lF @IWWTA in terms of qe nd e re hosen to relte the expeted ground motion t site with the mgnitude nd distne of the erthqukeF sing issu sss to rry out the hzrd omputtionsD nd ssuming tht erthquke ourrenes follow oisson distriutionD the proilities tht ny elertion vlue is exeeded re determined y integrtion over ll seismi souresF o provide engineers with pproprite design toolsD the resulting spetrl elertion vlues re used to develop mrozontion mp for tordn s well s the orresponding response spetrF
EVALUATION OF SEISMIC HAZARD IN ALGIERS USING DIFFERENT ATTENUATION MODELS  ID 1579
D. Benouar, usthb, Algeria M. Naili, USTHB, Algeria

he ide of this work omes from our need to onstrut n updted tlogue for the instrumentlly reorded erthqukes in igypt with uniform nd homogenous soure prmeters su0ient for qulittive nd quntittive studiesF his in turn require more detiled nlysis nd omprison of ll entriesD inludingD the distriution of events with timeD the ompleteness of tlogue nd the sling reltions etween di'erent kinds of mgnitudes reported y di'erent genies in order to (nd the rules neessry for the mgnitude priority hoieF he oservtionl dt overs the time intervl IWHHEIWWVF he dt onsidered in this nlysis lies etween PSi to QSFSi nd PPx to QRxF enlysis of the vrious mgnitudes indites tht the tlogue n e onsidered omplete for wh @rvAR sine IWVSD wh @hA QFS sine IWVSD wv@sqA Q sine IWVS nd m @sgAS up to IWWVF he sling lws etween di'erent kinds of mgnitude sles in di'erent time periods nd with di'erent mgnitude rnges indite tht the most superior reltions re the log wo with wv D wh@rvA wh@hA nd wv@sqA wh@rvAF viner regression of the inned dt set ws lso performed for the individul dt points whih show lrge stterF he liner regression nlysis for the inned dt set show tht wv@sqA vs m @sgA nd wv@sqA vs wh@hA give reltively good regression results

ASSESSMENT OF SITE SPECIFIC EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN URBAN AREAS IN ISRAEL  ID 1602

Y. Zaslavsky, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel A. Shapira, International seismological Centre, UK M. Gorstein, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel P. Nahum, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel

his reserh work presents the evlution of seismi hzE rd t the site of elgiers @gpitl of elgeriA using four di'erent ttenution modelsF eismi hzrd nlysis ws rried out using simple erthquke ourrene model nd the new seismi tlogue ompiled reently y fenour in IWWQ for the wghre regionF he site is de(ned y longitude QFHH i nd ltitude QTFRS xF feuse erthquke proess round the site is poorly understoodD it is ssumed tht future erthqukes will our in n re in whih they hve lredy ourred in the pstF he hzrdD expressed in terms of the proility of exeedne of the qeD is lulted for n eonomi life of the struture of IHD SHD nd IHH yersF he solute elertion for given return period is lso determinedF hue to the shortge of ground motion reordsD no ttenution lw hs een derived for elgeriF he min ojetive of this study is to nlyse the in)uene of the ttenution models on the seismi hzrd evlutionD sine the results of seismi hzrd re sensitive to these modelsF husD seletion of n pproprite ttenution lw is very ruilF por this purposeD four ttenution lws whih seem to (t the elgerin dt were seleted from the litertureD these re toyner nd fooreD emrseys nd fommerD emrseys @ontrolled depthA nd emrseys @unontrolled depthAF e omprison of the expeted seismi hzrd llows (rst ritil estimte showing tht seismi hzrd is very sensitive to the ttenution models seleted nd the qe ould e either onservtive or notD depending on the ttenution model nd the level of eptle riskF end lso it shows tht the elgiersEfoumerdes erthquke of wy PIstD PHHQ hs hnged ompletely the seismi hzrd ssessment in the region onsideredF

sn the lst IH yers the geophysil snstitute of ssrel hs lunhed numer of projets to determine nd mp seismi site response hrteristis ross ssrelF hese investigtions re prt of mirozontion mpping of the seismi hzrd in urn res ross ssrelF e used horizontlEtoEvertil @rGA spetrl rtios otined from mient virtion mesurements together with ville geologilD geophysil nd geotehnil informtion to onstrut susurfe models for the investigted sitesF hese modelsD in turn were used to determineD nlytillyD the expeted site response to seismi sher wvesF ine seismi tivity in res suh s ssrel is lowD lol elertion dt from strong erthqukes re insu0ient to estimte diretly the design elertion spetrumY thereforeD in res overed y soft sedimentsD site spei( erthquke hzrd estimtion is sed on simultions of the regionl seismi tivity nd on syntheti elerogrmsD generted y implementing stohsti methodsF sn reent yersD seismi mirozontion studies were rried out in the ssreli towns vod mleD iryt hemonD uefr vD himonD erdD fet henD efulD iryt rimD iryt filik nd iryt wozkinF hese studies suggest mpli(tion e'ets in the frequeny nd HFSEIR rzD some of whih my reh ftor of IHF fsed on the oserved resonne frequeniesD their orresponding spetrl rtio mplitudes nd shpe of the rG urvesD we divided eh town into zonesF ithin eh zone we hose rndomly IHEIS lotionsD eh providing IEh susurfe modelD to ssess the niform rzrd eelertion esponse petrum from whih we designedD for eh zoneD representtive eelertion esponse petrum for uniform hzrd exeedene proility of IH7 in n exposure time of SH yers nd dmping rtio of S7F hese petr ross the investigted res suggest tht llownes mde in the ssreli eismi gode for soft soil onditions should e refully reEexminedF

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PSHA FOR THE BROADER TBILISI TEST AREA  ID 1831
D. Slejko, OGS, Italy A. Rebez, OGS, Italy M. Santulin, OGS, Italy Z. Javakhishvili, Institute of Geophysics, Georgia M. Elashvili, Institute of Geophysics, Georgia J. Garcia Pelaez, Centro Nac. Invest. Sismologicas, Cuba

SS 4

SS 4-II: ESC-UNESCO Workshop on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction : Studies in the Southern Mediterranean Countries
Monday 17:15 - 19:00  Room 3
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN THE VOLCANIC REGION OF MT. ETNA (SOUTHERN ITALY)  ID 1931
R. Azzaro, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy S. D'Amico, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy T. Tuv, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy D. Albarello, Dip. di Scienze della Terra, Universit di Siena, Italy M. S. Barbano, Dip. di Scienze Geologiche, Universit di Catania, Italy V. D'Amico, Dip. di Scienze della Terra, Universit di Siena, Italy

he gusus region is well known for its high seismiity nd strong erthqukes ourred lso reently @mgnitude UFQ in IWWI nd TFV in IWWPA using deths nd widespred dmgeF st ws one of the test res of the qlol eismi rzrd essessment rojet @qreA developed etween IWWQ nd IWWW whih imed t onstruting the glol seismi hzrd mp of our plnetF he ie @iismi hzrd ssessment for the ilisi test ereA projet is oEopertion projet supported y the stlin qovernmentF eim of the projet is the seismi hzrd ssessment of the ilisi roder regionF he qre projet hs foused the di'erent ides existing out the seismogenesis in the gususF o tke into proper ount for those di'erent hypothesesD it ws deided to use logi tree struture in the ie projetF his logi tree onsists of P seismogeni zontionsD P methods for the seismi rte omputtionD P pprohes for the mximum mgnitude @wmxA determintionD nd Q ttenution modelsF he (rst seismogeni zontion is the min one used in the qre projetsD the seond one is the most reent seismogeni model presently ville for the region with R lterntive hypotheses of fult tivtionF he seismiity rtes were omputed ording to two sttistil wysD oth used in reent stlin hzrd mpsF wmx is omputed ording to sttistil pproh nd following geologil methodF he (rst ttenution model for pek ground elertion @qeA ws lirted on iuropen erthqukesD the seond on gusin erthqukesD nd the third is de(ned in the frmework of the ie projet nd onsiders only qeorgin eventsF he re of the ilisi roder re hs een performed ording to the gornell pprohF he qe hzrd estimtes refer to RUSEyer return periodD stndrd referene in seismi designF
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR THE ITALIAN TERRITORY IN TERMS OF MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY  ID 1947
A. A. Gomez Capera, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy C. Meletti, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Rebez, Ist. Naz. di Oceanograa e di Geosica Sperim., Italy M. Stucchi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

e seismi hzrd ssessment in terms of mroseismi inE tensity is proposed for the stlin territory nd for di'erent proilities of exeedneF he input elements used to ssess the seismi hzrd reX the seismogeni zoning WD the erthquke tlogue gsHRD the historil nd sttistil ompleteness time intervlsD seismiity rtes in terms of epientrl intensity @soAD vried ttenution models s funtion of epientrl distneF he (rst three elements were tken from the ntionl seismi hzrd referene mp relesed in PHHRD while the other two re proposed in the present work nd litertureF sn prtiulrD one of the lterntive intensity ttenution model hs een de(ned in this study sed on the updted stlin mroseismi dtseD nd inludes di'erent reltionshipsX iA one vlid for the whole stlin territoryY iiA set of reltions tht ount for di'erent predominnt fol mehnism in the seismogeni zonesD inluding one spei( reltion for the itn volni zoneF e logi tree pproh llowed to explore some possile lterntives of epistemi hrterD with regrd to ompletenessD seismiity rtes evlution modlities nd ttenution modelF he omputer ode dopted to evlute the seismi hzrdD with the elements ited oveD is eisisk sssD whih hs een modi(ed to e used with mroseismi intensity dtD iFeF llowing to onsider the norml distriution of the residulsF pinllyD tenttive omprison with the results otined in terms of qe is presentedD otined y mking use of ville intensityGelertion reltionshipsF

e detiled nlysis of roilisti eismi rzrd esE sessment @reA pplied to the wtF itn regionD is presentedF his reD like other tive volni distrits worldwideD is hrterised y very frequent erthqukes lolly produing severe dmgeEdestrution @epientrl intensity up to iwEWVA ut ssoited with low vlues of mgnitude nd depth @wRFVD rQ kmAD nd high ttenution of mroseismi intensity with distne @dey of intensity equl to hs a R in the (rst PH kmAF he re hs een performed in the frmework of the I projet funded y the stlin givil rotetion heprtment using n lterntive pproh to the stndrd one @iFeF gornell methodAF st is sed on the sttistil nlysis of site seismi histories in terms of mroseismi intensity sF yserved site dt re integrted with vlues lulted y n ttenution lw spei( for the itn region when doumentry informtion out mroseismi e'ets is missing for some erthqukesF sn the nlysisD two di'erent dtsets re usedX the prmetri tlogue of the stlin erthqukes gsHR ! the diretory dopted in the ompiltion of the seismi hzrd mp wHR y sxq ! nd the mroseismi tlogue of wtF itn erthqukesF he omprison etween re otined with ntionl ttenution lw nd those omputed pplying the ttenution lw for the itn regionD shows tht proility of ourrene nd verge return time for intensities sEsss iw my signi(ntly vry when lol tlogue with greter numer of events @with lower energy thresholdA is doptedF he seismi hzrd mp in terms of mximum intensity hrterised y IH7 proility of exeeding in n exposure time of SH yersD is presentedF pinlly the intensities vlues re lso onverted in qe vlues nd re results re ompred with those otined through the gornell methodF
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SEISMOLOGICAL AND STRONG MOTION DATA OF THE KYTHERA (GREECE) MW6.8 EARTHQUAKE OF JANUARY 8, 2006  ID 2004
C. Papaioannou, Inst. Greece N. Theodulidis, Inst. Greece A. Savvaidis, Inst. Engin. Seismology & Earthquake Engin., Greece P. Dimitriu, Inst. Engin. Seismology & Earthquake Engin., Greece B. Margaris, Inst. Engin. Seismology & Earthquake Engin., Greece Engin. Seismology & Earthquake Engin., Engin. Seismology & Earthquake Engin.,

yn tnury VD PHHT @IIXQR qwA strong erthquke of mgnitude wwTFVD ourred in outhern eegen e lose to the islnd of uyther in qreeeF he epienter oordintes were QTFIT x nd PQFQT i nd the fol depth TT kmF he erthquke ws strongly felt in n extensive prt of qreee s well s in outhern stlyD igyptD gyprusD urkeyD ssrelD venonD yri nd tordnF he most serious dmge were oserved on rigid strutures t

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the sslnd of uytherF winor dmge were lso oserved t the refeture of ghni @grete sslFAF his erthquke ws the (rst strong intermedite depth erthquke in the southern eegen re with epientre loted lose to the eugust IID IWHQ erthquke @waUFPA epientreF sn the (rst prt of the present pper is the nlysis of the seismologil dtF hen the nlysis of the ville elerometri dt is shownF he sttions used re distriuted t epientrl distnes RPESHH km nd the reorded qe vlues hd vlues etween IQHEHFSmgF he results on the ttenution of the pek ground elertion of this erthquke re ompred with previous pulished empiril reltions nd disussedF he elertion spetr of the strongest reorded elertion time histories re ompred with previous strong erthqukes in qreee nd the result re disussedF en ttempt is mde for the ompiltion of the mroseismi (eld whih is ompred with the one of the IWHQ erthqukeF
A SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS IN THE MURCIA REGION (SE SPAIN). RISMUR PROJECT  ID 1754
B. Benito, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain P. Murphy, Architect COAM 12714, Spain M. Tsige, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain J. J. Martnez-Daz, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain M. E. Jimnez Pea, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain M. J. Garca-Rodrguez, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain J. M. Gaspar-Escribano, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain J. Garca-Mayordomo, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain

Oral presentations
responsile for destrutive erthqukes ws de(ned sed on the ville sur(ilGsuEsur(il dtF usequentlyD the di'erent seismogeni soures were etter onstrined on the sis of seismologil informtionF rypotheses hve een mde for the soures whih generted erthqukes in the mgnitude rnge SFSETFHD sed on the omprison etween the dmge distriution nd the struturl frmework relted to the present tetoni regimeF he result of this proedure re ten min seismogeni soures potentilly responsile for erthqukes with wbaTD nd (ve minor soures whih my e responsile for events with w etween S nd TF hese seismogeni soures re ssumed to hve hrteristi ehviour in tht the mgnitude distriution is trunted normlD while the ourrene of the hrteristi events in time is represented y lognorml distriutionF he prmeters ontrolling the distriution reX the time elpsed sine the previous eventD the slip rte nd the hrteristi mgnitudeF wo kground res ounting for smll events re treted in onventionl proilisti pprohD iFeF qutenergEihter reltion models the frequeny of the erthqukes under the hypothesis sttionry seismiityF he results of the nlysis re mps of pek ground elertion for proility of exeedne of I nd IH7 in the next SH yersF hese mps re ompred with ville poissonin mps nd deggregtion is performed t seleted lolities to show the di'erent ontriution of the seismogeni soures to the overll hzrdF
CONTRIBUTION TO SEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION IN NORTHERN ALGERIA  ID 1106
A. Abdelhakim, CRAAG, Algeria

he wuri egion is one of the most tives zones in pinD where three reent erthqukes ourred reentlyF sn spite of their low mgnitudes these erthqukes used importnt dmgesD rehing iwWV intensities s to ssF he sw projet ims t providing generl piture of the seismi riskD llowing the identi(tion of zones requiring more detiled nlysis where prevention plns should e priorizedF e multidisiplinry study hs een rried outD involving the min spets of the risk prolemF sn the (rst phseD generl study t regionl sle hs een rry outD strting with the seismi hzrd ssessment following the re methodologyD with logi tree omposed y two nodesX zoni(tion nd ttenution modelsF sn (rst stepD the motion is predited in generi rok sitesF edditionllyD regionl geotehnil study nd lssi(tion of eight types of soils hve een proposedD with the orresponding mpli(tion ftors representing ground response to seismi shkingF he omintion of the previous mps nd ftorsD gives new hzrd mp tht inludes lol e'etsF sn prllelD vulnerility ssessment of the uilding stok tht distinguishes etween rurl nd urn environments is rried outD sed fundmentlly on the onstrution geF sn the de(nition of the vulnerility lsses nd dmge degreesF king into ount the expeted ground motions nd uilding vulnerilitiesD the distriution of expeted dmge is estimted y the pplition of proility dmge mtrixesF everl dmge indexes re de(nedD nd reltive nd totl dmge estimtes t eh lotion re derivedF ith these dtD suite of mps representing seismi risk in terms of dmge prmeters for the entire egion hve een otinedF he interprettion of the di'erent mps llow us identify the lotions with higher expeted dmgeD where spei( hzrd nd dmges senrios must e rried out in seond phse of the projetF
TIME-DEPENDENT SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF NORTH-EASTERN ITALY  ID 1857
V. Montaldo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy F. Galadini, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

he ellin etlsD northern prt of elgeri is known s on of the most seismi tive re in the wediterrnen sinF wny hve een reported to hve ourred in di'erent seismogeni zonesD suh s wsrD iheli' sin @former el esnmAD witidj sin @elgiers viinityAF yn the sis of the ville seismi dt we hve produed mp of mximum oserved intensities whih gives n overview of the hzrd in the northern prt of elgeriF e hve lso ompiled the tetoni dt from di'erent geologil studies to drw the tetoni mp of northern elgeriF sntensity ttenution lws hve een lso estlished for spei( regions where strong erthqukes ourredF
THE LAALAM (BEJAIA, NORTHEAST ALGERIA) MODERATE EARTHQUAKE OF MARCH 20TH, 2006, ML:5.8  ID 1968
H. Beldjoudi, CRAAG, Algeria A. Kherroubi, CRAAG, Algeria A. Guemache, CRAAG, Algeria F. Semmane, CRAAG, Algeria A. Haned, CRAAG, Algeria A. Yelles, CRAAG, Algeria H. Djellit, CRAAG, Algeria S. A. Haned, CRAAG, Algeria A. Deramchi, CRAAG, Algeria

he seismi hzrd of xorthEistern stly hs een sE sessed using proilistiD hyrid pproh where the ourrene of lrge erthqukes follows renewl model while the smller events re sttionry in timeF he soure model dopted in this study inludes seismogeni soures ple of generting strong erthqukes silly relted to thrust fultingF he geometry of the soures hs een de(ned through multiEstepped proedure in whih preliminry frmework of seismogeni soures potentilly

yn wrh PHthDPHHT t IWhRRmnD moderte erthquke of wlXSFV hit the region of vlm @fejiD xorthest elgeriAF his event is the seond moderte one whih hppened in the region fter the feni yurtilne erthquke of xovemer IHthDPHHH @wlXSFRAF he erthquke oured in region whih is repetedly shken y events triggered y the uherrt fultF he erthquke used the deth of R persons nd the injuries of IUS personsF he epienter ws loted t QTFSSx SFRHiD lose to the villge of vlm @fejiAF sn this regionD etween uherrt nd fejiD severl uildings nd privte houses su'ered from the eventD some of them ollpsed totllyF he erthquke with n intensity of ss ws lrgely felt y the popultion of the estern region of elgeriF sn the epientrl reD some minor reks nd rokflls hve een oservedF eording to the fol mehnism solution provided y the xisg nd the ir seismologil entersD the erthquke is ssoited with sinistrl fult with xEi orienttionF pew hours fter the min shokD seismologil network of ten portle sttions ws deployed in the region to omplete the overge of

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the xtionl eismologil xetworkF prom the ftershoks dt nlysisDthe lotion of the dt indite xEi trend of the fultF he vlm erthquke expresses n tivtion of rnh of the mjor xiE uherrt fultF
POST ASTIAN ACTIVE FAULT ALONG THE SOUTHERN BORDER OF THE MITIDJA BASIN (NORTH CENTRAL ALGERIA)  ID 1958
H. Djellit, CRAAG, Algeria A. K. Yelles, CRAAG, Algeria A. Abtout, CRAAG, Algeria A. Guemache, CRAAG, Algeria S. Gharbi, CRAAG, Algeria

SS 4

he witidj sin @north entrl elgeriA is hrterized y n importnt seismi tivityF sn the pstD severl mjor erthE qukes hppened in this region @elgiersD IQTSD IUITD flidDIVPSFFFAF he lst importnt event ourred on wy PIst PHHQ in the region of foumerdes loted SH km est of elgiers @the pitl of elgeriAF he seismi tivity is generted y the two min fults system whih orders the sin in its northern nd southern prt @foudifDIWWTAF ntil nowD these two fults system remins poorly studied minly long the fliden etlsF he reent investigtions tht we rried long the southern order of the witidj sin llowed to revel fult segment loted long the liden mssif in its south orientl limitF sn this reD fult is visile nd is linked with post plioene deformtionsF he fult expresses y liner nd ontinuous srp with length of P km the fultF elong the fultD sndstone levels re strongly deformedF his fult is relted to huge folding of the lioene formtions with hundred meters of width nd extending long severl kilometresF he fult with n orienttion of xiE deepens towrds the southest with n ngle of SH ETH F hese lioene deformtions re oviously linked with post stin tetoniF tudy of the terres loted long oth of the two )nks of the thrust fult with height di'erene of QH m indites tht the fult is tive during the uternry period F vollyD the terres re thrusted y the reteous unitsF wirotetoni studies indite tht this is n inverse fult with x vergenyF

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Oral presentations

154

Poster Presentations - From Monday to Wednesday

CS1: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others)

Level-1

J. Alarcon, Imperial College, UK E. Booth, Consulting Engineer, UK J. Bommer, Imperial College, UK

SEISMIC HAZARD OF TEHRAN BASED ON SEISMIC REHABILITATION CODE FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS IN IRAN  ID 3
G. Ghodrati Amiri, Iran University of Science & Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. A. Razavian Amrei, Iran University of Science & Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn this pper the results of study were undertken to determine the seismi hzrd of ehrn sed on seismi rehilE ittion ode for existing uildings in srnF here re four vlues for hzrd level in this ode to evlute the seismi performne of existing uildingsF hese hzrd levels re P7D IH7D PH7 nd SH7 of proilities of exeedne in SH yers of life time periodF he output of the proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis is sed on pek ground elertion @qeAD whih is the most ommon riterion in designing of uildingsF e tlogue of seismi events tht inludes oth historil nd instrumentl events ws developed nd overing the period from Rth entury fg to PHHR is usedF he seismi soures tht 'et the hzrd in ehrn were identi(ed within the rdius of PHH km nd the reurrene reltionships of these soures were generted y uijko nd ellevoll PHHHF pinlly four mps hve een prepred to indite the erthquke hzrd of ehrn nd its viinity in the form of isoEelertion ontour lines for di'erent hzrd level y using issu sss
A SIMPLIFIED DEFORMATION-BASED SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT APPROACH  ID 11
M. Safar, McMaster University, Canada A. Ghobarah, McMaster University, Canada

ek ground veloity @qA is widely reognised s one of the est simple preditors of dmge nd hs een used for vriety of pplitionsD inluding genertion of struturl vulnerility funtionsD onstrution of response spetrD study of uried pipelines nd evlution of liqueftion potentilF q hs lso een used in onjuntion with other groundEmotion prmeters s mesure of frequeny ontentF ome preditive equtions for q hve een pulishedD ut fr fewer exist thn for other prmeters suh s pek ground elerE tion @qeA or spetrl ordintesF ulished q preditive equE tions for tpn show generl greementD while equtions for iurope nd the widdle ist present lrge di'erenes mongst the medin vluesF hespite the undne of strongEmotion reords from westE ern xorth emeri there re few q preditive equtions for this regionF iqutions for stle ontinentl regions pplile to wide rnge of distnes nd mgnitudes only inlude those developed in estern xorth emeri @ixeAF feuse of the shortge of preditive equtionsD need exists to develop method for estimting q from the S7 dmped response spetr derived from pulished ground motion equtions or from design spetrF sn order to develop suh methodD lrge strongEmotion dtset ws used to investigte four possile proeduresF he dtset ws supplemented y tests using empiril equtions nd from stohsti simultions for ixe nd ostl gliforni regionsF he methods investigted omprised sling of spetrl ordintes t HFS seond periodD sling of pek pseudo spetrl veloity nd use of rndom virtion theoryF e fourth method in urrent ommon prtie sles q from the I seond spetrl ordinteY howeverD the sle ftor ws found to vry strongly with erthquke mgnitudeD nd the method is not reommendedF
CONSTRUCTION OF UNIFORM HAZARD SPECTRA USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION  ID 247
T. Sen, KBR, UK

eent simpli(ed vulnerility ssessment studies hve used displement response spetr for desriing erthquke ground motionsD driven y the premise tht good orreltion exists etween displement nd dmgeF he use of response spetr presents rther omplete desription for the ground motion ompred to the use of single instrumentl prmeters or mrosopi intensity slesF sn suh studiesD the pity of uilding lss is de(ned y relting its deformtion potentil to its fundmentl period of virtion t di'erent limit sttes nd ompring this with displement response spetrum representing the demndF roweverD the stress hs een mde in suh studies on the derivtion of the pity urvesF e new nd rtionl method for onstruting onstnt dutility response spetr @ghA sed on onstnt yield displement lodEdeformtion model is presentedF he merit of the proposed spetr is demonstrted through its utility in desriing the seismi demnd within simpli(ed vulnerility ssessment proedureF e(nement is mde for the derivtion of the pity urves for di'erent limit sttes to mth the onept dopted in developing the demndF purthermoreD (nl softening index is inorported in the de(nition of vrious limit sttesF
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PGV AND RESPONSE SPECTRAL ORDINATES  ID 93

irthqukes use dmge to engineering strutures nd often results in loss of livesF poresting n ext time of n erthquke n t est redue sultiesD whih t present seems to e n impossile tskF hereforeD strutures need to e designed to withstnd the impt of n erthquke nd prevent ollpse s it is uildings tht kill people nd not erthqukesF vrge mgnitude erthqukes re low proility ut high risk eventsF hesign ll strutures for this rre event my prove to e expensive iFeF uneonomi s mny of these strutures my notD in its lifetimeD experiene this eventF hus lne etween sfety nd ost must e sought iFeF deision mkingF nfortuntelyD there re mny res of unertinties in determining lods due to future erthqukes nd this mkes deision mking di0ultF eismi hzrd nlysis @evluting design prmeters of erthE quke ground motion t siteA provides useful guidelines for informed deision mkingF roilisti tretment of seismi hzrd nlysis @sh9AD (rst introdued y gornell @IWTVA in lndmrk pperD is now widely eptedF st provides sound theoretil sis for representing vriE ous seismi nturl vriility nd llows tretment of unertinties rising from inomplete knowledgeFypillyD erthqukes n our t ny lotion long the fult lineF his mkes the distne from the soure to the site rndomly vrile quntityF he mgnitude

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of the erthquke lso is rndom in nture together with expeted levels of ground shkingF he onept of uniform hzrd spetr @uhsA follows diretlyF his pper outlines the si onepts of proilisti modeling nd the underlying ssumptionsF his is followed up with worked exmple illustrting the vrious steps using wonte grlo simultionF gomprisons of uhs9 re presented using di'erent ttenution reltionshipsF elted topis of deEggregtion nd logiEtree formultion re disussed in su0ient detilF
SELECTION OF TIME SERIES FOR ANALYSES OF RESPONSE OF BUILDINGS  ID 248
J. Watson-Lamprey, University of California, Berkely, United States N. Abrahamson, PG&E, United States

Poster Presentations
reservoir dm site whih is loted on the order of righ gros nd wrgheh ! irdjn seismotetoni provinesD mostly 'eted y the erthqukes of grosF woreoverD THum wter tunnel will trnsfer the future reserved wter to the southD nery uermnshh ityF en re with the rdius of ISH km round dm site hs een onsidered s the e'etive zoneF sn ddition to wrgheh ! irdjnD righ gros seismotetoni provineD is lso surrounding the dm siteF he line soures within this re were identi(ed y ll existed dtF wximum redile erthquke in the oveEmentioned re is out UFRF evihng fult is ple of produing n erthquke with mgnitude of TFWD hs the highest impt on the siteD nd is ple of produing the mximum ground motionF irthqukes with the mgnitudes of TFQD TFU nd UFP were estlished for return periods of ISHD SHH nd PHHH yersD respetivelyF gomputtion of the return periods of the strong ground motion ws mde through the use of eisrisk sss progrmF hree ttenution models @gmpell 8 fozorgni PHHQD emrseys 8 hougls PHHQ nd re 8 frd IWWWA were pplied where mximum elertions s hfvD whv nd wvD were to e lulted for seleted exeedne proilities for the servie life respetivelyF eismi design level prmeters for the dm site @eginning of the tunnelA were otined s followsX hfv X HFPIg@hAD HFIRg@vAD whv X HFQHg@hAD HFISg@vA D wvX HFRSg@hAD HFPRg@vAnd wgv X HFTUg@hAD HFRPg@vAF eismi design level prmeters were lso lulted long the tunnel with dequte distne of pointsF upture hzrd nd mximum displement for rossed fults with the tunnel line were lso investigted long the tunnelF
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD INVESTIGATION FOR YAZD POWER PLANT BY A VIEW ON SEISMIC HAZARD MICRO ZONING  ID 562
A. Farazmand, moshanir Eng, co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Bagheri, Moshanir Eng. co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

o otin design time seriesD it is ommon prtie to seE let empiril reordings of ground motion nd modify then modify them y sling or y mking them spetrum omptileF he omputed nonEliner response of struture n vry gretly depending on the reordings seletedF tsonEvmprey nd erhmson @PHHSA proposed proedure to selet time series for use in nonEliner slopeEstility nlyses with the ojetive of (nding time series tht led verge response of the nonEliner systemF e extend this proedure to develop n ojetive method for seleting time series for use in nonEliner struturl response nlysesF xonEliner response spetr re used s proxy for the nonEliner response of struturesF sing suite of reorded nd sled ground motions s inputsD regression nlysis is performed to develop model for the nonEliner osilltor displement sed on the properties of the reord nd the osilltorF he spetrl shpe eyond the fundmentl period of the osilltor hs lrge e'et on the response s does the uniform durtion of the input ground motionF sing the ii xqe strong motion dtseD model for uniform durtion is derived sed on typil design senrio prmeters @mgnitudeD distneD QHD epsilonAF ime series for use in nonEliner struturl nlysis re then sled to the spetrl elertion t the fundmentl periodF eords with uniform durtion nd spetrl shpe lose to the medin vlue for the design event re seleted s reords tht
CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CURRENT APPROACH FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SEISMIC ACTION FOR SERBIA  ID 254
M. Manic, Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Macedonia B. Bulajic, The Highway Institute, Yugoslavia

his pper presents the ritil review of the urrent pE proh for de(nition of the erthquke tion for seismi design of strutures in eriF st hs een pointed to the indequy of the urrent seismologil mps for the territory of eriD whih re sed on the vlues of mroseismi intensityD s well s to the unertinty of the design ground elertion vlues tht result from suh mpsF fsed on the results from our erlier investigtions for some prtiulr lotions in eriD it hs een shown tht depending on the mpli(tion e'ets of the lol soils these elertion vlues ould e signi(ntly overestimted or underestimtedF xeessity of the prodution of future seismi hzrd mps sed on the ground elertion is reviewed from the spet of hoosing pproprite ttenution urves for the region of northwestern flknD s well s from the spet of de(ning the spetrl types ording to iuroode VF
SEISMIC HAZARD AROUND ZAGROS MOUNTAINS A CASE STUDY ON ZHAVEH RESERVOIR DAM SITE AND WATER TUNNEL  ID 483
K. Hadavi, Moshanir Eng. co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Farazmand, Moshanir Eng. co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Bagheri, Moshanir, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

hue to the ft tht srn lys on one of the most tive seismi elts in the worldD gret ttention must e pid to seismiity hzrd nlysisD speilly for importnt projets suh s power plntsF xumerous seismi hzrd studies on zd region shows tht inspite of reltive lm in the seismi tivity of this regionD it still is thretened y mjor seismi tivityF sn the present studyD n erthquke hzrd miroEzoningD hs een done for zd ity for the purpose of lloting the regionl power plntF sn the initil stgesD eril nd stellite photogrphs were studied in order to detet fults in the regionD moreoverD tlogue of erthquke were ompliedF es resultD high potentil res were detetedF he following methods were used in the eismi hzrd miroEzoning IEqeotehnil surveys y drilling numer of oreholesF PEqeophysil surveys omposing ofX A wiro tremor study for nlyzing mpli(tion fture nd nturl frequeniesF A eismi downhole survey in order to otin wve veloitiesF es result of this studyD numer of mps ws otinedF here wereX E ssoEmpli(tion nd sioEfrequeny mps E ssoEseismi wve veloity t vrious depthsF sing these results distriution of erthquke elertion ross the town ws otined for vrious return periodsF irthquke hzrd ws thus evluted for the region using the outome of the studies preedingF eelertion spetrl nlysis for the power plnt site ws rried out using wgvD whvD hfvD F F F z for D RUS yers FF HFPHg @rAD HFIIg @A nd PRUS yers FF HFQQg @rAD HFIVg @A F
SEISMOTECTONIC AND SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS OF WEST KERMAN POWER PLANT SITE  ID 573
A. Farazmand, Moshanir Eng. co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) K. Hadavi, Moshanir Eng. co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Bagheri, Moshanir Eng. co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he xEi trending gros fold nd thrust elt extend for out IVHH um from of srn to xi of urkeyF hveh

he site re for uermn ower lnt is loted out PS km from the gity of uermnF he onerned re is mong the most erthquke prone res of the srnin lteuF uermn ower lnt whih is loted on the fsnjnEushmr seismotetoni provineD is mostly 'eted y the erthqukes of north nd est of uermnF en re with the rdius of ISH km round power

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plnt site hs een onsidered s the e'etive zoneF tudying the vndstU iw PHHH stellite imgeriesD ville mps nd other seismi dtD hs identi(ed the min fults s fghinD hrivn nd fzrgnD situted t QD QH nd QV km respetively from the siteF he line soures within this re were identi(ed y ll existed dtF wximum redile erthquke in the oveEmentioned re is out UFRF fghin fult is ple of produing n erthquke with mgnitude of UFPD hs the highest impt on the siteD nd is ple of produing the mximum ground motion out HFUHgF irthqukes with the mgnitudes of TFQD TFV nd UFR were estlished for return periods of SHD ISH nd SHH yersD respetivelyF gomputtion of the return periods of the strong ground motion ws mde through the use of mny softwresF hree ttenution models @gmpell 8 fozorgniD emrseys 8 hougls nd re 8 frdA were pplied where mximum elertions s hfvD whv nd wvD for seleted exeedne proilities of projet life timeFeismi design level prmeters for site were otined s followsX por SH yers FF HFIPg @rAD HFHUg @AD RUS yers FF HFPQg @rAD HFIPg @AD PRUS yers FF HFQTg @rAD HFIVg @A nd IHHHH yers FF HFRTg @rAD HFPRg @A elsoD using the nlysis of the return period of spetr ordintesD iqul role esponse petr for di'erent seismi design levels hve een otinedF
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE SEISMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND AND STRUCTURE  ID 756
R. Nasser, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

CS1
@qeA nd ek qround eloity @qAD @A proposes the use of representtive is groups hrterised y @IA vetoril sw omposed of qe nd q nd @PA spei( reltive rtio of nerE(eld reords to frE(eld reordsF
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD MAPS FOR ROMANIA AND BULGARIA AS A BASIS FOR A NEW BUILDING CODE  ID 1019
L. A. Ardeleanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania S. Simenova, Geophysical Institute of Bulgarian Acad of Science, Bulgaria D. Solakov, Geophysical Institute of Bulgarian Acad of Science, Bulgaria G. Leydecker, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany H. Busche, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany T. Schmitt, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany D. Kaiser, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany K. P. Bonjer, Geophysical Institute of University of Karlsruhe, Germany

sn order to implement the proper seismi design of struE tures in hmsusD the seismi ehvior of soil nd struture ws exmined numerillyD nd the seismi hrteristis of them oth were determinedF he study is rried out through two mjor stepsY (rstD exmining the seismi response of ground due to strong nd wek erthquke motionsY seondD exmining the soilEstruture intertion due to the sme motionsF ell seismi hrteristis of oth ground nd struture will e determined from this nlysis suh s sher foresD displementsD ending momentsD stresses F F F etF strong nonliner properties were displyedD whih proved the iquivlent tti wethod used in yri insu0ientF
IDENTIFICATION OF EFFICIENT GROUPS OF DESIGN EARTHQUAKE INPUTS  ID 961
T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy D. Malavolta, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy

sn reent yersD erformne fsed eismi hesign @fhA hs plyed entrl role for reserh works in the (eld of seismi engineeringF he ore ide of the fh is the proilisti ssessment of the struturl performnes due to seismi tion fertero nd fertero PHHPD woehle nd heierlein PHHRD hng et lF PHHRF ithin this frmework entrl role is plyed y the so lled roilisti eismi hemnd rzrd enlysis @hreA hng et lF PHHRF es pointed out in reent sienti( ontriutions qiovenle et lF PHHR the min shortoming whih prevent the e'etive pplition of suh pproh urrently lies in the lrge dispersion @iFeF lrge vriilityA of the struturl response @s evluted through properly hosen hmge wesure hw or istimted hmge rmeters ihA otined from nonEliner dynmi nlysis whih uses s input seleted erthquke elertion time historiesF e numerD of sienti( work hve reently foused upon the identi(tion of the optiml proedure for the identi(tion of representtive @iFeF hrterized y given proility of ourreneA groups of erthquke inputs whih led to redued dispersion of the struturl response @e0ient groups of erthqukeAF his pperD referring to generl proedure for the identi(tion of representtive groups of erthquke inputs proposed y the uthorsX @A ompres the results whih n e otined following di'erent rules for the pplition of the methodology proposedD @A identi(es prtil proposl for the e'etive pplition of the methodology sed upon the use of vetorEvlued sw omposed of ek qround eelertion

eismi hzrd mps s prt of new uilding ode sed on iygyhi V @igVA require unique hzrd prmeter suh s mroseismi intensityF ig V reommends two hzrd mpsD one for proility of exeedne of IH7 in IH yers @reurrene period of WS yersA nd one for IH7 in SH yers @reurrene period of RUS yersAF e omputed the seismi hzrd with iEsu sed on the proilisti pproh developed y gornellF e used the erthquke tlogue for gentrl nd outhestern iurope @QRP fg E IWWH ehAD for fulgri @IWVI E IWWHA nd for qreee @SSHfg E PHHRAF he most onsuming work ws to estlish uni(ed tlogueF eismi soure zones inside n re of out PHH km round oE mni nd fulgri were de(ned nd re sed on seismiityD neoteE tonis nd geologil developmentF por eh seismi soure mxE imum possile erthquke s well s seismogeni depth hs een estimtedF o ope with the irregulr isoseismls of the rne intermeE dite depth erthqukes ftor omegY hs een inluded to the ttenution lwX ssite a sepi EQlog@rGhA EIFQ lphBomegB@rEhA r a hypoF distFY h a depthY lph a sorption oe'F IGkm sing detiled mroseismi mps of three intermedite depth erthqukes omeg hs een lulted for eh oservtion with lE ph (xedF he ontriution of the rne intermedite depth zone to eh grid point ws omputed with the orresponding represenE ttive omeg of this pointF e seismogeni depth of IPH km hs een ssumedF he (nl seismi hzrd is the omintion of oth ontriutionsD of zones with rustl erthqukes nd of the rne intermedite depth zoneF por omni the most ontriuting hzrd is relted to the rne intermedite depth zoneF sn fulgri the region with the strongest erthqukes nd highest hzrd is the uresn region south of o(F
SEISMO-ENGINEERING PARAM. FOR INTERIM STORAGES OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL AT GERMAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS  ID 1026
G. Leydecker, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany T. Schmitt, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany H. Busche, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany T. Schaefer, Federal Oce for Radiation Protection, Germany

he pederl snstitute for qeosienes nd xturl eE soures ws hrged y the pederl y0e for dition rotetion to uthor expert reports out seismoEengineering prmeters for the sites of the plnned interim storges of spent nuler fuel t IQ nuler power plnts @xA in qermnyF e ompred our own independent site spei( expertises with these presented y the owners of the x for the liensing proedure nd me to (nliztionF he sis for our work ws the qermn stndrd hesign of xuE ler ower lnts ginst eismi ivents of the qermn xuler fety tndrds gommission s well s newer developments in siE

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ene nd tehnology nd the erthquke tlogue for qermny sine the yer VHHF por eh of the IQ sitesD site dependent nlyses were done inluding seismi hzrd ssessment nd evlution of design spetrF he intensity of the site orresponding design erthquke ws worked out on deterministi wy nd E unless the erthquke dt stis(ed relile interprettion E on proilisti wyF he design erthquke ws estimted for proility of exeedne of IHiESGyerD lso with respet to geologil development nd neoteE tonis in the surroundingsF por sites with design erthquke greter thn intensity ss wuD we mde n own evlution of worldwide strongEmotion reordsF hese reords hve to omply with the strength of the design erthquke nd they must e registered in suitle hypoenE ter distnes nd t omprle soil onditionsF sing more thn SH reords for eh siteD the response spetr were omputed nd the medin hs een tken s the site spei( response spetrumF por ll other sites we used pulished response spetr whih hd to ful(l the estimted strength of the design erthquke nd the site spei( soil onditionsF sn ddition to the design erthquke nd the response spetrum strongEmotion durtion ws estimtedF
CONDITIONAL SIMULATION OF SPATIOTEMPORAL EARTHQUAKE RANDOM FIELD  ID 1093
R. Jankowski, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland

Poster Presentations
dtse of the srnin xtionl trong wotion xetwork out of out THHH threeEomponent dt otined etween IWUS nd the end of PHHSF he reords re seleted in mnner tht the strong motions represent the site lsses nd the seismotetoni onditions in the elorz mountinsF he seleted reords omprises the gret erthqukes of wnjil of PH tune IWWHD wwUFQ nd pirouzdD uojour of PV wy PHHRD wwTFPF here is still lk of nerEsoure strong motion reord for the region of ehrnD the pitl of srn with popultion of IQ millionF rowever the reords of mgnitude wwQFU erthquke in W wrh PHHP originted from the retivtion of north ehrn fult ws mong the seleted reordsF he mjor results of this study might e lssi(ed sX IA the response spetr in the elorz elt re representtive for the gretest response spetrl mli(tion levels in the low periods @HFI toY HFP seondsAF PA he spetr for four sites lsses shows the higher mpli(tions in the longer periods @round I seondA for the soft soil sitesF
SYSTEM APPROACH TO SEISMIC CONDITIONS ESTIMATION AND DESIGN SEISMIC LOADINGS EVALUATION  ID 1176
A. Savich, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation V. Besstrashnov, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation A. Bugaevskiy, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation A. Suvilova, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation V. Stepanov, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation N. Burdina, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation A. Godzikovskaya, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation

imultion of speEtime vrition of erthquke (eld y the deterministi pprohD whih tres the wve propgtion through the soilD is very omplexF herefore in erthquke engineeringD the stohsti pproh hs een proved to e very useful nd suessfully pplied in prtieF he inorportion of the seismi wve propgtion e'et is espeilly importnt when lrge strutures with sptilly extended foundtionsD suh s long ridgesD dmsD lifeEline systems nd lrge uildingsD re nlyzed @see IAF his is due to the ft tht their dynmi response n e signi(ntly ltered due to the sptil vritions of ground motion using di'erent seismi input ting on di'erent supports of the strutureF hetiled nlysis of the response of lrge strutures requires the genertion of elertion reords for di'erent lotions of supports sed on the spei(ed reordF his n e hieved y pplying the onditionl stohsti modelling pprohF he im of the present pper is to propose method of onditionl stohsti simultion of ground motions using the sptiotemporl orreltion funtionF he(ning the orreltion funtion of erthquke (eld in spe nd time simultneously llows us to model the seismi wve propgtion e'et more relistillyF woreoverD it overomes the disdvntges of existing methods onerning the issue of identifying the time orreltion of the (eld @see I for exmpleAF he method proposed hs een used to generte unknown elertion time histories t vrious struturl supports sed on the spei(ed erthquke reord t one lotionF he results of the study show tht the method gives reltively low simultion errorsF husD it n e used for the prtil purposes in order to generte the input ground motion reords for struturl dynmi nlysis of lrge strutures under erthquke exittionF I tnkowskiD FD ildeD uFX e simple method of onditionl rndom (eld simultion of ground motions for long struturesF ingineering trutures PP @PHHHA SSPESTI
RESPONSE SPECTRA OF THE STRONG MOTIONS IN IRAN: A CASE STUDY IN ALBORZ REGION  ID 1145
M. Zare, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Ghassemi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

epproximtely for IHH lrge power ojets of ussiD n estimtion of their seismi nd geodynmi onditions epted t designing essentilly n di'er from reent estimtions sed on new normtive mp yEWUF his di'ereneD s ruleD is expressed in design seismiity inresing t IEP pointsD nd for some ojets E t Q points in wuETR sleF st demnds revision of design seismi prmeters ndD in some sesD new lultions of onstrution seismi resistneF e develop tehnique of system pproh to seismi onditions estimtionD llowing optimizing sope nd methods of neessry detiled reserhes for normtive hrteristis re(nementF st hs enled otining the required informtion in short enough termsD oth t designing new projetsD nd t seismi onditions re(ning for lredy mintined onstruE tionsF fsis of this tehnique is study in system interreltion of the following elementsX !llotion of min seismogeni zones sed on omined nlysis of ll ville seismologilD geologil nd geophysil dt using oth proilisti @t presene of su0ient erthquke sttistisAD nd deterministi pprohesY !mximum full onsidertion of strong erthquke dt for studying territory for proly longer period of timeD omprle to strong erthE qukes reurrene periodF por this purposeD instrumentl nd historil erthquke dt nd pleoseismologil reserhes re usedY !reful nlysis of instrumentl seismologil dt nd erthquke tlogues 4lening4 @disrimintion of industril explosions reting flse soure zones nd essentilly distorting rel seismiity ptternAY !retion nd regulr updting of dtses on prmeters of hzrdous geodynmi proessesY !determintion of seismi potentil of reveled seismogeni zones in view of their geometryD the most prole soure mehnisms nd tetoni evolution dynmisY !pplition of initil dt omplex for preliminry seismi loding evlutionX positions nd hrteristis of min seismogeni zonesD seismi wve ttenution hrteristisD interior struture t the soureEsite treD nd etFY !determintion of re(ned seismi lodings in view of siteEspei( feturesF
MODIFICATION OF THE EUROCODE 8 DAMPING REDUCTION FACTORS FOR DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA  ID 1203
R. Mendis, Imperial College, UK J. Bommer, Imperial College, UK

he reponse spetr of the strong motions in srn re studied in order to determine the spetrl ordintes for di'erent seismotetoni provines of srn s well s site lssesF his my provide sis for developing the spetrl ttenution lws s well s the design spetrF he pilot study region is seleted in the elorz felt E in northern srn E in order to determine the design spetrF e olletion of out SHH strong motion degitl reords re seleted for present studyF he reords re seleted from the

hisplement response spetr for dmping rtios signi(E ntly higher thn the nominl S7 of ritil re required for the design of seEisolted strutures nd strutures with supplemenE

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try dmping deviesD s well s for performneEsed design pprohes tht use equivlent lineriztionF he spetr for higher dmping vlues re generlly otined y pplying sling ftors to the S7Edmped ordintes nd re normlly de(ned s funtions of the dmping level nd sometimes lso the response periodF sn the se of iuroode V @gixD PHHQAD the dmping redution ftor tht is provided is urrently pplied to two types of spetrF he ype I spetrum is for regions of high seismiity nd hzrd nd ype P is for regions of x iurope where mgnitudes re unlikely to exeed ws SFSF en extensive literture review of glol design odes revels gret vrition in the sling ftors presentedF his is interpreted s eE ing due to the di'erent hrteristis of the ground motions used to derive themD sine the sling of the S7Edmped ordintes for higher dmping levels displys mrked dependene on strongEmotion duE rtionF hurtionEdependent sling ftors for higher dmping levE els re derived using n extensive strongEmotion dtset of pproxE imtely IDSHH strongEmotion reordsF hese new sling ftors re ompred to the urrent dmping redution ftors of iuroode V @igVAF here is good greement etween the durtionEdependent sling ftors nd the igV sling ftors t lrge vlues of durtionD whih orrespond to the ype I spetrumF roweverD the results show tht for shorter durtionsD whih orrespond to the ype P spetrumD the urrent igV ftors re not ppropriteF xew sling ftors re proposed for the ype P spetrumD whih ount for the shorter durtions of ground motions in the lower seismiity res of iuropeF
SELECTION OF SPECTRUM-COMPATIBLE REAL ACCELEROGRAMS FOR SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSES OF SOIL DEPOSITS  ID 1240
A. Dall'Ara, Politecnico di Torino, Italy C. Lai, EUCENTRE, Italy C. Strobbia, EUCENTRE, Italy

CS1
he @iqA hs developed seismiity study of unisi relted to importnt energy prodution settingF his study is sed on three xesX Eristoril seismiityY Esnstrumentl seismiity in the lst enturyY Ewiroseimiity relted with eletri entrl seismiityF he historil seismiity dt ws sed on previous mnusriptsD reports nd tloguesF he ompiltion of these dt hs melioE rted the gtlogues of xF xF emrseys @IWTPA nd tFF oth @IWTUAF roweverD this study ws insu0iently to llow preise lotion of erthqukesF sn ftD the exploittion of some 4isoEseistes4 ws used to elorte lw for the lultion of intensity fter the fol distneF he instrumentl seimiity study in the lst entury hs perE mitted to identify the mjor outlines of the seimi tive zones in unisi nd surroundings resF sing miroseimity we were le to omplete the historil nd instrumentl studies essentilly ner the tive strutures in northern unisiF pinllyD the exploittion of the elorted dt se onerning the seismiity of unisi nd the surroundings re llowed the evlution of the seismi risk relted to importnt uildings in the eletri prodution setorF e use in this pper n pproprited method to develop this prolemtiF
TO THE PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING SEISMIC LOADS ON BUILDINGS IN THE CITY OF ALMATY  ID 1336
M. Ashimbaev, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan V. Lapin, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan T. Zhunusov, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan

vol site e'ets nd nonliner dynmi nlyses of strutures re exmples of prolems in erthquke engineering tht require the seismi input to e spei(ed in terms of elerogrmsF eording to iuroode V the elerogrms my e either rti(il @iFeF generE ted using stohsti lgorithmsAD reorded in rel erthqukesD or simulted @iFeF generted y modeling the erthquke mehnisAF eorded elerogrms re oviously to e preferred s they possess relisti frequeny ontent nd proper phse orreltion mong omponentsF en importnt feture tht elerogrms used for dynmi nlyses should possess is the soElled spetrl omptiility whih reltes to the ft tht the mis(t etween the verge response spetrum omputed from the elerogrms nd trget spetrum @eFgF otined from proilisti hzrd studyA should not exeed ertin tolerne within spei(ed rnge of periodsF petrlEomptiility is not simple requirement to e enfored if using rel elerogrmsD however it is n importnt feture in order to void the use of reords tht re inomptile with the results of seismi hzrd studyF his pper illustrtes proedure for the seletion of spetrumEomptile reorded elerogrms t sites loted in xorthern usny @stlyAF he study ws onduted y (rst performing proilisti seismi hzrd ssessment t the regionl sleF niform hzrd response spetr were omputed for di'erent return periods followed y proess of deggregtion to identify the erthquke senrios ontrolling the hzrdF he mgnitudeEdistne pirs otined from deggregtion hve then een used to selet seven nturl elerogrms tht re omptile with the lulted proilisti response spetrF he hoie of the elerogrms hs een filitted y n utomti proedure tht llowed to nlyze IHW omintions of TH nturl elerogrmsF he seleted reords hve (nlly een used to ssess the vriility of seismi response t siteF
EXPLOITATION OF TUNISIAN SEISMICITY DATA FOR SEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FRAMEWORK  ID 1286
B. Chelli, National Institute of Scientic and Technical Res, Tunisia

hus the region is sujet to severe seismi events with mgnitude V hving IHERH kilometer depth of fousF ell tht imposes high responsiility onto experts deling with lultions nd designing of uildings nd onstrutions lying within the territory of the ityF st is quite pproprite to note here tht mgnitude is n ojetive physil feture of n erthquk9s fous wht neessittes it eing tken into ount for urte deterE mintion of seismi loding on uildings nd onstrutionsF uh methods were developed in the lte VHs erly WHs nd were nmed s 4w4 methodsF @sFvF uorhinskyD FhF hunusovAF ithin the mentioned ove theory mgnitude vlue of n erthquke not its seismi grde ws ssumed s the mjor feture of erthqukeF he summry of the theory is stted in 4hetermintion of siesmi lods on uilding regrding prmeters of n erthquke9s fousF4 @ sFvF uorhinskyD FhF hunusovD FeF vpinAF ithin 4w4 theory spetrl urves f nd mplitude hrterE istis u @seismiity rtiosA were mde upF hese prmeters re ddued in hrt sD where r is hypoentrl distneD is rdius of n epientrl zone depending on mgnitude of n erthqukeF
THE IMPACT OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON THE DESIGNED SEISMIC CHARACTERISTICS  ID 1337
M. Ashimbaev, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan V. Lapin, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan

he in)uene of soil onditions on seismi e'et in elmty nd djent regions ws disovered sed on the instrumentl nd mroEseismi intensity evlution of seismi fores t the explosionsF yur institute registered virtions of uildings nd soilsF elmty is divided into Q mjor sitesF yn the (rst site whih is loted on the mountin footing zone nd ording to its seismi properties hrterized y soil of (rst tegory @outhern prt of the ityAD soil mpli(tion with respet to roks ws not reportedF sn the gentrl site whih is hrterized y soil of tegory ss the site mpli(tion ws reorded s sEss reltive to tht on rokF he xorthern prt of the ity is loted on soils of tegory sssF rereD the site mpli(tion e'et ws reported up to ss ompring with tht on the rok nd CHFS ompring with the gentrl siteF enlysis of instrumentl dt inluded not only determintion the soil mpli(tion e'et ut lso the omprison of ginEfrequeny hrteristis of soils y onstrution pourie spetrF sn the

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CS1
outhern prt the predominnt frequeny is pproximtely P rzD in the gentrl IFR rz nd in the xorthern HFS rzF prom other results the strong in)uene of relief on the seismi e'et of the explosions ws oservedF yn the peks nd on the slopes of the hills the intensity rises from P to R times ompring with the sites loted on the ottom of nyonsD vlleys etF por exmpleD if on the ottom of nyon the mplitude ws registered within IFVEPFU mmD then on the slopes REUFS mmF
SEISMIC DESIGN OF GUSSET PLATES OF SCBF IN I BEAM TO BUILT UP BOX COLUMN CONNECTIONS  ID 1409
S. R. Mirghaderi, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Alipour, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
periodsF roweverD the lrgest di'erenes prove to e ssoited with the ttenution reltionshipF ptors of up to QES rise from the hoie of ttenution reltionshipD espeilly when reltions derived from smll to moderte events re usedF gonsequenes my e either overestimtion of hzrd in low seismiity resD or understimtion of hzrd in moderte to high seismiity resF ptors of t lest P re ssoited with the ounting or not of the stndrd devition on ttenution reltionshipF pinlly ftors round IFS re ssoited with mgnitude onversionsF
THE EFFECT OF BACKGROUND RECORD RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES SUBJECTED NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS  ID 1512 ON TO

M. A. Ghannad, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. S. Jahankhah, F. Ghahari, Sharif Sharif University University of of Technology, Technology, Iran Iran (Islamic (Islamic Republic Of ) Republic Of )

FwirghderiY essistnt rofFof university of ehrn eFelipourY wsD irthquke ingineering grdute studentD niversity of ehrn eismi hesign of qusset pltes of gfp in s fem to fuilt up fox golumn gonnetions peil onentri red frmes re reognized s very e0ient lterl lod resisting system for seismi foresF he xil foresD tension nd ompressionD in ring memers re ssumed to perform s displement ontrolled omponentsD in dutile mnner without onsiderle strength degrdtion while other onneting prtsD suh s foreEontrolled omponents Dmore or less t in elsti rngeF sn n pproprite seismi design of gfpD providing proper lod pth whih trnsfers the ultimte expeted fores indued in rings to emEolumn onnetions is the min onernF sn ommon prtieD design of onnetions etween ring gussets nd s emGr olumn hs four di'erent pprohes for lod trnsfer whih re generlly sed upon slightly di'erent ssumptions ut in ll of them it is ssumed tht ring fores re trnsferred strightly from gusset plte to emGolumn wes through plnr mnnerF gommon steel onstrution in srnin prtie is omposed of uilt up ox setions for olumns with s ems either pssing through two side of olumn or onneting to olumn feF he onnetion of rings gusset pltes re no longer follow the plnr trnsfer of ring fores to emGolumn joints whih is the si ssumption of ove mentioned ommon design prtieF sn this pper the lod trnsfer mehnism nd proper detiling of ring gussets to s emGuilt up ox olumn re exmined through n elorted (nite element nlysis nd tried to estlish onvenient through gusset lte for these type of onnetionsF
UNCERTAINTIES AND APPARENT INCONSISTENCIES IN PSHA STUDIES: EXAMPLES IN FRANCE  ID 1434
Gepp And Afps Working Groups, France

qround motions reords lose to ruptured fult possess speil hrteristis not seen in other ground motionsF hiE retivityD )ing stepD notle vertil omponents nd nd of grter @highA frequeny ontent re remrkle ones of those hrteristisF sn)uene of suh prmetersD on response of strutures hs een the title of severl investigtions in reent yersF emong mentioned itemsD diretivity pulses gined more ttention nd di'erent pulse hrteriztion methods re proposed to inlude diretivity e'etF fut rrely the e'et of pulse nd kground reord hve een onsidered simultneouslyF roweverD it is shown here tht the kground reord my lso ply n importnt role in spei( situtionsF sn this studyD the e'et of diretivity pulses on the response of strutures within wide rnge of nturl periodsD in the presene of ontrolled kground hs een investigtedF por this purposeD the pulse hrteristis re de(ned sed on di'erent proposed methods while sttistil pproh is hosen for the kground reordF
STUDYING THE ENERGY DISSIPATION IN EBFS SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE BY USING NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES  ID 1525
M. Hosseini, IAU, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Esmaeili, IAU, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

yver the pst (ve yersD severl re studies hve een performed on the prenh territory y di'erent tems from di'erent institutes nd within di'erent frmeworksF he results vry from one study to notherD someimes only slightlyD sometimes very lrgely @up to one order of mgnitude in terms of pg vlues on rok for 4stndrd4 return periods round SHH yersAF he im of the presenttion is to disuss the origins of suh vriilityD nd to outline the key issuesF e re study is sed on dt @erthquke tlogsD historil nd instrumentl periodsY ground motion dt for tenution reltionshipsAD on models @mgnitude distriutionD reurreneD ounting for epistemi nd letory unertintiesD distriution of residuls for ttenutioon reltionshipsDetFAD nd on ssumptions @soure zonesD mximum mgnitudesD importing ttenution reltionshipsD etFAF por the vrious re studies onsidered hereD the tlog is pproximtely similrY di'erenes in mgnitude nd depth estimtes for historil events my however result in signi(nt di'erenes @QH to RH7AY the seismotetoni zontions re di'erentD ut do not silly hnge the order of mgnitude of medin pg vlues ! though it does 'et the sptil distriutionF wximum mgnitudes ply signi(nt role only t lrge return periods nd for spetrl vlues t low nd intermedite frequenyD while minimum mgnitude is importnt for smll return

wost of the existing seismi design odes suggest the use of response modi(tion ftor in lultion of the equivlent erthquke lod to ount for the energy dissiption of the struE tureF his ftor ppers in the lultion of the uilding totl seismi sher fore rther thn the lterl lod distriutionF his mensD impliitlyD tht the plsti ehvior or energy dissiption of the system is ssumed y the ode to e lmost the sme in its vrious storiesF o (nd out how fr the tul distriution of plsti hinges is from the ode ssumption some sets of steel uildings with eentrilly red frmes hve een studied y nonliner time history nlyses @xvreAF he uildings hve up to IS stories nd up to Q ysD nd hve een nlyzed y severl rel elerogrmsF he formtion trend of the plsti hinges in vrious elements of steel frmes nd the distriution of plsti hinges over the strutureD s well s the mount of energy dissiption is vrious stories hve een studiedF xumeril results show tht the ode ssumption is fr from relity in most sesF his mens tht the ode suggested pttern for lultion of equivlent lterl lods is not relistiF yn this sisD it hs een tried to otin new lterl lod pttern y using the results of the xvreF henD the uildings hve een redesigned y tht verge lod ptternD nd the xvre hve een repetedF qood greement is oserved then etween the tul lod distriution nd the verge pttern used for the redesignD nd the distriution of plsti hinges re more uniformF fy lulting the rtio of the vlues given y the verge lod ptternD otined y xvre to those given y the suggested pttern of the ode somehow new onept of storyEdependent response modi(tion ftor hve e de(nedF

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DEFINITION OF SIMULATED ACCELEROGRAMS CONSISTENT WITH THE ITALIAN NATIONAL SEISMIC CODE  ID 1730
A. Masi, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy M. Dolce, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy M. Mucciarelli, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy M. Vona, DiSGG, University of Basilicata, Italy

CS1
GROUND MOTION EVALUATION FOR TWO BRIDGES IN THE VENETIAN-FRIULI PLAIN (NE ITALY)  ID 1833
P. Fadalti, Achille Fadalti Costruzioni S.p.A., Italy A. Rebez, OGS, Italy D. Slejko, OGS, Italy M. Santulin, OGS, Italy

sn most of the seismi odes the seismi motion my e represented lso in terms of ground elertion time historiesF o this purpose rti(ilD simulted or reorded elerogrms n e usedF ome rules shll e oserved in the de(nition of the elerogrmsD minly relevnt to their durtionD numer nd oherene to the elsti response spetr given in the odeF erti(il spetrumEomptile elerogrms n e generted using progrms suh s swuiF imulted elerogrms n e otined through physil simultion of soure nd trvel pth mehnismsF pinllyD rel elerogrms reorded during pst seismi events n e usedD lso drwing them from the ville strongEmotion dtnksF griteri for seleting time histories tht n e used y the prtising engineering in seismi nlysis nd design re strongly neededF sn this work some sets of elertion time histories onsistent with the urrent stlin seismi odeD whose rules sustntilly oinide with igVD re otinedF e omputer progrm nmed fivpeqy derived from n older ode @wuirelli et lFD IWWUA sed on the theoretil work y ett nd ugliese @IWWTAD will e usedF wo onditions re ful(lled using fivpeqyX IA mimi rel elerogrms for similr mgnitudeD distne nd site onditionsY PA onverge in frequeny domin to referene spetrumD nd in prtiulr to response spetr provided y seismi odesF IP sets of time histories re genertedD ording to the R di'erent seismi zones nd the Q di'erent ground types onsidered in the stlin odeF ih set inlude t lest U elerogrms so thtD when used in the non liner nlysesD the verge of the response quntities my e used in the sfety veri(tionsF he ility of fivpeqy in providing suitle time historiesD prtiulrly when ompred with swuiD will e shown y rrying out non liner dynmi nlyses on some g frme modelsF
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF CONCRETE LIQUID CONTAINING STRUCTURES  ID 1733
R. Kianoush, Ryerson University, Canada

he ssessment of the expeted ground motion is needed when new strtegi filitiesD s ridgesD re designedF wo new ridges re plnned in the enetoEpriuli lin @xi stlyA ndD onsequentlyD the expeted seismi elertion in the two lotions hve een omputedF he two sites re oth very interesting from the seismologil point of viewD s one is pled in the viinity of potentilly seismogeneti fults while the other is fr from the deformtion elt nd ws interested y severl moderte historil erthqukesF por the two sites stndrd re evlution using the logi tree pproh hs een performedF woreoverD the mximum possile nd the design events for the two sites hve een individutedF pinllyD the uniform hzrd response spetrum for the two sites hs een omputed together with syntheti elerometri time histories omptile with the omputed response spetrumF
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS WITH GIRTLESS FRAME AND STIFFENING DIAPHRAGMS  ID 2063
I. Itskov, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan M. Ashimbayev, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan

here re urrently few guidelines nd stndrds vilE le in xorth emeri for the design of liquid storge tnksF he egs gommittee QSH hs reently pulished new ode nd ommentry for liquid ontining struturesF sn ompnion doumentD egs QSHFQGQSHFQ provides diretions to the designer of liquid ontining onrete strutures for omputing seismi fores tht re to e pplied to prtiulr strutureF here is gret del of onern y the designers on the pproh nd the level of seismi fores tht these strutures re eing deE signedF his is minly due to the lk of understnding of the seisE mi ehviour of these struturesF en extensive reserh projet is urrently underwy t yerson niversity to resolve some of the isE sues of onern for design of these types of struturesF es prt of this ongoing reserh e'ortD in this pperD the dynmi response of retngulr tnks for liquid storge tnks is desriedF sn this pperD rief overview of the si onepts involved in the seismi nlysis of liquid ontining strutures is presentedF en outline of the si theory tht underlines the omputtion of erthqukeEindued fores is disussedF he spei( elsti deign reE sponse spetrum dopted y egs QSH is disussedF he orreltion etween the lssil eqution nd the lterl seismi fore equE tions ontined in egs QSH is presentedF he e'et of the vertil nd horizontl distriution of hydrodynmi fores on the wll of retngulr tnks is disussedF sn this studyD the results of dynmi time history nlysis for retngulr tnks re presentedF he vlidity of the proedures dopted in godes nd tndrds for determining the se sher for the impulsive nd onvetive omponents is disussedF

hkeEtest results of one of multistory uildings elonged to residene omplex nmed 4fntsy4 whih ws designed 8 onstruted y fsisEe orportion in elmty re stted on given pperF he residene omplex ws uilt up on the site with WEgrde seismi intensity ording to seismi properties the tegory of soil isEsF he tested ojet represented y uilding omprtment seprted from djent omprtments y seismi eltsF he uilding omprtment ws designed s struture with IH overground storiesD sement )oor nd tehnil room designed over the IHth )oorF fy the testing moment only the sement )oor nd W overground )oors were ompletedF hynmi lods pplied onto the tested ojet were indued y mens of inerti type shker pprtus fEQ fstened rigidly to the Wth )oorF huring performed virtion testing the following ws ful(lledX registrtion of virtions nd dt preliminry proessingD visul exmintion of onstrutionsD oth photo nd video reording s wellF huring tests seismi detetors nd tensometri rmpons were used for mesuring ny onrete deformtion within sti'ening diphrgmsF gomplex nlysis of experimentl dt llows to think tht the tested uilding omprtment hs high pity of resistne to seismi e'etsF eording to testing results the reommendtions on improvement of onstrutive solutions of ering nd nonEering elements of the uilding with girtless frmes nd sti'ening diphrgmsF
DYNAMIC TESTS OF A DWELLING HOUSE'S FRAGMENT WITH BEARING WALLS FROM GAS-BLOCKS  ID 2064
J. Omarov, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan I. Itskov, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan

hynmi fored virtion tests hve een performed on test model representing oneEstory dwelling house with mnsrdF he tested frgment ws designed nd onstruted with xil sizes in pln TxT m nd the height of Q mF he onstrution weight of mnsrd ws ompensted y experimentl equipment nd ded lod weight nhored to the )oor slF pored virtions hve een generted yfEI @testing stges one nd twoA nd fEP @testing stge threeA virtors instlled on the roof of the onstruted modelF he (rst stge dmges were minorD orresponding to dmge

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degree I ording to wuETR sleD nd were represented y (ne rks in gsEloks ompnied y smll opening in some horizontl nd vertil joints etween gsEloksF he seond stge dmges to lod ering wlls were rther serious represented y rks in horizontl nd vertil joints of the gsEloks rikwork with permnent openings of up to IF F F P mmD digonl rks in piersD nd onrete hopping o' in some loksF snertil fores generted during the third stge of testing were quite omprle to the intensity of rel WEgrde seismi eventF lls of the test frgment @espeilly nrrow piersA were hevily dmged @QER degree ording to wuETRA using the redution of horizontl sti'ness of the frgment for pproximtely PH times reltive to the initil oneF roweverD the tested frgment retined totlly stle nd did not ollpseF he results of performed testsD inluding the nlyses of ville tehnil nd eonomi indexesD proved tht onstrution of fewEstoryEuildings with lod ering wlls of gsEloks is fesile nd should e rther perspetive trend for seismi resistnt onstrution in towns nd in the ountryF
OPTIMISATION OF PERFORATED CLAY UNITS IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN SEISMIC AREAS  ID 2068
U. Meyer, Arge Mauerziegel e. V., Germany M. Robach, Institut fr Ziegelforschung, Germany D. Schermer, Technische Universitt, Germany

Poster Presentations
mjority of the heritge uildingsD re to e delt with t (rstF heveloping generi method tht is pplile to ll sred edi(es is di0ult euse they re signi(ntly di'erent from eh otherF sn the posterD we present method sed upon struturl units tht n e found in every sred uildingF et presentD this method is pplied to only reEomnesque nd omnesque uildingsY it will e extended to further periods of rt history in the futureF he struturl ehviour of the identi(ed struturl units under seismi lodings is nlysed nd ompred with the dynmi response of whole edi(esF his enles the ssessment of the reltionship etween the seismi response of given uilding nd tht of the omposing unitsF

CS3: Applications of the EMS-98 and Related Future Evolutions

Level 2

BRIDGING A GAP BETWEEN SEISMOLOGISTS AND ENGINEERS: POSSIBLE RESTRUCTURING OF THE INTENSITY SCALE(S)  ID 571
H. Sandi, Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Romania

nreinfored ly unit msonry hs proved to e n pE proprite uilding mteril in low nd moderte seismiity regions in gentrl iurope in the lst enturiesF snresed requirements resulting from the lod odes were the strting point of investiE gtions into the lodering ehviour of msonry wlls under in plne sher lodsF yne mong mny other spets is the optimistion of the produt properties of vertilly perforted ly units in sher wllsF he optimistion proessD rried out within the iEsponsored reserh projet iigwiD omprised of n optimistion of the mteril omposition s well s n optimistion of the perfortion ptternF rototype units were produed nd testedF he ssumed relevnt mteril properties were signi(ntly improvedD ut for the (rst optimistion step this didn9t result in n improved resistne of the sher wllsF purther optimistion is neessry nd hs lredy een strtedF

CS2: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and Vulnerability

Level-1
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY BUILDINGS  ID 1994 OF SWISS HERITAGE

M. Devaux, Applied computing and mechanics laboratory, Switzerland P. Lestuzzi, Applied computing and mechanics laboratory, Switzerland

witzerlnd fes serious seismi hzrdF ine the eE ginning of the (rst millenniumD mny strong erthqukes hve struk this ountryF sn IQST for instneD the ity of fsle experiened the most violent erthquke ever reported in gentrl iuropeF ivery erthquke hs resulted in severe dmge to the heritge uildingsF por instneD the upper prt of the steeple of the hurh in isp @southern witzerlndA nd the vults of smller edi(e in the surroundings @isperterminenA ollpsed due to the seismi event of IVSSF he seismi sfety of ommon uildings is well de(ned tody in witzerlnd through modern uilding odesY howeverD this is not the se of ulturl heritge uildingsD whose seismi vulnerility hs een only prtilly ddressedF sn order to (ll this knowledge gpD ntionl reserh progrm ws inititedD whose min purpose hs een to develop methodology tht llows us to ssess the seismi vulnerility of monumentl edi(esF witzerlnd hs diverse olletion of monumentl uildingsF red onstrutionsD whih onstitute the

he pper strts from some si requirementsD desired to e ful(lled y more thorough pproh to intensity ssessmentX E omptiility etween the pprohes dopted y seismologists nd engineersY E reognition of relevne of severity mesures sed on proessing of instrumentl dtD nd onsidertion of methodologil implitionsY E reognition of di'erenes of the destrutive potentil of ground motion for vrious spetrl nds @eventully for di'erent diretions tooAY E the interest for )exile pproh to the degree of detiling of intensity estimtes @relting eFgF suh estimtes to vrious di'erent spetrl ndsAY E reognition of possile relevnt reevlution of mroseismi informtion on pst erthqukesD reproessed on the sis of modern onepts onerning espeilly the spetrl ontent of ground motionY E the omplex nture of seismi vulnerility @keeping in view the in)uene of the spetrl ontent of ground motionD the evolutionry nture of vulnerility due to the umultive nture of erthquke e'ets etFAF he pper is intended to provide orresponding proposls for more onsistent pproh to the ssessment of seismi intensityF st is proposed to onsider n intensity sle struture relying primrily on the postultion of instrumentl riteriD mking use of eleroE grphi informtionF hese riteri re designed to e )exileD going up to the estimte of intensity s relted to de(nite frequeny nd ndGor diretion of ground motionF he reltionship with mroseisE mi riteri is onsidered tooD nd n inresed degree of detiling is proposedD sed on the fetures epted for instrumentl riteE riF ome questions rised y the lirtion of prmeters onsidE ered in the frme of instrumentl riteri re delt with tooF ostE erthquke survey forms re to e orrespondingly extendedF he estlishing of toint orking qroup @tqA of ig nd ieii is proposed in this view nd spei( tsks of its work re proposedF
DAMAGE SPECTRA AND INTENSITY SPECTRA FOR RECENT VRANCEA EARTHQUAKES  ID 574
H. Sandi, Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Romania I. S. Borcia, INCERC, Romania

he developments presented relyD essentillyD on the expeE riene of the destrutive rne erthquke of IWUUFHQFHR nd of the susequent strong rne erthqukes of IWVTFHVFQHD IWWHFHSFQH nd IWWHFHSFQIF hile (rstD limitedD instrumentl strong motion informtion ws otined for the IWUU eventD rih instrumentl informtion ws t hnd fter the ltter ones

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he experiene referred to rised the prolem of tking into E ount the ft tht it is resonleD even neessryD to onsider the seismi intensity in onnetion with the spetrl fetures of ground motionF o e more spei(D di'erent intensities my e oserved G ssessed for di'erent spetrl ndsF enlytil developments on this sujet were presented on severl osions @see eFgF ndi 8 plorielD II igiiD where severl lterntive intensity mesures sed on instrumentl dt were delt withAF qlol intensities ndD lterntivelyD intensity spetrD ould e determined on this sisF usequently to the IWUU eventD n inEdepth engineering mroE seismi survey ws performed in fuhrest @min golX to provide si dt for relisti mirozontion of the gityAF e min outome of the survey referred to onsisted of the determintion of sttistil dmge spetr for severl res of fuhrestF his put to evideneD in greement with the elerogrphi dt villeD the ft tht the seismi intensity tended to e higher for longer period spetrl nds thn for shorter period onesF he pper presents some of the sttistil dmge spetr reE ferred to ndD for omprisonD intensity spetr @orresponding to lterntive de(nitions of intrumentl dt sed intensitiesA for the se of the IWUU eventF iher homologous dt of this kind re presented nd disussed for the susequent eventsD for whih more reords were t hndF ossile implitions for the development of n up toFdte intensity sleD relying lso @possily minlyA on instrumentl dt nd onsidering intensity estimtes in spetrl terms re presentedF
A NATO PROJECT ON DERIVING IMPROVED (INSTRUMENTAL) CRITERIA FOR SEISMIC INTENSITY ASSESSMENT  ID 581
H. Sandi, Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Romania

CS3
ortugl minlnd nd ezores erhipelgo hve een episodilly su'ered the onsequenes of tstrophi seismi eventsF sn the wdeir sslnds some felt events re lso known ut not rehing high intensitiesF he wellEknown IUSS event nd the IUSU event in the sslnd of F torge in the ezores re very good exmples of the dynmi of the seismiity in the territory of ortuglF he IUSS event foredD more then ny otherD the development of rtionl onsiousness out this phenomen nd the extensive works onerned with it re seen s preursors in the wodern egeF sn this workD n overview of the mroseismi works nd studies developed in ortugl is intendedD s well the stteEofEtheErtF xew methodologies in progress for the integrtion of mroseimi informtion on the seismi dtse re exposedF
USGS "DID YOU FEEL IT?" COMMUNITY INTERNET INTENSITY MAPS  ID 1087
D. Wald, U.S. Geological Survey, United States V. Quitoriano, U.S. Geological Survey, United States J. Dewey, U.S. Geological Survey, United States

e projet referred to s 4unti(tion of erthquke E tion on strutures4 ws initited in the frme of the xey rogrmme 4eurity through iene4F he prtiipting institutions re from omni @oordintionAD ussi nd epuli woldovF he min gol of the projet initited is to develop upEtoEdte instrumentl riteri for the ssessment G qunti(tion of the intenE sity of seismi ground motionD tking into onsidertion the dvnE tges of ury of instrumentl dt @when villeA nd the fst inresing numer of elerogrphsF he min strtpoints of the projet re represented y some nlytil developments on instruE mentl riteriD tht should e etter suited for intensity ssessmentD s well s y the outome of sttistil nlysis of some diret inE strumentl dt @qeD qD qhA nd of some derived prmetersD ginst mroseismi estimtesF he min ojetives proposed initilly re s followsX E de(nition of lterntive riteri for ssessment of seismi intensity on the sis of instrumentl @elerogrphiA dtY E orreltion nlysis of the di'erent de(nitions referred toD dtse of tul strong motion elerogrmsD nd lirtion of spei( prmetersY E reonsidertion of mroseismi intensity ssessment tehniquesD with expliit onsidertion of the spetrl hrteristis of ground motion @ndD onsequentlyD of the dynmi hrteristis of uilding smples representing the sis of postEevent surveysAY E possile reonsidertion of the struture of intensity slesD dopting in the longer term instrumentl riteri s primry riteri nd mroseimi riteri s seondry onesY E de(nition of vulnerility hrteristis for uildings nd other strutures ounting for the spetrl ground motion hrteristisY E experimentl pplition of developmentsF fesides thisD quntittive method of estimtion of seismi e'et on the sis of mroseismi dt is o'eredX wo independent opertors trnsform the (eld of mroseismi prmeters into the (eld of seismi intensity using informtis theory nd hypothesis vlidtionF
OVERVIEW OF MACROSEISMIC ROUTINES IN PORTUGAL  ID 698
P. Alves, Inst. de Meteorologia, IP., Portugal F. Carrilho, Inst. de Meteorologia, IP., Portugal

he FF qeologil urvey gommunity snternet sntensity wp @gsswA is n utomti weEsed system for rpidly generE ting seismi intensity mps sed on shking nd dmge reports olleted from snternet users immeditely following erthqukesF ntil reentlyD the utomti mpping pility hs een restrited to the nited ttes nd FF territoriesY intensity oservtions re groupedD vergedD nd plotted ording to ipEode regionsF e hve implemented this system for interntionl dt olletionD triggered y events of wbSFS or those signi(ntly reportedF e enle users from to selet their ountry nd ity from pullEdown menusF he resolution for utomti intensity ssignment outside of the FF is t the level of individul itiesD whih we olorEode to the gss vlue nd mp s irleF elthough the interntionl gssw hs een ville only reentlyD we hve reeived thousnds of responses for iuropenD efrinD esinD widdle isternD gentrl nd outh emerinD nd grien erthqukesF he interntionl gssw dt rpidly on(rm erthquke ourrene for us t the xtionl irthquke snformtion genterD giving quik indition of the extent nd nture of shking e'etsF hese intensity dt re lso utomtilly used s onstrints in our glol preditive hkewp systemD whih is the hzrd input for our prototype rompt essessment of qlol irthqukes for esponse @eqiA systemF e expet the glol intensity dtse will prove useful for regionl ttenution nd other studiesF e nonetheless see potentil for improving the urrent interntionl gsswF he proedure is strongly onditioned y FF trditions of mroseismi dt interprettionY we envision ollortion with nonEFF mroseismologists to mke the produt more useful in nonEFF ontextsF uestionnires in the ntive lnguge of the soure region would lerly filitte olletion of dt glollyF gssw n e found online t httpXGGerthqukeFusgsFgovF
PROJECT OF RUSSIAN SEISMIC INTENSITY SCALE RIS - 04  ID 1291
F. Aptikaev, Federation I. Y. J. Ananyin, Institute of Physics of the of the Earth, Crust, RAS, RAS, Russian Russian Federation Berzhinsky, Eisenberg, Institute Russian Earth's on Federation Association Earthquake Engineering, Russian Federation O. Erteleva, Federation M. Klyachko, Center of Earthquake Engineering, Russian Federation V. Pavlenov, Institute of the Earth's Crust, RAS, Russian Federation E. Rogozhin, Federation S. Sherman, Institute of the Earth's Crust, RAS, Russian Federation G. Shestoperov, Railway University, Russian Federation Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Russian Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Russian Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Russian

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sn PHHR new ussin seismi intensity sle is developed y (ve reserh institutesF his sle hs oth mroseismi nd instrumentl prtsF he typil errors of previous sles re estimtedF wroseismi sle is sed on response of follow ojet groupsX uildingsD peopleD household rtilesF por these ojets the sttistil properties re determinedF enother group of ojets hs not estimtion of stndrd devition or this vlue is to lrgeF his group ontins networks @wterEsupplyD eletriityD sewge etFAD trnsportE onstrutions nd nturl phenomen on the irth surfeF peil group is seismologil dtX erthquke mgnitudeD fulting typeD distne etween soure nd point of oservtion nd ground ondition t this pointF por the eh ojet group is determined the intensity intervl for lultionF he reltions to estimte men intensity using dt of equl ojets nd di'erent ones re proposedF he errors of results re estimtedF peil ttention is pid to instrumentl prt of seismi intensity sleF st is shown tht mny of suppositions used y developing of instrumentl sles re wrongF smproved empiril reltion intensityGwve prmeters re otinedF he lultions re provided for mplitudes of elertionD veloityD displementD elertion C durtionD seismi wve powerF tndrd devition of log elertion is HFQW deF logF gorreltion oe0ient is aHFVQF eury of pproximtion line is out HFHV deF logF hen durtion of seismi virtions is tken into ountD the oe0ient of orreltion growths up to aHFWHF he sme orreltion oe0ient is etween intensity nd log wve power @aeAF

Poster Presentations
CS4: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling
Level 2
STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF STRONG MOTION RECORD FROM THE 26TH DECEMBER 2003 BAM EARTHQUAKE  ID 14
A. Nicknam, Iran Universiyt of Science and Technology, Iran

(Islamic Republic Of ) A. Yazdani, Iran Universiyt of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Yaghmaei, Iran Universiyt of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

eelertion time historiesD reorded during the destruE tive PTth heemer PHHQ @w TFTA fm erthqukeD hve een simulted using stohsti point soure modeling tehnique proposed y foore @foore IWVQD PHHPAF eording this method simulte fm erthquke in ergh sttion with SP km nd ompre time series nd elertion nd veloity nd displement spetr in simulted nd oserved erthquke nd pereive good greement etween simulted nd oserved erthquke whih on(rm tht seleted soure prmeters were stisftory relileF elso the sensitivity of the qe to the nelsti ttenution ftorD @fAD is studiedF
ENGINEERING SOURCE MECHANISM MODEL FOR SIMULATING STRONG MOTION ACCELEROGRAMS  ID 89
R. N. Iyengar, I.I.Sc, India S. T. G. Raghukanth, I.I.T, India

DAMAGE DESCRIPTION FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT  ID 1419

J. Schwarz, Bauhaus-University Weimar, EDAC, Germany L. Abrahamczyk, Bauhaus-University Weimar, EDAC, Germany M. Leipold, Bauhaus-University Weimar, EDAC, Germany T. M. Swain, Bauhaus-University Weimar, EDAC, Germany

ulnerility funtions re the key elements for relile seismi risk nd loss ssessment studies providing the opportunity to predit the distriution of dmge depending on the severity of shkingF e re(ned desription of dmge grdes whih might e suitle for generl hrmoniztion is given y the iuropen wroseismi le iwEWVF hereinD (ve dmge grdes re distinguished for struturl nd nonEstruturl elements of oth msonry nd g type uildingsF heir respetive de(nitions re to enle resonle distintion etween the dmge sttes nd reltively relile ssignment of glol dmge grdeD hq@iwEWVAF hespite the ft tht the de(nitions of the iwEWV re sed on the results of onduted dmge surveysD the glol dmge grde hq@iwEWVA is not su0ient for the interprettion of oserved dmge ptternsF e further re(nement in the sense of lol dmge grde vhq is desirle nd n e relized y nlytil 4pushEover4 pprohesF esults of these equivlent nonEliner lultions of struturl models re pity urvesF por given level of seismi tion the ssoited dmge pttern n e predited @ssuming tht relisti struturl model is villeAF sn se of g struturesD lol dmge grdes vhq @seprtely for struturl nd nonEstruturl elementsA re derived from the ehvior of oth working mterils @steel nd onreteA within the g frme elements9 plsti(tion zonesD whih re modeled with (er elementsF es wholeD six dmge sttes re required to over the most prole filure typesF por msonry in(ll wlls similr proedure will e ppliedF esults re presented for simpli(ed PhEmodels derived from predominnt uilding types in qermny nd urkeyF sn dditionD it is disussed how these nlytil results nd di'erent levels of dmge desription n e used to derive the most prole vulnerility lss ording to the empiril iwEWV pprohF

pei(tion of relisti ground motion time histories in the ner soure region is prolem of interest in erthquke engineeringF st is reognized tht odeEsed smooth spetrl shpes nd omptile elerogrms do not inorporte sptil vriility rising out of fult orienttionD rupture rndomness nd other prmetersF yur understnding of sfety of strutures ner tive fults my e sensitively dependent upon some of these ftorsF woreoverD nonliner nlysis of strutures demnds ground motion histories tht re not rti(illy (ltered to remove long period omponentsF eville threeEdimensionl seismologil models re displement oriented nd do not esily led to strong motion elerogrms @weA in the ner soureF yn the other hnd methods tht simulte elertion tret the prolem to e oneEdimensionlD ssuming point soureF he present pper ddresses the prolemD in three dimensionsD to propose new engineering soure model for simultion of weF eismologil onepts nd engineering pproximtions re omined to retin ontriutions from ll frequeniesF he trget region is modeled s lyered elsti hlfEspeF he moment (eld on the rupture plne is modeled s produt of spe nd time funtionsF uh deomposle moment (elds for six pst erthqukes re determined y minimizing the men squre errorD using ville reorded we dtF st is found tht the omputed sptil omponent in eh se n e modeled s sttionry rndom (eldF emporl omponents of ll the events re osilltory trnsientsD with typilly similr spetrF istimting elertions t sttions deliertely kept out of the modeling exerise vlidtes the modelF fsed on these resultsD simpli(ed sttistil model is proposed for simultion of weF his n generte smples of relisti elertion time histories ner tive fultsD in urn resD with no reorded pst dtF xumeril results re presented for the uuthD sndi erthquke of PTth tnury PHHID to illustrte the modelF
OCCURRENCE OF VELOCITY PULSES IN NEARSOURCE GROUND MOTIONS  ID 117
I. Iervolino, University of Naples - Stanford University, Italy C. A. Cornell, Stanford University, United States

xerEsoure ground motion reords 'eted y diretivE ity my show unusul fetures in the signl resulting in low

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Poster Presentations
frequeny yle or hlf yle pulses in the veloity timeEhistoryD espeilly in the fultEnorml omponentF uh n e'et uses the seismi demnd for strutures to devite from tht ofD so lled ordinry reordsF his irumstne my e prtiulrly thretening for struturl engineering pplitions if it is not properly ounted forF sn ftD urrent ttenution lws re not le to pture suh e'ets well if t ll nd thereforeD roilisti eismi rzrd enlysis @reA is not le to predit this peulir spetrl shpeF his filure my possily led to n underestimtion ofD in prtiulrD the nonliner demndF eounting for pulseEtype reords in erthquke engineering prtie should e re)eted oth in the re nd in the reord seletion for seismi ssessment of struturesY ll these pplitions require proilisti model for the ourrene of pulseElike reordsF rerein suh model is proposed on n empiril sisY n expertEidenti(ed set of pulseElike fultEnorml ground motions is usedF he independent vriles re hosen from those onsidered y seismologists to 'et the mplitude of diretivity pulsesF sssues relted to the dtsetD explntory power of the proposed model nd its possile implementtions in erformne fsed eismi essessment @feA re lso disussedF
A METHOD TO THE DETERMINATION OF SYNTHETIC INTENSITY MAPS. APPLICATION TO THE MERANO EARTHQUAKE  ID 213
I. Ferrer, Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain E. Faccioli, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

CS4
hrteristisF qmmgrP is relevnt mesure for strength of nonEsttionry hrteristisF hen we disuss the e'ets of epientrl distne nd soil hrteristis on qmmgrPD using ground motion reords of one erthqukeD the y' wiygi erthquke on wy PTthD PHHQ @ww UFHAF qmmgrP tends to e lrger t lowlnds thn t highlndsF he vrine of qmmgrP eomes lrge ording to the epientrl distneF e lso disuss the e'ets of soil hrteristis on qmmgrPD using erthquke ground motion reords of mny erthqukes oserved during IWWTEPHHS in tpnF he reords tht hve strong nonEsttionry hrteristis re more often oserved in the soft soil ground thn in the sti' soil groundF
WAVELET-BASED ANALYTICAL MODEL ACCOUNTING FOR NEAR-FIELD EFFECTS OF VRANCEA EARTHQUAKES  ID 225
A. Zaicenco, Institute of Geophysics and Geology, Moldova,

Republic Of A. Vasile, Institute of Geophysics and Geology, Moldova, Republic Of

he present study dels with method for otining synE theti intensity mps of seismi regionF he method onsists of simulting erthqukes y risd9s @IWWRA methodF sing the fol mehnism solution nd n pproprite soure funtion for the erthquke t studyD y risd lgorithm one n ompute syntheti ground motions @eF gF in terms of veloityA over the entire region of interestF sing orreltion etween pek ground veloity nd mroEseismi intensityD syntheti intensity mp n e onstrutedF en pplition to n erthquke loted on the elps regionD the werno erthquke of tuly IUD PHHI is presentedF pirstlyD three instrumentl reords of the werno erthquke re nlysed ginst pulished soure solution prmeters nd lotionD geologil onditionsD nd site e'etsF eondlyD numeril simultion of the reords hs een rried outF sn this stepD the min di0ulty hs een the srity of dt villeF vol site onditions Etopogrphi nd geotehnilE hve een inluded in the proess y trnsfer funtion omputed s urtely s possile y the ville dtF elsoD simultion of ground motion distriution on regionl sis hs een mde nd the intensity distriution hs een otined s previously desriedD using n empiril orreltion sed on stlin dtF he lst stepD the onstrution of the syntheti intensity mp hs een mde using kriging interpoltionF pinllyD disussion of results followsF
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF NON-STATIONARY CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND MOTION  ID 216
T. Masatsuki, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan F. Sasaki, Tokyo University of Science, Japan Y. Yamamoto, Kajima Corporation, Japan T. Maeda, Waseda University, Japan M. Ohori, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

he si fetures of the nerE(eld erthquke ground motions re short durtionD strong diretivityD nd lowEfrequeny impulsive motion in the veloity timeEhistoryF en nlytil model for the representtion of nerEsoure strong ground motions sed on qor wvelet is pplied to eugust QHD IWVT rne erthqukeF imple physil mening of the input prmeters of the model represents dequtely the impulsive hrter of the nerE(eld reordsD nd suesful simultion of the entire dt set proves the potentil of the method for use in groundEmotion simultionF he modi(ed qor wvelet is ple of pturing the timeEhistory nd response spetr hrteristis of the oherent omponent of the nerE(eld reordsF he inoherent omponent of groundEmotion is simulted with the stohsti pprohD providing good omptiility of the resulted liner nd equlEdutility nonEliner response spetrF
UNIFORM HAZARD SPECTRA  ID 235
S. Stamatovska, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineeriy, Macedonia

irthquke ground motion hs nonEsttionry hrterE istisD whih my depend on mgnitudeD geologyD distneD nd so onF st should 'et responses nd dmges of struturesD howeverD ompred with spetrl mplitude hrteristisD modeling spetrl phse hrteristis for design input motions hs not een studied in detil nd is still hllenging tskF sn order to evlute nonEsttionry hrteristis quntittivelyD we de(ne prmeter @qmmgrPA tht re)ets reltive strength of group dely time on nonEsttionry hrteristisF qmmgrP vries from HFH to IFHF o show the vlidity of qmmgrPD we exmine the fundmentl hrteristis of qmmgrPD using idelized wveformsF qmmgrP is out HFH for sttionry sine wves nd IFH for log sweep wvesD whih hve strong nonEsttionry

he min ojetive of these investigtions is to present methodology for determintion of liner nd nonliner response spetr nd pourier mplitude spetrum with uniform proility of exeedene y using reords of ourred strong erthqukes nd proility pprohF ettenution lws for liner nd nonliner response spetr s well s pourier mplitude spetr hve een de(nedF hey represent empiril funtionl reltionships etween the prmeters of dynmi response of elsti nd elstoEplsti model of single degree of freedom system nd the pourier mplitude spetrum nd the erthquke prmetersF por PQ models of single degree of freedom system with nturl periods rnging etween HFHS nd SFH sD dmping of S7 of the ritilD there hve een de(ned the ttenution lws for horizontl diretion forX pseudo veloity response spetrum in se of n elsti modelY mximum displementD mximum elertion nd dutility ftor in se of elstiEplsti model with vried ultimte strength expressed s equivlent horizontl fore ording to the vlid regultions for seismi design of high rise uildings in wedoniD nd pourier mplitude spetrumF ell the ttenution lws hve een de(ned y using the sme dt nk from reords of ourred erthqukesF he ttenution lws hve een pplied in seismi hzrd nlyses performed for the ity of kopjeF por return periods of WS nd RUS yersD there hve een de(ned uniform hzrdX pseudo veloity liner spetrD nonliner dutility ftor spetrD nd pourier mplitude spetrumF ith thisD the methodologil pproh for de(nition of uniform hzrd spetr hs een veri(edF ueywordsX ttenution lwD response spetrumD elertionD displementD dutility ftorD pourier mplitude spetrumD seismi hzrd nlysisD uniform hzrd spetrF

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TOWARDS THE CHARACTERIZATION OF STRONG GROUND-MOTION IN THE MEXICAN SUBDUCTION ZONE  ID 256
D. Garca, Dpto. Geofsica y Meteorologa, UCM, Spain S. K. Singh, Instituto de Geofsica, UNAM, Mexico M. Herraiz, Dpto. Geofsica y Meteorologa, UCM, Spain

Poster Presentations
nd onsiderle (nnil expenditure ws mde in the quest for urte postEerthquke dmge estimtion in new or existing uildingsF his signi(es the need for n inEdepth study of the interreltion etween the seismi hrteristis nd the degree of dmge uilding su'ers fter n erthqukeD leding to the retion of n urte mthemtil modelF his pper presents methodology for the identi(tion of the interdependeny etween severl intensity prmeters nd the vulE nerility of uildingsF pirstD severl rti(il elerogrms hve een evlutedD omptile with the design spetr of the qreek nE tiseismi ode @ieuAF hey hve een hosen to hve wide rnge of strong motion durtion nd for eh one of them the vlues of pek ground elertion @qeAD spetrl energy @iAD rousner9s speE trl intensity @sA nd eris intensity @esA hve een lultedF xextD nonliner dynmi nlyses hve een onduted to evlute the seismi response of n exmined uildingF he fous is on the wximum snterEtorey hrift tio @wshAD whih hs een hoE sen s glol dmge inditorF sn dditionD severl vulnerility urves hve een lulted sed on the di'erent elerogrmsF he urves hve een derived using pproprite sled elertion timeEhistories in order to inorporte wide rnge of dmge deE grees @from negligile to severeAF pinllyD their interreltions with the seismi intensity prmeters hve een studiedF his proedure hs een pplied on IHEstorey reinfored onrete frme uildingD designed fter the rules of the reent iuroodes @igP nd igVAF he numeril results show tht the strong motion durtion hs poor interreltion with the vulnerility degree of the uildingD in ontrst to the remining exmined seismi intensity prmetersD tht exhiit more notiele reltionF
ALTERNATIVE TERS  ID 404
A. Elenas,

eismi hzrd long the wexin sudution zone is ruled y thrustEfulting interplte erthqukes nd normlEfulting intermediteEdepth @QS`r`ISH kmA insl eventsF sn this study we use n extended dtset omprising more thn RHH reords from RH interplte erthqukes @ww SFHEVFHA to develop strongEmotion equtions for the horizontl omponent of pseudoelertion @eA response spetr @S7 dmpingAD pek ground elertion @qeAD nd pek ground veloity @qAF hese equtions re derived for freeE(eld rok @xir fA sites loted south of the wexin olni feltF e ompre this model with tht proposed for wexin insl erthqukes in previous studyF yur results show lrger mplitudes in the epientrl re from insl events thn from interplte eventsD onsequene of higher stress drops during the former type of erthqukesF hese di'erenes inrese with mgnitude nd frequenyD rehing the lrgest insl events qe vlues lmost three times lrger thn those from interplte onesF et inresing distnesD howeverD the slower dey of thrust events results in expeted motions lrger thn those from insl onesF his ehviour my extend the potentil dmging from interplte erthqukes eyond PHHEPSH kmF he derived reltions improve the seismi hrteriztion of this sudution mrgin nd predit ground motions in resonle greement with studies sed on other sudution zonesF
SEISMIC WAVEFIELD ANALYSIS IN MEXICO CITY USING ACCELEROMETRIC ARRAYS  ID 395
M. Cardenas-Soto, Faculty of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico F. J. Chavez-Garcia, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico

SPECTRAL

INTENSITY

PARAME-

Structural

Mechanics

and

Earthquake

Engineering,

Greece

e hve nlyzed dt from one erthquke @IRFHWFWSY waUFQA reorded y the wexio gity eelerogrphi erry @US sttionsAF e (rst nlyzed the (ltered reords in severl freE queny nds in order to identify the predominnt wvesF henD we used frequenyEwvenumer nlysis @fEkA to determine the veloity nd diretion of propgtion of the reorded wvesF qiven tht we require the signls to e similr mong the sttionsD we ould not use ll sttions togetherD nd divided the sttions into U surrysD for whih ll sttions re loted on similr soil onditions nd dominnt period @HA is lmost onstntF he results show tht H of sur(il ly lyers is limit seprting two period regionsF por periods longer thn HD the wve(eld is omposed of surfe wvesF inergy t periods lrger thn PH is guided y the rustl struture @RH km thikAY phse veloity nd diretion of propgtion for the wve(eld oinide with the fundmentl mode of surfe wves propgting from the epienterF he wve(eld t periods etween H nd PH is guided y the upper PEQ km of volni sediments in entrl wexioF sn this period rngeD the dominnt propgtion mode is still surfe wvesD ut they do no longer ome from the epientrl regionF hese surfe wves pper to hve een di'rted y the southern oundry of the wexin olni feltF por periods smller thn HD ground motion is unorrelted mong the sttionsD nd it eomes impossile to determine dominnt propgtion modeF et these short periodsD response is dominted y the very lol mpli(tion due to the soft soilsF yur results indite tht seismi response of wexio gity results from surfe wves guided y the depth nd intermedite rust struture interting with the very lol response of the soft sur(il ly lyerF
SEISMIC DURATION EFFECTS ON THE VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS  ID 402
N. Nanos, Structural Mechanics, UK A. Elenas, Structural Mechanics & Earthquake Engineering, Greece

V. Bogdanou, Structural Mechanics and Earthquake Engineering, Greece

ostEerthquke dmge estimtion hs eome imporE tnt in the lst dedesY there hs een worldwide interest

his study desries numerilly the interdependeny eE tween spetrl intensity @sA prmeters of seismi exittions nd dmge indiesF s prmeters hve een used othD in their originl nd some modi(ed de(nitionsF edditionl to the spetrl intensitiesD some generl ground motion prmeters re lso used for hrterising the seismi exittionF he s fter rousnerD ridlgoGgloughD upposD wtsumurD xuGrll nd wrtinezEued re evlutedF e modi(ed de(nition of the spetrl intensities is provided through the replement of the pseudoEveloity spetr @originl de(nitionAD with the seismi solute energy spetrF sn dditionD the generl ground motion prmeters suh s the pek ground elertionD the strong motion durtion fter rifunGfrdyD the spetrl seismi input energy nd the spetrl pseudoEelertion hve een lultedF yn the other hndD othD struturl nd nonEstruturl dmges re onsideredD expressed y overll dmge indiesF efter the evlution of the seismi prmetersD nonliner dynmi nlyses re onduted to furnish the dmge sttusF he interreE ltionship etween the seismi prmeters nd the dmge indies is desried y orreltion oe0ientsF his investigtion is rried out for reinfored onrete plne frme system designed fter the iuroodes P nd VF he im is to (nd out the generl nd speE trl hrteristis of the elerogrms tht exhiit the strongest in)uene on struturl nd nonEstruturl dmgesF xumeril results hve shown tht the exmined generl seismi prmeters exhiit ommonly poor or fir orreltion with the dmge indiesD wheres the s prmeters furnish good orreltionF emong the exmined spetrl intensitiesD those de(ned y rousner nd y xuGrll gve the strongest orreltion with the dmge indiesF edditionllyD results hve reveled tht the modi(ed spetrl intensities re suitle lterntive to the originl de(nitionsF ell these results led to onlude tht the spetrl intensities re relile desriptors of the seismi dmge potentilF

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APPLICATION OF TIME-DOMAIN STOCHASTIC MODELLING FOR SEISMIC DESIGN PARAMETERS  ID 416
A. Naiieri, Lar Consulting Engineers, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

CS4
onstrution in nd ner the epientrl zoneF he most importnt popultion re is ehrnD ity of more thn eight million inhiE tntsD lies in the viinity of some mjor tive fultsF nfortuntelyD the sprse strongEmotion dt set presently ville from existing fults in ehrn re mkes estimtion of ground motion during future erthqukes quite hllengeF sn this studyD we simulte time histories t the qreter ehrn ereD for senrio erthqukes long most tive nd hzrdous fults in the eF hree fult plnes ssumed for the simultions re s followF he wosh fult hs length of US km nd width of PU kmD orresponding to n event of w UFRF he xorth ehrn fult hs length of SV km nd width of PP kmD orresponding to n event of w UFPD while the y fult hs length of PW km nd width of IR kmD orresponding to n event of w TFUF sn order to synthesize strong ground motion seismogrmsD we re using the stohsti (niteEfult method of feresnev nd etkinson @IWWUAF he pplied (niteEfult pproh llows one to de(ne independently vriety of rupture senrios on the fult plne y vrying the hypoenter lotionD rupture veloityD fult plne geometryD slip distriution nd stress dropF hereforeD we n rete worstEse senrios for the hosen sitesF imultions re mde for representtive soil pro(les for eh of the sitesD s well s for referene edrok onditions @t the se of the soil pro(leAF e ompre pek horizontl elertion @reA with ttenution lws proposed for the regionF yur results enourge the pplition of the method s supplementry tool for siteEspei( strong ground motion predition in ehrn reF
DEVELOPMENT OF A FUNCTIONAL-FREE GROUND MOTION ATTENUATION RELATION  ID 449
G. Sobhaninejad, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

por res with less reorded elerogrmsD timeEdomin stohsti modelling is used for generting siteEspei( eleroE grms nd pek prmeters suh s pek ground elertionD pek ground veloity nd smoothed elertion response spetrF sn this workD the pplition of timeEdomin stohsti modelling in siteEspei( seismi hzrd ssessment is disussedF st is shownD through prmetri sensitivity nlysisD tht the syntheti response spetr re sensitive to qulity ftor @HA for periods less thn HFS seondsD to kpp for periods less thn out IFH seondsD nd to stress prmeter for the whole period rnge of interest in engineering pplitionD iFeF HFHR to PFS seondsF sn the urrent stteD nerE(eld e'ets suh s rupture diretivity ould not e modelled in this pprohF hiretivity eomes signi(nt for periods lrger thn HFT seondsF rorizontl omponents re synthesized nd vertil omponents ould e lulted using the erGror rtioF he method is silly deterministi pproh to ground motion prmeter estimtionD nd isD ordinglyD pplile to wgi seismi level in designF fy pplying the sme methodD suit of prototype elerogrms ould e synthesizedD whih fter proper sling with proilistilly derived trget spetrD ould e used for design sis nd mximum design levelsD s wellF roweverD in this seD the soureEtoEsite distne is not wellEde(ned prmeterF en pproprite distne ould e otined y tril vlues within IH to QH km of the siteF enother pproh is to use the normlized stohsti spetrum with further sling to mth the design pek ground elertionF
STRONG GROUND MOTION SIMULATION OF 2005 GHESHM ISLAND EARTHQUAKE, SOUTH OF IRAN.  ID 417
H. Ghasemi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Zare, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

en erthquke tht mesured TFP on the ihter le struk the southern order of the srnin territory on xovemer PUD PHHS t IHXPPXIW@gAF he erthquke killed over V nd injured more thn PH peopleF he min shok ws reorded y II eEP elerogrphs instlled y srnin trong wotion xetwork @swxAF sn this study the tohsti piniteEpult method is used to simulte the elertion time historiesF he method generlizes the stohsti ground motion simultion tehniqueD developed for point soureD to the se of (nite fultsD in whih the ground motion mplitudes re simulted s summtion of stohsti point soureF qeometril spreding nd regionl inelsti ttenution re inluded in the model nd the lst one is estimted using nonprmetri pproh sed on the ville elerogrms Fhe strong motion simultions re performed y djusting the suEfult size to lirte the simultion model ginst reorded ground motionsF sn this wy the length of the fult is tken s PS kilometers nd it9s width s IV kilometersD nd the fult plne is divided in to SQ elementsF egrding tht site mpli(tion funtions ply n importnt role in the simultion proessD site spei( mpli(tion funtion is estimted y the horizontl to vertil rtio tehniqueF e quite stisftory greement is found etween the simulted mplitude pourier spetr nd the reorded dt t frequenies of engineering interest @HFIEPH rzA inluding the pility of the method to reprodue the slient ground motion hrteristisF
GENERATION OF NEAR-FIELD GROUND MOTIONS IN TEHRAN FROM FUTURE LARGE EARTHQUAKES IN THE WESTERN ALBOR  ID 448
H. Zafarani, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Noorzad, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) K. Bargi, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he min ojetive of proposing di'erent ttenution lws is to estlish the reltion of ground motion prmeters through investigtion mong seismi dtF fsed on these dt the pproprite semi imperil reltion etween ground motion prmeE ters is estlishedF o the notiele di'erene etween ttenution reltions lies in their funtionl form whih is due to unknown nd omplex orreltion etween the ground motion prmeters nd hrteristis of dt used in estlishing ttenution lwF hese omplexities misled us in estimtion of tul orreltion mong ground motion prmetersF sn this rtile we use qenerlized epproximtor onept y mens of edptiveExetworkEfsed puzzy snferene ystems @expsA to omit prevlent funtionl form of ttenution reltions nd importing hrteristis of dt in lulting ttenution reltionF he edptiveExetworkEfsed puzzy snferene ystems @expsA is used s powerful tool for estimting reltions etween prmeters of ground motionF fy mens of this onept the funtionl form of ttenution lws omitted nd results ompred with other ttenutions reltionsF sn order to improve the rte of exps trining onvergeneD the hyrid lerning rule is usedF he puntionlEpree ttenution reltions for erthquke horizontl nd vertil pek ground elertion re developed for erthqukes in iurope nd widdle ist used y shllow rustl erthqukes with mgnitude wwS nd distne to the surfe projetion of the fult less thn IHH kmF
NEXT GENERATION ATTENUATION (NGA) GROUND MOTION PREDICTION RELATIONS: CAN THEY BE USED IN EUROPE?  ID 458
K. Campbell, EQECAT, Inc., United States Y. Bozorgnia, United States Pacic Earthquake Engineering Research Center,

e lrge erthquke in the estern elorz eismi one @eA is likely to use gret loss of life nd severe dmge to

e re one of (ve tems developing ground motion preE dition @ttenutionA reltions for qe nd spetrl elertion s prt of the ii vifelines xext qenertion ettenution @xqeA rojetF ih tem independently seleted reordings from strongEmotion dtse of worldwide erthqukes from shllow tive tetoni regions developed spei(lly for the projetF es prt of our seletion riteriD we eliminted ftershoks nd poorly reorded erthqukes using sheme tht required smller events to hve lrger numer of reordings thn lrger eventsF his

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resulted in the seletion of ISTI reordings from TR erthqukes with moment mgnitudes @wwA rnging from RFQ to UFW nd rupture distnes @rupA rnging from P to ITS kmF yne of the iggest hllenges ws to develop funtionl form tht ounted for hnge in mgnitude sling round ww TFSEUFH predited y reent wwUFH erthqukes in gliforniD urkeyD iwn nd elsk without prediting extreme overEsturtion of shortEperiod ground motions t lose distnes nd lrge mgnitudesF he uthors were the (rst to propose spet rtio @rupture length divided y rupture widthA s prmeter tht ould ount for this phenomenonY howeverD omprison of spet rtios from the xqe dtse with those of fults modeled y the q indited tht there might e is in the xqe spet rtios or the q soure model tht prevented suh reltionship from eing used in preditive senseF espet rtio will e reonsidered one these disrepnies re resolvedF he (nl deision ws to use triEliner mgnitude sling with slope reks t ww SFS nd TFSF yther prmeters in the model inlude verge QHEm sherEwve veloity @sQHAD sediment depth @oth shllow nd QEh sin e'etsAD hngingEwll e'etsD nd nonliner soil response in terms of sQH nd rok qeF e provide evidene to support use of our xqe ttenution reltions in iuropeF
GROUND MOTION SIMULATION BASED ON WAVELET TRANSFORM AND NEURAL NETWORKS  ID 477
A. Arash Zandieh, university of tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
q vlues of the syntheti wveforms with the oserved intensity vluesF he simulted wws intensities slightly overestimte exept fuhrest pitl ityF
CONCEPT AND PROTOTYPE OF STRONG-MOTION DATABASE FOR SELECTING THE INPUT MOTION IN USE OF THE E-DEFENSE  ID 512
K. Kudo, University of Tokyo, Japan A. Narita, MSS, Japan

sn erthqukeEresistnt design of struturesD for ertin struturl on(gurtions nd onditionsD it is neessry to use elerogrms for dynmi nlysisF eelerogrms re lso needed to simulte the e'ets of erthqukes on uilding struture in the lortoryF e new method of generting rti(il erthquke elerogrms is presented through droit integrtion of wvelets nd neurl networksFwveletsF e ounterpropgtion @gxA neurl network model is developed for generting rti(il elerogrms from ny given spetrl elertion spetrumFsing the spetrum s network input mens n elerogrm my e generted for ny geogrphi lotion regrdless of whether erthquke reords exist for tht prtiulr lotion or notFhe proposed gxEwvelet model is trined using sets of elerogrms nd tested with dditionl sets of elerogrmsFqiven the limited set of trining dtD the result is quite remrkleF
BROADBAND GROUND MOTION SIMULATION OF ROMANIAN EARTHQUAKES USING EMPIRICAL GREENS FUNCTION METHOD  ID 506
N. Poiata, National Center for Seismic Risk Reduction, Romania H. Miyake, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan

his is report on urrent sttus of QEh strongEmotion dtse @whfA for providing the input erthquke motion to the QEh pull le irthquke esting pilityD soElled iEdefense of the xsih in tpnF he whf will lso e useful for vrious studies for seismology nd erthquke engineeringF he si omponents of the dtseD similr to the other dtsesD re onsisted of three tlesY those re erthquke dtD sttion dtD nd wveform dtF e deided to use the wveform dt formt of uExi s uni(ed formt in the dtseD euse the utility softwre for uExi dt nd the dt formt re very fmilir to the users in tpnF he works of dtEregistrtion re still in progressD howeverD strongE nd wekEmotion dt in tpn during IWVUEPHHR s well s most strongEmotion dt in the world hve een inluded in the dtseF he simulted ground motions for the ntiipted erthqukes will e dded s wellF he mjor issue to inlude qD qh nd s for the dtEserh will e the omputtion of veloity nd displements or to (nd lowEfrequeny limit in n integrtion proedureF e hve suessfully tried to determine the uto' frequeny semiEutomtilly ssoited with ttriutes ndGor qulity of dt using the shpe of response spetr nd the empiril reltion of soure proess timeF e emphsized the sheme to serh dt for mny ojetivesF
ANALYSIS OF ACCELEROGRAPH DATA FROM 5.3 MB EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 14, 2005 AT CHAMOLI, INDIA  ID 513
M. Shrikhande, IIT Roorkee, India

e moderte erthquke of mgnitude SFQ @mA struk the xorthern prts of sndi on heemer IRD PHHSF his erthquke hd its epienter loted t @QHFRV iD UWFPS xAD ner ghmoli distrit in lower rimlysF his event ws reorded y V new genertion digitl elerogrphs reently deployed in the regionF en nlysis of the reorded elerogrms is presented in this pper nd the estimted strong motion prmeters re orrelted with the mro erthquke prmeters nd lol onditionsF he implitions of the ground motion hrteristis on the seismi hzrd ssessment in rimlyn region re disussedF
EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF ATTENUATION RELATIONS OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION IN THE ZAGROS AND CENTRAL IRAN  ID 558
A. Mahdavian, Power and Water University of Technology

e simulted rodnd ground motions for the intermediteE depth suduting erthqukes from the rne seismi regionD omniD using the empiril qreen9s funtion methodF he method is for simulting oth highE nd lowEfrequeny ground motions y summing up suevent reords to follow the soure sling nd the omegEsqure spetrl model @srikurD IWVTAF e (rst estimted strong motion genertion re within totl rupture re of the ytoer PUD PHHR moderte erthquke @ww SFVAD y omprison of the syntheti wveforms of displementD veloityD nd elertion with the oserved oneF he stress drop of the re is estimted to e out IH wD whih is similr to tht for the inlnd rustl erthqukesF e then modeled the strong motion genertion re for one of the disstrous erthqukes in omni from wrh RD IWUU @ww UFRAD using the sufult onstruting the soure prmeters of ww SFV erthqukeF o simulte the unique reord t fuhrest pitl ityD the rupture is ssumed to propgte from the northest ottom of the re with SHEw stress dropF yur estimtes support the sizeEdependent stress drop for the intermediteEdepth erthqukes of the rne region in the previous studyF frodnd ground motion simultions re ompred in terms of wws intensity lulted from the qe nd

(PWUT), Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

por speil strutures requiring more thn the use of simE pli(ed seismi design proeduresD forml seismi hzrd nlysis @reA normlly needs to e onduted on the prospetive site efore design eginsF snherent in re re geologiD geophysis nd seismologil investigtions tht provide siteEspei( informtion pertining to the design ground motionF his informtion is required if rigorous dynmi nlysis of the proposed struture is to e performed s prt of the design proessF elthough mny response quntities re usefulD trditionlly pek elertion is most ommonly used in engineering pplitionsF his reserh onsists of introduing the ttenution reltions of horizontl nd vertil elertion developed in this study sed on elerE tion dt reorded in srn nd introdues di'erent ttenution reltions to prepre seismi zontion mp of srnF ite geology in)uenes seismi wve ttenutionF en ttenution expression provides funtionl reltion etween erthquke properties or

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response quntities nd vrious prmeters suh s mgnitudeD soil onditionsD siteEtoEsoure distneD etF feuse of the erthquke hrteristis reorded dtD we divided the ountry into two prtsD suh s gros nd srn minus gros @sEA regionsF he result shows good omprison etween reorded dt with the outputs of the elertion sed on presented ttenution reltions with severl mgnitudesD distnes nd di'erent site onditions for this studyF
SIMULATING ACCELEROGRAMS OF THE ZARAND EARTHQUAKE  ID 575
M. Ashtari Jafari, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. R. Hatami, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

CS4
CALIBRATION OF THE SPECIFIC BARRIER MODEL TO EAST-CENTRAL IRAN EARTHQUAKES  ID 614
M. Mousavi, university of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Noorzad, university of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Zaferani, university of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

yn perury PPD PHHS powerful erthquke hving ww equl TFR used tstrophi dmge in prt of south entrl srn ner ity of uermn nmed rndF he responsile soure for this quke seems to e reverse fult whih its motion type is on(rmed y teleseismi fol mehnism solutions lsoF he erthquke is within series of lrge erthqukes in the sme provine eginning in IWUU nd ontinued y events ourred in IWVID IWWV nd the fm ftl erthquke of PHHQF he point to rememer out itY is existene of reverse motion unlike the strikeEslip motion for the previous reent regionl erthqukesF sn this study we hve used the stohsti (niteEfult tehnique to simulte the rnd erthquke time historiesF hespite the populrity of the point soure modeling whih my e unle to hrterize some fetures of gret erthqukes like soure diretivity nd long durtion this method my not only ontriute to the ove mentioned prolems ut lso to 'et the shpe of spetr of ground motionF he method disretizes the fult plne into smll sufults nd the overll rdition from ll sufults will e enhned t the oservtion sttionF e set of well reorded strong motions round the epienterl re hve een used to (t nd ompre the simulted to the oserved ground reordings nd to otin soure prmetersF nertinty in input prmeters nd e'et of nonlinerity for soil sites is onsideredF esults show to e sensitive to mximum slip veloityD mgnitude nd hypoenter lotionF
SEISMIC GROUND MOTION MODEL WITH FREQUENCY DEPENDENT MODULATING FUNCTIONS  ID 599
C. Arunasis, Trinity College, Ireland B. Biswajit, Trinity College, Ireland

he puity of highEqulity strong motion dt for modE erte nd lrge erthqukes in estEentrl of srn mkes it di0ult to estimte strong ground motion for erthquke engineering purposesF he pei( frrier wodel @fwA whih proposed nd developed y pgeorgiou nd eki @IWVQYIWVSA pplies oth in the 4nerEfult4 nd in the 4frE(eld4 regionD thus llowing for onsistent groundEmotion simultion over the entire frequeny rnge nd for ll distnes of engineering interestF roweverD to predit future erthqukes hrteristis using the fw D it is neessry to lirte the model y well reorded erthqukesF fse on n event y event methodD the model is pplied to set of ville strong motion dtse of estEentrl srn irthqukes Foure prmeters whih ontrol the shpe of soure spetrum Errier intervls nd lol stress drop E re determined s funtion of mgnitude in the region of interestF esults gree well with study y rlldorsson nd pgeorgiou @PHHSA in whih the fw prmeters ws determined for erthqukes of di'erent tetoni regionsF
PREDICTION OF PEAK GROUND VELOCITY FOR EUROPE AND SURROUNDING COUNTRIES  ID 631
S. Akkar, Middle East Technical University, Turkey J. Bommer, Imperial College London, UK

e wvelet sed generlized nonEsttionry seismi ground motion model is proposed in the present studyD where the erthquke is modelled s summtion of mplitude modulted sttionry orthogonl proessesF en exponentil envelope funtion proposed y hinozuk nd to is used in the present study for mplitude modultion of eh orthogonl proessF ih of these proesses in frequeny domin is represented y nd limited frequeny ontentF velet nlysis n identify eh of these proesses y (ltering the orthogonl signlF e wvelet sed timeEfrequeny nlysis is used to evlute the energy ontent of the reorded time history in di'erent frequeny ndsD where the wvelet oe0ients of the reorded elogrm is evluted using modi(ed form of the vittlewoodEley @wvA sis funtionF he wv sis eing ompletely lolized in frequenyD n evluted energy in nonEoverlpping frequeny ndsF he prmeters of the envelope funtion re evluted y minimizing the error etween the growth in temporl energy of the reorded time history nd tht otined from the proposed model in eh frequeny ndsF e lol verging tehnique is dopted to evlute the expeted vlue of the squre of wvelet oe0ientsD where the time window width depends upon the entrl vlue of the orresponding frequeny ndF he proposed model n tke into ount the time vrying frequeny ontent of the ground motionF e sttistil simultion is then performed using reorded time history of ilEgentro ground motion to vlidte the proposed modelF

ek ground veloity @qA hs mny pplitions in erthquke engineeringD eing used in some pprohes for onstruting response spetrD for the seismi nlysis of uried pipelines nd in some methods for the ssessment of liqueftion potentilF eent reserh showed tht q orreltes well with the nonEliner deformtion demndsD vinditing the use of this prmeter s n inditor of dmge potentilF roweverD whilst there re now mny groundEmotion predition equtions for pek ground nd response spetrl elertionsD there re reltively few equtions for qF his hs led to the widespred prtie of sling q from the IEseond spetrl ordinteD whih hs reently een shown to e unrelileF e uniformly proessed groundEmotion dt set from iurope nd djent res ws used to derive new predition equtions for pek ground veloity @qAF he dt set omprises SQP reords from IQQ events with moment mgnitudes rnging etween S ` w ` UFRF he site lsses re divided into Q tegories de(ned y the upper QH m sher wve veloity pro(leF he in)uene of longEperiod (lter utEo' on the lrger nd geometri men horizontl q is lso disussedF he study explored vrious lterntive funtionl forms for the predition of q nd onludes tht the expression with qudrti mgnitude dependene nd mgnitudeEdependent geometri dey est represents the vrition of q within the mgnitude nd distne rnges overed y the dtseF he resulting predition equtions re ompred with previously derived q equtions for iurope nd for the western F igni(nt disrepnies re noted etween the new equtions nd the other expressionsD in prtiulr for lrge mgnitude eventsF his might e ttriuted to the reltively low mplitude ground veloities reorded during the wUFP nd wUFR IWWW urkey erthqukes tht dominte the lrge mgnitude events in the dt setF
ATTENUATION RELATIONS OF STRONG GROUND MOTION IN JAPAN USING SITE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PREDOMINANT PERIOD  ID 683
Y. Fukushima, Ohsaki Research Institute Co., Inc, Japan J. Zhao, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand J. Zhang, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand A. Asano, Shikoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan Y. Ohno, Shikoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan T. Oouchi, Shikoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan

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T. Takahashi, Shikoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan H. Ogawa, Shikoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Japan K. Irikura, Aichi Institute of Technology, Japan P. Somerville, URS Corporatio, United States

Poster Presentations
depth V kmD the minshok triggered out RRI strongEmotion instrumentsA is one of the strongest erthqukes during the lst yersD reorded y lrge numer of strongEmotion deviesF emong the otined reordsD there re mny nerEfult elerogrmsD showing ler evidene of the nonlinerity in the soil responseF sn this studyD nerEfult elerogrms of the minshok of the ghiEghi erthquke t soil sites re simulted @Ih simultionAD nd presumle models of the nonliner soil ehvior re onstrutedD iFeFD stresses nd strins indued in the upper meters of the soil lyers y the strong motion re estimtedF es input signlsD syntheti elerogrmsD lulted y stohsti (niteEfult modeling nd lirted ginst the dt of the ghiEghi erthquke reorded t rok sitesD were tkenF sn reonstruting stresses nd strinsD our previous experiene in studying soil ehvior during the IWWS uoe nd the PHHH ottori erthqukes ws usedF he otined models indited sustntil nonlinerity of the soil response during the ghiEhi erthquke nd llowed us to distinguish the re of strong nonlinerity @where the ontent of nonliner omponents in the soil response exeeds SH7D where the strong motion used hnges in rheologil properties of the upper soft soil lyersD nd spetr of osilltions on the surfe tke the smoothed form lose to i@fA f EkA in the viinity of the fult plneF e de(ned its pproximte size s 1 of the length of the fult plneF ithin this re of 4 strong mnifesttions of soil nonlinerityD the mjority of stndrd omputer progrms of the soil response estimtion would give wrong estimtesD wheresD they re pplile eyond this reF e lso otined similrity in the models of the ehvior of similr soils during di'erent strong erthqukesD inditing the possiility of presting soil ehvior in future erthqukesF
CONSTRUCTION OF 3-D VELOCITY MODEL FOR STRONG GROUND MOTION SIMULATION IN COMPLEX TECTONIC ENVIRONMENT  ID 757
A. Petukhin, Geo-Research Institute, Japan T. Kagawa, Geo-Research Institute, Japan

e spetrl elertion ttenution model for tpn is presented in the present studyF he dt set inludes very lrge numer of strong ground motion reords up to the PHHQ y' okh min nd ftershoksF ite lss termsD insted of individul site orretion termsD re usedF he site lsses of reording sttions re from reent study on site lssi(tion for strongEmotion reording sttions in tpn ording to lssi(tion sheme tht hs een used in tpnese engineering designF he use of site lss terms enles tetoni soureEtype e'ets to e identi(ed nd ounted for in the present modelF he e'ets of fulting mehnism for rustl erthqukes lso re ounted forF por rustl nd interfe erthqukesD simple form of n ttenution model @with respet to distneA is le to pture the min strongEmotion hrteristis nd hieves unised estimtesF por sudution sl eventsD simple distne modi(tion ftor is employed to hieve plusile nd unised preditionsF he e'ets of soure depthD tetoni soure typeD nd fulting mehnism of rustl erthqukes re signi(ntF he need for mgnitudeEsqured terms is evluted nd the use of mgnitudeEsqured terms redues the interEevent error furtherF
STRONG MOTION PREDICTION USING STATISTICAL GREENS FUNCTIONS AND DAMAGE PREDICTION BASED ON NONLINEAR STRUCTURAL MODELS  ID 723
N. Ho, Kyushu University, Japan H. Kawase, Kyushu University, Japan

untittive strong motion predition nd dmge evluE tion of strutures is indispensle for future disster mitigtionF e (rst utilize sttistil qreen9s funtions otined from strong motion dt of uExiD uiuEnetD nd the twe hindoEkei network in tpn to predit strong motions for lrge sudutionEzone erthqukeF o generte sttistil qreen9s funtions we need oth spetrum nd envelope informtionF e hoose to seprte pourier spetr of out ITDHHH reords into soureD pthD nd site ftorsF e lso determine prmeters of the foore9s envelope funtion for ll the elerogrms nd seprte them into soureD pthD nd site ftors s wellF es referene site we use rok site with the surfe Ewve veloity of QFRSkmGsF hen we use srikurEume method of empiril qreen9s funtion to sum up sttistil qreen9s funtions for moderte size erthquke @ wTFSA nd synthesize them to predit strong motions due to the expeted xnki erthquke of wVFHD lrge sudutionEzone erthquke in western tpnF e use the sme soure proess ssumed y ume nd srikur whih hs three segments nd three speritiesF e generte sttistil qreen9s funtions for ll the sites within RHHkm from the soureF he resultnt strong motions show similr qe vlues of empiril reltions nd the lulted seismi intensities show similr vlues s oserved in the previous two eventsF pinlly we input these strong motions to dynmi nonliner struturl modelsF yur nonliner struturl models re unique euse they re multiple models with di'erent strengths with di'erent existene rtiosF prom the theoretil lultions we n determine dmge rtios for di'erent types of uildingF por quntittive predition we determined model prmeters sed on the dmge sttistis in uoe fter the ryogoEken xnu @uoeA erthquke of IWWSF e found tht hevy dmge to strutures n only e found in the nerEsoure regionF
PRESUMABLE MODELS OF THE NONLINEAR SOIL BEHAVIOR IN NEAR-FAULT ZONES DURING THE CHI-CHI EARTHQUAKE  ID 739
O. Pavlenko, Institute of Physics of the Earht, Russian Federation K. L. Wen, Institute of Geophysics, Nation. Taiwan Centr. University,

gonstrution of the QEh veloity models for the strong ground motion genertion in omplex tetoni environmentD iFeF sudution zoneD is di0ult prolemF opulr stnd long methodsD iFeF seismi tomogrphy or the reeiver funtion inversionD su'er from the inversion instilities nd require n intensive onstrining of prmetersF sn this work to onstrut the QEh veloity model in wide reD tht inludes oth the inlnd resD overed y seismometersD nd the o'Eshore resD where seismi oservtions re sreD we generlize di'erent kinds of the ville informtion in the studied regionF he QEh veloity model for the re of the hilippine sudution zone in tpnD ws onstruted from U lyersX @IA surfe lowEveloity lyerD vD @PA upper rustD gD @QA lower rustD vgD @RA mntle wedgeD wD @SA oeni rust lyerD ygD @TA hilippine se slD vfD @UA upper mntleD wF xext dt were usedX the o'Eshore seismi pro(le @vD ygAD the seismiity @gD vfAD the IEh veloity models for the hypoenter determintion @vD gD vg nd wAD the seismi tomogrphy results @vgD vfAD nd the grvity nomly dt @vAF sn order to vlidte the developed veloity modelD we lulted the Ewve trvel times nd ompred them with the oserved timesF everge stndrd devition is smllD round HFQS seY moreover residuls don9t show ny trend with distneF edditionllyD using the ph methodD we synthesized low frequenyD iFeF HFIEHFSrzD wveforms for severl moderte erthqukes nd ompred them with the oserved wveforms t the strong motion sitesF ixept for few limited regions greement is good nd in some ses mth is perfetF herefore we n onlude tht the model is eptle for the simultion of the strong ground motionsF elso it n e used s the initil model for frther tuningD using seismi wveforms for exmpleF
THE EFFECTS OF GEOLOGIC ANISOTROPISM ON THE SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIP  ID 764
Y. W. Chang, NationalCenterforResearchonEarthquakeEngineering, Taiwan W. Y. Jean, NationalCenterforResearchonEarthquakeEngineering,

he ghiEghiD iwnD erthquke @eptemer IWWWD wwaUFTD

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Poster Presentations
Taiwan K. L. Wen, EarthSciencesofNationalCentralUniversity, Taiwan

CS4
dmge to msonry uildingsF hese historil events indite tht oth lol nd distnt erthqukes my 'et rong uongF he likely intensity of ground motions tht n e generted y the historil frE(eld erthquke hs een disussed y the uthor previouslyF he ojetive of the present reserh is to estimte the groundEmotion intensities in rong uong tht n e generted y mjor nerE(eld erthqukesF he estimtion is hieved through series of groundEmotion simultions using hyrid kinemtiEstohsti modelF he unertinties in the rupture proessD suh s rupture diretivityD slip distriutionD presene of speritiesD rupture veloity nd dislotion riseEtimeD re onsidered in the simultionsF e set of representtive ttenution reltionships re derived for struturl design onsidertionF he reltive importne etween these nerE(eld erthqukes @ ` RS kmA nd the frE(eld ones @ b WH kmA is lso disussedF he key ftors exmined re not limited to the pek ground elertions nd veloitiesD ut lso inlude the shpe nd ordintes of the orresponding response spetr nd other speil fetures tht my rise from the rupture mehnism of the erthqukesF
ATTENUATION OF PEAK HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY FROM ITALIAN STRONGMOTION DATA AND COMPARISON WITH PREDICTION EQUATIONS FOR ACTIVE TECTONIC REGIONS  ID 802
G. Lanzo, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy G. Scasserra, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy F. Mollaioli, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy J. Stewart, University of California Los Angeles, United States P. Bazzurro, AIR Worldwide Corporation, United States

he ttenution reltionships n e proilisti desripE tions of the groundEmotion level to e presented s funtion of the erthquke nd site prmetersF sn order to mke good estimte of ground motionD mny prmeters re tken into onsidertion in the ttenution reltionshipsF sn these ttenution reltionshipsD there is degree of stter etween the oservtions nd the vlues lulted y the medin ttenution reltionsF en importnt issue is to (nd some mesurle prmeters or funtions tht n help to redue the unertinty @ndGor isA in the ttenution lwsF he islnd of iwn is loted in omplex junture etween the iursin plte nd hilippine e plte nd in n unstle region etween two sudution systems of opposite polrityF he mjority of the mountin systems nd the min fulting systems re in the northEsouth diretionF eismi energy dissiption in geologi nd tetoni strutures is n issue in ttenution reltionshipF he nisotropism of geology nd tetoni struture ould 'et the ttenution of seismi wve propgtion whih should e tken into ount in the ttenution models of groundEmotionF he dtse from iwn networks of h nd ws is undnt in high qulity strongEmotion dt enough to study the ttenution of wve propgtion on geologi struturesF hese groundEmotion dt suggest tht the wve propgtion diretion my ttriutle to the di'erent from geologil formtionD nd tetoni strutureF ht is signi(nt e'et on the ttenution models of groundEmotionF fsed on the ttenution reltion in iwnD the nlysis results provide the orretion funtions whih re sed on the prmeters of wveEpropgtion diretion for the ttenution formsF here the stndrd devition of the ground motion predition model n e signi(ntly reduedF foth the qe nd the spetrl elertion re studied in this pperF
FROM THE SEISMIC SOURCE TO THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSE: ADVANCED MODELLING BY THE SPECTRAL ELEMENT METHOD  ID 770
M. Stupazzini, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Germany R. Paolucci, Politecnico di Milano, Italy L. Scandella, Politecnico di Milano, Italy M. Vanini, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

he spetrl element method @iwA is powerful numerE il tehnique nturlly suited for seismi wve propgtion nd dynmi soilEstruture intertion @sA nlysesF e lss of iw hs lredy een widely used in the seismologil (eld thnks to its pility of providing high ury nd llowing the implementtion of optimized prllel lgorithmsF e illustrte in this ontriution how the iw n e e'etively used lso for the numeril nlysis of dynmi s prolemsD involving the omined e'ets of the seismi soureD the propgtion pthD omplex geologil site onditionsD nd sptilly extended strutures s wellD suh s ridge or tunnelsF por this purpose we hve mde use of the homin edution wethodD tht we hve implemented in iwD providing some exmples of vlidtionF
GROUND-MOTION ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIPS FOR NEAR-FIELD EARTHQUAKES IN HONG KONG REGION  ID 799
K. Megawati, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

roilisti seismi hzrd nlyses for stly re generE lly performed using empiril ttenution reltionships sed on lol dtses of stlin ndGor iuropen erthqukesD whih re generlly shllow rustl eventsF en lterntive is to use ttenution funtions derived using the worldwide ground motion inventory for tive regionsF en ongoing joint reserh projet etween stlin nd FF reserhers is investigting whether ground motions reorded in stly re signi(ntly di'erent from those in other tive tetoni regionsF sn the pperD we will present dtse onsisting of out SHH elerogrms reorded during IHH stlin erthqukes etween IWUP to PHHI with mgnitudes etween out R nd UF his dtse is unique reltive to previous studies using stlin dt in tht the reords hve een thoroughly reviewed for dt qulity @removing Etrigger reordsD etFA nd uniformly proessed y n experiened seismologist using the i( irthquke ingineering eserh @iiA genter stndrd (ltering proedureF woreoverD uniform formts hve een developed for desriing soure hrteristis @hypoenter lotionD strikeD dipD rkeD nd fult plne dimensionsA nd site hrteristis @surfe geologyD geophysil nd geotehnil dtD s villeAF e ompile pek ground motion prmeters for the reords in the dtse @pek elertion nd veloityAF hose dt re used with pproprite siteD soureD nd pth prmeters to investigte mgnitudeEslingD distneEslingD nd site e'ets for pek elertion nd veloity of the stlin dtF he results re then ompred to mgnitudeD distneD nd site terms from widely used ground motion predition equtions for tive regions to investigte whether sttistilly signi(nt di'erenes re presentF he results will provide insight into whether the stlin dt exhiits distint hrteristis with respet to the trends oserved from tive regions elsewhere in the worldF
STRONG GROUND MOTION MODELING FOR THE AUGUST 30, 1986 VRANCEA (ROMANIA) EARTHQUAKE (MW=7.2)  ID 826
J. Miksat, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany A. Oth, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany V. Sokolov, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany W. Friedemann, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany

rong uong is loted in outhEestern ghinD whih is stle ontinentl intrplte region with moderte seismi tivityF elthough erthqukes hve never used ny dmge to strutures in the modern time of rong uongD two notle destrutive erthqukes hve ourred in the historyF he (rst one ws n erthquke ourring in IVURD long fult ner hngn islndD QH km southest of rong uongF he ground tremors from this nerE(eld erthquke were strongly felt in rong uongD with the reported intensity rnging from to s on the wws sleF he seond event ws n ww UFQ frE(eld erthquke ourring QRH km estEnorthest of rong uongD in IWIVF his erthquke used the strongest tremors ever felt in rong uongD resulting in some

he

intermediteEdepth

@UHEIRH

kmA

erthqukes

ourE

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ring in the rne @omniA seismogeni zone produe signi(nt hzrd to omniF enlysis of the mroseismi nd instrumentl dt from the rne erthqukes reveled severl peulirities of erthquke e'etsX @IA the erthqukes 'et very lrge res with predominnt xiE orienttionY @PA the lol nd regionl geologil onditions n ontrol the mplitudes of erthquke ground motion to lrger degree thn mgnitude or distneF he regionl erthquke ground motion dtse is still lking for reords from lrge eventsF he numeril modeling of strong motions sed on ville informtion n supply the neessry input for seismi hzrd nlysisF e tested three modeling tehniques usingD s n exmpleD the lrge erthquke of wwaUFP @QH eugustD IWVTAF yne of the tehniques uses PFSh piniteEhi'erene @phA method for modeling of wve propgtion from soure to surfeF he tehnique revels in)uene of uried geologil strutures on ground motionY however the frequeny rnge is limited y RFS rzF he empiril qreen9s funtions method is sed on reordings of smll events nd llows generting elertion time series within the frequeny rnge HFSEIS rzF roweverD the tehnique n model ground motions only t sites where enough reords of pproprite smll erthqukes re villeF he third tested method is stohsti simultion sed on empiril models for pourier mplitude spetrF he method n tke into onsidertion site e'ets nd llows lultions for the whole territoryF he disdvntge of the tehnique is simpli(ed desription of the propgtion pth e'etF he pplition of these tehniques for the se of the eugust QHD IWVT event llows @IA to exmine whether the results of the three modeling tehniques re omptile with eh otherD nd @PA to nlyze possiilities for developing of hyrid method for urte predition of strong ground motions from lrge erthqukesF
OVERTURNING MAPS OF A ROCKING RIGID BODY UNDER SCALED STRONG GROUND MOTIONS  ID 861
L. Sorrentino, Universit di Roma "La Sapienza", Italy F. Mollaioli, Universit di Roma "La Sapienza", Italy R. Masiani, Universit di Roma "La Sapienza", Italy

Poster Presentations
trong motions ner soure regions highly depend on the heterogeneity of the soureD nd n pproprite proedure to distriute sperities is neessryF e numer of soure models hve een lredy evluted in reent ouple of dedes sine rrtzell nd reton @IWVQAF fut their soure models re too omplited to diretly pply model for n estimtion of future erthqukesF he informtion ompiled y omerville etF lF @IWWWA re referred to mke soure model s inner soure prmetersF fut the riteri re not sed on physil mnner nd not lwys to produe n optiml solutionF he purpose of this study is to evlute diretly hrterized soure modelD whih is omposed of sperities nd kground region nd useful for predition of erthquke motionsD with oserved wveforms using geneti lgorithmsF his method produes simple models nd the numer of unknown prmeters of this method is less thn the onventionl methodD ut this model nnot solve s liner prolemF ih unknown prmeter is trnsformed to inry nd lloted to vrile geneF fefore pplying oserved dtD we onduted numeril testF his method is useful only less for P speritiesD euse the lultion for more thn Q sperities osts enormous timeF P solutions n e onsidered ginst this prolemF yne is proedure dding sperities one y oneD nd nother one is proedure inresing resolution grdullyF he ltter hs defet to fll into lol minimumF hereforeD we dopt former proedureD nd pplied in the se of the IWWS uoe erthqukeF he solved soure model suessfully reprodues the oserved ground motionsD nd it is similr to the models evluted in previous reserhesF
STRONG GROUND MOTION MODELING FOR THE 2004 FIROOZABAD-KOJOOR EARTHQUAKE, NORTH OF IRAN  ID 895
A. Golara, International earthquake engineering &seismolo, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Hamzehloo, International earthquake engineering &seismolo, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he non liner dynmi response to ground motion of roking rigid ody resting on pln rigid foundtionD representing roksD rheologil elementsD simple rhiteturl omponentsD industril equipmentsD on shelf rteftsD hs drgged gret interest over severl dedesF rt of suh interest is due to the wide stter in the response nd the ourrene of ounterintuitive phenomenF iFgF onsidering one lok overturned y ertin signl no overturning ws t times oserved fter sling up the mplitudeD or sling down the frequenyF sn this pper is studied the response of slender rigid roking lok to set of PH nturl elerogrmsD inluding two pirs of free (eld nd )oor reordingsF ih reording hs oth mplitude nd durtion sled from SH7 to ISH7 of their tul vlueF PHI disrete vlues of mplitude nd durtion re onsideredD thus omputing RHRHI time histories per elerogrm plotted s response mpsF es will e highlightedD this n lso e interpreted s the response of set of sled loks to n unsled signlF sn eh mp overturning is mrkedD s well sD for ollpsed loksD the numer of imptsD roking durtion nd dissipted energyF he oundry etween overturning nd no overturning domins prove to e non smoothD non onneted nd silly frtl likeF woreoverD sometimes the depth of suh oundry is rther limitedD wheres some others is muh deeperF en ttempt to mesure suh di'erenes is mdeD s well s to orrelte them with signl hrteristisD nd to ssess whih more limited numer of non liner nlyses is neessry to getD in sttistil senseD the sme overturning rteF
A WAVEFORM INVERSION FOR CHARACTERIZED SOURCE MODELS USING GENETIC ALGORITHM  ID 887
K. Motoki, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan H. Yamanaka, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan K. Seo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

en erthquke with estimted mgnitude of TFQ hs oE urred in the xorth of ehrn on wy PVD PHHR PXQVXRT qwF he ustive fult for this erthquke wsn9t known extly se on surfe geologil oservtionsF hereforeD we tried to model the rupture proess y onsidering uojoor fult nd xorth elorz fult in this reF eX IA hve studied the strong ground motion dtD whih reorded y fuilding rouse eserh genter strong ground motion networkF PA hve used w`SFH ftershoks tht ourred throughout the re nd not neessrily long the fult to e modeledF QA hve simulted strongEgroundEmotion using empiril green funtion methodF por thisD we generted QH models for eh of these fultsF st is oserved sed on omprison etween oserved nd simulted reords tht the uojoor fult ws the ustive fult for this erthqukeF he omprisons were sed on the ground motion prmeters suh s pek ground elertionD elertion root men squreD durtionD pourier spetr nd pseudoEelertion spetr in ll sttions nd for the three omponentsF st ws identi(ed tht the est (tting rupture models ourred in the viinity of QTFPWox SIFTHPoi with enter of rupture ner IW km with unilterl rupture towrds xorthEestF
MODELING DIRECTIVITY OF STRONG GROUND MOTIONS WITH A KINEMATIC FRACTAL SOURCE MODEL  ID 916
J. Ruiz, IRSN, France D. Baumont, IRSN, France P. Bernard, IPGP, France C. Berge-Thierry, IRSN, France

e present n lterntive kinemti frtl soure model le to simulte rodnd elerogrms with spetrl mplitudes proportionl to frtion of the diretivity oe0ient gd in the frE(eld pproximtionF yur pproh is sed on omposite soure desription where suEevents re generted using frtl distriution of sizesF ih elementry soure is desried s rkEtype slip model growing rdilly from nuletion point when the rupture front rehes itF sn order to etter ontrol

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Poster Presentations
the diretivity e'etD the lotion of the nuletion point for n elementry soure is ssumed to e sleEdependentF por the lrger souresD the nuletion point is loted ner the interept of the rk with the rupture frontD wheres for smller souresD it is rndomly hosen within the rkF por simpliityD we ssumed onstnt rupture veloityF ih suEevent is set up with size dependent riseEtimeD ssuming oxr soure time funtionF he slip veloity is omputed t eh fult mesh y dding the soure time funtion of the soures ontriuting to slip t this lotionF he resulting men slip veloity funtions re very similr to the ones derived from dynmi modelingF qround motion synthetis re omputed y onvolving the slip veloity funtions with the qreen funtionsF e show thtD in the frE(eld pproximtionD eleroE grm spetr follow the wP model with mplitudes ontrolled y the frequenyEdependent diretivity e'etsF sn prtiulrD spetrl mplitudes t highEfrequenies re proportionl to frtion of gdF e re now ttempting to onfront sttistilly these modeling with the spetrl mplitudes of the elerogrms ompiled in dtseF
TORSIONAL GROUND MOTION FEATURES USING DENSE ARRAY DATA  ID 972
G. R. Nouri, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. R. Ghayamghamian, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) R. Foroozan, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

CS4
ANN - BASED ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIP FOR ESTIMATION OF PGA USING INDIAN STRONG MOTION DATA  ID 1132
J. Pathak, Jorhat Engineering Collage, India P. Dilip, IIT, Roorkee, India P. N. Godbole, IIT, Roorkee, India

here re studies ville on the response of strutures due to torsionl omponent of ground motionF he mjority of them re foused on nlytil solutions sed on simpli(ed ssumptions for the torsionl ground motion nd they do not employ the dt otined from rel events euse of the di0ulty in evlution of the torsionl omponentF ine the onventionl instruments re designed to reord the trnsltionl motionsD the torsionl omponent is indiretly estimted from the trnsltionl onesF he rry oservtion is roust tool for this imF sn this pperD the dt from ghi dense rryD loted QHkm est of okyoD re nlyzed to investigte the properties of the torsionl omponent of ground motionF his rry hs een opertionl sine IWVP nd onsists of elerometers sped in the rnge of S to QHH meters from eh otherF ghi rry hs reorded onsiderle mount of dt from mny erthqukes with di'erent spei(tionsF his provides unique opportunity to perform omprehensive study on the hrteristis of torsionl ground motion nd their vritions with the seismologil prmetersF ine the inrese of distne etween the sttions generlly uses the ohereny to e deresedD the torsionl omponent n relily estimted using the dt from n rry of very lose spingF purthermoreD due to higher ohereny vluesD the hrteristis of the torsionl motion n e exmined in roder frequeny ndF st is seen tht the response spetr of torsionl nd trnsltionl omponents re not proportionl to eh other nd their reltion is dependent on the erthquke mgnitude nd the distne etween the elerometersF
DAMAGE POTENTIAL OF THE SEISMIC STRONG MOTION  ID 1022
M. Kostov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria N. Koleva, CLSMEE, Bulgaria

he estimtion of expeted ground motion in terms of pek ground elertion @qeAD pek ground veloity @qA nd S7 dmped spetrl elertion @eA re fundmentl inputs to erthquke hzrd ssessment t spei( siteF en erti(il xeurl xetwork @exxA sed model is developed to predit horizontl pek ground elertion using dt from strongEmotion rrys in sndi for eight erthqukesF exx model is ognitive modelD whih is trined on dt to mke predition nd elimintes the priori ssumption regrding the form of the modelF he knowledge out the ttenution is emedded in the form of weights of the network onnetionsD whih n e relled for future predition on novel dtF he signi(nt ssoition of the dditionl dt re lernt diretly y trining on presented dt set nd reEdevelopment of rigorous mthemtil expression for representing suh ssoitions re not requiredF e new heuristi pproh to trin nd test vrious possile networks is presentedF e detiled prmetri study ws rried out to (nd the optimum on(gurtion of the networks in three phses of triningF erformne test ws done on the residul error y nlyzing their orreltion with distneF e single model ws le to lern the di'erene in ttenution rte in di'erent regionl setting of entrl rimlyn nd xorthEist sndi region resonly well nd gve onsistently etter predition thn the vrious existing empiril ttenution reltions for eight sndin erthqukesF he exx sed model shows etter greement of the predited pek ground elertion with the reorded pek ground elertion ompred to the preditions mde y empiril ttenution reltionships used in sndiF he exx sed pproh for predition of qe provides n lterntive method for developing ttenution model in vrious region of the world y systemtilly utilizing the lrge dt se reorded ll over the worldF
SPECTRAL VARIATIONS OF THE SPECIFIC BARRIER MODEL FROM VARIOUS ISOCHRON AND SUBEVENT DISTRIBUTIONS  ID 1137
B. Halldorsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland A. Papageorgiou, University of Patras, Greece

he presented pper shows some of the reent results for orreltion of omultive solute velosity @geA with the mroE seismi intensityD mgnitude nd distne @ttenution funtionsAF he nlyses re sed minly on iuropen strong motion dtF he proessing is performed seprtely for intermedite depth erthqukes @rne seismi regionAD regionl shllow erthqukes nd moderte lol erthqukesF he results show tht ge orreltes with the intensityD mgnitude nd distne in similr wy s the pek vlues of strong motionF here is signi(nt di'erene of expeted ge from lol erthqukes nd from strong regionl seismi exittionsF he lol erthqukes lthough produing high elertions re developing very smll ge nd respetively smll dmge potentilF he nlyses show tht intermedite depth erthqukes my produe signi(nt ge on very lrge distnesD iFeF my 'et lrge territories nd produe dmge

he pei( frrier wodel @fwA is prtiulr se of omposite seismi soure model ording to whih the seismi moment is distriuted in deterministi mnner on the fult plne on the sis of moment nd re onstrintsF xmelyD in formulting the model it is ssumed tht retngulr fult surfe is omposed of n ggregte of suevents of equl dimeterD the 4rrier intervl4F purthermoreD the suevents re ssumed to rupture rndomly nd sttistilly independent of one nother s the rupture front sweeps the fult plneF he seismi rdition reeived y reording sttion t site depends on the lotion of the sttion reltive to the fult plneD the lotion of rupture initition @hypoenterA nd onset times of the rupturing sueventsF ell the ove ftors re netly tken into ount y the isohronsF purthermoreD the seismi rdition is lso 'eted y the si ssumption of equlEsize suevents of the fwF e therefore investigte the sensitivity of the frE(eld spetr of the fw to the following two ftorsX @IA he distriution of the isohron urves on the fult plneD nd @PA the sizeEdistriutions of the sueventsF e quntify the e'ets nd derive losed form expressions of the frE(eld soure spetrF he e'ets of the former ftor re mnifested minly t the intermedite frequenies while the ltter ftor 'ets primrily the mplitude of the plteu of the high frequeny rdition of elertion spetrF st turns out tht the spetrl mplitude of the high frequeny plteu of the spetr orresponding to di'erent sizeEdistriutions does not di'er signi(ntly from tht of the fw @iFeFD onstnt size sueventsA for onstnt lol stress dropF e onlude thtD despite its simplifying ssumptionsD the fw ppers to e the most simpleD yet e'etiveD

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wy to pture the essentil hrteristis of omposite seismi soureF
ICEARRAY: A NEW SMALL-APERTURE STRONG MOTION ARRAY IN THE SOUTH ICELAND SEISMIC ZONE  ID 1138
B. Halldorsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland R. Sigbjornsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland

Poster Presentations

PROPOSAL OF A SYSTEM OF SPECTRUM INTENSITY SCALES FOR THE SCALING OF NATURAL ACCELEROGRAMS ACCOUNTING FOR HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOUR AND LOCAL SITE CONDITIONS. A NEW SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION ON DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN  ID 1196
J. E. Martinez-Rueda, University of Brighton, UK

he tetonilly unique nd populted outh selnd eismi one @sA hs een the lotion of numerous lrge destrutive erthqukes in the pstF sts pility to produe erthqukes tht my exeed mgnitude UFH is onstnt thret to lifelinesD suh s pipelinesD eletri trnsmission systemsD dms nd ridgesD in the regionF sn terms of erthquke sfety the sptil vriility of erthquke ground motionsD lthough often negleted in design onsidertionsD is of prtiulr importne to suh extended strutures euse it n hve drmti e'ets on their erthquke response nd use dmgeF sn order to relily estimte suh e'etsD sptil vriility models must e developed from dt reorded on dense seismogrph rry in the regionF por tht reson it is proposed to estlish the sgiee networkD new smllEperture strong motion rry of rodEndD wide dynmiErnge elerogrphs in the sF he regionl sptil vriility models developed from dt reorded on the rry will enle the (rst relile ssessment of suh e'ets on lifeline strutures from lrge senrio erthqukes in the sF por the omprehensive nerEfult nd frE(eld simultion of strong motionsD erthquke soures re represented in terms of the pei( frrier wodel @fwAD whih provides the most physilly relistiD yet prsimoniousD desription of fult ruptureF he sptil vriility modelsD long with the novel development of the fw in the ontext of hyrid simultion tehnique will thus produe physilly relisti nd selfEonsistentD rodEnd simultions of sptilly vrile strong ground motionsF he developed models nd tehniques will e esily trnsferle to pplition in other regions in iurope due to the quntittive regionl omprison of erthquke soure sling nd medium hrteristis mde possile with the omprehensive pproh tken in this studyD whih forms new ridge etween seismology nd lifeline erthquke engineeringF
ATTENUATION IN ICELAND OTHER REGIONS  ID 1157 COMPARED WITH

st studies hve reveled good orreltion etween spetrum intensity @sA nd dutility demndF eordinglyD s n e used s n ojetive mesure of instrumentl intensity for erthquke ground motion s e0ient erthqukeEresistnt strutures re expeted to ehve inelstilly under the design erthqukeF he present pper proposes system of spetrum intensity sles of optimum orreltion with dutility demndF he system is sed on n extensive prmetri study on the inelsti seismi response of hyp systems under the tion of worldEwide ensemle of nturl elerogrms of strong ground motionF rmeters ounted for inlude the type of hystereti response @with sti'ness degrdtion vsF without sti'ness degrdtionAD initil sti'ness of the struture @s funtion of yield periodAD the yield strength of the struture @s funtion of the yield seismi oe0ientA nd the lol site onditions @onsidering seprtely nturl elerogrms for rokD sti' soil nd soft soilAF he omintion of the ove prmeters resulted in RSDHHH nonliner timeEhistory nlysesD whih re interpreted initilly in terms of the degree of orreltion etween displement dutility demnd nd the spetrum intensity of the seismi inputF he min results of this study inlude the proposl of system of spetrum intensity sles reommended for erthquke slingD s well sD semiempiril model to estimte dutility demnd s funtion of spetrum intensityD type of hystereti response nd lol site onditionsF st is proposed tht this semiempiril model leds to n lterntive wy of onduting displementEsed designF

SIMPLIFIED ANALYTICAL MODEL QUAKE RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR EARTHQUAKES  ID 1212

J. Snbjornsson, University of Icelan, Iceland S. Olafsson, University of Iceland, Iceland R. Sigbjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland

OF EARTHSTRIKE-SLIP

S. lafsson, University of Iceland, Iceland R. Sigbjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland

he stedily growing numer of reorded elerogrms from vrious regions of the worldD s well s inresed essilityD hve led to improvements in estimtes of premeters in ground motion equtionsF his hs resulted in more werness of possile regionl di'erenes nd etter estimtes of seismiEhzrdF he min ojetive of this work is to ompre strongEmotion estimtion models found in the littertureF ek ground elertion dt otined from dtses for di'erent regions re used to ssess the representtiveness of the models in terms of vlidity nd reliilityF he erthqukes used in the study re grouped ording to soure mehnismD soure depthD tetoni environments nd site onditionsF ht from shllowD strike slipEslip erthqukesD reorded on sti' soil re used s enhmrk for the omprisonF e theoretil ground motion estimtion model is lso outlined in some detils nd thn used in the omprisonF foth horizontl nd vertil omponents of elertion re onsideredF peil onsidertion is given to ner soure dtF ht outside IHH km rdius is not inluded in the studyF hen ompring pek ground elertion @pgA dt from erthqukes with similr mgnitudesD soure mehnism nd rustl depth it is oserved tht the dt from iurope nd xorthEemeri hve higher pg levels thn oserved in selnd orresponding to ftor of pproximtely IFRF his on(ms erlier studies of the elertion dt from selndF he possile resons for this di'erene re exminedF he onlusion is tht the di'erene in elertion levels n e ttriuted to dissimilr tetoni environmentsF

he ojetive of this pper is to develop n nlytil simpli(ed model tht diretly reltes response spetrl ordintes to the siteD pth nd soure prmetersF he pper desries the modelling of erthquke response spetr for shllow strike slip erthqukes in the nerE nd frE(eld nd ssesses the sttistil signi(ne of its (tting to strong motion dtF he dt set 1 pplied inludes strong motion reords from two mgnitude T 2 events tht ourred in the outhEselnd seismi zone in tune PHHHF hose events provided us with dt set onsisting of roughly RU reords otined in the two erthqukesD with epientrl distnes etween S nd ISH km nd hypoentrl depth less thn IH kmF he model of the sdof response spetrum is derived in losed form sed on the frune spetr for the nerE nd the frE(eldD modelling the high frequeny til in oth ses y n exponentil funtionF he losed form solution is found to e dvntgeous in studies on struturl reliility nd riskF he min results re tht the derived models (ts the dt firly well providing residuls omprle to the residuls of models otined y the widely used regression nlysisF purthermoreD the response spetr ttenute with inresing distne more rpidly thn EI where is the distne to ustive fultF he model sed on the frune theory is found to e dequte from n engineering point of view for mny pplitionsF st is lso onsiderly more strightforwrd to pply thn models sed on the rskelEvge theoryD lthough they my give etter (t to the response dtD espeilly in the high frequeny rnge of the response spetrumF

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A HYBRID METHOD FOR SIMULATING STRONG GROUND MOTION RECORDS  ID 1265
E. Ismael, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico L. Esteva, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico

CS4
IDENTIFICATION OF SEISMIC WAVE FIELDS BY PATTERNS IN TIME-DEPENDENT PRINCIPAL CORRELATION AXES  ID 1288
J. Bretschneider, TU Dresden, Germany R. J. Scherer, TU Dresden, Germany

sn order to hve good hrteriztion of the seismi risk for reliility struturl nlysis we need n pproh tht llows us to represent the seismi intensity t given siteF he lk of tul reords is limittion tht we hveD therefore it is neessry to simulte seismi reords speilly those for lrge mgnitudesF here re severl tehniques for getting syntheti reordsF yne of them is the generlized ttenution funtions developed y elmill et l @PHHIA nd the other is the empiril qreen9s funtions y yrdz et l @IWWSAF nfortuntely these methods hve some limittions to e used for reliility nlysisF por exmple in the qreen9s funtions method the unertinty relted to the mgnitude nd distne of the event is not onsideredD nd in the generlized ttenution funtions the site e'ets nd fetures of trjetory re not tken into ountF uh informtion is importnt in order to get the nerest hrteriztion of the seismi risk t siteF o overome these limittions we propose here hyrid method tht tkes dvntge of the ove pprohesF pirst we onsider ll the ville informtion in order to get good hrteriztion of seismi intensityF hen with the tul dt we develop funtions tht desrie the mplitudeD frequenyD e'etive durtion nd the spetrl density whose prmeters re determined in terms of the mgnitude nd distneF hese funtions re lulted for given siteF he ove informtion is used to generte y simultion smll reord @qreen9s funtionA given the mgnitude nd distne of interestD fter tht we n use the empiril qreen9s funtion method in order to otin syntheti elerogrmsF he method is illustrted through n exmple for site loted t soft soil in the lley of wexioF

edequte stohsti seismi lod models should e sed on wve (eldsD s the nonEsttionrity of strong ground motion is used y invrint hrteristis of wve typesD expressed y stle ptterns in the ourse of the Qh prinipl diretion of elertionF hese ptterns re generted y spei( prtile dyEnmis nd sequene of wve (eldsD while their durtionD form nd intensity re miguously in)uened y soureD pth nd site e'etsF he fous is to (nd ptterns whih lerly identify wve (elds signi(nt for struturl response nd n e utilized to nlyse nd model these wve (elds s nonEsttionry modEulesF ispeillyD fst singleEreord inditors re sought for surfe wvesD whih rry hevy risk mostly due to their long durtion nd nrrow spetrum in the response rnge of uildings nd re not properly ddressed in urrent uilding design regultionsF sn mesurementsD generl ptterns re ovious ut not very pronouned s the wve (elds re distriuted over omponents nd strongly overlpF sn order to reeive stle ptternsD the method of timeEdependent prinipl orreltion xes is pplied nd re(nedD whih is le to seprte nd identify wve (elds sed on prtile dynmis nd vrine lssiE(tionF por interprettion of the ptternsD omprtive model of the exittion proess is set up whih is itertively re(nedD strting with unidiretionl oneEphsed rupture nd norml site mpli(tion whih leds to two diret nd one indiret model wve (eldsF he relted IhEmodel ptterns re formulted in generl wy using prmetri shpe funtions whih will e (t to empiril dtF essoited ptterns in orresponding inditors re signi(ntF he extension of the omprtive model to more omplex rupEtureD regionl nd lol wve generting fetures leds to stepwise re(ned ptternsF egreement riteri with the dt model re formulted with respet to lod relevne termsF
STANDING WAVES AND MACROSEISMIC FIELD: EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL EVIDENCES  ID 1289
F. Aptikaev, Federation O. Erteleva, Federation Institute of Physics of the Earth, Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Russian RAS, Russian

COMPUTATION OF SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS OF SOME SIGNIFICANT EGYPTIAN EARTHQUAKES USING THE REFLECTIVITY METHOD  ID 1284
S. Salah El-Hadidy Youssef, National research Institute of Astronomy and Geoph, Egypt

he re)etivity method is one of the mjor methods for the omputtion of theoretil seismogrmsF he re)etivity method for the omputtion of syntheti seismogrmsD s devised y puhs nd wullerD is extended to inlude the elsti trnsmission losses nd time shifts due to stk of lyers on top of the re)eting mediumF he progrm ipisFp y tohim ngerer nd modi(ed y iF ielndt genertes omplete @ody nd surfe wveA syntheti nerEnd fr (eld seismogrms for generlized point soure of frustleEwuller model or n impulse exittion whih is loted within horizontl lyered mediumF ipisFp lultes either displement or veloity or elertionF he soure exittion funtion is implemented in the (rst prt of the progrmD nd my e hngedF eismogrms re represented in ylindril oordinte system with origin t the epienter s three omponentsF he soure mehnism nd its orienttion re desried y the grtesin omponents of the soure moment tensorF yntheti seismogrms of some signi(nt igyptin erthqukes tht hve een ourred in some spei( seismogeni zones hve een lulted using ipisFp softwreF he soure prmeters nd k zimuth of the seleted events were lultedF he fol mehnism solutions of these events were lulted nd the fult prmeters re used to lulte the six moment tensor omponentsF he proper rustl model inluding veloities of nd !wvesD density nd qulity ftors of nd !wvesD is used to lulte the syntheti seismogrm for eh eventF he lulted syntheti seismogrm is ompred with the oserved onesF efter getting good (tting etween oserved nd syntheti onesD the simulted strong ground motion dt is lulted for the mximum expeted erthquke for eh seismogeni zone t di'erent spei( sitesF

he dt on norml )utution of mroseismi (eld ws olletedF por exmpleD during the qoiEelti irthquke IWSUD ws a VFSD so a IPFHD were oserved deresing of seismi intensity down to SESFS t the distnes PHFHD PSFH nd PUFS kmF hen on distnes out SS km intensity grows up to s a IIEIPF xext line of redued intensity is oserved on distnes out US km from rupture line on erth surfeF imilr dt re otined in di'erent ountries y mroseismi nd instrumentl oservtionsF feuse of these phenomen n not e explined y ground onditionD in)uene of stnding wves is supposedF he est results re otined when shortest distnes from rupture surfe re usedF sn the zone of mpli(tion intensity n e even lrger thn in the epienterF here is rhythmi lternte of knot nd loop zones in epientrl reF hen two nerest knot zones nd two loop ones re proessed togetherD one n otin lg a HFQQws!IFRHClg nCEHFISD where is the distne to loop or knotD n is equl to ID PD QD RY even numers orrespond to loops nd odd ones ! to knotsF ytined results re in good greement with theoryF gommon solution of wve eqution for simplest se is e@tDAasin@tCGvAQTHG C sin @tEGvAQTHGD where is disE tneD v ! veloity of wve propgtionD t is timeF his sum desries stnding wvesF st is esy otin the position of knots nd loops long xis X a nlGPDwhere l is wve lengthY even numers n orrespond to loops nd odd ones ! to knotsF

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STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS ACCOUNTING FOR BASINEDGE GENERATED SURFACE WAVES  ID 1368
B. Halldorsson, University of Iceland, Iceland A. Papageorgiou, University of Patras, Greece

Poster Presentations
distneF hese results re then sujeted to omprison with pek ground elertions reorded in the fr (eldF
A ROBUST METHOD TO OBTAIN THE AMPLITUDE MODULATION FUNCTION OF A STRONG MOTION RECORD  ID 1445
C. R. Snchez-Carratal, Technical University of Valencia, Spain I. Ferrer, Technical University of Valencia, Spain

he pei( frrier wodel hs reently een lirted to erthqukes of di'erent tetoni regionsD nd suessfully pplied in modeling erthquke strong ground motionsF he method tht we dopted in synthesizing strong ground motion is referred to in the literture s the tohsti epprohF he wy this pproh hs een implemented y lmost ll investigtors does not ount for the sinEedge generted surfe wvesF hese wves re generted y di'rtion of inoming seismi rdition t the edges of sedimentry sinsF uh wves re usully distintive feture of the motions reorded t sites inside sinsF hey enhne the spetrl mplitudes of the long periods @ P to Q se nd longerA nd they prolong the durtion of motionF e expnd the pilities of the tohsti epproh to ount for sinEedge generted surfe wvesF he dtse tht we use to lirte our method onsists of ground motions reorded t sttions loted in the vos engeles @veA fsinF hese motions were generted y erthquke events tht ourred outside the ve fsin @IWSP uern gountyD IWUI n pernndoD IWWP vndersD nd IWWR xorthridgeD erthqukesAF e onsider lso the motions of the IWUW smperil lley erthqukeF he ltter were generted y n erthquke fult inside sinF he simultion tehnique tht we use is sed on the physis of surfe wve propgtion nd thus ounts for dispersionF his in turn renders the simulted timeEseries nonEsttionry @evolutionryA with respet to their frequeny ontentF pinllyD we explore how our physilly sed tehnique reltes to other phenomenologil simultion tehniques of nonEsttionry proesses proposed y engineersF
MODELLING DIRECTIVITY EFFECTS OF THE OCTOBER 31, 2002 (MW=5.7), MOLISE, SOUTHERN ITALY, EARTHQUAKE.  ID 1424
G. Franceschina, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy F. Pacor, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy G. Cultrera, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Emolo, Universit degli Studi "Federico II", Italy F. Gallovic, Charles University, Czech Republic

essuming tht n erthquke is dequtely represented s uniformly modulted nonEsttionry rndom proessD n mplitude modultion or intensity funtion tht models the evolution of the energy ontent over time n e de(nedF sn this pper roust method to (t presried theoretil mplitude modultion funtion to strong motion reord is presentedF king into ount the nonEsttionry nture of rel erthqukesD it is evident tht the ext intensity funtion nnot e otined from single reordD s the proess is not ergodiF snsted of itD the ommon prtil pproh onsists of serhing rther smooth funtion tht is t lest ple of desriing the most importnt fetures of the reord in reltion to the energy ontent evolutionF he intensity funtion of uniformly modulted nonEsttionry rndom proess n e shown to e normlized version of the stndrd devition funtion of the proessF sn the limiting se of nonEsttionry proess with time independent verges @iFeFD sttionry proessAD the intensity funtion eomes onstntF st is shown here tht the vlue of this onstnt n e diretly lulted from the erthquke reord y lest squre proedure if the stndrd devition of the underlying sttionry proess is set equl to unityF ixtending this property to the generl se of uniformly modulted nonEsttionry proessD it is suggested tht nonliner lest squre proedure ould lso e used to (t presried deterministi intensity funtion to strong motion reordF he wy to hek the goodness of the (tting is sed on lulting the orresponding underlying sttionry signl nd then verifying its sttionrityF en error prmeter is proposed to ssess the (tting nd to ompre the results otined with di'erent intensity funtionsF pinllyD the method is pplied to some reent erthqukes using di'erent theoretil mplitude modultion funtionsF
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE ACCELEROGRAMS USING WAVELET S  ID 1555
A. Arash Zandieh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

eelertion time series reorded y the stlin trong wotion xetwork @exA during the ytoer QID PHHP @wwaSFUAD wolise erthqukeD re employed in order to investigte soure e'ets on the ground motion in the epientrl reF e onsider two di'erent seismogeni souresX fult model inferred from inversion of teleseismiD regionl nd lol seismi signls @lle nd hi vuioD PHHSAD nd fult model sed on seismotetoni dt @nnoli nd fsiliD PHHSD personl ommunitionAF foth soure studies suggest deep lotion of the erthquke fult plne @rnging from TFH to PHFI km nd from IPFH to IWFW kmD respetivelyAD howeverD with onsiderly di'erent fult lengths @SFP nd IHFS kmD respetivelyAD nd widths @IRFP nd V kmD respetivelyAF hue to these di'erenesD only the seond model llows for e'etive horizontl unilterl rupture propgtionF pinite fult e'ets re modelled y the heterministiEtohsti wethod @hwA of or et lF@PHHSAD ssuming kEsqure model for the slip distriutions on the fultsF e simulte the ytoer QID PHHP erthquke onsideringX IA lle nd hi vuio @PHHSA fult with ilterl rupture propgtionD nd PA nnoli nd fsili @PHHSA fult with oth ilterl nd unilterl diretions of the rupture propgtionF he spetrl ttenution is modelled using regionl estimte of the qulity ftor @gstro et lFDPHHRA nd k vlues estimted from elertion reordsF gomprison etween syntheti nd reorded dt t nery sttions @epientrl distnes less then SH kmA suggests tht unilterl rupture propgtion explins etter the oserved ground shking in terms of frequeny ontent nd pek ground motionF essuming the soure model with unilterl rupture propgtionD we utilize oth symptoti nd full wve (eld methods in order to simulte ground shking for severl slip senrios t regulr grid extending up to IHH km epientrl

sn dynmi nlysis of strutures it is neessry to use elerogrmsF eelerogrms re lso needed for lortory simultionsF his pper desries proedure tht utilize the wvelet pket deomposition of reorded elerogrms nd relte the evluted oe0ients to energy input in di'erent frequeny ndsF hese energy input time histories re relted y neurl networks to physil prmeters of erthquke ground motionX moment mgnitude @wwAD losest distne to fult rupture @A nd soil ondition @AF purthermoreD proedure to simulte erthquke ground elertions y wvelet pket inverse trnsform is developed whih perseveres the trget timeEfrequeny hrteristis of existing ground motion reordsF he goodness of simultion proedure re evluted y severl tests the result is quite remrkleF
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE GROUND DAMAGES AT GERACE DURING THE CALABRIAN SEISMIC EVENTS IN 1783  ID 1568
A. Costanzo, University of Calabria, Italy F. Silvestri, University of Calabria, Italy

qere is loted on li' @out RVHm FsFlFAD hrterE ized y ontinuous erosion proesses 'eting the slope instility of the vlley ordersF he upper prt of the li' of qere is formed y sl onstitutedD in sequeneD y lrenites @with thikness of UHmAD lyey mrls @WHmAD snd @QHmAF his sl )ots

176

Poster Presentations
on thik lyer of vrioloured ly @more then PHHmAF ine S perury up to PV wrh IUVQ (ve strong erthqukes ourred in glriF huring suh seismi sequeneD qere represented n nomlyY while the seismi epientres shifted northwrdsD the site showed ground dmgesF por eh eventD the distriution of mroseismi intensity nd environmentl dmges permitted to srie the genertion of the min events to di'erent seismogeni zonesD showing intertions mong themF hi'erent ssumptions were formulted in literture on the soure lotion for the (rst erthqukeD ttriuted either to gittnov or to qioiuro pultsF he ltter unertinty indued the uthors to ompre the two hypotheses ssuming oth mroseismi9 nd seismogeni9 pprohY on the sis of the ground motion prmetersD estimted ording to di'erent ttenution lwsD seismi reords were seleted nd syntheti elerogrms generted s input motionsF he seismi response of the vertil long the town entre ws simulted y oneEdimensionl nd twoEdimensionl nlysesF he results of Ih nlyses permitted to ssess the results otined y the di'erent lultion methodsD wheres the omprison etween Ih nd Ph modelling showed the e'ets of the impedne ontrst etween ly nd lrenites omined with the topogrphy onesF he sher strins generted y the erthqukes within the ly deposit trespssed the volumetri threshold strinD induing pore pressure uildup whih dissipted very slowlyF hese results hve then justi(ed the ourrene of umulted lrge deformtions due to slidingD following the whole seismi sequeneD reported y the hronilesF
GROUND MOTION ATTENUATION, EXTREMES AND PERCEPTIBILITY HAZARD OF ACCELERATION, VELOCITY AND MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY IN BULGARIA AND THE BROAD BALKAN REGION  ID 1661
J. Bayliss, University of East Anglia, UK P. Burton, University of East Anglia, UK M. H. El Naggar, University of Western Ontario, Canada N. Akhtar, NWFP UET, Pakistan

CS4

he preditive reltionships for ek ground displement @qhA re fr less ommon thn those for pek ground elertion @qeA nd pek ground veloity @qAF uite few reltionships re developed for qh sed on iuropen erthqukes whih rry quite huge stndrd devitions for the simplisti ttenution models onsidered in their developmentF sn this study preditive reltionship for qh is developed sed on QSV reords from RP iuropen erthqukes proessed y tFtF fommer using erti(il xeurl xetworkF he surfe mgnitude @wsAD distne of site from surfe projetion of the rupture @AD nd the rod tegories of soil type @soft soilD sti' soilD nd rok formtionA re the three input prmetersF he ws rnges from SFS to UFWD nd rnges from Q um to PTH umF he tehnique used for funtion mpping is the peed forwrd vevenergEwrqurdt k propgtion lgorithmF US7 of the totl dt @PTV erthquke reordsA re used to trin the modelD while remining PS7 of the totl dt @WH erthquke reordsA re used to test the performne of the trined neurl networkF he ttenution urves re ompred with the fommer tF @PHHPAF he stndrd devitions oth for trining nd testing dt re omprtively lower iFeF PTFT7F
EFFECTS OF VERTICAL COMPONENT OF NEAR FAULT GROUND MOTIONS ON SEISMIC RESPONSE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES  ID 1677
Z. Yilmaz, University of California Davis, United States E. Erduran, University of California Davis, United States S. Kunnath, University of California Davis, United States R. Chai, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS, United States N. Abrahamson, University of California Davis, United States

unowledge of ground motions resulting from lrge erthE qukes onstitutes primry onern for modern engineering seismologyD due to their potentilly destrutive e'ets on urn entres nd infrstruturesF unowing hrteristis of pek elertionsD veloities nd mroseismi intensities site my experiene enles engineers to on(dently design strutures to withstnd suh extreme erthquke lodingsF por fulgri nd its surrounding re @s well s key urn rE es within the regionAD ground motion hzrd ssessment hs een undertken using new erthquke tlogueF eleted ground E elertion nd veloity ttenution reltions hve een pplied in omintion with qumel9s (rst symptoti extreme distriutionD to otin estimtes for pek ground elertions nd veloitiesF hese forests re ssoited to return periods of SHD IHH nd PHH yers @notionlly eSHD eIHHD ePHH nd SHD IHHD PHHA nd re mxiE mums expeted in the time intervl spei(edF enlysis is extended y pplying reltions for mroseismi inE tensity ttenution nd epientrl intensity to develop the onept of erthquke pereptiility in terms of intensityD ground elertion nd veloityF ht isD the proility site pereives ground shking of t lest ground motion prmeter rising from n erthquke of mgnitude wF istimtes for the most pereptile erthquke mgE nitudes t intensities sD ss nd sssD ground elertions of HFPgD HFQg nd HFRg nd ground veloities of IHmGsD PHmGs nd QHmGs re lso otinedF he results for ground motion nd pereptiility forests re ontoured using moving ell9 pproh ross the full region with ells pled t hlf degree intervls of ltitude nd longitudeF gondiE tions forest estimtes for the pitlD o(D of eSHaTImGsGs nd VSmGsGs @withGwithout depth ontrol respetivelyAF wgnitude pereptiility estimtes re w@eaHFPgAaTFHVD w@eaHFQgAaTFQPD w@eaHFRgAaTFSTF
PREDICTIVE RELATIONSHIP FOR PEAK GROUND DISPLACEMENT FOR EUROPE: ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH  ID 1676
A. Irshad, NWFP UET, Pakistan

ypillyD vertil omponent of the ground motion is not onsidered properly in seismi designD ut in some ses the vertil omponent n hve signi(nt e'et on struturl responseF e systemti study to investigte the e'ets of vertil elertion on the overll response of typil highwy ridges is underwyF he ojetive of this study is to determine wht onditions led to the vertil omponent hving signi(nt e'et on the horizontl response of ridge olumnsF he ses for whih vertil omponent hd signi(nt e'et on the horizontl response nnot e predetermined from simple hrteristis of the vertil ground motion suh s response spetrl vlues or pek ground motion vluesF hetiled phsing of vertil nd horizontl time series re ssessed to determine wht onditions use the oserved lrge di'erenes of struturl responses with nd without the vertil omponentF xonliner simultion models of existing ridges designed to gevex spei(tions re sujeted to ground motions seleted from the iixqe dtseF he simultions re rried out in two stgesX t (rstD only horizontl omponents of the motion will e ppliedY while in the seond stge oth horizontl nd vertil omponents will e pplied simultneouslyF smportnt response mesures will e monitored to gin n insight into the e'ets of vertil elertion on the inelsti response of the ridge struturesF enlytil simultions will provide sis for investigting fetures of the ground motion tht most signi(ntly ontriute to dverse e'ets from vertil elertionsF gontinuing studies will ddress how often these onditions hppen during erthqukes for use in hzrd nlysesF his will llow designers to determine when they need to inlude vertil omponent in their struturl nlysesF pindings from the study will provide the sis for developing revised guidelines to ddress vertil ground motion e'ets in the seismi design of highwy ridgesF
VRANCEA SEISMIC SOURCE CALIBRATION USING A SMALL-APERTURE ARRAY  ID 1712
E. Popescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania M. Popa, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. O. Placinta, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania I. A. Moldovan, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania M. Radulian, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

177

CS4
e smllEperture seismi rry @feA ws instlled in IWWW in the northern prt of the omnin territory @fuovin reAF ine thenD the rry hs een in opertion under joint oopertion progrmme etween omni nd eF he rry onsists of IH sttions instlled in oreholes @nine short period instruments nd one rodnd instrumentA with enough high sensitivity to properly detet erthqukes generted in rne surustl domin @t out PSH km epientrl distneA with mgnitude ww ove QF yur min purpose is to investigte nd lirte the soure prmeters of the rne intermediteEdepth erthqukes using spei( rry tehniques nd dt provided y feF pifty erthqukes with mgnitudes etween PFW nd TFH were seletedD inluding the reent events of eptemer PUD PHHR @RSFUHoxD PTFRSoiD h a ITT kmD ww a RFUAD ytoer PUD PHHR @RSFVRoxD PTFTQoiD h a IHS kmD ww a TFHA D wy IRD PHHS @RSFTToxD PTFSPoiD h a IRT kmD ww a SFIAD tune IVD PHHS @RSFTWoxD PTFTWoiD h a IRW kmD ww a RFVAD nd heemer IQD PHHS @RSFUPoxD PTFTSoiD h a IRR kmD ww a SFIAD whih re the est ever reorded erthqukes on the omnin territoryF impiril qreen9s funtion deonvolution nd spetrl rtio methods re pplied for pirs of olloted events with similr fol mehnismF tility tests re performed for the retrieved soure time funtion using the rry elementsF impiril sling nd lirtion reltionships re lso determinedF yur study shows the pility of the fe rry to determine the soure prmeters of the rne intermediteEdepth erthqukes s stnd lone sttion nd demonstrtes tht the reordings of this rry provides relile nd useful tools to e0iently onstrin the soure prmeters nd onsequently soure sling propertiesF
HIGH-FREQUENCY SPECTRAL SHAPE OF ACCELERATION DATA RECORDED IN CASE OF VRANCEA (ROMANIA) INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH EARTHQUAKES  ID 1713
M. Radulian, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania E. Popescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. O. Placinta, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania M. Popa, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania I. A. Moldovan, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania B. Grecu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

Poster Presentations
ttenution of the most industril nd populted regions of stly evluting in prtiulr the pility of di'erent pprohes to estimte site dependent modelsF he dt set inludes PRQ erthqukes @wl PFSESFPA reorded from heemer PHHP to ytoer PHHSF impiril ttenution reltionships hve een estimted for qrD qreD qrh nd e for periods etween HFI nd PFI seF o estimte suitle ttenution modelsD in prtiulr for sites hrterized y thik sedimentry oversD the disrimintion of sites sed on iV soil lsses leds to wrong evlutionsF yn the ontrryD site oe0ients estimted through n mient noise nlysis @xrA llow the models to (t etter rel nd predited dt nd to redue the unertinties of the proessF por eh reeiver xr hve een strengthened y dditionl rG spetrl rtio of erthquke dt @irAD lulted onsidering di'erent portions of the signlsF e further test hs een performed in order to ompre the pility of lssil methods used to estimte site dependent model to tht of n lterntive pprohD tested for the re of interestD sed on the introdution of the reElulted sttion mgnitudes @without onsidering sttion orretionsA in the soure term of the ttenution modelsF por mgnitudes nd distnes of our dt setD the trend in the vritions of oodEenderson mplitudes n e relted to di'erent lol site onditionsF uh n pprohD even if it provides models stritly preditive for sites where reeivers re instlledD llows oth to (t etter rel nd predited dt nd to improve the stndrd devitions @up to PR7D PV7 nd QI7 for qreD qr nd qrhAF sn prtiulr for eD this pproh ould represent tool to forest ground motions for sites where lrge di'erene etween oserved nd predited peks hs een veri(edF
DYNAMIC STRESS CHANGES DURING THE 2000 TOTTORI-KEN-SEIBU EARTHQUAKE INFERRED FROM STRONG MOTION DATA  ID 1747
H. Taniyama, Saitama University, Japan

e set of ISH smllEtoElrge erthqukes @IHIP` wH `IHPI xmA ourred in the rne @omniA seismogeni zone is onsidered in order to nlyze the prmeters whih ontrol the highEfrequeny dey of elertionsF o this imD lrge mount of new nd highEqulity erthquke dt is onsideredF st inludes multiple reordings reently otined through the progress of seismi networks on the omnin territory within the oopertion progrmme with the niversity of urlsruhe @qermnyAX gollortive eserh gentre RTI progrmme @fonjer et lFD PHHHA nd temporry experimentsD suh s tomogrphy exE periment gevsy9WW @enzel et lFD IWWWA nd urn seismology experiment @itter et lFD PHHSAF he two reltive methods re pplied to pirs of olloted events nd similr fol mehnismD in order to inspet the soure nd sling properties over the seismi tive depth domin generting rne strong events @THEIVH kmAF es our study showsD the highEfrequeny dey proess is ontrolled nd depends on distneD erthquke mgnitude nd site e'etsF ossile di'erenes in the spetrl hrteristis in reltion with rne suduted lithosphere segments re lso nlyzed in orreltion with the reent geodynmi modelling of the regionF
SITE CLASSIFICATION ASSESSMENT FOR ESTIMATING EMPIRICAL ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIPS: THE CASE OF NORTH-CENTRAL ITALY REGIONS.  ID 1719
M. Massa, INGV, Italy S. Marzorati, INGV, Italy E. D'Alema, INGV, Italy D. Di Giacomo, INGV, Italy P. Augliera, INGV, Italy

hynmi sher stress hnges during the PHHH ottoriE kenEseiu erthquke re exminedF e ssume tht the erthquke hd single vertil fult plne nd the fult plne is divided into TH sufults @PFPSkm long nd PFPSkm wideAF tress on sufults is ssumed to hnge t ertin time intervlsF qround motions due to stress hnge on eh of the sufults re lulted y phw nd they re used to ompute syntheti wveformsF ime histories of sher stress hnge on the sufults re determined y wveform inversion using strong motion seismogrms reorded t V sttions ner the hypoenterF he oserved nd syntheti wveforms re ndpss (ltered etween HFIrz nd IFHrzF o stilize the inversionD we dd smoothing onstrints on the sptioEtemporl stress distriution nd the positivity onstrint on slipF he result shows tht stress hnge in the strike diretion is dominntF st is lso oserved tht lrge stress drop ours in the upper entrl prt of the fultF xegtive stress drop is oserved t the x nd i sides of the fult t depths etween S nd IHkmF he stress drop nd fult slip distriutions otined in this study generlly gree with those otined from kinemti models @swt nd ekiguhiD PHHPY hlguer et lFD PHHPAF he stress hnge histories in the high stress drop zones show predominntly monotoni stress dropF
GROUND MOTION SIMULATION IN THE GRENOBLE BASIN USING EMPIRICAL AND NUMERICAL GREEN'S FUNCTIONS  ID 1758
M. Causse, LGIT, France E. Chaljub, LGIT, France F. Cotton, LGIT, France

he im of this work is to investigte the ground motion

he ility of the empiril qreen9s funtions @iqpsA method to simulte ground motionD inluding site e'etsD is now well estlishedF xevertheless it remins often di0ult to ssess the lowEfrequeny prt of the ground motion @`HFSEI rzAD owing to the d signlEtoEnoise rtio of the iqpsF herefore we propose to omine the iqps method with Qh spetrl elements methodF pirst we rete syntheti qreen9s funtion y summing oth empiril nd numeril qreen9s funtions in the temporl dominF eond we simulte ground motion with kinemti iqps

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Poster Presentations
pprohF he kinemti model is de(ned with @IA modi(ed kP slip model D tking into ount the reent knowledge otined through kinemti inversion models @wi et lFD PHHRY wnighetti et lFD PHHSAD @PA irulr rupture front propgting t onstnt veloityD @QA soureEtime funtion omptile with erthquke dynmis @inti et lFD PHHSA on eh sufultF e use this method to simulte rodnd @HERH rzA groundEmotion time histories in the qrenole sin for potentil w SFS erthquke on the felledonne fultF
SYNTHESIS STRONG GROUND MOTION ESTIMATED BY USING EMPIRICAL GREEN FUNCTION FOR TEHRAN REGION  ID 1792
M. Famili, Azad University(Noshahr-Chalus Branch), Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Mahdavian, Shahid Abbas-Pour University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

CS4
et lF @PHHIA seems to underestimte the ground motion for this regionF
EVALUATION OF 3D VELOCITY STRUCTURE MODELS OF MARMARA BASED ON FDM SIMULATION OF GROUND MOTION FROM MW 4.1 EVENT  ID 1872
G. Birgoren, Bogazici University, KOERI, Turkey

ehrn ere is loted t the foot slope re of the elE orz wountinsF his zone is one of high seismi potentil with mny peulir tive fultsF he urn re of ehrn hs een developed on lluvil lyersF eording to historil seismi dtD this ity hs su'ered severl strong erthqukesF eismologists predited strong erthquke will e hppen in ehrn in the ner futureF he ity hs not experiened tstrophi erthquke sine IVQHF he ek qround eelertion ws lulted more thn HFRg for ehrnD due to the hppened erthquke in VSS yF st hs lso een suggested tht this my hve ourred t the outhGxorth y fult loted in the sought of ehrnF eelertion time history of future erthquke n simulte y severl methodsF sn this study oserved erthquke motion modeled y the onvolution of slip distriution in time nd spe domin s the fult surfe nd the response of mterils in propgtion pss for unit slip @qreen9s pxgsyxAF st is sed on using smll event insted of theoretil one to lulte lrge event long the fults round ehrnF pinlly the wveform of the senrio erthquke ws synthesized y using impiril qreen9s puntionF
ATTENUATION MODELS FOR HAZARD STUDIES IN WESTERN IBERIA  ID 1801
S. Vilanova, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal J. Fonseca, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal C. Oliveira, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal

igni(nt dmge to strutures nd loss of life in sstnE ul metropolitn re during the IWWW uoeli irthquke reveled the neessity of muh detiled nlyses of seismi hzrd for future lrge erthqukeF hevelopment of the three dimentionl veloity model tht is ple of urtely simulting the e'et of deep nd shllow sediments on ground motion from fult system nery the ity is key issue to ssess the ground motion expeted in the ity of sstnulF sn this studyD reent investigtions of the susurfe geologil struture in istern wrmrD inludingD tomogrphi inversion resultsD orehole informtion nd mirotremor results were ompiled nd rough Qh veloity model ws onstruted y liner interpoltionF he model oupies volume of IPHxTHQHkm with grid sping of HFSkm in horizontl nd vertil diretionsD exept the res underlin y thik uternry sediments where the shllow sher wve veloities re s low s RHHmGsF sn those regions vertil grid sping ws hosen s HFISkm down to depth of HFTHkmF he simultion ws omplished y (nite di'erene method using stggered grids with vrile sping in the vertil diretionF gpity of the model ws judged y ompring reordedGsimulted ground motion veloities from wwXRFI event reorded t VT sttions in sstnulF reliminry results indite tht the oth mplitude nd phse of the oserved wveforms n e suessfully simulted up to HFSrz prtiulrly t the entrl nd northestern prt of the ityF yverll fetures of the wveforms reorded t sttions overlin y deep sedimentsD where the shllow sher wve veloities re well designted t northwestern prt of the ityD were ught y the modelF hi0ulties to mth the simultedGoserved ground motion t prtiulr sites might rise from the unertinty in the veloity model nd unertinty in fol mehnism solution of the eventF
DOMINANT PERIODS OF LONG-PERIOD STRONG GROUND MOTION IN KANTO BASIN OBTAINED BY H/V SPECTRAL RATIOS OF SEISMIC RECORDS  ID 1950
H. Cruz, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico T. Furumura, ERI, University of Tokyo, Japan F. J. Chavez-Garcia, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico

es in most moderte seismiity regionsD the ground moE tion dtse for ortugl is omposed of low mgnitude events t short to medium distnes nd moderte mgnitude events t medium to lrge distnesF roweverD either from historil ounts @eFgF the vison IUSS erthqukeA or from pleoseismologil studies @ilri nd vower gus lley fultsA regionl potentil to generte lrge to very lrge mgnitude erthqukes is in generl reognizedF estern seri is region of on)uene of distint rust types E oeniD stle ontinentl nd tive ontinentl E nd it is not ler whih ground motion models re most suitle for hzrd studiesF he emrseys et lF @IWWTA modelD widely used in iuropen seismi hzrd studiesD ws empirilly derived using dt from tive iurope nd widdle istF ettenution reltions for stle ontinentl regionsD like the models of etkinson nd foore @IWWUA nd oro et lF @IWWUA for gentrl nd istern xorth emeriD re usully sed on stohsti simulted dtF qround motion models hve ritil in)uene on seismi hzrdX for ortuglD the mximum qe vlues for RUS yers of return period re HFHVgD HFISg nd HFPRg using the three ttenution models ited ove @ilnovD PHHRAF sn this work n e'ort is mde towrds the hrteriztion of ground motion ttenution in estern seri y using oth the ville ground motion dt nd mrosseismi dt onverted to ground motion prmeters through empiri modelsF gontrry to wht would e inferred from the riteri of tohnston @IWVWAD our results do not suggest tht the ttenution in the tive region @the ezoresEqirltr plte oundry of seriA is higher thn in the stle rustF he emrseys et lF @IWWTA ttenution model used in the hzrd studies of timenez

eently severl ig erthqukes hrterized y longE period strong ground motion hve ourred in tpn nd hve shken unto sin onsiderlyF his mke possile the exittion of its deep strutureD nd dominnt periods n e determined y nlyzing ground motion reords of sttions @uEnetD usuEnet nd uEnetA instlled widely on its surfeF wo erthqukes were nlyzedX xiigtEken ghuetsu erthquke @wj TFVD ytF PQD PHHRY predominnt period V sA nd uiihnto xnto yki erthquke @wj UFRD epF SD PHHRY IP sAY totl of SPR seismi sttions for ghuetsu erthqukeD nd QQH for uiihnto erthquke were usedF hominnt periods were otined t eh sttion y using IA veloity response spetr for S 7 dmping @A in period nd etween HFP to RH sD nd PA rG spetrl rtios @AF do not show ny pek t periods longer thn V s during the ghuetsu erthqukeD while doF por uiihnto erthqukeD peks gree well for spetr determined y oth tehniquesD even for periods longer thn V sF st ws lso oserved tht in spite of di'erenes in pourier spetr due to oth erthqukesD give the sme dominnt period @within PH7A t the sme sttion regrdless of the predominnt period of the input motionF he reson is tht depend minly on the predominnt period of input motionD while depend on the response of the sin itselfF hereforeD dominnt periods t eh sttion were tken from due to its stilityF hominnt periods in unto sin rnge from Q to round IQ sD nd they show liner reltion with the thikness of sediments

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otined y previous re)etionGrefrtion surveysF hominnt periods re importnt for design struture purposes nd site e'et evlutionF

Poster Presentations
ES 3b: Structural Engineering - Bridges
Level-1
SOME PECULIARITIES OF BRIDGES PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGNING (PBD)  ID 33

ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIPS IN NORTH WESTERN ITALY CALIBRATED USING WEAK MOTION DATA  ID 1989
S. Barani, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy D. Bindi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy G. Ferretti, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy D. Spallarossa, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy

I. Kuznetsova, Petersburg Transport University, Russian Federation

e present ground motion models lirted for xorth estern stly using wek motion dt reorded y the xs seismi network mnged y the niversity of qeno @httpXGG wwwFdipterisFunigeFitGgeo(siAF e onsider more thn IVHHH wveforms relevnt to QRQ erthqukes reorded y IW sttionsF he present study onsider the erthqukes tht ourred etween tnury IWWV nd epril PHHT in the xorth estern elps nd in the xorthern epennines etween RQFT xERSFV xD nd UFH iEIHFS iF he ground motion models re derived for pek ground veloity @qAD pek ground elertion @qeAD nd spetrl elertion @eAD using stndrd dmping of S7 t IR frequenies etween HFS nd PS rzF he ttenution reltionships re derived for oth the lrger horizontl omponent nd the vertil oneD in the lol mgnitude rnge PFIESFI nd for hypoentrl distne up to PWH kmF e used the rndom e'et model @eFgFD erhmson nd oungsD IWWPY toyner nd fooreD IWWQA to estimte the omponent of vrine relted to the erthqukeEtoEerthqukeD sttionEtoEsttion nd reordEtoEreord vriilityF he interEsttion distriution of error is used to investigte the presene of signi(nt site e'etsD tht hve een heked independently using the site trnsfer funtions otined y pplying the generlized inversion tehnique @gstro et lFD IWWHAF pinllyD the onsidered dt set is used to evlute the goodnessEofE(t of regionl ttenution reltionships previously derived for di'erent res in stly @eFgFD mriEwrhe nd woliseAD y pplying the mximum likelihood pproh proposed y herum et lF @PHHRAF

xow ll over the world performne sed designing @fhA is eoming the min method in the ridge erthquke engineeringF roweverD up to now mny importnt questions of fh re not quite lerF ome of them re onsidered in the pperF istimting the level of design seismi input is determinnt for struture designingF por fh it is neessry to set numer of suh levelsD two t lestD iFeF those of operting sis erthquke @yfiA nd mximl design erthqukes @whiAF he levels of these lods depend on the struture responsiilityD whih is set without ny quntittive estimtionF e o'er n ojetive riterion of ridges responsiilityD determined y ourrene proility of the moile lod on the ridgeF istimting omintions ftors for seismi nd moile lods for long ridges lultion is espeilly importntF st is given in the pperF he ridge design digrm depends onD whether resistne fores in movle erings nd the rodwy re overome under seismi lodingsF sn roller nd setor erings frition fores re lwys overome nd in )t nd tngentil erings re not overome for yfiF sn the letter se the ridge is the united frme systemF sn other ses the nlysis of the ridge ehvior is neessryF sn ridges lulting it is importnt to tke into ount freeErunning piers exittionF his e'et is onsidered in the pperF fesides lulting ridges stility nd durilityD fh demnds n dditionl nlysis of two limiting onditionsX spns downfll nd trin rshF o nlyze these limiting onditionsD kynemi ridge lultion for whi nd lultions of the ridge trk nd rollingEstok oth for the yfi nd whi re neessryF hey re nlysed in the pperF he uthor thnks professor eFwFzdin for his help in the workF
SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS FOR THE GIRDER BRIDGES WITH HIGH PIERS  ID 145
K. Wang, Research Institute of Highway, China Q. Li, Research Institute of Highway, China

CHARACTERISATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE USING MULTI-DEGREE OF FREEDOM INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA  ID 2073
S. Wilkinson, University of Newcastle, UK R. Hiley, University of Newcastle, UK

his pper presents the results of response history nlyE ses of multiEstorey frmed uildingsF egulr strutures were nlysed nd the e'ets of numer of storiesD periodY nd dutility were investigtedF he results re presented in the form of multiEdegree of freedom inelsti response spetr @wsAF hese spetr give insight into oth the ehviour of strutures nd the hrteristis of erthqukes tht signi(ntly 'et their destrutive pityF he model usedD onsiders oth mteril nd geometri nonElineritiesF snelsti ehviour of the struture ws inorE ported y using n extended perfetly elstiD perfetly plsti moment rottion reltionship in the emsD t the emEtoEolumn onnetionsF he elstoEplsti model ws extended y introduing n ultimte filure stteF hile the plsti deformtion is less thn ritil vlueD onnetion ehves rigidlyGplstillyD s soon s the ritil vlue is rehed the onnetion filsD tht isD it loses ny pity to trnsmit momentY it eomes pinned9F ithin the onstrints of the modelling ssumptionsD ws re elieved to e useful wy of determining ehviour ftors for exploring the limittions of hp spetrl methodsF

et presentD reserhes out the design nd onstrution of the ridges with high piers pper more nd more in ghinF sn this pperD seismi responses of two prestressed reinfored onrete ridges with high piers were nlyzedF yne is ontinuousErigid girder ridge nd is omposed of four spnsD whih re @TSCPIISCTSA meters longD nd the height of the three piers is WRmD TVmD QVm respetivelyF he other is rigid girder ridge nd is omposed of three spnsD whih re @WRCIUHCWRA meters longD nd the height of the two piers is WSFSmD SQFSm respetivelyF hynmi nlysis for oth of them used widely in ridges with high piers will diret the seismi design of suh ridgesF hynmi hrteristis of the strutures whih 'et the dynmi response diretly were nlyzed nd the hrters of suh ridges were onluded (rstY nd then spetrum response method nd timeEhistory nlysis were dopted to lulte the dynmi responseD the results in the longitudinl nd trnsverse diretion were ompred in detilD t the sme timeD the in)uene of the pileEsoil tion were disussedF
TWO DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF SEMI-INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGE UNDER NEAR FAULT EARTHQUAKE LOAD  ID 148
S. Nayeri, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Barghian, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Yousefzadeh, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) J. Safadoust, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

fridges form importnt link in the trnsporttion system of ountry Ffridges re lso onsidered to e strutures of post erthquke importne euse of their need for emergeny responseD relief nd rehilittion mesuresF st is known from

180

Poster Presentations
experiene tht ridges re vulnerle to erthquke dmgeF hus the sfety nd protetion of ridges in erthquke is utmost importntF here re numer of ridges whih re designed ording to old odes wheres reent seismi provisions were not developedF uh ridges re mostly found de(ient nd my need seismi retro(ttingF he ourrene of lrge erthqukes lose to fult is inevitle nd one kind of ridges tht needs more investigtion is semiEintegrl ridgeF his pper presents results of twoEdimensionl nonliner nlysis of semiEintegrl utment ridges under ner fult erthquke lodE ingF he nlyses were performed on nonliner dynmi (nite eleE ment@piA model using the omputer progrm vesF pour erthE quke elertion reords with vrious mplitudes of veloity pulses were used s input ground motions in the nlysesF esults of the nlyses indite tht the input motions with strong veloity pulses my use exessive displements of the ridge superstruture nd utmentsF he ojetive of this reserh is to investigte the reE sponse of the ridge to ner (eld erthquke loding tking into ount the soilEstruture intertion e'etsFhe present reserh investigte the response of the ridge due to ner(eld erthquke loding tking into ount the soil struture intertion e'etsF ueywordsX emiEsntegrl utment ridgeY oilEstruture intertionY hynmi nlysisY xer fult ground motionF
EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEW PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE UNDER VARIOUS EXCITATION  ID 149
Y. Zaslavsky, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel I. M. Minkin, 2Yaron-Shimoni-Shacham consulting engineers LTD, Israel Rabonovich, 2Yaron-Shimoni-Shacham consulting engineers LTD, Israel N. Perelman, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel J. Safadoust, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 3b
M. Yousefzadeh, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he integrlEutment ridge @sefA onept ws develE oped t lest s fr k s the IWQHs to solve longEterm struturl prolems suh s erings nd expnsion joints whih re frgile elements nd represent the wekest links in ridge struturesF yne of the min fetures of these ridges is the ontinuous nd integrl onnetion of the ridge dek with utmentsD eliminting the need for expnsion jointsD thus improving esthetisD inresing durility s well s reduing mintenne requirementsF sntegrl ridges hve een studied during lst dedes nd in design odesD they hve een pid less ttention to the seismi tretment of these ridgesF herefore D in mny wys integrl ridges re ig hllenge to the struturl designer nd t present must e onsidered s the (nl frontier for smll nd medium length ridgesF st utilizes geosyntheti tensile reinforement @likely geogrids or geotextiles A to rete mehnilly stilized erth @wiA mss within the retined soil djent to eh utmentF he nlyses were performed on nonliner dynmi (nite element@piA model using the omputer progrm vesF wo erthquke elertion reords with vrious mplitudes of veloity pulses were used s input ground motions in the nlysesF he ojetive of this reserh is to investigte the response of the ridge to ner (eld erthquke loding tking into ount the soilEstruture intertion e'ets etween utment nd the geosyntheti tensile reinforement kE(ll systemsF he present study hs een limited to symmetril integrl ridges with no skew nd the utments re supported y driven pilesF e (xed onnetion is ssumed etween the pilesF ueywordsX sntegrl utment ridgeY oilEstruture intertionY hynmi nlysisY xer fult ground motionY geosyntheti tensile reinforement kE(ll systemsF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR BRIDGES  ID 262 OF JOINTLESS LINK SLAB

ufr hniel snterhnge fridge of the grossEssrel righE wy hs the following feturesX overll ridge lengths out IVHmY IVFPSm uniform widthY T spns with length in the rnge of PUFHEQWFT mY horizontl highwy lignment E uniform rdius urveD TUS mY the ridge superstruture is hollow onrete stEinEsitu slD IFSm thikD with longitudinl nd trnsverse prestressingF he present work is foused primrily on determintion of the ridge dynmi hrteristis in the vertil diretionF o determine virtion modl shpesD the vertil virtion of the dek ws monitored t IP lotions long its lengthF orsion tests were inluded y pling seismometers on opposite sides of the dekF e rried out dynmi response tests for vrious mens of exittionX pssge of four xleD hevy truk trveling t onstnt speed of WH kmGhrY impt of hevy truk rossing ord nd the e'et of rupt rkingY impt y dynmi soure onsisting of trukE mountedD dropEweight striking vertilly low mplitude virtions produed y mient exittionsF wo torsionl nturl frequenies nd the (rst (ve )exurl nturl frequenies of the ridge virtions in the vertil diretion were identi(edF o otin theoretil nturl frequeniesD the entire struture ws simulted in (nite elements model utilizing shell nd em elementsF he omprison etween numeril nd experimentl results showed very good greementF hynmi hrteristis experimentlly otined y spetrl nlysis tehniques re useful for omprison with results of future periodi testsF epeted mesurements my e used to detet hnges in the dynmi properties of the struture whihD in turnD indite hnges of the struturl ondition nd potentil defetsF st should e noted tht dynmi prmeters otined from vertil virtion of ridge re not signi(ntly in)uened y vrious environmentl e'ets suh s hnges in temperture or soil onditions inluding ground wter level hngesF
THE PERFORMANCE OF INTEGRAL-ABUTMENT BRIDGES AND THE GEOSYNTHETIC TENSILE REINFORCEMENT BACK-FILL  ID 152
S. Nayeri, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Barghian, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

A. Vasseghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Nateghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Pournadaf Haghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

righwy ridges re frequently onstruted s simple spn strutures with prestressed onrete girders nd stEinEple onrete dek spnning from one pier or ent to notherF et eh end of simpleEspn dek joint is provided for dek movement due to tempertureD shrinkgeD nd reepF fridge dek joints re expensive nd pose mny prolems with regrd to ridge mintenneF ilimintion of dek joints t support of multispn ridges hs een the sujet of reent studiesF eserh y gner nd i @IWWVA led to development of design onept nd design pproh for jointless ridges where the lotions for expnsion joints re repled with ontinuous link slsF purther study of n instrumented link sl ridge indited proper performne of suh ridges under servie loding onditionsF his pper presents the results of n nlytil study on seismi ehvior nd response of two spn ridges onneted y link slsF hree dimensionl (nite element nlyses of stright nd skew ridges with skew ngles vrying from H to TH degrees is used for this studyF foth liner time history nd response spetrum nlyses method were rried out to investigte the response of ridgesF he response of link sl ridges re ompred with tht of simply supported ridges with n expnsion jointF he results of nlyses re lso ompred with iuroode9s seismi design requirementsF
CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES IN SEISMIC ID 267
G. Shestoperov, Moscow

CONTINUOUS GIRDER REGIONS OF RUSSIA 

State

Railway

University,

Russian

Federation E. Balutchic, Scientic Research Institute of Transport Constru, Russian Federation V. Seliverstov, Giprotransmost Joint Stock Co., Russian Federation V. Stepanov, Giprotransmost Joint Stock Co., Russian Federation

181

ES 3b
xormlly the ridges of ontinuous system re dopted for onstrution of ridge rossings over the lrge riversD viduts nd town overpsses with typil spn rnge from VH to ISHmF uperstrutures re uilt of prestressed onreteD steel or omposite @steelGonreteA hving n overll length of ontinuous system within the limit of IHHHmF he pper overs speil struturl solutions of piers with height of up to UHmD seismi deEviesD inluding dmpers nd some other ridge elements in seismi regions of ussiF wethEods for nlyzing ridge strutures when sujeted to erthquke lodsD seismologil works t ridge onstrution sites nd methods of qulity ontrol of onstrution works re presented lsoF ixmples of uilt strutures in xorthern guuses nd ieri re givenF
STOCHASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE OF THE HUMBER SUSPENSION BRIDGE TO SPATIALLY VARYING GROUND MOTIONS  ID 300
S. Adanur, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey K. Soyluk, Gazi University, Turkey A. Bayraktar, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey A. A. Dumanoglu, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

Poster Presentations
ility of restriners to resist the high demnds generted y nerEfult erthquke motionsF hereforeD the im of this study is to investigte the dvntges tht le restriners provide to improve the performne of isolted urved viduts sujeted to strong erthquke exittionsF por this purposeD seismi responses re lulted on threeEdimensionl nonEliner ridge model using n nlytil method sed on the elstoEplsti (nite displement dynmi response nlysisD onsidering oth geometri nd mteril nonElineritiesF en innovtive triliner nlytil model of the isoltors hs shown its ility to urtely represent the ering ehviour t high strinsF purthermoreD the unseting prevention restriners re iEdiretionlly modeled to simulte yielding nd filure of the leF he lulted results hve shown tht dequte le restriners re le to minimize the possiility of dek unsetingD eliminting pounding nd residul joint seprtion dmgesF he investigtion results provide su0ient evidene nd exellent sement to ensure the pproprite seletion of le restriners ording to hrteristis of the isoltion systemF
ESTIMATION OF MAXIMUM IMPACT FORCE ON NATURAL RUBBER DURING COLLISION OF TWO STEEL BARS  ID 488
Y. Kajita, Kyushu Univ., Japan T. Kitahara, Kanto Gakuin Univ., Japan Y. Nishimoto, Shibata Industrial Co. Ltd., Japan H. Otsuka, Kyushu Univ., Japan

sn this pperD omprehensive investigtion of the stohsti response of he rumer uspension fridge in rumerside in inglnd sujeted to sptilly vrying ground motions is performedF he sptilly vriility of ground motions is onsidered with inohereneD wveEpssge nd siteEresponse e'etsF he importne of the siteEresponse e'etD whih rises from the di'erene in the lol soil onditions t di'erent support points of the strutureD is investigted prtiulrlyF piltered white noise @pxA ground motion model modi(ed y glough nd enzien is used s ground motionF pirmD medium nd soft soil types re used for n exmple ridge nd the (lter prmeters for these soil types proposed y her uiureghin nd xeuenhofer re utilizedF he inoherene e'et is exmined y tking into ount rrihndrn nd nmrke modelF he wveEpssge e'et is investigted y using RHHmGs wve veloity for soft soilD UHHmGs wve veloity for medium soil nd IHHHmGs wve veloity for (rm soilF he rumer uspension fridge onnets the towers of ressle nd frton ross the rumer istury upstrem from rullF st hs inlined hngers nd its min spn of IRIHmD with side spns of PVHm nd SQHm on ressle nd frton sidesD respetivelyF wen of mximum nd vrine response vlues otined from the sptilly vrying ground motions re ompred with those of the speilised ses of the ground motion modelF st is pointed out tht eh omponent of the sptilly vrying ground motion model hs importnt e'ets on the dynmi ehviour of the strutureF hereforeD to e more relisti in lulting the ridge responsesD the vriility of the ground motions should e inorported in the nlysis of suspension ridgesF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CURVED VIADUCTS WITH UNSEATING PREVENTION CABLE RESTRAINERS  ID 353
F. D. Ruiz Julian, Hokkaido University, Japan T. Hayashikawa, Hokkaido University, Japan

sn the tpnese pei(tions for righwy fridgesD shok soring ruers for ridge restriner system re requiredF he design lod of shok soring ruers is set to e IFS times s the weight of girderF roweverD it hs een lri(ed tht the mximum impt lod depends strongly on the ollision veloity of two odiesF hereforeD we were rried out ollision tests etween two steel solid rs using new experimentl pprtus in order to investigte the reltionship etween the mximum impt fore nd the ollision veloityF his new pprtus n levitte steel r y using ompressed ir so tht there is little frition etween steel r nd guide ril ginst the horizontl movementF e nme this pprtus s fritionless impt testing pprtusF he steel r hs IHHHmm longD PHHmm wideD PHHmm high nd out QFHkx weight nd the thikness of shok soring ruers rnges from IHmm to RHmm nd the ollision veloity rnges from HFPmGse to IFQmGse on S stgesF e mke n estimted formul of the mximum impt fore on nturl ruer during the ollision on the sis of the test results nd we lso rry out some simultion nlyses in order to on(rm the vlidity of the proposl formulF prom the test resultsD it is found tht the mximum impt fore is proportionte to the squre of the ollision veloity nd the redued mss of two steel rsF woreoverD from the simultion nlysesD it is on(rmed tht the mximum impt fore is proportionte to the squre of the ollision veloityY however it is di0ult to estimte the mximum impt fore euse it is hrd to express the strin rte e'et of the nturl ruer ppropritelyF
SEISMIC RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF CABLESTAYED BRIDGE CONSIDERING ENTIRE-BRIDGE SYSTEM  ID 491
A. Furukawa, Kyushu University, Japan H. Otsuka, Kyushu University, Japan Y. Suzuki, CTI Engineering, Japan T. Betsumiya, Kyushu University, Japan

he widely reognized suseptiility to seismi dmge of horizontlly urved highwy viduts is sustntilly mpli(ed with the rupture of ontinuity of the superstruture t expnsion jointsF he inresing need for sfer ridges hs stimulted the doption of ommon protetion strtegy onsisting in the replement of the vulnerle steel ering supports with seismi isoltion deviesF woreoverD isolted viduts n e seismilly upgrded through the instlltion of le restriners tht provide onnetion etween djent spnsF hile the e'ets of le restriners re well understood for stright ridgesD it is not ler how e'etive this unseting prevention mesure is for isolted urved ridgesF his is due to the onsiderle omplexity ssoited with seismilly indued joint movementsD whih my our in oth tngentil nd rdil diretionsF sn dditionD the urrent design methodologyD sed on stti nlysis proeduresD is not le to ensure the

trutures ontin lot of unertin ftorsD suh s vriE tions in mteril nd geometril hrteristisF eliility nlysis evluting vritions in struturl performne used y these vrious vrition ftors is therefore very importntF st is lso meningful to nlyze seismi reliility of the entire system if the strutures re lrgeEsled showing omplex ehvior during erthqukesF his study onduted the reliility nlysis of leEstyed ridge nd evluted its seismi performne using dmge indies whih ount for @A mximun deformtionY @A umultive dmgeY @A oth mximum deformtion nd umultive dmgeF pirstD the struturl reliility onsidering unertin

182

Poster Presentations
mteril hrteristis ws nlyzed using the entire ridge system nd its single pier modelD nd the results were ompredF xextD the sensitivities etween struturl properties nd dmge indies were exminedF pinllyD reliility nlysis onsidering unertin input ground motions ws exminedF he tpnese design spei(tion for highwy ridges de(nes the design erthquke motion s elertion response spetrD nd there re in(nite numers of wveforms whih meet the sme designed spetr with di'erent phse hrteristisF hereforeD wonte grlo simultions using simulted erthquke motionsD whih hs the sme elertion response spetr nd di'erent phse hrteristisD were ondutedF he di'erene in struturl dmge indies ws found to e due to the di'erene in nonEsttionrity of input ground motions through timeEfrequenyEnlysisF
SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF CONCRETE BRIDGES  ID 580
M. Causevic, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) M. Bulic, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)

ES 3b
yrder eond woment @pywA reliility nlysisF e three spn doule plne le styed ridge is used s n illustrtive exmpleF he frgility urves for the ridge dek filure re otined under numer of prmetri vritionsF he prmeters inludeD se )exiilityD degree of orreltion of ground motionD ngle of inidene of erthqukeD rtio of the omponents of ground motionF tudy shows tht )exile se ondition provides signi(ntly less vlue of proility of filure s ompred to the (xed seF purtherD ngles of inideneD degree of orreltion nd rtio of omponents of ground motion hve onsiderle e'ets on the proility of filureF
DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS CONCRETE BRIDGES UNDER TRANSVERSE SEISMIC EXCITATION  ID 720
J. C. Alvarez Botero, Luis Gonzalo Mejia y Cia, Colombia N. Priestley, ROSE School, Italy

fridges whih were uilt efore IWUHsD either in F F or tpn or iuropeD hd een designed with little or no onsidertion for seismi demndF wjority of these ridges re supported on reinfored onrete ents nd pier wlls tht lk the dutility nd strength to resist erthqukesF wenwhile strong motion erthqukes reveled ll vulnerle ples on eh of those ridges if uilt in seismilly tive regionF efter the IWUI n pernndo erthquke F F strted severl seismi retro(t progrmsF etro(t progrms in the IWVHs inluded the (rst use of isoltors on ridges nd progrm to retro(t singleEolumn entsF hese progrms were gretly elerted fter the IWVW nt gruz @vom rietA nd IWWR xorthridge erthqukesF efter the IWWR xorthridge erthE qukeD it ws oserved tht no serious dmge would hve ourred if the previous retro(t progrm hd lredy een implementedF tpn lso strted similr progrmsD espeilly fter the IWWS uoe erthqukeF ome solutions for retro(tting the utmentD ent nd olumn of onrete ridges reommended in these progrms s well s some reommendtions nd omments mde y uthors will e presented in this pperFtruturl retro(tting is eoming more nd more importnt nd reeived tody onsiderle emphsis throughout the worldFiurope my not e out of this glol prolem nd must hve own retro(t progrm not only for uildings @iuroode VD rt QX trengthening nd epir of fuildingsD PHHQA ut for ridges s wellF
SEISMIC FRAGILITY ANALYSIS OF HARP TYPE CABLE STAYED BRIDGES WITH SUPPORT FLEXIBILITY  ID 601
R. A. Khan, Jamia Millia Islamia, India T. K. Datta, Indian Institute of Technology, India S. Ahmad, Indian Institute of Technology, India

e displementEsed design proedure for multiEspn reE infored onrete ridge strutures when sujeted to seismi tion in the trnsverse diretion is presentedF he proedureD initilly proposed y riestley riestleyD IWWQD is reviewed nd some improvements re implementedF he design methodology is pplied to di'erent possile ridge on(gurtionsF he ury of the method in terms of rehing the trget displements under the design erthquke level is then ssessed using inelsti timeEhistory nlysisF hynmi mpli(tion of the dek trnsverse moments is investigted nd ompred with nlytil results using di'erent vritions of the modl superposition pprohF ht hs een lled the wodi(ed wodl uperpositionD (rst introdued for ntilever wllsD riestleyD PHHQD is then proposed s n e'etive method to ount for higher mode e'ets on the dek trnsverse moment distriutionsF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A STEEL ARCH BRIDGE  ID 727
J. D. J. Alvarez, UMSNH, Mexico S. Zavala, UMSNH, Mexico J. Mejia, BICA, Mexico M. Jara, UMSNH, Mexico

e seismi frgility nlysis of hrp type le styed ridges with support )exiility is presented whih n e used for preliminry estimte of its proility of filureF he risk nlysis proedure uses the formt of roilisti isk enlysis @eA nd onsiders the nd limited white noise t the edrok s the seismi inputF he ridge dek is modeled s em supported on springs t di'erent pointsF he oupled sti'ness mtrix of the springs is determined y seprte Ph stti nlysis of leEtowerEdek system in whih )exiility of the tower se due to soilEstruture intertion is inludedF hmping due to soil is inorported y the equivlent modl energy methodF he response of the ridge dek is otined y the response spetrum method of nlysis for multiEdegree of freedom systemF he e inludes unertinties of responses due to the vrition in ground motionD mteril propertyD modeling nd method of nlysisD nd unertinties of the pity due to the vrition of dutility ftor nd dmge onentrtion e'etF pilure mode of the ridge is ssumed to e ending filure of the ridge dek t the point of mximum ending momentF roility of filure of the ridge dek is determined y pirst

his pper dels with the expeted seismi response of goronill idutD whih promises to eD t the end of PHHUD the longest rh spn in wexioF he ridge is n upperEdek rh ridge minly omposed of g dek slsD steel girders nd olumnsD nd single spn steel rh risF he totl length of the ridge is PUQ mD nd the two endE(xed steel rh hs spn of PHH m with rise t the rown of QR mD giving riseEspn rtio of IXSFWF he rh onsists of three oxEsetion ris with oth trnsverse rings nd digonls onneting the three rh ris t the spndrel olumn lotionsF he longitudinl girders nd rh ris re onneted y vertil olumns sti'ened with trnsverse rings nd digonlsF he ridge will e onstruted in woreliD wexioD over deep rvineD in moderte seismi risk reF e ommeril (niteEelement omputer ode ws used for the Qh nlysis of the ridgeF he struture ws nlyzed nd designed in ompline with wexin prtieY spei(llyD seismi ssessment of fores nd deformtion demnds ws performed y mens of n elsti dynmi nlysisD tht isD modl spetrl nlysisD using the response spetrum proE posed y the wexin ode nd tking into ount numer of modes su0ient to pture t lest WH7 of mss prtiiption in the longitudinlD trnsverse nd vertil diretionsF sn this study the inelsti ehvior of goronill idut sujeted to ground motions is investigted y dynmi nlysesF he input ground motions re elerogrms whih re modi(ed ground motions sed on reords from the wexin trongEwotion htseF foth the inEplne nd outEofEplne dynmi hrE teristis of the ridge re studied y investigtion of timeEhistory responses of the min prmetersF

183

ES 3b
EMPIRICAL TORSIONAL HYSTERESIS MODEL FOR RC COLUMNS UNDER COMBINED CYCLIC BENDING AND TORSION  ID 791
P. Tirasit, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan K. Kawashima, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Poster Presentations
in the eentri ompression side thn the tension side of the olumns under strong exittionD nd this filure mode results in lrge residul displementF woreoverD the eentri inerti fore in the longitudinl diretion uses omined ending nd torsionl lodingF o evlute suh omplited seismi ehvior of gEent olumnsD QEh ideliztion is requiredF purthermoreD e'et of supporting onditions of dek y erings on the seismi torsion of the olumns is importntF sn this studyD to lrify the seismi performne of gEent olumnsD QEh dynmi response nlysis under multiEdiretionl exittion is onduted on ridge system inluding superstrutureD eringsD olumnsD nd foundtionsF en nlysis on (veEspn ontinuous ridge onsisting of (xed steel eringsD gEent olumns nd pile foundtions is (rst ondutedD whih shows the importne on the e'et of the olumn eentriity in the estimtion of residul displement of olumns s well s the design of eringsF i'et of filure of the (xed erings on seismi torsion of gEent olumns is lso nlytilly investigtedF sn dditionD e'etiveness of elstomeri erings suh s ruer erings in mitigtion of the residul displement of gEent olumns is lri(edF
SEISMIC BRIDGE DESIGN QUEBEC, CANADA  ID 926 AND DETAILING IN

huring n erthqukeD g olumns of some ridges with irregulr on(gurtionsD for exmple ridges supported y gEent olumns nd skewed ridgesD re possily sujeted to the reversile ending momentD sher nd xil lod omined with torsionF roweverD the relile torsionl hysteresis model of g olumns whih is neessry for the nonliner seismi nlyses of suh speil ridges hs not een ville yetF en experimentl study on the e'et of omined yli unixil ending nd torsion on g olumns ws onduted t okyo snstitute of ehnologyF en empiril model for the torsionl hysteresis of g olumns under omined yli ending nd torsion with n xil lod is proposed sed on the regression nlysis of the experimentl resultsF he model is governed y triEliner hystereti kone whih is omposed of the liner elsti rngeD the onstnt restoring torsion rngeD nd the deteriortion rngeD ooperting with the proposed unloding nd reloding rulesF he min ontrolling prmeter is the rottionEdrift rtio r representing the level of omined tion in term of the rtio etween the lterl drift nd rottion of olumn t the e'etive heightF he e'et of numer of loding yles is lso tken into ount in the modelF
ANALYTICAL STUDY ON POUNDING OF GIRDER END TO A BRIDGE THAT SUFFERED DISASTER WITH THE 2004 NIIGATA-KEN CHUETSU EARTHQUAKE  ID 846
H. Tomohisa, Pacic Consultants Co.,Ltd., Japan

V. Latendresse, Teknika-HBA, Canada

sn this pperD uthors summrized the dmge nlysis result the highwy ridge where the disster ourred with the PHHR xiigtEken ghuetsu erthqukeF emong those struturesD it ws heked tht ridge showed hrteristi disster y dmge on ridge pier with termintion of min reinforement or pounding of girder endF roweverD it ws not ler tht the present ondition is the dmge form or the evlution of resistne hrteristi to utment y pounding of girder endF yn the other hndD mny reserhes on pounding of ridge girders were doneF xextD dmge nlysis of eh setion ws performed in detil for the ridge whih tully su'ered dissterF fsed on the result of dmge nlysisD there is very little reserh iming t evlution of the dmge mehnism in ollision nlysisF sn this studyD detiled nlysis ws performed out the dmge sitution of those struturesF usequentlyD it veri(ed out the dmge mehnism in nonliner dynmi nlysis onsidering pounding of ridge girderF henD this nlysis se set up two ses of the seEI in onsidertion of girder ollisionD nd the seEP where girder ollision is not tken into onsidertionF purthermoreD horizontl resistne hrteristi of utment proposed the nlysis model from the pst experiment resultF es the result of nlytil exmintionD if horizontl resistne hrteristi of utment ws tken into onsidertionD the horizontl displement ws ontrolled nd the mximum response of ridge pier ws lso reduedF hereforeD it ws found tht it ws not the dmge in whih ridge pier ollpsedF
RESPONSE ANALYSIS ON BRIDGES SUPPORTED BY RC C-BENT COLUMNS  ID 855
S. Nagata, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan K. Kawashima, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

he doption of new ridge design ode in gnd in PHHH rought lrge hnge in seismi design philosophyF st took numer of yers to ring the modi(tions to there full pplition in the provine of ueF he winistry of rnsporttion of the provine ting on the demnds of the provinil government determined strtegi eonomi trnsporttion links tht should remin open fter lrge seismi eventsF his deeply hnged the lterl fore design of ridges on nd ove these rodsF his pper desries with the use of severl exmple projets the pplition of this design philosophy nd stte of prtie implementtion of ode rulesF pei(llyD the on(nement requirements t the se of onrete piersD reinforement of footingsD foundtion design re reviewed nd ompred to other epted odesF everl detiling prties re desried whih hve proved oth eonomil nd dptle to existing onstrution prties in the provineF
ANTISEISMICS DEVICES IN BRIDGES  ID 990
D. Cizmar, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) A. Nizic, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)

sn urn resD there exist vrious unique strutures whih require speil onsidertion in seismi design due to their irregulr struturl plementF yne suh struture is single olumn with the lterl ems eing longer in one side thn the otherF hey re lled gEent olumns or inversed vEshped olumnsF sn gEent olumnsD n eentriity etween the olumn enter nd the point where the dek weight pplies results in stti eentri momentF gEent olumns exhiits omplited seismi ehvior due to the eentriityF he eentri moment results in more extensive filure

he ridge of eev hrg is uilt in grotiF sts totl lenght is WRHFV mF st is in the horizontl urveF sts spns re PxRHCITxSHCIxRHF he olumns re very tllD the tllest of them is SQ m highF feuse the olumns re extremely highD nd the struture itself hs longer periodD the pplition of elstomeri erings on the ridge is not signi(ntF hereforeD the ridge ws lulted with the tion of hydruli dmpers t the ends of the spn struture towrds the utmentsF ime history nlysis ws lulted for elerogrms of mgnitudes SFSD TD TFS nd U with distnes of H nd IS km from epientreD sed on erthqukes ourring in etrovD in epril IWUWD with mgnitude of TFV nd linjD in epril IWUWD with mgnitude of SFQD in the region of edriti ostF he dmper ws modelled using the glvin9s modelF ine it is not lssil dmpingD the dmping of the struture ws lulted seprtelyD nd then the in)uene of the dmper ws ddedF hmping of devies is modelled depending on veloityF he dming of devies itself signi(ntly redues the foreF he rigidity of the dmper is pprent nd it ws used to simulte the elsti ehviour of the devie euse of the hydruli ompressiilityF sn the lortory of the givil ingineering pulty in greD the model with two spns ws tested with nd without dmpersD in longitudinl nd trnsversl diretionD nd it ws proved tht dmpers inrese the dmping of the systemF he pplition of dmpers is diverseD from silosD mstsD towersD stnds to ridges nd ftory himneysF

184

Poster Presentations
OHBA-OHASHI PILE-SUPPORTED BRIDGE EXPERIMENT REVISITED: PARADOXES AND NEW INTERPRETATIONS  ID 1131
G. Mylonakis, University of Patras, Greece C. Syngros, Langan Engineering, United States

ES 3b
CYCLIC TESTS OF BRIDGE HOLLOW PIERS: NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION  ID 1206
P. Delgado, Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal N. Vila Pouca, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal P. Rocha, Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal V. Rodrigues, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal A. Arde, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal A. Costa, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal R. Delgado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal

he seismi response of n tul ridge pier founded on group of TR steel piles in extremely soft ly is investigtedF he pier nd its foundtion were thoroughly instrumented in the erly IWVH9s y the snstitute of ehnology of himizu gorportionD whih onduted seismi oservtions over period of four yersF he projet provided severl erthquke reordingsD with pek elertions in the free (eld s high s HFIIgF wo importnt oservtions were mdeX pirstD rokEtoEsurfe mpli(tion of pek horizontl elertion exeeded Q nd vried signi(ntly in the two horizontl diretionsD whih is not omptile with the ssumption of vertillyEpropgting wvesF he existene of multiEdimensionl wve (eld in yh yhshi vlley hs een suessfully demonstrted y severl investigtorsF eondD the pile p nd ridge dek responded with mximum elertion of only HFHSg ! s ompred to n expeted HFISg or higher ! prdoxil ehvior tht hs not een explined in stisftory mnner to this dyF en ttempt is presented in this pper to reprodue struturl response using nlytil toolsF he reltively low levels of pek sher strin in the soil @ipsilon ` IHERA in onjuntion with the high plstiity index of the ly nd the lk of dmge in the struture justify the use of elstodynmi modelsF he e'ets of soil mpli(tionD kinemti intertionD foundtion ompline nd struturl dynmis re onsideredF ile group e'ets re treted with dynmi intertion ftors ounting for wve interferene phenomen mong the pilesF st is shown tht reords nd preditions ompre resonly well when pertinent ssumptions re introduedF smplitions of vlley e'etsD soilEstrutureEintertionD multipleEsupport exittion nd struturl onnetions on seismi response re disussedF he in)uene of kinemtis of the movle erings onneting the dek nd the piers is investigtedF e possile senrio for the surprising dempli(tion of erthquke motion t the struture is proposedF
A PROCEDURE FOR SEISMIC HEALTH MONITORING OF BRIDGES  ID 1134
K. Mirza, University of British Columbia, Canada C. Ventura, University of British Columbia, Canada

he ojetive of this pper is to ompre the results oE tined from n experimentl mpign of reinfored onrete hollow piersD with di'erent ross setion under yli lodingD with the nlytil preditionF he ft tht retngulr g hollow piers hve n prtiulr struturl ehviorD lose to struturl wllD nd therefore more di0ult to predit with simple numeril toolsD is the strong motivtion of this workF sn dditionD for di'erent retngulr ross setion dimensionsD the intertion etween the pier wlls ould 'et their glol ehvior nd dmgeF he numeril simultions of g piersD representtive of the typil ridge onstrutionD s well s the pplition of nonEliner yli nlysis methodologies to evlute the struturl yli ehvior re presentedF hese methodologies used within the sope of this work hve severl levels of omplexityD from the more simpleD sed on setion (er modelD to the more re(nedD where sophistited onE stitutive models re usedD simulting the nonEliner yli ehvior of the onrete y onstitutive model sed on the gontinuum hmge wehnis nd using (nite element disretiztion for the onrete nd truss elements for the steel with yli modelF he im isD thereforeD to ontriute for developing nd lirting of nlytil tools tht enles the evlution of yli ehvior of retngulr hollow piersD their dvntges nd limittionsF

THE EFFECT OF VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTHQUAKE ON CONTINUES AND MONOLITHIC FRAME BRIDGES  ID 1250
A. Delnavaz, Republic Of ) A. R. Rahaie, Amirkabir university of technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) Amirkabir university of technology, Iran (Islamic

eismi relth wonitoring @rwA is de(ned here s the proess of determining the dequy of struture to perform its funtion fter eing shken y severe erthqukeF wodern ommunition tehnologies pertmit tody monitor strutures remotelyD nd it is of interest to mke use of the olleted inforE mtion to implement relile rw of struture of prtiulr interestF e primry topi of interest to struturl engineers is the possiility of determining nd ssessing the extent of dmge to n instrumented struture using dt from rw progrmF sn this pperD proedure for dmge detetion is presented nd evlutedF he proedure is sed on omprison etween the struture9s modl dynmi hrteristis efore nd fter the erthqukeF he hmge sndex wethod @hswA is presented nd used to determine the lotion nd the severity of dmge to n existing well instrumented ridgeD the inter treet yverpss @yAD whih is loted in gliforniF his ridge hs experiened more thn ten erthqukes of di'erent intensities nd vlule strong motion dt hs een olletedF sn ddition to the strong motion dtD mient virtion dt is lso villeF e lirted pi model of the ridge ws developed using the mient virtion resultsF his model ws then used to perform pushover nd nonliner time history nlysesF he results of nonliner nlyses were then used s feed dt to the hsw to test its pility to detet di'erent levels of dmgeF he pper shows tht the rw proedure is le to nlyze the time histories reorded y the sensors mounted on ridge fter n erthquke nd help determine the sttus of the strutureF

truturl performne evlution in reent dedes9 erthqukes shows tht the e'et of vertil omponent of erthquke @giA ould e onsidered s one of the min uses of ridges fultF sn most of ridge design odesD for seismi nlysis of ridgesD gi is not tken into ount or distinguished method isn9t presented for ssessment of giF sn the present workD the e'et of gi on two existing ridgesD one with ontinues superstruture nd the other with monolithi frme systemD ws studiedF he (rst model onsisted of preEstress ridge in with the ridge superstruture ws onneted rigidly to piersF he superstruture hd Q spns with length of ITD RV nd IT mF he end of side sls ws put on utmentsF he seond model ws ridge with steel dek nd onrete piersF he ridge dek omposed of s girder ems nd inEple onrete slF he ems were pled on Q piers loted PR m fr from eh otherD ontinullyF sn oth modelsD the e'et of gi ws studied onsidering the Q elertion of sD xorthridge nd uoe erthqukes nd using liner nd nonliner time history nd spetrum nlysis on Qh modelsF sn eh nlysisD the model ws nlyzed onsidering the Q omponent nd P horizontl omponents of erthqukes seprtelyF he rtio of the di'erene of result in two nlyses to the result of ridge response under its weight @hvA ws ompredF pinllyD s nlysis method mentioned ove were ompredD the mount of gi e'et on 'eted elements @ording to sttistil system of ridgeA nd the method of entering the gi on ridge design hs een disussedF

185

ES 3b
SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT IN EGNATIA MOTORWAY LONG BRIDGES  ID 1268
N. Theodulidis, Institute Engin. Seismology & Earthquake Engin, Greece Z. Roumelioti, Geophysical Lab., Aristotle Univ., Greece P. Panetsos, Egnatia Odos SA, Greece

Poster Presentations
AN ALTERNATIVE PROPOSAL FOR A "MOVABLE" ABUTMENT FOR INTEGRAL BRIDGES  ID 1377
S. Mitoulis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

ignti wotorwy s lifeline hs to e n e0ient trnsporttion system to ply vitl role in the development of modern soietyF fridges re importnt lifelines sensitive to dmge from erthquke groundEmotionF ixmples of soietl onsequenes of ridge losure my e found in reent strong erthqukes worldwide @vom riet IWVWD ryogoEken xmu IWWSD huzeEuoe IWWWAF wore thn six hundred nd (fty @TSHA ridges represent the link etween res seprted y rivers or other ostles long the igE nti wotorwy nd mong them more thn (fty hve length of more thn ISHmF he mjority of these ridges re uilt in res of moderte to high seismiityF sn this studyD seismi hzrd in terms of qeD relted through the use of vulnerility funtions to dmE ge rtios for two typil long ridgesD nmelyD uvlEqP @length IUHmD height SHmA nd olimilosEqW @length IUHmD height QQmAD is ressessed y determining new erthquke senrios through the interprettion of ground elertion nd spetrl vluesF fsed on ertin ridge vulnerility funtions nd regionl seismiity modelD proilisti seismi risk ssessment is (rstly tE tempted for oth sitesD for men return periods of expeted dmge rtio of RUSyers nd IIHHyersF sn seond stepD syntheti elE ertion wveforms re determined for seleted erthquke senrios due to well estlished ner y seismi fultsF r0 nd mient noise dt re used to ssess nd inorporte the vriility of the site e'et long the two ridgesF pinllyD syntheti qe vlues re omined with the sme ridge vulnerility funtions used in the (rst step nd seismi risk is ressessedF gomprison etween expeted seismi risk results stemming from the forementioned methods showed in some ses quite good greementD while in other ses signi(nt divergene ws estimtedF eliility of the results of oth pprohes is disussed nd omined risk senrios for oth ridges re proposedF
ISSUES ON THE CAPACITY BRIDGE PIERS  ID 1322
R. Ceravolo, Politecnico di Torino, Italy G. V. Demarie, Politecnico di Torino, Italy L. Giordano, Politecnico di Torino, Italy D. Sabia, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

he present investigtion proposes type of n integrl utment whih n e implemented in short s lso in long integrl ridgesF es lterntive solution of the interntionlly implemented solutionD of stu type utments with )exile pilesD the present pper proposes n utment founded on miropiles whih serve the needs of the in servie movement of utment9s hedD whih movements result from the therml expnsionD ontrtionD reep nd shrinkge of the dekF his utment voids the implementtion of rEsteel pilesD whih re interntionlly experimentlly tested nd promoted s they omine the dvntge of )exiility nd strengthD s it is founded on )exile miropilesF he lterntive proposl omines on the one hnd full height weD whose thikness is determined from the in servie requirements of the dek nd on the other hnd foundtion of miropilesD whih hve the ility to ontriute to the foundtion9s )exiilityF he proposed on(gurtion of the utment hs numer of expliit dvntges ompred to the urrently implemented utment design solutions s fr s the homogeneity nd the expliitness of the dynmi system onerns s lso the mximl development of the dmping pity of the pproh (llF he neessry rottionl )exiility is provided through the )exiility of the thin utment9s weD whih reeives the vertil grvity lods of the superstrutureF epproprite mesures ginst rtheting e'et were onsideredF he proposed on(gurtion of the utment is possile to e implemented lso in long integrl ridges s the required )exiility is possile to e djusted through the miropiles foundtion nd the thikness of the utment9s weF por the nlysis of suh nonEliner unilterl ehviour of the k(ll nonEliner dynmi time history nlysis is implemented with the pi ode ePHHHF
EFFECT OF LIQUEFACTION ON THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-SPAN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGES  ID 1379
R. Desroches, Georgia Tech, United States L. Duenas-Osorio, Georgia Tech, United States

DESIGN

OF

TALL

eismi ehviour of ridge strutures often relies on the dutility nd dissiption properties sried to vertil elementsF sn prtiulrD when ridge piers re slightly 'eted y the dek9s deformtionD dissiption tends to onentrte in spei( res where the formEtion of plsti hinges is expetedF his phenomenon hs een experimentlly oserved in slender reinfored onrete piers with ompt setionD even though in tul prtie lrge ox setions re of more interest in tll ridge pier designF xevertheless tehnil reports on the e'ets of violent erthqukes on ridges hrdly foused their ttention on plsti mehEnismsF sn this pperD the tendeny nd modlity of hinge formtion nd its in)uene on sfety evlution of ridge piers is investigted on numeril sisF his ojetive entils n evElution of dissiption nd dutility properties of pier setionsD whih will e performed through nonEliner dynmi nlysisF he model hs tken into ount the intertion eEtween xil nd ending tionsD s well s their dissiption properties under yli lodingsF es prt of the exmintionD multimodl spetrl nlysis ws used to design the seiEsmi pity of the ridge ording to di'erent pity riteri F viner nlysis ws omEpred with nonliner dynmi nlysis results to evlute the pility of liner models to predit mximum erthquke dutility demndsF he lst prt of the pper onsists of the vlidtion of urrent pity design strtegies nd sfety formts s pplied to typil tll ridge strutureF

he multiEspn simply supported ridges re one of the most ommon ridge types found in the entrl nd estern prt of the nited ttesF hese ridges hve severl vulnerilities whih often results in less thn dequte performne during erthqukesF sn ssessing the vulnerility of these ridgesD the e'et of lrge permnent ground displements nd liqueftion re often negletedF his is prtiulrly prolemD sine mny of these ridges re loted in ostl resD where the liqueftion potentil is highF his study evlutes the e'et of liqueftion on the seismi performne of typil multiEspn simply supported ridgesF e three dimensionl nonliner models is used to perform nonliner time history nlysisD while liqueftion is ounted for y using oth dvned methods nd more simple tehniquesF he prmeters tht 'et the seismi performne of the ridge sujet to liqueftion re identi(edD nd reommendtions for modeling the e'ets of liqueftion re mdeF
PERFORMANCE OF BRIDGES AND TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS DURING HURRICANE KATRINA  ID 1381
R. Desroches, Georgia Tech, United States J. Padgett, Georgia Tech, United States B. Nielson, Clemson University, United States O. S. Kwon, University of Illinois, United States

yver forty ridges sustined moderteEtoEmjor dmge due to the storm surgesD high windsD nd )ooding tht resulted from hurrine utrin in the southestern nited ttesF wost dmged ridges were djent to wterD with the mjority of the dmge primrily ourring to the superstrutureF ypil superstruture dmge inluded unseting or drifting of deks nd filure of gurdrils due to storm surgeF st ws oserved tht the superstruture dmge lrgely depended upon the onnetion type

186

Poster Presentations
etween deks nd entsF elong the ostl re where storm surge ws severeD mny rods were hevily dmged ndGor hd signi(nt deposits of derisD further hindering tr0 nd reovery e'orts for severl weeksF elsoD mny movele ridges sustined dmge to their eletril nd mehnil systemsF he dmged oserved in ridges nd the impt it hd on the disruption to the trnsporttion network showed mny similrities to tht oserved in pst erthquke eventsF his pper summrizes the dmgeD disusses the impt of the dmge on the trnsporttion network in the southestern D nd highlights the potentil for designing ridge strutures for oth erthquke lods s well s hurrine foresF
PUENTE BICENTENARIO DE CHILOE' - LONG SPAN SUSPENSION BRIDGE WITH STRONG SEISMIC ACTIONS  ID 1447
J. M. Tourtois, VINCI Construction Grand Projects, France P. Gernigon, VINCI Construction Grand Projects, France M. Dr. Empelmann, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany H. W. Dr. Dorgarten, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany

ES 3b
everl ridge models were studiedD onsidering the most ommon struturl types of short nd medium spn ridgesF ivlution of the sheme ws rried out y mens of the performne omprison with strutures without energy dissiption deviesF he numeril studies showed the e'etiveness of this strtegy when it is pplied to simple supported or ontinuous ridges whose resistne is provided y )exurl tion of the superstrutureF he e0ieny of the system is improved when it is pplied to short nd medium period struturesF fsed on the resultsD it n e 0rmed tht the proposed system is e'etive to e used for reduing the seismi response of ridgesF sn dditionD the sheme is eonomiD relileD simpleD ommon to the engineering prtie nd esy to implementF
PSEUDO-DYNAMIC TESTING OF A THREECOLUMN BRIDGE BENT WITH SUBSTRUCTURING  ID 1484
N. Roy, Universit de Sherbrooke, Canada B. Weber, Universit de Sherbrooke, Canada P. Paultre, Universit de Sherbrooke, Canada P. Proulx, Universit de Sherbrooke, Canada

resently the preonstrution phse of the uente fienE tenrio ghilo is rried out y the gg toint enture onsisting of the ompnies rygrsip gonstrution @qermnyAD sxgs gonstrution qrnd rojets @prneAD emerin fridge @nited ttesAD feslo @ghileA nd es @ghileAF he projet onsists of longEspn suspension ridge nd round IRkm of rodwys onneting the ghiloe sslnd to the winlnd of ghileF he longEspn suspension ridge with totl length of PTQRm is the min struture of this projet nd the longest ridge in outhE emeriF st rosses the gho ghnnel t its nrrowest point with width of PFSkm nd wter depth of up to IHHmF elmost in the middle of hnnel n underwter li' is lotedD nmed o emolinosD whih is used s the foundtion support of the entrl pylon leding to two spn suspension ridge with min spn lengths of out IIHHmF he environmentl onditions of this site re very severeF trong winds nd strong urrents ourD whih rule the design nd the onE strution of the min ridgeF roweverD the most importnt tion is the high seismiity in this regionD whih resulted IWTH in the worldE wide lrgest erthquke ever reordedD the qret ldivi irthE quke with mgnitude of wwaWFS nd the epientre round IHHkm prt from the ridge siteF huring the preliminry studies vrious seismi soures were onsidered suh s n interEplte fult rupture @sudution nd fr (eld eventA nd n introEplte fult rupture @shllow rustl erthqukesAF huring the present preonstrution phse the seismi tions were further investigted nd omplementedD susequently leding to more preise detiling of the seismi design prmetersF his inludes the genertion of seismi response spetr nd rti(il elertion time histories s well s fult rupture movements of the 4qulf of enud pult4 potentilly running long the gho ghnnel diretly under the ridge siteF
A SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEM FOR SHORT AND MEDIUM SPAN BRIDGES  ID 1465
M. Jara, Universidad de Michoacan, Mexico J. M. Jara, Universidad de Michoacn, Mexico

his pper desries reserh projet on lrgeEsle pseudoEdynmi testing of threeEolumn ridge entF he min purpose of the tests is to optimize retro(tting methodology for ridge olumns with ron (re reinfored polymers sed on performne rtieri nd to evlute the resulting inrese in erthquke resistneF he ridge ent is prt of typil regulr highwy ridge loted in the provine of ueeF e model with sle of IXQ hs een uilt in the struturl lortory of the niversity of herrookeF eelerogrms omptile with the uniform hzrd spetrum proposed for the xtionl fuilding gode of gnd @xfggPHHSA re used s erthquke inputF he tehnique pplied for testing is the pseudoEdynmi tehnique with sustruturingF sn this tehniqueD only prt of struture is testedD while the rest is modelled numerillyF sn this projetD the olumns with nonliner ehviour re testedD while the ridge dek is modelled with liner (nite elementsF he two min impliit lgorithms found in the literture re ompred nd error propgtion hrteristis re given nlytilly nd numerillyF ustruturing is implemented y two di'erent proessesD whih ommunite over gGsF yne proess is responsile for simultE ing the dynmi e'ets of the tested prt of the struture nd for ontrolling the testing mhineD while the other proess simultes the liner prt of the struture y (nite element modelF xumeril simultions nd (rst tests results re shown to verify the modelD the lgorithm nd the implementtionF
USING ISOLATION FOR SEISMIC CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES  ID 1498
J. Wilson, McMaster University, Canada M. Wesolowsky, McMaster University, Canada

CONTROL

OF

e seismi energy dissiption system for short nd medium spn ridges is proposedF he system onsists in the ddition of vertil metlli elements with hystereti ehviorD onneting the ent p to the superstrutureD in omintion with steel lyered elstomeri eringsF he vertil elements supply energy dissiption nd the erings the isoltion of the ridgeF hree dimensionl nlyses ssuming rigid dek ehvior were onduted nd the vertil elements were represented y n idelized iEliner hysteresis urveD ssuming postEelsti sti'ness rtio in the rnge of S to IP 7D typil of metlli elementsF he models were sujeted to time history elertions reorded in soils of di'erent dynmi hrteristisD in order to determine the ppliility of the system under erthqukes of di'erent frequeny ontent nd durtionF

he prtiulr sensitivity of leEstyed ridges to lrge mplitude longEperiod erthquke ground motions hs motivted n investigtion into the e'etiveness of using seismi isoltion to provide dditionl relief from the demnds of nerE(eld ground motionsF he periods of these strong ground motions n e oinident with the min long period modes of leEstyed ridges nd n use signi(nt struturl responsesF sn this studyD ledEruer ering seismi isoltors were modeled for three leEstyed ridgesD nd three ses of isoltion were exmined for eh ridgeF he nine isolted ridge on(gurtionsD plus three nonEisolted on(gurtions s referenesD were sujeted to nerE(eld erthquke ground motions using threeEdimensionl time history nlysesF sntrodution of smll mount of isoltion is shown to e very ene(il in reduing seismi elertions nd fores while t the sme time produing only modest inrese in the struturl displementsF st ws found tht there is miniml dditionl ene(t to ontinue to inrese the mount of isoltion y further lengthening the period of the struture euse struturl fores nd elertions redue t diminishing rte wheres struturl displements inrese sustntillyF sn virtully ll ses the se shers in the isolted ridges were redued y t lest SH7D

187

ES 3c
nd in some instnes y up to VH7D ompred to nonEisolted ridgeF esponses ssoited with individul erthquke reords showed lrge vriility from one reord to the nextD lerly demonstrting the ution tht is needed when developing seismi isoltion system for leEstyed ridgesF
RESPONSE OF BRIDGE PIER AND NUMBER OF ARTIFICIAL TIME-HISTORIES USED FOR NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS  ID 1503
V. B. Nguyen, University of Birmingham, UK A. H. C. Chan, University of Birmingham, UK

Poster Presentations
ES 3c: Structural Engineering - Concrete
Level-1
TECHNICAL AND ETHICAL REFLECTIONS ABOUT THE VERY CRITICAL INSTABILITY OF A CONSTRUCTION IN VARESE  ID 25
F. Bartolozzi, Independent Researcher, Italy

sn this pperD numer of rti(il erthquke timeE histories @eirA (tting to n igV response spetrum were rndomly generted nd the verge generted spetrum ompres well with the igV spetrumF e pi smered rk model ws then used to nlyse g ridge pier under di'erent sets of eirF everl tehniques inluding pourier nlysisD normlised umultive spetrumD energy dissiption nd dmge index s well s proility theory were used to quntify the struturl response of the g ridge piers for vrious sets of eirF fsed on these ssessments nd the onvergene of the representtive response for di'erent sets of di'erent numers of eirD minimum representtive numer of timeEhistories re proposed for nonEliner dynmi nlysisF st ws found tht the numer of eqir from V to II my e su0ient depending on the response on(dene nd widths requiredF i'ets of severl prmeters of erthquke nd struturl hrteristis suh s erthquke mplitudeD erthquke durtionD soil onditionD visous dmpingD pier heightD the existene of xil lod nd the mount of steel reinforement to the response nd dmge of the ridge pier were lso investigted in prmetri studyF imilr results hve een otined using the sme set of eir utD this is lso true when ompletely di'erent sets of eir re used throughout this prmetri studyF he suggested minimum representtive numer of timeEhistories required ws thus vlidtedF
QUASI-STATIC AND PSEUDO-DYNAMIC TESTING OF DAMAGE RESISTANT BRIDGE PIERS WITH HYBRID CONNECTIONS  ID 1966
D. Marriott, University of Canterbury, New Zealand A. Palermo, Technical University of Milan, Italy S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

he uilding E sujet of study in this pper E is onE strution for dwelling onsisted of (ve )oors with twenty four living units nd it is in reseD stlyF his uilding ws onstruted in the (rst yers of IWUH nd it hs ering struture in reinfored onreteF he very ritil stte of instilityD whih struk the ering struture nd whih is pointed out from generl stte of splittingD is the e'et of unjusti(le design nd opertionl insu0ieniesF he use of the phenomenon is put down oth to the shortge of steel reinforement nd to the onsiderle prolems of lying of the struturesF e so worrying struturl sitution unvoidly uses ethil re)etions too with respet to the humn ehvior nd the responsilities of the diretly involved professionl (guresF sndeedD the design inompetene of the struture lulting mnD s well s the gret tehnil nd professionl super(ility of the work mngerD of the uilding (rm nd of the struture tester emerge ler nd inontestleF he very serious pthologil stte of the strutures E pointed outD s lredy report D y generl nd onsiderle stte of splitting nd on(rmed y the dvie of quli(ed tehniinsD in ddition to the physil reking of glss sighting sttes E indued the running ssemly E fter vried doutsD ostrutionisms nd other viissitudesD inluding serious nd ritrry illtions towrds some srupolous tehniins E to (nd the only prtile wy in ses of this sortD tht of rdil ure of struturl onsolidtion with mssive nd trgeted lying of ron (re lminD in order to prevent the inrese of n emergeny stteD eome during the lst dys more worrying dueD lukilyD to n erthquke of modest mgnitudeD whih ws delredly fered y the uthor of this studyF
SHEAR STRENGTH PREDICTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME ELEMENTS UNDER CYCLIC LOADS  ID 51
G. Arslan, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

en inresing interest in the development of highEperformne seismi resisting systems sed on jointed dutile onnetionsD omE prising of unonded postEtensioning tehniquesD hs een oserved in the pst dedeF en extension of this tehnologyD originlly proposed for rest uilding systemsD to ridge pier nd systems hs een reently proposed s vile nd promising lterntive to trditionl monolithi stEinEple onstrutionF sn prtiulrD spei( interest hs een given to the e0ieny of the hyrid9 solution whih provides type of ontrolled roking9 t the ritil setionF nonded postEtensioned tendons re omined with n pproprite proportion of mild steel energy dissiptionD limiting deformtions to single gp opening nd minimising dmge nd residul deformtions when ompred to equivlent stEinEple solutionsF es prt of omprehensive reserh progrm t the niversity of gnteruryD series qusiEstti nd psuedoEdynmi tests on IGQ sle ntilever ridge piers in either postEtensioning only or hyrid on(gurtionD hve een rried outF foth internl nd externl dissiption devies @tensionEompression yieldingA hve een dopted for the hyrid solutionsF esults re presented nd ompred with the performne of n equivlent monolithi stEinEple speimen used s enh mrk speimenF gon(rmtion of the expeted highEperformne of the hyrid systems re given when ompred to the response of the equivlent monolithi setionX signi(ntD low level of physil dmge s well s negligile residul displements re in ft oservedF purther vlidtions nd re(nements of simple lumped plstiity modelling pprohes re lso presented nd disussedF

sn the design of reinfored onrete emsD espeilly those in erthqukeEresistnt struturesD it is lso neessry to prevent sher filure mehnismsF rtiulrly yli lod e'ets do omplite the estimtion of the onrete strength to totl sher strength of reinfored onrete struturl memerF hereforeD the ontriution of the onrete to the sher strength depending on the mgnitude of the yli lod is negleted under some hevy onditions s it is in the egs QIV fuilding godeF sn this studyD the proposed method is sed on the strut nd tie modelD nd the degrdtion oe0ient is tken s the e0ieny ftor for the strutF he proposed method re veri(ed y omprisons to extensive sets of experimentl dt from the litertureD whih hve een otined ems with vrious strengths of onreteD stirrup nominl strengthD sher spn to depth rtioD geometri sizeF
A STUDY ON SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS  ID 79
Y. J. Chiou, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Y. W. Liou, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Taiwan C. C. Huang, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

his study investigtes the seismi ehvior of prest reE infored onrete wllsF he prmeters of onneted steel over plteD orienttion of wll reinforementsD steel rtio of wllD nd strength of onrete were studiedF he results show tht the prest sher wll n e'etively inrese the erthquke resistne of reinfored onrete struturesF he performne of prest sher wll n e fully developed y using onneted steel over pltes with two hnnel pltesF he modi(ed onventionl reinforement

188

Poster Presentations
with more steels t the orners produes etter performne thn the other orienttionsF he lrger steel rtio nd stronger onrete lso de(nitely inrese the erthquke resistne of struturesF
A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF CONFINEMENT REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS OF IS 13920-1993 CODE  ID 87
U. Sharma, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India P. Bhargava, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India S. Kaushik, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India

ES 3c
this regrd F efter evlution of this strutureD st ws found tht euse of the lk of the ompression reinforement in top of the emsD end rottions nd sher fores in most em elements exeed the llowed rottion pity of the emsF st is lso shown tht the xil fores in some olumns were furthered thn the eptne riteri ording piweEPUQGQSTF por retro(tting this uildingD the surrounding of the olumns hs een strengthened with steel jket in lower storeys nd lso the digonl ring elements re used for upgrding the seismi pity of the strutureF he foundtions of this uilding hve een evluted nd lri(ed tht there is no pity of su'ering of the fores resulted from the ring system tht is used for retro(tting of the strutureF por this purposeD the foundtions re designed nd strengthened with miro pile systemF ueywords X eismi ivlution D etro(tting D steel jketing D erformne vevel
EXTERIOR PT AND RC SLAB-COLUMN CONNECTIONS SUBJECTED TO QUASI-STATIC CYCLIC LOADING  ID 144
T. Kang, UCLA, United States S. H. Kee, Hanyang University, Korea, Republic Of S. W. Han, Hanyang University, Korea, Republic Of L. H. Lee, Hanyang University, Korea, Republic Of

yne of the wys in whih most of the uilding odes of vrious ountries ensure dutility in reinfored onrete olumnsD is y speifying the mount of trnsverse reinforement in the ritil hinge regions of olumnsF sEIQWPHX IWWQ @hutile hetiling of einfored gonrete trutures ujeted to eismi poresA is suh gode for sndiF sn this pper the performne of s IQWPHEWQ with respet to on(ning reinforement provisions for gg olumns under xil lod nd )exure hs een evlutedF o hieve thisD on(nement reinforement for squre nd irulr onrete olumn ross setions were designed s per the requirements of the ode for vrying onrete ompressive strengths @QSEIHH wpA nd xil lod levels @HFIS ! HFSAF heoretil moment urvture reltions were found nd urvture dutility ftors were omputed for ll the olumnsF he e'ets of onrete ompressive strength nd xil lod level on the dutility of olumnsD when provided with minimum lterl reinforement s per s IQWPH ode were investigtedF st ws onluded tht the olumns with high strength onretes nd high xil lod levels do not exhiit desired dutility when designed s per the ode provisionsF st ws oserved tht the sEIQWPH ode is over onservtive t low xil lod levels nd low onrete strengths nd unsfe t high xil lod levels nd high onrete strengthsF st is reommended tht the distriution of longitudinl reinforement nd resulting tie on(gurtion should e inluded s design prmeter in the ode spei(tions nd the use of high yield strength lterl on(ning steel @b RIS wpA should e llowed to mke up the loss in dutility of high strength onrete olumns t high xil lod levelsF
NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF RC BRIDGE PIERS UNDER EARTHQUAKES GENERATED FITTING TO EC8 SPECTRUM  ID 104
V. B. Nguyen, University of Birmingham, UK A. H. C. Chan, University of Birmingham, UK

sn this pperD results of numeril study on the nonE liner dynmi ehviour of reinfored onrete ridge piers under rti(il erthqukes generted (tting to n igV spetrum re presentedF e new smered rk model for onreteD nmed grft modelD is well vlidted through vrious ses of g strutures under monotoni nd yli lodingsF st is then used for the pi modelling of the g ridge piers under igV rti(il erthqukesF he investigtion fouses on the in)uene of vrious model prmeE ters nd min hrteristis of rti(il erthqukes 'eting the nonEliner seismi responseF st hs een oserved tht the seismi response of the g ridge piers is dependent signi(ntly on the prmeters of the pi model nd the properties of the rti(il erthqukesF ome omments re lso mde to the use of the new model under yli nd erthquke lodingsF
SEISMIC EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF AN OLD CONCRETE BUILDING  ID 118
F. Danesh, K.N.Toosi University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Sarafraz, K.N.Toosi University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn regions of high seismiityD postEtensioned @A )t plte systems re ommonly used for grvity fore resisting system @qpAD oupled with lterl fore resisting system @vpAD ssuming tht the vp resists ll seismi foresF por suh omined systemsD the qp should retin the ility to undergo the lterl deformtions omptile to the djoining vp without loss of grvity lod rrying pityF he purpose of this study is to evlute hystereti ehvior of exterior postEtensioned slEolumn onnetions @ onnetionsA designed to resist only grvity lodsF por this purposeD experimentl studies were onduted using three pproximtely twoEthirds sled test speimensY two exterior onnetion speimens hving di'erent tendon lyouts nd one exterior reinfored onrete )t plte slEolumn onnetion @g onnetionA speimenF usiEstti yli loding ws pplied to the speimen with onstnt grvity lodF ell speimens hd ottom onded reinforement round the olumn ording to egs QIVEHS nd egs QSPFIEVWF his study olleted previous test results to drw generl onlusion for the hystereti ehvior of the exterior onnetionsF his study oserved tht the tendonElyout in)uened the hystereti ehvior of onnetionsD whih mens tht lterl drift pityD dissipted energyD filure mehnismD nd dutility vry with respet to tendon lyoutsF woreoverD this study shows tht the mount of ottom reinforement spei(ed y the egs QSPFIEVW is su0ient for resisting positive moments resulting from moment reversl under the yli lodingF her strength of the test speimens is more urtely predited y the sher strength eqution onsidering verge ompressive strength @fpA due to postEtensioning tendons thn tht without onsidering fpF
EFFECT OF SEMIRIGID JOINTS ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RC FRAMED STRUCTURES  ID 193
B. Shah, The Maharaja Sayajirao Univ. of Baroda, India S. C. Patodi, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India N. Shah, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India

sn reent yersD the sujet eismi ivlution nd vulE nerility of existing uildingsD tht hve een designed sed on old seismi design odes or without eismi design riteri D is very smportnt F sn this pper evluting pproh for vulnerility of onrete uildings sed on piweEPUQGQST guidelines hve een disussed nd n old onrete uilding hs een evluted in

en g plne frme is nlysed for single y single storey to single y V storeyF hus eight models of plne frme were studiedF he frme ws sujeted to seismi fores nd the moment t the left orner of the em t every story ws noted down for vrition in the sti'ness from very low @hinge onditionA to very high @fully rigid onditionAF st ws oserved tht for multy storied frmesD the moment t the end of the ems in lower stories inresedD monotonilly s the rigidity inresed from very low to very highF fut the em moment t the end for top story inresed eyond the vlue of moment oserved for fully rigid stteD showed pek vlue of moment nd grdully redued to tht oserved for fully rigid stte nd eme stedy with the vrition in the rigidity of the em joint from hinge stte to rigid stteF his pek vlue

189

ES 3c
of moment is oserved s IFIP times tht of fully rigid moment for two story frme to PFRT times the fully rigid moment for n V story frmeF he vlue of em sti'ness ws noted for these pek vlues of moments nd push over nlysis ws performed for the frmes with em olumn joint with semi rigidity introdued in the emF he result of the performne point for frmes with semi rigid joints ws ompred with frmes hving fully rigid jointsF st ws onluded tht for frmes hving Q stories nd oveD the seismi performne of frmes with semi rigid joints deteriortes s ompred to frmes with fully rigid jointsF por frmes hving less thn three storiesD the seismi performne is hrdly 'etedF e similr oservtion is drwn for two y frmes with stories vrying from I to V nd sti'ness of em vrying from very low to very highF
CIRCULAR AND RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS JACKETED WITH CFRP SHEETS  ID 249
A. Ilki, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey E. Karamuk, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey O. Peker, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey C. Demir, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey N. Kumbasar, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Poster Presentations
ingF sn the period IWWPEPHHSD they initited nd relized severl projets in the (eld of high strength onreteF pour of these were rried out y the snstitute of irthquke ingineering nd ingiE neering eismologyD sssD kopjeD epuli of wedoniF hese were the followingX IF hevelopment of wethodology for righ trength gonreteD @IWWPEIWWTEIWWVA PF wethodology for ytining of righ trength gonrete nd sts epplitionD @IWWVEPHHHA QF hynmi fehviour of ilements nd trutures gonstruted from righ trength wteE rilsD @PHHHEPHHQA RF eismi esistne of righ trength gonrete fuildingsD @PHHREPHHTA ithin the frmes of these projetsD synthesis of the stteEofEthe rt reserh hs een mde nd omplex lortoryEexperimentlE nlytil investigtions hve een performed to ontriute toX de(nition of the methodology for otining high strength onrete exlusively from domesti resouresY joint ehviour of high strength onrete nd steel in nonliner rnge nd ehviour of high strength onrete ems nd olumns exposed to seismi lodsY nlytil de(nition of nonliner ehviour of high strength g uildings exposed to rel seismi e'ets nd their seismi resistneD s well s de(nition of riteri nd reommendtions for pplition of these mterils in seismilly tive regionsF eleted results from these investigtions will e presented in the pperF
BEARING SHEAR WALLS WITH COFFOR SYSTEM  ID 293
Z. Liu, Coor, Australia V. Davidovici, Coor, France

sn this studyD PI reinfored onrete olumns with deE qute nd indequte trnsverse reinforement were tested under unixil ompression fter eing jketed externlly with ron (er reinfored polymer @gpA sheetsF hikness of the gp lyerD rossEsetion shpesD unon(ned onrete strength nd sping of internl trnsverse rs were the min test prmeters of this experimentl workF wost of the speimens were tested under monotoni inresing xil strinsD while P speimens were tested under yli xil lodsF he test results showed thtD externl on(nement of olumns with gp sheets resulted with n inrese in ultimte strength nd dutilityF hile the strength enhnement ws more pronouned for the speimens with irulr rossEsetionD speimens with squre nd retngulr rossEsetions exhiited lrger ultimte xil deformtions without sustntil loss in strengthF elthough originl speimens without dequte internl trnsverse reinforement experiened premture ukling of the longitudinl rsD this phenomen ws delyed signi(ntly fter gp sheet jketingF ine the trnsverse stress provided y the externl gp jkets ws muh higher thn tht of internl trnsverse reinforementD the speimens jketed with sme thikness of gp sheets ehved similrlyD independent of the mount of internl trnsverse reinforementF eording to the test resultsD gp jkets were more e'etive in the se of low onrete strengthF he ompressive strengths nd the orresponding xil deformtions of the gp jketed olumns were lso predited y the stressEstrin model proposed y the uthors eforeF st ws seen tht the predited strength nd ultimte xil deformtions were in resonle greement with experimentl dtF
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE IN MACEDONIA  ID 292
R. Petrusevska-Apostolska, IZIIS, University Ss. Cyril and

her wlls re the most e'etive ntiEseismi onstruE tion strutureF he gyppy ystem with two fes of ri lth strengthened y strighteners nd onneted y loops o'ers n esy method to uild sher wllsF sn the pst IH yersD severl tests were performed in witzerlndD ghinD prneD igyptD elgeri to test ompression resistneD de)exionD trtion nd dutility of gyppy wlls nd slsF es gyppy is oth formwork nd represents prt of the strutureD qulity of onrete hs een ontrolledF ummry of ll tests will e presented eleted referene will e presented sn seismi ountries with frme struture ultureD gyppy is presently gining ground s urrent onstrution methodF everl implementtion nd ulturl ostles hd to e overomeF wulti story onstrutions sine IWWV demonstrted the vlidity of the ystem nd the qulity of onrete
ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR STRENGTHENING OF SQUARE RC COLUMNS WITH CFRP  ID 422
A. Zarafshan, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) O. Huth, EMPA, Switzerland M. Motavalli, EMPA, Switzerland

Methodius, Macedonia G. Necevska-Cvetanovska, IZIIS, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia

he pplition of dvned mterils in design of modE ern engineering strutures is eing onstntly inresed in di'erent prts of the worldF ithin the frme of this trendD high strength onrete with its improved physilEmehnil hrteristis eomes optiml vrint for mny design prolemsF por its wide use in ivil engineeringD it is neessry to de(ne preisely its properties nd ehviour under di'erent loding onditions nd prtiulrly under rel seismi e'etsF he urrent interest in this issue is re)eted through the inresE ing numer of reserh projets worldwide in the pst (fteen yersF ienti(D industril nd onstrution ompnies in wedoni hve the potentil to follow these new trends in struturl engineerE

eent erthqukes hve een left tstrophi eonomiE l dmgesF ivlution of mjor infrstrutures nd uildings demonstrte tht most of importnt strutures re vulnerle to lterl seismi foresF end will need to repir or strengthening in ner futureF hereforeD innovtiveD time nd ost sving rehilittion methods for reinfored onrete strutures need to e developedF yne of these methods is the wrpping of g golumns with pier einfored olymers @pAF his e'etive strengthening method hs een gined eptne over the pst two dedesF xumerous nlytil models exist for the predition of the lod rrying ehvior of on(ned irulr onrete olumns nowdysF roweverD olumns with retngulr or squre ross setion re ommon for strutures espeilly ridge piersF sn this pper two models re presented whih hve een modi(ed for the pplition of squre g olumnsF wost importnt prmeters s the numer of wrp lyersD the rdius of rounded orners nd the mount of trnsverse steel reinforement were studiedF edditionllyD the models were ompred with existing models nd design odesF he omprison of test results found in pulished litertures nd lultions showed good greementF

190

Poster Presentations
IAEA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON SAFETY SIGNIFICANCE OF NEAR FIELD EARTHQUAKE  ID 442
P. Varpasuo, FORTUM NUCLEAR SERVICES LTD, Finland

ES 3c
pplied in two prinipl diretionsD one plne t timeD to deterE mine the e'et of prior loding on performne of the onnetionF voding in the spndrel em diretion llowed diret orreltion etween these threeEdimensionl speimens nd prior testing of plE nr speimens without the )oor systemF est results indited tht inluding the )oor system signi(ntly delyed the deteriortion of sher sti'ness nd strength of eentri onnetionsF toint sher distortions ontriuted signi(ntly to the totl story drift for ll sussemliesF hereforeD the experimentl dt on joint distortion ws usedD in onjuntion with previously otined dtD to develop n nlytil model of the inelsti deformtions of emEolumnEsl onnetionsF hynmi time history nlyses were performed for smple frme uilding with eentri nd onentri onnetionsF st ws oserved tht if deformle joint model ws not inluded in the struturl modelD story drifts were underestimted signi(ntlyF esults of the experimentl nd nlytil progrms re presented in this pperF
DAMAGE ANALYSIS OF RC FRAMES BASED ON FLOOR CAPACITY CURVES  ID 666
A. D'Ambrisi, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. De Stefano, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. Tanganelli, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy

he portum ontriution to modelling nd simultion efE fort of the results of the gew I mokEup for the seie g on fety igni(ne of xer pield irthqukes is reportedF he (nite element model of the sher wll is desriedF elso the mteril onstitutive equtionsD used in the nlysisD re presentedF he initil nturl frequenies of the (nite element model re developedF he time histories of the displement nd fore vriles of the model re developedF womentEurvture reltionships for di'erent elevtions of the model re lultedF he nonEliner response spetr of the top of the model re determined for ll presried input motionsF
ON THE EVALUATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF RC SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FORCE AND BIAXIAL BENDING MOMENT  ID 570
L. Liberatore, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy

eording to the urrent seismi iuropen odeD two limit sttes must e onsidered for the sfety veri(tions of struturesD nmed the ultimte limit stte nd the dmge limit stteF he former involves the estimtion of the design vlue of the tion e'ets nd of the orresponding design resistne of the elementF por reinfored onrete elements the design resistne must e evluted onsidering the hrteristi vlues of mteril properties nd the prtil ftors g nd gs for onrete nd steelD respetivelyF purthermoreD for onreteD oe0ient tking ount of long term e'ets on the ompressive strength nd of unfvourle e'ets due to the wy the lod is pplied should e onsideredF he prtil ftor vlues dopted for the fundmentl omintion must e pplied lso for the seismi design so s to tke into ount the possile strength degrdtion of the mterils due to the yli deformtionsF he doption of these vlues nd of the ftor for long term e'etsD 'ets the evlution of the ending resistne ndD onsequentlyD the ross setion designF sn this pperD the resistne of g setions sujeted to xil fore nd ixil ending moment is evlutedD oth y mens of non liner nlysesD whih tke into ount the e'et of the on(ning reinforement nd the degrdtion of the onrete in the postEelsti rngeD nd in the simpli(ed wy suggested y the iuroodesD iFeF onsidering given stressEstrin urve nd design vlue of ompressive strength equl to the hrteristi vlue redued y mens of the mentioned ftorsF e omprison etween the resistnes omputed in the forementioned wys is performedD evluting lso the in)uene of di'erent prmetersD suh s de ross setionl dimensionD the rtio etween ending moment nd xil foreD the mount of longitudinl nd trnsversl reinforementF
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF ECCENTRIC RC BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS  ID 585
B. B. Canbolat, Middle East Technical University, Turkey J. K. Wight, University of Michigan, United States

sn reent yers the pproh to design strutures in seisE mi res hs een undergoing sustntil evolution with the development of the soElled erformne fsed eismi hesign @fhAF sn this respetD n essentil event hs een the preprtion of the ision PHHH doument y the truturl ingineers essoition of gliforniD whih hs led to the de(nition of seismi performne ojetives9 s the oupling of expeted performne levels with expeted levels of seismi ground motion9D thus extending the wellEestlished onept of designing strutures to resist minor erthqukes with no dmgeD moderte erthqukes with no struturl dmge nd severe erthqukes without ollpseF e mjor hllenge in fh is to develop simpleD yet urte methods for estimting seismi demnd on strutures onsidering their inelsti ehviour nd the use of nonliner stti proeduresD or pushover nlysesD represents reltively simple nd e0ient toolF hen performing pushover nlysisD key prolem is to de(ne struturl ollpseD whih is usully relted to ttinment of threshold vlues of interstorey driftF sn this pperD results from pushover nlysis on four storey g uilding designed ording to iuroodes re nlyzed in order to otin informtion out the dmge stte of the strutureF xmelyD in ddition to the usul se sher vsF top storey displement reltionshipD the )oor sher vsF interstorey drift reltionship is determined for ll )oor levelsF ritions in trend of these )oor pity urves give n insight into dmge distriution within the strutureD s well s into ttinment of ollpseF elsoD orrespondene with trget displements otined with di'erent versions of pity spetrum method is rried outF
SIGNIFICANCE OF SHEAR MODELING ON SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF RC STRUCTURES  ID 674
A. Mwafy, MAE Centre, Univ. United States A. Elnashai, MAE Centre, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,

enlytil studies of the seismi response of reinfored onrete moment resisting frme strutures demonstrted tht the predited inelsti ehvior ws not urte when the joint region ws ssumed to e rigidF yne of the min purposes of the reserh progrm ws to develop joint model tht ounts for deteriortion of sher strength nd sti'ness within the onnetion regionF rior experimentl dt did not provide enough informtion on the inelsti ehvior of onnetions to estlish suh modelF hereforeD n experimentl study ws performed fousing on the e'et of eentriity of the spndrel em with respet to the olumnD em nd olumn setion spet rtiosD nd sl prtiiptionF hree QGREsle exterior reinfored onrete emEolumnEsl sussemlies were testedD in whih the spndrel em enterline ws eentri to the entroidl xis of the olumnF vterl lod ws

her filure of g strutures involves rpid strength degrdtion nd signi(nt loss of energy dissiption pityF st is thus neessry to inhiit this mode of filure y insuring tht the sher supply exeeds the pity orresponding to the mximum fesile )exurl strengthF e verstile lgorithm is therefore developed in the urrent study nd implemented in generl nonliner dynmi nlysis progrm to llow for the predition of sher filure in struturl memerF he sher demndEsupply sitution is monitored through employing two sher strength modeling pprohesF he (rst is sed on extensive experiments

191

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nd proved its pilities in representing the redution of sher supply with the degrdtion in onrete strengthF wodels dopted y design odes re lso implemented fter eliminting their onservtive sfety ftorsF he nlytil models re implemented in timeEstep fshion to llow for sherExil intertion nd to tke into onsidertion the instntneous level of dutility during the nlysisF he investigted strutures were relistilly designed nd detiled to di'erent qe nd dutility levels to represent wide rnge of ontemporry uildings with vritions in longitudinl @)exure domintedA nd trnsverse @sher nd on(nement domintedA reinforementF e series of inelsti response history nlyses is onduted using distint rnge of erthquke reords sled to inresing erthquke intensitiesF he signi(ne of inluding sher s filure riterion in seismi ssessment is on(rmed in this studyF ritions of xil fores led to high )utution in sher supply nd derese the ontriution of the ompression strut omponentF he enhned response of struturl memers designed to the ode provisions imposed to improve dutility nd sher strength in ritil regions is on(rmedF he sher filure is the ontrolling limit stte in uildings designed to the miniml dutility levelF his suggests improvements in the design provisionsD prtiulrly those relted to mximum hoop sping in em ritil regionsF
ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE WITHIN MULTIFIBRE FINITE ELEMENT BEAM THEORY  ID 679
F. Ragueneau, LMT-Cachan, France A. Souid, LMT-Cachan, France A. Delaplace, LMT-Cachan, France R. Desmorat, LMT-Cachan, France

Poster Presentations
ined yli reversed lterl fore nd onstnt xil lod to study seismi pity of the onrete olumns mde of highEstrength mterilsF est speimens were mde of onrete with ompressive strength of VHwD nd reinfored y highEstrength deformed rers hving WHHwEyield strengthF o ssure su0ient dutility to the highEstrength onreteD irulr steel tue hving two thikness were used to on(ned the olumnsF est results hve indited tht on(nement y irulr steel tue ould ensure dutile seismi performne to highEstrength onrete olumns under high xil ompression in the following three spetsF IAon(nement y steel tue ould not only inrese dutilityD ut lso led to inrese in ultimte lodErrying pityD sine the steel tue n ontin the whole olumn setion nd prevent spllingEo' of the over onreteF PAthin irulr steel tue with dimeterEtoE thikness rtio of IIH ould provide enough on(nement e'et to the onrete olumnF QAutiliztion of highEstrength rer ould not only enhne the deformtion pityD ut lso redue the residE ul deformtion of the olumn signi(ntlyD whih is noteworthy hrteristi of the highEstrength olumn from the viewpoint of reE piring of strutures fter the severe erthqukeF rllel the experimentl studyD n nlytil method ws lso present to simulte the yli performne of highEstrength irulr on(ned onrete olumnsF the proposed method n tke oth on(nement e'et nd ondEslip e'et into onsidertionF omprison etween the mesured yli results nd the theoretil preditions hs veri(ed the vlidity of the proposed methodF
EFFECT OF RESTORING FORCE MODEL FOR COLUMN-TYPE RC PIERS ON DISPLACEMENT DUCTILITY BASED DESIGN  ID 737
K. Hirao, The University of Tokushima, Japan Y. Nariyuki, The University of Tokushima, Japan S. Sasada, he University of Tokushima, Japan

por strutures lrge sle omputtions in givil ingineerE ingD prgmtism t the glol level hs to e trgeted when some physil lol phenomenon hve to e desriedF en intermedite struturl desritiztion @etween omplete Qh pproh nd mroEelement methodA mkes use of the multi(re theoryF st llows for simpleD roust nd e0ient omputtions t the glol level y introduing low numer of degrees of freedom nd insuring glol onvergene in the fstest wyF he hoie of using multi(re (nite element on(gurtion omines the dvntge of using emEtype (nite elements with the simpliity of lol unixil ehviorF he kinemtis hypothesis used in the present work ssumes no distorsion nor wrping of ross setionF gonerning the onrete onstitutive equtionsD re(ned modE elling within the erthquke engineering sope should ount for deE rese in mteril sti'ness s the mirorks openD sti'ness reovery s rk losure oursD inelsti strins onomitnt to dmge nd indued nisotropyF he ltter is otined y n nisotropi dmE ge model sed on gontinuum hmge wehnisF he model is written within the thermodynmis frmework nd introdues only one dmge vrile Pnd order tensorF o desrie the dmge evoE lutionD dmge riterion of wzrs type is usedF st introdues n equivlent strin omputed from the positive prt of the strin tenE sorF he numeril sheme used for the implementtion in pFiF ode is impliitD with ll the dvntges of roustness nd stilityF roweverD the onstitutive equtions of the nisotropi dmge n e solved in n ext wy on time integrtion stepF he lulE tion of the dmge nd of the stress is then ompletely expliit from progrmming point of viewF xumeril simultions of reinfored onrete strutures sujet to erthquke re presented in order to show the pilities of the proposed modelF ueywords X multi(re emD dmgeD onreteD indued nisotropyF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CIRCULARLY CONFINED HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE COLUMNS  ID 712
Y. Sun, Kyushu University, Japan H. Matsuo, Hazama Gumi Ltd., Japan J. Ishihara, Kyushu University, Japan

yjetives of this study re s followsY @IA to develop seismi design method of olumnEtype g piers sed on displement dutility @inelsti displement demndA nd @PA to disuss the e'et of the di'erene in restoring fore models @iEliner modelD some Ehyst modelsA on the design result of the g piers otined y the proposed methodF sn this studyD reltionship mong the required yield strength rtio r @inverse of redution ftorA nd displement dutility md D ultimte dutility mu nd nturl period of the hyp @ingle hegree of preedomA system with some di'erent restoring fore models @iEliner model nd Ehyst models with di'erent unloding sti'nessA is otined y inelsti response nlysis for level P rti(il erthquke motions regulted in the tpnese spei(tion of highwy ridgesD provided tht the vlue of modi(ed rkEeng9s dmge index h of the hyp systems eomes equl to required vlueD iFeFD hahr a HFQT @repirle limitAF egression equtions of the r nd mu re lso derived s funtion of the md nd F henD y use of the derived regression equtionsD the uthors develop seismi design method of the olumn type g piersD sed on the displement dutility @inelsti displement demndAF st is found from the design exmples tht the proposed method requires lrger dutility of the g piers with elsti perfetlyEplsti iliner model thn tht of the ultimte lterl strength method in the tpnese spei(tionD nd tht the pier with smller unloding sti'ness in the Ehyst model demnds lrger lterl pity thn the pier with lrger sti'nessD when the trget response displement dutility of the piers re the smeF
CRACK WIDTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC FORCE  ID 746
I. Kishimoto, Osaka University, Japan Y. Ohno, Osaka University, Japan

pour irulr onrete olumns were tested under omE

sn mny stge nd ll over the world environmentl issue hs eome serious nd this sitution fores us to give long life to the uildingsF o give long life to onrete uildings in seismi re repiring of the memers is indispensleF sn the point of view of repiring uildings sujeted to n erthquke disster it is quite importnt to estimte the dmge degreeF es stndrds to estimte the dmge level of the reinfored onrete uildings

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the mesurement of rk width our on the memers is useful nd rtionlF sn the pst studies on the rk width of reinfored onrete memer the prinipl ojetive ws to evlute the reltionship etween the width of rk nd sttionry lodF sn this studies we reserh the rk width in plsti hinge re of onrete olumns under sher fore nd ending moment on the ssumption of the erthquke foreF pive olumn speimens with vrious type of trnsverse reinforementD xil lodD nd were tested nd y using high performne digitl mer detiled flling proess of onrete olumns were reordedF sing those reording digitl dt we mde lrify the mehnism of the flling proess in the plsti hinge re of the onrete memer nd the eqution whih lulte the rk width relted to the rottion ngle of the memer ws developedF
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH LARGE DOMES  ID 821
J. A. Abdalla, American University of Sharjah, United Arab

ES 3c
oserved limited dmge t the se setion ensures tht no residul displement ours in the postEtensioned struture fter design seismi eventF es expetedD smller energy dissiption pity is oserved when postEtensioned rs re usedF ostEtensioned wlls exhiit limited inrese of the interEstorey drift t the se )oorF his phenomenonD whih might dversely 'et non struturl elements in uildingsD hs een studied y mens of non liner nlyses t the dmge limit stteF
3D PUSHOVER VERSUS NONLINEAR DYNAMIC METHOD IN ANALYZING IRREGULAR RC FRAMES  ID 880
A. Jalali, University of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) Y. Yasrebinia, University of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Emirates A. S. Mohammed, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

he nited er imirtes @eiA is djent to the srE nin plteu whih is one of the most seismilly tive regions of the worldF eent seismi tivities in gros pult felt nd wkrn udution one hve een felt in the eiF fndr es @outh srnA erthquke of xovemer PUD PHHS of mgnitude SFW in the ihter sle nd its severl fter shoks sent wves tht shok severl tll uildings in mjor ei ities inluding hui nd hrjhF his erthquke sent hundreds of thousnds of rttled residene to the streets of these mjor itiesF vrge spn reinfored onrete domes re type of strutures tht re not very ommon in mny prts of the worldF roweverD in the widdle istD reinfored onrete uildings with lrge domes of di'erent shpes @spherilD elliptil nd proliA re very populrD espeilly in modern government nd university uildings of hrjhD eiF fehvior of lrge spn reinfored onrete domes under erthE quke loding nd the intertion etween domes nd the rest of the struture is not well studiedF his issue did not reeive muh ttention y the reserh ommunity due to the srity of suh strutures world wideF o ssess the seismi vulnerility of uildE ings with lrge domesD the dynmi ehvior of domes need to e studied nd their suseptiility to dmge need to e evlutedF his pperD spei(llyX @IA studies the reltionship etween reinfored onrete dome shpeD thiknessD spn nd height nd its dynmi hrteristis suh s the fundmentl period of virtion nd mode shpesY @PA investigtes the intertion etween domes nd uildingsY @QA ompres the dynmi response of di'erent types of domes to di'erent ground motion reordsY nd @RA ssesses the seismi vulnerility of reinfored onrete uildings with domes to erthquke ground motion using nonliner dynmi timeEhistory nd nonliner stti pushover nlysis proeduresF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS WITH POST TENSIONED RC WALLS  ID 876
A. Marini, University of Brescia, Italy P. Riva, University of Bergamo, Italy E. Spacone, University of Chieti, Italy

sn this reserh the ury nd pplition of QEhimentionl pushover method in nlysis of reinfored onrete strutures hs een inspetedF QhE pushover method n e regrded s simple sustitute for three dimensionl nonEliner dynmi time history nlysisF he importnt prmeters 'eting the response results y using this method re (rstly diretion of pplied fores nd seondly seletion of pproprite loding ptternF sn order to pture the relisti ehvior of struture sed on results from time history dynmi nlysis the forementioned ftors must e refully seleted in QhEpushover nlysisF sn this study three dimensionl nlysis of three moment resisting frmes hving irregulrity in pln with medium dutility hve een performed using QhEpushover nd nonEliner dynmi time history methodF he uildings onsidered hve RD TD V stories with similr pln in three ses Fhe response results otined from oth method reD mximum lterl story displement nd mximum se sherF he response results otined from oth methods hve een ompred in order to ssess the ury of QhEpushover methodF tudy results show tht QhEpushover nlysis is sensitive to loding pttern nd its diretionF vod pttern ording to mode shpes nd omintion of mode shpes show etter results when uilding height inresesF elso results of QhEpushover in omprison with nonEliner dynmi time history nlysis results re sensitive to intensity of erthquke nd distne of uilding to ustive fultF sn the ses where struture is sujeted to strong erthqukes the results from QhEpushover method re low nd unEonservtiveF esults of QhEpushover nlysis re sensitive to mount of eentriity nd mount of torsions in strutureF he results show tht with inresing the torsionD the response results from QhEpushover will e lower ompred to nonEliner dynmi time history nlysisF
EVALUATION OF DUCTILITY FOR RC PILES SUBJECTED TO CONFINING PRESSURE IN THE GROUND  ID 978
T. Imamura, Railway Technical Research Inst., Japan Y. Murono, Railway Technical Research Inst., Japan

his pper investigtes the seismi ehviour of struE turl wlls with post tensioned unEonded high strength rs whih entirely or prtilly sustitute trditionl reinforement in the ritil zoneF he investigtion is sed on pinite ilement nlysesF ingle wlls re modelled y mens of foreEsed elementsD sed on the imoshenko em theoryD implemented within the pi gode pieF e simple nonEliner sher foreEsher deformtion lw is used t the setion levelD omined with lssil (re setion for the xil nd ending e'etsF he numeril models re vlidted through omprison with experimentl dt on the performne of IXI sled trditionl sher wll enduring yli lodingsF tti pushover s well s nonliner seismi nlyses re performedF xumeril nlysis results show tht wlls with either post tensioned or regulr reinforement exhiit similr top driftsF he elsti ehviour of the post tensioned rers nd the

sn the seismi design odes for rilwy strutures in tpnD the onventionl evlution method of deformtion pity for g piles hs een empirilly developed sed on lrge numer of lternte horizontl loding testsD whih were onduted under the tmosEphereF he tul deformtion pity of g pilesD howeverD is expeted to e lrger thn those otined from the inEir experimentl resultsD euse piles emedded in the ground re sujeted to on(ning pressure from the sugrdeF he purpose of this study is to estlish the onventionl evlution method of dutility for g piles tht re sujetEed to on(ning pressure from the ground retionF herefore the lternte loding tests of g olumns re ondutedD whih re supported y the imittion ground omposed of oil springsF xextD the lultion method of dutility for g piles is proposedD where the on(ning pressure from the sugrde retion is onverted into n equivlent on(ning pressure from hoop reinforementsF end then in order to demonstrte the e'etiveness of the newly developed methodD the oveEmentioned experimentl results re ompred with those oE tined from the numeril simultion using our proposed evlution

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ES 3c
methodF sn dditionD the seismi response of rilwy strutures is lulted using the proposed modelD nd the ppliility of the proposed model to design prtie is lso on(rmedF
EFFECTIVE SHEAR AREA OF UNIFORMLY REINFORCED CONCRETE CIRCULAR SECTIONS  ID 1047
I. Merta, Technical University Vienna, Austria

Poster Presentations
for resisting the erthquke lods re onsideredF he study ompliE ments the erlier reserh on the ost modeling of super struture systemsF he study is useful for foundtion design prties nd to rryout the ost nlysis for the eonomi evlution of design lterntives inorporting the osts for seismi resistneF
INVESTIGATION ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCES OF RC FRAMES WITH REFINED MULTI-COMPONENT MODELLING  ID 1135
A. D'Ambrisi, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. De Stefano, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. Tanganelli, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy

he sher strength of reinfored onrete memers withE out sher reinforement is relted to the sher stress rried y onrete e'etive sher reF por retngulr setions the e'etive sher re represents the re orresponding to e'etive depthF roweverD for irulr setions the term e'etive sher re is not s redily de(nedF hi'erent proposls sed on experimentl oservtions hve een suggested in literture ut no purely nlytilly derived expression is ville until yetF he egs fuilding gode reommends employing the produt of the setion9s dimeter nd the e'etive depthD whih is HFV times the dimeterF husD the e'etive sher re is IFHP times the setion9s gross reD whih seems illogilF fsed on test evidenes reserhers suggested to lulte the sher re s HFV times the setion9s gross reF he iuroode PD howeverD does not give ny instrution for irulr setionsF sn this work the e'etive sher re of irulr setions hs een derived purely nlytillyF st is de(ned s the re orresponding to e'etive depthD whih in turn is tken s the distne from the extreme ompression (er to the entroid of tension reinforementF o void the omplexity of determining the entroid of tension rsD their disrete distriution is repled y ontinuous reinforement ringF sn the rnge of normlly reinfored onrete the rtio of the e'etive sher re to gross setion is expressed s funtion of the neutrl xis depth for di'erent vlues of onrete overF por typil vlue of the neutrl xis depth for irulr setionsD it hs een oserved tht the e'etive sher re rnges etween HFT nd HFV times the setion9s gross re depending on the depth of the onrete overF husD n verge vlue of HFU is resonly urte vlue for the nlytil estimtion of the e'etive sher re of uniformly reinfored irulr setionsF
COST MODELLING OF FOUNDATION SYSTEMS FOR RCC MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS DESIGNED FOR SEISMIC EFFECTS  ID 1092
V. Thiruvengadam, School of Planning and Architecture, India K. I. Praseeda, School of Planning and Architecture, India J. C. Wason, School of Planning and Architecture, India

poundtion systems for multistoreyed uildings serve the purpose of trnsmitting the grvity lods nd lterl lods due to wind nd erthquke e'ets to the founding soil strt without sher filure nd exessive settlementsF nder erthquke onditions nd the foundtion elements re required to resist dditionl fores due to seismi e'etsF he study ims to quntify the ost premium for hieving seisE mi resistne of uilding foundtions under di'erent seismi intenE sities in omprison with nonEseismi onditionsF he study is sed on the ssumption tht ground nd foundtion filures do not our with the proper seletion nd struturl design of foundtion system sed on geotehnil investigtionsF he study presents the ost modeling of shllow @spred footings nd mt foundtionsA nd ile foundtions for mediumrise uildings @P to IH storeysA in di'erent seismi zones of sndin suEontinentF hese seismi zones re hrterized y design seismi pek ground elertion vrying from S to IV7 of elertion due to grvityF he llowle ering pressure of soils onsidered for shllow founE dtions vry from IHH kxGmP to PHH kxGmPF he proposed ost modeling of the foundtion system provides the totl s well s omponent wise ill of quntities for struturl onreteD steel reinforementD shuttering mterils nd the orreE sponding onstrution osts per unit )oor re of the uildings onE sideredF he prmetri in)uene of the di'erent seismi intensities nd llowle ering pressure of soils re rought out long with the ost premium for seismi resistneF por pile foundtionsD the inrese in numer of piles nd inrese in quntum of reinforement

eismi performnes of g frme strutures n e evlE uted using very re(ned nd omplex lol models or simpli(ed glol modelsF he limittion of the simpli(ed glol models is their inility to simulte the lol ehviour of ritil regions nd yield urte estimtes of strin nd urvture dutilitiesF yn the other hndD the high omputtionl ost ssoited with re(ned (nite element models is ler impediment in their use in lrge dynmi simultionsF he seismi performne nlyses presented in this pper re onduted with n intermedite model tht n e utilized with some suess forD othD glol response studies of highErise g frmes nd lol response studies of struturl elementsF he model is sed on the deomposition of frme memer into di'erent suelementsF ih suelement desries di'erent deformtion mehnism tht 'ets the hystereti ehviour of ritil regions in girders nd olumnsF uh n intermedite model n e relly suitle for rrying out erformne fsed eismi hesign @fhA proedures in relile mnnerF sn prtiulrD one of the min feture of this multiEomponent model is its ility to inlude in the simultions joint )exiility due to r pullEout t the emEolumn nd olumnEfoundtion interfeF rereinD e'ets of suh enhned modelling re evluted in fh formt y ompring the preditions of interstorey drifts nd plsti rottions with the limits provided y piwe QSTF he performne nlyses re onduted on three y four story g frme designed ording to iuroode V nd sujeted to the suite of PH elerogrms generted within the eg teel rojet for the vos engeles reD hving proility of exeedne of IH7 in SH yersF he otined results demonstrte tht inlusion of r pullEout in)uenes signi(ntly the two onsidered response prmetersD iFeF interstorey drifts nd plsti rottionsD regrding oth vlues nd distriution throughout frme memersF
NEURAL NETWORK ESTIMATION OF LATERAL CONFINEMENT COEFFICIENT FOR R/C RECTANGULAR COLUMNS  ID 1159
S. Noyan Alacali, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey B. Akbas, Gebze Institute of Technology, Turkey B. Doran, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

xeurl networks @xxsA re simple mthemtil struE tures nd suitle tools in estlishing relile reltionship mong the vrious prmetersF here re no omplex mthemtil formultions needed to design xxF hey gther knowledge y lerning from exmplesF he results of xx yield more relisti nd urte preditionsF he design of xx is sed on simulting the struture nd lerning tivities of the humn rinF xx pplitions in ivil engineering dte k to the lte eightiesF eent reserh demonstrted the potentil use of this tehnique in struturl engineeringF he prinipl im of this study is to develop nd test multiElyered feedforwrd xxs trined with the kEpropgtion lgorithm to model the nonEliner reltionship for the lterl on(nement oe0ient @vggA of Gg retngulr olumns sujeted to xil lodsF por this purposeD previous experimentl studies re used to determine the vggs of TS olumns with vrious geometril nd mehnil prmetersF pinllyD the preditions of the vggs from oth the xx nlyses nd the

194

Poster Presentations
empiril reltionships proposed in the literture re ompred with the experimentl resultsF he pproh dpted in this study ws shown to e ple of providing the est urte estimtes of vgg y using the seleted design prmeters in this studyF he results re onsidered to e enourging for further reserh of expnded dt setsF fy setting up some rndom vritions in the design prmetersD it is possile to estimte the lterl on(nement oe0ient for Gg retngulr olumns sujeted to xil lodsF he results were lso tested through nother xx pplition nd similr results were otinedF
PROBABILISTICALLY CONTROLLED DESIGN VALUES OF THE GLOBAL AND LOCAL DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF RC STRUCTURES  ID 1177
A. D'Ambrisi, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. Mezzi, Dip. di Ingegneria Civile, Universit di Perugia, Italy

ES 3c
y ore on(nement one the onrete over is lostF enlytil expressions to estimte the vrition of on(ning stresses long the min xes of ellipti setions re lso introduedF he proposed design equtions hve the ility to inlude in single model oth irulr nd ellipti setionsF yn the other hndD it is lso shown tht the use of n equivlent irulr setion to simplify the design of n ellipti trnsverse reinforement is oth questionle nd ine0ientF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF OLD CONCRETE  ID 1244
V. Levtchitch, Frederick Institute of Technology, Cyprus V. Kvasha, National University-Lvivska Polytechnica, Ukraine H. Boussalis, California State University, United States A. Chassiakos, California State University, United States

he use of nonliner dynmi nlysis is spreding in erthquke resistnt design of struturesF foth the glol nd lol nonliner seismi response of rG strutures re hrterized y lrge sttering of the resultsD even when spetrumE(tting generted elerogrms re usedF everl methods for estimting onservtive design vlue of the seismi response of n i struture hve een proposedF sn some of them the design vlue is lulted using elerogrms seleted on the sis of the geoseismi hrteristis of the exittion expeted t the site or its e'ets on the strutureF hese methods requireD howeverD n urte hrteriztion of the siteEspei( erthqukeD whih is often not esily otinleF sn the methods provided y urrent stndrd odesD the design vlue is insted omputed from the responses to ertin numer of spetrumE(tting generted elerogrmsF sn some ses the numer is limited to threeD ssuming s design vlue the mximum of the three responsesD while reent guidelines require lrger numer of elerogrms nd ssume s design vlue the verge responseF foth provisions do not llow to de(ne 4hrteristi4 design vlue with prede(ned proility of not eing exeeded y ny responseF e more e'etive proilisti pproh is presented hereinF st llows the nlyst to lulte design vlue of the seismi response of n rG struture hrterized y prede(ned nonEexeedne proility using limited numer of generted elerogrmsF he estimtes otined s men of the responses of nonliner hyp systems to limited numer of spetrumE(tting generted elerogrms re modi(ed using n mpli(tion ftor de(ned so tht the nonEexeedne proility of the response estimtes n e ontrolledF he ppliility of the proposed method is demonstrted in the se of n rG frme nd the results re ompred with those otined pplying urrent igV reommendtionsF
DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR THE TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT FOR CONFINEMENT OF ELLIPTIC RC COLUMN SECTIONS  ID 1197
J. E. Martinez-Rueda, University of Brighton, UK C. Dymiotis-Wellington, City University, UK

he im of this study is to otinD expnd nd verify some dt needed for the performne nlysis of existing reinfored onrete struturesF ttiD dynmi nd low yle ftigue testing of PQEPU yers old onrete hs een rried outF gylindril ore smples hve een drilled from residentil uildings in xiosiD gyprusF xew onrete of identil omposition hs een prepred nd tested t PV dysF essessment of ompressive nd tensile strengthD modulus of elstiityD stressEstrin reltionshipD plsti strin pityD dynmi strengthening nd low yle ftigue ehviour hve een onsideredF tti ompressive strength inrese ws found to e QEIS7D whih is sustntilly lower thn ommonly ntiipted vluesF here ws prtilly no inrese of stti splitting strengthF ilsti modulus inrese ws onsiderly lrger @PS7EQS7A thn tht of strengthF p to the stress of US7 of pek vlue onrete remined elstiF hynmi strengthening ws PER times lower thn tht of PV dy onreteF hynmi strengthening in splitting ws PEQ times lower thn tht in ompressionF ltimte strins were RH7ESH7 smller thn those of young onreteF e few initil yli lodings ring rpid hnges nd the e'et of dynmi strengthening is fst dispperingF et PHH yles of loding the ftigue limit is HFV of the stti strengthF oD the lrge seismi strengthening ommonly used in nlysis is in on)it with the rel phenomenonF ensileEompressive strength rtio is drmtilly deresingF e ontriution of onrete in resisting sher nd torsion nd the e'etiveness of on(nement re ll diminishingF he ignoring of onrete ge n result in drmti overestimtion of its seismi pitiesF roposls for the evlution of dynmi strengtheningD low yle ftigue limitD modulus of elstiity nd ultimte strins hve een formultedF
FLEXURE-SHEAR BEHAVIOR AND DISPLACEMENT-BASED SHEAR CAPACITY MODELS FOR BRIDGE COLUMNS  ID 1255
J. H. Lee, Yeungnam University, Korea, Republic Of S. H. Ko, Yeungnam University, Korea, Republic Of J. H. Choi, Yeungnam University, Korea, Republic Of Y. S. Chung, Chungang University, Korea, Republic Of

eentlyD the use of g ellipti olumn setions hs reE eived the ttention of numer of reserhersD oth for the design of new olumns nd for the seismi upgrding of existing olumnsF sn ftD euse it fvours the doption of trnsverse reinforement with smooth urved trjetoryD n ellipti setion for g olumn is prtil nd e0ient option to provide the setion ore with dequte on(nementF elthoughD the proedure to derive design eqution for irulr spirls is well doumented in the litertureD the design of either ellipti spirl reinforement or ellipti hoops for on(nement hs not reeived expliit ttentionF e design eqution to express one of the riteri to set the required minimum ontent of trnsverse reinforement for on(nement of ellipti setions t plsti hinge regions is prtil tool for the seismi design of new olumns nd g jketsF eordinglyD this pper dels with the derivtion of design equtions for the trnsverse reinforement required for on(nement of g ellipti olumnsF he proposed equtions omply with the priniple of xil strength reovery

wost design odes for struturl onrete suh s iuroodeEP nd egs QIV desrie sher strength equtions for reinfored onrete elements due to doption of foreEsed design oneptF iven for sher relted tionD howeverD displementEsed design onept might e more pproprite espeilly for seismi designF herefore the gevex eismi hesign griteri dopts displementEsed sher model for reinfored onrete ridge olumn designF einfored onrete olumns with reltively smll spet rtio show )exureEsher ehviorD whih is )exurl ehvior t initil nd medium displement stges nd sher filure t (nl stgeF ine the olumns with )exureEsher filure hve lower dutility thn those with )exurl filureD sher pity urve models shll e pplied s well s )exurl pity urve in order to determine ultimte displement for seismi design or performne evlutionF pour full sle @dimeter of IFP mA irulr reinfored onrete olumns were tested under yli lterl lod with onstnt xil lodF he min test vriles re spet rtio@IFVPSD PFSD RFHA nd longitudinl steel rtioF olumetri rtio of trnsverse hoop of ll the olumns is HFHHPQ in the plsti hinge regionF st orresponds to PR7 of the minimum requirement of on(ning steel y the uoren

195

ES 3c
fridge hesign pei(tionsD whih represent existing olumns not designed y the urrent seismi design spei(tions or designed y limited dutility design oneptF pour displementEsed sher pity models suh s gevex modelD eshheim et lF9s modelD riestley et lF9s modelD nd vee et lF9s model re pplied to the test results nd the ury of eh model is disussedF pilure ehvior nd seismi performne re lso investigted nd disussed in this pperF
DUCTILE CAPACITY OF RC BEAM-COLUMN ASSEMBLIES SUBJECTED TO REVERSED CYCLIC LOADING  ID 1279
J. Y. Lee, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, Republic Of J. H. Kim, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, Republic Of H. J. Hwang, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, Republic Of M. S. Chang, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, Republic Of

Poster Presentations
t the entre of mss of the storey pln of struture where the )oor diphrgm is onsidered s in(nitely rigid nd with the seond ideliztionD the storey msses re onsidered to e distriuted t some de(ned points of the sls where the )oor diphrgm is onsidered s )exileF snternl fores re lulted in olumns nd sherEwlls in ddition to the inEplne stress distriutions t the story sls nd ompredF
A MORE REALISTIC LATERAL LOAD PATTERN FOR DESIGN OF R/C BUILDINGS WITH MOMENT FRAMES AND SHEAR WALLS  ID 1463
M. Hosseini, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Khoshamadi, Islamic Azad University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he usul erthquke resistnt design philosophy of duE tile frme uildings llows the ems to form plsti hinges djent to emEolumn onnetionsF sn order to rry out this design philosophyD the ultimte strength of the emEolumn joints should e greter thn the )exurl yielding fore of the em nd should not degrde efore the em rehes its required dutilityF efter the plsti hinges our t oth ends of the emsD the longitudinl xil strin t the enter of the em setion in the plsti hinge region ruptly inreses euse the neutrl xis ontinues to move upwrd towrd the extreme ompressive (er nd the residul strin of the longitudinl rs ontinues to inrese with eh yle of inelsti lodingF en inrese in the xil strin of the em setion fter )exurl yielding widens the rks in the emEolumn jointsD thus leding to n derese of the sher strength of the emEolumn jointsF his pper provides method to predit the dutile pity of reinfored onrete emEolumn joints tht fil in sher fter the plsti hinges our t oth ends of the djent emsF he proposed method tkes into ount sher strength deteriortion in the emEolumn jointsF sn order to verify the sher strength nd the orresponding dutility of the proposed methodD six g emEolumn ssemles were tested under reversed yli lodingF gomprisons etween the oserved nd lulted sher strengths nd their orresponding dutilities of the tested ssemlesD showed resonle greementF
RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM BEHAVIOR OF R/C STRUCTURES RELATED TO THE RIGIDITY DISTRIBUTIONS  ID 1290
F. G. Gulay, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey U. Sahbaz, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey M. M. Ayranci, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey A. S. Bahcecioglu, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

st hs een oserved in reent studies tht the distriuE tion pttern of the lterl lods in the elevtion of the uilding is not lose enough to the liner distriutionD ssumed y most odesF sn this reserh it ws tried to (nd more relisti distriution pttern for the seismi lod in reinfored onrete @GgA uildings hving moment frmes with sher wlls s their lterl resisting systemD y using the nonliner time history nlysesF por this purposeD W vrious Gg uildingsD whih hve three di'erent numers of ys in eh diretion nd lso hve three di'erent vlues for their heights hve een onsideredF et (rstD the uildings hve een designed y the srnin xtionl gode for Gg fuildings @efeAF hen they hve een nlyzed y nonliner time history nlysis softwre y using the elerogrms of some wellEknown erthqukesD ll sled to HFQSgD HFSHgD nd HFUHg pek ground elertion @qeA vluesD to (nd out lso the e'et of qe in the seismi response of uildings s wellF esults show tht (rstly the vlues of nturl period of the uilding nd the sher foreD lulted y the odeD re not ppropriteF por exmpleD it got ler tht the numer of ysD whih hs not een onsidered in the ode formulD is e'etive in the nturl period of the uildingF eondlyD it ws found out tht the rel lterl lod pttern is quite di'erent with the one suggested y the seismi odeF fsed on the numeril results new lterl lod pttern n e suggested for this kind of uildingsD in the form of some storyEdependent modi(tion ftors pplied to the existing ode formulF he e'et of nturl period of the uilding s well s its numer of stories re tken into ount expliitly in this new lod ptternF
NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF RC BRIDGE PIERS UNDER ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKES GENERATED ACCORDING TO EC8  ID 1502
V. B. Nguyen, University of Birmingham, UK A. H. C. Chan, University of Birmingham, UK

he min purpose of the study is investigting the e'et of the rigidity distriutions of vertil memers on seismi ehvior of Gg multiEstory uildings with rigid or )exile diphrgmsF he Qh nlyses of smple uildings with di'erent plns re performed nd inE plne stresses in sls nd memer fores re omputed nd ompred with the solutions of rigid nd )exile )oor ssumptionsF he )oor diphrgms re generlly onsidered to e in(nitely rigid in its own plne in the lssil pproh of seismi struturl nlysisD wheres for some irregulr strutures espeilly in ses of )oor disontinuity irregulrities or with lrge indenttionsD this ssumption my not lwys e vlidD for tht resonD ording to the most seismi odesD it should e veri(edF fesidesD lthough the odes do not put ny restritions on the rigid )oor ssumption of regulr uildingsD the omputtions show tht lrge di'erenes t the internl fores my our t some strutures with sherEwlls etween rigid nd )exile )oor solutions in ddition to some stress onentrtions t the sl zones lose to sherEwllsF he study presents the numeril results of Qh nlyses of severl multiEstory frmed nd sherEwlled Gg strutures hving regulr )oors or di'erent levels of )oor disontinuity irregulritiesF he omputtions re performed with two di'erent mthemtil modelsD rigid nd )exile )oor ssumptions s followsX ith the (rst ideliztionD the storey msses re ssumed to e onentrted

sn this pperD results of numeril study on the nonE liner dynmi ehviour of reinfored onrete ridge piers under rti(il erthqukes generted (tting to n igV spetrum re presentedF e new smered rk model for onreteD nmed grft modelD is well vlidted through vrious ses of g strutures under monotoni nd yli lodingsF st is then used for the pi modelling of the g ridge piers under igV rti(il erthqukesF he investigtion fouses on the in)uene of vrious model prmeE ters nd min hrteristis of rti(il erthqukes 'eting the nonEliner seismi responseF st hs een oserved tht the seismi response of the g ridge piers is dependent signi(ntly on the prmeters of the pi model nd the properties of the rti(il erthqukesF ome omments re lso mde to the use of the new model under yli nd erthquke lodingsF
RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION-SOIL SYSTEM EMENT METHOD  ID 1504
T. Maki, Saitama University, Japan H. Mutsuyoshi, Saitama University, Japan

RC STRUCTUREUSING FINITE EL-

eismi response of reinfored onrete struture is highly 'eted y the response of foundtionEsoil systemD espeilly

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Poster Presentations
the struture onstruted on reltively soft groundF he seismi performne veri(tion or the seismi dmge ssessment for suh strutures should inlude the e'et of nonliner intertion etween foundtion nd its surrounding soilF he urrent design ode for onrete struturesD pulished y the tpn oiety for givil ingineers @tgiAD presries the seismi performne veri(tion of g strutures sed on the response nlysis in time domin of the whole struturl system inluding their supporting foundtionF sn this pperD the results of response nlysis for the dmged g strutures in the tul erthquke ourred in tpnD were introdued sed on the (nite element methodF everl types of input seismi motions t the engineering se lyer were hosenD nd the e'et of the properties of seismi wves on the struturl dmge ws investigtedF sn dditionD the in)uene of (nite element modeling on the detiled struturl nd elementl responses ws exminedD nd the pproprite modeling for suh nonliner response nlysis using (nite element method ws proposedF
CONVENTIONAL STEEL TIES VERSUS FRP CASINGS AS CONFINEMENT REINFORCEMENT FOR BUILDINGS  ID 1517
T. Ozbakkaloglu, University of Ottawa, Canada M. Saatcioglu, University of Ottawa, Canada

ES 3c
reduing the sping etween the stirrups whilst mintining the rtio of the stirrup re to spingD the provision of douleE stirrups t the emEolumn joint nd the ddition of inlined rs within the em t the support regionD nd @PA in the sher wllD reduing the sping etween the longitudinl rs whilst mintining the sme reinforement rtio s tht in the ontrol speimen nd providing distriution rs with n inlintion ngle of RS F st is onluded tht ordinry nonEseismilly detiled sher wllEfrme strutures my not withstnd moderte seismi eventF he dutility of suh strutures n however e improved signi(ntly with minor modi(tions in reinforement detiling spei(tionsD whih do not result in rdil hnges in presently prtied design nd detiling tehniques nd in signi(nt inrese in onstrution ostF
ANALYZING SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF PERFORATED SQUAT R/C SHEAR WALLS  ID 1537
M. Baradaran Shoraka, Sharif university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Moghaddam, Sharif University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

pier reinfored polymer @pA singsD in the form of styEinEple formworkD provide n ttrtive lterntive to onventionl steel reinforement for olumn on(nementD espeilly for highEstrength onrete @rgA olumnsF p sings ful(ll multiple funtions ofY iA formworkD iiA on(nement reinforementD nd iiiA protetive shell ginst orrosionD wethering nd hemil ttksF roweverD the higher ost of p mteril nd onerns over (re rtings nd lk of dt on long term performne provide hllenges to widespred use of the mteril for new onstrutionF he pper presents omprtive study of the two pprohesD s pplied to reinfored onrete frme uildings in prtieF e IHEstorey reinfored onrete frme struture ws designed on the sis of urrent seismi design prtieF he olumns were designed nd detiled following the seismi provisions of the egs QIVEHS fuilding godeD s well s displement sed design pprohF he sme olumns were designed following displement sed design proedure reommended y the uthors for p styEinEple formworkF he p reinforement onsisted of perimeter sings with nd without interior p rosstiesF he pplition of onventionl nd p reinforement ws ompred from the points of view ofY iA performneD iiA fesiility nd onstrutilityD nd iiiA eonomy @mteril nd lor ostsAF he results indite tht p sings n e superior to steel hoops nd tiesD espeilly for rg olumnsD providing improved performne nd inelsti deformility for erthquke resistnt uildingsF
DUCTILITY IMPROVEMENT OF NON-SEISMICALLY DESIGNED RC SHEAR WALL-FRAMES  ID 1533
J. S. Kuang, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong A. I. Atanda, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

truturl wlls re used extensively in lowE nd moderteErise uildings to resist lterl lods indued y erthqukesF olid wlls do not ontin signi(nt openingsD ut perforted wlls hve openings tht re rrnged in regulr ptternF her wlls hve openings for the penetrtion of piping nd other requirementsF sn new molding systemsD openings re penetrted in the wllF his pper presents the results of nlytil investigtion on the ehvior of perforted sher wllsF he openings 'et the struturl performnes of the sher wll whih onsist of distriution hnges of stress nd strin in the elements developed round the openings nd vrition of strengthD sti'nessD dutility nd filure modes of the sher wllF enlytil results of squt sher wlls with numerous openings sed on nonliner (nite element nlysis re disussedF rmeters suh s the numerD lol rrngement of the openings nd the reinforing method round the openings re investigtedF fsed on the resultsD perforted wlls hve seen to hve two modes of filureF sn the (rst modeD the spndrels formed round the holes will fil (rst nd dutile slender olumns re otined nd the dutility pity of the wll inresesF sn the seond modeD filure ours in the olumns formed round the holes nd rittle nd rupt filure is seenF ith the help of the h prmeter the limit of the two filures is delinetedF sn oth filure modesD the strength nd sti'ness of perforted wlls deresesF ueywordsX erforted Gg her llsD trengthD hutilityD xonliner pinite ilement
A MODELING METHOD FOR A GIRDER OF STRUCTURES WITH SEISMIC SLITS  ID 1591
T. Ohmura, Architectural Institute of Japan, Japan

his pper presents experimentl studies on two lrgeE sle twoEstorey reinfored onrete sher wllEfrme speimens with nonEseismi reinforement detiling nd limited seismi detiling under reversed yli lodingF he primry ojetive of the study is to investigte the seismi ehviour nd dutility enhnement of reinfored onrete sher wllEfrme uildings in n environment of moderte seismiityF he inherent dutility of n ordinry g wllEfrme is experimentlly estlished y testing the suEwllEfrme speimenD where the reinforement detiling is onsistent with tht typilly dopted for sher wllEfrme uildings where the design ode hs not stipulted ny requirement for seismi ompline in reinforement detilsF ixperimentl investigtion is then onduted on the other suEwllEfrme speimen for investigting the enhnement to dutile response ehviour of displement following modi(tions of the reinforement detiling tehniqueF he modi(tion is simple nd inludes @IA in the frmeD

sn PHHSD the onstrution sndls over flsi(ed seismi sfety dt were ourred in tpnF smproper onstrution prties were lso eme the fous of ritiismF wny uildings were not identi(ed with on seismi slits setD whih were spei(ed to e set in the struturl drwingsF st eme one of the prolemsF wny reinfored onrete uildings in tpn onsist of frme strutures using olumnsD girdersD nd sher wllsF sn se of lrge erthqukeD energy sorption y the girder end plsti hinges is expetedF o openings on wll derese the wll strength nd sti'nessD wll with lrge openings suh s those for entrnes nd windows re not pplile to e seismi elementF hose wlls work to shorten the )exile spns of the olumns nd girders in se of erthqukesF sn the pst erthqukes in tpnD those short olumns used rittle frture nd dngerous situtionsF his dmge served s lessonD we otined improper openings on wlls derese the seismi performne of uildingsF sn tpnD method of onstrution tht hs een pplied is to seprte olumnsGgirder from the wll y set seismi slit etween eh olumnGgirder nd the wllF fy seprting olumnsGgirders from the wllD the )exile spn of the girder nd olumn eome widerF

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ES 3d
he ollpse mehnism of girder n e simpli(ed nd the dutility of olumn n e improvedF sn this pperD we introdue the tpn9s onstrution method tht dopts the use of seismi slitsD nd the modeling method for girder of frmes with seismi slits is investigtedF

Poster Presentations
ES 3d: Structural Engineering - Control
Level-1
EARTHQUAKE ISOLATION SELF-CENTERING SYSTEM WITH SIDE RIGID LINK-RODS  ID 27
F. Bartolozzi, Independent Researcher, Italy

INFLUENCE OF SLIP OF REINFORCEMENT BARS ON THE COLLAPSE BEHAVIOUR OF RC COLUMNS  ID 1637

P. P. Diotallevi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy L. Landi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy

sn this pper the onsequenes of removing the hypotheE sis of perfet ond on the ollpse ehviour of reinfored onrete olumns were investigtedF herefore n expliit formultion of the ondEslip reltionship ws inludedD nd n intermedite step etween the setion nd the memer nlysis ws introduedF sn this phse suEelement de(ned y two djent rks ws exminedF ivery suEelement ws divided into slies in the longitudinl diretionF en itertive proedure sed on the vlues of the referene vrile @slipA t one of the rked ends ws then ppliedF gonsidering di'erent levels of the xil lod nd of the other prmeters whih minly 'et the )exurl ehviourD the ultimte urvture of the rked setion ws ompred with the verge urvture of the suEelementF he next step ws to extend the nlyses to the entire memerD onstituted y series of suEelements etween djent rksD with the ssumption of stilized rkingF hrough numeril integrtionD ultimte rottion nd trnsverse displement were determined nd these results were ompred with those otined ssuming perfet ond etween steel nd onreteF elso the slip of the steel r long the joint interfe ws onsideredF he nhorge slip used onentrted rottion t the memer endsD usully lled (xed end rottionF et lstD theoretil results otined y this proedure hve een ompred with those deriving from the pplition of ngiotkos nd prdis @PHHIA empiril formuleD otined on the sis of wide experimentl progrmF

he proposed system onerns the erthquke isoltion of onstrution hrterized y the lying of multidiretionl movle erings nd of side rigid linkErodsF he linkErods hve doule funtionX IF to unlok onstrution t the eginning of n erthqukeD llowing the foundtionEsoil omplex to move horizontlly with respet to the onstrutionD whih remins lmost motionless during the erthqukeY PF to lok the onstrution t the end of n erthquke nd to hold it permnently loked in the stte of soil quietF he negligile pendulous e'et in the onstrution during n erthquke is due to the very smll inlintion of the sliding surfeD whih is present in eh ering in order to llow the spontneous selfEentering of the onstrutionF he seismi energy in the onstrution is very lowD if the erings re with sliding frition @te)onAY it is negligileD if the erings re with rolling frition @steel llsAF he devieD whih llows linkErods to unlok nd lok the onstrutionD respetively t the eginning nd t the end of n erthqukeD onsists ofX n eletroEmgnetD n elerometer or seismometerD ontrol eletroni sttionD n eletri iruit onneted to smll genertor of eletri urrentF he ost for mking the erings nd the side linkErods in this proposed system lnes the highest ost of the strutures in the other existing seismi systems hrterized y totl sorption of seismi energyF xeverthelessD the proposed system is ertinly to e preferred with respet to the seismi systems due to the sene of the psyhoEphysil disomfort for the inhitnts during n erthqukeF
STRUCTURES EQUIPPED WITH ADAS AND TADAS DAMPERS AND CONVENTIONAL STRUCTURES  ID 31
S. M. Sajjadi Alehashem, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Campus, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Keyhani, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Pourmohammad, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Campus, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES AND ASSIGNMENT ITS RESPONSE TO SEISMIC LOAD  ID 1891
K. Pohl, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic J. Maca, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic

he method of lultion the seismi response of uildE ing strutures ording to iygyhi V is sed on simplifying suppositionF his simpli(tion is trnsformtion of hevy dynmi lod given y seismi shke to equivlent stti lod y method of progression to osilltion shpesF gonversion of dynmi tsk to stti solution is fundmentl for projetion design where the solution of tsks with time vrile lod exeed the possiilities usul in engineer prtieF xext remrkle simpli(tion of lultion the response of struture is supposition of liner mteril ehviorF snury )own from this simpli(tion grows with hoie of mteril whih show pprent nonEliner ehvior @ferroEement onstrutionsA s order to tke into ount the dissiption pilities of the onstrution in the lultionD liner nlysis will e mdeD sed on suppositionl spetrum responseD whih is smller thn n elsti spetrumF his redution n e hieved y implementtion of dutility oe0ient qF ell of these signi(ntly simplifying suppositions led @ording to the type of onstrutionA to inury in ssignment of resultnt onstrution responseF e omprison of thus ssigned struture9s response lultion with lultion sed on detiled nlysis of the onstrution n led to modi(tion of the miniml numer of osilltion shpes riterion onsidered in the lultionD s ssumed in the iygyhi V normF

sn reent yersD new systems re used in the erthqukeE resisting struturesF inergy dissipting devies suh s edded hmping nd ti'ness @eheA nd ringulr edded hmping nd ti'ness @eheA re mong the most promising systems in the design of the new genertions of erthqukeEresisting uildingsF sn this pperD the ehvior nd performne s well s the eonomi spets of steel strutures equipped with ehe nd ehe metlli dmpers re investigted nd ompred with onventionl erthqukeEresisting steel systems suh s gfpD griyx nd ifp systemsF por this purposeD ground elertion reords of the il gentroD rhinoheD nfernndoD ft nd fm erthqukes re used s the disturing ground motion in series of numeril simultions of multiEstory steel uildingF he numeril simultions were rried out y using hesxEPh progrm nd the nonliner dynmil ehvior of the di'erent systems ws ompred with eh otherF esults show tht eh of the systems hs some dvntges in ertin irumstnesF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ACCORDION METALLIC DAMPER (AMD)  ID 38
M. Motamedi, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Nateghi-A., International Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sing energy sorer systems like metlli dmpers for ontrolling the strutures virtions due to erthquke hs een

198

Poster Presentations
developed during the pst dedesF elso there re some studies on the energy sorption of thinEwlled tues due to impt lodF hinEwlled tues hve lrge deformtion pity nd re suitle s n energy sorer in the struture in n erthquke provided tht suitle inelsti ukling mode ould ourF o in the pst reserh the ordion thinEwlled tues re introdued s the hystereti metlli dmpersF his pper dels with the study of energy dissiption in ordion thinEwlled tues nd their ehvior due to xil yli lodsF por this purposeD experimentl studies hve een performedF ixperimentl studies were onduted on series of speimens y vrious geometri shpes using tension nd ompression tutorF hese studies re foused on e'ets of mehnil nd geometri prmeters of these tues like shpeD thiknessD dimeterD length nd mteril type of tue on mount of energy dissiptionD xil sti'ness nd ering pityF he results show tht ordion thinEwlled tues poses suitle ehvior for energy sorption nd y hoosing the orret prmetersD the optimum design of this metlli dmper would e derivedF
EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC ABSORBERS ON THE FOOTING VIBRATIONS  ID 97
M. Dutkiewicz, University of Technology and Agriculture, Poland

ES 3d
prmeters of dmper nd optimum responses of strutures re lso investigtedD from whih expliit equtions for the optimum prmeters of dmper re rrived t using numeril serhing tehnique ssuming the dmping in strutures is zeroF st is found tht the derived expliit equtions for the optimum prmeters of dmper re yielding good resultsF
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A SELF-CENTERING STRUCTURE WITH BI-LINEAR BEHAVIOR  ID 132
A. V. Bhaskararao, Bapatla Engineering College, India C. Christopoulos, University of Toronto, Canada

ehnologil progress nd need of ivil engineering deE velopment in the re of dynmi exittionsX seismiD prEseismi lodsD use serhing methods nd mens of protetion uilding ojets ginst virtionsF gonsiderle ttention hs een pid to reserhes of e'etiveness of struturl dmping deviesF ssive protetion of struture hs wide pplition in ivil engineeringD prtiulrly in protetion of foundtionsF he pper presents the nlysis of virtion redution of foundtionD resting on the hlf speD equipped with multiple mss virtion dmperF he foundtion is stimulted to virtions y seismi foreF e multiple pssive tuned dmper is used to redue the level of virtion nd the optimum design prmeters of multiple tuned dmper re otinedF i'etiveness of the nlyzed multiple tuned dmper is ompred to the single tuned mss dmperF he in)uene of the mss oe0ient of the dmper on the resonting urve is nlyzedF he im of this pper is lso short review of protetion methods of ivil engineering strutures ginst virtionsF unowledge of the ove mentioned prolem n e the guideline for designing of foundtions under the dynmi exittionF roposed solutions n e the wy to reeive the minimum virtions of the nlyzed onstrutionF
OPTIMUM PARAMETERS OF VISCO-ELASTIC DAMPER FOR CONNECTING ADJACENT STRUCTURES  ID 131
A. V. Bhaskararao, Bapatla Engineering College, India R. S. Jangid, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

xowEEdysD designing of erthquke resistnt strutures in suh wy to minimize the dmge to struturesD in ddition to preventing the loss of livesD is reeiving more importne nd heneD the ttention of the reserhersF he development of selfEentering erthquke resistnt struturl systems is forwrding step in this diretionF sn this pperD the response of visously dmped struture with iEliner ehvior hving selfEentering pility is investigted under sinusoidl ground exittionF he ojet of the study is to determine the visous dmping required in struture with iEliner ehvior to yield the sme response tht is otined in se of similr struture with elstoEplsti ehviorF sn this diretionD losedEform expressions re derived for the frequeny response of the struture with iEliner ehviorF he frequeny response urves re plotted for di'erent dmping oe0ients to study the e'et of visous dmping on the responseF he results show tht signi(nt redution in frequeny responses of struture n e otined with inrese of dmping nd more importntly with selfEentering pilityF purtherD design hrts re developed tht will llow for the design of strutures exhiiting iliner elsti response with its full selfEentering property while reduing pek displement through visous dmpingF
BUILDINGS WITH FLOOR PRACTICALITY  ID 187 ISOLATION SYSTEM:

H. Pourmohammad, IIEES, Azad University Science and Research, Karaj, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ziyaeifar, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he dynmi ehvior of two djent struturesD modE eled s singleEdegreeEofEfreedom @hypA struturesD onneted with visoEelsti dmper is investigtedF sn this studyD expliit equtions for the optimum prmeters of onneting visoEelsti dmper re rrived t using numeril serhing tehniqueF he prmeters to e optimized re the dmping oe0ient nd sti'ness of the dmperY nd the struturl response quntities to e minimized re the displementsD reltive to the ground nd solute elertions under hrmoni nd sttionry whiteEnoise se elertionsF he governing equtions of motion of the onneted system re formulted nd losedE form expressions of the stedy stte responses of onneted strutures re otinedF he e'et of dmper prmeters nd dmping in strutures on the resulting responses is investigtedF st is found tht the responses of strutures n e signi(ntly reduedD if onneted with visoEelsti dmper of pproprite prmetersF purtherD it is oserved tht the e'et of dmping in strutures on the optimum prmeters of dmper is not signi(nt nd it is more importnt to note tht these insigni(nt hnges in the optimum prmeters of dmperD due to dmping in struturesD hve negligile e'et on the (nl resulting responsesF he in)uene of rtio of nturl frequenies nd mss rtios of strutures on the optimum

resented )oor isoltion system @lol isoltion systemsA t this pperD silly is to ontrol response of min struture of uildings s well s redution of )oor elertionF he struturl mss s the min soure of virtion sors the erthquke input energy in the strutureD ontrolling the virtion of the uildings requires isoltion of mssD from the min struture whih onsequently from the ground @suh s se isoltionAD lled mss isoltionF st is ler tht the min prt of mss is onentrted in the )oors of uildingsD so suitle pproh for ontrolling the response is to use pproprited isoltion etween the )oors sl nd min struture of uildings @struture frmesAD this method is onept of mss isoltionF sing isoltors for isolting story )oors re designed for light weight nd low lterl sti'ness ginst erthquke inputD lso uilding with )oor isoltion system require so mny isoltorsF he ville seismi isoltors hve the lengthy proesses of mnufturing result in high prie listF sn this pper new ruer seismi isoltor is proposed tht my solve the ove prolemsF sn this pperD onstrution detils of this uilding nd proposed new isoltor to mke pplile of these uildings re presentedF fsi priniplesD proposl vertil sti'ness nd tests results of the isoltor re lso presentedF
PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGNING (PBD) STRUCTURES WITH MASS DAMPERS  ID 189
V. Smirnov, Saint-Petersburg Transport University, Russian

Federation

he fh provides for strutures lultions using sevE erl levels of seismi input nd pproprite limiting onditionsF qenerllyD lultions re rried out for rre strong erthqukes

199

ES 3d
nd frequent wek onesF nder strong erthqukesD impt ertin dmges re supposed to umulte in onstrutionsF he fh of se isolted systems fes with ertin di0ulties in settings prmeters of erthquke protetion deviesD depending on the struture dynmi hrteristisD s the ltter hnge during dmges umultionF uh hnges hve speil in)uene the ehvior of mss tuned dmpers @whAF here re some wysD llowing to inrese the wh e0ieny for ll stges of the onstrution work down to it destrutionF emong these re E multimss whY E hevy weight whD the weight is ommensurle with tht of the min struture or even exeeds itY E semiEtive wh with prmetersD whih re djustle depending on the umultion of struture dmgesF he wh llows to djust eh dmper to ertin frequeny in the rnge where it will workF he (rst of the pplition wh should e djusted to the min frequeny of the intt strutureD nd the seond one should e djusted to the min frequeny of the struture with dmgesF he pper onsiders the umultion of dmges for vrious models desriing the frgile nd plsti mehnism of destrutionF sing the hevy weight whD when prt of the proteted struture n e pplied s the dmper mssD llows to provide stle wh e0ieny for ll input levelsF he lultions show thtX IF he wh pplition n e e'etive to improve the senrio of struture dmges umultionF PF he wh prmeters poorly depend on the epted model of the dmges umultion insigni(ntlyD ut they strongly depend on the speed of rigidity hnge s the dmges umulteF he uthor thnks professor eFwFzdin for the help t performne of the workF
FIRST RESEARCH IN ARMENIA ON THREE DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS  ID 196
M. Melkumyan, American University of Armenia, Armenia

Poster Presentations
system to further redue the ridge responsesD espeilly dek displementsF ineD se isoltion hs een proved s one of the most suessful mens of proteting strutures ginst seismi eventsD here in this studyY high dmping ruer ering @rhfA is used s pssive devie nd mgnetorheologil @wA dmper is used s semiEtive devie to form hyrid ontrol systemF gontrol lgorithm sed on vypunov stility theory is employedF he rhf is modeled with liner spring nd dshpotF o dequtely represent the intrinsi nonliner ehviour of the w dmperD two di'erent types of dynmi modelsD finghm modelD nd fouEen model re usedF sn order to ssess the e'etiveness of hyrid systemD numeril simultion results of hyrid ontrol system onsidering four di'erent strong erthquke ground motions re ompred with those otined with isoltion onlyD nd isoltion long with pssive visous )uid dmpersF he results indite tht the hyrid system is found to e more promising thn the pssive systems in reduing seismi response of the leEstyed ridgeF ueywordsX gleEstyed ridgeY isoltionY semiEtiveY hyrid ontrolY mgnetorheologil dmperY seismi response
EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKING PILLAR ISOLATION SYSTEM DEVELOPED FOR MASONRY HOUSES  ID 285
N. Funaki, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Japan T. Fujita, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Japan N. Hori, Tohoku University, Japan N. Inoue, Tohoku University, Japan S. Kawamata, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Japan

gurrently the seismi isoltion tehnology is eing extenE sively developed in ermeniF he onstrution of new seismi isolted uildings or the retro(tting of existing uildings using seismi isoltion tehnologies to dte ws going on minly in the res loted fr from the tive fultsF roweverD tking into ount the lrge sle onstrution in di'erent regions of ermeniD it eomes ovious tht in the ner future it will e moving to the res loser to the epienters of the pst erthqukesF he possiility of onstrution or retro(tting of uildings in epientrl regions requires development of seismi isoltion systems le to resist not only horizontl ut lso vertil ground motionsD whih re hzrdous in ner soure zonesF hereforeD new types of seismi isoltion systems need to e elortedF his reserh work is sed on the new onept of hree himensionl eismi ssoltion hevie @QEhshA proposed y wF welkumyn in PHHQF st is dedited to justi(tion of the neessity for development of QEhsh nd to investigtion of the response of strutures with nd without QEhsh y rrying out time history nlysis using simultneously horizontl nd vertil reords of the nerE(eld ground motionsF rving s (nl purpose the detiled designD mnufturing nd pplition of QEhshD t this stge of reserh the min tsk ws to revel the generl prmeters of QEhshF his tsk ws omplished y modeling of Gg struture with nd without QEhsh nd rrying out the erthquke response nlysis using di'erent time historiesF he vertil sti'ness of QEhsh ws hosen from the ondition tht the frequeny of the whole struture supported y QEhsh would di'er from the predominnt frequenies of the ! h nerE(eld ground motions y out PEQ timesF
HYBRID CONTROL STRATEGY FOR SEISMIC PROTECTION OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE  ID 276
B. B. Soneji, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India R. S. Jangid, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

sn developed ountries of seismi reD dwelling houses nd prtment houses re uilt sed on modern onstrution tehnique nd mintin some level of seismi resistneF eentlyD pplition of seismi ontrol tehnique to these houses will onspiuously dvne the level of sfety nd reliility ginst erthqukeF sn ontrstD mny people in developing ountries hve to live in trditionl msonry houses of doesD riks nd onrete loks y tehnil nd eonomil resonsF he erthquke of wTFSD whih took ple in srn on heemer PTD PHHQD totlly destroyed the historil ity of fm killing forty thousnd peopleF he disster reminds us tht it is one of the most urgent sujets of erthquke engineering to improve seismi resistne of the houses in developing ountriesF roweverD it is not esy to shift the onstrution of the houses to the one of modern tehnology ut dependene on lol produts of msonry mteril will not e hngedF e possile solution of voiding ollpse of the msonry houses is to implement se isoltion devies to redue input elertion restriting responding stress within the shering strength of the msonry wllsF sn this pperD new form of se isoltion system suitle for msonry houses is proposedD in whih roking pillrs re utilized s ering memersF he e'et of the system is veri(ed y shking tle tests ofIGR sle test speimenF elsoD numeril simultion y developed progrm is rried outF irtion response hrteristis of the houses uilt on the se isoltion system re mde ler y theory nd experimentsF
EFFECT OF THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS DEGRADATION ON STRUCTURES WITH ENERGY DISSIPATING SYSTEMS  ID 391
O. Navarro, University of Michoacan, Mexico J. M. Jara, University of Michoacan, Mexico

sn this pperD the e0y of hyrid ontrol system for seismi protetion of leEstyed ridge is exminedF he investigtion is rried out on lumped mss (nite element model of the uiny fyEview fridge t sllinoisF rereinD hyrid ontrol system is omposed of pssive ontrol system to redue the erthqukeEindued fores in the struture nd semiEtive ontrol

ssive ontrol devies re urrently used in severl ounE tries to improve the seismi response of strutures nd redue dmgesF e prmetri study direted to determine the importne of the strength nd sti'ness degrdtion in reinfored onrete strutures loted in soft soil sitesD with metlli energy dissiption devies is rried outF xonliner response history nlyses of equivlent singleEdegreeEofEfreedom systems representing uilding models of short medium nd lrge fundmentl period re summrizedF hree vritions of the si model re seletedD spei(llyX moment resisting frmeD frme with energy dissipting devies nd red frmeF ushEover nlysis of the uilding models re onduted to otin equivlent singleEdegreeEofEfreedom

200

Poster Presentations
systemsF o quntify the importne of the strength nd sti'ness degrdtion in the response of the struturesD four prmeters of the hystereti rules tht denote smllD medium nd lrge degrdtion re seletedF ell struturl models re sujeted to seven ground motions reorded in soft soil sites of wexio gityF esults sed on the nlysis of dmge indexes show tht the strength nd sti'ness degrdtion is more relevnt in strutures with energy dissipting systems when the fundmentl period of the model is lose to the predominnt period of the ground motionF st is lso shown the signi(nt ontriution of the reEenergy dissiption devie sti'ness in the expeted dmge of the modelsF
CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEW TYPE VARIABLE STIFFNESS DAMPER  ID 403
T. Furuta, Bando Chemistry, Japan

ES 3d
oth response quntities in oth uildingsY @A the rnge of vlues of prmeter  for whih the former onlusion pplies dereses with deresing vlues of prmeter lphY @A the mximum level of response redution tht n e hieved using nonliner visous dmpers is essentilly equl to the mximum level of response redution tht n e ttined using liner visous dmpersY nd @dA in generlD the optiml vlue of prmeter  diminishes with deresing vlues of prmeter lphF
PASSIVE CONTROL OF PIPING SYSTEM: ANALYTICAL STUDIES AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS  ID 474
S. V. Bakre, IIT Bombay, India R. S. Jangid, IIT Bombay, India G. R. Reddy, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, India

efter the IWWR xorthridge erthquke in the nited ttes of emeriD the IWWS ryogokenExnu erthquke in tpnD the demnd to seismilly retro(t the old uildings inresed more nd moreF por the populr smll wooden houses in tpnD dmpers re hoped to funtion t oth smll displement ginst the tr0 disturne or wind lodD nd t lrge displement ginst the erthquke lodF e new type vrile sti'ness dmper onsisting of high dmping ruer nd het hrdening polyurethne ruer is proposedF foth mterils hve high dmping propertiesF hile the high dmping ruer mteril hs lrge sti'nessD the het hrdening polyurethne ruer hs smll sti'nessF hrough the omintion of these two di'erent type ruer mterilsD new type vrile sti'ness dmper is produedD whih would funtion from smll displement to middle or lrge displementF he het hrdening polyurethne ruer works minly t the smll displementD while the high dmping ruer works t the middle or lrge displementF he trnsit point n e designed )exilyF sn this pperD fundmentl hrteristis of protoEtype speimen re reportedF et oth the smll or lrge displement rngeD QH perent ritil dmping rtio ws otinedF he initil sti'ness ws smll nd grdully inresedF st inresed to QH times of the initil vlue (nllyF foth initil sti'ness nd (nl sti'ness n e djusted y using di'erent ompoundingD thikness nd width of the two kind ruer mterilsF et lstD the usge of the dmper is demonstrted y simultion study eing instlled in twoEstory houseF
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ADJACENT STRUCTURES CONNECTED BY NONLINEAR VISCOUS DAMPERS  ID 424
D. Lopez-Garcia, Ponticia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile G. P. Cimellaro, University at Bualo, United States J. L. Almazan, Ponticia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile

ssive energy dissiption @ihA devies hve een suE essfully implemented in virting systems to redue struturl responseD primrily due to dynmi lodsD ut lso for wind nd erthquke lodingsF ih tehnique onentrtes most of the input energy into speilly designed deviesD rther thn llowing it to develop in the primry struturl elementsD nd therey reduing dmge in the min strutureF ssive pproh of energy dissiption is widely used in piping systemsD over tive or hyrid pssive ontrol methodsD for their simpliity in designD opertion nd mintenneF his pper presents the oservtions of shke tle studies on lrgeEsle three dimensionl @QhA piping loop usully dopted in nuler power plnts nd industril unitsF he piping system supported on gps nd hooks nd equipped with n ilstoEplsti dmperD is sujeted to severl spetrum omptile timeEhistories in the three trnsltionl diretions to otin the desired responsesF he responses mesured re solute elertions nd displementsF rious omputtionl models dopted for mthemtil modeling of the gps nd ilstoEplsti devie re lso disussedF pinllyD n ttempt hs een mde to present simpli(ed wy of otining the seismi responses of the piping system using spetrum nlysisD whih requires equivlent lineriztion of the nonliner ihsF enlysis is performed using iexv ! omputer progrmmeD developed to nlyze Qh piping system equipped with ih deviesF ihs re found to e very e'etive in reduing the seismi responses of the piping systemF woreoverD the gps nd hooks re noted to e signi(ntly 'eting the frequeny ontents of the oserved responses of the piping systemF he results otined y the proposed simpli(ed proedure of spetrum nlysis of piping system equipped with nonliner ihs re in lose greement with the nlytil nd the orresponding experimentl resultsF
NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF BASE-ISOLATED BUILDINGS UNDER NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS  ID 481
F. Mazza, Dipartimento di Strutture, Universit Calabria, Italy A. Vulcano, Dipartimento di Strutture, Universit Calabria, Italy

eent nlytil nd experimentl reserh e'orts hve shown tht the seismi response of djent strutures n e redued simultneously y onneting the strutures to one nother t )oor levels with pssive deviesF xonliner visous dmpersD howeverD re pssive devies tht hve not een onsidered in previous studiesD hene there is still question out their suitility for the onneted strutures ontrol pprohF he ojetive of this study is to omprehensively exmine the seismi response of pir of multistory uilding strutures linked y nonliner visous dmpersF everl omintions of vlues of the hrteristi prmeters of nonliner visous dmpers @iFeFD dmper oe0ient  nd veloity exponent lphA were onsideredF he eqution of motion ws numerilly integrted using modi(ed xewmrkEtype lgorithmD nd the response ws evluted in terms of pek response vlues of interstory drift nd solute elertionF st must e mentioned tht the uilding models onsidered in this study re nlytil representtions of two steel strutures tht re eing sujeted to extensive shking tle tests t the ixie weEev lortories in gsiD stlyD to evlute the e0y of other types of onnetive devies @eFgFD semiEtiveAF reneD results otined in this study might e used t lter time to ompre the e0ieny of severl types of ontrol deviesF st ws found thtX @A it is possile to simultneously redue

he widespred pplition of seEisoltion systems for frmed uildings is enourged y the development of suitle ode provisionsF vtelyD lso the seismi ode drfted in stly @yrdinnz FgF QPURD ygwA ontins hpter onerning with the seismi isoltionF et presentD ygw hs tken into ount the e'ets of frEfult ground motionsD onsidering the vertil omponent of the seismi lod when the rtio etween the vlue of the vertil sti'ness nd the nlogous vlue of the horizontl sti'ness is less thn VHHF woreoverD in high risk seismi regionD ygw dopts pek vlue of the vertil elertion @qeA up to HFW of the nlogous vlue of the horizontl elertion @qerAF fut the nerEfult ground motions re hrterized y longEperiod horizontl pulses nd vlues of the elertion rtio @qeGqerA even muh more thn ID whih n eome ritil for seEisolted struturesF he ojetive of the present work is to hek the e'etiveness of the se isoltion of frmed uildings relized y ruer @rhvA eringsD onsidering the omined e'ets of the horizontl nd vertil omponents of nerEfult ground motionsD in order to estlish if suitle dditionl ode

201

ES 3d
guidelines re neededF o this imD numeril investigtion is rried out with referene to seEisolted (veEstorey reinfored onrete uildings designed ording to ygwF he design of the test strutures is rried out in highErisk region onsidering the horizontl seismi lodD with or without the vertil oneF he non liner seismi nlysis of the test strutures is rried out y using stepEyEstep proedureD heking the plsti onditions t the potentil ritil setions of the girders nd olumnsF isoelsti models with either onstnt or vrile sti'ness properties re onsidered for simulting the ehviour of rhv ering in oth the horizontl nd vertil diretionsF el nd rti(illy generted @mthing ygw response spetrA elerogrms re onsideredF
ANN CONTROL OF FRAMES FOR FUTURE EARTHQUAKES  ID 547
M. K. Bhardwaj, IGNOU, India T. K. Datta, I. I. T. Delhi, India

Poster Presentations
speil dmper n strongly prevent the umultion of residul disE plements in the struture due to its dul reentering nd dmping pilitiesF sn order to otin glol omprison etween the ehvior of struture enfored with the proposed dmper with ommon steel frmes nd for otining good mesurement on the ene(ts of the use of the proposed model the ide of dmge indies is usedF truturl dmgeD nonEstruturl dmge nd dmge to ontents of struture sujeted to rel erthquke time histories re evlutedF e new ide for determining the totl struturl dmge of the struture is lso introdued in this pperF sn the proposed methodD the dmge of struture is integrted only on the min memers of the frme whih re ritil for the totl ollpse prevention of the strutureF
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HIGH DAMPING ELASTOMERS FOR ENERGY DISSIPATING DEVICES  ID 654
P. Mata A, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain R. Boroschek, University of Chile, Chile A. Barbat H, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain S. Oller M, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain

en tive ontrol sheme using exx is presented for seismi ontrol of uilding frmes for future erthqukesF st is sed on the premise tht if desired ontrol fore nd future erthquke exittions hve similr frequeny ontentD it is likely tht the ontrol fore of the system will e most e'etiveF hereforeD for trining neurl net the desired ontrol fore is ssumed to hve the sme nture of the power spetrl density funtion @hpA s tht of the ground elertion whih re modelled s sttionry rndom proessF husD trining of neurl net involves genertion of time histories of ground elertion nd ontrol fore from their hpsF rget pek ontrol fore is relted to the moments of the hp of ontrol fore using stndrd expressionsF he ontrol sheme developed hs the dvntge tht it n onsider @iA limited numer of feedk mesurementsD @iiA time dely e'etD nd @iiiA trget redution in responseF he exx ontrol sheme requires feedk responses @displementD veloity nd elertionAD ground exittion nd trget perentge redution s inputs to the exxF he output of the exx is the time history of ontrol foreF e ten storey uilding frme is tken s n illustrtive exmpleF peedk responses re tken from IstD Sth nd IHth storeys of the frmeF he ontrol is 'eted y single ontrol fore pplied t the top of the uilding frme with ewhF he results of the study show tht @iA the ontrol sheme is very e'etive in ontrolling the response of the uilding frme for exittions under il gentro erthquke tken s n unknown prolemF @iiA he pek ontrol fore required to otin signi(nt perentge redution in response is not very lrgeF @iiiA ime dely @of the order of PtY t time step intervlA mrginlly deteriortes the performne of ontrol shemeF
EVALUATION OF DAMAGE OF STRUCTURES WITH SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY DAMPERS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC EXCITATIONS  ID 594
S. A. Motahari, University of Terhan, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ghassemieh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ilstomers re frequently employed in onstrution of enE ergy dissipting devies for ontrolling virtions in struturesF heir mehnil hrteristis nd energy dissipting pity re strongly dependent on the omposition of the mixture nd on the frition proessF sn generlD their mehnil ehvior is omplex presenting n elsti modulusD whih depends on the strin level nd frequeny mong othersF he mteril lso shows di'erent types of energy dissipting mehnismsD whih n go from purely hystereti to visousF edditionllyD in the se of lodings imposing lrge strins nd depending on the oundry onditionsD strin hrdening eome notieleF e onstitutive desription for elstomers hs to onsider lrge displementsD nonliner strinEstress reltionshipD inompressiility nd energy dissiptionF etullyD it is possile to (nd numeril models sed on the priniples of the ontinuous mehnis with pproprite onstitutive lws for elstomersD ut normlly they re time onsuming nd the onvergene of the prolem is not ensuredF yther models re sed on (tting equtions to experimentl dtD providing lgorithms whih desrie the mteril or the whole deE vie ehviorF his possiility hs the dvntge of eing more eonomi in omputing time nd llows lirting the model from loding testsD lthough the provided model only is le to desrie the ehvior of the speimen or devie for the onditions of testsF he use of equivlent liner models n indue errors in the estimtion of the energy dissipted y the devies euse the mehnil properties of the mterils re onsidered onstntsF his work presents n nlytil model for dissipting devies sed on elstomersF he model is le to simulte strin hrdening nd vrile mehnil propertiesF he model depends on set of prmeters determined from experimentl testsF he response of the new model for ritrrily lodings is ompred with experimentl dt nd other modelsF
EFFECTS OF NEAR-FAULT EARTHQUAKES ON THE NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF R.C. FRAMES WITH DISSIPATIVE BRACES  ID 672
F. Mazza, Dipartimento di Strutture, Universit Calabria, Italy A. Vulcano, Dipartimento di Strutture, Universit Calabria, Italy

imploying di'erent dmping nd se isoltion systems for pssive nd tive ontrol of strutures sujeted to seismi exittions hs een gret onern for reserhes in the lst dedeF sn lst few yers smrt mterils nd systems hve lso found their wy s innovtive strtegies in seismi ontrol of struturesF hpe memory lloys @wesA s smrt mterils with severl unique hrteristis re one of the most fvorle mterils in this emerging (eld of engineeringF we mterils exist in two rystllogrphi sttesX the prent ustenite phse nd the produt mrtensite phseF we mterils re fvorle for use in seismi pplitionsD euse of their reE entering pility in eustenite phseD high dmping pity in mrtensite phse nd very high ftigue resistne in oth phsesF sn this pper di'erent ehviors of wes in their two di'erent sttes re otined y onstitutive model previously proposed y the uthorsF hen it is shown tht y proper omintion of two sttes of wes in dmper fvorle response n e foundF his

he insertion of dissiptive res proves to e e'etive in order to enhne the performne of struture under horizontl seismi lodsD ut no evidene is ville under vertil seismi lodsF sn the onventionl seismi design of frmed uildings the e'ets due to the vertil seismi lods re ssumed negligile in omprison with those due to the omintion of grvity lods nd horizontl seismi lodsF pei(llyD the seismi ode introdued in iurope @iuroode VD igVA does not require to onsider the e'ets of the vertil omponent of the seismi tion for frmed uildingsF roweverD nerEfult erthqukes re hrterized y longEdurtion horizontl pulses nd vlues of the rtio etween the

202

Poster Presentations
pek vlue of the vertil elertion nd the nlogous vlue of the horizontl elertion even lrger thn IF righ vlues of this elertion rtio n modify the xil fore in reinfored onrete @rFFA olumnsD with high ompressive foresD lrger thn the lned foreD nd even tensionF woreoverD the vertil omponent of motion n indue n inrese of the dutility demnd for the girdersD espeilly in their entrl prt t the upper storeys of tll uildingsF o investigte out these questionsD twelveEstorey rFF plne frmesD representtive of highErise symmetri frmed uildingsD re onsideredF he design of the test strutures is rried out onsidering only the horizontl seismi lods evluted ording to the provisions of igVF por the purpose of retro(tting the test strutures under vertil seismi lodsD hevron or single digonl res equipped with visoelsti devies @ihsA nd di'erently rrnged in elevtion re onsideredF e nonliner dynmi nlysis is rried out y using rel nd rti(illy generted @mthing igV response spetrA elerogrmsF he frme memers nd the ihs re modelledD respetivelyD y iliner model nd sixEelement generlized model otined s n inEprllelEomintion of two wxwell models nd one uelvin modelF
ON THE APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC DAMPER FOR IMPROVEMENT OF BUILDINGS SEISMIC RESISTANCE  ID 675
M. Mnatsakanyan, YSUAC, Armenia Z. Khlghatyan, NSSP RA, Armenia

ES 3d
of swithing diretion of dmper hs een (nished when the tiny displement of struture is hppenedF sn order to simulte the prtil pplition of this proposed ontrollerD the onnetion of soft springD dmper nd tutor re in seril onnetionF hese test results revel tht the funtion nd energyEdissipting ehvior of this proposed ontroller is similr to trditionl semiEtive ontrollerD swith sttus of dmper t the right opportune momentF his proposed ontroller n reple the detetorD entrl ontrol omputer nd dmping ontroller inluded in originl semiEtive ontrol systemF he dvntges of this developed utonomous ontroller reX IFA low mnuftured ostY PFA low requirement of system mintenneY QA high reliility of ontrol systemF uey ordsX eutonomous ontrollerD sensingEomputingE trnsferringD semiEtive ontrol
SEISMIC REDUCTION PERFORMANCE OF PREDICTIVE CONTROL-VELOCITY PREDICTOR FOR SEMI-ACTIVE DAMPER  ID 699
W. P. Sung, National Chin-Yi Institution of Technology, Taiwan M. H. Shih, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and, Taiwan

he pitk @ermeniAD IWVV destrutive erthquke hs shown tht seismi hzrd in the territory of ermeni is onsiderE ly higher thn uildings nd strutures seismi resistne nd prtilly the ll territory is onentrted in the zone of high seismi riskF sn this ondition estimtion of the vulnerility of uildings nd strutures eomes espeilly tully for ermeniF fefore the pitk destrutive erthquke in the epuli of ermeni there were pplied trditionl methods of onstrutionF here were not pplied suh modern methods s seismi isoltionD dynmi dmping modelD rystereti dmpingD fritionl dmper nd etF sn this workD (rst time in ermeniD y experimentl method it ws mde n ttempt to hek e'etiveness of dynmi dmper in improving seismi resistne nd reliility of uildingF st ws estlished dynmi model of the IP stored residentil uilding y IXIS sleF he min peulirity of the model is tht the upper )oor sl is plying the role of dmperF he prmeters of the dynmi dmpers were designed soD tht it would hve e'et y the (rst virtion formF here were done orresponding dynmi model experimentsF he results of the experimentl reserhed showed tht the dynmi dmper in the wide zone of the externl in)uenes virtions pproximtely two times dereses the displement of the upper )oor of the modelF st ws done seismi lultion of the model under the rel erthqukeF he results of lultions nd experiments showed the dynmi dmper e'etiveness nd its pplition (eldsF
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS CONTROLLER FOR SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL DEVICE  ID 697
M. H. Shih, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and, Taiwan W. P. Sung, National Chin-Yi Inst. of Tech., Taiwan

he omponent tests of veloity preditor sed on disE plement signls for semiEtive hydruli dmper revel tht this lultion method n promote the seismi proof e'et suessfullyF he displement response of struture is rndom with rndom of erthquke exittionF sn order to ensure the preditive pplition of this lultion methodD shking tle tests re used to demonstrte the fesiility of this preditive methodD prediting the reverse timing of moving diretion of struture properlyF hking tle tests results indite tht the seismi redution performnes of this method reX IFA the displement redution e'et n promote QH7ERH7Y PFA the elertion redution e'et rise to RQ7F his preditive method is suitle for strong erthquke nd smllEsle mgnitude erthqukeD hppened frequentlyD sed on the nlytil results of this reserhF uey ordsX preditive lultorD veloity preditorD shking tle testD semiEtive hydruli dmper
SINGLE MODE NONLINEAR SEISMIC CONTROL OF BUILDING FRAMES WITH ANN  ID 736
T. K. Datta, Indian Institute of Technology Dehli, India M. R. Manepalli, Indian Institute of Technology Dehli, India

sn this reserhD utonomous ontroller is developed to provide the funtion of ensingEgomputingErnsferring for improvement of semiEtive ontrol devieF his proposed ontroller hs quli(tions of deteting struturl response under the exittion of erthqukeF his ontroller depends on the semiEtive ontrol lw to produe ontrol order to djust nd ontrol the tion of semiEtive ontrol dmperF riniple of utonomous ontroller isX IFA eutonomous ontroller nd dmperEdded sti'ness element re prllel onnetionY PFA eutonomous ontroller is produed the diretion of pressure fore nd veloity moving diretion of struture to hnge sign simultneously y the deformtion of strutureY QFA fy reverse proess of moving diretion of strutureD the tion

i0ient ontrol shemes using rti(il neurl net @exxA re presented for the redution of nonliner response of hyp system sujeted to support exittionF e feedk ontrol sheme is dopted in whih the feedk of the responses is onsidered s input to the neurl netF hree types of ontrollers re developed with losedEloop nd openElosed loop shemesF epplition of the ontrol sheme is restrited to uilding frme whih hs widely sped frequenies nd whose response @elstiA is predominntly governed y the (rst mode responseF he neurl nets re trined for predetermined redution of responseD lled the trget redution nd for n ssumed time dely etween the mesurement of response nd the pplition of ontrol foreF he time dely is used due to the omputtionl time nd implementionl time required for the genertion nd pplition of the ontrol fore respetivelyF he dt pirs for trining the neurl nets re generted from responses nd ontrol fores otined for set of rti(illy generted erthquke reordsF hese reords re simulted from the doule (ltered power spetrl density funtions @hpAF por the multiEstorey frmeD the ontrol shemes developed for the hyp system n e used for ontrolling the nonliner response of the frmeF erformne of exx ontrol shemes re tested for the il gentro erthquke dt for ontrolling the nonliner response of ten storey uildingF
CONTROL INSIDE OF STRUCTURAL THEORY AND EXPERIMENT  ID 847
M. Juhas, STU, Slovakia (Slovak Republic)

SYSTEM

203

ES 3d
V. Svrcek, STU, Slovakia (Slovak Republic) G. Bergamo, CESI, Italy

Poster Presentations
with speil sheme sed upon the mss proportionl dmping omponent of yleigh visous dmping mtries @referred to s wh systemAF his system is hrterised y peulir dmper plement whih sees the dmpers pled so tht they onnet eh mss to (xed point @(xedEpoint plementAD thus eing sustntilly di'erent from the usul interstorey plementF he dynmi ehviour of sherEtype strutures equipped with the wh system is here ompred with tht of sherEtype strutures equipped dmping systems identi(ed s optiml using geneti lgorithmsF his identi(tion of the optiml dmping systems is here performed so thtD under the equl totl size onstrintD @IA optiml sizing is otined for interstorey dmper plementD @PA optiml sizing is otined for (xedEpoint plementD @QA optiml sizing is otined for system of dmpers whih onnet )oors whih re no more thn three storeys prt nd @RA optiml sizing is otined for free dmper plementF he dynmi response of the wh nd the genetilly identi(ed optiml @qsyA systems @sherEtype strutures C dded visous dmpersA to oth stohsti input nd seleted erthquke ground motions show tht the wh system is ple of providing good overll dissiptive propertiesF he results lso indite tht numeril optimistion leds to qsy systems whih re very similr to the wh system in terms of dmper plement nd tht the lrge dmping pities of the wh nd some qsy systems re minly linked to the peulir plement of dmpers nd only wekly depend on the optiml sizingF
SMART TECHNOLOGIES FOR SEISMIC PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL STRUCTURES  ID 959
A. Mandara, Second University of Naples, Italy A. Durante, Second University of Naples, Italy F. Ramundo, Second University of Naples, Italy G. Spina, Second University of Naples, Italy

he theory nd prtie of utomtion nd ontrol hve een developed for di'erent purposesF sn this diretion suh pproh n e lso pplied for the improved performne of di'erent strutures in onditions of strong seismi motion e'etsF he pper will present the nlysis nd experiments tht hve een exeuted y reserh tems from nd e frtislv lovki using filities of former swi in eriteD stlyF wo independent ontrol systems were used for the testX the (rst one for the ontrol of the shking tle nd the seond one for the ontrol inside of tested speimenF ested speimen represented two storey steel frme with di'erent re systemsF epplition of the mehtroni pproh elorted y the (rst uthor will e desried in detils in the pperF he results hve proved the e0ieny of ontrol nd the in)uene of di'erent tuning proeduresF
MULTI-STOREY STRUCTURES WITH VERTICALLY DISTRIBUTED SEISMIC ISOLATION  ID 891
M. Phocas, University of Cyprus, Cyprus P. Komodromos, University of Cyprus, Cyprus

he onept of struturl systems with integrtedD disE triuted seismi isoltion t di'erent elevtions ims t the development of erthquke resistnt multiEstorey uildings with high performne requirements during strong erthqukesF he struturl system my onsist of primry system nd tuned seondry system with multiple se isoltions over the heightF he omplex ontrol mehnism enles tht during moderte erthqukes the seondry struture itself ts s sorer of the kineti energy through its own displementsD whih re ontrolled t the isoltion levelsD minimizing thus the displements of the uildingF sn dditionD due to the redution of the indued elertions y the isoltion mehnismsD the ontrolled susystem mintins the funtionlity of the uilding nd seures humn omfortF huring strong erthqukes the e'etiveness of the system in further enlrging the period of the uildingD ompred to the lssil method of seismi isoltion t unique levelD is hieved without introduing extensive displements t the uilding seD whih re often limited y prtil onstrintsF sn prmetri studiesD using timeEhistory nlysisD the e'etiveness of the proposed ontrol system is ompred to onventionlly se isolted systemD nd the sti'ness nd dmping properties of the system omponents @primryD seondry strutureD isoltion mehnismsA re investigted for most e'etive tuning nd erthquke resistne of the uildingF
INELASTIC VIBRATION ABSORBER FOR MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS ASYMMETRIC IN PLAN  ID 898
B. K. Raghu Prasad, Indian Institute of Science, India

he present study disusses the fesiility of design pE proh sed on 9expndle top story9 for the multistory gEuildings inluding torsionl e R etF sf suh ehvior is fesile one n oneive of struture whose top storey is permitted nd designed to undergo lrge inelsti deformtions while reduing dmge in the lower storeyF he onept ws (rst proposed in my erlier pperRQF uh onept juxtposes the oftenEmentioned 9soft rst story9 oneptF
OPTIMAL DAMPER SIZING FOR DIFFERENT DAMPER PLACEMENTS IN SHEAR-TYPE STRUCTURES  ID 940
S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy

he use of struturl ontrol systems for seismi proteE tion of strutures represents reltively new re of reserh tht is growing rpidlyF e wide vriety of devies is now villeD rnging from simple pssive dmpers nd isoltors to omplite tive systems with tutorsD sensorsD nd digitl ontrollersF ssive systems represent relile nd stisftory wy to protet ivil strutures from seismi tion used in mny pplitions worldwideF e limit of this tehnique is the lk of dptility to hnges in externl lodingF elterntivelyD tive struturl ontrol systems re villeD using high performne sensors nd tutors digitlly ontrolled y spei( lgorithm derived from optiml ontrol theoryF roweverD tive systems re more omplex nd expensiveD less relile thn pssive systems nd my require reltively lrge externl power suppliesF hese ftors limit their use in seismi protetion pplitionsF he im to otin n e'etiveD relile nd 'ordle struturl ontrol system n e rehed using smrt deviesX these re very similr to pssivesD ut hve the importnt di'erene to e ontrolled in rel timeD modifying the ontrol fores y mens of hnge of their mehnil propertiesF wgnetorheologil @wA dmpers re one of the est exmples of smrt deviesD due to their pility to dissipte energy nd their low power requirementsF he im of the pper is the evlution of the e'etiveness of mss dmping virtion ontrol system on the seismi demnd redution in historil uildingF e spei( logil sheme of the uilding (tted with smrt devies hs een reted y mens of the wtl gontrolEooloxF he e'ets oming from the devies tivtion hve een simulted y imposing suitle ontrol lws to relted dmping prmeters of the modelF fsed on this ssumptionD the performne of the semiEtive ontrol system hs een evluted in omprison with the pssive nd tive ontrol strtegyF
DESIGN STUDIES FOR LARGE NUCLEAR PROJECTS ON ASEISMIC PADS  ID 1096
P. Sollogoub, CEA, France I. Politopoulos, CEA, France X. Bravo, CEA, France L. Patisson, CEA, France

his pper illustrtes the dvntges o'ered y inserting dded visous dmpers into sherEtype strutures in ordne

204

Poster Presentations
here is lrge experiene in using seismi pds for xuler filities in prneX WHHwwe unitsD reserh lortoriesD storge poolsF F F hey hve eh more thn twenty yers of operting experieneF wo very importnt nuler projets re strting in gie gdrhe enter in southEest of prneX he plnned si fility is intended to demonstrte the viility of nuler fusion s n energy soureF st will do so y mgnetilly on(ning heuteriumEritium plsm nd heting it to temperture of out IHH millions degreesF st hs een n option to study the possiility to lote the ore of the fility E the toroidl struture where the fusion retion will tke pleD lled the tokmk E in uilding resting on seismi neoprene pdsF e reserh retor nmed trD teur tules rorowizD intended for Gh relted to irrdited mterils with the pility of testing di'erent nuler deviesF he nuler unit is omposed of one ivil engineering struture supporting two zones with di'erent ontinmentsX the retor uilding @fA nd the nuler uxiliry uilding @xefAF he ojetive of this single struture is to ontin ll the rdiotive mterils in one pleF his struture is pled on seismi pdsF he ojetive of the pper is toX resent the prenh experiene feedk out se isolted filities hesrie the new projets nd their se isoltion hesrie the fetures of the quli(tion progrm nd some relevnt results resent some speil topis ssoited with the use of these devies
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SDF SYSTEMS EQUIPPED WITH NON-LINEAR VISCOUS DAMPERS  ID 1172
P. P. Diotallevi, DISTART-Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy L. Landi, DISTART-Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy A. Dellavalle, DISTART-Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy

ES 3d
EFFECT OF PIERS' FLEXIBILITY ON THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ISOLATED BRIDGES  ID 1174
S. Berton, Anteris s.r.l. societa` di ingegneria, Italy M. G. Castellano, FIP industriale s.r.l., Italy S. Infanti, FIP industriale s.r.l., Italy

e lrge numer of ridges loted in tive seismi reE gions re proteted ginst strong erthqukes through the use of seismi isoltorsF hese deviesD due to their lterl )exiility nd energy dissiption pity re le to redue the seismi fores trnsmitted to piers nd foundtionsF eismi isoltors re usully instlled etween the superstruture nd the support systemD t the utments nd t the intermedite supports on the top of the piersF feuse piers n e tll nd )exileD the response of the isolted ridge nd the isoltion pity of the isoltors might e signi(ntly in)uened y the )exiility of the piers on the top of whih they re instlledF sn this pper the results of prmetri study sed on series of numeril simultions of n isolted ridge model re presentedF he study onsists of rrying out series of nonliner time history nlyses when the model is sujeted to set of input ground motionsF he model represents ontinuous simply supported twoEspn isolted ridge in whih only one isoltor is instlled t the intermedite pierF he isoltor is onsidered to possess nonliner response hrterized y iliner foreEdisplement reltionF huring the simultions the prmeters hrterizing the model nd in prtiulr the )exiility of the pier re vried nd the results ompredF rtiulr fous is given to the in)uene of this prmeter on the model pek deformtion nd on the selfEentering pity of the isoltion systemF
DETERMINATION OF NON-LINEAR PARAMETER OF VISCOUS DAMPER USING OPTIMAL ALGORITHM  ID 1175
A. Sotlany, International institute of earthquake engineering, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ziafyar, International institute of earthquake engineering, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e simpli(ed method of lulting the response spetrum of hp system equipped with xonEviner isous hmpers is proposedF st is known tht the response of xonEviner isous hmpers is proportionl to frtionl powerElw of the veloityD the exponent @A of whih rnges etween HFI nd IF he response of these systems is usully investigted y replingD in the eqution of motionD the nonEliner term relted to the dmper with n equivlent liner termF his lineriztion is otined y equivlent energy pproh or y equivlent power pprohF st hs een shown tht these proedures re relile for resonne onditions nd exponent vlues next to the unitF sn order to reprodue more relile ehvior of the system over wider rnge of ses the prolem hs een studied y keeping the nonElinerity within the eqution of motionF he eqution of motion hs een rewritten introduing n dimensionl term @ndB A lled dmper rtioD whih desries the ehvior of the dmperF he response of the system hs een lultedD numerillyD for hrmoni fore nd rel elerogrmmsD s funtion of ndBDDF e omprison with the response of system not equipped with xon viner isous hmpers hs een mde in order to evlute redution ftor @fAF
STUDY FOR THE EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION OF A RC FRAME BUILDING WITH ADDED VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS  ID 1173
P. P. Diotallevi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy L. Landi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy

he pper shows the seismi upgrding of nondutile onrete frme uilding with dded visoelsti dmpersD whih re le to provide lrge dissiptive pity without requiring strong ring systemsF sn the (rst prt of the study the response of hyp systems sujeted to vrious exittions is investigted in order to de(ne relile mthemtil model for the visoelsti dmpersF sn the seond prt of the study the model is pplied for the nlysis nd design of n erthquke protetion system for n existing g uildingF he uilding ws designed for only grvity lod nd is hrterized y irregulrities in pln nd elevtionF e prtiulr design proedure is developed nd ppliedD nd new type of visoelsti dmper is proposedF hen the e'etiveness of the protetion system is veri(ed through liner response spetrum nd non liner time history nlysesF

ody tht9s very ommon to use systems to derese reE sponds of strutures relted to exittionF ine there re vriety of ontrol systems eh hs speil designD there fore optimum designing in onstruts nd hrters of these systems hve een disussedF egrding reent developments on visous dmper with liner nd nonEliner nd lso regrding their esy nd simple instlltion in struturesD this study is onentrted silly on designing these kinds of systemsF sn this wy D we se optimum lgorithms of tive ontrol to gin optimum hrters @nonEliner dmpers systemAF wthemti lgorithms n optimize system ehvior funtion in tive ontrolF here fore simultion of this ehvior ompnying relisti models of visous dmper produes designing method of our studyF sn this thesis we re going to try to order to introdue nd esily to mke systems whih n e used tive or semiEtive in systemsF his design is so tht provided tools nd systems n hve n output s n tive system in struturesF ht is this instrument n optimize response on the se of fvorite performne nd in the est possile wyF efter onduting the required studies on visous dmpers with nonEliner ehviorsD the di'erent nonEliner funtion re were onsidered for ehvior of dmperF he prmeters of eh funtion re lulted using optimumE(nding lgorithms in ontrol systemsF efter providing ehvior funtion of nonEliner dmpers their di'erenes nd dvntges re onsideredF elso you will oserve tht ompound hyrid systems re useful in designing of these instruments nd they re esily prtiedF
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RC STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS  ID 1201
P. P. Diotallevi, DISTART - Dept. of civil Engineering, Italy L. Landi, DISTART - Dept. of civil Engineering, Italy

205

ES 3d
S. Benni, DISTART - Dept. of civil Engineering, Italy

Poster Presentations
riterionD emedded in the optiml struturl ontrol frmeworkD is used to reh to suEoptiml solution for dshpot nonliner hrteristisF sn this pproh lssil optiml ontrolD in ontext of semiEtive systemsD is used to provide the kground texture of prospetive pssive system with optiml hrteristisF vter the provided informtion n e used in simple gol seeking lgorithm to (nd the suEoptiml nonliner hrteristis of the dshpots in the spei(ed systemF he proposed pproh is used to determine the optiml nonliner hrteristis of two strutures with di'erent rrngement of visous dshpotsF vterD the proess ws rried out for di'erent erthquke reordsF he resultnt pssive systems with the resolved optiml hrteristis hve shown proper mrgin of dequy in the ontext of optiml solution pprislF
ACTIVE CONTROL OF NON-SYMMETRIC BUILDING MODELS  ID 1402
J. C. Jaimes, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico

he purpose of this work is to study the e'ets of nerE fult ground motions on the nonliner dynmi response of g seEisolted struturesF e numeril investigtion is performed with referene to seEisolted reinfored onrete sptil frmes designed ording to iuroode VF he high dmping ruer ering @rhfA is dopted for the isoltion systemF he nlyses re rried out onsidering nonEliner ehviour oth for the isoltion system nd for the g strutureF he g struturl elements re modelled with liner elsti element nd two non liner rottionl springs t the endsF por the erings iliner model with strinEdependent hysteresis rules is onsideredF irthquke reords with typil properties of nerEfult ground motions re pplied to the struture under investigtion onsidering oth the horizontl nd the vertil omponentsF hen the e'ets of dynmi properties of the nerEfult motions nd the vertil omponent re investigted in terms of displement nd dutility of the superstruture nd of deformtion of the eringsF
OPTIMAL PARAMETERS OF PASSIVE TUNED MASS DAMPER  ID 1294
G. Hemalatha, Anna University, India V. Udhayakumar, Anna University, India K. P. Jaya, Anna University, India

ll nd )exile uildings re the trend in modern dy onstrutionF he inherent dmping in the struture my not e su0ient to inrese the omfort level of the oupntsD sfety of the struture nd its funtionlity ginst strong erthquke or wind lodsF nlike virtions onsidered in other disiplines suh s mehnil engineeringD the type of disturne uilding undergoes due to n erthquke is highly nonEsttionry nd hs enormous energy tht n imprt ftl dmge to the uilding nd to the seondry systemsF gonventionl seismi resistnt strutures re sed on the design onept of oping with suh erthqukes y providing the minimum level of sfety required for proteting lives y mens of providing the uilding struturl sfety through struturl strength or dutilityF his onventionl design onept thus does not su0iently ddress the ltest demnds for the performne of uildingsF o ddress this demnd nd enhne the struturl performneD ontrol systems re inorported in the strutureF irtion ontrol systems in the form of pssiveD tiveD semiEtive nd ryrid hve een implemented in mny strutures world wide to ddress this issueF uned wss hmper @whA is widely epted nd implemented pssive virtion dmping tretment to suppress virtionsF he e'etiveness of ssive wh depends strongly on the level of tuning nd the optimiztion of vrious relted prmetersF he mss rtio ieFD mss of struture to mss of wh nd dmping in the wh re importnt prmeters whih determine the e0ieny of the systemF his pper presents nlytil investigtion rried out to optimize the mss rtio nd dmping in wh for strutures with di'erent nturl period of virtion using four mjor erthquke dt nmelyD il gentroD rhinoheD uoe nd xorthridgeF fsed on the optimized prmetersD further studies re rried out to identify vrious methods to implement the wh in struturesF
DETERMINING OF DASHPOT OPTIMAL CHARACTERISTICS USING STRUCTURAL CONTROL ALGORITHMS  ID 1329
A. Soltani, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ziyaeifar, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

gurrentlyD the seismi design riterion of the severl onE strution odes is sed on strength nd dutility developed y the struturl elementsF xeverthelessD it is possile to use mehnil devies in order to ontrol the struturl response nd to keep the stresses of the struturl elements under some limitsF sn this pperD the response of nlytil models of nonEsymmetri strutures ontrolled y using n idelized tive ontrol devie is studiedF he models re sujeted to seismi exittions from di'erent types of soil in wexio gityF he ses in whih the ontrolled response present dvntges with respet to the orresponding se of symmetri model without ontrol designed y using the onventionl seismi design re disussedF
SEISMIC RESPONSE SPECTRA WITH UAFR OF SYSTEMS WITH ENERGY-DISSIPATING DEVICES  ID 1486
J. L. Rivera, Instituto de ingenieria, Mexico

e simple pproh in de(ning optiml hrteristis of dshpots nd their setting in high dmped pssive struturl system hs een proposedF he e0ieny of high dmped systems in terms of struturl responses is entirely dependent on the rrngementD pity nd nonliner hrteristis of their energy dissiptive deviesF roweverD determining optiml on(gurtion nd hrteristis for dshpots nd their setting is hllengeF sn this work methodology is introdued in whih the optimlity

en pproh is presented for lulting seismi response spetr with uniform nnul filure rtes @epD pA pplile to strutures provided with energy dissipting devies @ihhsAF he pproh is sed on the nlysis of singleEdegreeEofEfreedom systems with deterministi mehnil properties sujeted to simulted ground motionsF he pproh uses wonte grlo simultion nlysisF he spetr will orrespond to systems with di'erent levels of dmge indexD ssoited with severl vlues of pF he dmge index @shA used is tht proposed y rk nd eng @IWVQA whih ontins two termsX the (rst is the mximum displeE ment divided y the ultimte displementD nd the seond tkes into ount the normlized hystereti dissipting energy multiplied y the oe0ient 4et4F sn this study speil ttention is given to the in)uene of the prmeter 4et4F e new de(nition of this prmeter for the ihhs is proposed s funtion of the ihhs duE tility demndD nd its in)uene on the response spetr with ep for systems with ihhs is nlyzedF lues of the expeted filure rte p re lulted for hyp systems hving di'erent virtion period nd di'erent vlues of shF he formultion tkes into ount ll the possile intensities tht n our t the site of interestF st is done y integrting the solute vlue of the derivtive of the seismi hzrd urve of the site of interE est multiplied y the onditionl proility of filure of the systemD ssuming it is sujeted to n erthquke with given intensityF pilure is de(ned y the ondition tht the dmge index demnd of the systems exeeds the struturl pity @shbIFHAF he simulted ground motions will tke into ount the evolution in time of oth frequeny ontent nd intensityF he spetr will orrespond to site in soft soil in wexio gityF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF A MODULAR TURBOGENERATORS' BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM  ID 1499
E. Cruz, U. Catolica, Chile P. Enriquez, PM Ingenieros, Chile

206

Poster Presentations
sn projets for the eletril power genertion industry in ghileD it hs een oserved tht it is usul tht generting plnts nd lso lrge industril plnts uy seond hnd turoEgenertor equipmentD designed @erti(edA for medium or low seismi demnd nd end up instlling them in res of high seismi demndF his leves the equipment outside erti(tion nd t risk of eing dmged fter n erthqukeF sn this work it is shown tht using se isoltion s prt of the foundtion systemD the seismi performne of the equipment is gretly improvedD nd lthough the site undergoes very strong shking the equipment is sujeted to low intensity erthquke motionF he tul equipment hrteristis nd the design nd opertion restritions re tken from projet reently uilt in gentrl ghileF he isoltion system is sed on low dmping ruer eringsD with nd without led oreF he ghilen ode for se isolted strutures is used s the sis for the design of the isolted foundtionF gommeril softwre is used for modeling nd nlysisF xonliner response history nlyses re rried out nd results for severl di'erent erthquke motions re ompred for designs with nd without se isoltionF he erthquke reords onsidered hve een otined in di'erent soil onditions nd for erthqukes of di'erent sizesF he results llow evluting the e'etiveness of the use of se isoltionF he most importnt response prmeters @displementD foresD etFA re ompred for the (xed se nd the se isolted designsF st is shown tht when se isoltion is used the equipment n e operted sfely in n re of signi(ntly higher seismiity thn the re for whih the equipment ws originlly designed @erti(edAF
PERFORMANCE OF TUNED MASS DAMPERS FOR RESPONSE REDUCTION OF SEISMICALLY EXCITED NONLINEAR STRUCTURES  ID 1581
B. Kamrani-Moghaddam, School of Civil Eng. University of

ES 3d
gin mtrixF prom prmetri studiesD it is found tht the required numer nd instlltion lotion of sensors nd ontrollers highly depend on the degree of )oor eentriityF sn dditionD if the soilEstruture intertion @sA e'et governed y the slenderness rtio nd the sti'ness rtio of soil to superstruture is ignoredD the ontrol e'etiveness is muh less thn tht of (xed foundtionF o otin the time history responsesD frequenyEdomin methodology is pplied to lulte the frequeny responseD nd then trnsfer to time dominF st is lerly shown from simultion results tht the s e'et must e onsidered in the design of the tive tendon ontrol devieD in prtiulrD for highErise uilding founded on soft siteF
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF SEISMIC ISOLATION IN CHINA  ID 1632
F. L. Zhou, Guangzhou University, China

his pper rie)y introdues the reent designD reserh nd pplition on seismi isoltion system for strutures @uildings nd ridgesA in ghinF per introdues some typil testing nlysis nd reserhesD inluding the mehnil tests for isoltion eringsD nd the shking tle tests for struturl models with di'erent lotion of isoltion lyers in uildingsF per lso introdues the ghinese design odes for strutures with seismi isoltionF per desries the reent pplition sttus nd typil exmplesD espeilly introdues the lrgest isoltion onrete uildings projet in the world nowF elso the pper mkes disussion for the tendeny of future development nd some prolems existed on seismi isoltion tehnique in ghinF
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT PASSIVE DISSIPATION SYSTEMS: EXAMPLE OF A DESIGN APPLICATION  ID 1636
P. P. Diotallevi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy L. Landi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy S. Orlandi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy

Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he protetion of strutures is now moving from reline entirely on the inelsti deformtion of the struture to dissipte the energy of severe dynmi lodingsD to the pplition of struturl ontrol devies to improve responses to dynmi lodsF roweverD even in ontrolled struturesD it n e expeted tht lrge seismi eventsD will use struturl memers to exeed the elsti limitF ine the introdution of tuned mss dmper @whA y phrm in IWHWD numerous reserhes hve een studied e'etiveness of this devie for dynmi lodingsF irly pplitions of whs hve een direted towrds mitigtion of windEindued exittionsF eentlyD mny studies hve een rried out to exmine the e'etiveness of whs in reduing seismi response of struturesF sn this pperD the performne of whs in response redution of nonliner strutures will e ddressedF he QED WED nd PHEstory strutures used for this study were designed y frndow 8 tohnston essoites @IWWTA for the eg hse ss teel rojetF ime history nlysis is performed to lulte the response of eh struture sujeted to some erthquke reordsF he sme proedure is followed for models with tthed whsF gomprison of results lri(es wh9s e'etiveness on response redution of struturesF e sensitivity nlysis will e performed to demonstrte the e'ets of dmper prmeters on struturl responseF
ACTIVE CONTROL OF IRREGULAR SOIL-BUILDING INTERACTION SYSTEMS  ID 1616
C. C. Chang, National ChungHsing University, Taiwan C. C. Lin, National ChungHsing University, Taiwan J. F. Wang, National ChungHsing University, Taiwan

his pper fous on the metlli @eheAD the visoelsti @iA nd the visousE)uid @pA pssive dissiptive systemsD tht re mong the most e0ient innovtive system tht n e used to improve the seismi response of uildingF he (rst prt of this work trets the min spei(tions nd the im of this deviesY lso simpli(ed models re presented to esy implement this in the most of the ommeril struturl progrmsD like ePHHHF sn the seond prt ws pplied simpli(ed proedure to design the three type of devies to otin predetermined redution of one prmeter of the response of the strutureD for exmple the displement of the top storeyF his proedure is well know in the tehnil litertureD nd it9s sed on n equivlent lineriztion of the devies from energeti riterion nd on the use of the response spetrumF en extensive mpign of time history nlysis ws rried out on one nd multi degree of freedom sher type rFF frmes for set of (ve elerogrmsF he result otined on(rm the design methodologyD lmost for the (rst mode dominnt struturesD nd give omprison etween the responses of the struture with the vrious dissiptive systemsF pinllyD in the third prtD is presented study for the pplition of the visousE)uid @pA pssive dissiptive systems for the seismi retro(tting of n existing itlin rFF uildingF
DECENTRALIZED SLIDING MODE CONTROL OF STRUCTURES UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADINGS  ID 1794
S. Monajemi-Nejad, Sharif University of Technology, Civil Eng

he pper dels with the ontrol performne of tive tendon systems for n irregulr uildingD modeled s torsionllyE oupled @gA strutureD uilt on soil site under erthquke exittionF en rEinf diret output feedk ontrol lgorithm through minimizing the entropyD performne index mesuring the trdeEo' etween rEinf optimlity nd rP optimlityD is developed to redue the g struturl seismi responsesF he ontrol fores re lulted diretly from the multiplition of output mesurements y preElulted timeEinvrint feedk

Depart, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Rahimzadeh Rofooei, Sharif University of Technology, Civil Eng Depart, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

etive ontrol of uilding strutures using di'erent lgoE rithms nd vrious ontrol mehnisms ginst erthquke or wind loding hs een the enter of ttention of mny reserhersF

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roweverD the reliility of these kind of ontrol systems re of min onernF sn the present pperD deentrlized ontrol lgorithm is onsidered for tively ontrolling the response of the tll sher uilding strutures under erthquke exittionsF liding mode ontrol is used s se ontrol lgorithm nd deentrlized sheme of tht is presentedF sn the proposed pprohD the uilding is divided into severl sustrutures nd for eh susystemD seprte lol ontrol lgorithm is designedF he ontrol lgorithm onsists of the sliding surfe nd the rehing lw equtionsF e numeril exmple is used to demonstrte the e0ieny of the ontrol lgorithm in gurnteeing the system9s glol stility under the e'ets of susystems interonnetions nd erthquke exittionsF
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF CIVIL BUILDINGS AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURES IN RUSSIA. RESEARCH, DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS  ID 1824
J. Eisenberg, Central Scientic Research Institute (TsNIISK),

Poster Presentations
xplesD stlyF wo types of olumn onnetionsD nmed trditionl9 nd innovtive9 hve een onsideredF he former onsists of tpered steel pltes welded onto the se plte nd nhored to the foundtion lok through steel olted rsF he ltter is soket type onnetion in whih the olumn is (xed to the foundtion lok through speil onrete (llerF wonotoni tests with inresing lterl lods nd di'erent levels of xil lods hve een rriedF xumeril models hve een lirted nd used to predit the inelsti response of the tested speimenF sn so doingD pullEout tests hve een used to de(ne the reltionships t the interfe etween the nhorge olts nd onrete lokF impli(ed mehnil models nd design rules re provided for the innovtive soketEtype onnetionsF he results of the experimentl nd numeril nlyses rried out demonstrte tht trditionl se plte onnetions give rise to lrge onentrtions of dmge in the nhorge oltsF he energy dissiption is primrily used y fritionY this mehnism is not relile nd should e voided prtiulrly in erthquke resistnt struturesD where lrge lternte seismi tions my tke ple @moderteEtoEhigh mgnitude erthqukesAF gonverselyD soket type onnetions re more dissiptive nd stle nd hene n e relily used for the pity design of struturesF xumeril nlyses show tht the ontriution of the olumn se onnetion to the totl lterl drift depends signi(ntly on the onnetion detilsF edditionllyD design rules sed on simpli(ed mehnil models re providedY suh rules n e implemented in seismi design odes of prtieF
EUROSEISTEST: A EUROPEAN LARGE SCALE TEST SITE FACILITY AT VOLVI-GREECE  ID 95
K. Pitilakis, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece G. Manos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

Russian Federation V. Belyaev, Center of Capital Construction, Russian Federation V. Smirnov, Central Scientic Research Institute (TsNIISK), Russian Federation

hree reent reserh nd pplition rojets re preE sentedF IF wultistory ivil uildings seismoisoltionF es seismoisoltion in the presented exmples ruer erings re usedF e distintive feture of the solution is nonEtrditionl seisE moisoltion erings lotionF IA QQEstoreyed prtment uilding in the ity of ohiF he uilding onsists of two equl loks onneted with suspension strutures t the level of ITEPH storeysF uer erings re instlled in ples where the suspended prt is supported y the lodEering strutureF PA PPEstoreyed uilding of dministrtiveEndEtrde omplex in the ity of ohiF he uilding onsists of PPE storeyed highErise setion of usiness enter nd TEstoreyed setion of trde enterF ferings re instlled t the level of the sixth storey nd only provide isoltion of highErise setion of the uildingF PF eserh rojet for se isoltion with mild steel olumnsF ixperimentl studies were provided to investigte the mximum reltive horizontl displements of the tue olumns under vrious xil lods from H to mximum stility ritil vluesF he IGS toIGU models were testedF g olumns in ground stories ollpse during reltively low horizontl displementsF sn the ontrst mild steel olumns preserve ering pity until reltively lrge horizontl displements orresponding to VEW wu intensity degree erthqukesF QF e new solution of multiomponent lowEfrequenyEdmped seismi isoltion system for iETRH x retor uilding protetion ginst very strong erthqukesF e new engineering solution of multiomponent lowEfrequeny dmped seismi isoltion systemF iETRH x retor uilding is presentedF he mss of the ojet to e proteted my e USHHH tons nd higherD the height my exeed US metersF rolems of hoosing the optiml lyout for seismi isoltion devies in Qh lowEfrequeny seismi isoltion system of high risk retor uilding re onsideredF

ES 3e: Structural Engineering - Experimental

Level-1
SEISMIC DESIGN OF COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE BASE COLUMN CONNECTIONS  ID 47
L. Di Sarno, University of Sannio, Italy

his pper inludes n overview of the tivities nd E pilities of the iuroseisestE eristotle niversity hesslonikiF his is unique iuropen reserh infrstruture estlished through i funding in IWWR nd operting ontinuously sine thenD generting numerous high qulity dt nd sienti( outome pulished in more thn ISH ppersF st onsists of lortory nd inEsitu filitiesD the lter eing the ore of the infrstrutureF he experimentl filities of iyisi re omposedD of two spei( filities @only from interEniversity dministrtion point of viewAX A he geotehnil filities @free (eld Qh permnent strong ground motion network nd lortory of soil dynmisA @erEvqiiD hiretorX rofessor uyrizis itilkisA nd A he struturl filities erEvw operting the free (eld nd lortory struturl prts of the infrstrutureD inluding shking tle nd strong retion frmeF hiretorX rofessor qeorge wnosAF wore spei(llyD whole vlley in the epientrl re of the strong hessloniki erthquke @tune IWUVD wsaTFSAD PSkm xi from hesslonikiD is instrumented with dense Qh elerometri rryF wodel strutures were ereted nd instrumented in the entre of this vlley nd hve een extensively testedF he high seismiity of the regionD the lose distne from eristotle niversityD the lredy existing network @surfe nd downEholeA oth in the instrumented vlley nd in the ity of hesslonikiD the uxiliry lortory filities @soil dynmis etAD the very good knowledge of the geometry of the vlley nd the soil onditionsD @through numerous previous experiments nd testsAD the importnt dtse of seismi reordings nd the omined studies lredy existingD nd ove llD the long experiene erned the pst ten yers from this experimentl test siteD ll these mke this infrstruture n idel test site to support integrted reserh tivity in engineering seismology nd soil dynmis @site e'etsA s well s in erthquke engineering @soilEstruture intertion nd seismi ehviour of struturesAF
HEALTH MONITORING OF PARTIALLY MENTED STRUCTURES  ID 124
M. P. Limongelli, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

INSTRU-

he present study provides n insight in the inelsti reE sponse of steel nd onrete omposite olumnsF i'ets of onnetion detils on the memer response re investigted oth experimentlly nd nlytillyF everl olumn speimens with di'erent se onnetions hve een designed ording to the guidelines of iuropen tndrds nd tested in the niversity of

wonitoring tehnique sed on the nlysis of responses reorded on the struture re eoming widespred method to monitor struturl helth onditionsF he onventionl visul

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inspetion is not lwys le to timely detet deteriortion llowing prompt interventionF woreover visul inspetion requires lrge mount of time nd is prone to humn errorsF por these resons nd thnk to the dvne in sensor tehnologyD dt quisition systems nd dt interprettion lgorithmsD monitoring tehnique sed on the nlysis of responses reorded on the struture re eoming widespred method to monitor struturl helth onditionsF eE elertion responses re used to nlyze struturl ehvior during oth strong seismi events nd the everydy life of the strutureF en e'etive monitoring system should e hrterized y three min requirementsX ury of the reorded dtD ostEe'etiveness of the sensors systemsD vilility of proedures to interpret the reorded dtF hue to eonomi resons strutures re usully instrumented with limited numer of sensorsF he eonomi dvntge ssoited to the lower ost of the sensors system is ounterlned y the lk of dt in lotion where reording sensors re not villeF sn this pper tenttive solution to this prolem is proposed through method to reonstrut unknown responses from the ones reorded y limited numer of sensorsF gomprison etween reonstruted responses n e used s guide in the proess of dmge detetionF he eonomi dvntge ssoited to the lower ost of the sensors system is ounterlned y the lk of dt in lotion where reording sensors re not villeF ell these prolems re ddressed in the pper nd n e'etiveness funtion is proposed to quntify the ost e'etiveness of the employed set of sensorsF
COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFICATION IN EXPERIMENTAL DYNAMICS  ID 129
P. Garca Valery, Instituto de Materiales y Modelos Estructurales, Venezuela C. F. M. Genatios, Garcs, Instituto Instituto instituto de de de Materiales Materiales Materiales y y y Modelos Modelos Modelos Estructurales, Estructurales, Estructurales, Venezuela Venezuela Lafuente, Venezuela

ES 3e
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RC BEAM-COLUMNS JOINTS RETROFITTED USING LIGHT RC JACKET : EXPERIMENTAL STUDY  ID 136
C. Karayannis, Democritus University of Thrace - Civil Eng. Dept., Greece G. Sirkelis, Democritus University of Thrace - Civil Eng. Greece C. Chalioris, Democritus University of Thrace - Civil Eng. Dept., Greece Dept.,

his rtile resumes the min fetures of omputtionl system for struturl dynmis simultionD experimentl identiE (tion nd model orretionF he (rst prt inludes modelling of onventionl sher wlled or frmed uildings nd response evlution following onventionl dynmi nlysis proeduresF he seond prt exeutes identi(tion proedures for the evlution of the dynmi properties of uildings sujeted to dynmi essisF he third prt performs the orretion of nlytil models following two identi(tion proedures tht inlude non prmetri ortogonliztion of the mss mtrixF e omplete exmple is developed in order to show the system9s performneF
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF LATERAL STIFFNESS OF CONFINED MASONRY STRUCTURES  ID 130
F. C. Garcs, Genatios, Instituto Instituto de de Meteriales Materiales y y Modelos Modelos Estructurales, Estructurales,

yne of the most ommon tehniques for the retro(t of einfored gonrete @gA frmes is the use of onrete jkets tht ense the existing olumn long with the joint regionF st is proved tht jketing tehniques provide inresed joint strengthD shift the filure to the emD nd inrese overll lterl strength nd energy dissiptionF roweverD jketing inreses the memer sizesD redues the ville )oor speD inreses mss nd thus lters the dynmi hrteristis of the struture tht my use inresed demnds t unintended lotionsF sn this studyD the use of light type of g jket for dmged g emEolumns sussemlges is proposed nd experimentlly investigtedF he exmined jket hs very slight thikness @PHmmA nd dense reinforement tht onsists of smll dimeter @SFSmmA horizontl nd vertil steel reinforementF his jketing pplies only t the joint region nd nrrow prt of the onjunt olumns nd emD lose to the joint odyF he min dvntge of the proposed light jketing ompring to the ommonly used jketing is the ft tht it slightly hnges the initil sizeF husD the ville )oor spe nd the mss prtilly re not modi(ed nd the distriution of shers mong the olumns remins prtilly the smeF wo speimens were onstruted nd sujeted to onstntly inresed yli lodingF golumns length nd rossEsetion dimensions were IVHHmm nd PHHGQHHmmD respetivelyD nd em length nd rossEsetion dimensions were IIHHmm nd PHHGQHHmmD respetivelyF efter the initil lodingD dmged speimens were retro(tted using the proposed light g jketsF etro(tted speimens were retested with the sme yli loding sequeneF o ssess the e'etiveness of the pplied jketing tehnique the hystereti responses of the repired speimens re exmined nd ompred to the initil ones in terms of mximum lodingD sti'ness nd sored energy per yleF
PSEUDO-FORCE CONTROL METHOD FOR REALTIME SUBSTRUCTURE TESTING WITH IMPLICIT INTEGRATION ALGORITHMS  ID 161
B. Wu, Harbin Institute of Technology, China

Venezuela Venezuela M. Lafuente, Venezuela Instituto de Materiales y Modelos Estructurales,

his rtile presents n identi(tion method for the sE sessment of sti'ness oe0ients due to sher @qeA nd )exurl @isA ehviorD of on(ned msonry struturesF he numeril evlution is sed on experimentl dt nd onsiders the in)uene of vrious mss modelsF e non prmetri method is employed for mss model identi(tionD nd n identi(tion method is presented for the evlution of the sti'ness of sher wll struturesD oth requiring experimentl dtF he in)uene of vrious mss models is evlutedF e proedure employed in the evlution of the sti'ness vrition of sher wll uildings is proposedD nd numeril exmple is evlutedD leding to stisftory resultsF

he relEtime sustruture testing @A is seismi exE perimentl methodD in whih relEtime test is performed on struture split into physil test speimen of key prt nd numeril model of the reminderD with dt pssed etween them t eh timestepF por of systems with mny degrees of freedomD n integrtion method with unonditionl stility is highly desirleF he uthor of this pper nd his oEworkers investigted the numeril ehvior of the opertorEsplitting method in @ywEA nd found tht the ywE is unonditionlly stle so long s the nonEliner sti'ness nd dmping re of the softening type @iFeF the tngent sti'ness nd dmping never exeed the initil vluesAF he prtiulr dvntge of the ywE over other unonditionlly stle methods is its expliit formultionF roweverD the dissiption property of the ywE is poorX it produes negtive numeril dmping if the experimentl sustruture is with dmpingF yn the other hndD the tul performne of depends on the tutor time dely whih hs n e'et equivlent to negtive dmpingF his will render the ywE onditionlly stleF he unstisftory numeril ehvior of the ywE nd its filure s n unonditionlly stle lgorithm due to the tutor dely drive one to seek other integrtion methods with good dissiption propertyF hese inlude the xewmrk method with gmEdmpingD lphEmethodD rouolt method nd ilson methodF fut ll of them re impliit methodsF yne of suh methodsD lphEmethodD hs een implemented in y hing

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ES 3e
et lFD despite the extr di0ulties of itertion in the high speed of testing exeutionF his pper proposes new methodD nmely pseudoEfore ontrol methodD iming to nel the mthemtil itertion y the use of feedk ontrolF he lphEmethod will e used s n exmple of impliit integrtion methodsF
EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY DISSIPATED BY HYSTERESIS IN R/C SHEAR WALLS USING PARAMETERS OF DISPLACEMENT  ID 166
C. Oyarzo Vera, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepcion, Chile

Poster Presentations
methodology on two di'erent uildings 'eted y this seismi risisF he (rst oneD T storey g uilding hs een lightly dmge y oth the min shok nd the perury oneF e onduted two surveys on this uildingD one severl dys efore the ftershok nd the seond one IH months lterF gomprison in the virtion frequenies resulting from our mesurements shows tht struturl dmges were not worsen y the seond erthqukeF he seond experiment onern trditionl housing hrterized y lrge symmetril trnspreny t the ground )oorF he omputtion of torsionl spetrum @hunndD PHHSA illustrtes lerly this symmetril omportment under seismi lodingF
RETROFITTING R/C BRIDGE PIER TYPE CROSSSECTIONS WITH PARTIAL CONFINEMENT EMPLOYING CFRPS  ID 198
G. Manos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece V. Kourtidis, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

he energy dissipted y hysteresis in strutures under reversile lod ptterns is one of the most widely used prmeters to evlute the umultive e'et of the lod history @umultive dmgeAD to identify the di'erent ehvior etween elements whose filure is dominted y the )exion or sher nd mny others phenomenF roweverD to evlute this prmeter it is neessry to hve full lodEdisplement history reord of eh one of the memers of the struture under studyF his pper present the results of the tests mde over reinfored onrete wlls designed with the sme quntity of longitudinl reinE forement nd di'erent quntities of trnsversl steelF he ojetive of the di'erenes in reinforement re to hve n equl resistne to )exionD ut di'erent resistne to sherF hese wlls were tested under reversile lods until the filureF prom the nlysis of the lodsEdisplement reordsD it ws posE sile to de(ne mthemtil model whih represents the ehvior of the energy dissipted y hysteresis using the umulte dutility of displements mesured during the testF here re two stges de(ned in this modelF he (rst one repreE sents Ey liner equtionE the dissiption of energy y hysteresis when the ehvior of the wll is dominted y )exionF he seond stge Elso linerE represents the dissiption of energy y hysteresis when the ehvior of wll is dominted y sherF por this model it uses prmeter nmed gmmD whih orresponds to the slope of the seond stge of the modelD lower thn the (rst stgeF qmm depends on the rtio ultimte sher vGs nominl sherD the quntity of trnsversl steelD the lod history nd othersF ith this workD it is possile to mke mthemtil model whih de(nes reltionship etween the energy dissipted y hysteresis nd the umulte dutility of displementD whih is esier to mesureF
DYNAMIC RESPONSE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING FROM MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENTS IN GUADELOUPE, FRANCE.  ID 177
E. Bertrand, LRPC - CETE Mditerrane, France A. M. Duval, Mditerrane, France S. Vidal, Mditerrane, France

he upgrding of reinfored onrete @GgA rossEsetionsD with one side rther longer thn the other @hG b IFSAD y prtil pplition of gp @gron pire einforing lstiA on(nement is investigted hereF his prtil pplition of gp on(nement is imed t the retro(tting of ridgeEpier type Gg rossEsetions in order to prohiitD up to pointD the development of premture ompressive filure t the se of the pier due to omined ompression nd )exure from seismi lodsF st my lso e pplied to retro(tting similr vertil struturl memers with nonEessile sidesF uh sheme is studied here using gp lyers tht do not extend ll round the rossEsetion @prtil on(nementAF o ompenste for the ft tht the gp lyers do not enlose the rossEsetion entirelyD nhorge of these lyers must e providedF o this endD lortory investigtion ws rried out to study the e'etiveness of suh prtil on(nement together with lterntive nhorge shemesF sdentil olumnEspeimensD onstruted with prototype mterils hving height of ITHHmm nd ross setion QHHmm y PHHmmD were testedF hey were sujeted to ompressive lods s this type of stress (eld is expeted to develop t the se of suh vertil memers under omined vertil lods nd seismi tionsD where undesired ompression filure my developF ith the suessful pplition of this prtil on(nementD n inrese of lmost SH7 ws oserved in this ompression pity of the test speimensF woreoverD the deformility of these speimens ws sustntilly inresedD demonstrting the e'etiveness of this type of prtil on(nementF st ws lso demonstrted from the experimentl sequene tht ritil ftors for this e'etiveness were the type of nhorge of the gp prtil on(nement nd the numer of gp lyersF
LARGE SCALE EARTHQUAKE TESTING FACILITY FOR VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT  ID 212
T. Payen, CEA-Saclay, France J. C. Queval, CEA-Saclay, France P. Sollogoub, CEA-Saclay, France

wirotremor mesurements n e used to estimte the struturl dynmi hrteristis of uildingF ome previous studies hve lredy shown tht the results otined with these methods n e extrpolted to the uilding ehviour under seismi tionF hese kinds of nlysis hve rel (nnil dvntge ompred to the more trditionl onesF sn dditionD euse of the wek motionsD the uilding is not dmged y the (eld surveyF he mesurements tht we propose n e in prtiulr useful to (x numeril modelling of the uilding ut lso it n help for the dmge detetion fter n erthquke y omprison of the reordE ings efore nd fter the eventF st llows estimting not only the nturl frequenies of the uilding ut lso mode shpes nd dmpE ing rtiosF purthermoreD y looking to the phse of the reordings we re le to seprte the torsionl modes from the trnsltionl onesF sn xovemer PHHR mgnitude TFQ erthquke stroke qudeE loupe sslnd in the prenh est sndiesF huring the following monthsD severl ftershoks ourred lose to the sslnd ves intesF he iggest one rehed mgnitude of SFU the IRth of perury PHHSF e present in this pper n pplition of the

iws vortory of gie ly is involved in seismi testing of ivil engineering strutures nd mehnil equipmentD with unique testing filityD ewesD with eeviiD the lrgest tle in iurope @T m T m with IHH tons pylodAF sn prllelD iws vortory hs lrge experiene in numeril pprohes for simultion @geQw odeAF wny ntionl nd interntionl reserh progrms hve een performed suessfully ut testing needs re evolvingF he erthqukes tht ourred worldwide in the lst dedeD hve shown signi(nt progress in erthquke engineeringF xeverthelessD these events hve ll indited importnt de(ienies in our underE stnding of indued phenomen during erthqukesF es onseE queneD intensive seismi reserh is neessryD whih must e sed on sound experimentl resultsD simulting the onditions tully ourring in rel erthqukeF he need for experimentl studies is pushed y the inresing of the glol vulnerility of our soieties nd the evolution of design pprohes sking to performne evlution of struturesF his is

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pplile to existing nd new onstrutionsF gie hve lunhed n extension projet of his fility in order to ful(l these new requirementsF he following hrteristis re onsideredX vrge sleD three dimensionl exittionsD two oupled shke tlesD high performne tutorsF F F his fility is expeted to eome powerful tool for iuropen or interntionl ollorE tion in seismi engineering reserhF he ojetive of this pper is to desrie the outline of reserh topis in seismi domin for the next dedes in reltion to the new projet of lrge sle erthquke testing filityF e desription of the outline of the new testing fility is givenF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF PRECAST/POSTTENSIONED REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS  ID 218
C. Chin-Tung, NKFUST, Taiwan C. T. Liu, NKFUST, Taiwan

ES 3e
nturl frequeny of the speimen over period of etween HFS nd S seonds t ny point during the testingF gontrol of the shking tle while rrying this nonEliner speimen ws very di0ult nd this pper desries nd ompres vrious strtegies tht n dopted if nonEliner speimen is to e tested e'etively on shking tleF
LNEC-SPA, A COMPLETE SHAKING TABLE TEST ANALYSIS TOOL  ID 244
L. A. A. M. Mendes, Costa, National National Laboratory Laboratory of of Civil Civil Engineering, Engineering,

Portugal Campos Portugal E. Coelho, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal

he prest nd postEtensioned strutures hve the dE vntge of selfEentering nd therey eliminte permnent drift nd redue the possiility of eing demolished fter n erthqukeF vitertures proved tht the prestGpostEtensioned uilding systems hve stedy responses under yli lodingF sn this reserhD four prestGpostEtensioned g emEolumn onnetions hve een onstruted nd testedF teel or plsti pltes were st on the emEends nd olumn fes efore the pour of onreteF g ems nd olumns were prest nd then onneted y unonded postEtensioned strndsF pinllyD energy dissipting devies either ukling restrined steel rs in the prest slots of emEends to onnet the olumn y thredsD or steel ngles nhored y olts in the prest holes of emEends nd olumn were instlledF he investigted prmeters inlude em to olumn interfes @steel on steel or plsti on plstiAD energy dissipting devies @steel rs or nglesA s well s the sping of hoops in the pnel zoneF ith lrger sping in the pnel zone nd steel interfeD two speimens filed due to pnel sher with digonl rks from orner to orner of the pnel zoneF ith less sping in the pnel zone nd plsti interfeD the speimen performed in wy of self!enteringD howeverD strength deteriorted fter the loding yle of Q7 drift due to onrete rushing in the orner of emEendsF rystereti loops showed tht the energyEdissipting pity of speimens with steel ngles or uking restrined steel rs re stisftoryF roweverD the fore trnsmitted y uking restrined steel rs resulted in lrger pnel sher for the speimenF
ASSESSMENT OF NON-LINEAR SHAKING TABLE SPECIMEN INTERACTION  ID 223
A. Crewe, University of Bristol, UK

his pper desries windows sed intertive omE puter tool developed in vxigD to nlyze the results of shking tle tests nd other dynmi experimentsF he progrm is implemented in viewBD using the ntive signl nlysis toolkits nd externl routines to ompute the more intensive lultionsD whih were developed minly in portrnF he ode is divided in seprte modules ll using n e0ient dt storing shemeF he min modules reX signl genertionD used to de(ne the erthquke senrios tht re injeted to the shking tleY dt quisition to formt nd quire signls from he ordsY signl nlysisD used to editD (lterD pply windows nd frequeny domin tools @eFgF ppD hD ilsti esponse petrD etFA nd to ssess ground motion prmeters @eFgF eris intensityD eWS rmeterD rousner petrum sntensityD etFAY mth hnnelsD used to lulte runtime de(ned mthemtil hnnels using the dt olleted during the testsY system identi(tionD to determinte the experimentl modl frequenies nd dmpingY simpli(ed multiEdegreeEofEfreedom modelD to ssess the glol ehviour of lumped mss systems using only inemti quntities llowing the evlution of inerti foresD dissipted energy nd foreEdisplements reltionsY ndD (nllyD relEtime dynmi visuliztion module whih is n importnt tool for dt interprettion of shking tle test resultsF sn prllel with the presenttion of the omputer progrm is lso disussed some theoretil fundments nd prtil issues of the tehniques used in vxig to nlyze the huge mount of dt tht experimentl shking tle testing progrmmes provideF st is lso rie)y presented the pplition to two storeyD IXQ sledD g prest struture tested in vxig9s trixil shking tleF Bvview is ptent softwre of the xtionl snstruments gompnyF
SHAKING TABLE TEST OF 1/3 SCALE MODEL OF PIPELINE SYSTEM PART 2: ANALYTICAL RESULTS  ID 264
V. Hristovski, IZIIS, Macedonia L. Tashkov, IZIIS, Macedonia L. Krstevska, IZIIS, Macedonia B. Temelkovska, Thermal Power Plant, Macedonia M. Jovanovic, IZIIS, Macedonia

en erthquke shking tle is devie for shking lrge struturl models nd omponents with wide rnge of simulted ground motionsD inluding reprodutions of reorded erthqukesF st typilly onsists of lrgeD retngulr pltform @or tleA tht is driven in up to six degrees of freedom y servoEhydruli tutorsF hking tles re essentil tools in erthquke engineering reserh sine they llow study of the e'ets of true inerti fores on the test speimens nd they re used throughout the world for reserh into the dynmi e'ets of erthqukes on struturesF roweverD shking tles re omplex eletroEmehnil systems nd in mny ses the speimen eing tested on the tle interts signi(ntly with the dynmi hrteristis nd performne of the tle itselfF his pper desries series of tests of nonEliner speimen tht were used to investigte the intertion etween the speimen dynmis nd the dynmis of the shking tle t fristol niversityF sn order to perform repetle tests of highly nonEliner speiE menD IRDHHHkg speimen with ontrollle nonlinerity ws develE oped s prt of n i funded projetF he speimen omprises mss of up to UHHHkg hnging in support frmeF sn the xis of motion of the mss there re ir springs tht provide vrile sti'E ness to the movement of the mssF he ir pressure in the ir springs n e relesed through djustle pneumti vlues to redue the

sn the ompnion pper with the sme min titleD rt IX ixperimentl resultsD the importnt role of the pipeline systems in proper funtioning of the integrl system for prodution of eletriity t therml power plnt @A hs een emphsizedF sn order to inrese the explortion period of the pipeline systemsD it is neessry to investigte the restrining onditions @spring hnging nd supportsA under dynmi nd seismi lodingF he sujet of this pper is numeril simultion nd veri(tion of the performed experimentl tests in sssEkopje on IGQ sle model of segment of pipeline system for evlution of its dynmi hrteristis y mens of mient nd fored virtion methodD s well s dynmi shking tle tests using input reords in terms of elertion time historiesF he nlytil models re sed on the (nite element methodD using the ePHHH omputer progrmF he speil ttention hs een pid on the modeling of the oundry onditionsD s well s of the spring sti'ness propertiesF he prmetri nlyses hve showed the

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ES 3e
sensitivities of the results using models with di'erent properties of link elements nd di'erent oundry onditionsF he generl impression is tht oth pprohes ! experimentl nd nlytilD s omplementry phsesD re needed for investigtion of this kind of prolemsF he experiments give us informtion out the sti'ness properties in detils @espeilly for springsD nd for estimtion of the oundry onditionsD s wellAD or they verify some previous qusiEstti si tests on this springsD nd in turnD the nlysesD using this informtion s inputD give us omplete imge of the stressEstrin distriution in ll elementsD whih is not lwys possile during the experimentl testsF sing this omplementry experimentlEnlytil pprohD very resonle nd omprle greement of the experimentl nd numeril resultsD s well s useful prtil nlytil tool hve een otinedF
HYSTERETIC ENERGY DISSIPATION IN LATERALLY RESTRAINED STEEL TUBE AND SOLID BAR BRACES  ID 274
O. C. Celik, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey J. W. Berman, University at Bualo, United States M. Bruneau, University at Bualo, United States

Poster Presentations
the mooEmudEwll under yli loding or time history loding n e generted F sn ddition D for ssessment pplition D n eguivlent ring model of the mooEmudEwll is estlished sed upon the test results F his study provides the onservtion designer or rhitet the fundmentl informtions for seismi evlution nd retro(t design of wooden histori uildingF
NON-DESTRUCTIVE GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS FOR DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MALLORCA CATHEDRAL  ID 304
J. O. Caselles, UPC, Spain G. Martinez, UMSNH, Mexico J. Clapes, UPC, Spain P. Roca, UPC, Spain J. A. Canas, UPC, Spain

his pper desries n experimentl investigtion into the seismi ehvior nd e0ieny of steel frmes with speil ring in(llsF gold formed steel studs @gpAD typilly used in nonstruturl prtition wllsD were studied to determine if they ould e used to lterlly restrin res ginst ukling nd thus enhne their seismi performneD sine ompression ukling n use rpid strength degrdtion nd loss of dutility in resF pour speimens were designed using dutile seismi design priniples nd then tested under yli lodingF peimens hve either single digonl tue or solid r res with nd without gp nd rkets providing outEofEplne nd inEplne ukling restrint respetivelyF fehviorl hrteristis of the speimens re qunti(ed with n emphsis on hystereti energy dissiptionF he e'ets of uvGr rtioD ring on(gurtionD nd rossEsetion type re lso disussedF ixperimentl results show thtD t the sme dutility levelsD the umultive energy dissiption of res n e signi(ntly inresed when gp memers re usedF roweverD when tuulr ross setions re used for resD lol ukling led to redued frture life ompred to the se without gp memersF gp memers pper to e reltively more e'etive when solid r res hving lrge slenderness @tensionEonly resA re usedD sine the di'erene etween dissipted energies otined with nd without studs is sustntilF es resultD the gp memers showed promise for use in new uildings or s n e0ient retro(tting tehnique in existing uildings tht lk strengthD sti'nessD nd dutilityF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE BAMBOO-MUDWALL USED IN TAIWANESE HISTORIC BUILDING  ID 302
C. Chia-Chi, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan T. Meng-Ting, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan C. Ja-Shian, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan S. Chung-Hsien, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan

por the dynmi hrteriztion of nt wri gtheE drl in lm de wllorD some nonEdestrutive geophysil surveys were ppliedF eismi tomogrphies nd q surveys were performed to hrterize the properties nd inner struture of wllsD uttresses nd olumns nd identify zones of rks nd frturesF xturl virtion nd low motion seismogrms were lso reorded on di'erent lotion of the gthedrl to djust linel nd nonElinel modellingF pinllyD rG spetrl rtios with noise signls were omputed in nd round it to hrterize soil resonne frequenies nd possile intertion etween the soil nd the strutureF yne q pro(le with WHH wrz ntenn ws mde in eh olumnD two pro(les in six wllsD two pro(les in three uttresses nd one pro(le in the extern wll rossing perpendiulr uttressesF elso RH q pro(les with the IFS qrz ntenn were mde in eh of three olumns for QEh reonstrutionF por seismi tomogrphyD IPH ry tres in eh of the three olumns were performed to ssure high overgeF e high frequeny wves were generted y n instrumented hmmerD nd wves were reorded y piezoeletri elerometer t more thn TSHHH ounts per seond to ssure high qulity rrivl timesF o estimte possile soilEstruture intertion nd de(ne the soil (lling re more thn IS trixil noise signls were mesured round the gthedrl nd more thn IH inside itD omputing in eh one the rG spetrl rtioF pinllyD for dynmi hrteriztionD we reorded noise elertion spetr in more thn PH importnt lotions nd gret mount of low mgnitude lol nd high mgnitude teleseismi erthqukes in the upper prtF ell of these surveys rried out serve to hrterize the entire gthedrl in order of evlute its struturl stteF
DYNAMIC INVESTIGATIONS AND LINEAR ANALYSIS OF THE MALLORCA CATHEDRAL  ID 305
G. Martinez, UMSNH, Mexico P. Roca, UPC, Spain J. O. Caselles, UPC, Spain J. Clapes, UPC, Spain J. A. Canas, UPC, Spain

sn iwn D the mooEmudEwll is the min struturl element of most of the existing wooden histori uildings F por investigting the struturl ehvior of the mooEmudEwll D in this study D totlly IQ speimens inluding di'erent onstrution D di'erent mteril D nd di'erent heightEtoEwidth rtio re tested under horizontlly yli loding F prom the test D followings re oserved X IF nder the yli loding D the speimen gets ompression filE ure t the orner (rst D then su'ers sher filure of the wll pnel F PF he ultimte lod of the wll speimen is in)uened y the rE rngement of horizontl nd vertil xuki @omplemenyry memerA F QF sn the wll speimens D in generl D the wooden frme provides IGQ strength D nd mud provides PGQ strength F RF he reorded hysteresis loop of the wll speimens n e simply(ed s severl rulesF pollowing these rulesD the lodEdisplement reltionship of

he wllor gthedrl is loted in the min of the fleri sslnds in pinF st is one of the lrgest qothi thedrls in iurope nd it ws uilt during the seond hlf of theIQth enturyD nd ontinued through IRth nd ISth enturyF his pper desries the nlysis performed for the dynmi struturl ehvior hrteriztion of the min struture of the uilding using mient virtion mesurements in di'erent points on the hpelsD min nve nd lterl nvesD this investigtion ws rried out to otin n experimentl estimtion of the virtion modl frequenies of the uildingF yn the other hndD with the gol of nlyze the possile mpli(tion e'ets etween soilEstruture systemD the foundtion soil dynmi response hrteriztion ws lulted using the rG reltionship pplied to severl points in nd out the thedrl perimeterF es omplementD in the present work liner Qh (nite element model ws uilt nd updted using the site mesured dynmi prmetersF his model ws sujet to RUS nd WUS yers return period erthquke in order to estlish future ehvior estimtion for this uilding efore ertin seismi senrioF

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SEISMIC DAMAGE DETECTION USING SMART PIEZO-TRANSDUCERS AND ELECTROMECHANICAL IMPEDANCE SIGNATURES  ID 307
C. Providakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece M. Voutetaki, Technical University of Crete, Greece

ES 3e
he hurh remined open to the puli until the ourrene of UFW mgnitude event on perury IWTWD sine then no signi(nt retro(t ws performedF he hurh is stone msonry struture with unique entrl nve overed y rrel vultF e spheril dome is loted over the righ ghpelF he externl wlls dishrge diretly onto the soilF he min struturl onern is lrge longitudinl rk long the min rrel vultF hue to ritil vertil deformtionF emient irtion tests were performed during di'erent phses of retro(t nd these were used for pinite ilement wodel pdtingF sn this work we presentX the mjor results of the pthology survey @y eEyAY the pinite ilement wodel nd the results of the emient irtions esultsD otined until nowX efore strt of the rehilittion proessY fter the propping of its vultsF
AMBIENT VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS CABLE STAYED BRIDGE  ID 414
A. M. Kibboua, N. Farsi, National National Earthquake Earthquake Engineering Engineering

givil infrstrutures deteriorte during design life due to vrious ftors suh s overlodingD nturl dissters nd de(ient mintenneF he prompt ondition ssessment of ritil ivil filities fter severe erthquke is n importnt proedure to prevent nd mitigte seondry dissterF wost of the onventionl nondestrutive evlution @xhiA methods require essiility to the inspeted struturl omponents tht is not lwys possile for relEtime ivil infrstruture ssessment following n erthE qukeF yn the other hndD typil lowEfrequeny virtion sed dmge detetion tehniques demnd intensive omputtions to proess mesured dtF he eletromehnil impedne @iwsA helth monitoring tehnique ws initilly proposed nd tested on mehnil nd erospe struturl omponents nd numer of experimentl investigtions hve een suessfully performed on ivil engineering strutures nd proved to e very promising tehnique for in situ helth monitoring of ivil infrstruturesF sn prtiulrD the eletroEmehnil impedne tehnique uses smrt piezoeletri ermi @A mterils s sensorsGtutors nd in order to ensure high sensitivity to inipient dmgeD high frequeny eletromehnil dmittne @dmittne is the inverse of impedneA signture of the mteril serves s dignosti signture of the struturl omponentF his pper desries the performne of the eletromehnil impedne tehnique for dmge detetion in onrete struturl omponentsF por this purposeD highEfrequeny numeril modeling is performed y using the (nite element methodF he eletri dmittne spetrum is otined nd evluted t the terminls of the sensorGtutorF everl onditions were imposed to simulte relEtime dmgeD nd the e0ieny of the iws method in trking nd monitoring the integrity of ivil struturl filitiesF
REPAIR OF LARGE SCALE REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED SHEAR WALLS BY STEEL PLATES  ID 354
Y. W. Liou, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Taiwan Y. J. Chiou, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan C. C. Huang, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan M. S. Sheu, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan

ON

Centre Centre

(CGS), (CGS),

Algeria Algeria J. L. Chatelain, (IRD), France B. Guillier, Institut pour la Recherche en Dveloppement (IRD), France Institut pour la Recherche en Dveloppement

he lst erthqukes of vom riet @eD IWVWAD uoe @tpnD IWWSAD szmit @urkeyD IWWWAD ghiEhi @iwnD IWWWA on(rmed tht the ridges ould e very vulnerle strutures under dynmi lodingF he seismi response nlysis of n existing ridge needs mthemtil model tht n e lirted with mesured dynmi hrteristisF hese hrteristis re the periods nd the ssoited mode shpes of virtion nd the modl dmping oe0ientF he proposed work onerns the exeution nd interprettion of the results of mient virtion tests done on le styed ridge ross the yued hi iver @wil G elgeriAF he signl nlysis of mient virtion reords will permit to determine the dynmi hrteristis of the ridgeF yn the other hndD we develop QEh model of the ridge in order to ssess the frequenies nd the ssoited modes of virtionF his informtion will e neessry in the plnning of the test on the site @lotions of the sensorsD frequenies to e mesured nd the ssoited mode shpes of virtionF ueywordsX mient virtionD le styed ridgeD dynmi hrteristisD numeril model
SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF SUBSTANDARD REINFORCED CONCRETE PRISMATIC MEMBERS USING COMPOSITE JACKETS  ID 451
G. Thermou, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece D. Syntzirma, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece S. Pantazopoulou, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece

he quntittive evlution of erthquke resistne E pity for the repir of dmged struture is investigted in this studyF en lrgeEsle frmed wll speimens repired y steel pltes were testD nd simple formul is proposed to predit the ehvior of these struturesF he experimentl results showed tht the ultimte strength of frmed sher wlls only rpidly repired olumns y steel pltes n possess lmost the sme strength of the prototype speimenF roweverD the ultimte strengths of the speimens repired y injetion of epoxy (rstD nd then repired olumns y steel pltes re (fty perent higher thn those of the prototype speimensF
MODAL IDENTIFICATION OF A STONE MASONRY CHURCH , IN LAGOS PORTUGAL, DURING REHABILITATION PROCESS  ID 371
M. A. Viana Baptista, ISEL/CGUL/IDL, Portugal J. P. Costa, STAP OZ, Portugal P. Silva, ISEL, Portugal P. Mendes, ISEL, Portugal R. Brincker, U Aalborg, Denmark

he xun9s hurhD in vgos ! elgrveD it is prt of its ulturl heritgeF he hurh ws uilt in the ITth enturyD prior to the gret vison erthquke of the Ist xovemer IUSSF he hurh ws destroyed y this erthquke nd ws prtilly reuilt fter itF

en experimentl study hs een onduted in order to investigte the e0ieny of omposite jkets in upgrding the seismi ehvior of sustndrd reinfored onrete prismti memersF he experimentl progrm omprised sixteen @ITA squre ross setion ntilever speimens representtive of typil uilding olumn from olumn mid!height etween )oors to the emEolumn onnetion t sle of IXPF hue to lk of dequte seismi detiling the speimens were suseptile to vrious modes of filure suh s sher filureD ukling or filure in the lp splie regionF he sEuilt speimens were (rst dmged up to filure fter eing sujeting to simulted seismi lodingF sn the next phseD the speimens were retro(tted with omposite jkets nd then loded gin under yli lterl displement reversls simulting erthquke e'ets under onstnt xil lodF he e0ieny of the omposite jkets s n intervention method for the seismi upgrding of sustndrd reinfored onrete memers ws investigted tking into onsidertion prmeters relted to the type of omposite fri hosen for the intervention @glssD ron or metlliAD the type of the lod history pplied @ner fult

213

ES 3e
ground motion hrteristisA nd the level of dmge to whih the sEuilt speimens were sujeted prior to repirF he results of the experimentl reserh provide vlule informtion reltive to the degree of prtiiption of the omposite jkets to the vrious resistne mehnismsD their ility to reverse the e'et of the preEdmge nd inrese the deformtion pity of the struturl memer so s to ehve in dutile mnnerF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN WITH WINGS  ID 499
L. Kuo-Chiang, Yung Ta Instutute of Technology and Commerce, Taiwan L. Yuh-Wehn, Chia-Nan University, Taiwan H. Wen-Chun, Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan

Poster Presentations
e detiled s well s the instrumenttion nd the di'erent input signls doptedF pinllyD the min dmges oserved will e shownF hese tests hd s min purpose the evlution of the ehviour of new nd rehilitted nturl limestone msonry strutures reinfored with polymer grids produed in the iuropen nionF
QUASI-STATIC TESTS ON WALL ELEMENTS CONSTRUCTED DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ST. ATHANASIUS CHURCH  ID 538
V. Sendova, Institute of Earthquake Eng. Macedonia M. Velkov, Institute of Earthquake Eng. Macedonia and Eng. Seismology, and Eng. Seismology,

st is n importnt topi to promote the uilding resisE tne under erthqukeF prom the inspetion of hzrd of uildings in erthquke the filure performne of olumns used the uilding inlined even ollpsedF einfored onrete olumn with wings is good wy to retro(t nd strengthen originl olumn to promote its ering pity under erthqukeF he purpose of this pper ws to rry out oth experimentl nd theoretil investigtions of reinfored onrete olumn with wings sujeted to horizontl fores under onstnt ompression lodF en speimens eh with olumn setion PHm B PHm nd IQSm in heightD IHm to RHm width of wings with IHm nd ISm thikD were used to detet the seismi ehvior of reinfored onrete with wings olumnF idth nd thik of wingsD strength of onreteD nd the steel ontent of wings of the experiments were the four min prmeters in this testF sn this pper experimentl reserh not only investigted 4totl4 lterl de)etion ut lso resolved omponent of ending de)etion nd sher de)etionF he theoretil reserhesD esides pplying onstitutive lws of onrete nd rerD semiErigidity model nd moderted softening mode pprohes to solve sher nd ending of wing olumn ws proposedF pinllyD the e'et of strength of onrete nd width of wing to 'et the wing olumn ws on(rmedF es resultD the rigidity model of g wing olumn ws estlishedF he width sle domintes the strength of the g wing olumnF he strength rtio of olumn with wings to olumn is proportion to the rtio of width of the wing sle to the olumn widthD nd the rtio vlue is out P when the ondition of wing thik to olumn width eing IGPF sn the sme wyD the strength rtio will rise to Q when the rtio of wing thik to olumn width eing QGRF
SHAKING TABLE TESTS ON AN ASYMMETRIC LIMESTONE MASONRY BUILDING  ID 536
R. Bairrao, LNEC, Portugal E. Coelho, LNEC, Portugal A. Campos Costa, LNEC, Portugal M. J. Falco Silva, LNEC, Portugal E. Juhasova, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia (Slovak Republic)

he hurh of tF ethnsius is situted within the monsti ompound tF fogorodits in the villge of veshok E etovo reF his hurh is under the protetion of the vw on rotetion of gulturl wonuments of F wedoniF yn eugust PID PHHID during the rmed on)its in F wedoniD this monsti hurh experiened strong detontion whih resulted in its lmost omplete demolitionX greter prt of the hurh ws torn downD while the still existing prt ws hrterized y severe dmgeF he win rojet on the eonstrution of the wonsti ghurh of tF ethnsius hs een relized y the snstitute of irthquke ingineering nd ingineering eismologyD sss in ollortion with the epuli snstitute for rotetion of gulturl wonuments nd hs een (nned y the iuropen egeny for eonstrutionF he nlyses used s sis for the elortion of the struturl solution for reonstrution of the hurh were rried out y onsidE ertion of design ompressive strength of lime mortr of IFH wF sn order to hieve the designed lss of lime mortrD the jo mix formul for lime mortr inluded not only slked lime nd snd with ertin grin size distriutionD ut lso roken hlfEked rik s n dditive in the orresponding proportionF o verify experimentlly the design strength hrteristis of lime mortrD qusiEstti tests on wll elements were rried out in the hynmi esting vortory of sss in ordne with the previously dopted testing progrmme nd sheme nd the orresponding ge of the wll elementsF he wll elements were onstruted in the sme wy s the originl ering wlls of the tF ethnsius hurh struture in veshokF he pper presents the ojetiveD the proedure nd the results from these experimentl qusiEstti testsF
AMBIENT VIBRATION TESTING OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS  ID 543
L. Krstevska, Institute of earthquake Engineering-IZIIS, Macedonia L. Taskov, Institute of earthquake Engineering-IZIIS, Macedonia

his pper will desrie the shking tle tests of n symmetri limestone msonry uildingD under di'erent reinforeE ment onditionsF he work ws performed in the im of the projet inhning eismi esistne nd hurility of xturl wsonry tone for ser qroup Q of the iuropen gonsortium of vortories for irthquke nd hynmi ixperimentl eserh @igyviehiAF he experimentl progrm ws performed using the vxig Qh shking tleF por the (rst phse of the tests the speimen ws just horizontlly reinfored with polymeri gridsF por the seond phse it ws lso verE tilly on(ned with polymeri grids nd with (er dded mortrF he design of the struture ws ommon deision of the speilE ists involved from the niversity of fuhrestD the lovk edemy of ienes nd the sshi gonstrution qroupD on the sis of n rhiteturl oneption typil of the uildings under study s well s on preEexisting uildings in omniF he onstrution ws operted nd supervised in the vxig erthqukeEtesting hllF he onstrution of the speimenD its reinforementD the testing proedure nd the min testing results will e presentedF he geomE etry nd the mterils hosen nd the onstrution proedure will

o evlute the seismi ehvior of historil monumentsD most of whih hve een dmged nd restored in the pstD one of severl importnt spets tht should e onsidered is de(nition of the tul stte of the monumentsD iFeF otining of their dynmi hrteristis y mens of nturl frequeniesD shpes of virtionD dmping oe0ients nd soilEstruture intertionF sn the frmes of the iElterl urkeyEwedoni oopertive projet entitled 4ivlution of eismi fety of ristoril wsonry wonuments4D relized y the following institutionsX ildiz niversityE pulty of givil ingineering nd erhitetureD sstnul nd niversity 4sF gyril nd wethodius4E snstitute of irthquke ingineering nd ingineering eismologyEkopjeD experimentlly tested were nine monuments E mosques nd hurhes in urkey nd wedoniF he inEsitu experimentl testing of the monuments ws performed pplying the mient virtion testing method nd n pproprite testing equipmentF sn order to de(ne the dynmi ehviour of the monumentsD the following dynmi properties were mesuredX nturl frequeniesD mode shpes nd dmping oe0ientsF he nturl frequenies were evluted from the pourier mplitude spetr for oth trnsltionl diretions nd torsionF he mode shpes were derived from the pek mplitudes of the spetr t orresponding mesuring points long the height of the struturesF he otined results will e presented in the pperF

214

Poster Presentations
SHAKING TABLE TEST OF 1/3 SCALE MODEL OF PIPELINE SYSTEM - PART 1:EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS  ID 548
L. Tashkov, Institute of earthquake Engineering-IZIIS, Macedonia L. Krstevska, Institute of earthquake Engineering-IZIIS, Macedonia V. Hristovski, Institute of earthquake Engineering-IZIIS, Macedonia B. Temelkovska, REK OSLOMEJ, Malawi

ES 3e

INSTRUMENTAL DATA AND ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A PECULIAR STRUCTURE  ID 598
I. Vlad, TUCEB, Romania M. N. Vlad, TUCEB, Romania H. Sandi, TUCEB, Romania

he pipeline systems ply n importnt role in proper funtioning of the integrl system for prodution of eletriity t therml power plnt @AF o inrese the explortion period s well sfety ftor of the pipeline systemsD it is neessry to investigte the restrining onditions @spring hnging nd supportsA under dynmi nd seismi lodingF p tody prtie in investigtion of dynmi ehvior of the pipeline systems t is sed on nlytil pprohD using re(ned (nite element oneptF ery few investigtions re performed on experimentl wyD suh sX in situ testing of dynmi hrteristis y mens of mient nd fored virtion methodD s well s lortory testing y mens of shking tleF sn this pper re presented experimentl results otined y model testing of segment of pipeline system t D designed nd onstruted in sle IGQD nd tested on seismi shking tle t sss lortoryF he dopted modeling onept wsX dequte model with rti(il mss simultionD using the sme mteril s prototypeF he spring hnging s well s speil rolling supports hve een lso simultedF he model ws sujeted to rndomD hrmoni nd erthquke motion in horizontlD vertil nd ixil diretionF he test results show ler piture out dynmi ehvior of the system under di'erent exittionsF ery interesting onlusions hve een derived regrding springs ehvior s well s rolling supports under erthquke simultion testsF F
COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT RESPONSES OF STEEL-FIBERREINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS  ID 587
D. M. Ozcan, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey A. Bayraktar, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey S. Adanur, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey T. Haktanir, Erciyes University, Turkey

he pper presents the outome of some nlyses onE erning the performne of sevenEstorey strutureD hving peulir on(gurtionX the erthquke resistnt system onsists essentilly of three strong ores rrnged in pln s n equilterl tringle @one of themD tller thn the other twoAF he ojet of the pper is relted to the presenttion of some methodologil spets nd of some results onerning the dynmi hrteristis nd the resistne pity of the struture referred toF he dt on liner dynmi hrteristis were otined on the sis of monitoring the mient virtion of the strutureF he rrngement of seismometers nd the si reltions used to pss from primry instrumentl dt to dt on the relevnt dynmi hrteristis @overll endingD overll torsionD vertil motionsA re presentedF he input reords were ordingly onverted nd dt on the nturl periods nd on the eigenshpes were derived y mens of orresponding trnsformtionsF mples of time histories otined re presented nd the in)uene of the lk of perfet symmetryD due to the existene of one tller resistnt oreD is disussedF ome results of onventionl engineering nlyses re presentedF e disussion on the pility to resist very high seismi intensities followsF he ores re su0iently strong to resist overll ending moments nd sher fores up to the level of loding when prtil uplift of the ore foundtions oursD limiting thus the possile stressesF st turns out tht the min resistnt system is prtilly immune to erthqukes nd tht lolD little relevntD dmge n our only due to the @ngulrA reltive displements etween min ores nd the rest of the strutureF e (nl summry emphsizes the methodologil spets rised y this se study nd formultes some reommendtions for engineering prtieF
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS  ID 643 LOW-

teel (er reinfored onrete @pgA pplitions hve eome widespred in suh res s highwy upper lyersD tunnel shellsD onrete sewer pipesD nd sls of lrge industril uildingsF sge of pg in lodErrying memers of uildings hving onventionl reinforedEonrete @gA frmes is lso gining populrity reently euse of its positive ontriution to oth energy sorption pity nd onrete strengthF sn this studyD omprtive study of )exurl ehviors of the sme dimensions ordinry nd pg ems re rried out y exE perimentlly nd (nite element method @piwAF por this purposeD three retngulr g ems of PSHxQSHxPHHH mm dimensions nd three pg ems of the sme dimensions re produed using onrete lss of gEPHD ll the six ems hving the sme mount of reinforement rs nd ll eing designed s underEreinforedF ih of these six ems re sujeted to ending y threeEpoint lodE ing setup in erti(ed emEloding frmeD extly fter hving een moistEured for PV dysF ih em is loded until full filure nd the loding is stopped when the tensile steel rs re roken into two pieesF widEsetion de)etions nd lods re refully reorded t every S kx lod inrements from the eginning till the ultimte filureF he )exurl ehviors of the onventionl g ems nd the pg ems re nlyzed omprtivelyF he piw results re otined using the progrm ePHHHF he g nd pg ems re represented y two dimensionl (nite elementsF righ energy sorption pity of )exurl elements is prtiuE lrly importnt for resistne ginst erthquke lodsF st is onE luded herein tht pg ems would exhiit more e'etive perE formne thn ordinry g ems from this spetF uey ordsX einforedEgonrete @gA femD teelEpierE einfored gonrete @pgAD inergy esorption gpity @oughnessAD pg femD pinite ilement wethod @piwA

M. Pavel, National Centre for Seismic Risk Reduction, Romania M. Seki, National Centre for Seismic Risk Reduction, Romania C. Pavel, National Centre for Seismic Risk Reduction, Romania R. Vacareanu, National Centre for Seismic Risk Reduction, Romania

ithin the tpneseEomnin goopertion rogrm on eduing eismi isk of fuildings nd truturesD estlished in PHHPD vrious tests of g nd msonry elements were rried outF hese tests imed to simulte the ehvior of existing uildingsD espeilly those uilt prior to the gret rne erthquke of IWUUD wrh R @waUFPAF fefore IWUUD uildings were relized using seismi ode whih is thought now to e lowEodeF etro(tting of them is mtter of gret importne todyD nd experimentl reserh dt n e vlule tool in evlution nd retro(ttingF yutline of the tests onsist of S g wll speimensD with dimensions IFVH m @lengthAD IFVH @heightAD HFIH m @thiknessAF he geometril dimensions were otined y sling two stories of IHEstories residentil uilding onstruted in the UH9sD in fuhrestF le ftor ws 1 F he speimens were tested using 4 the testing filities @retion frmeA provided y tsge @tpnese snterntionl goopertion egenyAF vod ws pplied vertilly @onstnt vertil lod ! simulting the grvittionl lod level in the existing uildingA nd horizontlly @yling lods ! P yles t every pek displementAF ypil reinforing for the speimens @used extensively in g wlls efore IWUUA isX vertil round rs t wlls intersetionsD horizontl rs elow the sl nd in the slD leving the onrete we unreinforedF his pttern of reinforing is now foridden y new design odesF por eh speimenD predition of pity ws performed using vrious design odes nd ompred with the experimentl resultsF

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SHAKE TABLE TESTS OF A 3-STOREY IRREGULAR RC STRUCTURE WITHOUT ENGINEERED EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE  ID 645
E. Coelho, LNEC, Portugal A. Campos Costa, LNEC, Portugal P. Candeias, LNEC, Portugal M. J. Falco Silva, LNEC, Portugal

Poster Presentations
PSD TESTS AND SUBSTRUCTURING OF DAMAGEABLE STRUCTURES UNDER TWO COMPONENT EARTHQUAKES.  ID 676
A. Souid, LMT-CACHAN., France A. Delaplace, LMT-CACHAN., France F. Ragueneau, LMT-CACHAN., France R. Desmorat, LMT-CACHAN., France

ith the purpose of ssessing the seismi ehviour of reinfored onrete uilding struture nonEseismilly designedD n experimentl study ws rried out t the vxigGvison shke tleD within the frmework of the iuropen projet ieF he tested struture ws simpli(tion of QEstorey uildingD irregulr in plnD representtive of older onstrution in southern iuropeD without engineered erthquke resistneF st ws designed for grvity lods loneD using the onrete design ode used in qreee etween IWSR nd IWWSD with onstrution prtie nd mterils ommonly used in southern iurope in the erly UH9sF he struturl on(gurtion is typil of nonEerthqukeEresistnt onstrution of tht periodF he entre of sti'ness is eentri with respet to the mss entre in oth horizontl diretions nd the on(gurtion inludes two em indiret supports nd strongly eentri emEolumn jointF he vison speimen ws uilt in IXPDS sle nd tested under seismi exittion representtive of the wontenegro IWUW erthqukeF wo horizontl motions were pplied to the speimen y the shke tle in oth diretionsF emiErti(il input series were usedD otined from the modi(tion of the two rereg xovi horizontl omponents of the erthqukeD in order to stisfy onformity with the iuroode V elsti response spetrumF xo vertil exittion ws onsideredF sn order to mesure the experimentl response of the modelD the signls quisition ws hieved through the use of spei( instrumenttion pln onsisting on elerometers nd displement trnsduersD llowing the evlution of the omplete glol motion of the strutureF he pper presents the min experimentl results otined nd illustrtes its omprison with preEtest nlytil simultionsF purthermore the omprison with the results of rel sle test of the sme strutureD performed t the ive lortory in ssprD is outlinedF
EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS OF THE CEDRAV HISTORICAL BUILDING  ID 646
D. Rinaldis, ENEA, Italy P. Clemente, ENEA, Italy G. Teresi, ENEA, Italy

he omprehension of the ultimte ehvior of givil inE gineering strutures sujeted to nturl or industril risks suh s shoksD imptsD seismsD explosions FFFet n e hndled y two wysX experimentl testing nd numeril modelingF fy using the reently developed nonliner mteril models in the nlysesD one n etter pprehends the response of the struturesF e omintion etween the numeril modeling @into whih one n introdue the suitle model of mteril ehviorA nd test on prts of the strutures n e mde to etter understnd the struture response while ene(ting from the sustruturing tehniqueF o numerilly determine the inerti fores for performing stti tests insted of dynmi ones leds to the soElled pseudoEdynmis @hA modellingF e desrie nd present the results for suh h tests with sustruturing tehnique rried out in nonliner ehviourF he tests were onduted for two level reinfored onrete frme whih is sujeted to rel two omponents erthquke @horizontl nd vertilAF e present the use of omputtions for the modelized nd tested suEstrutures in the h testsF en impliit nd expliit time integrtion shemes re used for the simulted prts in prllel with n expliit one used for the tested prtF ests results re used to identify nd vlidte the nonliner onstitutive equtions usedF por instneD three dimensionl dmge model with indued dmge nisotropy is desried nd used for qusiErittle mterils suh s onreteF e single Pnd order tensoril dmge vrile is onsideredF he qusiEunilterl onditions re written on the hydrostti stresses onlyF xote tht ltogether with the onsidertion of dmge lws ensuring dmge rte proportionl to the positive prt of strin tensorD this is su0ient to model strongly di'erent ehvior due to dmge in tension nd in ompressionF ueywords X eudo hynmis tests @hAD erthquke engiE neeringD sustruturingD nisotropi dmgeF
FRICTIONAL APPROACH TO SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE SLIDING-STRUCTURES  ID 682
B. Mendez, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico E. Botero, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico M. Romo, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico

he gihe uilding in gerreto di poleto @gentre for enthropologil houmenttion nd eserh of xerin lley uildingAD originlly monsteryD ws uilt in the IRth entury on the top of ridge rokF he uilding is irregulr oth horizontlly nd vertillyF he mient virtion mesurements were performed y using (fteen EI unixil veloity sensors @nturl frequeny IFH rzA onneted to (ve uEP reordersF wesurements were rried out etween wy PHHHF ensors were deployed in W di'erent on(gurtionsF hen the uilding ws permnently instrumented in tune PHHH y using QT elerometer hnnelsF rnsduers hve een instlled in di'erent lotions of the strutureF sn prtiulrD some of these hve een rrnged on the perimeter wlls to otin torsionl modes of the strutureF sn this work the results of the experimentl investigtions on the gihe uilding in gerreto di poleto re explined together with the following numeril elortions of the piked dtF yn the se of reorded dt preliminry nlysis in frequeny dominD sed on the determintion of uto nd ross power spetrl densityD hs een mdeY susequently it hs een proeeded to the modl struture9s identi(tion through the use of srhim tehniqueD working in the time dominD nd through prequeny homin heomposition tehniqueD working in the frequeny dominF e frequeny domin nlysis of the struture hs een performed y mens of prequeny esponse puntion @ppAD tht is the rtio etween output nd input pourier trnsformsF he frequenies nd the modl shpes experimentlly otined hs susequently een ojet of omprison with the sme quntities lulted through (nite element modelF

e seismillyEexited Qhyp experimentl model sliding down the inlined plne of shking tle ws instrumented with n vh nd elerometers to mesure its dynmi response to hrmoni exittionsF fsed on lortory mesurementsD frition oe0ient vrition nd its orrespondent trnsition from oupled to sliding onditions were hrterized into ontinuous frition lwF his lw ws used to ompute the Qhyp model9s se elertion time history responseF sts )exiility ws ounted for using experimentl onstnts in the frition lw dvned in this pperF he omputed seEelertion is then used s the input motion in dynmi nlysisF he model response ws lso omputed using goulom9s frition lwD to show the in)uene of frition vrition in model responseD whih is presented in terms of elertions nd frequeny ontentF he numeril results were ompred to experimentl mesurements showing good greement when using the frition lw proposed hereD thus onluding tht the pproh developed in this study n e used s deoupled nlysis proedure to nlyze )exile slidingEstruturesD suh s frition seEisolted uildingsF
TESTING OF AN ELEVATED VIADUCT IN MEXICO CITY  ID 695
D. Muri-Vila, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico

216

Poster Presentations
A. R. Snchez-Ramrez, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico R. Gomez Martnez, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico J. A. Escobar-Snchez, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico

ES 3e
hrterize the dynmi properties of lrge shking tle fility reently instlled t igixiD iuropen gentre for rining nd eserh in irthquke ingineering @viD stlyAF he shking tle @hrterized y single horizontl degree of freedomA is hydrulilly poweredD hs retngulr plten of out SFT y U meters in pln nd n perform dynmi tests on speimen up to IRH ton in weight @mximum overturning moment of RHH ton meterAF he mximum tle displement is CGE HFSH mD the mximum tle veloity is PFP mGse nd the mximum tle elertion @for re tle onditionsA is out TFH gF he tle shows n innovtive design whih is hrterized y retion mss of PPPS tonD out TR time the mss of the plten whihD in order to ret e'etively ginst the inerti fores indued y the motion of the pltenD uses of the soil surrounding the tle foundtionF he test performed llowed to hrterize nd verify some of the fundmentl properties of the systemX @A the e'etive horizontl displed mss of the tle pltenD @A the dynmi properties of the plten itself @modl frequenies nd deformtionsAD @A the fores requested to move the tle when no inerti e'ets re to e ounted for @fritionl nd dissiptive foresAD @dA the mximum tle performnes @mximum displementD veloity nd elertionA otined for the tleF he min ojet of this study is to lirte theoretil model previously developed for smller nd less powerful system to the tle of igixiD the merit of suh model is to mke esier the predition of the e'etive performne when pplying seismi input to lrge speimens nd testing them to the ollpse limit
COMPAIR OF DYNAMIC SPECIFICATIONS IN MATHEMATICAL MODELS WITH TEST OVER REAL MODELS  ID 782
A. Arash Sayari, IAU of Sanadaj, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he snstitute of ingineering of xew rried out seE ries of experimentl tests on n elevted vidut whih will help to llevite one of the usiest tr0 expresswys of the ityF he overll projet inluded the onstrution of two nd three lnes superstrutures of the qerer type with totl length of IQ kmF he vidut is omposed of prestressed onrete ox girders supported on piers founded on footings supported on four irulr pilesF truturl on(gurtions proposed y the designer for the two nd three lnes segments of the vidut re di'erentF he (rst one uses onrete reinfored piers with lrge prest nd prestressed girdersD wheres the seond one uses prest nd prestressed olumnsD nd prestressed girders omposed of severl elements whih re ssemled in situF feuse of the importne of the struture nd the well known seismi risk of strutures in wexio gityD speil experimentl (eld progrmD omprising mient virtionD lterl lods nd lodings produed y speil truksD ws proposed to mesure the response of the strutureF he purpose of the testing ws to identify some meE hnil properties of the vidutD to orroorte some si seismi design hypothesisD nd to disover possile disrepnies tht ould 'et the struturl sfety of elevted expresswysD urrently under onstrution in wexio gityD nd prtiulrly to de(ne the need of some djustments for future works of the typeF sn order to mesure lterl de)etionsD sti'ness nd tilting of the piersD lterl loding tests omprised the pplition of nerly horizontl lod on the top of pierF ivlution of the speil provisions of reinforement pled etween the footing nd the olumn of the pier ws lso rried outF e rne of SSHt pity ws used to pply n inresing monotoni lod up to UItF
RECORDED SEISMIC RESPONSE OF AN INSTRUMENTED HIGH-RISE REINFORCED-CONCRETE BUILDING IN BUCHAREST  ID 777
S. Demetriu, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania A. Aldea, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania

he xtionl genter for eismi isk edution @xgE D fuhrestD omniA instrumented in PHHQ modern nk hedqurter g uilding in fuhrestF his highErise uilding hs dul reinfored onrete struture @inner sher wll tue nd perimeter frmeAD with Q under ground storiesD ground )oor nd IV stories ove groundF ith it9s URm it is the seond tllest uilding in fuhrestF he uilding ws designed nd ereted in PHHIEPHHQF he seismi instrumenttion @donted y tpn snterntionl goopertion egenyA onsists of one seismi sttion with two triExil sensors for elertionD one loted t the top of the uilding nd the other one on the foundtion sl @third under ground storeyAF et out ISHm ner the uilding nother seismi sttion ws instlled y xgD with trixil sensors t ground surfe nd in two oreholes t QHm nd ISIm depthF he uilding9s dynmi hrteristis re estimted using the reorded dt from eight moderte erthqukes @with moment mgnitude ww rnging from QFW to SFIA nd moderte erthquke @wwaTAD events tht ourred in PHHR nd PHHSF ell these erthqukes re from the rne surustl soure @fol depth etween UHEIUHkmA loted t out ISH km hypoentrl distne from the uilding siteF he pper lso presents the nlysis of simultneous reorded dt during the wy IRthD PHHS erthquke @wwaSFIAD otined t oth seismi sttions @iFeFD in uilding nd in freeE(eld 8 oreholesAFhe results otined from erthquke response dt re ompred with those from mient virtion mesurementsF
CHARACTERIZATION OF A LARGE SHAKING TABLE FACILITY AT EUCENTRE PAVIA  ID 778
T. Trombetti, DISTART - Universit di Bologna, Italy A. Pavese, DMS - Universit di Pavia, Italy

gonsidering 4dynmi spei(tions of onstrutions inE luding nturl virting periodsD modes nd mount of dmping4 of mthemtil nd theoretil models with respet to the pt tht simplifying pprohes re used in them nd the impt of nonEonstrutions omponents re ignoredD nd s mount of dmping in onstrutions whih is sed on the kind of these mterils eing used nd the style of onstrutionD the ury of these models should e exmined on onstrution mterils y shking testsF sn order to detet oEordintion gined from mthemtil nd theoretil wodels with rel testsD onstrution models for uildings with steel struture (rst mthemtilly nlyzedD nd thenD it hs een put under tedyE stte sinusoidl ixittionF eords from uilding9s response hve een ttined in ll diretions nd ll frequenies eing stimulted y shker setD nd response hs een drwn fter proessing the reordsF ying ttention to these spetr s well s rte of responses nd di'erene in eelerometer9s phse the di'erene in eh intensive frequenyD modes for hnging from of uilding hs een drwnF wode dmpingD lsoD hs een gin from eh mode y using hlf nd method in response spetrF esults from nlysis nd test hve een ompred it9s een tried to modify the mthemtil model in suh wy tht its results re onformed to those of the testF pirst omputer modeling hs een ignored euse of sti'ness of in(ll wllsD nd soD there ws signi(nt di'erene etween mthemtil nd omputerized modelsF efter modeling the sti'ness of in(ll wlls in omputer modelD there re respondent etween mthemtil nd omputerized modelF gompring mthemtil nd omputerized resultsD its een spei(ed tht in(ll wlls hve si roies in the ehvior of onstrution nd it9s hrdness should e onsidered in omputerized nlysisF
A SUBSTRUCTURE HYBRID EXPERIMENT OF A SEMI-ACTIVELY CONTROLLED BASE ISOLATED BUILDING  ID 881
H. Iemura, Kyoto University, Japan A. Igarashi, Kyoto University, Japan A. Kalantari, Kyoto University, Japan

his pper reports on the tests performed in order to

his study fouses on performing rel time sustruE

217

ES 3e
ture hyrid experiment of semiEtively ontrolled se isolted uilding using n snerti pore hriven voding @sphvA devie nd vrile oil dmperF sn rel time sustruture experimentD the struture is split into physil nd numerilly modeled strutureD whih intert in rel time llowing timeEdependent nonliner ehvior of physil speimen to e urtely mesuredF sn this reserhD s the physil prtD vrile oil dmper is used nd the simultneous ontrol of the sphv nd the vrile oil dmper is performedF he sphv devie hs een developed in previous studies to hrterize the performne of dmpers nd energy dissiption devies under the loding onditionF st is omposed of n elstilly supported min mss nd mssEdriver devie instlled on the min mssF he vrile dmper is ssumed to e instlled in se isolted uilding idelized y singleEdegreeEofEfreedom model s well s multiEdegreeEofEfreedom model s the numeril prtF huring the experimentD the sphv devie relizes the struturl response resulted from numeril prt nd pplies it to the vrile dmperF he dmping ontrol fore is then mesured nd sent to the ontroller omputer for the next stepF he experiment is rried out using hrmoni loding s well s ground motion reords of il gentro nd uoe erthqukesF sing this systemD the performne of the vrile oil dmper under the ontrol lgorithms is evluted during the exittionF purthermoreD the performne of the semiEtive ontrol of the modeled isolted strutures is evluted y employing skyhook lgorithm s well s seudo xegtive ti'ness lgorithmD nd the results re ompred with the numeril simultionsF
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE FIRST INSTRUMENTED BUILDING IN FRANCE: THE GRENOBLE TOWN HALL  ID 941
C. Michel, LGIT, University of Grenoble, France P. Gueguen, LGIT, University of Grenoble, LCPC, France

Poster Presentations
for rining nd eserh in irthquke ingineeringA in viD stlyF he shking tle @hrterized y single degree of freedomA is hydrulilly powered through single tutorD nd is hrterized y retngulr pltten of out TFV y QFS meters in plnF he totl dynmi stroke of the tutor is equl to IHHH mm @ CGE SHH mmAD the mximum tle veloity is IFVH mGse @for re tle onditionA nd the mximum tle elertion @for re tle onditionsA is out SFH gF he tle shows n innovtive design whih is hrterized y hydruli ushions @sized for VSv tones mssX tle C speimenA ple of providing oth vertil support nd lmping ginst overturning nd jw motionF he test performed llowed to hrterize nd verifyX @A the e'etive horizontl mss of the tle plttenD @A the dynmi properties of the pltten itself @modl frequenies nd deformtionsAD @A the fores neessry to move the tle when no inerti e'ets re to e ounted for @fritionl nd dissiptive foresAD @dA the mximum tle performnes @mximum displementD veloity nd elertionA otined for the tleD nd @eA the pity of the tle in reproduing erthquke ground motionF he results otined experimentlly re ompred with the theoretil preditions nd show good greementF elsoD the pper reports on the (rst test performed to evlute the pity of the tle to reprodue dynmi signls @oth sinusoidl nd erthquke elertion time histories typeAF
RETROFITTING OF PRECAST COLUMNS  ID 971
K. Taskin, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey E. Yuksel, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey P. Teymur Tuga, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey F. Karadogan, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey S. Z. Yuce, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey N. Yardimci, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

he prenh eelerometri xetwork @eA lunhed in xovemer PHHR pilot sheme to ssess the seismi ehviour of typil prenh uildingF he min gol of this projet ws to ollet elerometri dt in the uilding nd then use them to lirte models or lterntive tools used for the seismi ehviour ssessmentF he (nl gol of this projet is to help the vulnerility ssessment of ities in moderte seismi hzrd ountryF he e hose to instll permnent network of T elerometers reording ontinuously the virtions of the qrenole own rll t the sement nd t the topF he IQEstory uilding is g sher wlls uildingD typil of the g strutures designed t the end of the TH9s in prneF ell the dt olleted in the uilding re ville on the online ess dtse of the eF sn ddition to the permnent networkD n mient virtion experiment hs een performed in QT points of the whole uildingF sing the prequeny homin heomposition methodD these dt llowed estimting preisely the di'erent modes of virtion of the struture for low mplitudesF ynly the (rst ending modes in eh diretion @IFIS nd IFPP rzA nd the (rst torsion mode @IDRR rzA re exitedF he uilding ehves lmost like ntilever emF e ompred the otined frequenies with @smllA erthquke reorded y the permnent network nd found only minor di'erenesF hnks to the ontinuous reordingD sttistil pproh of the torsion mode pointed out the position of the entre of rottion of the uildingF st is lerly shifted to the est tht explins the torsionl response of the strutureF e modl model sed on the mient virtion survey is proposed nd vlidted thnks to the erthquke reordings olleted in the uilding during the wvaRFTD eptemer Vth PHHS llorine @ruteEvoieD prneA erthqukeF
STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE SHAKING TABLE RECENTLY BUILT AT THE EUCENTRE, PAVIA  ID 967
T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy A. Pavese, Department of Structural Mechanics, Italy

he use of (er reinfored polymer @pA for retro(tting of reinfored onrete @gA strutures hs inresed rpidly in reent yersF p sheets re mde of high strength ontinuous ron rmid or glss (ersD whih re impregnted with resin nd hve some exellent properties suh s resistne tht is high ompred to its weightF sn ddition to p reinforementsD jketing is lso one of the mostly used strengthening methodsF his study fouses on using new tehnique of retro(tting of preEdmged prest onrete olumns @ggA y using p reinforement nd jketing togetherF pour IGI sle dmged gg olumns re retro(tted y this new tehniqueF he test speimens re retro(tted y the sme kind of p sheets nd hve the sme pplition height of PmF roweverD height of the g jket is Im for two speimens nd Pm for the othersF hey re tested under onstnt vertil lod with yli lterl lodF he rks on the speimensD setionl rottions nd lterl trnsltions for di'erent heights of the olumns will e monitored during the testsF he test results will e ompred with eh other nd nonEretro(tted olumn nd retro(tted olumn with only jketingF st is expeted tht the lterl sti'ness nd lterl lod pity of the olumns retro(tted with the proposed tehnique will e muh lrger thn the othersF
STONECUTTERS CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE: FULLSCALE TESTING OF DYNAMIC CONTROL DEVICES  ID 985
G. P. Colato, FIP Industriale, Italy R. Chiarotto, FIP Industriale, Italy S. Infanti, FIP Industriale, Italy

his pper reports on the (rst test performed in order to hrterize the stti nd dynmi properties of the shking tle fility reently uilt t the igixi @iuropen genter

he toneutters leEstyed ridgeD now under onE strutionD is rossing ITHH m long hrterized y n IHIV m min spn tht sets it mongst the longest ridges of this typeF st is loted in rong uong nd is prt of the lol uthority9s new infrstruture development plnF his strutureD oth ritil nd strtegilly importnt is designed to withstnd extreme wind storms nd erthqukesF husD the designer9s foresight ontemplted using nonEonventionl restrint system to onnet the dek to the pylons in oth the longitudinl nd trnsverse diretionsF et eh pylonD group of four VHHH kx pity @VHH

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Poster Presentations
mm strokeA hok rnsmission nits @lter on referred s sA re instlled long the longitudinl diretionD while two preloded spheril erings onnet trnsverslly the steel girder to the pylon E with retion tht depends upon the dynmis of the imposed lodF et the onset of ny mentioned design dynmi tionD the longitudinlly ting units @sA re designed to temporry link the dek to the pylons providing for very sti' onnetionF sn order to void torque e'ets in the ridge struturesD eh group of units hs ommon hydruli iruit tht mkes them ret simultneously during the dynmi eventF purthermoreD sid hydruli iruit is designed to redue to minimum the retion ssoited with slow movements indued y dek therml expnsions nd prevent unexpeted overlodsF he speil erings reting in the trnsverse diretion re hydrulilly preloded nd ret s s only t the ourrene of dynmilly imposed lodF his pper presents the tehnil desription of the foresid units s well s relted tehnologies with prtiulr emphsis on the fullEsle testing progrm performed in ordne to ontrtul spei(tionsF
SHAKING TABLE TESTS ON FULL-SCALE ONE STOREY R.C. INFILLED FRAME STRUCTURE  ID 992
A. Le Maoult, CEA, France E. Candigliota, Universit  G. d'Annunzio  di Chieti, Italy

ES 3e
he trnsversl reinforement rtio is HDHHI nd the longitudinl reinforement rtio is HDHIF he seond speimen ws otined y retro(tting speimen eF he sher reinforement rtio hs een inresed from HFHHI to HFHHT while the )exurl pity hs not een improvedF he third speimen hs een derived from speimen f y inresing the rtio of longitudinl reinforementF he im of this test ws to investigte out the sher pity of speimen fF e higher )exurl pity hs een onsidered to otin the sher filureF his pper presents test dt nd oservtionsF he results otined using some nlytil proedures to evlute the speimens9 ultimte pity nd sher pities re lso presentedF
STEEL BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTION USING COPPER-BASED SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY DAMPERS  ID 1024
O. Moroni, Universidad de Chile, Chile J. Seplveda, Universidad de Chile, Chile R. Herrera, Universidad de Chile, Chile R. Boroschek, Universidad de Chile, Chile M. Sarrazin, Universidad de Chile, Chile

his pper will desrie the experimentl work nd present some min test resultsF eent erthqukesD in stly nd qreeeD on(rmed tht in(lling pnels represent n importnt soure of oth strength nd dmge in existing uilding whether designed or not to seismi tionF es prt of ioleder iuropen reserh progrmD frme ws designed on the sis of n old stlin seismi odeD with onstrutive detils tht dhere s muh s possile to those of lss of rel struturesF his struture represents the (rst in(lled )oor of two )oors re frme tht hs een preliminry tested during PHHRF his mok up is fullEsle rFF in(lled frme struture with one storey @Q meters heightAD RFQ meters side squre )oorD four olumns nd msonry in(lled pnel with doule wll unityF wonoEdiretionl nd iEdiretionl seismi tests @referene spetrum issued from igEV spetrumD gEsoilA on this model were onduted on shking tle t gie ly @prneA from eptemer PHHR to tnury PHHSF yjetives were to reord rel informtion out dmges nd strengths during seismi soliittionF Q suessive on(gurtions of the mok up hve een testedX re frmeD in(lled frme with R wlls @with nd without openingsA nd in(lled frme with P wlls @without openingsAF he high mximum ground elertion pplied @HFSS gA to the struture llowed to oserve serious ollpses on wllsX two interior opening wlls (nlly felt down due to the ddition of in plne nd out plne soliittionsF yn the other hndD ollpses on the frme were moderteF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON REINFORCED CONCRETE JACKETED COLUMNS  ID 1017
D. Cotofana, TUCE, Romania V. Popa, TUCE, Romania

his study evlutes the fesiility of prtilly restrined onnetion using opperEsed shpe memory lloy rsF he proposed onnetion onsists of four guelfe @dimeteraQ mmA prestressed rsD in usteniti phseD onneting hollow retE ngulr em to olumn )ngeD tht serves s the primry moment trnsfer mehnismF e sledEmodel ws tested pplying ontrolled sinusoidl displement t the tip of the emF he eg loding protool t HFPS nd I rz ws usedF otentiometers nd lod ells were used to mesure strins nd stresses in the rs nd em tip displement nd lodF imilr rsD with the sme therml tretmentD hd een previously tested in tension t vrile nominl strins nd frequeniesD showing superelsti ehvior up to PFQ7 strinF he equivlent dmping rtio inreses lmost linerly for strins lrger thn HFT7D eing R7 for PFQ7 strinF sn stti tensile testsD the frture strin ws pproximtely IS7D with trnsgrnulr frture mehnismF he onnetion lso exhiited superelsti ehviourD moderte level of energy dissiptionD lrge dutility pityD nd no strength degrdtion fter eing sujeted to severl yles up to R7 driftF
SHAKING TABLE TESTS OF 1:3 SCALE MODELS OF 4 STORIES URM BUILDINGS: MODEL ANALYSIS AND VULNERABILITY  ID 1081
P. Candeias, LNEC, Portugal E. Coelho, LNEC, Portugal A. Campos Costa, LNEC, Portugal

he results presented in this pper re otined from test progrm for olumns implemented in the gi G xgD truturl esting vortoryF yne ojetive of this experimentl work is to study out the in)uene of the trnsversl nd longitudinl reinforement rtio on the ultimte displement nd sher pity of reinfored onrete jketed olumnsF he nlyzed speimens represent the old uildings olumns onstruted efore the implementtion of the (rst omnin seismi design odeF hese olumns re hrterized y low dutility minly due to the high intensity of xil lod nd the poor trnsversl reinforement rtio @usully less thn HDHHIAF e widely used proedure in omni for retro(tting this type of olumns is the reinfored onrete jketingF he (rst speimen @eA represents the originl old olumnF st is hrterized y rther low qulity of onreteD with men strength of PHwD nd n xil fore rtio of HFR @omputed using the men ompressive strength of onreteAF

his pper will present the results otined in the frmeE work of n experimentl progrmme rried t vxig tht imed t the qunti(tion of vulnerility urves of typil ortuguese old msonry uildings known s gioleiro uildingsD efore nd fter reinforementD dequte for glol seismi risk ssessmentF he tests were performed in the vxig Qh shking tle on IXQ redued sle models of R story unreinfored msonry uildings with msonry sher wlls nd woodEfrmed )oorsF he geometry of the models nd mterils used in their onstrution were hosen in order to simulte typil uildingsF he experimentl tests will e desried nd the reinforement shemesD s well s the resons ehind their seletionD will e summrizedF he experimentl results to e presented will inlude the identi(tion of dynmi prmetersD suh s virtion modes nd frequeniesD nd their evolution during the severl test phsesD s well s desription of the ollpse modes oservedF elso some preliminry onlusions of the studyD nmely the e0ieny of the reinforement nd the vulnerility urvesD will e outlinedF
SHAKING TABLE TESTS OF HALF-SCALE MODELS MADE OF HAND MADE SOLID CLAY BRICKS  ID 1147

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R. Barragn, Mexico S. Alcocer, Institute of Engineering at UNAM, Mexico G. Arias, Colombia

Poster Presentations
P. Rocha, Instituto Politcnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal P. Delgado, Instituto Politcnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal V. Rodrigues, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal M. Santos, STAP, Portugal A. Arde, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal N. Vila Pouca, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal A. Costa, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal R. Delgado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal

sn order to evlute the dynmi ehvior of housing uildings mde of on(ned msonry in wxioD series of shkingEtle tests of smllEsle models re urrently underwy t the snstitute of ingineering t xewF he dynmi response of oneE twoE nd threeEstory model is disussedF he speimens were hlfEsle models mde of hndEmde solid ly riksF he models were sujeted to series of seismi motions typil of the epientrl region long the wexin i(F prom test results nd oservtions mdeD resistnt mehnisms were identi(edF truturl pity ws evluted in terms of strengthD sti'nessD deformtion pity nd energy dissiptionF he experimentl response ws ompred to shkingEtle tests of oneE nd threeEstory modelsF he model responses showed tht uildings designed ording to the wexin odes re le to sustin reltively high dynmi exittions due to signi(nt level of struturl overstrengthF
TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF VRANCEA EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FROM INSTRUMENTED BUILDINGS  ID 1153
S. Demetriu, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania I. S. Borcia, INCERC, Romania

huring the rne intermedite depth strong erthqukes of eugust QHD IWVT @wwaUFPAD of wy QHD IWWH @ww a TFWA nd of wy QID IWWH @wwaTFQA severl strong motions were reorded from nine instrumented multistory uildings of the sxgig seismi network loted in di'erent site onditionsF e dtse ontining the min hrteristis of the reinfored onrete instrumented uildings in omni nd the seismi trnsltionl response reords ws retedF he dtse inludes solute elertionD veloity nd displement omponents on three orthogonl diretions of motions t the se nd t the top of uildingsF irthquke nonsttionry struturl reords re multiEresolution nlyzed using timeEfrequeny methods nd timeEsle wvelet methodsF he jointly energy distriutions desrie timeEvrying frequeny ontent of the reorded seismi signlsF hese nonEprmetri timeEfrequeny distriutions were used to detet vritions in the modl prmeters of the instrumented struturesF snterprettion of reorded lrgeEmplitude seismi response will provide useful tool for postEerthquke integrity ssessment of existing struturesF sdenti(tion of the dynmi hrteristis of instrumented uildings is essentil in ssessing their seismi vulnerilityF
FINITE ELEMENT MODAL UPDATING OF REINFORCE CONCRETE BUILDING  ID 1186
K. Azer, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey T. Sertac, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey U. Aysenur, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey

he min purpose of this pper is to present n experiE mentl mpign of di'erent strtegies for the seismi retro(t of g olumnsD ompring the otined results with nlytil methodologiesD nd evluting ene(ts onerning their struturl ehviour under the yli lodingF he experimentl mpign ws oneived tking into ount the typil onstrutions of the seventiesD designed ording to old odes without seismi onsidertionsD nd seeking the est struturl retro(t tehnique to enle seismi ehviour improvement with eptle (nnil resouresF he setup of the g olumns experimentl tests ws speilly designed to rry out ixil ending with xil lodD using two orthogonl nd horizontl tutors nd one vertil tutor @with slide devie to llow the top displements of the olumnAD thoughD t this stgeD only uniExil ending experimentl results re villeF he olumns rehilittionD improving the dutility or the strength hrteristisD ws otined inresing the onrete dutility onditionsD through e0ient jketingD or inresing the mount of longitudinl nd trnsversl steelF he numeril simultion of the testsD s well s the pplition of nonEliner dynmi nlysis methodology to evlute the olumns ehviour nd the sfety improvement of the vrious retro(t tehniques doptedD is presentedF he numeril seismi ssessment of the tested reinfored onrete olumn ws performed using model with nonEliner ehvior onentrted in plsti hingesF he im isD thereforeD to ontriute for developing nd lirting proedure tht enles the evlution of the e0ieny of the di'erent retro(t solutionsD their possiilities nd (elds of pplitionF st ws lso n ojetive of this work to explore the possiility of use this retro(tting teniques on the improvement of uildings performneF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS AS PASSIVE STRUCTURAL CONTROL SYSTEMS  ID 1213
J. Fuentes, Mexico Engineering Institute, National University of Mexi,

his pper presents the results of monitoring II story reinfored onrete uildingF hynmi hrteristis were deterE mined y nlyzing mient virtions of the strutureF he nturl frequenies nd their ssoited mode shpes were determined using frequenyEdomin nd timeEdomin tehniquesF pinite element model of the uilding ws evlutedF he experimentl detils nd dtEproessing tehniques re desriedF he outputEonly modl identi(tion results were used to updte (nite element model of the uildingF rmeters of the strting (nite element model were modi(ed using n utomted proedure to improve the orreltion etween mesured nd lulted modl prmetersF ell of devises with pproprite softwre nd neessry instruments for struturl monitoring re pled in moile vehile designed y our deprtment nd use s moile struturl monitoring system @wwwFomuFeduFtr zerAF
SEISMIC REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS  ID 1210

yftigsiF st is desried n experimentl nd nlytE il reserh onduted in shpe memory lloys rs @weAF he fous is to use this kind of mterils s seismi energy dissipting devies @ihhAF pundmentl onepts relted to those mterils re exposed rie)y to understnd their ehvior ording to its phseX shpe memory phenomen in the mrtensiti phse nd superelstiity phenomen in the usteniti phseF sn prtiulrD the guEelEfe we otined t the xtionl niversity of wexio @xewA is nlyzedF e seismi ihh for steel onnetions is proposed nd simulted y mens of pinite ilement wethod @piwAF gyiF he sope of this work isX (rstD to explin the kE ground of the we in n engineering point of viewY seondD show the results otined through lortory tests nd (nllyD to propose n ihh for steel onnetionsF wiryhyvyqF he lloy is otined through smelting proE ess in n indution furneF yne the mteril is solidi(edD severl speimens re nlyzed y mens of di'erent tehniques @hgD E rysD tomi fore mirosopyAY s well s mehnil test @tension nd unixil yli lodingAF ithin the mirostruturl hrterE iztion severl properties re otinedX grin sizeD present phsesD trnsformtion tempertures @wsD wfD esD efA nd ritil trnsE formtion stressesF he following properties re otined from the mehnil testsX oung9s modulusD pseudo)ow stressD oisson9s rtioD rigidity postE)ow nd hystereti urvesF pinllyD it is mde n

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nlytil study y piniteEilementEwethod in order to simulte the we ehviorF gyxgvsyxF he stressEstrin urves found in this study show tht the lloy hs good possiility to e used s ihh euse of its propertiesX shpe memory to dissipte energy @wide hysteresis urvesA nd superelstiity to reenter @high stress vluesAF he pplition of the we in seismi engineering is reltively new nd represents good opportunity to e used s prt of pssive virtion ontrol of struturesF
DYNAMIC TESTS OF EXPERIMENTAL FRAGMENTS OF MULTISTORY BUILDINGS DESIGNED WITH METAL BRACED FRAMES  ID 1302
A. Shakhnovich, Kazakh Research and Design Institute of Earthquake, Kazakhstan I. Itskov, Kazakh Research and Design Institute of Earthquake, Kazakhstan M. Wainstein, EMK Ltd, Kazakhstan

ES 3e
out with frequeny of HFSEIFH hertz nd oe0ient of vertil loding hnge symmetry t out HF he numer of repeted loding t given mplitude of fores mde up out SH ylesD fter tht the mplitude of fores ws inresedF o mke omprison prt of speimens ws tested under pseudo stti lodingF yn the sis of implemented testing the methods of lultion of formtion of regulr nd sloping rksD strength of regulr nd slnt rks s well s strength long tehnologil joints nd djent zones with )oors re o'eredF he hnge of wlls9 deformtion t di'erent stges of work hs een depited through di'erent stges of work nd the vlues of permissile wrps of wll elements re reommendedF
PERFORMANCE OF PRESCRIPTIVE CODE REQUIREMENTS: SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS OF ACI 318-05 FOR COLUMNS  ID 1347
S. Bae, University of Texas, United States O. Bayrak, University of Texas, United States

he ehnil solutions were developed nd dynmi testing of twoEtier experimentl frgment ws rried out y experts from uzkh eserh nd hesign snstitute on irthquke ingineering together with the employees from 9iwu9 vtdF he onstrutive system of PSEstorey uildingD with metl frme whih ws pplied in the tested experimentl frgment hs een designed for onstrution in elmty region with WEgrde seismiityF he distintive peulirity of the design solutions is the pplition in frme system of uilding of sEshped ross setion intermedite rks loted on n externl ontour of uilding etween girts of frmeF huring experimentl onstrution testing with the help of shker fEPD instlled on the roof overingD in the level of experimentl frgment weights9 rrngementD the horizontl inertil fores were induedF he pek vlue of these fores orresponds to resonne stteD under oinidene of the shker9s fored virtion frequenies with nturl osilltions of onstrutive system F he quntittive hrteristis of dynmi prmeters nd prmeters of elstiEplsti ondition of frme elements were registered in mode of rel timeD with pplition of digitl nd nlogue mesuring omplexesD on the sis of highEspeed omputing systemsF ilstiEplsti ondition of the onstrutive system whih ws reveled under exittion of resonnt virtions onforms with designed preonditions regrding outstripping formtion of plsti deformtion zones in si setions of girts nd in ring elements of frme @in intermedite rksA t preservtion of elsti ehvior of elements ensuring generl stility of the system @olumns of frmeAF he onstrutive system under onsidertion hs high degree of plsti deformility whih is hrterized y pereption of no less thn THETS yles of reversed dynmi loding with fores t the zone of plsti deformtions whih reh vlues of yielding )ow dynmi limit
REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS' RESISTANCE TO IMPACT OF LATERAL SEISMIC LOADS  ID 1310
M. Sholpanbaev, Kazakh Research and Design Institute of

sn strengthEsed designD s prt of ommonple seismi design prtieD reinfored onrete olumns re designed nd detiled to hve su0ient lterl deformtion pity in order to ensure stisftory ehvior during strong ground motionsF sn this ontextD the e'ets of the mountD rrngement nd sping of on(ning reinforement in plsti hinge regions hve een extensively reserhedF es resultD severl performneEsed design proedures for on(ning reinforement in onrete olumns hve een proposedD whih relte required on(ning reinforements to required deformtion demndsF sn ontrstD the urrent emerin uilding design ode requirements @egs QIVEHSA for the design of on(ning reinforement in onrete olumns re presriptive nd do not expliitly tke into ount deformtion demndsF ine these expressions re not expliitly linked to deformtion pityD onerns hve een expressed out the stisftory seismi performne of onrete olumns designed in ordne with the egs QIVEHS odeF e simple method tht n e used to estimte the deformtion pity of onrete olumn is introdued in this pperF he vlidity of this simple method is evluted using lrge numer of olumn tests olleted from the litertureF sing this methodD the urrent olumn design prtie ording to the egs QIV ode is exminedF st is found tht olumns designed using the seismi design provisions of egs QIV disply stisftory seismi performne @drift pity b PFS7A in most sesF st is lso found tht olumns supporting moderte or high xil lods my not hve su0ient lterl drift pity if they hve reltively lrge sher spns with respet to their setion sizesF sn light of the reserh results presented in this pperD the relevnt provisions of egs QIVEHS re ritilly exminedF
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY  ID 1397
D. M. Ruiz Valencia, Ponticia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia

Earthquake, Kazakhstan A. Bespaev, Kazakh Research and Design Institute of Earthquake, Kazakhstan

he experimentl nd theoretil reserh of strengthD rking resistne nd rigidity pitiesD s well s distriution of fores of monolithi reinfored onrete wlls under horizontl loding hve een implemented for studying strined ondition of reinfored onrete wlls sujeted to joint impt of oth vertil nd horizontl lodsF he experimentl speimen imitted rtio of fores within wlls of IPEstorey residentil uilding designed for WEgrde seismiityF pour series of wll speimens with sEshped ross setion di'ered y reinforement of peripherl zoneD reinforement in (eld nd openings vililityF esting ws performed t jmming of the ottom shelf in power testing stnd nd simultneous loding y regulrly distriuted vertil lod nd horizontl fore direted long the speimen nd pplied t the level of the top shelfF he loding ws indued y mens of hydruli jks of doule tion nd hydruliEdynmi plnt wqEIF gyli loding ws rried

e high perentge of the houses in golomi hs een onstruted with unreinfored msonry @wA without tehnil supervision or efore the implementtion of the odes for erthquke design nd onstrutionF hese uildings hve demonstrted poor seismi ehvior in erthqukes ourred over the lst IHH yers in golomi generting thousnds of sulitiesF por the previous resons nd tking into ount tht people with low eonomi pity uild their houses with nreinfored msonryD reserh progrm ws developed in the tverin niversity to evlute di'erent lterntives for the seismi retro(tting of wF he experimentl progrm inluded PH )exurl testsD three msonry wlls nd UH digonl ompression tests with the proposed rehilE ittion lterntivesX on(ning reinforement with wooden elementsD reinforement with wire steel mesh overed with ement mortr nd n exterior le systemF he inrement in strength nd deformE tion pity is evluted nd ompred with other studies relted with di'erent repir tehniques @pAF e (nite element models hs lso een developed for the nreE infored msonry wlls with the lterntives evluted in order to

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vlidte the experimentl resultsF edditionllyD three dimensionl (nite element model of existing houses onstruted with w ws developed to study ll the lterntives tested @inluding dvned ompositesD pA onsidering tehnil nd eonomil spetsF ell the lterntives evluted inreses the strength nd the dutility of the msonry nd it is onluded tht the tehniques here introdued nd investigted hve potentility to derese the vulnerility of low ost housingF
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF EMBEDDED STEEL CORRUGATED STRUCTURES FOR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS  ID 1483
V. Belyaev, Federation Research Centre of Capital Construction, Russian K. J. Wang, NCREE, Taiwan S. J. Wang, NCREE, Taiwan W. C. Cheng, NCREE, Taiwan

Poster Presentations
S. H. Hsieh, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Y. Y. Chang, Carleton University, Canada D. T. Lau, Carleton University, Canada

epplition of steel orrugted strutures @gA is inE resing for linings of wter intkes nd other trnsporttion systemsF enlysis of erthquke e'ets on the g hd shown tht prt of lrgeEspn strutures hd een dmged s the dynmi soil response hd een underestimted in the struture designF o design dequte g we need to ompre lultion results with the site oservtion dt or with the results of lrgeEsle dynmi testingF sn onditions of de(ieny of site oservtion dt spei( importne is ssigned to the results of experiments with g sle modelF sn ussi suh tests hve een onduted on the ground seismi pltforms with n explosive driveF es g model we use semiirulr rh with PFT m spnD mde from metl sheet of PFV mm thikness with IPSPS mm loe produed y ewig gompny @gndAF efter k (lling with the rel soil this struture is onsidered s geometril model of semiEirulr rh with TFS m spn @sle IXPSA of thiknessU mm mde of metl with the loe mesuring ITRSU mmF huring the testing the seismi virtions of ground medium nd the g model hve een simulted in vertil nd horizontl diretions under singleEomponent nd plne motions of the stndF he pltform @ground tryA elertions hd rehed QFH gF uh testing permits reproduing the rel onditions of g instlltionD vrition of soilEshell system prmetersD g e0ienyD inluding olt fsteningsD t sequentil rise of simulted erthquke loding up to the point of destrutionF husD for the (rst time we hd quired the detiled informtion for ompring the lultion results tht orrespond testing onditions nd mesurement results for deformtionsD stresses nd de)etionsF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF RC TORIC BUILDINGS  ID 1496 MEMBERS OF HIS-

he emergene of the snternet mkes it fesile to onE net geogrphilly distriuted lortories through network to perform ollortive erthquke engineering experimentsF wore nd more reserh e'orts hve een pid on developing tehniques on networked ollortive experiments due to its potentil to not only lrger sled or more verstile experimentsD ut lso more resoure shring nd reserh ollortionsF roweverD one of the di0ulties is the omptiility mong vrious types of experimentl hrdwreD ontrolling softwre nd nlysis softwreF his pper introdues softwre frmeworkD lled siiCCD sed on ojetE oriented tehnique for networked ollortive pseudoEdynmi experimentsF he frmework inludes ht genterD xumeril enlysis ingineD pility gontrolling woduleD ht equisition woduleD vortoryD gmer gontrol woduleD ideo wodule nd e frodster written in gCC progrmming lngugeF hnks to the nturl inherene of ojetEoriented tehniquesD it is esy to ppend suElsses into the frmework so tht integrting new experimentl fility or exhnge the numeril nlysis engineF e networked trnsntionl pseudoEdynmi experiment performed etween iwn nd gnd is introdued to demonstrte the fesiility of the softwre frmeworkF
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE DETECTION IN THE FORMER IMPERIAL COUNTY SERVICES BUILDING  ID 1569
M. Todorovska, University of Southern California, United States M. Trifunac, University of Southern California, United States

M. S. Marefat, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) K. Karbasi Arani, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

eismi rehilittion of histori uildings hs een mE jor hllenge in reent yersF he (rst step in seismi rehilittion is evlution of the existing pityF por estimting dmge index nd investigting the seismi ehvior of g memers of rel historil uildingD seven hlfEsle speimens reinfored with plin rs hve een testedF he speimens onsist of olumns nd ems nd hve een tested under monotoni nd reversile yli lodingF he tests indite signi(nt di'erenes etween the responses of speimens reinfored y plin rs reltive to those reinfored y deformed rsF e regulr pttern of rking nd reltively rittle ehvior ws oserved while reltively lrge residul strength ppered fter sudden drop of initil strength nd sti'nessF en pproximte simpli(ed nlytil model sed on developing dowel tion of rs hs een proposed to predit limit pity of ems nd olumns reinfored y plin rsF sn ddition reommendtions for seismi rehilittion of these memers hve een proposedF
A SOFTWARE FRAMEWORK FOR COLLABORATIVE PSEUDO-DYNAMIC EXPERIMENTS USING OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNIQUE  ID 1509
Y. S. Yang, NCREE, Taiwan K. C. Tsai, NCREE, Taiwan

he former smperil gounty ervies fuilding represents rre se of n instrumented uilding dmged y n erthqukeF sn this pperD it serves s test ed to explore E on rel dt E struturl helth monitoring methodD sed on deteting rupt hnges @noveltiesA in the reorded seismi response using expnsion in sis of iEorthogonl wveletsF he nlysis of novelties suggests tht dmge (rst ourred t out TFR sD proeeded etween VFP nd WFP sD nd ulminted t out IIFP s with the ollpse of the (rst story olumns t the est side of the uildingF hese times re onsistent with lrge interstory driftsD nd signi(nt drops in the x nd i system frequeniesF he sptil distriution nd reltive mgnitudes of the novelties were generlly onsistent with the oserved dmgeF his method ws more e'etive in the nlysis of x responseD whih ws reorded y sptilly denser rry @long three vertil linesD t oth ends nd t the enter of the uildingAD thn in the nlysis of the i response @reorded only t the enter of the slsAF he time delys etween novelties deteted in di'erent hnnelsD ut pprently due to ommon eventD indite veloity of propgtion of the disturnes within the struture onsistent with independent estimtes from the (rst x nd i system frequeniesF st is onluded tht this method ould identify the time of ourrene nd roughly the sptil distriution nd degree of the mjor dmge in this uildingF
SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION OF THE SWISS NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS  ID 1583
C. Kuendig, GeoSIG Ltd., Switzerland S. Rudaz, GeoSIG Ltd., Switzerland O. Razinkov, GeoSIG Ltd., Switzerland T. Biro, GeoSIG Ltd., Switzerland

eismi instrumenttion of ll of the tive xuler ower lnts in witzerlnd hve een upgrded to the stte of the rt tehnology s of tune PHHTF he upgrdes were rried out within the frmework issued y the wiss xuler euthorityD generlly sed on the regultions set forth y FF xuler egultory gommissionF qthering the experiene gined during

222

Poster Presentations
the upgrding of three out of four tive plntsD the typil pproh of distriuted reording system is presented nd numer of di'erenes in tehnil implementtions re disussedF he purpose of the seismi instrumenttion in n x is to proE vide the relevnt informtion @reorded dtD yfi nd i lertsA so tht the seismi response of the sfetyEsigni(nt plnt fetures n e evluted promptly fter n erthqukeF he stte of the rt instrumenttion tht hve een deployedD o'er to the opertors dditionl ene(ts suh s kground noise supervision nd seismi signl heksF hepending on the (nl sensor lotions vlule inE formtion out response di'erenes etween instlltion sites n e determinedF he softwre supplied with the system is designed for fully utomti opertionD whih performs utomti event detetionD heks whether the event n e delred s seismi nd whether it meets yfi ndGor i riteriF he softwre prints out the results of n entire hek within few minutes fter n erthquke nd displys the tul erthquke reportsF everl prtil spets of the upgrde projets re disussedD inluding instrument mehnil nd eletroni design onsidertionsD (er opti dt trnsmissionD seismi quli(tion of system omponentsD softwre logi nd utomtion possiilities nd servie nd mintenne plnningF pinllyD numer of plnning reommendtions for new seismi instrumenttion nd for upgrde of existing seismi instrumenttion re presentedF
PERFORMANCE OF LIGHT-WEIGHT STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LATERAL LOAD  ID 1604
H. L. Hsu, National Central University, Taiwan B. Y. Lin, National Central University, Taiwan

ES 3e
presentedF hese tests re inluded in ioleder projet rried out t the gFiFeF of ly y reserh tem of niversities of trs @qreeeAD ome @stlyA nd ghietiEesr @stlyAF he reserh topi is to highlight the prmeters in)uening the seismi response of in(lled frmes nd to investigte how to use these experimentl dt in ommon glol nlysesF he speimen represents the (rst )oor of two storey prototype struture lso tested in ly nd hs RFHHRFHH squre plnD QFSU m height nd four olumnsF pull pnels re pled in two symmetri spns nd two pnels with window @IFHHIFPHA nd door @IFHHPFIHA openings respetively re onsidered in perpendiulr spnsF he in(lling msonry pnels onsist of doule wll unityX n internl hollow rik pnel @V m thikness with horizontl holesD horizontl mortr lyer nd lk of vertil mortr lyerA nd n externl rik pnel @IP m thikness with vertil holesD horizontl nd vertil mortr lyersAF hespite of stlin trditionl prtieD thin rFF sl )oor is dopted insted of tileElintel oneD in order to gurntee dditionl msses orret pling for seond )oor in)ueneFF truturl hrteristis the one )oor speimen re de(ned ording to prototype struturl hypothesisF ests on re frme re rried out (rst t low seismi intensity in order to hrterise struturl hrteristis nd to hek design provisionsY then tests on in(lled frme re rried out t inresing seismi intensity in order to de(ne its servieility nd ultimte limit sttesF wximum pek ground elertion in idiretionl tests re inresed up to in(ll pnels @iFeF in(lling pnels with openingsA filureF
NEW TRENDS IN EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION: THE SEISMIC SAFETY OF RC AND STEEL MOMENT RESISTANT FRAME STRUCTURES  ID 1620
B. Csak, Budapest University of Technology and Economics,

teel reinfored onrete @gA memersD onsisting of reinfored onrete nd struturl steelD possess high strength nd signi(nt dutilityD thus re e'etive struturl forms for erthquke resistnt purposesF elthough the reinfored onrete in suh design n help prevent the lol ukling of the ensed steel nd enhne the struturl sti'nessD the higher struturl weight due to omprising onrete might limit the pplition of the design when seismi design e0ieny is onsideredF sn order to enhne the design e0ienyD minimiztion of struturl weight is essentilF o omplish this golD n ttempt to employ lighter onrete mterilD suh s light weight ggregte onreteD for g designs is mde in this studyF gurrentlyD informtion on the seismi ehvior of g omposite memer designs using light weight ggregte onrete is still limitedF sn order to vlidte the fesiility of suh designsD the memer performne under erthqukes must e evluted nd gurnteedF his study is foused on the evlution of )exurlEtorsionl performne of light weight steel reinfored onrete memers sujeted to eentri yli lterl lodF e series of omined ending nd torsionl loding tests were onduted on lightEweight steel reinfored onrete memers with vrious setionl ompositions to otin their responses under erthqukesF est results were used to de(ne the reltionship mong memer performneD setionl spet rtiosD nd the lod omintionsF st ws found from the omprisons tht the memers9 )exurl strength deresed when the mgnitude of torsion ws inresedF st ws lso oserved tht the redution in )exurl strength inresed when the omprising steel setion9s spet rtio ws inresedF pinllyD n empiril expression for estimting memer performne under omined ending nd torsionl lods ws proposed for design referenesF
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON A REGULAR FULL SCALE INFILLED FRAME  ID 1608
T. Albanesi, Dis Structure Department Third University of Rome, Italy S. Biondi, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy E. Candigliota, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy C. Nuti, Dis Structure Department Third University of Rome, Italy

Hungary G. Nagy, Polivent Ltd., Hungary O. Kegyes-Brassai, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary

eent signi(nt erthqukes @uoeD xorthridgeD n pernndoD etFA o'ered dverse experienes out the erthquke resistne of frme struturesF uh strutures designed ording to the modern seismi odes were dmged seriouslyD few of them were ollpsedF E he most vulnerle zone of reinfored onrete strutures re the joints of ems nd olumnsF he horizontl displements used y the erthquke result in yli lternting lod on the jointF fendingD sher nd norml stresses with hnging sign result in the forming of rksD (nlly in the rumling of onreteD dhesion etween steel reinforement nd onreteF he onnetions lose their energyEsorption pitiesD nd s onsequene ll resistne pility of the entire strutureF E uh degrdtion form is lso importnt in se of steel frmesD euse of the ukling of the we nd the )ngeF everl improvements were mde in order to inrese the sfety of the joints without ny remrkle resultF he fsteners @rivetsD oltsD weldingA resist the stressesD ut the onneted elements @ems nd olumnsA lose their resistne due to uklingF e propose new mteril to use t the joint region of frme struturesD the Q resin onrete whih is dutile mterilF he joints re formed with plsti hingesD whih o'er stisfying resistne ginst erthquke lodsF E sn the se of reinfored onrete struture the ement onrete is repled y the Q resin onrete t the ritil zone of the plsti hingeF E sn the se of steel frmes the ritil zone for ukling is (lled up with the sme mterilF yur promising experimentl results ould serve s sis for seismi resistne of uildings with high dutilityD energy sorption pityF
DYNAMIC TESTING WITH NEW GENERATION OF ACCELEROMETERS  ID 1627
L. Zanaica, University of Padua, Italy M. Q. Feng, University of California at Irvine, United States M. Grendene, University of Padua, Italy D. Kim, University of California at Irvine, United States C. Modena, University of Padua, Italy

wonodiretionl nd idiretionl seismi tests on shkE ing tle on Qh fullEsle single storey in(lled rFF frme re

223

ES 3e
elEtime monitoring of ivil infrstruture systems suh s uildingsD ridgesD nd dms is eoming fundmentl for the homelnd sfety nd seurityF ometimes onventionl eletroE mgneti sensors re not suited for lrgeEsle ivil monitoring due to umersome ling ndD oftenD due to onsistent iwsF sn the ourse of experimentl reserh whih ws rried out t the vortory of the givil nd invironmentl ingineering heprtment of he renry mueli hool of ingineeringD the reserh ws egun with the im of investigting the rel possiilities to use new genertion of sensorsD with sensing mehnisms sed on woir fringe phenomenF he (rst prt of the tests is (nlized to the physil identi(tion of the elerometerF e numeril lgorithmD studied for the rel timeD e0iently elimintes the physil de(ienies of the sensor seen like n elerometerF o on(rm the rel e0ieny of the optil (er sensorD it is delt omprison mong dynmi signls gthered from this sensor with those from others two types of elerometer for the sme type of test rried out in the glE@sAP fuildingF he seond prt of the tests veri(es the rel possiility of pplition for the optil (er elerometerF hynmi tests with shker re mde on uilding modelF efter dynmi identi(tion of the strutureD it is dmged in order then to lolize the dmge thnks to lgorithms whih re lredy experimentlly veri(edF iezometri elerometers re used too in order to give onlusions ompring resultsF his new genertion of elerometers is ompletely omprle to others sine long time in ommereD indeed the signl is lmost with no interferene nd its resolution is of high levelF wode shpes de(nition nd dmge loliztion is filittedF hese sensors re suitle very well for those pplitions where eletromgneti noise would distur signlsF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF SQUARE CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH LAP SPLICE DEFICIENCIES  ID 1635
V. Zanjanizadeh, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Eshghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
tests re the lengths of lp@HFVlD IFHlD IFPlD IFRlAD the dimeters of onnetion reinforing rs@hIWD hPPD hPSAD nd the distnes etween lpped rsF est results show tht these vriles hve muh in)uene on strength nd dutilityD nd deformtion of speimensF piw nlysis is performed to verify the ond nd filure mehnism of speimensF enlysis results show good greement with the test resultsF he other is for the yli tests to investigte the joint ehvior sujeted to reverse yli loding nd onstnt xil ompressive lodF hree prest emEolumn interior re testedF he vriles exmined re the dimeter of onnetion reinforing rs nd the presene of trnsverse reinforement in the jointF truturl performnes of joint re evluted on the sis of onnetion strengthD sti'nessD energy dissiptionD nd drift pityF fsed on the test resultsD the proposed prest onnetion is ple of mthing or exeeding the performne of the monolithi onnetion nd therey provides the su0ient momentEresisting ehvior to e pplile for moderte seismi regionsF
BEHAVIOR OF SQUARE REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS RETROFITTED WITH CFRP AND AFRP  ID 1890
S. Mehdizad Taleie, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

his pper desries experimentl studies on seismi retro(t of reinfored onrete squre olumns with poor lp spliesD WH degree hooksD widely sped trnsverse rs in plsti hinge regions ording to egs detiling @preEIWUIA using qp wrpping of plsti hinge regionF hree speimens were tested under the ondition 4s uilt4F hree others were tested fter they were retro(tted y wrpping them with glssE(erEreinfored plsti sheetsF ell speimens were tested under lterl yli loding with onstnt xil lod rtioF p omposite wrps were used for strengthening the onrete olumns in ritilly stressed res ner the olumn footingF he physil nd mehnil properties of omposite wrps re desriedF eismi performne of retro(tted olumns in term of the hystereti response is evluted nd ompred to those of the originl nd unretro(tted olumnsF he results indite tht the proposed retro(t tehnique is very e'etiveF foth )exurl nd dutility of strengthened olumns were higher thn those of the originl olumnsF
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIORS ON THE MOMENTRESISTING PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM-COLUMN JOINT WITH CONNECTION REINFORCING BARS  ID 1701
K. Seung Hun, Hanbat National University, Korea, Republic Of M. Jeong Ho, Hannam University, Korea, Republic Of L. Yong Taeg, Hanbat National University, Korea, Republic Of

he mjority of uildings in the regions of high seismiE ity in srn do not meet seismi ode requirementD nd mny of these uildings re vulnerle in severe erthqukesF gonerns for seismi rehilittion of existing uildings grew onsiderly in the reent yersD nd hs een elerted sine the fm erthquke PHHRF p retro(tting tehniques is inresingly used to overome the lk of dutility in g uildingsF his pper presents the results of n experimentl reserh progrm on g olumns retro(tted y gp nd ep ompositesF iight hlfEsle squre onrete olumns re sujeted to omintion of xil ompression nd yli sher lodF riles investigted in this progrm inlude the mount of xil ompressionD the type nd rrngement of p nd prestressing level of rmid stripsF he results indite the notiele dvntge of the prestressing tehnique used in this reserh
LIGHTLY REINFORCED CONCRETE SQUAT SHEAR WALLS UNDER STATIC-CYCLIC LOADING  ID 2026
C. Greifenhagen, Switzerland P. Lestuzzi, Ecole polytechnique fdrale, Switzerland M. Badoux, Switzerland

sn this studyD new momentEresisting prest onrete emEolumn joint is proposed for moderte seismi regionsF st onsists of hlf prest EemD prest olumnD nd onnetion reinforing rsF he onnetion reinforing rs re penetrted the joint nd lpEsplied with the ottom rs of prest EemF hey re out of ontt vertilly with ottom rsF o evlute the performne for the proposed jointsD two types of speimens re tested in this studyF yne is for the em tests to investigte the performne for the nonontt lpped spliesF wjor vriles for

he sttiEyli ehvior of lightly reinfored squt sher wlls tht re not designed for erthquke tions is ddressed hereinF uh wlls provide lterl stiliztion to signi(nt numer of existing uildingsF hey re often supposed to fil in rittle sher ndD onsequentlyD poor seismi performne is expetedF ixperimentl investigtions re onduted on series of four speimens modeling the ottom prt of rel sher wll in IXQ sleF he speimens re tested s ntilevers sujeted to oth onstnt xil fore nd sttiEyli lterl lodingF niformly distriuted rers provide reinforement rtios of HFHHQF st is shown tht nonEdutileD lightly reinfored wlls n ttin drifts etween HFV nd PFI 7 t nominl sher stresses of IFR up to PFH wF his depends on oth onrete ompressive strength nd xil fore rtioF he mximum sher pity is governed y )exurl strength while sher filure restrits the deformtion pityF pilure modes re reinforement ruptureD slidingD nd onrete rushing for sher rtios of HFQHD HFQVD nd HFSPD respetivelyF he sher rtio refers to the se sher divided y oth onrete grossEsetion nd squre root of onrete ompressive strengthF he plsti de)etion of the speimens is omposed of )exure @UH 7A nd sher portions @QH 7AF hepending on the test unitD up to UH 7 of the introdued energy is dissiptedF husD it is found tht lightly reinfored wlls n hve similr energy dissiption rtios s wlls of dutile designF rinipl ontriutor to energy dissiption is sliding in rksF he test results fil to on(rm the ene(il e'et tht horizontl reinforement is widely elieved to hve on deformtion pityF

224

Poster Presentations
he oserved sher strength origintes prtly from inherent sher strength of onreteF ine this ontriutor to sher strength is not inluded in truss modelsD suh models underestimte signi(ntly the sher strength of squt wllsF
AMBIENT NOISE IDENTIFICATION OF PRINCIPLE MODAL PARAMETERS OF FCE BUILDING, LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA  ID 2071
G. Trendaloski, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia Z. Milutinovic, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia P. Zupancic, EARS, Seismological Oce, Slovenia B. Sket Motnikar, EARS, Seismological Oce, Slovenia A. Gosar, EARS, Seismological Oce, Slovenia

ES 3g
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STAGGERED TRUSS SYSTEMS  ID 164
J. Kim, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, Republic Of J. Lee, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, Republic Of

he mirotremors r method is worldEwide used tehE nique for estimtion of dynmi hrteristis of surfe soil deposits nd hrteriztion of uilding dynmi hrteristisF e projet 4essessment of eismi ite empli(tion nd eismi fuilding ulnerility in the wedoniD groti nd loveni4D performed y Q demi institutions from the ove listed ountries nd P from stlyD hs reently een lunhed under the uspies of xey iene for ee rogrm @xey f WVHVSUAF he projet promotes new integrted method nd tehnology for 4fst4 seismi mirozoning nd seismi vulnerility ssessment of uildings with wide pplition possiilities in prtiulr for identi(tion of lotions with potentil soilEstruture resonne nd thusD the inresed uildings seismi riskF e joint e'ort of sssEkopjeD ie nd pulty of givil ingineering @pgiAD vjuljn hs een mde to qulittively nd quntittively eluidte pplition mrgins of mirotremors r tehnique for 4yutputEonly modl identi(tion4 iFeF 4mient noise identi(tion4 of the priniple uilding modl prmeters @mode shpesD nturl frequenies nd dmping rtiosA from experimentl dtF he pgi uilding in vjuljn ws designed in IWTR nd onstruted in IWTVF st is reinfored onrete with mixed frmes nd wlls SEstorey uildingF st is situted on lluvil deposits @sndD silt nd lyAF he studies of the pgi uilding inludeX @IA emient virtion mesurements @IH vertil nd P horizontl ! storey levelE pro(lesA performed y (ve ultr omptD llEinEone QEomponent romino seismi noise quisition instrumentsY @PA proessing of reordings with r tehniqueY ndD @QA identi(tion of priniple uilding modl prmeters y eews softwre pkgeF he study is foused on omprison of results otined y this study @r nd speilized tehniques for identi(tion of modl prmetersA with pulished nlytil studies of the pgi uilding inluding nonstruturl elementsF

sn this study stggered truss systems @A were deE signed nd their seismi performnes were evluted y pushover nlysisF he results were ompred with the seismi performne of onventionl moment resisting frmes nd red frmesF eording to the nlysis resultsD the showed reltively stisftory lterl lod resisting pility ompred with onventionl red frmesF roweverD in the midE to highErise D plsti hinges formed t horizontl nd vertil hords of vierendeel pnelD whih susequently leded to rittle ollpse of the strutureF fsed on these oservtions reinforing shemes were pplied nd their e'ets on enhning lterl lodEresisting pity were investigted
NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF REDUCED BEAM SECTION (RBS) MOMENT CONNECTIONS WITH BOX COLUMNS  ID 246
M. Ghaari, Tabriz petrochemical company, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Behravesh, Tabriz Univ, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) Y. Ghaari, Private company, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

fefore ourrene of the xorthridge erthqukeD the )exE url frmes with welded )ngeE olted we onnetions were onerned y mny of engineers s the most dutile nd pproprite struturl systemsFhuring this erthquke nd uoe erthqukeD whih hppened one yer lterD mny of uildings in whih )exurl frme systems hd een usedD were deteriorted in the region of the onnetion of em to olumnFeserhes showed tht the onentrtion of stress t just ner the olumn ws the min reson for deteriortion of this type of onnetionsD nd susequentlyD some methods were o'ered to solve the prolemD one of whih is redution of em setion ner the olumnFsn this pper the nonliner response of moment onnetion with redution in em setion hs een studied using (nite element methodD nd the designtion prmeters of redued em setionD whenever the olumns re hosen to e mde of ox setionsD hs een studiedD nd lso the stress distriution just ner the olumn hve een ompred for the oth welded nd f moment onnetionsF ueywordsX nonliner nlysisY seismi ehviorY steel moment frmeY plsti hingesY yli responseY
DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID RECTANGULAR LINKS FOR ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES  ID 330

ES 3g: Structural Engineering - Steel

Level-1
COMPARING OF THE IRANIAN SEISMIC STANDARD AND THE GUIDELINE FOR THE SEISMIC REHABILITATION GUIDELINE  ID 36
A. Keyvani, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

J. W. Berman, University at Bualo, United States M. Bruneau, University at Bualo, United States

quideline for the eismi ehilittion of ixisting fuildings @qifA hs een used for vulnerility ssessment of existing uildings in srnF sn this studyD we evlute the e0ieny of this guideline for seismi ontrol of uildingsD whih hve een designed under srnin eismi tndrd @exheh xyFPVHHA requirementsF sn order to ompreD we designed severl uildings with speil steel moment resisting frmes under the exheh xyFPVHH requirementsF o e onludedD the vulnerility of these uildings hs een ontrolled y qifF esults of the study show tht the sme olumns in moment resisting frmes of these uildings dos not stisfy life sfety performne in design hzrd levelF

his pper desries the designD testingD nd (nite eleE ment modelingD of proofEofEonept eentrilly red frme speimen utilizing hyrid retngulr sher linkF he link is selfEstilizing nd does not require lterl ringD mking it suitle for use in steel ridge piers where lterl ring n e di0ult to provide @uilding pplitions re possile s wellAF iqutions used for design re given nd referenes for their derivtions re providedF he qusiEstti yli testing is desriedD nd results re reported nd ompred with (nite element model to e used s the sis for future prmetri studyF tle nd full hystereti loops were otined nd no signs of )ngeD weD or lterl torsionl ukling were oservedF he link ws sujeted to HFIS rdins of rottion in the (nl yleD whih is lmost twie the mximum rottion llowed in uilding odes for links with sEshped rossEsetionsF elthough the (nl filure mode ws frture of the ottom link )ngeD the lrge rottions hieved were well ove wht would e required in seismi eventD inditing tht hyrid retngulr links without lterl ring of the link n indeed e vile lterntive for pplitions in steel ridge piers in seismi regionsF

225

ES 3g
PREDICTING THE HYSTERETIC ENERGY DEMAND IN STEEL MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES BY A NEURAL NETWORK MODEL  ID 332
B. Akbas, Gebze Institute of Technology, Turkey J. Shen, Illinois Institute of Technology, United States

Poster Presentations

EFFECT OF THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MOMENT STEEL FRAMES  ID 339
A. Reyes-Salazar, Universidad Autnoma de Sinaloa, Mexico A. Lpez-Lpez, Universidad Autnoma de Sinaloa, Mexico A. Lpez-Barraza, Universidad Autnoma de Sinaloa, Mexico D. Lpez-Lpez, Instituto Tecnolgico de Sonora, Mexico

hetermining the hystereti energy demnd nd dissipE tion pity nd level of dmge of the struture to prede(ned erthquke ground motion is highly nonEliner prolem nd is one of the questions involved in prediting the struture9s response for lowEperformne levels @life sfeD ner ollpseD ollpseA in performneEsed erthquke resistnt designF es result of the developments in omputer nd softwre tehnologyD xeurl xetwork @xxA nlysis o'ers n lterntive pproh for investigtion of nonEliner reltionships in engineering prolemsF he prinipl im of this study is to develop nd test multiElyered feedforwrd xxs trined with the kEpropgtion lgorithm to model the nonEliner reltionship etween the struturl nd ground motion prmeters nd the hystereti energy demnd in steel moment resisting frmes @wpsAF he six design prmeters for the input lyer were seleted to evlute the hystereti energy demnd @output dtA in wpsF he prmeters re IA erthquke @iA intensityD PA numer of storiesD QA soil typeD RA fundmentl period @AD SA strength index @ AD TA irGis rtioF o determine these prmetersY modeD xhrD nd pushover nlyses were rried out on three steel uildings with QED WED nd PHEstoriesF he dt of PP ses were used to trin the xxF he testing of the xx ws done y the dt of S testing sesF he pproh dpted in this study ws shown to e ple of providing the est urte estimtes of hystereti energy demnd y using the six design prmetersF he results re onsidered to e enourging for further reserh of expnded dt setsF fy setting up some rndom vritions in the design prmetersD it is possile to estimte the hystereti energy demnd for new or existing regulr wpsF he results were lso tested through nother xx pplition nd similr results were otinedF
EVALUATION OF THE COMBINATION RULES FOR THE EFFECT OF THE THREE ORTHOGONAL COMPONENTS OF EARTHQUAKES  ID 338
A. Reyes-Salazar, Universidad Autnoma de Sinaloa, Mexico A. Reyes-Salzar, Universidad Autnoma de Sinaloa, Mexico A. Lpez-Barraza, Universidad Autnoma de Sinaloa, Mexico S. Villela-Aragn, Universidad Autnoma de Sinaloa, Mexico J. I. Velzquez-Dimas, Universidad Autnoma de Sinaloa, Mexico

eismi elertions re registered ording to the oriE enttion of the instrumentsF hree orthogonl omponents of elertionD two horizontl nd one vertilD re ommonly registeredF he e'et of the vertil omponent is usully smller thn those of the horizontl omponents nd is onsequently negletedF he e'et of eh horizontl omponent is evluted independently nd omined ording to some empiril rulesF sn dditionD in seismi nlysisD the reorded horizontl elertions re pplied long the struturl xesF st my not represent the ritil onditionF eording to the enzien nd te wodelD the ground omponents re unorrelted long set of orthogonl xes denoted s prinipl xes whih my not oinide with those of the strutureF hese omponents re denoted s prinipl omponents nd ould produe the ritil responseF heir xes re oriented suh tht the mjor prinipl xis is horizontl nd direted towrd the epientreF sn this pperD the vlidity of the enzien nd te wodelD the degree of orreltion of the reorded omponents nd the ury of the most used rules to estimte the omined e'etD re studiedF sing time domin nonliner (nite element progrm developed y the uthors nd their ssoitesD the mximum inelsti seismi responses of severl moment resisting steel frme strutures re estimted s relistilly s possile y simultneously pplying the horizontl omponentsF he frmes re modeled s omplex whyp systemsF esults of the study indite tht the orienttion of the mjor horizontl omponent my e quite di'erent thn tht of the epienterD tht the prinipl omponents represent the ritil ondition in most of the sesD tht some omintion rules my underestimtes the responseD nd tht the e'et of the orreltion of normlly reorded omponents n e lrger thn tht otined in liner spetrl nlysis of single degree of freedom systemsF
IRANIAN EXISTING STEEL BUILDINGS: STATE OF THE PRACTICE  ID 379
B. Shafei Pamsari, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) P. Lestuzzi, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland M. Motavalli, Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, EMPA, Switzerland S. R. Mirghaderi, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he seismi elsti nd inelsti responses of steel frmes under the tion of strong motions erthqukes re estimtedF sn light of the resultsD the ury of the ommonly used rules to evlute the omined e'et of the omponentsD nmelyD the qure oot of the um of the qures @A nd the QHEperent @QH7A omintion rulesD is evlutedF he mximum seismi responses of four threeEdimensionl moment resisting steel frmesD in terms of the totl se sher nd the xil lods t interiorD lterl nd orner olumnsD re estimted s relistilly s possile y simultneously pplyingD (rst the two horizontl nd then the three omponentsF efter thtD the ovementioned omintion rules nd others re evlutedF he evlution of the rules is performed for two sesX when the e'et of the vertil omponent is negleted nd when the three omponents re onsideredF he error introdued y pplying the sme response spetr in oth horizontl diretions is lso studiedF he results re lulted for othD normlly reorded time histories nd those oriented into their prinipl diretionsF he numeril study indites tht the e'et of the vertil omponent is s signi(nt s tht of the horizontl omponents nd onsequently should e expliitly onsideredF st is shown tht some rules my underestimte the omined e'etF esults lso indite tht suh underestimtion is more for inelsti nlysis thn for elsti nlysis nd tht pplying the sme response spetr in oth diretions n result in onservtive designs in some sesF fsed on the results otined in this studyD it is onluded tht the design requirements for the omined e'et of the omponentsD s outlined in some odeEspei(ed seismi design proeduresD need to e modi(edF

rties of onstrution of steel uildings in srn n e divided into P min tegories ording to the following time intervlsX efore IWWHD nd fter IWWHF oudrEwnjil irthquke with the mgnitude of UFU ws ws milestone ourred on PH tune IWWHF his erthquke hd out RHDHHH vitims nd lso THDHHH injuredF vrge mount of dmge used y tht resulted seismi design of uildings eme o0illy mndtory for ll srnin uildings whih were designed fter IWWHF feuse of ruil e'ets of prties of onstrution on seismi performne of uildingsD this pper desries ommon prties used widely in typil srnin steel uildings sine out RH yers goD inluding the uildings efore nd lso fter IWWHF he mjority of srnin existing steel uildings elong to the tegory of preEIWWHF hese uildings n e seen from frwy rurl res to lrge ities of srnD nd hve een uilt ording to lmost no seismi odeF his ft mens tht this tegory of uildings will not e ple to resist erthqukes expeted in relted seismi odesF efter IWWHD the hnges emerged in srnin uildingsF ide vrieties of prties were imported to ntionl onstrution industryD nd trditionl prties were lmost ndonedF st is possile to see wide rnge of steel uildings tht lthough ll of them hve een designed fter IWWHD some of them stisfy seismi design requirements ompletelyD

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nd the others su'er from ovious de(ienies ginst prole erthqukesF eismi defets nd lso retro(tting strtegies in two ove mentioned tegories of steel uildings will e oviously di'erentF reneD fter introduing the ommon prties of srnin steel uildingsD generl seismi de(ienies of these existing uildings will e onsideredF pinl prt of this pper proposes di'erent generl rehilittion strtegies tht my e pproprite for typil srnin steel uildings in order to upgrde the seismi performne of themF
EFFECTS OF CONCRETE SLAB ON THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF STEEL BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS  ID 664
M. Valente, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

ES 3g
lrge rnge of vrying xil fore under erthquke ground motionF xeverthelessD most of reserhes on the struturl performne of gg emEolumns hve een rried out under onstnt xil foreF he lri(tion of the struturl performne on struturl memers is neessry for the performneEsed design of uilding struturesF his pper disusses the deformtion pity nd the energy dissiption performne of gg emEolumns sujeted to reverse yli horizontl fore under vrying xil fore on the sis of experimentl dtF eversed yli loding tests on gg emEolumns under vrying xil fore hve een rried outF hese experimentl results hve een ompred with those under onstnt xil foreF heformtion pity nd energy dissiption performne of gg emEolumns under vrying xil fore is generlly superior to tht under onstnt xil foreF roweverD g emEolumns sometimes show superior deformtion pity under tensile xil foreD nd gp emEolumns sometimes show inferior deformtion pity under tensile xil foreF foth limiting vlue for rottion ngles s the index of deformtion pity nd equivlent visous dmping s the index of energy dissiption performne of gg emEolumns under vrying xil fore re le to e estimted y evlution method modi(ed tht under onstnt xil foreF
EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE DAMAGE ON HYSTERESIS STEEL DAMPER  ID 913
S. Atsushi, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan O. Tetsuro, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan S. Shoji, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan

femEtoEolumn onnetions with onrete sl re modE eled y (er setion model implemented in the omputer ode geQwF he numeril model is vlidted ompring the results of the numeril nlyses with experimentl tests rried out t the olitenio di wilnoF qood greement is otined with the experimentl resultsF he study shows the inrese in sti'ness nd strength of the models due to the omposite tionF esults emphsized the in)uene of the omposite sl on the onnetion ehviourF he seismi ehviour of steel moment resisting frme with onrete sl is studied nd nonEliner stti nd dynmi nlyses re performedF ht re olleted to evlute the e'ets of the omposite sl on the performne of welded steel emEtoEolumn onnetionsF he ury of the (er setion model to reprodue the ehviour of the onnetion with onrete sl is highlightedF
MODELING OF COMPLETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL  ID 760
T. Fukuhara, Kyushu University, Japan J. Chen, Beijin General Engineering Design Institute, China Y. Sun, Kyushu University, Japan

es the inresing utiliztion of highEstrength steel in uilding onstrutionsD it is of fundmentl importne to estlish rtionl design method to evlute the struturl properties of uilding omponent or memer mde of highEstrength steelF o hieve this golD omplete stressEstrin reltionship for the highEstrength steel is indispensleF urpose of this pper is to propose simple nd omprehensive stressEstrin model for the highEstrength steel with emphsis on the steels without ler yield plteu in their stressEstrin ehviorF wthemtil expressions of the proposed stressEstrin model re sed on the fmous wenegottoEinto funtionD ut the proposed model hs signi(nt dvntge over the urrent models in tht the envelop s well s the unloding nd reloding pths of the stressEstrin urve n e simply determined without itertive proeduresF o verify the ury nd vlidity of the proposed modelD yli loding tests were lso onduted on highEstrength steel rers @uUVSA with three kinds of nominl dimetersF gomprison etween the test results nd the theoretil stressEstrin urves exhiited very good greementF
EVALUATION OF DEFORMATION AND ENERGY ABSORPTION CAPACITY FOR STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE MEMBERS  ID 838
M. Doi, Niigata University, Japan D. Kato, Niigata University, Japan F. Murayama, Niigata University, Japan M. Fukushima, Niigata University, Japan

efter the xorthridge nd rogokenExnu irthqukeD mny pssive ontrolled struture uildings were onstruted in tpnF he priniple of this design is to dd some energy dissiption @dmpingA hrdwre into the struture nd redue the dmge of uildingsF sn tpnD ts @tpn oiety of eismi ssoltionA hve pulished the design mnul version P in epD PHHSF end this mnul is referring to the mehnismD designD fritionD testingD qulity ontrolD nd nlytil modeling of vrious types of pssive ontrol deviesD s well s designD onstrutionD nd nlysis of pssively ontrolled uildingsF his mnul is used y struture designer nd it is very usefulF yne of the most populr pssive ontrol devise is steel dmperF his dmper is sed on the yielding mehnism of the metlF hereforeD this kind of devie is so lled displementEdependent dmperF teel dmper is design to sor the erthquke energy y its plsti deformtionF hereforeD it is very importnt to understnd the performne of steel in plsti rngeF woreoverD the dmper will su'er hysteril ehviorsF husD yli ehviorD espeilly ftigueD must e understoodF he design mnul is sed to ontrol the drift ngle of the strutureY nd do not onsidering the hysteresis of the energy dissiption hrdwre pplying the plsti deformtionF he dmper will dded to the struture y ontrolling its totl sti'ness nd dmping performneF es the resultD s the mximum ontrolled ngle shows the sme resultD it is possile to sy tht the hysteresis of the dmper shows di'erent ehvior y the di'erene of system sti'ness nd supplementl dmping sti'nessF roweverD there re no detil omments out this prolem in the design mnulF he purpose of this study is to mention the reltionship of dmper ehvior nd supplementl dmping sti'ness to the systemF end lso to mention wht the struture designer must onsiderF
VERIFICATION OF DISPLACEMENT-BASED ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER FOR SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-RISE STEEL BUILD  ID 956
D. Pietra, ROSE school, Italy R. Pinho, University of Pavia, Italy S. Antoniou, SeismoSoft, Greece

teel onrete omposite struture @revited gg here fterAD for exmple steel ensed reinfored onrete @revited g here fterA struture or onrete (lled steel tue @revited gp here fterA strutureD hs een generlly dopted for the onstrution of highErised uildings in tpnF ixternl olumns in the lower stories of highErised uildings re generlly sujeted to

e numer of reent studies rised douts on the e'etiveE ness of onventionl pushover methodsD wherey onstnt singleEmode inrementl fore vetor is pplied to the strutureD in estimting the seismi demndGpity of frmed uildings sujeted to erthquke tion in prtiulr when higher modes re involved in the struturl responseF he ltter motivted the

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ES 3g
reent development nd introdution of the soElled edptive ushover methods wherey the loding vetor is updted t eh nlysis stepD re)eting the progressive dmge umultion nd resulting modi(tion of the modl prmetersD tht hrterise the struturl response t inresing loding levelsF ithin suh dptive frmeworkD the pplition of displementD s opposed to foreD inrementl loding vetor eomes not only fesileD sine the ltter is updted t eh step of the nlysis ording to the urrent dynmi hrteristis of the strutureD ut lso very ppelingD sine inline with the present drive for development nd ode implementtion of displement orD more generllyD deformtionEsed design nd ssessment methodsF purtherD suh innovtive displementEsed pushover lgorithm seems to led to superior response preditionsD with little or no dditionl modelling nd omputtionl e'ortD with respet to onventionl pushover proeduresF he veri(tion of the ury of these innovtive dptive pushover tehniquesD howeverD hs so fr een restrined to the ses of reinfored onrete uildings nd ontinuousEspn ridgesD with steel onstrution hving een essentilly overlookedF hereforeD the urrent pper ims t ddressing suh knowledge gpD y desriing the results of prmetri studyD wherey the ury of the hisplementEsed edptive ushover lgorithm @heA in prediting the seismi response of W nd PHEstorey high steel uildings is investigtedF e lrge set of nturl reords @from the eg projetA is used in the dynmi nlyses tht re rried out for omprisonF
A NEW HYBRID FORCE-DISPLACEMENT SEISMIC DESIGN METHOD FOR PLANE STEEL MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES  ID 1013
T. Karavasilis, University of Patras, Greece N. Bazeos, University of Patras, Greece

Poster Presentations
DIFFERENT LONG LINK CONFIGURATIONS  ID 1071
H. Kber, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania

he pper is intended to illustrte the dvntges of new solution for eentrilly red frmes with long linksF he lterl sti'ness nd the steel onsumption of eentrilly red frmes with long links were nlyzed nd stti nonEliner nlyses were performed to oserve the history of the formtion of plsti hingesF
STIFFNESS OF STEEL FRAMES WITH BEAMS CONNECTED TO COLUMNS IN MINOR AXIS  ID 1150
K. Peker, Erdemli Ltd., Turkey N. Yardimci, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

e new seismi design proedure for regulr steel moment resisting plne frmes is presentedF his is hyrid proedure s it omines elements from oth the displementEsed nd the foreEsed methodsF eording to this methodD the frmed struture is repled y the single degree of freedom sustitute struture for whih the design displementD ssoited with di'erent limit sttesD is estlishedF fy using the eqution tht reltes the elsti elertion nd displement spetrD the fundmentl period is otined in terms of the design displementF yne the period is knownD the elsti se sher n e esily otined with the id of the elertion spetrumF his se sher is then redued ppropritely to produe the seismi design se sher of the frmeF he proposed methodology is illustrted y mens of relisti design exmple whih lso serves to demonstrte its dvntges over oth the displementEsed nd foreEsed seismi design methodsF ueywordsX steel frmesY performneEsed seismi designY foreE displement gorresponding euthorX nFzeosduptrsFgrA esstF rofessor xF fzeos @

sn performne sed struturl erthquke designD the system performne is mesured with the overll lterl deforE mtion pity of the strutureD whih lso de(nes the system dutilityF ell struturl elements nd onnetions 'eting the lterl sti'E ness of the strutureD hs gret importne in de(nition of rel struE turl ehviorF he ehvior of mjor xis moment onnetions re well de(ned nd re used in the glol nlysis with the proper de(nitions of onnetion9s moment rottion hrteristisF hue to lk of experimentl nd numeril reserh on minor xis moment onnetionsD the ene(il 'et of semiErigid ehvior of these onnetions re not ounted for de(ning the rel struturl ehvior for seismi performneF hey re either ssumed to e fully rigid or pinnedY ssumptions tht neither one is orret nd leds to inorret de(nition of system lterl sti'nessF sn this studyD Q steel frmes with minor xis moment onnetions will e used in prmetri study to see the 'et of the semiE rigid ehvior of the onnetion on frme performneD in se of inrementl lterl lodingF prmes to e nlyzed will minly e hosen to demonstrte the ehvior of lowEriseD midErise nd highErise steel frmes nd their lterl sti'nessF e momentErottion reltion previously proposed y the uthors will e used to de(ne the onnetion9s ehvior in the nlyzed frmes during the studyF sing the (ndings of the prmetri studyD nd omprisons of results uthors will prepre omments to de(ne the 'et of minor xis em to olumn onnetions on glol frme ehviorF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF KNEE-BRACED STEEL FRAMES  ID 1188
R. L. Bonett-Daz, Universidad de Medelln, Colombia

ABOUT THE BRACES CROSS-SECTIONS IN ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES  ID 1059

H. Kber, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania

s shped rossEsetions for res re used very often in eentrilly red frmesF he wes of the s shped res n e pled norml or prllel to the plne of the frmeF he dvntges nd disdvntges of these two lterntive solutions re nlyzed for di'erent ring on(gurtions in eentrilly red frmesD loted in seismi resF he sti'ness of the eentrilly red frmes under lterl lodsD the vlues of ending moments nd xil fores in di'erent struturl elementsD the mteril onsumptionD the plsti hinge rottions nd the remining vertil )oor displements fter dynmi nonliner nlyses were ompredF

he dmges reorded during the lst seismi tstroE phes round the world show tht retro(tting mesure re not neessry gurntee good seismi performne in terms of stilityD eonomi nd seurityF huring moderte nd strong erthqukesD struturl elements must e sti' enough to ontrol the drift to prevent struturl dmgeD nd must hve su0ient dutility to prevent ollpse used y drmti deformtion of yield elementsF hereforeD fter strong erthqukesD these elements must e retro(tting or repledD whih is expensive nd 'et to funtionlity nd opertion of the uildingF sn this workD pssive ontrol system lled 4hisposle uneeEfringD huf4 is used to improve the seismi ehvior of steel frme nd to void dmges on min struturl elementsF he huf system ontrols the initil elsti sti'ness of the frme nd the yield nd susequent energy dissiption without su'ering ollpse or instilityF usequent repir of the knee elements is simple nd ost e'etiveD nd does not 'et the min struturl elementsF xumeril results indite tht the yield pity nd the strength pity of steel frmes n e inrese nd its glol displements n e deresed to the desired levels y diretly dding kneeEring system to the frmeF he dmge is foused on knee elementsD whih n e repling fter the erthqukeD without 'et of struturl stilityF

228

Poster Presentations
(Islamic Republic Of )

ES 3g
he topi of this reserh is out strengthening of red steel frmes tht designed y srnin erthquke ode@seond editionA y the seismi retro(tting provisions for existing uildings on the sis of inherent upgrding trget for themsF sn these regrdsDt (rstDpproprite plns with PDRDSDU nd IH stories re hosen nd designed y srnin erthquke odeF et next their ritil frmes nlysed y ief softwre nd ontrolled ording to theseismi retro(tting provisions under se upgrding level y two methodsXnonliner stti nlysis nd dynmi time history nlysisF wemers tht were rejetedDrepled with stronger setions nd weights inrement of improved strutures were lultedF pinlly onerning out uildings tht designed y srnin erthquke ode onluded tht@exept P story uilding in nonliner stti upgrding methodA these uildings@suh s P story uilding in dynmi time history upgrding methodA etween II to QI perent of their memers re rejeted nd must e strengthened under se upgrding levelF
THE NEW DETAILS OF RIGID CONNECTION  ID 1344
R. Mirghaderi, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Dehghani Renani, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

EFFECT OF COLUMN BASE RIGIDITY ON POSTEARTHQUAKE REPAIR COST OF STEEL MOMENTRESISTING FRAME STRUCTURES  ID 1228
B. Stojadinovic, University of California, Berkeley, United States A. Aviramtraubita, University of California, Berkeley, United States

fses of steel olumnsD designed to onnet the olumn to the reinfored onrete foundtion using se plte nd exposed nhor oltsD re importnt elements of steel momentE resisting frmesF ody it is well understood tht suh olumn ses re neither rigid nor pinnedX they re semiErigidF purthermoreD the sti'ness nd strength of olumn ses signi(ntly in)uenes the response of the frmeF sn this pper we present study on how the tul semiErigid struturl hrteristis of exposed steel olumn ses 'et the estimtes of repir ost for lowErise steel momentEfrme uildingsF e hoose prototype threeEstory tll o0e uilding t the g ferkeley mpus nd modeled it using n rry of olumn se models rnging from rigid to pinnedF sing the ii genter methodology for omputing the proility of exeeding repir ost we ompred the seismi performne of these di'erent frmes in the sme seismi hzrd environmentF e (nd tht vrying sti'ness nd strength of the olumn ses 'ets the totl repir ost nd the rtio of repir osts of struturl nd nonEstruturl elementsD s well s the rtio or repir ost of elertion nd displement sensitive nonEstruturl elementsF e onlude tht it is importnt to use orretD experimentlly on(rmedD estimte of semiErigid olumn se struturl properties to urtely evlute the seismi performne of momentEresisting frme uildingsF
ANALYTICAL SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE FILLED STEEL TUBE COLUMNS  ID 1274
T. Moradi Shaghaghi, Tabriz Islamic Azad Univesity, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Nateghi-A., IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

hue to improved omposite e'et nd enhned seismi ehvior of onrete (lled steel tue olumns @gpAD there use in uilding industryD speilly in onstrution of tll strutures in seismilly tive regions is ever growingF hey re esy to onstrut nd eretD ost e'etiveD need no formingD nd with less equivlent mterilsD etter seismi ehvior nd more dutility in omprison to similr steel re hievedF sn these olumnsD development of full lod ering pity deE pends onY ond strength etween steel nd onreteD lol ukling of steel ensingD rtio of side dimension of the olumn to steel thikE nessD hGtD length to dimension rtioD vGh nd (nlly the shpe of olumnF sn order to study the e'et of ove mentioned prmetersD three sets of olumns with di'erent shpes were sujeted to (nite eleE ment nlysis y onsidering nd vrying eh prmeter seprtely under pure unixil lod historyF por omprison purposesD IP speE imens of similr olumns were sujeted to nlysis y onsidering xil nd inresing lterl lod regimeF enlysis ws performed using ex while nlytil models were onstruted nd tested in similr mnners in lortoryF his pper is to present the results otined during nlytil modeling nd investigtionsF hue to the ft tht not ll exE perimentl results re ompliedD omprisons etween nlytil nd experimentl work will e presented in futureF roweverD presented nlytil performne nd seismi ehvior of gp olumns in this study y vrying prmeters show lerly the ut o' reommendtions for design of suh olumnsF uggestion for design onsidertion will lso e provided in this pperF
STRENGTHENING OF BRACED STEEL BUILDINGS  ID 1343
P. Raeian, Mazandaran University of Sciences and Techniques, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) G. Ghodrati Amiri, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran

his pper presents new detils of rigid onnetionF sn the usul mnners one em is pled etween two olumns nd olumns ut the emF sn this system two ems pss next to olumn nd the ems re not ut y olumnF herefore there re ontinuous emsF his hetil onnets these ems two olumn in properly mnnerFsn this reserhD speimen of the onnetion hs een uilt in rel sle nd hs een sujeted to the yli loding to the lterl lod pplied to the strutureF elong with experimentl studiesD onnetion ehvior hs een studied y nonliner (nite element pprohF he experiment result nd (nite element pproh tht hve omptiility show tht ending resistne of this onnetion is more thn ending resistne of emsF his provides the proility of plsti hinge forming in the ems nd s result the struture hs dutility nd sfe ehvior nd hs high pility for energy dissiptionF
USE OF CORRUGATED WEB ZONES IN SMRF BEAMS AS A TYPE OF RBS MOMENT CONNECTIONS  ID 1400
R. Mirghaderi, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Sobhan, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Torabian, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

efter IWWR xorthridge erthqukeD extensive studies were onduted to improve performne of wpF wo types of wp onnetions modi(tions re presented to redue the demnd of plsti hing moments on the em to olumn onnetionF hese re strengthening methods nd wekening methodsF e ommon wekening method is using the prequli(ed f moment onnetions s desried in piweQSHEQSQF sn onventionl f moment onnetionsD utting the em )nges my indue tremendous stress onentrtion nd my impose premture rittle filuresF sn this pper new method for wekening of em setion is presented nd it seems to hve prtiulr dvntgesF st hieves y using orrugted pltes insted of )t plte in em we in limited zone djent to olumn feF hue to the ordion e'et of orrugted weD moment ontriution of em we to totl plsti hinge moment is negligile nd the ultimte expeted plsti hinge moment of em setion my e lulted sed on the )nge yielding onlyF es orrugted pltes hve dequte sher pity the plsti hinge sher resistne n e provided without ny prolemF he most pplition of this method n e in steel plted girder nd olumnEtree onstrutionF heoupling of )exurl nd sher stresses in )nges nd we would remove stress onentrtion nd derese dutility demnd on em to olumn onnetions under yli lodingF hese ttriutes enhne the low yli

229

ES 3g
ftigue life of this moment frme onnetionF por investigting the seismi performne of this new type of f moment onnetionD some prmetri QhE(nite element nlyses hve een exeutedF he nlyses results hve een shown tht the orrugted we will improve the plsti hinge stility nd ommodte lrge deformtion pity t the plsti hinge lotionF he prmetri studies on em depth show tht e'etiveness of this method is in deep ems with respeted to shllow or wide )nge emsF
CONSIDERING THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF CONCENTRICALLY BRACED STEEL BUILDINGS  ID 1421
P. Raeian, mazandaran university of sciences and techniques, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
xew onnetions for steel moment resisting frmes tht inorporte postEtensioning elements to provide selfEentering response long with energy dissipting mehnisms to dissipte energy hve een proposed nd experimentlly vlidtedF hese investigtions hve on(rmed tht postEtensioned onnetions re ple of developing similr sti'ness nd strength hrteristis to welded onnetionsD undergoing lrge deformtions with good energy dissiption hrteristisD ut without introduing inelsti deformtions in the em or olumns nd without residul driftsF sn this pperD new post tensioned steel onnetion for momentE resisting frmes with frition dissiptive mehnism is proposed nd experimentlly vlidtedF he new dissiptive mehnism onE sists of steel pltes welded to the olumns nd olted to other steel pltes tht re welded to the em with frition interfe in eE tweenF he frition interfe onsists of new xonEesestos yrgni @xeyA rek lining pds tht hve een developed ion the utomoE tive industry s replements to sestos sed pdsF e series of dynmi experimentl vlidtions on three di'erent frition surfes nd for di'erent norml stresses pplied with high strength olts re presentedF he mterils disply very stle hystereti response with little hnge in strengthF st ws lso oserved tht following dynmi loding protoolD deEstressing nd reEstressing the olts resulted in full reovery of the strength of the interfe nd tht it ws ple of undergoing seond dynmi testing protool with similr stle hystereti responseF pullEsle interior nd exterior onnetions were then uilt nd tested under qusiEstti lodingF he speimens displyed the expeted selfE entering hystereti response with good sti'nessD strength nd dutility properties while returning to their initil position fter the lodingF imphsis ws lso given to ultimte responseD for lrge drift vlues expeted under extreme loding onditionsF he system ws designed to form plsti hinges to protet the postEtensioning elements from exessive stressingF
A DAMAGE ACCUMULATION CONSTITUTIVE LAW FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STEEL FRAMES  ID 1457
A. Zambrano, Dept. Italy M. G. Mulas, Dept. of Struct. Engng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy of Civil Engineering, 2nd Univ. of Naples,

petrl liner dynmi nd nonliner stti nlysis were performed on uildings tht designed y srnin erthquke ode @seond editionA to determine the in)uene of re slenderness nd nonliner ehvior of onentrilly red steel uildingsF he re slenderness ws vried y modifying the erthquke ftor @ A for di'erent seismi regions in srnF fuildings hving similr sizes in pln nd PDRDSDU nd IH stories were exminedF sn ddition D the response of the strutures ws studied for four di'erent itiesFehrnDwshhd D ssfhn nd ednF he spetrl dynmi nlysis results indite tht the story drift generlly redues s the res slenderness is inresedF he nonliner stti nlysis lso shows tht energy dissiption dereses s the uilding heights inresedF
NON-LINEAR PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS OF MULTISTORY STEEL STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO EXTREME GROUND MOTIONS  ID 1430
S. Elkholy, Fayoum University, Egypt U. Morsy, Fayoum University, Egypt

he IWWR xorthridge erthquke used serious dmge to modern steel struturesF yne yer lterD in the uoe erthquke @IWWSAD nerly one thousnd steel uildings were dmgedF prom those events it n e onluded tht modern steelEfrme uildingsD speilly onstruted to swy rther thn frture during nd erthqukeD re more vulnerle to ollpse thn hd ever een onsideredF o redue suh dmgeD it is importnt to understnd its min mehnismF o otin full knowledge of the totl ehvior of steel strutures under severe ground motionsD it is essentil to simulte the ollpsing proess nd the tre of yielding nd deformtion t eh struturl memerF he relile numeril models re highly required s ost e'etive method of otining omprehensive knowledge of the min prmeters tht 'et response of strutures under severe erthqukesF his pper fouses on using the nonEliner pushEover nlysis method to evlute the ville dutility of severl multiEstory steel frme uildings nd to understnd the filure mehnism due to severe erthquke ground motionsF he smproved epplied ilement wethod @seiwA is used in the modeling of the studied multiEstory steel struturesF he development of this tehnique for nlyzing the entire ehvior of lrgeEsle steel strutures up to totl ollpse is rie)y disussedF he min fetures of the method re illustrtedF e onstitutive model for struturl steel is dpted to ount for elsti!plsti ehvior under di'erent hzrdous loding onditions nd the pushEover nlysis proedure is pplied for severl exmples of plnr steel frmesF he presented study implies the use of di'erent modes for eh uilding to stisfy the ojetivesF he results show high pility of the used method on simulting the oserved dmge of multiEstory steel strutures due to reent erthqukesF
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATIONS OF FRICTION DAMPED POST-TENSIONED SELF-CENTERING STEEL MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES  ID 1442
C. Christopoulos, University of Toronto, Canada H. J. Kim, University of Toronto, Canada

huring seismi exittionD the inelsti ehvior of steel sEems is highly in)uened y lol ukling nd lowEyle ftigue phenomenD produing redution in oth sti'ness nd strength of the struturl elementsF sn this workD on the sis of lrge dtEse of experimentl tests on ntilever ems sujeted to yli lodingD onstitutive reltion in terms of glol oordintes @foreEdisplement pD v t topA is derivedD ple to desrie the redution in sti'ness nd strength in terms of dmge umultionF es previously proposed in the litertureD winer9s rule is extended to the se of lowEyle ftigue nd model of liner umultion of dmge is doptedF e filure predition funtion is derivedD in terms of Ex urvesD from the results of experimentl testsF rere is hosen s the pekEtoEpek mplitude of top displementY x orresponds to onventionl point of filureD determined from the results of the experimentl testsF e dmge index sh is then proposedD following the winers ruleD ssoited to yleEounting rule in the se of omplex lod historyF he onstitutive reltion proposed hs iliner elstiEplsti skeleton urveY unloding is elsti nd reloding tkes ple with redued sti'nessF e degrdtion in the sti'ness of oth the strinEhrdening nd reloding rnhes tkes ple during the loding proessD s funtion of the proposed dmge indexF imilrlyD strength degrdtion is modeled s redution in the fore vlue for whih the plsti rnh is enteredF he lirtion of the prmeters of the onstitutive reltion is performed to hieve stisftory (tting of experimentl dtD for severl types of sEsetionsF pinllyD the foreEdisplement onstitutive reltion is trnsformed into moment!rottion lw for the plsti hinge t the se of the ntilever emD thus llowing for his doption within lumpedEplstiity em elementF

230

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STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL ,INTRODUCTION TO SEISMIC BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN  ID 1529
M. Hooshmandzadeh, Islamic Azad University of Shushtar Branch, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 3g
strength nd dutility to lssify s rigid nd dutile onnetionF

his pper is intended to provideX @A summry of the pst experimentl reserh on steel plte sher wlls with emphsis on reserh done in xorth emeriY @A rief summry of stte of prtie in using steel plte sher wlls in highly seismi res ndY @A summry of justinitited reserh progrm t gEferkeley to study yli ehvior of steel plte sher wlls nd to develop seismi design reommendtionsF F
COMPARISON OF DAMAGE INDEXES IN THREE STEEL STRUCTURES  ID 1542
M. Tehranizadeh, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Khajeh Samani, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

THE NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR OF SIDE PLATE MOMENT CONNECTIONS  ID 1613

A. Deylami, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. R. Shiravand, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

rere inD di'erent kind of dmge indies re ompredF he importne of this evlution is due to existent strutures whih re not uilt ppropritely to resist ginst erthqukes nd need to e retro(ttedF hi'erent dmge indies onsidering mteril ehvior nd struture ehvior re proposedF hese indies n e divided into two typesD lol dmge index nd glol dmge indexF vol dmge indies re used to show dmge in elements nd qlol dmge indies show dmge in whole strutureF hree steel frme strutures with di'erent heights re nlyzed y nonliner time history proedure nd lol dmge indies for three erthqukesF st shows tht severe dmge in these strutures will our in upper levels in highErise strutures nd for strutures whih re designed sed on fore sed designD dmge distriution ross story levels is not equlF gomined dmge indies re generlly more eptedF sn mny dmge indiesD some oe0ients re used nd they must e tuned for di'erent struturesF enother mjor disdvntge in some lol dmge indies is lk of lirtion for vrying degrees of dmgeF lues derived from di'erent dmge indies re extremely sensitive to ehvior model purported for mterilF qlol dmge indies omputed y weighted verge re s relile s lol dmge indies used to lulte lol dmgeF qlol dmge indies sed on modl prmeters depend on their hypotheses nd the modl prmeters tht re used in their lultionF
THE BEHAVIOR OF STEEL BUILT-UP DOUBLE-I COLUMN WITH SIDE PLATE MOMENT CONNECTION UNDER CYCLIC LOADING  ID 1612
A. Deylami, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. R. Shiravand, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

xumerous welded steel moment resisting onnetions filed during the IWWR xorthridge erthquke nd IWWS uoe erthqukeF elthough vriety of di'erent types of frtures were oservedD the rittle frtures of the Ejoint groove weld of the em )nge to the olumn were the most ommon typesF yne of the new onnetions orn for the design nd onstrution of dutile steel strutures fter the xorthridge erthquke is known s idelte onnetionF he tehnil rehes of this new onnetion re keenly suited for the high dutile performne expettions of struturl uilding systems in the seismi zonesF he ideplte onnetion ontins pir of fullEdepth side pltes onneting the em to the olumnD so the em never touhes the olumnF he physil seprtion etween em nd olumn elimintes reognized rittle ehvior nd ll unertinties tht re intrinsi with the using of Ejoint omplete penetrtion groove welds to onnet em )nges diretly to the olumnF sn dditionD using side pltes elimintes omplex high order mgnitude trixil strins t the emEtoEolumn interfe nd inherently wek pnel zone prtiiption of the olumn weF sn this reserhD xumer of nonEliner three dimensionl (nite element models re developed to study the ehvior of the side plte onnetion under monotoni nd yli lodingsF he results of numeril models indite tht this new onnetion geometry hs su0ient sti'nessD strength nd dutility tht n e lssi(ed s speil moment frme @wpA gonnetion suitle for seismi zonesF

IRANIAN EXISTING STEEL BUILDINGS: STATE OF THE PRACTICE; PART 1: NON-ENGINEERED PRACTICES  ID 1779
B. Shafei Pamsari, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) P. Lestuzzi, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland M. Motavalli, Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, EMPA, Switzerland S. R. Mirghaderi, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

xumerous welded steel momentEresisting onnetions filed during the xorthridge erthqukeF elthough vriety of di'erent types of frtures were oservedD ut the rittle frture of Ejoint groove weld of the em )nge to the olumnD due to trixil stress onentrtion were the most ommon typesD he ideplte onnetion ontins pir of fullEdepth side pltes onneting the em to the olumnF he em never touhes the olumnF he physil seprtion etween em nd olumn elimintes the peked trixil stress onentrtionF sn order to improvement the inelsti ehvior under erthqukeD we hve studied possiility of using side pltes to modify the trditionl onnetion geometry of sEshped em to uiltEup olumnF his new geometry for em to uiltEup olumn onnetion elimintes reognized rittle ehvior nd ll unertinties tht re intrinsi with the use of Ejoint omplete penetrtion groove weld to onnet em )nges diretly to uiltEup olumnF sing side pltes elimintes omplex high order mgnitude trixil strins t the emEtoEolumn interfe nd inherently wek pnel zone prtiiption of the uiltEup olumn weF por this purposeD series of nonEliner three dimensionl (nite element models re developed to study the ehvior of using side plte onnetion geometry for em to uiltEup olumn under monotoni nd yli lodingsF he results of nlytil models indite tht this new onnetion geometry hs su0ient sti'nessD

srnin existing steel uildings n e divided into two min tegoriesF he (rst tegory inludes wide rnge of steel uildings lrge numer of whih were uilt efore IWWHD nd their onstrution ws sed on neither seismi nor nonEseismi odesF hese uildings hve een designed minly ording to the experienes of trditionl rhitetsD nd their ptterns of onE strution n e nmed s srnin 4xonEingineered rties4F sn ontrst to the (rst tegoryD there re srnin steel uildings whih hve een onstruted ording to the 4ingineered rties4D nd the ontemporry odes hve een onsidered in their design nd on(gurtionF he ommon hrteristi of uildings of the seond tegory is tht lthough these uildings hve relile grvity lod systemD there is serious dout out their ility to resist erthquke lodsF hese two types of prties hve hd ruil e'ets on the urrent seismi performne of srnin steel uildingsF fsed on the experienes of pst erthqukesD it hs een on(rmed tht these prties whih re sed on lmost no seismi ode or doument n not stisfy seismi requirements of steel uildings properlyD nd therefore (nding their wek points is essentilF sn the present pperD fter introduing the ommon 4xonEingineered rties4 of srnin steel uildingsD their generl seismi de(ienies re onsideredF he (nl prt of this pper proposes di'erent generl rehilittion strtegies tht my e pproprite for typil srnin steel uildingsF st should e mentioned tht the 4ingineered rties4 of onstrution hve een desried in the rt PF

231

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IRANIAN EXISTING STEEL BUILDINGS: STATE OF THE PRACTICE; PART 2: ENGINEERED PRACTICES  ID 1780
B. Shafei Pamsari, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) P. Lestuzzi, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland M. Motavalli, Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, EMPA, Switzerland S. R. Mirghaderi, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
STUDYING THE ENERGY DISSIPATION IN EBFS SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE BY USING NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES  ID 2075
M. Hosseini, IAU, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Esmaeili, IAU, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

srnin existing steel uildings n e divided into two min tegoriesF he (rst tegory inludes wide rnge of steel uildings lrge numer of whih were uilt efore IWWHD nd their onstrution ws sed on neither seismi nor nonEseismi odesF hese uildings hve een designed minly ording to the experienes of trditionl rhitetsD nd their ptterns of onE strution n e nmed s srnin 4xonEingineered rties4F sn ontrst to the (rst tegoryD there re srnin steel uildings whih hve een onstruted ording to the 4ingineered rties4D nd the ontemporry odes hve een onsidered in their design nd on(gurtionF he ommon hrteristi of uildings of the seond tegory is tht lthough these uildings hve relile grvity lod systemD there is serious dout out their ility to resist erthquke lodsF hese two types of prties hve hd ruil e'ets on the urrent seismi performne of srnin steel uildingsF fsed on the experienes of pst erthqukesD it hs een on(rmed tht these prties whih re sed on lmost no seismi ode or doument n not stisfy seismi requirements of steel uildings properlyD nd therefore (nding their wek points is essentilF sn the present pperD fter introduing the ommon 4ingineered rties4 of srnin steel uildingsD their generl seismi de(ienies re onsideredF he (nl prt of this pper proposes di'erent generl rehilittion strtegies tht my e pproprite for typil srnin steel uildingsF st should e mentioned tht the 4xonEingineered rties4 of onstrution hve een desried in the rt IF

wost of the existing seismi design odes suggest using response modi(tion ftor in lultion of the equivlent erthquke lod to ount for the energy dissiption of the struture sujeted to severe erthqukesF his ftor ppers in the lultion of the uilding totl seismi sher fore rther thn lterl lod distriution lultionsF his impliitly mens tht the ode ssumes the plsti ehvior or energy dissiption of the system in its vrious stories is lmost the smeF o (nd out how fr is the tul distriution of plsti hinges from the ode ssumptionD some sets of steel uildings with eentrilly red frmes @ifpsAD s ommon type of modertely high rise uildingsD hve een studied y nonliner time history nlyses @xvreAF he uildings hve up to IS stories nd up to Q ysD nd hve een nlyzed y severl rel elerogrmsF he formtion trend of the plsti hinges in vrious elements of steel frmes nd the (nl distriution of plsti hinges over the struture ody s well s the mount of energy dissiption in vrious hinges hve een studied to ompred with the lterl lod pttern of the odeD whih show gret di'erenes in ll sesF henD uildings hve een redesigned y the verge lod pttern otined in the previous stgeD nd the xvre hve een repetedF his time good greement is oserved etween the tul lod distriution nd the verge pttern used for the redesigning of uildingsF fy lulting the rtio of the vlues given y this verge lod pttern to those given y the suggested pttern of the odeD somehow new onept of storyEdependent response modi(tion ftor n e de(nedF he results show tht the forementioned rtio is more thn unity in lower nd higher stories of the uilding nd less thn unity in the intermedite storiesF

DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE TERETIC DAMPER  ID 1835

PLASTIC

HYS-

ES 5: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction

Level-1
FRAGILITY ANALYSIS OF MID-RISE RC FRAME BUILDINGS  ID 42
M. S. Kircil, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Z. Polat, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

A. Neulichedl, Ingenieurbro Neulichedl & Partner, Italy

teel is very dutile mteril nd is thus in priniple very suitle for strutures exposed to erthqukesF gonentrilly red frmes represent very simpleD e0ient nd thus very often used kind of ringF feuse of their slender nd esthetilly plesing shpeD Ered frmes utilising tensionEonly res re of prtiulr interestF por yli lodingD s in the se of erthquke tionsD onentrilly red frmes re in generl not so e0ientD they show low pity of energy dissiptionF he digonl tension rods represent in these systems the only e'etive dissiptive elementF he digonl ompression rods fil to erly in most ses @uklingAD whih leds to ontrtions of the hystereti urveF sn order to prevent too erly ollpse of the ompression digonlsD the stndrds restrit the dmissile slenderness rtiosF Ered frmes utilising tension rods or lesD ommonly used nowdys for estheti resonsD re not suitle in their onventionl design for rings ginst erthquke tionsF sn this ontriution is reported on the development of simpleD plsti hystereti dmperD whih is inorported in onentrilly red frmeF restressed digonls mde of round rods or les re used together with plsti dmping element situted in the ross pointF his dmping element is equivlent to smll losed steel frme with geometry mthed with the digonl ringsF es the lultion results showD it is possile to otin very e0ient nd pronouned hystereti ehviourF purthermoreD the lultion shows tht with these systems lrge dutilities in the displement n e hieved lso for more ylesD nd thus ehviour ftors of q b Q n e otined esilyF he presented ring system is hrterised y its simpliityD eonomi e0ienyD esthetis nd exellent properties of energy dissiptionF he system is lso very suitle for the susequent instlltion in existing struturesF

fehvior of reinfored onrete strutures under the e'et of ground motions hs lwys een sujet of investigtionD espeilly in seismi regionsF wenwhileD the dmge to the uilding from reent erthqukes hs emphsized the requirement for the risk ssessment of existing uilding stok to estimte the potentil dmge for the future erthqukesF prgility urves re useful tools whih show the proility of struturl dmge due to erthqukes s funtion of ground motion indiesF sn this studyD frgility urves of midErise g frme uildings in sstnul were onstruted sed on numeril simultionF mple uildings with di'erent numer of stories were designed ording to urkish eismi hesign godeF snrementl dynmi nlyses were performed for those smple uildings using the twelve rti(il ground motions to determine yielding nd ollpse pity of the smple uildingsF fsed on those pitiesD frgility urves were onstruted in terms of elsti spetrl elertion for yielding nd ollpse dmge levels with lognorml distriution ssumptionF i'et of numer of stories on frgility prmeters ws investigtedF st ws found tht frgility prmeters hnge signi(ntly due to numer of stories of uildingF pinllyD using onstruted frgility urves nd sttistil methodsD limit vlues of interEstory drift rtio were estimted for immedite oupny nd ollpse prevention performne levelsF
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF MUSTAPHA PACHA HOSPITAL OF ALGIERS  ID 120

232

Poster Presentations
M. N. Farsi, CGS, Algeria M. Belazougui, CGS, Algeria

ES 5
seondry shools in iwnF erious sulties nd losses my e resulted from the ollpse of shool uildings under strong erthqukesF hereforeD the retro(t of these shool uildings is the most importnt issue in iwnF his pper reports tht fullEsle twoEstory threeEy shool uilding speimens unEretro(tted or retro(tted with g jketingD steel jketingD or wing wlls were tested under onstnt xil lod nd yli reversed horizontl lod to investigte their seismi ehviorD inluding )exurl dutilityD dissipted energyD nd sher pityF ypenees is lso used to predit the momentEurvture reltionship of setions nd the lterl lodEdisplement reltionship of uildingsF fsed on the test resultsD the seismi ehvior of four fullEsle speimens is presentedF he test results re lso ompred to the nlysis results of ypeneesF he rik wll elements nd retro(tting elements n e simulted with suitle numeril modelsF st ws found tht the seismi performne of retro(tted speimens ws gretly improved ompred to the unEretro(tted speimenD nd ypenees ould predit the lterl lodEdisplement reltionship of suh speimens with resonle uryF
STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-ENGINEERED EXISTING HOUSINGS IN ASIA  ID 181
S. Suzuki, Kansai Univ., Japan S. Tanaka, Fuji-Tokoha Univ., Japan N. Maki, Kyoto Univ., Japan K. Horie, Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan H. Hayashi, Kyoto Univ., Japan

he erthqukes of these lst two dedes hve shown the high vulnerility of the helth filities in elgeri the mjority of with were onstruted efore the sixtiesF wny uildings onstituting the more importnt hospitls of the more importnt elgeri ities @elgiersD yrnD gonstntineD ennD etFA re nonEtied stone msonry struturesF his onstrution system hs not stisftory seismi resistneF he IWVH ilEesnm erthquke hs totlly destroyed the hospitl of this ityD wheres the one of heni ity whih is the more importnt hospitl of the wily of foumerdesD ws prtilly losed euse of serious dmges following the wy PHHQ foumerdes erthqukeF he vulnerility study @IWWTEIWWVA of strtegi uildings of elgiers ity hs onluded tht the mjority of the uildings of wustph h hospitl omplex hve very low seismi resistneF his pper presents vulnerility nlysis of one representtive uilding of wustph h hospitlF eording to the nlysis resultsD reommendtions re proposed for this hospitl omplex whih is of strtegi importne for elgiers ityF
ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCE TYPES OF CITIES IN THE SEISMIC PRONE AREAS OF UZBEKISTAN  ID 159
N. Mavlyanova, Seismology, Uzbekistan O. Zakirov, Institute of Business and Law, Bournemouth Univers, UK

zekistn is loted in the middle of the gentrl esi within zone of the high seismiityF epproximtely SS 7 of territory of the epuli sed in the zone of expeted seismi intensity ss @y wuEsleA nd higherF sn these seismilly dngerous res loted more thn QQH itiesF he onstrution of ities in zekistn hs the speil fetures onneted with its nient history nd modern developmentF por the ssessment of seismi risk of the ities in zekistn n e divided into R si typesX he (rst group onerning nient ities @some of them hve more thn PHHH yers historyA whih were formed in the ple of old nd ig settlements nd re now onsiderly developed suh industril entersF he uildings of these ities were formed during severl enturies nd hrterized y omplexity nd vriety of types of dwelling suh s nient strutures nd s modern uildingsF gities from the seond group re the new ities formed in the lst SH yersD s the enters with the dvned industriesF he most of uildings in these res re multiEstorey housesF he third group inludes nient nd new smll ities whih re hrterized y low level of industril development nd prevlene of rnhes of griultureF wost of the uildings re oneEstorey individulF he si prt of residentil uildings in repuli ws onstruted y using lol ly mterils without nti seismi designF he pitl of zekistn ity of shkent hs speil positionF efter strong erthquke in IWTT shkent ws signi(ntly destroyed nd then ws uilt to the new nd modern ityF resent time there re n intensive hnge of engineering E geologil nd hydroEgeologil onditions in the itiesF he numer of vulnerility uildings is signi(ntly inresed nd therefore there is n inrese in the seismi risk for people living in these uildingsF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE SCHOOL BUILDINGS  ID 167
Y. K. Yeh, NCREE, Taiwan L. L. Chung, NCREE, Taiwan T. C. Chiou, NCREE, Taiwan T. K. Chow, NCREE, Taiwan

e lot of one to two nd three storey nonEengineered house strutures with g frme msonry wlls hve serious prolemsD in whih the orresponding uilding stndrd lws re not onsidered to the struturesF his type of housing hs een ontinuously uilt nd is still mking ll over esi from the est to the westF yne of the ig prolems is tht they must ollpse or su'er from signi(nt dmge sujeted to future destrutive erthqukesFF his leds to humn life nd soil lossesF e hve seleted the two story housing uilt in hilippinesD s typil exmplesF e will lrify their dynmi hrteristis sed on the sttisti onesD strongly relted to the seismi design nd erthquke dissterF pirstD the fundmentl nturl frequenyGperiod nd dmping rtio properties of the stndrd housing re otined referring to the mirotremor oservtion nd on the rti(il foreEvirtion tests resultsD respetivelyF xextD some vlule restoring fore models re ssumed sed on the uniExil stti lterl fore tests nd they re introdued into the housing models for the erthquke response nlysis using reorded ground motionsF vstlyD the erthquke response nlytil results re ompred nd exmined from the viewpoint of erthquke dmge nd dissterD of whih responses re the mximum displement nd the umultive plsti deformtionF he results onlude tht the introdution of stle hystereti restoringEfore types to the housing is reommended nd upgrding is requiredD stronglyF
DERIVATION OF VULNERABILITY FUNCTIONS BASED ON OBSERVATIONAL DATA FOR IRAN  ID 207
G. Ghodrati Amiri, Iran University of Science & Technology, Iran

OF

RETROFITTED

(Islamic Republic Of ) M. Jalalian, Iran University of Science & Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e signi(nt erthqukeD WPIEghihi irthqukeD ourred in IWWWF st used serious disster in the entrl re of iwnD espeilly for shool uildingsF WPIEghihi irthquke used nerly hlf of the shool uildings in the entrl re of iwn to ollpse or dmge seriouslyF TST primry nd seondry shool uildings were dmged in tht erthqukeF vk of seismi performne is ommon prolem for the existing uildings in primry nd

srn is loted on one of the most seismi res of the worldF st is situted over the rimlynEelpied seismi elt nd is one of those ountries whih hve lost mny humn lives due to the ourrene of erthqukesF herefore reserh work relted to seismi risk ssessment is very importnt in this ountryF sn this pperD existing vulnerility reltionships for strutures re reviewed with view to their pplition to n srnin seismi risk ssessment senrioF hen sed on this study nd dt nk of postEerthquke dmge distriutions oserved in erthquke events in srnD new empiril frgility urves for di'erent uilding groups re derivedF

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THE REGION DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION DESTROY RATE IN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER ESTIMATION  ID 219
L. Jiang, 1China Earthquake Networks Center, China

Poster Presentations
IU metersF sn IWWUD this disused uilding eing prt of industril monument heritgeD hd to e restrutured to mke it universityF he (rst step of this reonstrution onsisted in nlysing the uilding struture nd its omponentsX onreteD steelD supporting groundF ell of the ove hve een onsidered eptle nd in good enough onditionF roweverD the glol struture ws no longer ful(lling the urrent seismi seurity9s normsF he remit mde fterwrd thus inluded mjors updtes in this (eldF he epted projet hd spei(ities tht mde it di'erent from the othersX insted of lolly reinforing the existing onrete elements @eFgFX with ron (resA its purpose is to proeed to generl restiliztion of the uilding so tht seismi stresses will e miniml in the old struturesF fy reting mny lodEering shells nd new onrete )oorsD nd linking ll these new elements to the more frgile nd more )exile former strutureD the seismi stresses will e trnsferred to the newer elementsF st is this onstrutionD urrently in progress nd to e ompleted shortlyD we propose to present you during this onfereneF
SEISMIC EVALUATION OF EXISTING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, APPLICATION IN FRANCE OF THE IAEA APPROACH  ID 265
E. Gallitre, EDF, France P. Labb, EDF, France

sn the di'erent region of ghin minlndD sorts of onE strutions hve diverse rhiteture nd di'erent erthquke resistneF sn order to quntify the in)uene to erthquke loss estimtion used y the di'ereneD TT disstrous erthquke ses re hosen to do sttistil nlysisD to de(nite the onstrution destroy oe0ient in erthquke loss rpid estimtion systemF he result shows tht there is gret region proneness in the onstrution erthquke resistne in minlndF sn the west region of minlndD s fr s the sme kind of onstrution is onernedD the onstrution destroy rte of xei wenggu is reltive igD ihn nd unnn9s is muh smllF pinllyD the onstrution destroy rte mtrix of unnnD injingD qnsuEinghiD xei wenggu region re gined y weighted men rithmetiD using the dt from erthquke loss site investigtion reportsF
STRUCTURAL MEASURES FOR SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION IN MULTISTORY BUILDINGS  ID 221
P. Satish, Jabalpur Engineering College Jabalpur, India P. Dharmendra Kumar, Samarat Ashok Technological Institute, India

pidly inresing popultion in urn res nd dy to dy inresing ost of lndD given irth for the onstrution of multistoried uildingsF hese multistory uildings re used for vrious purposes like residentilD institutionl nd ommeril usesF huring erthquke these multistory uildings re most suspeted to seismi filureF he performne of multistory uildings in erthquke prone res shows tht the vulnerility in its designD plnning nd onstrution prtiesF e lrge numer of multistory uildings in ehmeddD fhujD qndhidhm @rt of sndiA nd other towns su'ered sever dmges or drmti ollpseF his shows tht the hnges must e required in the designD plnning nd onstrution prties of multistoried uildingF he ojetive of this pper to put forth some suggestions nd improvement in present prties nd neessity of their inorportion for improving the performne of multistory uildings in erthquke prone resF sn this ontext this pper mkes n ttempt to improve seismi ehvior of multistory uildingsF rious filures of multistory uildingD whih would e disussed in detil in this pper re nmelyD soft story e'etD pln symmetryD short olumn e'etD e'et of wek olumn strong em designD poor onstrution prtiesD filure due to inelsti ehvior of FgFgF memer etF sn order to minimize the risks of slipping etween the superstruture nd sustruture vrious new tehniques like se isoltion system nd frition pendulum system re rie)y desrie in this pperF his pper lso dels with the vrious struturl mesure whih would e tken for erthquke resistne onstrution suh sD provision of ring in soft storyD seismi design of )exurl memersD provision of dequte on(nement steel in olumnD reinforement in msonry wllD hrmony in dimensionl proportioningD vrious dutile detiling spet nd rigidity in onnetion re desrie in detilF
THE FOUNDRY  ID 263
C. Michel, HAGENMULLER SA, France V. Davidovici, DYNAMIC CONCEPT, France

ri seie wiryh he min purpose of this seie fety eport PV is to provide guidne for onduting seismi sfety evlution progrmme for n existing xuler ower lnt @xA in mnner onsistent with interntionlly reognized prtieF he proposed guidne relies on well known tehnil (ndingsF por instne it is reminded tht sfe ntiEseismi design relies more on pities in ommodting lrge strins thn in lning lrge fores s they n e estimted on the sis of the lssil engineering pproh @elsti ehviour ssumption nd stti equivlent pprohAF he seie fety eport reommends tht riteri for seismi pity ssessment e more onservtive thn those epted in onventionl uilding inE dustryD ut more lierl thn for n x designF por this purpose inelsti energy sorption ftors re introdued s prtil inE lusive method tht tkes into ount the struturl dutile pE ityF sn this regrdsD the seie fety eport insists on the ft tht n tul dutile pity must e villeF iswsg iEievesyx yp pixgr xs he seie pproh hs een pplied to the seismi reEevlution of two prenh xsD pessenheim nd fugeyF he pper presents the se of pessenheimF he following items were investigtedX torsion e'etsD irregulrities tht my weken the strutureD out of pln e'ets for soft )oorsD foundtions frgilitiesD onnetions etween struturl elementsD undesirle rigidity e'ets of non struturl elementsF eording to the seie methodD dutile pity of strutures hs een doumented trough review of reinforement detils of the onrete struturesD dutile pity of the steel frmes juntionsD weld si propertiesD nd in generl of every ruil item relting to dutile pityF pinllyD implementtion of the seie method proved to e e0ient nd resulted in set of upgrding tions tht improved signi(ntly the seismi ruggedness of the plnt struturesF
FRAGILITY-BASED EVALUATION OF THE SEISMIC RETROFIT STRATEGY FOR RC BUILDINGS IN TURKEY  ID 294
M. A. Erberik, Middle East Technical University, Turkey M. S. Gunay, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

 v ponderie @the poundryA ionomilD soil nd legl sienes universityF he uilding v ponderieD uilt in IWPPD housed until IWSR mehnil onstrution ompnyF his uilding (rst hd struture mde of polesD perforted rhes nd emsD ll in reinfored onrete with some rik (llingsF st lso inludes P huge nves frmed y more sophistited rhiteture9s zonesF he uilding is IPS meters longD SR meters width nd hs height of

sn this studyD frgility funtions re otined for the unE retro(tted nd retro(tted sttes of four story reinfored onrete frme uilding loted in the town of hinr in urkeyD nd seismi hzrd nlysis is onduted to determine the level of the seismi risk tht the uilding is sujeted toF he se study uilding under onsidertion ws modertely dmged in IWWS hinr erthquke nd rehilitted y dding sherwlls to the existing frme in order to enhne the seismi resistneD whih is the min rehilittion tehnique pplied fter IWWS hinr nd IWWV geyhn erthqukesF

234

Poster Presentations
por the onstrution of frgility urvesD nonliner time history nlyses re onduted y onsidering the unertinty in the ground motion nd struturl vriilityF ushover nlysis is employed for the determintion of limit sttes nd limit sttes re sed on memerElevel deformtion limits nd performnes s well s the glol ehviour of the strutureF fsed on the resulting frgility urves generted for preE nd postEretro(t stgesD the impt of the seleted retro(t tehnique n e ssessedF sn dditionD the oserved dmge stte of the unretro(tted uilding fter hinr erthquke is ompred with the result otined ording to the omined nlysis of frgility nd seismi hzrdF sn the (nl stgeD the level of seismi risk for the retro(tted uilding is evlutedF

ES 5
SEISMIC EVALUATION OF THE MAIN CONTROL BUILDINGS OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT  ID 333
A. Rezaei Tabrizi, ERC, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Nateghi-A., IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

AN EVALUATION OF SEISMIC CAPACITY OF 15STORY BUILDING SUBJECTED TO VERTICAL DEFORMATION  ID 297

R. Techasiriwan, EGAT Plc., Thailand W. Fhagatong, EGAT Plc., Thailand

his pper presents seismi performne evlution of ISEstory uilding whih is sujeted to vertil deformtion t the level expeted for fngkok reF his postEtensioned )t sl with reinfored onrete struture ws originlly not designed for seismi fores nd ws lter strengthened ording to the di'erentil settlementF o evlute the seismi pity of this uildingD pushover nlysis is rried outF sn this methodD threeEdimensionl mthemtil model with n e'etive em width is reted to simulte the tul nonliner response of the uilding to seismi foresF he nlysis proedure used in this evlution ws sed on those given in piwe!QSTF elsoD the e'ets of foundtionD ording to the settlementD re inluded in the nlysisF he seismi pity is then ompred with seismi demnd from the expeted erthquke ground motionsD nd the seismi performne n e determinedF he evlution results indite tht the uilding hs lmost su0ient pity to withstnd the highest intensity erthquke ground motions expeted in fngkok reF roweverD to improve the seismi pity of the uildingD joint onnetion etween sl nd olumn still need to e retro(ttedF

eismi evlution of power plnts is n extremely vitl tsk in srnF srn eing seismilly tive region nd experiene of mjor erthqukes in reent yers hs reted n environment tht requires speil ttention to ll mjor nd importnt strutures throughout the ountryF sn this studyD the min ontrol uildings of IHHH meg wtt therml power plnt ws investigted for its vulnerility ginst seismi foresF ivlution ws rried out in two phses using sreening tehniques s well s nlytil nd numeril methodsF reening methods ws sed on reommenE dtion provided y piweEQIH while nlytil investigtions were performed y utilizing reommendtions stted y piweEQST for oth liner nd nonliner nlysisF Qh modeling ws onsidered nd oth response spetrum nd nonliner stti pushover nlysis were used in nlyzing the strutureF truture ws sujeted to RUS nd PRUS yer return period erthqukesF sn erthquke with RUS yer return periodD the e'et of uplift ws lso onsidered for further detiled investigtionF esults for di'erent performne levels were then lulted nd the vulnerility indexes were identi(edF his pper will present the proedures usedD otined results nd lso reommendtions for deling with this sort of importnt strutures oth in terms of modeling nd deling with the otined nlytil results in retro(t design phseF
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION OF A 150M R/C STACK IN A THERMAL POWER PLANT  ID 334
A. Rezaei Tabrizi, ERC, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Nateghi-A., IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

SEISMIC VULNERABILITY SWITZERLAND  ID 331

FUNCTIONS

FOR

K. Pfyl-Lang, Basler & Hofmann, Switzerland P. Zwicky, Basler & Hofmann, Switzerland F. Kind, Converium Ltd, Switzerland A. Zbinden, Converium Ltd, Switzerland

por the ssessment of potentil seismi losses insurne nd reinsurne ompnies work with deEterministi event senrios oupling the seismi hzrd with the vulnerility of the uilt environment nd the exposed vluesF heresD howeverD lot hs een done in reent times to improve the sEsessment of the seismi hzrd in witzerlndD vulnerility funtions re still lrgely sed on oserEvtions nd expert opinions from other ountries with the dditionl prolem of ppliilityF he gol of this study is therefore the de(nition of vulnerility funtions sed on hrteristi fetures of the uildings in witzerlndF ristoril mroseismi oservtions re the est urrently ville soures of dmge informtion for witzerlnd nd the historil tlogue is nturlly expressed in intensitiesF hereforeD this study is sed on the vulnerility desriptions of the iuropen wroseismi le @iwAF ypil onEstrution types in witzerlnd re de(ned nd ompred to the stndrd onstrution types of the iwF o frD the study is limited to the most importnt onstrution types in witzerlndX nreinfored msonry nd reinfored onrete wll struturesF sing soring system in the style of egEPI the di'erenes to the vulnerilities of the stndrd onstrution types re expressed quntittively resultEing in orretion of the vulnerility funtions of the iw for the respetive onstrution typesF

eismi evlution of power plnts is n extremely vitl tsk in srnF srn eing seismilly tive region nd experiene of mjor erthqukes in reent yers hs reted n environment tht requires speil ttention to ll mjor nd importnt strutures throughout the ountryF sn this projetD ISH meters Gg tk in therml power plnt in western provine of rmedn ws invesE tigtedF his study of ourse inluded ll di'erent setions of the power plntD however in this pper only the seismi ehvior of this tll stk will e presentedF win doument used for the evlution of this stk ws egsEQHUF eording to the reommendtion of this mnulD r elements nd onentrted mss ws utilized for the nlysisF elso to further investigte the true ehvior nd ompre the results y the reommendtionsD (nite element nlysis ws lso performedF sn (nite element nlysisD due to modeling pilitiesD lso ll of the openings were onsideredF sn this study using oth methodsD periodsD displementsD modl prtiiption ftorsD se sher nd overturning moments were studied nd ompredF his pper is to present oth of proedures usedD omprisons mde nd results otinedF st will lso provide few reommendtions for modeling nd possile retro(tting tehniques whih were onsidered for this projetF
RETROFITTING CONCRETE EARTHQUAKES  ID 336 FRAMES AGAINST

F. Shalouf, University of Ottawa, Canada

erformne of reinfored onrete strutures during preE vious erthqukes hs indited tht the mjority of uildings designed prior to the enhnement of modern seismi odes nd those designed more reently in regions where ode enforement is di0ult to hieveD hve su'ered seismi dmge ssoited with nonEdutile frme onstrutionF wore reent erthqukesD inluding the PHHS outh esi irthquke in kistn hve underlined one gin seismi risks ssoited with nonEdutile onstrutionF sn some ses seismi resistne of these uildings ws not su0ient even under moderte levels of erthquke exittionF feuse it is not eonomilly fesile to reple seismilly de(ient uilding infrstruture with new nd improved uildingsD seismi retro(tting remins to e the most vile pproh to seismi risk

235

ES 5
mitigtionF en pproprite retro(t methodology for nonEdutile frmes is to provide su0ient ring nd deformtion ontrol so tht nonEdutile frme elements remin essentilly elsti during erthqukesY the retro(tting ws done y using digonl prestressing lesF he prestressing provides su0ient lterl ring fores without the need for lrge res of steelF he pper inludes the results of nlytil reserh tht involves dynmi nlyses of seleted reinfored onrete frme uildingsF he results indite thtD the drift n e ontrolled y using digonl prestressing les nd depending on the mount of strnds used nd the level of initil prestressing pplied
TYPOLOGICAL FRAGILITY CURVES FROM ITALIAN EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE DATA  ID 386
M. Rota, ROSE School, Italy A. Penna, EUCENTRE, Italy C. Strobbia, EUCENTRE, Italy

Poster Presentations
dutility nd ehviour ftor should (rst e estlishedF sn this pperD response modi(tion ftor prmeters for onentri @ nd ghevronA steel red g frmes of di'erent heights nd reEfrme on(gurtions re evlutedF he prmeters inluding dutilityD dutility redution ftor nd overstrength re extrted from response urves otined from inelsti dptiveEsed pushover nlyses of redEfrme systemF he e'ets of some prmeters in)uening the vlue of ftorD inluding the height of the frmeD ring system nd di'erent dutility demnds re investigtedF st is found tht these prmeters hve more lolised e'et on the vlues nd their in)uene does not wrrnt generlistion t this stgeF roweverD the height of this type of lterl lodEresisting system hs profound e'et on the ftorD s it diretly 'ets the dutility pity of the dul systemF pinllyD sed on the (ndings presented in the rtileD tenttive vlues re proposed for steelEred momentEresisting g frme dul systems for di'erent dutility demndsF
A GENERALIZED MODEL FOR DECISION MAKING IN REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES  ID 438
M. Asheghan, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) C. Lucas, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) G. Sobhaninejad, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ixtensive dmge nd usility postEerthquke surveys hve een rried out in stly during the lst QH yersF hese dt hve een used to derive typologil frgility urves for typil uilding lssesF fuilding typologies hve een seleted sed on vertil ering strutureD hrteristis of horizontl strutureD numer of storeysD onstrution period @onsidering erthquke resistnt design presriptionsAF es strting pointD the lssi(tion proposed in the suEi projet hs een usedF rowever the hoie of the typologies is relted to the type of informtion provided y the survey formsF hi'erent forms hve een used fter di'erent events ndD oviouslyD only ommon informtion n e used for the seletion of uildings typologiesF woreoverD eh form hs een onverted into dtsesD orgnized in di'erent wysF herefore omplex reEodi(tion of the ville informtion hs een neessryF hi'erent dmge sles hve een onverted into unique one with R dmge grdesX no dmgeD slight dmgeD severe dmge nd ollpseF es mesure of the erthquke severity experiened y eh uildingD qe hs een seleted nd estimted for eh muniiplityD using n ttenution lwF e mjor prolem of deriving frgility urves from empiril dt is tht postEerthquke surveys re often rried out only on requestX hene dt onerning lower dmges re generlly inompleteD leding to overestimtion of the reltive perentge of severely dmged uildingsF his prolem is ddressed in the work nd possile solution is proposedF prgility urves hve een derived for the di'erent uilding typologiesD fter sttistil tretment of the dtF he experimentl dmge proility mtries hve een proessed in order to infer the prmeters of di'erent funtionl reltionships relting dmge proility to qeF xonliner regression proedures hve een implemented to otin the urve prmetersD (tting the experimentl points onsidering the reltive reliility of eh pointD depending on the smple size nd qulityF
RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR CONCENTRIC STEEL-BRACED RC FRAMES  ID 396
R. Akbari, School of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. H. Adibrad, School of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. M. Naja, Civil Eng. Dept., Isfahan University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn this pper we tried to model unertinties whih re involved in deision mking progress for rehilittion of struturesF he usul methods de(ne deision funtion sed on n eonomi spet of rehilittionF @iFgF gost of ehilittion G gost of eonstrutionAF sully the proility is the only kind of unertinty whih is onsidered in deision progress nd two other mjor (elds of unertinty @ossiility nd sgnorneA re ignoredF e use the wodi(ed hempsterEhfer theory to onsider ll three kinds of unertinty @proilityD fuzziness nd ignorneA in deision mking proess nd we show tht two of them @whih re usully ignoredA n hnge the resultF es n exmple of using this theory we used the proposed lgorithm to mke deision on rel se whih is evluted sed on piweEQSTF
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR REHABILITATION OF RC BUILDINGS IN TURKEY  ID 445
A. Yakut, METU, Turkey S. Cetinceli, METU, Turkey

teel ring of g frmes hs reeived some ttention in reent yers oth s retro(tting mesure of existing g uildings nd s sher resisting element in seismi design of new uildingsF irlier investigtors foussed on the retro(tting spet of ring nd studied externl ring of uildings s well s internl indiret ring of individul ys of the g frmesF vtelyD the diret ring of g frmes hs ttrted more ttention sine it is less ostly nd n e dopted not only for retro(tting purposes ut lso s vile lterntive to g sher wlls t preEonstrution design levelF ixperimentl s well s nlytil investigtions hve studied the pilities of the diret ring system of g frmes with enourging resultsF o e le to rry out seismi design of steelEred g frmesD some key response prmetersD inluding

he need to rehilitte existing uildings with poor perE formne ontinuously inreses s lerly reveled y reent studies inditing high proility of dmging erthquke to 'et the wrmr region in urkeyF ith the rising ost of dmges due to erthqukesD the neessity of the ostEene(t nlysis for vrious rehilittion strtegies used in existing uildings hs eome mjor onern for the deision mkers who re in the position of mking deisions on the uilding rehilittion strtegiesF his study evlutes the performne of two di'erent rehilittion strtegies pplied to two (veEstory reinfored onrete uildings nd ssesses their ostEene(t nlysesF hese uildings were hosen to e representtive of the typil residentil uildings in urkeyF wo lterntive strengthening methodsD insertion of reinfored onrete sher wlls nd pplition of gron pier einfored olymers @gpA on hllow ly tile in(ll wllsD were used for oth of the uildingsF ushover nlyses were performed to evlute seismi performne of the uildingsF he vife sfety riterion ws hosen s the rehilittion ojetiveF he glol nd omponent response eptility limits were heked nd the ostEene(t nlysis ws performed in order to determine the most ttrtive rehilittion lterntiveF he results nd omprisons illustrted tht the seismi performne nd ost e'etiveness of the rehilittion lterntives re diretly relted to the sher wll densityD evlution riteri nd the seletion of the response quntityF
PERFORMANCE-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT AND RETROFIT GUIDELINES FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN CANADA  ID 462

236

Poster Presentations
T. White, University of British Columbia, Canada G. Taylor, TBG Seismic Consultants Ltd., Canada C. Ventura, University of British Columbia, Canada Algeria

ES 5
sn elgiersD espeilly in the oldest ommunesD the rel prk is mde up minly of msonry uildings @stone ndGor rikAF he expertises rried out on this frme s well s the postEseismi investigtions whih took ple on this territory showed the low resistne of this type of onstrution towrds seismi tionF he study of the seismi vulnerility of msonry uildings is thus of topility nd onstitutes fundmentl stge for the redution of the losses due to erthqukes in the pitlF his vulnerility n e redued if preventive mesures re tkenF he knowledge of the stte of the frme llows the deisionEmking s for the reinforement of the most vulnerle struturesD in other wordsD those presenting the most riskF sn this workD we will present n estimte of the vulnerility degree of msonry uildings of elgiers y sing ourselves on the ulnerility sndex wethodF st llows to evlute the seismi vulnerility of these uildings then to rry out their lssi(tionF wodi(tions were mde to this method in order to dpt it to the elgerin ontextF ehnique rds llowed the estimte of the ulnerility sndex for msonry uildings of felouizdd ommuneF he developed lultion progrm llowed the utomtion of lultion nd the tretment of the whole dtF he nlysis of the results otined from this progrm enled us to lssify the uildings studied ording to their seismi qulityF uey ! words X eismsD rzrdD wsonry uildingsD elgiersD ulnerility indexF
EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION OF UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS  ID 522
R. Alexe, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania A. Calin, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania C. Calin, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania C. Dragomir, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania M. Nicolae, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania O. Pop, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania C. Slave, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania

sn PHHRD the rovine of fritish golumiD on the est gost of gndD nnouned n mitious IHEIS yerD 6IFS illion seismi retro(t progrm for the provine9s USH tErisk shoolsF he purpose of this erthquke prepredness inititive is to elerte the upgrding of shool puli sfety in the moderte nd high seismiity regions of the provineF qiven the mgnitude of the mitigtion progrmD the winistry of idution nd estern ionomi hiversi(tion gnd mde ommitment to support the development of stteEofEtheErt performneEsed seismi engineering tehnology for hieving optimum sfety within ostEe'etive mitigtion frmeworkD whih ould not e hieved sed on est urrent prtieF his pper desries one omponent of this tehnil development progrmD the formultion of performneEsed struturl ssessment nd retro(t design guidelinesD whih re urrently eing used y engineers to determine retro(t strtegies for shools in fritish golumiF he guidelines inlude fourteen di'erent types of lowErise onstrutionD overing (ve seismi zones nd three soil types in fritish golumiF he guidelines provide minimum lterl strength requirements to hieve di'erent levels of driftF edditionllyD the guidelines hve proedures to llow engineers to omine di'erent struturl systemsD nd to ount for existing mterils tht re typilly disounted in urrent prtieF xonEliner dynmi nlysis nd nonEliner stti nlysis were used to predit the response of the prototype modelsD whih represent the generi response of given type of lowErise onstrutionF qround motions reords from vom riet nd xorthridge were sled to mth the seismi demnds spei(ed in the PHHS xtionl fuilding gode of gndD whih re sed on proility of exeedne of P7 in SHEyersF
EVALUATION OF SEISMIC RETROFITTINGS METHODS FOR MASONRY JACK ARCH SLAB  ID 482
S. A. Zahraei, Iran University of Science and Technology and

BHRC, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) R. Edalatmanesh, ran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Zahrai, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

hue to esy onstrution together with low ost of jk rh slsD they hve een widely used in mny ountries like srnF xowdysD mny lowErise uildings re still onstruted y this )ooring systemF eording to sttistisD filure of unstle )oor sl hs reported s one of the importnt reson for ollpsing the strutures in srn dedly erthqukesD so designtion nd evlution of ontrol systems of msonry sls in stndrd odes hve found speil signi(ne in reent yersF por this purposeD fter pplying nd ssessment of (niteEelement omputerEsed modelsD Q one E storyD one ! spnD Qh experimentl speimens onsisting nonEretro(tted trditionl slD retro(tted model on the sis of piwe QST nd (nlly n uthors9 presried method hve een tested to evlute the usul nd innovtive retro(tting methods Fploor sl sti'ness hngesD )oor diphrgm performne nd frture mehnism for these models re investigted to dislose positive e'ets of retro(tting methods on seismi struturl ehviorF he retro(tting method ording to piwe QST ws n in plne rer Ering on the )oorF efter dding nother inEplne rer Ering to erlier model D on the sis of uthors9 plnD remrkle improvement in lmost ll of the importnt struturl prmeters ws pereivedF sn onlusionD usge of retro(tting methods for ville trditionl msonry jk rh sls n e n e'etive nd eonomil wy for reduing the erthquke hzrdsF ueywordsX tkErh msonry slD seismi retro(tD )oor diphrgmD yli ehvior
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF MASONRY BUILDINGS OF ALGIERS  ID 507
M. Boukri, National Earthquake Engineering Centre (CGS), Algeria M. Bensaibi, Civil engineering Department, Saad Dahleb Universi,

he pper dels with university uildings loted in seisE mi prone res nd due to the high onentrtion of young people re of seond lss of importneF wost of these uildings hve een designed efore the seismi odes strted to e usedD nd in the mentime they were suessively modernized y reting lrger spes with more windows nd sometimes with urtin wllsF he odes of seismi protetion hve een lso in permnent progress letting the university uildings unovered in front the mene of erthqukesF tpn nd the nited ttes lredy strted some extensive progrms of risk redution y ordingly strengthening the uildings in dngerF sn the frme of xtionl eserh rojet similr inititive just strted in omniF he pper presents seven issues of tht projetD eh of them developed y dotorl studentD s followsX IA he spei( provisions of igV nd xtionl gode IHHXPHHR for university uildingsY PA eismi ehviour nd sfety of urtin wllsY QA repredness of internl spes nd equipments for seismi eventsY RA sdenti(tion of dmges nd fults in struturl memers with the id of geneti lgorithmY SA ivlution of the existing strutures ording to sy IQVPPXPHHIY TA trengthening the nonstruturl memers for seismi tions without interrupting the demi tivityY UA repredness of externl spesD round university uildingsD for postEseismi eventsD the reovery of dmged environment for resuming the norml demi life inludingF he projet is sienti(lly oordinted y rofF miro ofronie who lso ts s supervisor of the dotorl studentsF he results of this reserh will e used to prepre guide mnul with prtil instrutions for ll omnin university entresF
ULTIMATE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF EXISTING RC WAFFLE-FLAT-PLATE STRUCTURES. PART I: PUSHOVER ANALYSES  ID 530
A. Catalan, University of Oviedo, Spain X. Cahis, University of Girona, Spain A. Benavent-Climent, University of Granada, Spain

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einfored onrete w1eE)tEplte strutures hve een used extensively in moderte seismiity res suh the southern prt of pinF st reserh showed tht this type of strutures hve low energyEdissiption pity nd high lterl )exiilityF woreoverD mny of these strutures were designed ording to old seismi odesD whih required reltively low lterl strength nd dutility s ompred to urrent odesF ivluting their ultimte erthquke resistne is n importnt issue for deiding whether nd to whih extent they need to e seismi upgrdedF his pper is the e s of more extensive reserh whih ims t evluting the ultimte seismi resistne of existing reinfored onrete w1eE)tEplte strutures onstruted in the southern prt of pin efore IWWRD ording to the old seismi ode hEURF he ultimte seismi resistne of the struture is interpreted here in terms of ultimte energy dissiptionGsorption pity @ihgAD following the rousnerEekiym energy pprohF he ihg of the struture is the sum of the virtionl elsti energyD the energy dissipted y dmping nd the energy sored y the struture through plsti deformtionsF his pper evlutes the totl mount of plsti strin energy tht this type of strutures n dissipte up to ollpseF he evlution is rried out y mens of nonliner pushover nlysisF o this endD severl models representing typil uildings onstruted in pin etween IWUR nd IWWR re sujeted to vrious ptterns of lterl lodsF everl pprohes proposed in the literture for performing the pushover nlysis re investigted nd ompredF
ULTIMATE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF EXISTING RC WAFFLE-FLAT-PLATE STRUCTURES. PART II: DYNAMIC ANALYSES  ID 533
X. Cahis, University of Girona, Spain A. Benavent-Climent, University of Granada, Spain A. Catalan, University of Oviedo, Spain

Poster Presentations
ovementioned sptil orreltion in the unto distrit is otined using uExi nd uiuEnet dt of xtionl eserh snstitute for irth iene nd hisster reventionD nd is pplied to the model portfolio of the uildingsD followed y the onlusion tht introduing the orreltion hs lrge e'et on the estimted lossesF
MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING FOR SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF A RC STRUCTURE  ID 606
N. Caterino, University of Naples Federico II, Italy I. Iervolino, University of Naples Federico II, Italy G. Manfredi, University of Naples Federico II, Italy E. Cosenza, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

eismi retro(tting of underEdesigned strutures is onE solidted pproh to risk mngementF everl options re ville for the hievement of the vulnerility redution golsD eh of those hving peulir performnes in respet of di'erent tehnil nd nonEstruturl riteriF eletion of the est solution is nonEtrivil tskD euse riteri my on)it eh otherF wultiEgriteri heision wking @wghwA methods my e useful in the mtterD llowing to rnk the overll performnes of the set of lterntives ndD thereforeD to identify the optiml oneF sn the study presented hereinD suh pproh ws pplied to the seismi upgrde of n old g uildingD hypothesizing n updte of the seismi hzrd t the site where the struture is supposed to e lotedF hree di'erent strtegies were designed to get the required seismi performne improvingX @A dutility onlyD @A strength onlyD @A oth in omintionF xonEliner struturl modelingD seismi risk nlysisD riteri seletion nd wghw results re lso disussedF
SEISMIC RISK EVALUATION OF THE ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE BUILDING PORTFOLIO  ID 610
X. Mittaz, SD Ingnierie Sion SA, Switzerland

einfored onrete w1eE)tEplte strutures hve een used extensively in moderte seismiity res suh the southern prt of pinF st reserh showed tht this type of strutures hve low energyEdissiption pity nd high lterl )exiilityF woreoverD mny of these strutures were designed ording to old seismi odesD whih required reltively low lterl strength nd dutility s ompred to urrent odesF ivluting their ultimte erthquke resistne is n importnt issue for deiding whether nd to whih extent they need to e seismi upgrdedF his pper is the e ss of more extensive reserhD whih ims t evluting the ultimte seismi resistne of existing reinfored onrete w1eE)tEplte strutures onstruted in the southern prt of pin efore IWWRD ording to the old seismi ode hEURF he ultimte seismi resistne is evluted in terms of ultimte energy sorptionGdissiption pity @ihgAD y pplying the rousnerEekiym energy pprohF sn this pperD the ihg of the struture is diretly evluted through nonliner dynmi response nlysesF o this endD series of dynmi nlyses re rried out on severl strutures sujeted to historil elerogrmsF ih elerogrm is pplied repetedly with inresing pek ground elertion until it rings the struture to ollpseF et this pointD the totl seismi energy inputted y the erthquke is lultedF
EFFECTS OF THE SPATIAL CORRELATION IN GROUND MOTION ON THE SEISMIC RISK OF PORTFOLIO OF BUILDINGS  ID 568
H. Takayuki, Tokio Marine & Nichido Risk Consulting Co.,Ltd, Japan

e hve proposed the seismi risk qunti(tion method for portfolio of uildingsD in whih the risk redution e'et y diversifying the uildings is given ssuming tht the vriility in the ground motion intensity in eh site is fully orreltedF ine this ssumption gives the onservtive resultsD it is required to otin the relisti vlue from the viewpoint of risk mngementF eentlyD lrge mounts of erthquke oservtion dt in tpn hve een utilizedD so tht the sptil orreltions of ground motion intensities in the di'erent sites n e lultedF sn this studyD

eording to the deision of the wiss pederl gounil of heemer II PHHID ll trnsformtion or retro(t projets of the wiss gonfedertion or susidized y the wiss gonfedertionD s well s ll existing federl uildings of lsses ss nd sss must e veri(ed for their seismi sfetyF sf importnt de(ienies re foundD the opportunity @proportionlityA of reinforement mesures must e evlutedF por importnt uilding portfoliosD suh s the one of the iole olytehnique pdrle de vusnneD it is neessry to hve methodology tht enles risk sed prioritiztion of the uildings in order to distriute the e'orts for in depth nlysis nd reinforements over severl dedesF his prioritiztion proedure hs to e ost e0ient nd rely on simple inditorsF he seleted methodology for the ipv is the (rst step of Q steps methodology for the seismi evlution of existing uildings pulished s reommendtions y the former pederl y0e for ter nd qeologyF sn this (rst stepD the seismi risk is grossly evluted sed on hzrdD vulnerility nd dmge potentil indiesF ih index is lulted sed on severl inditors ssoited with soresF he evlution requires no engineer lultionsF he vulnerility inditors re ssessed on the sis of the nlysis of rhiteturl plns nd photosF he pplition of the method on lrge portfolio osts on verge R mnEhours per uildingF he prioritiztion of the uildings is then mde sed on the uilding risk index nd vulnerility indexF his pper presents the results of the pplition of this (rst step evlution for TS uildings of the ipv portfolioF his study will e the sis for de(ning the priorities for in depth evlutionsF por higher risk uildingsD the in depth evlutions will e done rpidlyF por lower risk uildingsD the in depth evlutions will wit eventul importnt trnsformtion or retro(t projetsF
PREDICTION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF EXISTING ASYMMETRIC RC STRUCTURES  ID 667
A. D'Ambrisi, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze,

238

Poster Presentations
Italy M. De Stefano, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. Tanganelli, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy

ES 5
SEISMIC RISK OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS IN MAJOR CITIES OF CENTRAL BALKAN REGION DUE TO DISTANT EARTHQUAKES  ID 686
T. Petrovski, IZIIS, Macedonia J. Petrovski, IZIIS, Macedonia

sn light of urrent knowledge in erthquke engineering nd of the most dvned seismi ode provisionsD most reinfored onrete uildings relized in the stlin seismi resD strting from the SH9s until the middle of 9UHsD re underEdesigned with respet to seismi lods ndD very oftenD lso with respet to stti lods onlyF eentlyD the issue of new stlin seismi ode hs resulted in n extensive progrm for seismi ssessment of strtegi nd relevnt uildingsD prtiulrly the shool uildingsF e remrkle se is represented y the shool uilding of vondD smll town ner to ploreneD uilt in IWURF por this uilding omplete informtion out mteril properties nd struturl hrteristis is ville sine the eismi heprtment of the egion of usny hs strted lrge progrm for ssessment of seismi vulnerility of existing g puli uildingsD sed on destrutive nd non destrutive testsF he struturl orgnism of this uildingD whih is rther irregulrD presents mny seismi vulnerility souresD originted y design nd onstrution errorsD together with the prolem of low onrete strengthF sn this pperD the seismi response of suh struture is nlyzed oth y mens of nonliner dynmi nlysis nd y mens of pushover nlysisF sn order to use pushover nlysis for prediting seismi response of n irregulr strutureD speil proedures need to e usedD sine e'ets of torsionl response eome importntF he method proposed y pjfrD whih onstitutes n extension of the wellEknown xP methodD ppers very promising nd it is used in this pper to improve ility of pushover nlysis to predit response of suh n irregulr strutureF st is found tht the struture n resist extremely low intensity erthqukes nd tht the extension of xP method fils to predit onservtively the shpe of displement envelope t the uilding sti' sideF
EVALUATION OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE AND THE STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS DAMAGED BY EARTHQUAKE  ID 673
M. Danieli, College of Judea and Samaria, Israel J. Bloch, Judea and Samaria, Israel

resented re seismi hzrd nd dmging e'ets of the erthqukes generted from ehevoEuresn seismi soure zoneD where on epril HRD IWHR n erthquke ourredD with the lrgest mgnitude of waUFV ever reorded on the ontinentl prt of the flkn eninsulF hmging e'ets of ehevoEuresn irthqukes of epril HRD IWHR were experiened over n re of out PHHDHHH squre kilometersD with totl destrution nd hevy dmge of low rise uildings in the epientrl region of out PHDHHH squre kilometers with mroseismi intensities of V to IH @wuETRAF eently developed seismi hzrd mps of gentrl flkn region present very high level of expeted pek ground elertions in the rnge of HFUHg in the epientrl region to HFISg on distne ISHEPHH kilometersD generted from ehevoEuresn seismi soure zoneF essessment of site spei( seismi hzrd is presented for the mjor urn res in the region like o( @epientrl distne IHU kmAD hessloni @IPQ kmAD kopje @IRT kmA nd xish @PHS kmAD on(rming similr high levels of pek ground elertionsF hominnt frequeny ontent nd spetrl hrteristis of seleted distnt erthquke reords re presented nd disussed with onsidertion of long period dmging e'ets on highErise uildings nd struturesF ristori evidene shows tht distnt erthqukes did not produe dmge to lowErise uildings dominntly present in the pst history in urn nd rurl regions with high seismi exposure to distnt erthqukesF vong period dmging e'ets due to distnt erthqukes hve een nlyzed on the seleted highErise uildings t the sites of the ity of o(D hessloniD kopje nd xishD implementing the riteri for regulr nd essentil filitiesF es it is presentedD highErise uildings nd strutures will e exposed to mpli(ed erthquke ground motions due to resonne e'etsD produing hevy dmge nd omplete filureD if the uildings re not designed to long period dmging e'ets of distnt erthqukesF
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY SCHOOL BUILDINGS  ID 691
C. Bhakuni, ABS Consulting, UK

ASSESSMENT

OF

his pper presents n originl method of the quntitE tive nlysis of erthquke resistne of uildings dmged y n erthqukeF yver PS ftors in)uening seismi resistne of uildings re onsideredF hese ftors n e divided into two groupsX generl ommon ftors for vrious types of uildings whih re)et the min stndrd requirementsY nd spei( ftors pplied to di'erent types of uildingsF ih ftor inludes three prmetersX 4weight4 for seuring seismi resistneY vrile whih uses the ftor to onform to stndrd seismi requirementsY n evlution of dmgesF ih of the ove prmeters is nlyzed numerilly nd its grdtion is estlishedF he vlue of prmeter my vry etween HEIF he vlue of the prmeter is estimted ording to onformity to seismi stndrds for uilding requirementsF he totl ftors nd their prmeters re orgnized into two tlesF he (rst tle ontins ftors whih re ommon to di'erent strutures nd re)et generl rules for seismi designF he seond tle presents di'erent ftors pertining to di'erent struturesF en nlysis is performed on the sis of the ove dt resulting in vlue of seismi resistne of the uilding omputed in quntittive expressionF rts of the unit grdtion llow the tles to e used to determine wek points in the uilding thus enles the enhnement of seismi resistne of the dmged uildingF rmeter tles nd form of sttement hve een prepred during the implementtion of this workF e hrteristi uilding hs een hosenD pproprite mesurements hve een mde nd dt ws olletedF en nlysis of the seismi resistne hs een performed on this uilding in ordne with the method disussed hereinF hetiled shemes for reprtions hve een prepred for itF pinllyD omputtions hve een mde to evlute the seismi resistne of the uildings fter the reommended strengthening hs een ompletedF

e methodology for evluting the seismi vulnerility of shool uildings in given region is presented hereF he tool is one of the ost e'etiveD quik nd relile methodsD nd n e usefully dopted for shools t di'erent geogrphil regions with high levels of seismiity tht require immedite tionF he method primrily involves visul survey sed exmintion of shool uildings on the sis of their struturl modi(tion prmetersF he vulnerility levels re evluted for the struture types sed on lterl lod resistnt systemD nd utilising the iuropen mroseismi @iwEWVA sle lssi(tions nd shool popultion (guresF pour levels of vulnerility re proposed in this methodF his methodology s n ssessment tool ws tried nd tested in ITH shools in three lrgest ities of qujrtD sndiF st ws found out tht the results re not only helpful in de(ning the risk levels ut lso sets the sene for priority mitigtion tivities suh s retro(ttingD trining needs et nd hene estlishing n overll mitigtion strtegy for shool uilding sfety in regionF
COMPARISON BETWEEN NUMERICAL ANALYSES AND OBSERVED SEISMIC DAMAGE OF ANCIENT BELL TOWERS.  ID 787
E. Curti, DISEG, University of Genoa, Italy S. Lagomarsino, DISEG, University of Genoa, Italy S. Podest, DISEG, University of Genoa, Italy

he postEseismi dmges oservtion of slender msonry uildings points out the need to rry out forest of their seismi responseF he surveyed dmge is not possile to orrelte with

239

ES 5
the typologil nd onstrutive detils of suh struturesF sf we shemtize slender strutures s single degree of freedomD hrterized y low nturl frequenyD we ould dedut thtD for the high slendernessD this kind of uildings is le to ttenute the energy of seismi inputD reduing the dmge levelF uh pprohD neverthelessD does not prove y the postEseismi oservtions whih often put in evidene high dmge level ove ll in the upper prtF e preliminry motivtion of this di'erent ehviour n e (nd in the rough simpli(tion onneted to the single degree of freedom model doptedF hese struturesD in ftD re ontinuous systemY the mss is regulrly distriuted in height nd therefore di0ultly shemtized s single degree of freedom modelF hey determineD through (lter of seismi tionsD n mpli(tion of the periods ner to the nturl frequenies tht n e signi(nt for the upper prt of the strutureF sn the sumitted pperD in order to forest the seismi response of these struturesD the ell tower dmged dt fter the priuli erthquke in IWUTD were nlysedF he smple is hrterized y severl isolted strutures nd this fetures llowed us to distinguee the ses in whih the dmge ws lolized only in the ell tower or in the elfryD without tking into ount the intertions with the hurhF yn the sis of dimensionl ville dtD numeril nlyses hve een performedF he omprison etween the results of numeril nlyses nd the oserved dmge hs llowed to de(ne methodology for the foresee of the ell tower seismi responseF
HOLISTIC SEISMIC RISK URBAN CENTRE  ID 840 EVALUATION FOR AN

Poster Presentations
seismi lodD joints re one of the wekest prts of the strutureF he response of plin onrete frme joint is ompred with the response otined when it is reinfored using pF hi'erent on(gurtions of p reinforements re onsidered to ompre their ehviourF he struturl response of ll strutures onsidered is otined with numeril simultionF his is done using the (nite element methodF gomposites re treted using the mixing theoryD whih otins the omposite ehviour from the mteril properties of ll its omponentsF ih omponent is simulted with its own onstitutive equtionF he nisotropy usully found in omposite omponents is treted using mpped spe theoryF he deounding e'ets found in omposite mterils re treted using the formultion developed y iF gr nd F yllerF he frme nd its joint hve een studied using twoEdimensionl nd threeEdimensionl modelsF he results otined vlidte the use of p reinforements to improve joint frmes seismi responseF he struture lod pity is inresed in PH7 when lterl reinforements re pplied to the jointF he reinforement pity is fr from its end when the joint fils due to trtions in onreteF his n void the struture to ollpse in seismi seF hey results lso show good performne of the numeril tool developedF
SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES  ID 882
X. Romo, FEUP, Portugal J. Guedes, FEUP, Portugal A. Costa, UA, Portugal R. Delgado, FEUP, Portugal

REINFORCED

M. L. Carreo, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain O. D. Cardona, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia A. Barbat H, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain

sn the pstD the onept of risk hs een de(ned in frgmentry wy in mny sesD ording to eh sienti( disipline involved in its pprislF et nowdysD the risk is de(nedD for mngement purposesD s the potentil eonomiD soil nd environmentl onsequenes of hzrdous events tht my our in spei(ed period of timeF prom the perspetive of this rtileD risk requires multidisiplinry evlution tht tkes into ount not only the expeted physil dmgeD the numer nd type of sulties or eonomi losses @diret imptAD ut lso the onditions relted to soil frgility nd lk of resiliene onditionsD whih fvour the seond order e'ets @indiret imptA when hzrd event strike urn entreF he urn seismi risk evlution is proposed from holisti point of viewY tht isD n integrted nd omprehensive pproh to guide deisionEmkingF ivlution of the potentil physil dmge @hrd pprohA s the result of the onvolution of hzrd nd physil vulnerility of uildings nd infrstruture is the (rst step of this methodF usequentlyD set of soil ontext onditions tht ggrvte the physil e'ets re lso onsidered @soft pprohAF sn the method here proposedD the holisti risk evlution is sed on urn risk inditorsF eording to this proedureD physil risk index is otinedD for eh unit of nlysisD from existing loss senriosD wheres the totl risk index is otined y ftoring the former index y n impt ftorD sed on vriles ssoited with the soioEeonomi onditions of eh unit of nlysisF pinllyD exmples of the model pplition re given for two urn entresX fogot nd frelonF
NUMERICAL TOOL TO STUDY STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT OF RC FRAME JOINTS USING FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS  ID 844
X. Martinez, UPC, Spain S. Oller M, UPC, Spain

roilisti pprohes iming to design or to ssessD s opposed to deterministi onesD re seen s superior mens of mesuring the performne of strutures under erthquke lodingF por seismi risk ssessment of struturesD proility sed methodologies my e divided into two min tegoriesF e (rst one dedited to glol risk ssessment of strutures loted over n entire urn reD usully sed on simpli(ed pprohes nd nlysis methods whih llow for the rpid ssessment of lrge group of struturesF he seond tegory inludes methods whih re dedited to the risk ssessment of individul struturesF wethodologies of this seond tegory re more detiled nd usully onsider more dvned methods for struturl nlysisF hese methodologies re mostly sed on the results otined from the numeril nlysis of model representing the struture under study for vrious erthquke representtions @elerogrmsA of inresing intensityF he proilisti tretment of those results omined with the proility of ourrene of the seleted ground motion intensities will enle the lultion of the proility of filure of the strutureF he proposed pper will present methodology tht (ts in this tegoryD foussing on its min spetsD nd n pplition to the seismi risk ssessment of reinfored onrete uildingF he pplition will fous on the importne nd the e'ets on the (nl vlues of the proility of filureD in prtiulr on the seletion of the ground motion intensity mesureD the sling of the elerogrmsD the di'erent forms of hrterizing the est estimte nd the dispersion of the struturl response t given ground motion intensity levelD nd the onsidertion of ground motion vriility nd rndomness of the mteril propertiesF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF OLD CONCRETE  ID 939
V. Levtchitch, Frederick Institute of Technology, Cyprus V. Kvasha, National University-Lvivska Polytechnica, Ukraine H. Boussalis, California State University, United States A. Chassiakos, California State University, United States

trengthening or retro(tting existing strutures in order to inrese their dutility nd improve their seismi response hs trditionlly een omplished using onventionl mterils nd onstrution tehniquesF gomposite mterils mde of (res in polymeri resin @pA hve emerged s n lterntive to these methodsF o view the in)uene of these reinforements when seismi lods re ppliedD this work studies the struturl response of frme joints when n horizontl lod is pplied to themF nder

he im of this study is to otinD expnd nd verify some dt needed for the performne nlysis of existing reinfored onrete struturesF ttiD dynmi nd low yle ftigue testing of PQEPU yers old onrete hs een rried outF gylindril ore smples hve een drilled from residentil uildings in xiosiD gyprusF xew onrete of identil omposition hs een prepred nd tested t PV dysF essessment of ompressive nd tensile strengthD modulus of elstiityD stressEstrin reltionshipD plsti

240

Poster Presentations
strin pityD dynmi strengthening nd low yle ftigue ehviour hve een onsideredF tti ompressive strength inrese ws found to e QEIS7D whih is sustntilly lower thn ommonly ntiipted vluesF here ws prtilly no inrese of stti splitting strengthF ilsti modulus inrese ws onsiderly lrger @PS7EQS7A thn tht of strengthF p to the stress of US7 of pek vlue onrete remined elstiF hynmi strengthening ws PER times lower thn tht of PV dy onreteF hynmi strengthening in splitting ws PEQ times lower thn tht in ompressionF ltimte strins were RH7ESH7 smller thn those of young onreteF e few initil yli lodings ring rpid hnges nd the e'et of dynmi strengthening is fst dispperingF et PHH yles of loding the ftigue limit is HFV of the stti strengthF oD the lrge seismi strengthening ommonly used in nlysis is in on)it with the rel phenomenonF ensileEompressive strength rtio is drmtilly deresingF e ontriution of onrete in resisting sher nd torsion nd the e'etiveness of on(nement re ll diminishingF he ignoring of onrete ge n result in drmti overestimtion of its seismi pitiesF roposls for the evlution of dynmi strengtheningD low yle ftigue limitD modulus of elstiity nd ultimte strins hve een formultedF
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS WHICH DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN ALEATORY AND EPISTEMIC RANDOMNESS  ID 944
S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy

ES 5
soures of unertinty @struturlD pity modelsD erthqukeA nd it de(nes meningful performne mesures for the system unE der onsidertionF his mesureD lled hospitl tretment pity @rgAD hs een derived on the sis of the nlysis of pst experiE enes nd responses of hospitl systemsD nd llows the qunti(E tion of the mount of servies provided y the hospitl following n erthquke in terms of numer of ptients tht n e given surgil tretmentF he rg is omposed y three ftorsDlfD et ndD gmmD ounting forX the e0ieny of the emergeny plnD the prepredness of the personnel nd the physil resoures villeD respetivelyF he results onsist in Pnd moment hrteristion of the rnE dom vrile rg ndD if the relth retment hemnd @rhD numer of ptients tht require surgil tretmentA is knownD in the estimtion of the risk tht rg`rhF he methodology employs limited numer of nonEliner dyE nmi nlyses to estlish funtionl reltionship etween struE turl nd nonEstruturl dmge nd the exmined intensity levelsF he pplition to rel hospitl system in highly seismi region of outhern stly demonstrtes the vlidity of the suggested methodology s n e'etive tool to point out the most ritil omponents of the system nd to evlute lterntive mitigtion strtegiesF
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRANSLATION OF VULNERABILITY MODELS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS  ID 988
G. Trendaloski, IZIIS, Macedonia Z. Milutinovic, IZIIS, Macedonia

sn ountry like stlyD diretly 'eted y seismi pheE nomenD the ssessment of vulnerility nd seismi hzrd in the entire territory plys very importnt roleD in order to minimize seismi e'ets on the popultionF sn this pper two proedures for the roilisti eismi rzrd enlysis @reAD iFeF the proility funtions @ghpX umultive distriution funtion nd hpX proility density funtionA of seleted ground motion prmeter @eFgFD pek ground elertionD pek ground veloityD pek ground displementD spetrl elertionD F F F A t spei( siteD over given oservtion timeD re nlytilly developed nd eluidtedF foth proedures re developed ording to gornell9s widely upheld pproh @IWTVAF he (rst proedure is hrterized y the tretment of the distne from the epientre to the site s ontinuous rndom vrileD while the other trets s disrete vrileF foth proedures led to losedEform nlytil expressions for the hp nd ghp of the seleted ground motion prmeter nd its preditionD thus distinguishing etween @iA the rndomness of the predition due to the time nd spe stohsti proesses whih govern the ourrene of seismi events nd @iiA the rndomness due to the intrinsi vriility of the dt nd the error due to the ttenution modelF his distintion etween letory nd epistemi rndomness hs een dvised in the more reent sienti( ontriutions in the (eldF he pper lso presents illustrtive exmples of pplition of the two proedures to the stlin territory for the determintion of the proility funtions of the pek ground horizontl elertion for seleted stlin sitesF
ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE HOSPITAL SYSTEMS  ID 981
G. Lupoi, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy P. Franchin, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy A. Lupoi, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy P. E. Pinto, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy

FOR

he preprtion of n erthquke senrio should inlude regionllyEsed vulnerility funtions developed on the se ofX IA the dt from pst erthqukes @mroseismi pprohA or di'erent nlytil methods @mehnil pprohAY orD PA lirtion of the existing funtionsF rious lirtion tehniques re proposed reently nd the mostly used re those using the dt from pst erthqukesF rowever the existene of homogenous erthquke dt set is not lwys the se nd it is neessry to use di'erent pproh for the stted needsF e method for sptil nd temporl trnsltion of vulnerility models is reently proposedF st is sed on the seismi design odes in the region of interest sine it is ssumed tht if they re stritly followed in the onstrution prtieD the seismi performne nd level of dmgeility of uilding re 4ontrolled y them4F wo si ftors re onsideredX IA the design se sherY ndD PA the ultimte deformtion pity of uildingsF he referent vulnerility model is trnslted G lirted to trget vulnerility model through omintion of shift nd rottion qunti(ed y the di'erenes in the uilding odes nd onstrution prtiesF he proposed method is used to perform sptil trnsltion of vulnerility models in di'erent regions in iurope E se studyX ortugl nd pormer ugoslviF fsed on the omprison of the trget vulnerility model for reinfored onrete @gA moment resisting frme uilding nd the existing oneD it is onluded tht the proposed method n e used to perform resonle trnsltion of vulnerility models for smeGsimilr uilding typesF vtelyD temporl trnsltion of vulnerility models hs een performed to develop orresponding iuroode V @igEVA sed vulnerility models forX IA g moment resisting frme @gIAY PA g sher wll @gPAY ndD QA g dul system @gRA uildingsF
STUDY ON SEISMIC RETROFIT OF AN EXISTING BUILDING WITH SOFT AND WEAK GROUNDFLOOR IN ROMANIA  ID 1008
T. Kaminosono, NCSRR, Romania A. Mikame, NCSRR, Romania R. Vacareanu, NCSRR, UTCB, Romania A. Pretorian, UTCB, Romania K. Sasai, Fujita Corp., Japan

e methodology for the proilisti ssessment of seismi performne for hospitl systems is presentedF rospitl systems re typil exmple of soil systemsD for whih the performne results from the intertion of humnD orgnistionl nd physil omponentsF purtherD pst experienes hve shown tht hospitls re prtiulrly vulnerle systemsD minly due to their own omplexityD to their need for si nd ritil supplies nd to their high level of oupnyF he methodology meets two min hllenges of performne sE sessment proeduresX it gives dequte onsidertion of ll di'erent

here re mny existing vulnerle uildings whih re prtment houses with soft nd wek groundE)oor uilt fter lte IWSHs nd prior to the wrh RD IWUU erthquke in omniF

241

ES 5
his uilding typology onsists of dul struturl system in the vertil diretionF yne is g frmed system in the ground )oor nd nother is g sher wll system in the upper storiesF he mjor vulnerilities of this uilding typology ome from IA gonentrtion of most of indued seismi energy in the ground )oorD PA gonentrtion of most of seismi lterl displement in the ground )oorD QA snsu0ient dutility for g olumns in the ground )oorD nd RA snsu0ient sher pity for oth g olumns nd g upper sher wlls sn order to demonstrte the vulnerilities nd ppliility of some retro(tting tehniques stti nd dynmi nonliner nlyses for seismi pity evlution nd seismi retro(t design of n existE ing uildingD whih hs II stories with soft groundE)oorD sed on tpnese seismi design proedure re implementedF sn the nonliner stti nlyses pushEover limit nlyses is dopted nd in the nonE liner dynmi nlyses the wve motion produed y IWUU rne irthquke in omni is ppliedF egrding the retro(t tehniques instlltion of sher wlls nd oil dmpers re studiedF prom these nlyses following results re otinedF IA gonenE trtion of most of seismi lterl displement in the ground )oor ws on(rmedF PA snsu0ient sher pity for oth g olumns nd g upper sher wlls ws on(rmedF QA hynmi response for sher fore in the upper )oors fter retro(t in the groundE)oor ws inresed ompring to tht of existing struture efore retro(tF RA st is suggested tht the seismi retro(t should e neessry not only in the groundE)oor ut lso in the upper )oorsF
SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF STATE BUILDINGS: GOVERNMENT OFFICE OF DATCA, TURKEY  ID 1012
H. Kaplan, Pamukkale University, Turkey S. Yilmaz, Pamukkale University, Turkey Y. S. Tama, Pamukkale University, Turkey E. Akyol, Pamukkale Universitesi, Turkey

Poster Presentations
pproximte methodsD t lest in (rst stgeD in order to (lter the uildings ording to their seismi resistne nd to mke use of urte methods only for the most dngerous onesF ine we hd no (nnil possiilities to rry out tests on lrge sleD we deided to hoose s si riterion to vlidte the proposed formule @either oursD or tken from tehnil litertureA ! the results should e lose to those yielded y the ssreli ode RIQGWSD intended for seismi design of new uildingsF he ode pplies only to uildings up to IP stories nd uildings positioned t more thn SH m from fultF st does not dels with uildings on soil exposed to liqueftion @the riteri for identifying suh soils re yet under disussionAF viiv s @essgev wiryhAX he evlution hs to e performed during short lpse of time nd only miniml doumenE ttion e neededF viiv ss @I giixsxqAX he proposed method yields higher degree of uryD whih permits to use it in order to evlute the seismi resistne of spei( uildingF viiv sss @eggei exevsAX e ssume tht n nlysis rried out to the ssreli gode RIQGWS is n urte oneF
ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF VULNERABILITY FUNCTIONS FOR R.C. STRUCTURES  ID 1066
A. Eleftheriadou, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece

e lrge mount of vulnerle stte uildings in urkeyD su'ered from erthquke indued dmges during lst IR yers y IWWPEirzinnD IWWSEhinrD IWWW uoeli nd huzeD PHHQEfingl irthqukesF here exists mny studies on these dmges nd their resons in the litertureF hese studies grees on tht dmges re mnly results from indequte workmnshipD detiling nd mteril strengthF fesidesD those strutures dmged due to inpproprite struturl system formtion nd soil onditionsF sn this studyD eismi vulnerility ssesment of S loks of ht qovernmet y0e is doneF sn their urrent stteD mteril properties nd struturl system hve een determinedF efter the investigtions strutures re reported s vulnerle to seismi foresF por the loksD seismi strengthening projets re prepredF es there is no lterntiveD uildings hve to e used during the onstrution worksF hereforeD di'erent strengthening strtegies re pplied to the loksF por exmpleD some of the loks re strengthed from outside of the uilding y externl sher wlls llowing the use of lokF goupling ems re onstruted to redue required mount of sher wlls in T storey lokF et the end of the studyD di'erent strengthening strtegies re proposedF hetils of those re explinedF
THE FIRST ISRAELI CODE FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT AND STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING BUILDINGS: STRUCTURE, PRINCIPLES, APPROACH  ID 1057
A. Scarlat, Ben-Gurion University, Israel E. Leibovich, Sami-Shamon-College, Israel

irthquke loss estimtion is reently developing (eldF he need for relile estimtion of the soioEeonomi impt of erthqukes ws emphsized fter mjor erthqukes nd their tstrophi onsequenesF his pper presents methodology for the nlytil estimtion of struturl vulnerility of reinfored onrete struturesF he methodology inludes development of frgility urvesD expressing the proility for struture to sustin di'erent degrees of dmge t given ground motion levelsF por this purposeD the seismi response of n tul uilding tht ollpsed in the IWWW ethens irthquke is otined nlytilly y nonliner pushover nlysisF he uilding ws stndrd moment resisting struture designed nd uilt E ording with erlier design odesD nd ws nonEonforming to modE ern seismi detiling requirementsF petrl displement is used s mesure of erthquke intensityF nertinty in ground motion is ounted for through the use of suites of elerogrms with hrE teristis tht re representtive of the hzrd level @mvtsikos nd gornellD PHHPD PHHSAF nlike ssessing the performne of struE tures for given ground motion hzrd levelD the struturl demnd hzrd urve provides multiEojetive struturl performne inforE mtionD whih hs een integrted from ll possile ground motion hzrd levelsF snterEstorey drift is used to determine the dmge stte of the uilding t the performne pointF he rnge of vlues of dmge index t eh performne level is de(nedF esults of the ssessment proedures re used to onstrut vulnerility urves for the spei( struturl uilding typeF ulnerility urves n e reE grded s si tool in estimting the expeted dmge of future erthqukeF sn this wy omplete risk ssessment tool with high degree of on(dene n e pplied to wide rnge of strutures nmely reinfored onrete uildings representtive of the preEIWVHs design frmeworkF he methodology developed in this pper n e extended to dditionl struture typesF
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DESIGNED RC FRAMES CONSIDERING VARIOUS FAILURE MODES  ID 1069
N. Kyriakides, University of Sheeld, UK K. Pilakoutas, University of Sheeld, UK

sxyhgsyxX he ode omprises two min hpE tersX sFwethods for the seismi resistne ssessment of existing uildingsF to their degree of uryF hree levels of methods re proposedD depending on their degree of uryF ssFriniples for strengtheningD inluding n open tlogue with exmples of detils deling with di'erent struturl elements @to e periodilly ompletedAF fy tking into ount tht the numer of uildings to e heked is very highD urte seismi nlyses re prtiE lly impossile to e generlly usedY therefore we hve to use

he vst mjority of reinfored onrete @gA uildings in erthquke prone zones were designed prior to the enforement of ntionl seismi odesF husD these uildings lk the speil detiling required for pity designD whih is nowdys regrded s stndrd prtise in seismi regionsF hue to these de(ienies in designD the dmge ptterns oservedD in most sesD inlude sher filures in memers nd jointsD pullout filures due to reinforement slip nd ukling filures in olumnsF

242

Poster Presentations
he min resons for these undesirle rittle filures is the lk of dequte mount nd sping of trnsverse reinforementD indeE qute development length of longitudinl rsD insu0ient nhorge of longitudinl rs in joints nd of trnsverse reinforementF hereE foreD the nlysis of these underEdesigned uildings should e le to ommodte ll the ove de(ieniesF sn this pper n ttempt is onduted to simulte the results oE tined from shking tle test of n g frmeD designed ording to n old stlin ode without seismi provisionsF he frme ws tested for vrious elertion levelsF imphsis will e given on the dmge ptternsD whih were onentrted in the jointsF purther onD the struturl modelling of the frme memers will e presented highlighting its ility to ount for the ove mentioned filure modesF hegrdtion in sher nd ond pity n lso e pplied oth in strength nd sti'ness mking the model even more ppliE le for seismi nlysisF he omprison of the nlysis results with the experimentl ones will show the improvement in prediting the tul seismi performneD nd most importntly the filure modeD when using sophistited models s opposed to using simple hinge elementsF
RETROFITTING STRATEGIES FOR RC EXISTING BUILDINGS  ID 1072
C. Faella, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy D. De Santo, Dept. Italy E. Martinelli, Dept. Italy E. Nigro, D.A.P.S., University of Naples Federico II, Italy of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno,

ES 5
with strong forml oneption inspired in the snterntionl tyle9s odesF sn the (ftiesD it ws uilt lrge numer of wodern housing uildings in visonD with prtiulr struturl hrteristis thtD in ertin onditionsD n indue weknesses in struturl ehviourD espeilly under erthquke lodingF por exmpleD the onept of uildings lifted in 4pilotis4D present in this rhiteturl styleD n strongly filitte the ourrene of softEstorey mehnismsD whih mkes these strutures very vulnerle to erthquke tionsF he ville re(ned numeril toolsD in omintion with ssessment proedures mke fesile the struturl sfety ssessment of existing uildingsF o investigte the vulnerility of this type of onstrutionD one uildingD representtive of the wodern erhitetureD in visonD ws studiedF he ville informtion on the struturl ws studiedF ests on mterils nd nturl frequenies mesurement were performedF he uilding ws studied with nonEliner dynmi nlysis progrmD yexvD whih llows the sfety evlution ording to reently proposed ssessment proeduresF edditionllyD it ws proposed nd nlyzed retro(tting solutionD to improve the seismi performneD sed on ring system with dmping devie ssoitedF
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF FRP STRENGTHENED URM INFILL PANELS  ID 1102
J. Davis, University of Bristol, UK C. Taylor, University of Bristol, UK E. Marashi, University of Bristol, UK L. Dihoru, University of Bristol, UK M. Dietz, University of Bristol, UK

e gret prt of the existing g strutures uilt in stly nd ross the wediterrnen sin hve een designed without onsidering seismiEindued tions nd seismi riteri for strength nd dutility designF eismi ssessment of nonEseismilly designed g strutures generlly evidenes their struturl de(ienies relted to generl lk of strength nd dutility of either the most engged memers or the struturl system s wholeF etro(tting is generlly need for suh strutures nd vrious tehnil solutions n e onsidered for improving their seismi performne ording to suitle ojetives dependingD s usulD upon the uilding use @resideneD o0eD shoolD hospitl nd so onAF hese possile tehnil solutions for seismi retro(tting of existing uildingsD prtilly derived y the seismi protetion tehniques for new struturesD n e lssi(ed s follows depending upon the kind of tion provided in the retro(tted strutureX E pity upgrdingD tht n e otined y improving rossEsetion nd memer pity in terms of oth strength nd dutilityD either through trditionl mterilsD suh s steelD or innovtive onesD like psY E demnd redutionD tht n e pursuit y introduing dditionl suEstrutures oneived to work in prllel with the existing struture nd to redue their enggement due to the expeted seismi tionF elthough plenty of studiesD oth theoretil nd experimentlD hve een rried out in the lst two dedes for proposing severl tehnil solutions for seismi protetion of ivil struturesD ut no generl strtegies hve een proposed for hoosing mong suh tehniques the optiml onesD oth under the tehnil nd eonomil stndpointD depending on the existing strutures typology nd retro(tting ojetiveF hereforeD the present pper is minly devoted to study this spet in order to formulte generl riteri for hoosing the est retro(tting solution mong the possile ones elonging to the lsses introdued oveF
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY AND STRENGTHENING OF A MODERN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING  ID 1079
H. Rodrigues, University of Aveiro, Portugal A. Costa, University of Aveiro, Portugal H. Varum, University of Aveiro, Portugal

his pper will set out riskEsedD soft systems proess frmework for developing nd evluting the seismi performne requirements of uilding strutureD using p strengthened w pnels s se studyF he systems frmework sets out proesses thtX @iA sdentify stte spe model of the system in whih the sysE tem9s performne is desried in terms of key performne indiE tors thtD in turnD re derived from the fundmentl stte vriles of the system nd re unmiguously linked to the ontrolling pE rmeters of the systemF @iiA sdentify nd hrmonise the vriousD nd sometimes on)iting stkeholder requirementsD nd express these in terms of the stte vriles identi(ed in @iAF @iiiA snstntite the tulD or forestD system stte nd pityD in terms of the stte spe model of @iAD using numeril simultionsD mesurements or oservtions of prototype system responseD or ny other pproprite methodF @ivA gompre the required system performne with the tul or forest performne using n hierrhil intervl proE ility pprohD whih enles the integrtion of ojetive nd suE jetive informtion nd the diret representtion of ssessment unE ertintiesF es n exmpleD the frmework will e pplied to the seismi sfety ssessment of p strengthened w pnelsD using informE tion from nonEliner nlysesD shking tle tests of fullEsle pnelsD nd expert opinionF en importnt feture of this systems frmework is its generlity nd slilityF st n e pplied to the sfety or generl perforE mne ssessment of wide rnge of systems @inluding highwy networksD dm nd wter supply systemsD whole eletriity supply industryD s well s detiled omponentsA for ny form of externl senrioD e it seismiD windD limte hngeD eonomi etF st provides prtil mens for uilding knowledge nd integrted perspetives of omplex dynmi systemsF
ENHANCEMENT OF JOINT RESISTANCE BY CFRP STRENGTHENING  ID 1120
P. Papastergiou, University of Sheeld, UK N. Kyriakides, University of Sheeld, UK K. Pilakoutas, University of Sheeld, UK

sn ortuglD t the end of the orld r ssD new genE ertion of rhitets emergedD in)uened y the wodern wovement erhitetureF hey worked with new typologiesD suh s multifmily highErise uildingsD re)eting the priniples of the wodernity nd

gorrosion nd nturl phenomenD suh s erthqukes or even d designD eventully derese the designed pity of uildingsF reneD t some point during the lifetime of strutureD new nlysis my e required to strengthen wekened elementsF

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his pper fouses on the potentil dmge ptterns of g joints nd the strengthening enhnement provided y gron pire einfored olymersF he study is sed on full sle shking tle test of g uildE ingD tested for vrious elertion levels efore nd fter strengthenE ing ws ppliedF he speimen ws designed with no seismi proviE sionsD trgeting sher de(ieny minly in jointsF hese de(ienies eme ovious t elertion of HFR g on the re frmeD nd fterE wrds miniml pplition of gp ws pplied in n rrngement iming to inrese joints9 sher pityF purther onD dynmi non liner nlysis ws onduted on the retro(tted frme using sophistited model for the strengthened joint performneF his model ounts for oth the enhned sher pity of the joints nd their orresponding dutile ehviourF he results of this nlysis re ompred with the experimentl ones providing su0ient orreltionF he lst prt of the pper exmines the inrese in energy dissiption provided y the strengthening tehnique whih lters the filure mehnism from rittle in joints to dutile in em hingesF
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EXISTING BUILDINGS THROUGH REPAIR, STRENGTHENING, RECONSTRUCTION AND REVITALIZATION  ID 1141
Z. Bozinovski, IZIIS, Macedonia

Poster Presentations
solutions for underEdesigned struturesD hs een oserved nd promoted in order to identify vile risk mitigtion strtegiesF everl lterntive seismi retro(tGrehilittion solutions hve een studied in the pstD few of whih hve een suessfully implemented in prtil pplitions on single uildingsF roweverD due to the typil oneEo' peulirity of retro(t interventionD issues of osts nd invsiveness nd prtil implementtion still remin the most hllenging spets for their wide doptionF eent developments nd numerilGexperimentl vlidtion of vile nd lowEost retro(t solutions for preEIWUH uildings within multiElevel retro(t strtegy pprohD suggest the possile implementtion t urn or territoril sle of stndrdized solutionsF sn this ontriutionD the e0ieny of suh struturl mitigtion strtegy will e investigtedD within the frmework of seismi risk nlysis pprohF o this im re(nements of the models typilly dopted for territoril sle vulnerility ssessment will e suggested to ount for the peulir lterntive dmge limit sttes nd ollpse mehnisms of preEIWUH FgF uildings typologies efore nd fter retro(t interventionD s reently oserved in numeril nd experimentl investigtionsF gomprtive evlution of the redued level of the expeted dmge fter lterntive retro(t solutions will e rried out nd desried in terms of frgility urvesF purther exempli(tion of the e'ets of retro(t strtegies plnned t territoril sle will e provided vi dmge senrios referred to se studyF
DEFINING VULNERABILITY OF A SINGLE STRUCTURE  ID 1156
K. Peker, Erdemli Ltd., Turkey A. Kaptan, Erdemli Ltd., Turkey

por the lst dedeD intensive tivities on reonstrutionD repir s well s enlrgement nd uilding of other storeys on existing old residentil uildings hs een rried outF he resons for suh n extensive reonstrution nd uilding of other storeys onto old residentil strutures re the inresing need of residentil reD revitliztion nd repir of strutures nd improvement of the qulity of living of the oupntsF roweverD this poses prolem sine the existing strutures re designed in di'erent time nd with di'erent resistne to seismi e'etsF he interventions tht re eing done on residentil strutures inlude openings in the ering wllsD enlrgement of lonies nd enlrgement of strutures in oth diretionsF o void unontrolled dmge nd loss of mteril goods nd humn lives in the event of possile erthqukeD n urgent oorE dinted tivity of the tehnil nd dministrtive potentil of the ountry is neessry to introdue stility of the existing residenE til fund tht will e t n eptle nd legisltively de(ned level through repirD strengthening nd revitliztion ording to the exE tent of dmges nd the level of resistne of the strutures under grvity nd seismi e'etsF sn the se of enlrgements nd uilding of other storeysD there is need of omplex nlysis of strengthD rigidity nd deformility of the existing nd the new struturl sysE tem for the purpose of designing nd onstruting n integrl system with ontrolled nd ditted dutile ehviour during ourrene of strong erthqukesF he newly designed nd the existing strutures re often with ompletely di'erent hrteristis nd ehviour under dynmi lodsF sn onlusionD dynmi response of the enlrged struture to seismi e'ets on the onsidered site @with their intensity nd frequeny ontentA should e ontrolledF sn the pper some prtiulr prolems nd solutions will e desriedF
ALTERNATIVE RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR PRE70 R.C. BUILDINGS: VULNERABILITY MODELS AND DAMAGE SCENARIOS  ID 1148
S. Giovinazzi, University of Genoa, Italy S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand S. Lagomarsino, University of Genoa, Italy

sdenti(tion of vulnerility of mss uilding stok is vitlly importnt in preprtion of mjor disster mngement nd mitigtion strtegiesF rowever for those who re living in this stok of uildings it is vitl to know ht will hppen when the ig one hitsc he nswer of this question will depend on mny importnt nd sensitive ssumptions tht n not e extly lultedF iene of erthquke engineering is trying to (nd the ext nE swers of most of these questionsD ut whilst there exist strong need to de(ne the vulnerility of single struture with fst nd relile methodsF he uthors will present method pplile to single struE tureD sed on the reWW frgility urves nd hzrd de(nitionsF eri(tion of this method will e presented on IH seleted uildE ings of seprte soil funtion lssesD sed on oserved dmges during wsaUFR IWWW uoeli irthqukeF eriods de(ning loss of servies is lulted sed on egIQ methodology nd re ompred with rel periods to restrt servies t sitesF snjuryEftlity rtes during the i hzrd for the seleted sites re lulted sed on piwePPU nd lso presented on tles ompred y rel reorded injuries nd ftlitiesF
EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS OF A THREE STOREY BUILDING DAMAGED IN THE JUNE 2000 EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTH ICELAND  ID 1190
F. G. Sigtryggsdottir, VST Consulting Engineers Ltd., Iceland E. V. Valmundsson, VST Consulting Engineers Ltd., Iceland S. Bjarnason, VST Consulting Engineers Ltd., Iceland

he inherent seismi vulnerility of existing FgF uildE ingsD designed prior to the introdution of dequte seismi ode provisions in the erlyGmidEIWUHsD hs een drmtilly on(rmed y the tstrophi soioEeonomil onsequenes of erthquke events ourred worldwide in the pst dedeF es nturl retionD revitlized interest on the development of seismi ssessment methodology nd modelling tehniquesD s well s on the development of dvned while vile retro(t

sn tune PHHH outh selnd ws struk y two destruE tive erthqukesF usequentlyD extensive dmge evlution ws rried out for selnd gtstrophi snsurne @see pper onX ivlution of uilding dmges in the tune PHHH erthqukes in outh selndAF he dt olleted provided opportunity to ompre tul dmge to results from erthquke nlysis of seleted uildingsF e three storey reinfored onrete o0e uildingD dmged in the erthqukesD ws singled out to e further nlyzed pplying routine design o0e proeduresD in ordne with the pertinent iuroodes in ddition to time history nlysisF he uilding loted in the town rell ws onstruted in IWUSD yer efore the issue of the

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(rst selndi erthquke odeF rere the pek ground elertion rehed HDRUg in the erthquke of tune IUF he im of the study ws to ompre the struturl dmges to results from suh erthquke nlysisF purthermoreD to propose struturl remedil mesure to the uildingF esults from the erthquke nlysis were firly onsistent with the tul dmgeF purthermoreD the results emphsized the imE portne of inresing the erthquke resistne of the uilding nd thus improve its performne in future erthqukesF sn generl the study showed tht the uilding would hve su'ered less dmgeD if the stndrd reinforement detiling of the iuroodes hd een ville nd pplied in ddition to onsidering symmetry in the lyout of struturl memersF purthermoreD tht with reltively simple mesures the sfety of n existing struture n e inresed onsiderlyF
VERIFICATION OF OUT-OF-PLANE URMB FAILURE MECHANISMS THROUGH SCALE TESTING  ID 1217
L. F. Restrepo-Velez, Solingral S.A., Colombia

ES 5
DEVELOPING A MODEL FOR SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT (SRA) OF INTERCITY ROAD NETWORKS IN IRAN  ID 1341
F. Yaghoobi Vayeghan, Transportation Research Institute (TRI), Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Hosseini, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Firoozi Nezamabadi, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he pper is devoted to nlyze nd verify the mehniE l ehviour of some of the most ommon outEofEplne filure mehnisms on unreinfored msonry uildings @wfAD through the exeution of series of stti tests on IXS sled speimens on dryEstone msonryD inluding report on the testsD the desription of the testing devies nd the speimensD the disussion of the similitude requirements nd the nlysis of results nd onlusions of the testsF he tests re oriented to the development of nlytil models for the pplition of proedure for the seismi risk ssessment of wf t urn or regionl sleF
SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF AN UNDER-DESIGNED RC STRUCTURE  ID 1297
A. D'Ambrisi, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. De Stefano, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. Tanganelli, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy

sn this pperD si model ws developed to ssess seisE mi risk of interity rod nd highwy networks for srnF his ountry is loted in the high seismi regionF here re mny de(nitions for isk @A presented y reserhersF he uthors used the min reltionX raB hereX r is rzrd nd is ulnerilityF sf it ws de(ned e nd r s existing risk nd redued riskD respetivelyD whih n e written sX eareBe nd rarrBr hereX reD rrD e nd r reD respetivelyD the existing hzrdD the redued hzrdD the existing vulnerility nd the redued vulnerilityF rosseini @PHHSAD the seond uthor of the pperD suggested srr nd srD whih re respetively the redued hzrd nd the redued vulnerility indiesD de(ned y the following equtionsX rr a re @IEsrrA nd r a e @IEsrA srr a rr B grr nd sr a rB gr hereX rr is the potentil of hzrd redutionY r is the potentil of vulnerility redutionY nd grr nd gr stnd for gommitment to implementtion or the enforement of exeution or pplitionF oD risk redution index @srA is relted to hzrd redution index nd vulnerility redution index s followsX sr a srr C sr E srrB sr he model proposed sed on the ove equtionF sn this model it is tried to onsider the most importnt nd e'etive engineeringD eonomiD soilD etF prmeters involved hzrd nd vulnerilityF st is useful for srn nd ountries like it whih hve pour nd wekness interity rod networksF
FRAGILITY ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES DESIGNED FOR REGIONS OF MODERATE SEISMICITY  ID 1513
O. C. Celik, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States B. R. Ellingwood, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States

en extensive progrm for seismi ssessment of strtegi nd relevnt uildingsD prtiulrly foused on shool uildingsD hs evidened tht mny reinfored onrete strutures relized in the stlin seismi regions etween the SH9s nd the 9UHs re underEdesigned with respet to seismi lods ndD very oftenD lso with respet to stti lods onlyF sn the mit of this progrmD the shool uilding of vond @stlyAD uilt in IWURD represents remrkle seF he struturl orgnism of this uilding presents mny seismi vulnerility souresD originted y design nd onstrution errorsD together with the prolem of low onrete strengthF he seismi response of suh struture hs een nlyzed in detils in ompnion pper oth y mens of nonliner dynmi nlysis nd y mens of pushover nlysisF he results of the performed nlyses hve shown tht the struture is signi(ntly underEdesigned for seismi lodsD nd tht it hs prolems even for stti lods onlyD therefore it needs to e suitly retro(ttedF he intervention of seismi retro(tting of the struture is sedD (rst of llD on the elimintion of ll the min seismi vulnerility soures found ndD susequentlyD on the integrtion of the existing struture with system of new reinfored onrete sher wllsD intimtely ollorting with it in order to sor oth the horizontl nd the vertil lodsF he solution with the sher wlls hs een dopted fter hving nlyzed di'erent solutionsD sed oth on innovtive intervention tehniques with seismi isoltors or dissiptorsD nd on trditionl intervention tehniquesD suh s the reinfored onrete jketing of the existing olumnsF he dopted solution proved itself to e the most e0ient nd eonomil in the present seF woreoverD di'erently thn the interventions with seismi isoltors or dissiptorsD it solves the prolem of resistne to vertil lodsD esides solving the prolem of the seismi lodsF

sn regions of lowEtoEmoderte seismiityD reinfored onE rete @gA frme strutures ustomrily hve een designed with little or no onsidertion of their seismi resistneF por exmpleD in the gentrl nd istern nited ttes @giAD suh frmes trditionlly hve een designed for the grvity lod omintion IFRhCIFUv using detiling provisions of egs tndrd QIVF einforing detils tht re typil in this type of onstrution my led to de(ienies in the seismi performne of grvity lod designed @qvhA frmes in the event of moderte or severe erthqukeF es prt of the move towrd performneEsed seismi engineeringD reserh is underwy to develop reliilityEsed struturl nlysis models for prediting ehvior nd performne of qvh g frmes for spetrum of possile seismi hzrds nd for developing seismi frgilities tht n e used s sis for riskEinformed deisionEmkingF hese reliilityEsed predition methods require urte models of struturl memers nd jointsD s well s e0ient nonliner (nite element methods for performing the simultions leding to seismi frgilitiesF his pper fouses on modeling sher nd ondEslip ehvior of the emEolumn joints in qvh g frmesF e model sed on the experimentl determintion of joint sher stress nd strin ws doptedF he joint pnel onstitutive prmeters were de(ned to replite the experimentl joint sher stressEstrin reltionshipsD nd the e'et of ondEslip ws tken into ountF he modeling sheme ws vlidted using fullEsle experimentl g emEolumn joint test series for four di'erent emEolumn joint representtionsF fsed on the omprisons of the simulted foreEdrift responses with the experimentl ounterprtsD model is reommended for use in simulting the seismi response of qvh g frmes for frgility ssessmentF gomprisons of seismi ehvior estimted from the proposed model to ehvior predited when joint sher nd ondEslip re negleted show the importne of joint modeling in seismi frgility ssessmentF

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SEISMIC RISK EVALUATION OF RC BUILDINGS USING FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION  ID 1518
S. Tesfamariam, University of Ottawa, Canada M. Saatcioglu, University of Ottawa, Canada

Poster Presentations
he pper presents the results of reserh projet onE erned with the struturl sfetyD rehilittion nd reEuse of the nient town of vino gstello @xorthern glri E xtionl rk of ollinoAD whih is presently ompletely ndonedF he environment is hrterised y severe seismi risk nd lrge presene of msonry residentil housingD endowed with high degree of vulnerilityF fesidesD relevnt slopes re oservedD with qusiEvertil urn struture nd uildings very lose to the li'sF his peulir urn on(gurtion mkes the town prtiulrly wek with respet to super(il lndslides nd rokEflls nd possile intertion with the seismi hzrdF he projetD imed t the sfety ssessment of the site nd its uildings @ndD in perspetiveD t the struturl nd funtionl rehilittionA hs een rried out in oopertion with the muniipl dministrtionF he site hs een used s rel lortory for the empiril oservtion of mehnil phenomenD pplition of theoretil models nd experimentl in situ testingF sn the (rst phseD the hrteriztion of the urn ontext nd msonry strutures ws fedD y quiring knowledge out historilD typologilD rhiteturl nd struturl spetsD lol onstrutive tehniquesF sn order to systemtilly store nd orgnize ll the informtion nd dtD n rn nd erritoril snformtive ystem ws designed nd implementedD whih ws lso the sis for the implementtion of multiElevel vulnerility models nd the onstrution of dmge senriosF his inluded the de(nition of s level seismi vulnerility ssessmentD sed on poor dtD ommonly ville t the urn sleD nd of ss level oneD sed insted on typologilD oservtionl nd mehnil dtF sn oth sesD spei( forms nd proedures for dt retrievl were developedF he proedures hve een pplied on the uildings of vino gstelloD implemented in the qs nd elortedD providing desription in terms of vulnerilityD dmge nd senrio mpsF
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE SEISMIC RETROFIT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC) FRAMES USING FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS (FRP)  ID 1570
A. Rasulo, Universit degli Studi di Cassino, Italy

xewer uildings9 resiliene to seismi hzrd is improving with the pplition of reent design odes nd qulity of onstruE tionF roweverD the vulnerility of existing uildings is pprent due to the older design odesD inherent re of weknesses or hnge in the initil design prmetersF reneD there is need for ompreE hensive pln to identify ritil strutures nd rry out repir nd upgrdingF roweverD the impending hllenge remins to e (nding the neessry funding from limited resoureF sn this pperD risk sed evlution tehnique is proposed to quntify the seismi ssessment nd rnk the orresponding uilding ordinglyF he seismi hzrdD uilding vulnerility nd onsequene of filure re hndled in hierrhil strutures nd the reltive importne etween eh prmeter is omputed using the nlytil hierrhi proessF nertinty nd vgueness in the input prmeters re hndled using fuzzy syntheti evlutionF ensitivity nlysis is rried out to highlight the reltive importne of eh input prmeterF he proedure is presented with smple pplitionsF
EVALUATION OF STRENGTH AND DAMAGE INDEXES FOR BUILDINGS  ID 1534
V. Sigmund, University of Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) P. Brana, University of Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)

sn order to evlute nd improve seismi pity of exE isting uildings seismi sfety evlution9 nd retro(tting9 re very importnt tsksF ingineers mke these evlutions with di'erent methodsD from too simple to too sophistited onesF he presented method omines experimentl dt nd engineering knowledge for evlution of the seismi sfety ftors nd expeted struturl performne under strong eventsF st mkes distintion etween the strutures with prolems nd those without prolems nd is quik wy to hek the ehvior of strutures ginst expeted seismi demndsF he method ould lso e used for hoie of the optiml strengthening method nd for veri(tion of the qulity of performed strengthening worksF roposed methodology n e onsidered s useful engineering tool to provide se for the plnning of mesures of restortion nd reinforement nd to hek their suessF st roughly overs three vulnerility ssessment levels required in the igVX generl stilityD strength pity nd lterl displements pityF
ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC INFLUENCES TO THE EXISTING BUILDINGS IN BISHKEK, KYRGYZSTAN  ID 1556
K. Yrysmendi, Seismology, Kyrgyzstan

his rtile studies the seismi in)uene to existing uildingsF es it is known for estimtion of the struture vulnerility it is usully neessry rel informtion out exposed existing uildings y pst hevy erthqukesF ixisting dt tells tht the reserhing re during IWTHEPHHR ws not exposed y lose hevy erthqukesF xevertheless the ity territory ws exposed y smll erthquke e'ets onstntlyF yviously this ft is nturl ondition of seismi sitution on given reF
STRUCTURAL SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE HISTORICAL ITALIAN TOWN OF LAINO CASTELLO  ID 1565
M. Mezzina, DICAR, Italy G. Uva, DICAR, Italy I. Trulli, DICAR, Italy F. Porco, DICAR, Italy

he use of pier einfored lstis @pA in seismi retro(t of existing reinfored onrete @gA uildings is inresingly gining onsidertion in sienti( nd tehnil ommunityF eent interntionl douments provide guidne to designers interested in the use of so fr not odi(ed mterilsD fousing on the min spets the retro(t intervention requires t setionl nd memer levelF wny grvity lod designed g frmes generlly present n unstisftory seismi response minly due to lk of glol dutilityF hey re indeed oneived without onsidertion of pity design priniplesD nd therefore rittle filure mehnism re to e expeted with the formtion of plsti hinging in olumns prior thn in emsD nd potentil dmge to emEolumn jointsF he p n e used in the retro(t in order to modify the strength hierrhy nd thus hieve etter seismi responseF he pper ddresses the issue of wht horizontl overEstrength nd ehviour ftor hve to e used when suh retro(t philosophy is doptedF eltionship etween lterl pityD design fore redution ftorD dutility level nd overstrength hve een investigtedF he lterl pity nd the overstrength ftor re estimted y mens of inelsti stti pushover s well s timeEhistory ollpse nlysis for vrious frmes representtive of the grvity lod only designed g uildings present in iuropen seismi prone resF
EVALUATION OF SEVERAL REHABILITATION METHODS FOR AN EXISTING STEEL BUILDING  ID 1577
S. Maalek, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) P. Tehrani, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn this studyD the e'et of using severl rehilittion methods to improve the seismi performne of n existing W story steel struture hs een investigted using nonliner stti nd nonliner dynmi nlysesF hese methods inlude the use of the ifp systemsY g her lls nd use of ssive energy dissiptors suh s metlli ehe dmpersD visous dmpersD

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Poster Presentations
visoelsti dmpers nd frition dmpersF ih dmping system hs een modeled in the struture for severl dmping rtios nd dmper propertiesF sn nonliner dynmi proedureD the response of the struture to seven sled erthquke reords mthed to the design spetrum hs een otined nd the verge vlue of the displementsD se shersD se moments nd dissipted energies in struturl memers re used for omprisonF he results demonstrte tht using visous nd visoelsti dmpers for this struture n sustntilly redue the potentil of dmge in struturl memersD prtiulrly in olumnsF feuse these kinds of dmpers exert their mximum fores in out of phse with displement most of the olumns remin elstiF
CUMULATIVE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT BASED ON THE CAPACITY-SPECTRUM METHOD  ID 1584
N. Kyriakides, University of Sheeld, UK K. Pilakoutas, University of Sheeld, UK

ES 5
with unequl importne or weights is used in this work to lulte the seismi vulnerility index of ridgesF
SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS OF A CRITICAL FACILITY  ID 1610
R. W. Romeo, Research Centre on Natural Hazards, Italy Q. Napoleoni, Department of hydraulics, Italy

sn seismi vulnerility ssessment the im nlytil proedures is to produe dmge indexD whih n then e relted to the vulnerility of the strutureF he most doumented proedures for ssessing the dmge grde of g uildings inludeD essessment of the hnge in the dynmi prmeters of the struture ivlution of the horizontl interEstory drift nd glol dutility or omintion of themF essessment of the residE ul strength pity of the strutureF he gpity petrum wethodD whih use of the reltionship etween displement demnd nd pityF he (rst three methods hve limittions suh s they only del with glol e'ets nd ignore the loding historyF sn this pper proedure will e outlined nd demonstrted in whih the pityE spetrum method is used to evlute existing strutures with strength degrdtionF he proedure is sed on the equl dutility methodD whih is used to de(ne the performne point @pity urve meets demnd spetrA for eh qe levelF efter the performne point is estlishedD the loss of strength is evluted long with the orresponding displement dutilityF e dmge index is then estimted onsidering the e'et on dmge of oth dutility nd strength degrdtion y pplying weighting ftors ording to the severity of the dmge produedF st is ssumed tht displements due to dutility use only rking nd require fewer repirsD therefore smller weighting ftor is ttriuted for low dutility levelsF trength degrdtion is ttriuted greter signi(ne nd leds to higher vulnerility vluesF e third prmeter used to otin the (nl vulnerility of the struture is relted to the dmge potentilF por exmple struture tht exhiited low dutility levels nd no degrdtion fter prtiulr event my still hve high vulnerility depending on whether slightly lrger event would use severe degrdtion or filureF
URBAN BRIDGES MEXICO  ID 1607 VULNERABILITY STUDY IN

irthqukes re mong nturl hzrds tht threten t most humn tivitiesF his is due to the polyvlent rnge of e'etsD spnning from diret dmges relted to the seismi shking to indiret dmges used y ollterl hzrds suh s (resD liqueftionD soils densi(tion nd lndslidesF he degree of vulnerility nd the level of exposure of the thretened elements my further mplify suh e'etsF sn this senseD the seismi risk indued y n oilEgs storge plnt loted lose to n importnt ommeril hrour in outhern stly is nlysedF he plnt is situted in one of the res with the highest vlues of seismi hzrd in stlyD 'eted y erthquke mgnitudes s lrge s U in the pstF woreoverD the plnt lies ner to the shoreline nd the fing se)oor is hrterized y the presene of deep sumrine nyon (lled y looseD unonsolidted soils oming from the exvtion of the hrour hnnelF yn this ses the following phenomen hve een investigtedX lol site mpli(tionD liqueftionD sumrine lndslides nd seEwves runEupF he stility nlyses regrded oth the plnt9s struture itself nd the siteF e vulnerility nlysis provided the response to the omputed seismi tions of the steel tnks forming the struturesD while dynmi nlyses gve the response of the soils to the wide rnge of possile ground filuresF toining ll the possile e'ets tht ould destilize the plntD n overll risk mesure tht the stility nd sfety of the plnt my fils ws otinedF he totl risk ws then omputed onsidering the e'etsD in terms of humn life lossesD produed y the filure of the plnt nd suh risk ws then ompred with risks deriving from other humn tivities to provide resonle sis to onsider it eptle or notF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF SQUARE R/C COLUMNS CONFINED WITH FRP  ID 2048
C. Faella, Dept. of Civil Engineering - Univ. of Salerno, Italy A. Napoli, Dept. of Civil Engineering - Univ. of Salerno, Italy R. Realfonzo, Dept. of Civil Engineering - Univ. of Salerno, Italy G. Rizzano, Dept. of Civil Engineering - Univ. of Salerno, Italy

F. Espinoza, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico J. R. Juarez, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico E. Maldonado, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia C. Gomez, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico J. P. Torres, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico

insendD wxioD is zone loted to the south of vos engelesD eD 'eted y intense erthqukesF hereforeD study of seismi vulnerility of the regionl infrstruture is performedF his pper expets to ontriute to the knowledge out seurity of strutures nd develop seismi risk mpsF wldondo method is used to lulte the vulnerility index of urn ridges of insendF ht method uses IW prmeters tht were determined with se in the studies relized on ehvior seismi of ridgesD experienes posterthqukeD studies of existing models nd opinions of expertsF he fuzzy mthemtis re used to quntify the qulittive thing nd in this work they re used to relte the quli(tions of eh prmeter nd its respetive vlues of importneF he trditionl method of omintion of severl piees of informtionD

his pper fouses on the repiring nd seismi retro(tting of existing reinfored onrete @GgA grvity lod designed @qvhA uildingsF sn prtiulrD the preliminry results of wide experimentl progrm onduted to evlute the seismi ehviour of Gg olumns strengthened y using oth ron nd glss (er reinfored polymers @psA re presentedF he progrm E still in progress t the vortory of trutures of the niversity of lerno @stlyA E onsisted of monotoni nd yli tests performedD under onstnt xil lod onditionD on full sle squre nd retngulr onrete olumnsD reinfored using oth smooth nd deformed steel rersF tudied olumns were relized to e representtive of existing qvh uilding struturl omponentsD iFeF of struturl elements designed with indequte seismi detilsY for the sme reson they hve een produed with low strength onreteF ests were onduted onX A olumns strengthened y prtilly wrpping one or more ron @gpA or glss @qpA (er reinfored polymers sheets round the elementsY A olumns retro(tted y using oth the externl gp on(nement system nd longitudinl steel ngles pled t the orners of the onrete elementsY A unstrengthened olumns ! used s terms of omprison to evlute the ene(ts of the ovementioned retro(tting tehniquesF he performed tests ! rried out in displement ontrol E hve llowed evluting the improvements in terms of strength nd dutility due to the externl p wrppingF purthermoreD the nlyses of the nonliner yli ehviour of the tested olumns hve provided to drw useful informtion out the sti'ness degrdtion nd the energy dissiption phenomenF pinllyD results in terms of rottion pity were lso ompred with ones otined pplying the

247

ES 9 & SS 5
formultions deriving from the tehnil literture nd from new odesF
A STUDY ON ECONOMIC SOUNDNESS OF SEISMIC RETROFITTING IN ITALY  ID 2057
S. Santini, University of Roma Tre, Italy C. Nuti, University of Roma Tre, Italy I. Vanzi, University of Chieti, Italy S. Sigismondo, University of Chieti, Italy

Poster Presentations
ourF htsoever preutions nd mesures re tken in onstruting uildingsD dmge is expeted during erthqukesF his underlines the need of sound resue nd relief prepredness to e in ple for ny seismi disster mitigtion shemeF idespred dmge during reent erthqukes in sndi s prtiulr nd round the gloe in generlD hs sustntited this needF esue works fter disster re prt of postEdisster emergeny tionsF heseD in ftD form the most ruil phse of disster mitE igtion progrmmeF roper oordintion nd inresed e0ieny shown in the (rst few hours of the disster 'ets suess rte more thn suh performnes shown in ny other phse of entire dissE ter prepredness progrmmeF xumer of sulties n e minE imised with quiker evution of survivors entrpped inside olE lpsed uildings nd providing them timely (rstEid nd medil ttentionF etD it gets the lest ttention in the overll disster prepredness plnF lkness reples lertness due to unertinty in ourrene of erthquke nd in ftD long period etween mE jor erthqukes striking sme regionF he other ftors hve een tred out for identifying strength nd weknesses 'eting suess rte nd e0ieny of the immedite postEdisster opertionsF here re severl segments of soietyD whih n form the resue temF futD resue nd relief work fter erthquke requires spei( orienttion nd trining to mke the emergeny work more e'etiveF euthor strongly feels tht with short orienttion for mnging postEerthquke resue nd emergeny resue works will e rried out work more e'etivelyF he vrious fets of resue to enhne lol e pilities hve een overed in this pperF euthors emphsize the development nd enhnement of lol erh nd esue @eA pilities to mke this emergeny tion more e'etiveF
BOUMERDES ALGERIA EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 21, 2003: MAIN FEATURES AND BUILDING DAMAGE ANALYSIS  ID 192
M. Belazougui, National Earthquake Engineering Centre (CGS), Algeria M. N. Farsi, National Earthquake Engineering Centre (CGS), Algeria A. Remas, National Earthquake Engineering Centre (CGS), Algeria

nder whih onditions is it eonomilly onvenient to seismi retro(t struturec his pper presents oth proedure whose results llow to give simple nswer to the ove questionD entrl in erthquke engineeringD nd the results reltive to the V9IHH muniiplities in stlyF he proedureD lredy presented y the uthorsD uses s strting pointD the results of stndrd reliility nlysis onduted on the struture in its present stte nd fter the retro(tting interventionF one these re knownD expressed in terms of men rte of exeedne of spei(ed limit sttesD it is shown tht it is possile to omputeD vi stndrd proE edures of (nnil eonomisD whether the upgrding intervention should e mde nd how eonomilly sound they reF his very proedure is then pplied to the stlin territoryX the hzrd t the site of the stlin muniiplities is (rst omputed nd then the eonomi soundness of retro(tting is disussedD with referene to the most frequently enountered struturesD nd with speil emphsis on reinfored onrete onesD uildings nd infrstruturesF e simple nd useful results is thtD depending on the hzrdD on the struturl hrteristisD on the onsequenes of ollpse nd on the retro(tting ostD seismi upgrding my or my not e eonomilly soundF end plot of the results on the territory further lri(es where resoures for seismi retro(ttingD usully oming from puli fundsD ought etter e employedF
IN SITU EVALUATION OF STEEL STRESS IN R.C. MEMBERS WITH SMOOTH REBARS  ID 2072
G. Fabbrocino, University of Molise, Italy G. M. Verderame, University of Naples Federico II, Italy M. Polese, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

truturl ssessment of existing reinfored onrete @FgFA onstrutions results from omintion of experimentl @deterE mintion of mteril properties nd rer detilingA nd numeril evlutions @stti ndGor dynmi non liner nlyses under design lodsAF sn this frmeworkD in situ estimtion of reinforement stress levels n give useful informtion out tul response of the struture under pplied lodsD ut generlly requires invsive nd expensive opertionsF his pper presents n insight on the ssessment of reltionships etween rk width nd reinforement stress in the ritil regions of existing onrete uildingsD suh s olumn se or emEolumn jointsD reinfored with smooth rersF he method is sed on numeril proedure tht omines dvned modeling of the steel rer for the omputtion of reltionships etween oservedGmonitored rk ptterns nd unertinties 'eting relevnt struturl prmetersF win numeril spets of the deterministi pproh to rk width estimtionD vlidted ginst spei( experimentl resultsD re disussedF e regression nlysis is then used to derive proilisti estimtion of the reinforing steel stressF

he importnt erthquke of wy PID PHHQD with TFV wgnitude tht struk minly the provine of foumerdes nd the estern prt of elgiers provine hs resulted in very high toll of humn losses @more thn PQHH ded nd IHHHH injured peopleA nd in very importnt dmge to uilt environment @more thn IHHFHHH dwellings or onstrutions ollpsed or more or less seriously dmgedAF sn this pperD the min fetures of this mjor seismi event trigE gered y previously unknown o' shore fult will e rie)y preE sentedF henD the uilding dmge will e nlyzed in terms of nE ture nd degrees of dmge to di'erent tegories of onstrutions in the di'erent prts of the striken region nd the min weknesses nd insu0ienies of strutures nd the min uses of dmge to the uilt environment will e underlined F pinlly the min lessons lernedD up to nowD from this very importnt eventD will e presented in onlusionF
INVESTIGATION ON THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE SOIL DURING THE 2003 BAM EARTHQUAKE IN IRAN  ID 250
R. Motamed, The University of Tokyo, Japan

ES 9 & SS 5: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes

Level-1
SEARCH AND RESCUE CAPABILITIES  ID 73
A. K. Sinha, C.M.E, India

A. Ghalandarzadeh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) I. Towhata, The University of Tokyo, Japan S. Tabatabaei, Building and Housing Research Center, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Shaee, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

irthqukes re nturl tionsF

hese re ound to

he im of this pper is to investigte the seismi ehvE ior of surfe soilD lol site e'etD during the PHHQ fm erthquke in srnF urfe soil ondition ws studied s follows y three methodsX mirotremor mesurementsD wedish weight soundingD

248

Poster Presentations
nd low ountsF wirotremor mesurements were onduted t RW sites in fm ityD nd predominnt period ws estimted t eh site y rG methodF woreoverD wedish weight sounding test ws performed t R sitesD nd verge resonne period ws lultedF hree oreholes were logged in fm whih one ws loted in the governor9s o0e where elerometer devie reorded the min shokF eelertion spetrum of the ground motion in the ed rok ws k lulted y reui nlysisF pindings mnifested tht lol soil did not mplify signi(ntly ground motionF purthermoreD sher wve veloity in three oreholes were lulted using vluesF esults from mirotremor mesurements nd wedish weight soundingD nd low ounts were ompred to the seismi re)etion survey whih ws rried out y ssiiF e good orreltion ws foundD reveling tht lol soil hve su0iently good properties nd n not e the min soure for hevy dmge to housesF sn dditionD dmge survey ws performedD nd it ws oserved tht dmge intensity ws high in the entrl prt of fm where houses were wek msonry nd doe struturesF
RELATION BETWEEN STRONG MOTION AND DAMAGE TO HOSPITALS IN THE 2004 NIIGATAKEN CHUETSU EARTHQUAKE  ID 286
M. Miyajima, Kanazawa University, Japan A. Nebil, Kanazawa University, Japan T. Ikemoto, Kanazawa University, Japan J. I. Inagaki, Kanazawa University, Japan

ES 9 & SS 5
in the xorth down to o'shore umtrD the q mgnitudes were out HFQ higher thn the vlues determined from the dt reorded t the sttionF por events ist of the endmn nd xior sslnds the q mgnitudes were only HFHQ higherF roweverD for events outh of xior sslnds the q mgnitudes were HFP smller thn those from the sttionF hese di'erenes in the mgnitudes might re)et di'erenes in the trvel pthwys @eFgF di'erent veloitiesA of the erthquke generted wves in reltion to the point of mesurement due to the omplex geologil struture of the sudution zoneF por tsunmi lert levels relted to erthquke mgnitudes determined y sttions in hilnd these di'erenes might hve to tken into ountF his work is still going onF
SEISMICITY OF SOUTHERN THAILAND AFTER THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE  ID 520
S. Dangmuan, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand W. Lohawijarn, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand H. Duerrast, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand P. Nuannin, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand P. Yongsiriwith, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Thailand

he present pper is fousing on the dmge to hospitls in the PHHR xiigtEken ghuetsu irthqukeF relth re filities suh s hospitls rry gret importne priniplly following dissterF he funtion of hospitls fter n erthquke depends on mny ftors suh s struturl dmgeD lifeline dmgeD lk of st'D lk of mediine nd othersF snvestigtion of the reltion etween strong motion nd dmge to eh omponent of hospitl during lrge erthquke is neessry for evluting the seismi performne of life sving filitiesF uestionnire survey ws onduted for the hospitls su'ering dmge due to the PHHR xiigtEken ghuetsu irthqukeF he reltion etween mlfuntion of the hospitl nd dmge to eh omponent suh s struturesD lifelinesD instruments nd so on ws investigtedF he reltion etween strong motion nd dmge to eh omponent ws lso studiesF ek ground veloity @qA nd twe @tpn weteorologil egenyA seismi intensity were used s indies of strong motion in this studyF ek ground veloity t every PSHm within the xiigt region ws estimted y using multiEsperity soureEmodelD omined with UFS rEseond xiigtEprefeture mp of the verge Ewve veloity of the upper QHm of the groundF he dmge to eh omponent of hospitl is lerly relted with simulted q rther thn twe seismi intensitiesF imulted q is useful for estimting seismi performne of hospitls without twe seismi intensityF
MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCES OF ANDAMAN SEA EARTHQUAKES MEASURED IN SOUTHERN THAILAND  ID 514
N. Setapong, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand W. Lohawijarn, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand H. Duerrast, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand P. Nuannin, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand P. Yongsiriwith, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Thailand

efter the mgnitude WFQ erthquke on PT heemer PHHR o' the est ost of xorthern umtrD sndonesiD nd the susequent ftershoks questions emerged out the impt of this mjor erthquke on the fult zones in outhern hilndD espeilly the ulong wuri nd nong pult oneF he uhlong wrui pult one is well de(ned sine erly geologil work s it mrks ler oundries on the topogrphi nd geologil mpF he surfe expression of the nong pult one is less developedF roweverD oth fult zones re well known from the hydroron explortion in the ghumphon fsinD qulf of hilnd on the est side nd the wergui fsin in the endmn e on the west side of the hi eninsulF he uhlong wrui nd nong pult one re oth xiE trending strutures nd shown on mps s strike slip fults with possile sinistrl motionF wny people elieved tht these fults were dormntD lthough there ws mgnitude SFT erthquke reported on QH eptemer IWUV long the nong pult @xutlyD IWWRAF sn erly tnury PHHS the qeophysis qroup of rine of ongkl niversity instlled set of short period seismogrphs in the provines of huketD uriD ng xg to monitor the seismiity of the ulong wrui pult oneF yver period of six monthsD ITP erthqukeEevents were reorded in the re ounded y longitude UFPS degree x to IHFIP degree x nd ltitude WUFPT degree i to WWFTW degree iF everl of these erthqukes re ligned prllel to the xiE trending fult zonesD inditing tht they re seismi tiveD t lest in the ftermth of the PT heemer PHHRF he work is still going onF xutlyD FD IWWRF essessment nd mitigtion of erthqukesX eleted res of outhest esiF x ionomi nd oil gommission for esi nd the i(D fngkokD hilndX PHSEPTHF
BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE PART I: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTHQUAKE  ID 622
H. Masanori, Waseda University, Japan R. Kheir-Eddine, University of Science and Technology of Oran, Algeria O. Yasuko, Kyoto University, Japan M. Masakatsu, Kanazawa University, Japan

efter the wgnitude WFQ erthquke o' the est ost of umtr on PT heemer PHHRD the qeophysis qroupD rine of ongkl niversityD set up temporry seismogrph sttion t the uho ghng teleommunition sttion in hng xg rovineF he ojetive ws to monitor erthqukes nd ftershok events in the endmn e reF piftyEthree events were reorded from I tnury to IP tnury PHHS with ody wve mgnitudes rnging from w RFS to TFTF he omprison of these mgnitudes with the q erthquke tlogue dt showed di'erenes depending on the epienter lotionF irthquke events tht were loted in the re long nd ner the sudution zoneD from the endmn sslnds

yn wy PID PHHQ t IWXRRXIW lol time the foumerdes erthquke struk the emmouri region in northern elgeriF emmouri is pproximtely UH km est of the pitlD elgiersF he moment mgnitude of this event is TFV determined y FFqFF he fol depth of the erthquke ws out IH kmF he erthquke ourred in the oundry region etween the iursion plte nd the efrin plteF his erthqukeD whih is the iggest to hit elgeri sine IWVHD killed PPUV people nd injured more thn IIDHHH peopleF he lrge numer of ollpsed houses nd puli uildings ws the diret use of the loss of the humn livesF woreoverD the erthquke disrupted helth serviesD wter supply linesD eletriityD nd ommunitions in the regionF

249

ES 9 & SS 5
tpn essoition of irthquke ingineering @teiiAD tpn oE iety of givil ingineering @tgiAD erhiteturl snstitute of tpn @estA nd tpn qeotehnil oiety @tqA hve oopertively orE gnized reonnissne tem tht ws sent to investigte the dmE ge in)ited y the foumerdes irthqukeF sn prt sD the geologi nd tetoni settings of elgeriD the history of pst erthqukesD nd the hrteristis of the reent erthquke re highlightedF woreoverD the liqueftion nd geoErelted filures investigted y the tpnese experts reveledF
BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE PART II: DAMAGE TO STRUCTURES  ID 633
J. C. Vielma Prez, Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Al-

Poster Presentations
rok fllsD nd rokElok topples nd slidesF his pper is foused on the oserved erthquke intensities in the fult norml nd fult prllel diretionsF he events used the gretest intensity of Es in the mroseismi epienter @in flkotAF he intesities on iwEWV sle re ssessed sed on struturl dmges nd the geotehnil evidenesF he intensity in the ity of wuz'rd ws oserved to e sD where it is estimted to e sss in flkot nd fghF he event ws felt in sslmd with n intensity of sF he ttenution rte ws highest in the fult norml diretion nd the lowest in the fult prllel diretionF ome few strong motion elertion reords re reorded in this eventD the gretest one ws otined in eottd with epientrl distne of out SSkm nd mximum qe of HFPIgF he ttenution of intensities re formulted y in form of n empiril lwF uh formls hve gret importne in the reevlution of seismi hzrd mps in kistnF
URBAN RECOVERY PROCESS FROM A DISASTER  ID 753
K. Koshiyama, DRI, Japan

varado/UPC, Spain W. Lobo Quintero, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela P. Rivero Rivero, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela R. Kheir-Eddine, University of Science and Technology of Oran, Algeria H. Masanori, Waseda University, Japan S. Taiki, Building Research Institute, Japan K. Kazuo, Tokyo University, Japan M. Kimiro, Tokyo University, Japan

es fr s the seismi design ode is onernedD the elgeE rin government dpted prenh prtie of seismi design fter the IWSR yrlnsville @ilEesnmA erthquke dissterF his design prtie did not onsider properly the spei( feture of strong erthqukes in elgeriF sn IWUVD new guideline dpting the upEtoEdte knowledge of seismi design ws proposed y the gq @xtionl irthquke ingineering genterA with the ssistne of tnford niversityD FFeF his guideline ws dopted in design prtie fter the ourrene of ilEesnm IWVH erthquke dissterF sn IWWWD the guideline ws o0illy regulted s lwD eWWD nd ws ented in PHHHF he foumerdes erthquke used devsttionF e lrge extent of struturl dmge ws oserved in the re ner the epienter inludE ing emmouriD foumerdes nd the suurs of the pitl elgiersF sn foumerdes gity onlyD UDRHH onrete uildings were destroyed nd UDHHH uildings were hevily dmgedF yf pproximtely WTDWUR uildings surveyed y the gq most of the dmge ourred to the residentil uildingsF sndustril uilding too su'ered dmgesD nd of the PS ridges inspetedD it ws reveledD howeverD tht no ridge stopped ompletely from opertion nd ridges tht possessed ntiE seismi steel elements did not su'er ny dmgeF vooking t the extend of the dmgeD one might question the resons for suh extensive destrutionF s it due to IA severity of the ground motionc PA oil onditions whih my hve mpli(ed the intensity of the ground shkingc QA hortomings in uilding design ode ndGor onstrution methodc RA yr omintion of severl ftorsc sn prt ssD struturl dmges re reported nd the uses triggered with the id of stellite imgery nlysis nd oth the lmppostEsupport rk survey nd the mirotremor mesurementsD whih hve re)eted lol site e'etF
ATTENUATION OF INTENSITIES IN THE BALAKOT PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE OF 2005, MW7.6; A FIELD OBSERVATION  ID 663
M. Zare, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

wny dissters used extensive dmge to some ities in the worldF sn most ses mny housings nd puli uildings hd een reuilt t sme or distnt lotionsD so physil environments nd soil onditions were hnging nd developing step y stepF sn the proess the urn res were trnsformed into new living spes for survivorsF he se of rnshinEewji re ttked y the lrge erthquke in IWWS is vlule for lerning lessons in onsidering disster reovery progrmF his study reported the trnsformtion for ten yers to exmine the urn reonstrution progrmF pirstD we lri(ed hrteristis of si ondition in dmged res y gthering nd nlyzing of ntionl popultion ensus in IWWHD IWWSD PHHH nd puli sttistis of lol governmentsF eondD we extrted distintive loks from dmged res through urn whole reovery proess y ftor nlysis of sttisti dtD nd grsped the hnging proess of physil environments y geogrphi nlysis of digitl mp dtD eril photogrphs nd so onF pinllyD we reviewed series of reovery poliies nd showed the reltionship etween puli plnning nd the urn trns(gurtionF e ould hve two min onlusions in this studyF yne it is importnt to mke disster reovery pln for providing housings with due onsidertion for the e'et on the urn trns(gurtionD espeilly of living environmentsD the other it is neessry to develop urn reovery methodology for new sfety ityF
DEVASTATIONS IN RECENT MASSIVE EARTHQUAKES : POSSIBLE COUNTERMEASURES  ID 789
H. Tahghighi, Tokyo University, Japan K. Konagai, Tokyo University, Japan

he flkot erthquke of V ytoer PHHS with wwUFT used life loss of more thn UQHHH person sed on the o0il reportsF he retivtion of the wuz'rd fult @prtilly known s the wurry fultA used the minshokF his fult is prllel with the win foundry hrust fult zoneD in xEi diretionF he fult system is loted in the rzr syntx in the xi of sslmdF he fult ws tred on the surfe ording to the surfe ruptures reported etween fgh nd flkotD long with trend of length of out IPHkmF he erthquke used severl surfe oseismi ruptures in the epientrl region tht interrupted the mjor rods nd therefore mjor di0ulties in the relief e'ortsF he lndslides were of di'erent types of deris slidesD

sn the lst dedes of the PHth entury nd the (rst few yers of the PIst enturyD the loss of humn lives in nturl dissters ws reported to e more thn one millionF gountless numer of people hd een left destitute nd mny ommunities su'ered huge eonomi lossF uh terrile dmges to life nd property ll for inresed e'orts in investigting uses of disstersD evluting their risk nd developing proedures for mitigting their e'etsF yne of the importnt onerns is to disuss the possile mesures for minimizing losses of life nd dmge to vriety of strutures during the strong ground motionsF his needs well orgnized tehnil ommittee to estlish remedil mesures for dmge to struturesF st ws thus nturl must for this type of reserh tivity to inorporte individul works of mny othersD espeilly with respet to risk identi(tion nd nlysisF he geotehnil spets involve in nturl dissters suh s erthqukesD fultEin)ited dmgeD liqueftions nd lnd slides re rod nd omplex experieneEsed disiplineF feuse of their ntureD the (eld of geotehnil erthquke engineering ssoited with ground dissters is often regrded s signi(nt reserh topiF ntil something disstrous hppensD no prolems hve een identi(ed or reognized s importnt for further studiesF verning from wht hs hppened is the most importnt onsidertion nd should never e missedF sn ftD whenever serious dmge hs

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ourred due to erthqukesD new horizons hve een disovered nd signi(nt dvnes mde in the development of geotehnil nd struturl engineeringF por thisD rhiving ville dt in systemti wy will e quite neessryF his pper ims to give some hints for rtionl remedil or design mesures for ivilEstrutures nd infrstrutures whose onstrutions wereGre unvoidle in geotehnil hzrdous resF
THE BAM, IRAN EARTHQUAKE OF 26 DECEMBER 2003 WITH EMPHASIS ON STRONG GROUND MOTION RECORDS  ID 806
A. A. Moinfar, Building and Housing Research Center, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Naderzadeh, Maharem Group, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 9 & SS 5
he nturl period nd the dmping ftor of uildings re importnt prmeters to determine the dynmi ehviour of uilding strutures during seismi shking nd hve een used to estimte potentil dmge of uildings during future erthqukesF he nlysis of mient virtion mesurements is quikD esy nd inexpensive wy to estimte the nturl period of uildingsF he perury PRthD PHHRD el roeim @worooA erthquke @ww TFRA reh n intensity degree of sss@iwA over n re mong eit umrlD et umrlD ejdirD zrhne nd smzoreneD where n intensity of sssEs ws oserved lollyF wost of the severe struturl dmge inluding ollpse ourred in doe nd rule msonry onstrutions utD unfortuntelyD round (fty reinfored onrete g uildings su'ered lso ollpse in smzorene nd more thn one hundred with severe struturl dmge in ejdir nd smzoreneF emient virtion mesurements were performed in smzorene nd el roeim ities t the top of set of g uildings @from P to S storiesA using three omponent seismometerF pourier spetr were omputed from every reord in the longitudinl nd trnsversl omponentsF he reltionship etween the osilltion period of the swying motion nd the story numer of undmged @nd for dmged lsoA g uildings hs een estimted nd the dmping ftor using the ndom herement ehniqueD in the smll mplitude regionD ws lultedF esults show tht the nturl periods for undmged g uildings re slightly longer thn those otined in severl ities of the outh of pinF he reltionships otined for dmged uildings re strongly dependent of the severity of the dmgeF
EFFECTS OF LOCAL SITE CONDITIONS ON BUILDING DAMAGE DURING THE ZARAND (FEB2006, IRAN) EARTHQUAKE  ID 1283
A. Kavand, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Ghalandarzadeh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

yn PT heemer PHHQ n wwTFS erthquke strongly hit the ity of fm in southest of srnF he erthquke destroyed prts of the fm ity nd the histori fm gitdelF yver QPDHHH people lost their lives due to this erthqukeF he mximum intensity of the erthquke ws s @wwsA in very limited re of the fm ityF he hypoenter ws loted within the ity limits nd out U km elow surfeF here were UV strong motion instruments instlled within QHH km distne from the fm ityD mong whih over PS instruments reorded the min shok of the erthqukeF he most signi(nt elerogrms were reorded in fmF he ek qround eelertions @qesA were HFVHg nd HFTRg in the horizontl nd IFHg in the vertil diretionsF he fm erthquke demonstrted some unique geologilD seismologilD nd erthquke engineering fetures tht n ontriute to the present knowledge in these (eldsF his pper presents the strong motion hrteristis of the erthquke suh s the reorded qesD prtiulrly the vertil pek elertion of over IFHg in n wwTFS erthquke tht ws reorded on the erthquke fultF emong other signi(nt hrteristis of this destrutive eventD the following spets re lso disussed in the pperX pid ttenution of the qesD relese of the most of the energy in short period of timeD mpli(tion feture of the under ground soilD ner (eld e'etD fetures of the intt uildings in the most destrutive reF he disovery of the ustive fult of the erthquke tht ws hidden fult pssing right under the fm ity ws one of the most signi(nt fetures of the fm erthqukeF his feture is lso presented in detils in the pperF
CALIBRATION OF RAPID VISUAL SCREENING SCORES TO LOCAL STRUCTURES IN IRAN  ID 823
F. Nateghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

pid evlutions of existing strutures in uilt enviE ronment nd quik ssessment of disster plnning is n importnt tsk in erthquke prone regionsF wny estlishments hve devised their evlution forms nd modi(ers for ssessment propose suh s egF sn this study due to unique opportunity fter m erthquke of irnD n ttempt ws done to lirte the eg sores sed on lol onditionsF sn this studyD QVR uildings fter the devstting fm irthquke were studied in detils F vikely ll kinds of strutures suh s msonry D Gg nd steel uildings existed in this survey F sed on eg sores nd investigted reordsD modi(ers were lulte D therefore set of modi(ed struturl sores were suggestedF his pper will present the proedure nd results otinedF glirtion tehnique will e lso disussedF
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF RC BUILDINGS AFFECTED BY THE 2004 AL HOCEIMA (MOROCCO) EARTHQUAKE USING AMBIENT VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS  ID 928
F. Vidal, Granada University, Spain M. Navarro, Almera University, Spain T. Enomoto, Kanagawa University, Japan E. Ocaa, Granada University, Spain T. Mourabit, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Morocco

e dmging erthquke struk the southestern prt of srn @rndA on perury PPD PHHSF e gret numer of uildings were severely dmged or ollpsed during the erthqukeF edoe uildings were ompletely ollpsed or su'ered hevy dmgeF nEreinfored msonry uildings @wA were dmged euse of sene of tie ems nd poor onstrution qulityF ome msonry uildings with preEst onrete roof sls were dmged loted up to S kilometer fr from the epienterF sn order to exmine the possile e'ets of lol soil onditions @site e'etA on ground motion nd distriution of erthquke dmgeD some mirotremor mesurements were onduted on ground surfe in severl lotions in the 'eted reF elso mirotremor mesurements were onduted on top of some survived doe nd msonry uildings in order to otin their seismi response hrteristisF he results show good reltion etween ground mirotremor (ndings nd the dynmi hrteristis of uildings whih ollpsed in mny ples ut survived in some prts of the 'eted reF
SOME SPECIFIC LESSONS FROM THE MONTENEGRO 1979 EARTHQUAKE RELATED TO SEISMIC HAZARD AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT  ID 1311
B. Pavicevic, Civil Engineering Faculty, Yugoslavia B. Glavatovic, Montenegro Seismological Observatory, Yugoslavia J. Mihaljevic, Montenegro Seismological Observatory, Yugoslavia

he experiene omplished fter the destrutive IWUW wontenegro erthqukeD mgnitude UFHD hs the lsting signi(neD not only in former ugoslviD ut lso in lrger interntionl ommunityF he speil ttention in this pper is devoted to the methodology of postEerthquke urgent mesuresD prtiulrly to the inspetions nd dmge lssi(tion of more thn TRFHHH uildings nd lifeline systems s wellF egrding urrent tivities on the revision of the hysil develE opment pln of wontenegro n e'ort ws mde to re0rm prtiuE lr experiene in seismi risk redution fter disstrous wontenegro erthqukeD gined through the xhEqGUWGIHR rojetF his

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ES 9 & SS 5
projet ws relized in unique methodologil pproh of inteE grted nd omprehensive plnning sed on the extensive evluE tion of the dmges used to urn nd rurl settlementsD historil nd ulturl heritge to infrstruture nd the prodution tivities espeilly to the tourism nd industryF he min omponents of the projet @esides of the sttement on integrted pproh to the development plnningA were seismi risk redution nd environment protetionY resultsD pprohes nd onepts developed through it should e pointed outF he seismi monitoring pity in wontenegro ws highly imE proved t the end of IWVPD y instlling telemetry seismi network with IH sttionsF st provides the vlule sis for muh etter seisE mi hzrd ssessment in the regionF he urrent seismi monitorE ing tools mke possile ner rel time dissemintion of erthquke prmetersF elsoD the evlution of prole erthquke intensity distriution ording to set of mroseismi modelsD n serve for the urgent estimtion of possile erthquke e'etsF he urrent tivities on the revision of the hysil deE velopment pln of the wontenegroD inluding preprtion nd strengthening of institutionl nd legisltive systemD s well s its hrmoniztion with i regultionsD represent the opportunity for the estlishment of the dequte strtegy for the integrted ntionl strtegy for seismi risk mngementF
CONSEQUENCES QUAKE  ID 1362 OF "LUGOVSKOYE" EARTH-

Poster Presentations
humn lives resulting from hevy dmge nd filure of struturesF he resons for this hve extensively een known ut hve een on(rmed nd stressed out y these erthqukesF roweverD these events hve lso led to new knowledge out the e'ets of ner (eld strong erthqukes nd the strong in)uene of the lol soil medi upon the erthquke e'etF st hs een onluded tht the hevy onsequenes hve minly een due to disrespet of modern priniples of onstrutionF elthough there is still need for more extensive reserh in erthquke engineering (eldD strenuous e'orts re still to e put y the wider soil ommunity towrd mitigtion of seismi risk s n importnt nd urgent impertiveF ine it is di0ult to eliminte seismi risk ompletelyD the wider ommunity should e muh etter prepred to tke oligtionsD preventively (nne the mitigtion of the seismi risk nd e0iently respond to erthqukes one they ourF
THE IRISH SEA EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 14 2005  ID 1385
T. Blake, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland

T. Anvar, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan

he erthquke of wy PQD PHHQ in epuli of uzE khstn on the dt of 4elmty seismi sttion4 hd mgnetude SDR nd depth of the fous from R up to V kmF he erthquke intensity displyed vried grdes within limits from U up to V in the epienter in onformne with wuETR sleF he erthquke hs used signi(nt nd moderte dmges to strutures in territory y the re more thn IHH squre kmF xot serious dmges done to strutures were oserved on the re out SHH squre kmF sn zoneD most severely dmged y the erthqukeD there were seven settlements populted y out QH HHH peopleF es result of erthquke Q men were lostD some tens hve reeived woundsF ell lost were hildren of shool nd preshool geF he eonomi loss used y the seismi eventD hs exeeded 6IPH mlnF es resultD during the erthquke prtilly ll dethed residentil uildings mde from doeD slg stones nd riks whih hs ppered in zone 'eted y the quke with intensity from U up to V grdesD hve reeived dmges of P nd Q degreesD nd some doe hoses E R nd S degreesF st9s evident tht pprohes relevnt to designing of ojets for onstrution in towns nd villges in stndrd douments regulting rules of onstrution in seismi res should e di'erentitedF woreover it9s expedient to enhne requirements to uildings whih exploittion is onneted with lrge quntity of hildren gthering iFeF shoolsD kindergrtensD plyEshoolsD helthEre institutionsF sn prtiulrD it is reommended to ssume the ove mentioned uildings with restrited height of no more thn P )oors nd design seismi lods should e ssumed with heightening oe0ient of IDQEIDSF
STRONG EARTHQUAKES IN THE PERIOD OF 19912001 AND THE CONSEQUENCES INFLICTED TO URBAN AREAS  ID 1382
K. Talaganov, Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Macedonia V. Sesov, Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Macedonia I. Zarova, Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Macedonia V. Gadza, Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Macedonia

he hse regionl seismi network egn reording events from IWUVF he lrgest lolGregionl event it hs registered ws n event in north les with SFRwl mgnitude in tuly IWVRF he event on heemer IR in the srish e re ourred t HQXQHm nd initil estimtes suggest PFVwl mgnitudeF his region is more seismilly tive reltive to the reminder of the ountryF he reltionship etween this eventD long with previous ones nd the regionl geology will e explored nd exminedF ividene from the grvity dt for the region will lso e exmined to support the struturl geologyF he implitions of this event for the rgument for stte funded ntionl seismi network will e disussedF
DAMAGE IN NIAS ISLAND CAUSED BY THE M8.7 OFF-SHORE SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 28, 2005  ID 1426
S. Miwa, Tobishima Corporation, Japan O. Aydan, Tokai University, Japan H. Kodama, Tobishima Corporation, Japan J. Kiyono, Kyoto University, Japan I. Endo, Taisei Kiso Sekkei Co., Ltd., Japan T. Suzuki, Tobishima Corporation, Indonesia M. Hamada, Waseda University, Japan

he hrteristis nd the onsequenes of strong erthE qukes tht hve tken ple in urn res for the period of IWWIEPHHI hve een the sujet of reserhF yut of the totl numer of dmging erthqukes tht hve ourred throughout the worldD only out ten perent hve ourred in the ner viinity of urn regionsF gonsidering the inresing tehnilEtehnologil growth in the worldD the inresed numer of popultion nd the extensive urniztionD this perentge is expeted to rise in futureF he erthqukes hve used hevy mteril dmge nd loss of

e very lrge erthquke with mgnitude of VFU ourred nery xis sslnd of sndonesi on wrh PVD PHHSF elthough the mgnitude of the erthquke ws lrgeD the sle of the indued tsunmi ws very smllF his my e due to the prtiulr se topogrphy nd smll mplitude of the uplift of the seedF trong ground motions indued heviy sulities nd dmges to struturesF elthough the mgnitude of the erthquke ws muh smller thn tht of heemer PTD PHHRD the indued strong ground motions were muh higherF he erthquke indued widespred liqueftion nd lterl spredingF hese phenomen were the primry use of hevy dmge to ridges nd uildings in xis sslndF g uildings re generlly found in ities nd townsF g uildings hving P or more stories were llpsed or hevily dmged in the pnke modeF he min uses of the dmge of the strutures in this erthquke n e rodly lssi(ed s followsX A oil liqueftion nd lk of the soil ering pity in the ostl res nd nery river nksD A prgile struturl wlls nd lk of lterl sti'nessF A oor onrete qulity nd workmnship dA lsti hinge development t the emEolumn jointsD eA vk of sher reinforement nd on(nementD fA oft storyD gA qround motion hrteristis nd so onF es expeted from the mgnitude of this erthqukeD the liqueftion of sndy ground is very likelyF vterl ground movementsD settlement nd the e'ets of ground liqueftion suh s sndoils were oserved t the sndy ground long se shore nd rivernksF wny uildings ollpsedD tilted nd settledD lso ridges nd port filities were dmged long the stl re nd relimed ground in qunung itoliD eluk hlm nd other lowlnd reF he lterl spreding of ground nery ridge utments were lmost ssoited with liqueftion of snd soil lyerF

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HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF THE GREAT HANSHIN-AWAJI EARTHQUAKE DISASTER  ID 1554
K. Koshiyama, DRI, Japan

ES 9 & SS 5
genterD the deformtion t the level of the hypoenter is reverse fult @diretion xi ! AF yn the sis of the seismi movementD the fult hs the length of IS to PH km nd displement of the order of I meterF henD the hypoenter is onsidered s eing super(il @pproximtely IHkmAF he epienter zone is in the re of foumerdes whih is loted t pproximtely SHkm from elgiersF ell the ove informtion of erthquke hs een reported y the eserh genter of estronomyD estrophysis nd qeophysis @geeqE evqiseAF huring the erthqukeD PQHH humn lives re lostD WHHH persons re injured nd more thn QHHH dispperedF yne the other sideD the dmge of rurl houses re estimted to eX mong IHD HHH strutures or rurl houses visited just fter the erthquke9s hitD one notied tht QSHH re lssi(ed s requiring slight repir @UH7A nd some others presenting no dmging @QH7AF fesidesD QVHH re lssi(ed s requiring deeper evlution of repiring nd strengthening @QT7A nd (nllyD QHHH ompletely lssi(ed dmged nd should e demolished @SH7AF uey ordsX irthqukeD elgeriD pultD dmge evlutionD trong motion reordsD seismi intensityD elerogrmsD mgnitude estimtionD isoseisml mpD hisster mngementD seismi riskF
LESSONS FROM BAM EARTHQUAKE: SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF BUILDING STRUCTURES DURING THE EARTHQUAKE  ID 1587
A. R. Manafpour, Halcrow Group Limited, UK

wny dissters used extensive dmge to some ities in the worldF sn most ses mny housings nd puli uildings hd een reuilt t sme or distnt lotionsD so physil environments nd soil onditions were hnging nd developing step y stepF sn the proess the urn res were trnsformed into new living spes for survivorsF he se of rnshinEewji re ttked y the lrge erthquke in IWWS is vlule for lerning lessons in onsidering disster reovery progrmF his study reported the trnsformtion for ten yers to exmine the urn reonstrution progrmF pirstD we lri(ed hrteristis of si ondition in dmged res y gthering nd nlyzing of ntionl popultion ensus in IWWHD IWWSD PHHH nd puli sttistis of lol governmentsF eondD we extrted distintive loks from dmged res through urn whole reovery proess y ftor nlysis of sttisti dtD nd grsped the hnging proess of physil environments y geogrphi nlysis of digitl mp dtD eril photogrphs nd so onF pinllyD we reviewed series of reovery poliies nd showed the reltionship etween puli plnning nd the urn trns(gurtionF e ould hve two min onlusions in this studyF yne it is importnt to mke disster reovery pln for providing housings with due onsidertion for the e'et on the urn trns(gurtionD espeilly of living environmentsD the other it is neessry to develop urn reovery methodology for new sfety ityF
AN INVESTIGATION INTO OPERATIONAL CAPACITY OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES FOR CRISIS MANAGEMENT AFTER THE DECEMBER 26, 2003 BAM EARTHQUAKE  ID 1558
H. Afshin, Sahand University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e powerful erthquke ourred in fm ityD southEest of srn on PT heemer PHHQF eout UH7 of the ity uildings were destroyedF he mjority of the ruil essentil uildings for risis mngement suh s hospitlsD (re sttionsD teleommunitions entersD governor o0eD nd idEsupplying depots were so hevily dmged tht ould not e pplied in the resue opertionsF sn this study the struturl ehvior of these uildings nd its e'ets on their opertionl pity fter erthquke re investigtedF he seismi performne of these uildings is disussed nd their strength nd wekness points re highlightedF fsed on the results of this (eld investigtionD it n e onluded tht inurte detilingD use of wek mterilsD thik roofs @for therml insulting in hot wether of regionAD lk of suitle lterlElodEering systems @due to sene of experiene of strong erthquke in the pst PHHH yers in regionAD wekness of joints etween struturl elementsD irregulr plnD poor workmnship nd etF were resons for dmges to mny of these uildingsF his reserh is n ttempt to provide n opportunity to rise wreness of the importne of seismi sfety of risis mngement speil uildings for postEerthquke resue opertions nd highlights the neessity of seismi retro(tting of these uildings for risk redution in srn s well s in other hzrdEprone ountriesF
THE 21ST OF MAY 2003 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF ALGIERS  ID 1560
A. Zerzour, Civil Engineering Faculty- Algiers University, Algeria H. Zelloum, Civil Engineering Faculty- Algiers University, Algeria M. Chabaat, Civil Engineering Faculty- Algiers University, Algeria

he fm erthquke on PT heemer PHHQ with mgniE tude wwaTFT destroyed most of the ity of fm in srn nd nery villgesD nd killed more thn PTDHHH peopleF he erthquke ws y fr the most devstting erthquke in the history of the region round fmF efter the erthquke the uthor undertook (eld investigtion nd visited the 'eted reF he pper studies the struturl dmge on trditionl s well s modern uilding strutures during the erthqukeF he drmti sle of the sulties ssoited with reltively smll 'eted region highlighted the prtiulr vulnerility of other ities in the erthquke regionF he pper onsiders di'erent types of the uildings in the erthquke 'eted re inludingX edoeD msonryD steel nd reinE fored onrete strutures with some exmples demonstrting the response of eh type of the uildingsF hisussion of the struturl ehviour is given with referene to existing seismi design odes nd onstrution prtie within the regionF st is onluded tht s onsiderle numer of uildings in entrl nd estern provines of srnD more spei(lly in villgesD re uilt of mudEriks nd will not resist similr mgnitude erthqukesF hue to spei( mterils nd onstrution forms speil strengthening proedures needs to e developedF e good mjority of the nonEtrditionl uildings re uilt of msonry or omintion of msonry nd steel without ny spei( seismi onsidertions nd re vulnerle to erthqukesF en tive retro(t nd renewl strtegy should e formulted to enourge the owners to undertke retro(ttingF
GROUND MOTION CHARACTERIZATION IN THE MURCIA REGION (SE SPAIN)  ID 1759
J. M. Gaspar-Escribano, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain B. Benito, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain J. Garca-Mayordomo, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain

en erthquke of mgnitude wsa TFT @ording to giwA nd wsaTFU @fter xisgA on ihter le hit the ity of foumerdes nd its surroundings on wy PIst PHHQ t extly IWXRR pmF foumerdes ity is loted on ost line pproximtely SH km from elgiersD gpitl of elgeriF eording to rrvrd

efter (fty yers of minor seismi tivityD the egion of wuri hs een the fous of the three lst signi(nt erthquke series in pinX the IWWW wulD PHHP fulls nd PHHS v seriesF hese hve een the lst dmging erthqukes in pinD rehing mximum intensities of s nd ss nd using signi(nt eonomil losses ut fortuntely no sultiesF everl ftors ontriuted to the oserved dmgeX uildings hrteristisD lol site e'ets due to the presene of soft soil nd the severity of the seismi shkingF sn this work we nlyse the signi(ne of ground motionsF qroundEmotion reords orrespond to lrge epientrl distnes so they nnot e used to ssess ground motion e'ets t dmged sitesF roweverD the normlised spetrl shpes re ompred to the design spetrl shpes used to onstrut the pnish fuilding gode @xgiEHPAF e systemti exeedne of

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xgiEHP spetrl shpes y reorded spetrl shpes for short periods is oservedF his is orroorted in the epientrl res where modelled spetrl shpes lso exeed their xgiEHP prtners for short periodsF smplitions of this result on seismi hzrd in the egion re nlysedF e show tht the uniform hzrd spetr for the RUSEyer return period n e deomposed into two response spetrD orresponding to shortE nd longEperiod spetrl elertionsF he most signi(nt hzrd ontriution omes from the shortEperiod omponentF rzrd deggregtion shows tht the lrger hzrd ontriutions orrespond to moderte events originted t lol souresF he orresponding spei( response spetr re very similr to the uniform hzrd spetr nd exeed the orresponding xgiEHP response spetr for short periodsF e onlude tht the response spetr spei(ed in the xgiEHP gode for the return period of RUS yers my need to e revised in future versions of the odeF
A RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION OF UNDERLYING RISK FACTORS IN THE AREA  ID 1788
T. Shigaki, osaka city university, Japan E. Ikuta, osaka city university, Japan M. Miyano, osaka city university, Japan

Poster Presentations
disster mitigtion y mking use of the most dvned knowledge suh s iomehnis nd kinesiologyF pirstD ntomy geometri shpe dt @geh dtA re onverted into pi model dt y trnslting through the intermedite igiv dtF wodel meshing nd element forming re rried outF et this timeD minute elements re eliminted for reduing g requirementF et next phseD one rshingGending simultion test nd musle ompression test re onduted for (nding physil properties of eh elementF es typil use of dethD thori ompression proesses is simulted nd the results is ompred with gEsnner experimentl resultsF por se of serious injuryD we exmine lod rrying pity of the musle t the thigh region y oth experimentl nd nlytil studyF sing the thigh modelD dmges under some ses of overturned furniture @typeD mterilD shpe of impt feA re investigtedF gonsequentlyD we estlish frmework of iomehnil modeling proedure nd evlution method for humn dmgeF he results of this study re ville not only for sfety evlution ut lso for edution on residentsF
THE ZAKYNTHOS (W. GREECE) SEQUENCE OCTOBER 2005 - APRIL 2006  ID 1906
C. Papaioannou, ITSAK, Greece

OF

he IWWS ryogoEken xnu irthquke @n inlnd erthE qukeA ws the flling plum down of the lrge metropolitn reD nd mde enormous dmge in uoe reD in tpnF sn the physil dmgeD the omplete ollpse uilding exeeded IHHDHHH nd SSHP persons were killed diretly y this erthqukeF ht ws the iggest sri(e fter the orld r ssYin tpnF epproximtely ove the hlf of vitimsD espeilly the ded person ws the elderly over TS yers old nd it showed the sme tendeny s nturl dissters in the pstF yn the other sideD the dily disster whih ours in the everydy life exists in our life environment in ddition to the nturl disster to ttk us suddenly s erthqukesF here re mny idents in dwellings those elong to the dily dissterD nd ording to suh idents over IHDHHH persons lost their lives every yerF en overwhelming mjority of the sulty due to the dily disster is lso the elderly over TS yers oldF uh tendeny is in ommon with the nturl disstersF st is pointed out tht the unexpeted ident whih represents dily disster ours in reltion to the ttriute of people nd uildings in the reF sn ged soietyD tpnD it is very importnt to e lri(ed the in)uene of the elderly people rtio to underlying risk in the reF sn this reserhD we grsped the sttus of the dily disster in the primry nd the junior high shool unit whih is the se unit of the insurne humn servies y the puli dministrtion in yskD t (rstF eondryD we nlyzed the reltionship etween the regionl hrteristis nd the investigtion results t (rst stepF vstlyD we ould lrify underlying risk ftors in the re ording to the evlution ove mentionedF
FRAMEWORK OF BIOMECHANICAL MODELING FOR EVALUATING HUMAN BODY DAMAGES CAUSED BY COLLAPSED BUILDINGS IN GREAT EARTHQUAKE  ID 1815
E. Ikuta, Osaka City University, Japan M. Miyano, Osaka City University, Japan F. Nagashima, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan J. Ozaki, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

e sequene of moderte mgnitude erthqukes ourred south of kynthos sslnd @F qreeeA in epril PHHT with mgnitude of the strongest erthquke wwSFUF en erthquke with mgnitude wwSFT ourred t the sme re on ytoer PHHSF sn the present pper the spe time distriution of the erthqukes for the period ytoer PHHSEepril PHHT re presentedF st is shown tht within one month fter the ytoer IVD PHHS erthquke the seismiity rte ws t the level of the kground seismiity nd on epril QD PHHT nother sequene strted t the sme with the sme type of fultingF ell the ville fult plne solutions show tht the strongest of the erthqukes re ssoited with low ngle thrust fult with xEi diretionF he erthqukes were strongly felt t the town of kynthos where minor dmge were oserved minly to rittle struturesF seu opertes t this re strong motion rryF he mximum reorded qe ws PP7gF he results of the strong motion dt reorded t the roder re of kynthos sslnd re shown nd disussedF
SEISMICITY OF SOUTHERN THAILAND AFTER THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 ANDAMAN SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE  ID 1922
S. Dangmuan, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand W. Lohawijarn, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand H. Duerrast, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand P. Nuannin, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand P. Yongsiriwith, Songkhla Rajabhat Institute University, Thailand

he IWWS uoe irthquke struk the southern prt of ryogo prefeture tstrophilly nd rought SDSHP immedite vitims @not inluded the relted dethA nd IHDTVQ serious injuredF his numer of sulties is the gretest in reent dissters in tpnF eording to our omprehensive dtse out use of sulty nd uilding dmge in the uoe erthqukeD it ws found tht the typil diret use of deth ws su'otion due to thori ompressionD while the most of serious injured persons hd one frture t the region of domenD lumr nd thighF his pper presents frmework of iomehnil modeling nd evlution method for impt nd ompression dmges of humn odies used y ollpsed uildings in gret erthqukeF he (nl gol of this reserh is to provide highEpreision virtul dummy for

efter the mgnitude WFQ endmn umtr irthquke on PT heemer PHHR nd the susequent ftershoks questions emerged out the impt of this mjor erthquke on fult zones in outhern hilndD espeilly ulong wuri @uwpA nd nong pult one @pAF sn tnury PHHS the qeophysis qroup instlled short period seismogrphs in the provines of huketD uriD hngxg to monitor the seismiityF yver period of out six months ISU erthqukes with wl ` PFS were reorded in n re etween longitude UFPS x to IHFIP x nd ltitude WUFPT i to WWFTW iF everl of these erthqukes re ligned prllel to the xiE trending fult zonesD uwp nd pD inditing tht they were seismilly tiveY others ourred in lustersF fefore the PT he PHHR erthquke the sudution zone in the endmn re ws loked nd susequently the iursin lte with hilnd ws moving towrds istF he mjor erthquke unloked this prt of the sudution zone nd led to rustl deformtionF his resulted to westwrds movement of the generl iursin lte in this regionD doumented y q mesurements @igny et lD PHHSAF roweverD the greter re round huket nd hngxg showed signi(ntly higher movement rtes to the est thn res further xorth or outhF e possile explntion is tht the existing fults in the hi peninsul were tivted y the rustl deformtion of the

254

Poster Presentations
PT he PHHR erthquke resulting in di'erentil movement towrds the estF purtherD the rust in the re in etween the tivted fults experiened extensionl fores through this di'erentil movementD resulting in luster like erthquke ourrenesF ignyD gFD imonsD FtFpFD euF FD fmphenyuD FD tirpodD gFD rooskulD xFD uryD gFD oquetD eFD ymrD uFD eidinD rFF nd emrosiusD eFeFgFD PHHS snsight into the PHHR umtrE endmn erthquke from q mesurements in outhest esiF xtureD olF RQTD PHIEPHTF
DEVASTATIONS IN RECENT MASSIVE EARTHQUAKES - POSSIBLE COUNTERMEASURES  ID 1978
H. Tahghighi, University of Tokyo, Japan K. Konagai, University of Tokyo, Japan

ES 10
in this ontriutionF ystrv nd urvin regions were seleted s study resF he min reson is synhronous ourrene of di'erent types of tehnil seismiity E mining indued seismiityD tr0 virtionsD industril tivity e'etsD etFAF enother tsk is to selet suitle strutures for experimentl mesurement in this model reF sndividul uildings require di'erent pproh for evlution of their seismi lod ording to present gzeh tehnil stndrdsF fuildings nd strutures with the most rigorous riteri for judging the seismi loding will e the most suitle to selet for initil studiesF u0ieny of disussed uildings nd strutures is ville for experimentl mesurements in the study reF emount of ples for experimentl mesurements will derese fter onfronttion with the informtion out urrent ourrene of seismi lods used y tehnil seismiity of ertin type in this reF wps of lshes of opinionsD whih should help to hoose the mesurement re nd suitle struturesD will e the result of this evlutionF
AN APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR RELIABILITY ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN  ID 758
H. Ghalibaan, The University of British Columbia, Canada R. Foschi, The University of British Columbia, Canada C. Ventura, The University of British Columbia, Canada

sn the lst dedes of the PHth entury nd the (rst few yers of the PIst enturyD the loss of humn lives in nturl dissters ws reported to e more thn one millionF gountless numer of people hd een left destitute nd mny ommunities su'ered huge eonomi lossF uh terrile dmges to life nd property ll for inresed e'orts in investigting uses of disstersD evluting their risk nd developing proedures for mitigting their e'etsF yne of the importnt onerns is to disuss the possile mesures for minimizing losses of life nd dmge to vriety of strutures during the strong ground motionsF his needs well orgnized tehnil ommittee to estlish remedil mesures for dmge to struturesF st ws thus nturl must for this type of reserh tivity to inorporte individul works of mny othersD espeilly with respet to risk identi(tion nd nlysisF he geotehnil spets involve in nturl dissters suh s erthqukesD fultEin)ited dmgeD liqueftions nd lnd slides re rod nd omplex experieneEsed disiplineF feuse of their ntureD the (eld of geotehnil erthquke engineering ssoited with ground dissters is often regrded s signi(nt reserh topiF ntil something disstrous hppensD no prolems hve een identi(ed or reognized s importnt for further studiesF verning from wht hs hppened is the most importnt onsidertion nd should never e missedF sn ftD whenever serious dmge hs ourred due to erthqukesD new horizons hve een disovered nd signi(nt dvnes mde in the development of geotehnil nd struturl engineeringF por thisD rhiving ville dt in systemti wy will e quite neessryF his pper ims to give some hints for rtionl remedil or design mesures for ivilEstrutures nd infrstrutures whose onstrutions wereGre unvoidle in geotehnil hzrdous resF

ES 10: Other Issues

Level-1
CONTRIBUTION TO EVALUATION OF TECHNICAL SEISMICITY EFFECT ON BUILDINGS - CASE STUDY  ID 319
M. Lednicka, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic B. Lunackova, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic E. Hrubesova, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic Z. Kalab, Institute of Geonics, Czech Republic R. Korinek, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic

eliility estimtes nd performneEsed optimiztion in erthquke engineering requires the lultion of struturl responses s funtions of the intervening rndom vrilesD inluding those de(ned s design prmetersF ine the lultion of the responses implies the pplition of nonliner dynmi nlysesD integrtion of suh routines within reliility methodsD like simultionD results in hevy omputtionl demndsF he proess is mde very e0ient y n Epriori representtion of the responses vi response surfes or rti(il neurl networksF elthough the development of dtses for the trining of suh networks still requires sustntil omputtionl e'ortD the Eposteriori use of the networks in simultions eomes very e0ient nd permits fst lultion of reliility levelsD y themselves or s prt of n optimiztion for performne with spei(ed reliilitiesF he input to the neurl networks inludes the struturl vriles ndD in the se of soilEstruture intertionD lso those ssoited with the soil propertiesF he vriles orresponding to the ground motion n e treted individully @pek intensityD durtionD rndom phses ssoited with the frequeny ontent of the signlAF elterntivelyD the grouped e'et of these vrilesD or di'erent seleted erthqukesD n e lulted for spei( hoies of the struturl ndGor soil vrilesF he sttistis orresponding to the e'et of these erthqukes @eFgFD men nd stndrd devition of the responsesA n then e representedD ehD s neurl networks with inputs ontining the remining struturl ndGor soil vrilesF his methodology is strightforwrd nd e0ientF st seprtes the response lultion from the reliility or optimiztion tskF he work presented here shows n pplition of the methodology to the study of pileEsupported ridge pier in soft soilD with nd without onsidertion of soilEstruture intertionD with onlusions regrding the importne of the intertion for the reliility of the pierF
3D TIME HARMONIC GREEN'S FUNCTIONS OF A TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC HALF SPACE  ID 865
A. Khojasteh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Rahimian, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Eskandari Ghadi, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

tudy of seismi lod on uildings nd strutures used y tehnil seismiity hs intensi(ed due to inrese of this lodF his lod is pursued not only for present strutures ut it must e heked s n entire prt of projet doumenttion for new signi(nt uildings or for uilding proposed for reonstrutionF gzeh tehnil stndrds present struture lssi(tion on the sis of their response on seismi lodingF foth soioEeonomi viewpoints nd resistivity of studied strutures re tking into ountF roposl for use of this lssi(tion for detiled studies in regions with signi(nt lods y tehnil virtions is presented

sn this pper n ext nlytil solution is presented for displements nd stresses of threeEdimensionl liner qreen elsti trnsversely isotropi hlfEspe sujeted to n ritrryD vertilD timeEhrmoni surfe foreF he equtions of equilirium in terms of displements re unoupled y using potentil funE tionsF he oundry vlue prolems for the potentil funtions re solved y pplying pourier expnsion nd rnkel integrl trnsform with respet to ngulr nd rdil oordintesD respetivelyF he

255

STS E2
development inludes set of trnsformed stressEpotentil nd displementEpotentil reltions whih re useful in vriety of elstodynmi prolemsF qreen9s funtions presented in this pper re importnt in development of oundryEintegrlEeqution method for nlysis of dynmi nisotropi soilEstruture interE tion prolem nd seismi wves sttering in nisotropi soilsF he solutions n e lso used to verify the ury of (nite element nd other pproximte numeril lgorithms developed to nlyze wve propgtion prolems involving trnsversely isotropi mterilsF hi'erent numeril results for qreen9s funtions re inluded to demonstrte the in)uene of the degree of the mteril nisotropyD nd the frequeny of exittion on the responseF
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF DAMPING DEVICES UNDER IMPACT LOADS FROM CONTAINER  ID 886
S. Mori, Ehime University, Japan K. Motoki, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan J. J. Kralik, Cesnak, Slovak Slovak University University of of Technology, Technology, Slovakia Slovakia (Slovak (Slovak Republic) Republic)

Poster Presentations
mximum eigenvlue ourred in the Ediretion with less vlue in the other two diretions re)eting tht the soure geometry ws not spheril ut very proly ylindrilF

STS E2: Practice-oriented Nonlinear Approaches for Performance Assessment and Design
Level-1
TWO EMPIRICAL EXPRESSIONS PROPOSED TO CALCULATE THE TARGET DISPLACEMENTS DURING PUSHOVER ANALYSIS  ID 106
B. Taskin, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Turkey

his pper presents the trnsient dynmi nlysis of nuE ler power plnts uilding under impt lodsF sn reent time of permnent demnds for inresing of tive nd pssive nuler power plnts sfety the question of estimtion of the tehnologil equipment resistne fter ertin opertion time is very tulF yne from the potentil ident is the free fll of ontiner @weight VStA during the trnsport ove ontinmentF his prolem ws onsidered in ordne the soilEstruture nd )uid struture intertionD onrete rkD impt lods in time in piw model on ex progrmF he piw model hs PH VRH @struturl nd )uidA elements nd IS THH nodesF he hll rne trnsports the nuler fuel in the steel ontiner u E gQH under eiling plte t CIVDWHm F he ylinder ontiner hs dimeter PPVSmmD height RQTUmm nd weight VStF sn the se of ident the ontiner n fll to the ontinment plteF gontiner free fll ws modeled s n impt lodF he impulse intensity nd its durtion re expressed from the ondition of equlity of the kineti energy of free flling ody nd deformtion potentil energy of the struture nd the ontinerF he seond e'et of the ontinment fll is the shok lods to the stem genertorsF he results from the dynmi nlysis show tht the pek elertions re QEStimes higher thn in the se of erthqukeF he steel tuulr dmper system is proposed for dissiption of the kineti energy of the ontiner free fllF he shokEdmper si element ehvior under impt lods ws tested y experimentF he proilisti nd sensitivity nlysis of the dmping devie reliility to sor the kineti energies of the ontiner fll ws relized using the diret method wyxi gevyF pour types of the dmping devies with vrious geometry of steel pipes in one nd two lyers were nlyzedF
ISOTROPIC AND DEVIATORIC COMPONENTS FOR THE 2ND AND 15TH OF MAY 1995 SEISMIC EVENTS IN LOP NOR, CHINA  ID 1838
M. Elgabry, NRIAG, Egypt K. Abou Elenean, NRIAG, Egypt H. Hussein, NRIAG, Egypt I. Korrat, Mansoura University, Egypt A. Gharib, NRIAG, Egypt

his pper is foused on the pplition of two reently proposed empiril expressions for lulting the trget displeE ments of uildingsD for whih nonliner stti nlysis proedures re to e performed s desried in egERH or piweEQSTF st is widely greed tht nonliner stti nlyses re stisfying when trget displement is enountered nd ommonlyD this trget displement is determined from the nlysis of n equivlent hyp systemF sn the lose pstD mny reserhers relized studies on hyp systemsD using di'erent struturl hrteristisD nmelyX yield strengthD dutilityD strinEhrdeningD seEsherD sfety level or even vrious hystereti modelsD within ertin period rngeD under the e'et of strong motion reords of simulted erthquke time historiesF eentlyD ghintnpkdee nd ghoprD proposed two empiril equtions to lulte the inelsti deformtion demnds of iliner systemsF fsed on their studiesD skin modi(ed nd proposed two empiril expressions for sti'ness degrding systemsF sn the expressionsD the inelsti deformtion rtiosD g nd gD for systems with known dutilityD D nd yield strengthD D vluesD respetivelyD re esily lultedD thereforeD very hndy for prtil useF en tul four story reinforedEonrete @gA frme strutureD whih su'ered moderte dmge during the eugust IUD IWWW uoeli irthquke nd retro(tted fterwrds y improving the struturl system with numer of eight dditionl sher wlls @four in eh diretionAD is onsidered for investigtionF xonliner nlysis of the struture is relized y running hrinEPh omputer progrm nd is tken into ount s 4ext4 solutionF fsed on the displement pility under the e'ets of seven strong motion reordsD dutility of the struture is lulted nd ensemle verges re lultedF hen trget displements re lulted using the oveEmentioned empiril equtions nd suessfully ompred with the nonliner nlysis lultionsF pinllyD modl pushover nlysis for the struture is rried outD onsidering the trget displement vlue otined from the proposed expressionsF
FULLY INTEGRATED PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN USING NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS  ID 340
J. Chambers, Holmes Consulting Group, New Zealand T. Kelly, Holmes Consulting Group, New Zealand

he momentEtensor solutions re derived for nuler exE plosion nd n erthquke y using lowEfrequeny nd of dt whih re onsidered s representtive for the gross properties of the rupture proess verged over tens of seonds or moreF he moment tensor inversion results showed thtD in the se of the erthquke the isotropi omponent @isotropismA equls to zeroD so the totl fore is devitori re)eting its mehnism @strikeEslipA nd the lrge dimension of the erthquke soureF yn the other hndD in the se of the nuler explosion the isotropi omponent domintes @equls to UR7A re)eting the isotropism ssoited usully with the smll soure isotropi explosionsF st is lso oserved tht the

he xonliner hynmi enlysis proedure @xhA is the most rigorous method ville to struturl engineers for ssessing the seismi performne of uildingsF gontinul improvements in omputer power mke this method prtil option for design o0e useF sn dditionD douments suh s piwe QST provide omprehensive guidne for ssessing the seismi performne of uildings using vrious nlysis methods inluding the xhF he performne of individul elements will typilly e ssessed y ompring plsti deformtions predited y the nlysis with eptle limits spei(ed y piweD or through rtionl nlysisD ounting for the spei( detiling present in the element nd its onnetionsF he performne ssessment is typilly sed on envelope reE sults otined from the nlysisF he di0ulty with this isD for

256

Poster Presentations
some element typesD the determintion of the level of eptle plsti deformtion is lulted from numer of response termsF sf these lultions re performed using envelope results t the end of the nlysisD the level of eptle plsti deformtion n e signi(ntly underestimtedF his n led to unneessry works to retro(t elements tht do in ft perform stisftorilyF sn some ses it my mke rehilittion of existing uildings uneonomiF sn order to overome this issueD the lultion of eptility riteri must e performed t every time stepY the performne sE sessment fully integrted with the nlysis engineF he present pper desries the implementtion of suh 4fully integrted performne sed ssessment method using the exss nlysis engineF e numer of se studies re provided whih ompre the results of fully integrted ssessment with ssessment sed on envelope results otined using the xhF sn dditionD omprison is drwn with results otined using the xonliner tti or ushover nlysis methodF he envelope pproh is shown to e t times overly onservtiveD leding to signi(ntly more expensive retro(t solutionsF
VERIFICATION OF AN ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER TECHNIQUE FOR THE 3D CASE  ID 619
H. Alves Meireles, IST and ROSE School, Portugal R. Pinho, ROSE School c/o Eucentre, Italy R. Bento, Instituto Superior Tecnico (IST), Portugal S. Antoniou, SeismoSoft, Greece

STS E2
of reinforing steelF he performne is evluted y mens of singleEstripe nlysis with suite of seven strong ground motion reordsD iFeF the reords re sled using S7Edmped (rst mode spetrl elertion to the sme intensity levelF wedin estimtes of the mximum interstorey drift demnd re otined for two performne levelsF iuropen design ode heks re lso imposed on the struture s onstrints of the optimiztion prolemF he optimiztion lgorithm determines the optimum dimensions nd reinforement for eh memer in order to redued the totl ost nd stisfy design requirementsF les of reinfored onrete setions re formulted in order to trnsform the prolem to n equivlent steelEstruture prolem nd hndle the lrge numer of possile g setionsF por the solution of the optimiztion prolem evolutionry lgorithms nd in prtiulr the ivolution trtegies lgorithm is doptedF he e0ieny of the proposed optimiztion proedure is demonstrted in se study of twoEstorey g frmeF igni(nt ost redution omined with etter ontrol during severe erthqukes n e hieved when the proposed methodology is implementedF
THE RPSD METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DESIGN OF A 12-STORY R/C FRAME  ID 803
J. Domingues Costa, BYG.DTU, Denmark M. Aono, NIT, Japan T. Ichinose, NIT, Japan R. Bento, DECivil, IST-UTL, Denmark M. P. Nielsen, BYG.DTU, Denmark

he displement sed dptive pushover @heA proeE dure is n improved pushover tehnique tht mnges to tke into ount ll the dvned fetures of the improved pushover tehniquesF st is fully dptive nd therefore ounts for sti'ness degrdtion nd period elongtionD it is multimodl y setting omintion rules to inlude higher mode e'ets nd the site spei( ground motion hrteristis n e tken into ount through spetrum slingF e set of lterlly imposed displements re pplied to the struture rther thn foresF he tehnique hs een extensively veri(ed for two dimensionl plnr strutures with improved results when ompred to onventionl pushover tehniquesF por irregulr uilding struturesD where Qh nlysis is requiredD its pplition would e even more dvntgeous s higher mode e'ets re deisive for the ttinment of good results nd more omplex systems require improved proeduresF rereinD the he methodology is veri(ed for Qh symmetri uilding struture @the ie uildingD tested t fullEsle under pseudoEdynmi onditionsA nd the resultnt pity urves re vlidted y the timeEhistory nlysis resultsD for inresing intensities of the ground motionF por the time history nlysis unixil nd ixil exittion is onsidered @tking into ount possile vritions in the seismi ngle of inideneAF hi'erent omintion rules re lso testedF qood greement is otined with the time history nlysis results espeilly for the unixil exittionF he proedure hs proved to e vile nd esy to use tool for the pushover nlysis of Qh struturesF purther testing on di'erent struturl systems isD neverthelessD dvisle in order to fully vlidte the proedureF
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN OF RC BUILDINGS USING OPTIMALITY CRITERIA  ID 684
M. Fragiadakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece M. Papadrakakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

he pper ims to present the new seismi design proeE dureD the igidElsti eismi hesign @hA methodD nd provide n exmple of its pplitionF his is strightforwrd design method rooted in xonEviner imeEristory enlysis @xvreA for systems expeted to perform in the inelsti rnge under lifetime erthquke eventF he method is sed on the heory of lstiityX the designer hooses the ollpse mehnism s well s the orresponding sfe stress (eld outside the hingesF hese re ssumed to hve rigidEplsti ehviour where pinhing is tken into ount in very simpli(ed mnnerF he rest of the struture remins in the rigid domin throughout the whole period of the ground motionF sn this wyD the struture my e treted s generlized hyp systemD the dynmil response of whih depends only on the lterl strengthF husD the seismi demnd is determined in terms of preEde(ned performne prmeter otined y mens of rigid plsti spetrumF he ltter is hrteristi of the ground motion senrio expeted t the implementtion siteF he (nl design is rried out onsidering set of extreme loding ses roted in the ft tht the mximum strength demnd t ny point of the struture is solely dependent on the intensity of the ground motionF he method is pplied to the design of IPEstory reinfored onrete frmeF he (nl results re ompred y mens of re(ned xvreF
PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC REHABILITATION OF R.C. BUILDINGS USING DISSIPATIVE BRACES  ID 986
M. Ferraioli, Department of Civil Engineering - SUN, Italy A. M. Avossa, Department of Civil Engineering - SUN, Italy P. Malangone, Department of Civil Engineering - SUN, Italy

e performneEsed design proedure spei(lly tiE lored to hndle prolems of optimum design of reinfored onrete @gA uildings is presentedF he purpose is to introdue n utomti methodology for the design of g strutures using nonliner timehistory nlysisF e struturl optimiztion lgorithm is dopted in order to reple the trditionl trilEndEerror design proessD whih in the pst hd een n essentil ingredient of design methodologies sed on nonliner nlysis methodsF husD the optimiztion lgorithm is used s serh engine with the im to lote the design tht orresponds to the est struturl performneF he est performne is de(ned s the omintion of minimum totl ost nd stisfying ll design requirementsF he totl ost is the sum of the ost of onrete nd the ost

sn the ltest yersD the pplition of dissiptive ring systems proved to e very e0ient lterntive to onventionl upgrding strtegiesF his tehnique e'etively omines the dvntges of the steel ring system @lightnessD sti'nessD dutilityD userEfriendlinessD reversiilityA nd the dvntges of visous dissiptive devies @inrese of energy dissiption pity nd redution of seismi dmgeAD nd it my stisfy the performne requirements of erthquke resistnt design of uildingsX high sti'ness under low intensity erthqukes nd high dutility under erthquke strong ground motionsF roweverD the optimum design of this rehilittion system is not so esyF he onventionl seismi design sed on linerEelsti nlysis nd on resistneD sti'ness nd dutility riteri nd on the pity design rule proved to e ine'etiveF sn ftD the experiene from reent strong

257

STS E2
erthqukes demonstrted tht the ehviour of mny strutures designed s erthquke resistnt ws uneptleD euse they su'ered dmge tht ws either nonErepirle or too ostly to e repiredF his lesson led to the development of modern genertion of performneEsed guidelines for design of strutures tht perform ppropritely for ll erthqukesF sn this pperD the performneEsed seismi rehilittion of rFF uildings using dissiptive steel res ws rried outF he multiElevel ojetives re pursued with proedure sed on the gpity petrum wethodD the snelsti hemnd esponse petr nd the estimtion of the durtionErelted dmge tht is funtion of the energy sored in the strutureF et this imD n extension of rk 8 eng dmge model nd n energyEsed pproh were usedF his proedure retins the oneptul simpliity nd omputtionl e'etiveness of pushover nlysisD it ounts for the umultive inelsti deformtion under displement reversls ndD when pplied to rFF frmed uildings strengthened with eentri ring systemsD it seemed to e suessful in reproduing the dynmi ehviour of the rehilitted uildingF
A PERFORMANCE-BASED COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF REHABILITATION METHODOLOGIES  ID 989
M. Ferraioli, Department of Civil Engineering - SUN, Italy

Poster Presentations
two stories re onneted through the orels etween two o'set olumnsD hevy dmge or even prtil ollpse is frequently oserved in these systems during the reent erthquke eventsD suh s eugust IUD IWWW uoeli erthqukeF reneD the existene of signi(nt portion of the entire mount of residentil uilding stokD the proility of hevy dmge potentil seems very high for this type of irregulr uilding during the expeted disstrous erthquke in sstnul metropolitn ityF sn this respetD sixEstory uildingD whih ws designed onE sidering the previous IWUS irthquke godeD is QhEmodeled using ePHHH softwreF efter IWWV ode ws foredD it is understood tht the se sher mount ws inresed RH7D thereforeD performne hek is requiredF Ph nd Qh pushEover nlyses re rried out for eh of the x nd y diretions nd pity spetrum methodD whih is sed on stti pushEover nlysisD is used to otin the performne levels of the existing struturl systemF he plsti hinge ptterns re exhiited on Ph nd Qh struturl systemsF ine the lk of lod rrying pity of the systemD the struture is strengthened y introduing four vEshped sher wlls onneting the orner olumnsF he strengthened system is nlyzed similrly nd performne evlution is relizedD sed on the demnd nd pity urvesF purthermoreD omprisons re rried out nd disussed in detilsD for sEuilt nd strengthened sttes of the uildingF
SEISMIC RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX NONLINEAR SYSTEMS, USING STIFFNESSREDUCTION INDICATORS  ID 1068
O. Daz-Lpez, National University of Mexico, Mexico L. Esteva, National University of Mexico, Mexico

e gret numer of existing rFF uildings re designed without seismi design riteri nd detiling rules for dissiptive struturl ehviourF es onsequeneD the seismi rehilittion of these strutures is very interesting topi nd involves not only tehnil nd eonomil spetsD ut lso ethil nd soil spetsF sn the upgrding proess the hllenge is to rete system tht will deliver desired performne in ostEe'etive wyF et this imD modern rehilittion guidelines re more expliit in quntifying demnd nd pity prmeters tht must e met to stisfy prtiulr performne golsF ithin the performneEsed methodologiesD the onept of fore s design prmeter is ndoned leving ple to displementD deformtion nd energyF sn this pper omprtive evlution of di'erent methodologies for rehilittion of onrete uildings in the ontext of performneEsed engineering is rried outF e numer of seismi upgrde lterntives were studiedF he rehilittion methodologies inluded the introdution of new struturl memers suh s dissiptive ring systemsD steel frmes or rFF sher wllsD or the lol inrese of strength or displement pities through ron (er wrpD steel jketingD dded on(ning over onreteF sn ompline with the tul nture of the erthquke tht represents n energy relted proessD dmge ontrolled proedure ws used to orrelte the di'erent levels of performne with the displement demnd of point tht is representtive of the entire uildingF his proedure is sed on the pushover nlysisD the omprison etween struturl pity nd inelsti seismi demndD nd the estimtion of the durtionErelted dmge s funtion of the energy sored in the strutureF et this imD proedure sed on the dynmi nlysis of n equivlent hyp system is used to hrterize the hystereti energy dissiption under seismi loding strting from the monotoni energy dissiptionF
EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE AND RETROFIT OF AN EXISTING BUILDING HAVING VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM  ID 1037
K. Gler, ITU Tech. Uni. Fac. of Civil Eng., Turkey I. . Kartal, Turkey B. Taskin, ITU Fac. of Civil Eng., Turkey M. Altan, ITU Fac. of Civil Eng., Turkey

por pplitions to performneEsed seismi designD the estimtion of the reliility of omplex nonliner systems for given vlues of the groundEmotion intensity hs often een sed on seondEmoment proilisti desription of the sfety mrgin D de(ned in terms of the dynmi response nd the deformtion pity of the systemF his permits to express the reliility in terms of gornell9s index @yAD where y is the erthquke intensityF ypillyD proilisti estimtes of the deformtion pities of omplex systems re otined y mens of pushover nlysisF roweverD this pproh is not ple of ounting for A the dependene of the lterl deformtion pity on the response on(gurtion of the system when it pprohes filureD nd A the in)uene of umultive dmge ssoited with the yli responseF sn this pper n lterntive pproh is presentedD whih ims t estimting reliility funtions @yAD inluding the in)uene of umultive dmge nd voiding the need to otin proilisti de(nitions of lterl deformtion pitiesF por this purposeD dmge inditor h@yA is de(ned s the rtio @uH ! u@yAA G uHD where uH is the vlue of the sent sti'ness of the system when it responds in its liner rnge of ehvior to erthquke exittions nd u@yA is the vlue of its sent sti'ness when sujeted to n erthquke with intensity equl to yF he prolem of determining @yA is trnsformed into one of estimting the men nd the stndrd devition of the vlue of the minimum intensity neessry to produe vlue of h equl to IFH @ollpse onditionAF he pper presents n lgorithm for this purposeD sed on wonte grlo simultionF st ends with omprison of the reliility funtions determined in ordne with the pproh just desried nd others ville in the litertureF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PROCEDURE FOR REGULAR AND IRREGULAR BRIDGES  ID 1319
A. G. Ayala, ELSA, Joint Research Centre, Italy M. Nio, ELSA, Joint Research Centre, Italy T. Isakovic, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

he erthquke performne of vertilly irregulr existing uildingD whih hs een retro(tted fterwrdsD is investigted herein this studyF his type of irregulrityD whih is due to nonEoiniding longitudinl xes of the olumns on the periphery for two neighoring storiesD generlly ground nd the (rstD is not permitted nymore in the ltest urkish irthquke gode @IWWVAF ine these disontinuous olumns within the oveEmentioned

his pper desries simpli(ed proedure for the perE formne sed seismi evlution of ridgesD sed on the de(nition of nonEliner response urve for referene single degree of freedom system orresponding to the mode whih ontriutes the most to the response of these struturesF his urve is otined

258

Poster Presentations
through nonEliner modl spetrl nlyses tking into ount the ontriution of higher modes of virtionF he proedure is sed on one previously used for the evlution of multiEstorey uildings where through multiEmode pushover nlysis the response urve of simpli(ed referene system is otined nd from it the seismi performne of the struture is determinedF his proedure is modi(ed y using for the de(nition of the response urve of the referene systemD modl spetrl nlyses whih tke into onsidertionD in n impliit wyD the displement reversl hrteristi of the erthquke tionD nd the prtiiption of higher modes of virtion of importne in the evlution of ridges whih response is governed y more thn one mode of virtion nd the trnsient nture of erthquke tionF o illustrte the pplition of the proedureD the results of two ridgesD one regulr nd nother irregulr re otined with this methodology for erthqukes of vrious intensities given y the design spetrum of iuroode VF he otined results re ompred with the men of the inelsti step y step dynmi nlyses using n ssemle of erthquke reords ongruent with the design spetrum of this odeF
PERFORMANCE BASED AND DESIGN  ID 1372
A. G. Ayala, ELSA, Italy P. Negro, ELSA, Italy

STS E2
glol displement pityF he present pper proposes some remrks deriving y the ful(llment of the ode provisions to wide group of existing g shool uildings lying in gmpni egion @stlyA whih hve een surveyed nd modeled through stti non liner nlysisF tti ushover nlyses nd xPEwethod re utilized for determining displement pity nd demnd with referene to the vrious performne ojetives introdued y the odeF e syntheti mesure of seismi vulnerility of eh struture n e otined in terms of the demndEtoEpity displement nd se elertion rtiosF hese syntheti prmeters re hugely 'eted y the mehnil models onsidered for simulting the non liner ehvior of existing memersY onsequentlyD omprtive nlysis of the results otined through di'erent de(nitions of plsti rottionsD di'erent hypotheses on rking in g memers nd mteril properties will e lso proposedF fesides the mere omprison etween demnd nd pityD other onsistent mesures re generlly needed for qulifying the hrteristis of the inelsti struturl ehviorY these mesures will e introdued in the pper nd will e useful for ddressing the hoie of the most e'etive retro(tting tehniquesF
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STRAINED BRACED FRAMES STATES  ID 1475
E. Ko, Arup, United States C. Field, Arup, United States

SEISMIC

ASSESSMENT

BUCKLING REIN THE UNITED

his pper presents uni(ed pproh for the seismi evlution nd design of strutures onsistent with the performneEsed seismi design philosophyF sn the pperD the strengths nd limittions of urrent seismi evlution nd design prtie nd the urrent tendenies in emphsizing the seismi performne on the ssessment nd design re disussedF he pproh uses twoEwy proedure whih onsiders the nonEliner ehviour of the struturl elementsD performne indies epted y urrent seismi odesD uniform hzrd seismi design spetr nd in the se of Qh uildings iEdiretionl erthquke tionF o illustrte the pplition of the seismi evlution nd design proedure typil reinfored onrete plne frme is used s exmpleF he frme is (rstly designed in ordne with the ltest version of iuroode VD then y the design wy of the proedure of this pper nd (nlly oth designed frmes re evluted using the sme proedure of the performneEsed designed frmeF he frme is designed nd evluted for si design ojetive with life sfety performne level nd design level orresponding to design spetrum with given exeedene rte of the hosen performne indexF por vlidtion purposesD results of nonEliner step y step nlyses of the two designed strutures re presented nd their results disussed when ompred with those otined from the evlution proedureF he potentil of the design proedure to produe expeted glol ut not neessrily lol performnes is disussedF
SOME REMARKS ON THE SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF RC EXISTING BUILDINGS IN ITALY ACCORDING TO RECENT CODES  ID 1375
C. Faella, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy D. De Santo, Dept. Italy E. Martinelli, Dept. Italy E. Nigro, Dept. of Structural Analysis and Design, Italy of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno,

erup hd suessfully employed the fukling estrined fre @ffA on numer of tpnese projets efore introduing it to gliforni in IWWWF gonsequently erup hs een involved with rigorous reserhD testing nd veri(tion of the new systemF his pper disusses the implementtionD reserh nd design proedures tht were developed for the (rst uilding nd susequent (rst hospitl projet in gliforni to use the fukling estrined fred prme @ffpA for its seismi systemF his involved the estlishment of relevnt design riteri nd the testing nd nlytil modelling of the omponent nd systemF yur nlytil modelling indited issues with the onnetion perE formne whih were onsequently reserhed nd doumented nd veri(ed through physil testingF o dteD over IH million squre feet of uildings inorporting this new tehnology hve een onstruted in the seismilly tive region in the i( xorthwestF he performne of this system will e ompred nd disussed with other populr systems suh s moment resisting frmes nd speil onentrilly red frmes nd guidne will e given on the design nd detiling of the ffp systemF
AN INNOVATIVE STRATEGY FOR PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AND EARTHQUAKE RETROFITTING OF WOODFRAMED BUILDINGS  ID 1688
H. Kawakami, Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, Japan E. A. Tingatinga, Graduate School of Science and Engg, Saitama Univ., Japan H. Y. Chang, Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, Japan

eismi ssessment of existing strutures is one of the most ommon tsks to e fed y the tody struturl engineersD whih re often hrged of evluting the seismi response of nonEseismillyEdesigned onstrutions nd heking their (tness ginst the expeted seismi tionF he xew stlin eismi godeD whih is silly inspired to iuroode VD provides the struturl engineer with vrious methodologies for ssessing the seismi ehvior of existing struturesD ll oneived ording to the erformne fsed epprohF xonEliner stti @pushoverA nlysis is one of suh methodologiesY it is le to reprodue the non liner response of frmed struture pointing outD mong the other thingsD its elsti thresholdD the overstrength rtio nd the

sn tpnD the mjority of modern residentil nd frE tion of ommeril strutures re woodfrmed onstrutionF he vst numer of woodfrmed uildings is ritil to the infrstruture of the ountry nd their ontinued good performne is integrl to the overll eonomi welfreF hen these uildings need struturl reinforementD struturl engineers must onfer with the uilding owner efore rrying out pproprite retro(t methodsF e retro(t pln my not e implemented if the struturl engineer n not hve the uilding owner understnd the performne ssessment of the uildingF o ddress the ove issuesD new methodology ws developed for the seismi performne ssessment nd retro(t strtegy for woodfrmed uildingsF his methodology identi(es lol filures suh s olumn ukling nd onnetion frtureD whih my indue the glol system to ollpseD nd then reinfores the system y dding sti'ness or strength to the wek memersF

259

STS E3
sn this studyD threeEdimensionl (niteEdisrete element methodD whih n desrie the elstiEplsti ehviour of struture nd simulte the progressive ollpse proessD ws employedF he sequene of the nlysis nd results in the form of omputer nimtions re then used to help the uilding owners gin etter understnding of the seismi performne of their uildings efore nd fter the struturl reinforementF pinllyD n pplition to rel woodfrmed residentil uilding ws used s n exmple to show the e'etiveness of the methodology in seismi performne ssessment s well s retro(t pln developmentF

Poster Presentations
lterl lodsY heneD loss of lterl resistne during erthqukes leves grvity olumns undmgedD therey preventing ollpseF hke tle tests on twoEtower model were onduted y pplying ground motions with inresing intensitiesF et the higher motion levelsD the model ehved inelstillyF hmge due to prying tion t olumn endpltes nd welding filure of lok joint loted t the higher tower toes were oservedF eprtion of vertil nd lterl lod resisting systems ws stisftory s the model su'ered omplete olumn onnetions ruptures without totl ollpseF wost of the struturl elements were undmged nd in ft hve een reusedF smproved nlytil models sed on the test results were developed following the vrious experimentl stgesF e new form of pushEover nlysis using norm superposition of instntneous modes proved to (t sptilly irregulr struturesD thus llowing n extension of simpli(ed evlution proeduresF he experimentl study provided the dt for veri(tion of the simpli(ed proedureF
BEHAVIOR OF ASYMMETRIC MULTISTORY BUILDINGS WITH DIFFERENT STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION  ID 399
A. Aziminejad, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. S. Moghadam, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) W. K. Tso, McMaster University, Canada

STS E3: Irregular Structures.

Level-1
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF INFILL FRAMES  ID 72
A. K. Sinha, C.M.E, India P. R. Bose, D.C.E, India

eismi ulnerility essessment nd etro(tting of ixE isting fuildings is key re in givil ingineering in generl nd irthquke ingineering in prtiulrF irthqukes (nd weknesses left ehind y us in struturesF eismi dmge onentrted t wek zones of struture speks of s report y perfetionist he xture9F he ft is eyond ny dout tht the widespred dmge to strutures nd immense losses re not due to just nturl t ut due to either our negligene or our ignorneF irthquke ingineers n ontriute in the nole use of seismi disster mitigtion y ssessing seismi vulnerility of existing uildings nd providing the struture sfe pities ginst the ntiipted demnds during expeted ground motionF he pper is in the diretion disussed oveF here re sores of resons for seismi vulnerility of existing in(lled gwp uildingsF werits nd demerits of hving in(ll nd its impt over the seismi performne hve een enumerted in the pperF he erthquke resistnt philosophy eing prtied ll over the world epts struture going well into inelsti zone during strong motionF e method entered on ushover nlysis hs een proposed to quntify struturl response in inelsti zone in view to ssess seismi vulnerilityF g wp with msonry in(lls presents very di'erent situtionD whih wrrnts third tier of ssessment methodsF tudy of uniform nd nonEuniform distriution of msonry in(lls using the ushover sed method provides enough guidelines to re(ne nd supplement our knowledge in deling with suh strutures s rtionl seismi vulnerility leds to pproprite retro(t strtegy for the existing struturesF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF A TWO-TOWER SETBACK STRUCTURE:  ID 382
D. Kusumastuti, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia A. Reinhorn, University at Bualo, United States A. Rutenberg, Technion, Israel

hen multistory uilding virtes in liner rngeD the eentriity etween enters of rigidity nd mss is vlid mesure of symmetry of the uildingF hen the uilding virtes in nonliner rngeD for exmple during powerful erthqukeD sti'ness nd therefore lotion of enter of rigidity of uilding is ontinuously hngesF es no longer the lotion of enter of rigidity is onstntD enter of strength is etter mesure of torsionl response in nonliner rnge of ehviorF hus for ontrolling torsionl dmges due to uilding symmetryD oth lotions of enters of rigidity nd strength with respet to enter of mssD re importntF eent studies on single story uilding models reveled tht pproprite on(gurtion of these enters is e'etive in reduing torsionl dmgesF he present study extends the sme pproh to multistory symmetri uildingsF he nonliner responses of multistory uilding models sujeted to erthquke exittions with di'erent strength nd sti'ness eentriities re ompredF he results show tht use of pproprite on(gurtion of these enters is lso very e'etive in limiting torsionl dmges in multistory uildingsF rowever for eh spei( dmge prmeterD there is spei( on(gurtion of enters of mssD rigidity nd strength tht minimizes the dmgeF es suhD for seismi resistnt design of multistory symmetri uildingD the est on(gurtion of di'erent enters my e identi(ed only fter seleting the ritil prmeter or omintion of prmeters s the est inditor of dmge for the uilding under investigtionF
SEISMIC ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN ONESTORY IRREGULAR STRUCTURES UNDER BIDIRECTIONAL GROUND MOTION  ID 460
M. Iancovici, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania

hue to rhiteturl nd funtionl demnds mny uildE ings re irregulr in pln nd elevtionF etks nd multiple towers re quite ommon suh on(gurtionsF hese uildings re seismilly vulnerle due to rupt vritions in strength nd sti'ness produing nonEuniform displement demndsD nd stress onentrtionsF his experimentl nd nlytil study fouses on the ppliility of stndrd displementEsed nlytil tools to prediting the seismi response ner ollpse of suh uildingsD with speil emphsis on progressively re(ning the nlytil model s knowledge of properties eomes ville from the experimentl resultsF enother purpose ws development of verstile model to study irregulr struturl systems with di'erent on(gurtionsF e reon(gurle struturl model with replele sri(il elements ws developed to e used nd reused for strutures undergoing severe dmgeF evoidne of omplete ollpse ws hieved y two independent support systems E one for grvity nd one for

gomplementry to the onventionl nlysis pprohD the energy lneEsed nlysis hs the potentil to desrie synE thetilly nd more e0iently the ontriution of eh omponent to the dynmi equilirium of struturesF he input energy indued into struturl system y strong ground motion is n importnt evlution prmeter of n erthquke destrutive potentilF st inludes othD the ground motion hrteristis nd the struturl dynmi propertiesD the strong motion durtion eing expliitly ounted forF he pper investigtes the sti'ness irregulrity e'et on the timeEhistory nd peks of energy lne distriution in oneEstory elsti uildingsD sujeted to iEdiretionl ground motionD pplied under IHo rosette from the min sti'ness xes of the modelF hrough liner energyElne nlysisD modl nd totl energies re omputed nd the input energy distriution oe0ients re otined in order to ssess the struturl dmge exposure of highly irregulr struturesF

260

Poster Presentations
SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE TORSIONAL DISPLACEMENT AMPLIFICATION  ID 765
D. Zamrescu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania T. Postelnicu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania

STS E3
of the system is represented in this fore spe s motions long the surfeF roweverD the inelsti deformtion nnot e omputed from the f surfe unless nonEliner stti or dynmi nlysis is performedF
INELASTIC SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF ASYMMETRIC MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS TO NEAR FIELD GROUND MOTIONS  ID 874
B. K. Raghu Prasad, Indian Institute of Science, India

eentlyD the displementEsed methods for the ssessE ment of seismi performne of strutures eme widely used in designF he present work is proposing simpli(ed method for the evlution of the displement mpli(tion due to torsion within the frmework of the gw @gpity petrum wethodAF he proedure is sed on the esponse petrum enlysis of twoEdegree of freedom system @one trnsltion ! one twistA hving the rottionl nd trnsltionl sti'ness properties ltered ording to the gw lgorithmF fsillyD the following steps hve to e followedX IFhe(ne equivlent liner system using mximum displement in trnsltionF he torsionl sti'ness of the equivlent system is deresed with respet to the rtio of initil nd equivlent trnsltionl periodsF PFfsed on initil unoupled frequeniesD the nturl oupled frequenies nd mode shpe vetors n e nlytilly otined using the ltered sti'ness properties determined t step IF QFgompute the individul modl displements t the signi(nt lotions of the uilding using the overdmped displement spetrum nd then omine the individul responsesF he desried lgorithm ws pplied for two one storey simple test struturesF he (rst struture is torsionlly unrestrined hving no lterl resistnt elements lying on the diretion perpendiulr to erthquke tionF he other one is derived from the formerD y introduing two elements on the diretion perpendiulr to the erthquke tionD tht restrin the twistF he results of the simpli(ed proedure were ompred ginst the results otined y nonliner dynmi nlysis of the test struturesF he idiretionl tion e'et ws lso investigted y the dynmi nlysis nd ws found to e negligile justifying in tht respet its elimintion within the proposed simpli(ed proedureF he results o'ered y the simpli(ed proedure re resonle lose nd wht is more importntD similr in vrition with the ones omputed y the timeEhistory nlysisF
NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF ASYMMETRIC IN PLAN BUILDINGS  ID 853
D. Ladjinovic, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Technical Scienc, Yugoslavia R. Folic, University of Novi Sad Faculty of Technical Scienc, Yugoslavia

he fous of the study is on inelsti seismi ehviourD ner (eld ground motion e'ets nd design of symmetri multiE story uildingsD emphsizing the use of displement demndF o quntittively ssess the performne of multi storey uildings to ner (eld ground motionsD strong motion reords from smperil vlley @ISth ytoerIWUWYwwaTFTADn pernndo @PHth eptemer IWUIYwwaTFTA nd xorthridge @Ist tnury IWWRYwwaTFTA erthqukes re onsidered nd the following di'erent struturl hrteristis nd their e'et on the response of the uildings re nlyzedX sn)uene of shpe of uilding in plnD e'et of msonry in(llD ti'ness symmetryD trength symmetryD ln wise distriution of strength nd iEdiretionl ground motionF esults indite tht the impulsive hrter of the nerE(eld ground motion gets re)eted in the derived displement response of the strutureF es results of these nlyses few shortomings re notied in present odl provisions in strength nd sti'ness distriutionF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RC STRUCTURES DESIGNED FOR ACCIDENTAL ECCENTRICITY  ID 901
A. D'Ambrisi, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. De Stefano, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy M. Tanganelli, Dipartimento di Costruzioni, Universit di Firenze, Italy

fuilding with symmetri distriution of sti'ness nd strength in pln undergo oupled lterl nd torsionl motions during erthqukesF sn mny uilding struturesD the entres of resistne do not oinide with the entres of mssF es onsequeneD lterl se motion during n erthquke gives rise to torsionl virtion of the strutureF he inelsti seismi ehviour of symmetriEpln uildings is onsidered using the histories of se sher nd torqueF he proedure to onstrut the se sher nd torque @fA surfe of the system with n ritrry numer of resisting plnes in the diretion of symmetry nd of ground motion is proposedF everl ftors tht ontrol the shpe of this surfe re identi(edF he f surfe is de(ned y the set of se sher nd torque omintions orresponding to the di'erent plsti mehnisms tht n e developed in the systemF he se sher nd torque response historiesD espeilly with the f surfeD my e useful tool for oneptul seismi design of symmetriEpln uildingsF he ftors tht determine the shpe of the f surfe nd in)uene the inelsti ehviour re the strength eentriityD lterl nd torsionl pity of the system nd pln wise distriution of strengthF ti'ness eentriity does not 'et the shpe of the f surfeD ut it ontrols where on this surfe the system develops its inelsti ehviourF he f surfe ontins most of informtion neessry to desrie the inelsti properties of systemF sts shpe is diretly relted to the yielding mehnisms of the struture ndD thusD ontrols the reltive displement demnd mong resisting plnesF snelsti ehviour

sn order to ount for unertinties in the lotion of enter of mss on the )oor sl nd in the sptil vrition of the seismi motionD seismi odes introdue the soElled identl eentriityF qenerllyD the iuroode V @igVA onsiders the identl eentriity y requiring tht the enter of mss t eh )oor e displed from its nominl lotion in eh diretion t distne equl to S7 of the )oor dimensionF roweverD if the simpli(ed lterl fore method n e ppliedD thenD ording to igVD the e'ets of identl eentriity my e ounted for in di'erent mnnerD iFeF y mplifying the tion e'ets in individul lod resisting elementsF purthermoreD if the modl response spetrum nlysis is ppliedD then the e'ets of identl eentriity my e determined s the envelope of the e'ets resulting from the pplition of stti lodingsD onsisting of sets of torsionl momentsF sn this pperD prtilly symmetri REstory g uilding is designed ording to the ove di'erent spei(tions for identl eentriityF e omprison is rried out regrding design memer fores otined from pplition of the three spei(tionsF purthermoreD nonliner dynmi nlyses re onduted in order to ssess the uilding response under severe erthqukes in the presene of identl eentriity due to mss unertinty onlyD s design is onduted with the three di'erent spei(tionsF e suite of PH elerogrmsD generted within the eg teel rojet for the vos engeles reD hving proility of exeedne of IH7 in SH yersD hs een onsidered s seismi inputF vol nd glol dmge prmeters re omputed in order to de(ne performne levels ttined y the struture during seismi exittionF prom response nlysis it emerges tht displing the mss enter t distne equl to S7 of the )oor dimension perpendiulr to the diretion of the seismi tion is the most e'etive design spei(tionF
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE "ALPHA" METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE MAXIMUM ROTATIONAL RESPONSE OF ECCENTRIC SYSTEMS  ID 958

261

STS E4
G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy

Poster Presentations
preedene or strength to the importnt vlues in summtionF he higher the order of the normD the superposition will emphsize the dominnt mode whih is not lwys the (rst nd not lwys the sme throughout the nlysisF sf the order of the iuliden xorm is hosen s n odd numerD the reltive sign of virtion mode is preserved throughout the superpositionF en exmple sed on model of threeEy threeEstory steel struture with two unequl towers tht ws tested on shke tle t niversity t fu'lo9s truturl ingineering nd irthquke imultion vortory @iivA ws seleted for veri(tionF he nlytil model is developed using two lterl lod resisting frmes with irregulr on(gurtionF he nlyses using the new version of the progrm shegQh were performed for the irregulr modelD oth sttilly nd dynmilly nd re sujet of this pperF gonttsX eyukseldinsFituFeduFtr
INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF TORSIONALLY SENSITIVE BUILDINGS  ID 1373
G. Penelis, AUTH, Greece A. Kappos, AUTH, Greece

sn previous reserh worksD the uthor hve identi(ed key system prmeter whih ontrols the mximum rottionl response under free nd fored virtions of one storeyEliner elsti systems representtive of symmetri seismi isolted uilding struturesF his prmeterD lled evreD is de(ned s the mss rdius of gyrtion of the struture multiplied y the rtio of the mximum rottionl to the mximum longitudinl displement response developed y oneEstory eentri system in free virtionF e ompt ext losedEform solution for the evre prmeter is given for undmped systemsF evre prmeter hs lso led to the identi(tion of simpli(ed proedure @lled evre methodA for the estimtion of the mximum rottionl response of suh systemsF win gol of this pper is to verify the properties of the evre prmeter nd the preditive pilities evre methodD when pplied to one storey systems representtive of generi symmetri uilding struturesF he veri(tion is rried out through omprehensive set of numeril simultions rried out with referene to numer of representtive strutures @oth liner nd non linerA sujeted to historilly reorded erthquke ground motionsD with speil ttention devoted to the identi(tion of the sensitivity of the evre prmeter nd evre method upon the fundmentl period of virtion of the struture @not yet onsidered in previous reserh worksAF he results otined @A on(rm the e'etiveness of the evre prmeter to pture the intrinsi propensity of n eentri system to develop torsionl responseD @A on(rm the pity of the evre method to e'etively estimte the mximum rottionl response of given eentri system under seismi exittionD nd @A indite tht the evre method is only wekly sensitive upon the period of virtion of the strutureD @A indite tht the proposed evre method when pplied to non systems llow onservtive estimtion of the mximum rottionsF
DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF TORSIONALLY IRREGULAR WALL STRUCTURES  ID 979
T. Ha, Seoul National Univ., Korea, Republic Of S. G. Hong, Seoul National Univ., Korea, Republic Of

orsionl ehvior of eentri struture under seismi loding my use the stress ndGor stress onentrtionD whih rouse the filure of the struture in n unexpeted mnnerF his study ims to propose seismi ssessment method for eentri wll strutures sed on torsionl mehnismF he seismi sfety will e ssessed on the oordinte of lterl displement nd rottion ngle inluding displement pity nd demnd estimtionF o (nd the seismi displement demnd e'etively simpli(ed torsionl nlysis methodD whih dopts the dptive pushover onept to over inelsti rngeD will e introduedF sn dditionD seismi ssessments of severl singleE nd multiE story strutures re presentedF
AN ADAPTIVE MULTIPLE MODE NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURE FOR IRREGULAR STRUCTURES  ID 1184
E. Yuksel, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey A. Reinhorn, University at Bualo, United States

he pper fouses on the evlution of the results of dynmi nonliner time history nlysis of singleEstorey nd multiE storey torsionlly sensitive uildingsD highlights its limittionsD nd investigtes the pproprite wy to use them for onstruting dynmi pushover urves9 tht desrie oth the strength nd the dutility of the uildingsF ingleEstorey monosymmetri uildings using unidiretionlD s well s iEdiretionlD exittionD s well s multiEstorey monosymetri uildings @REstorey nd VEstoreyA re nlysedD using four di'erent sets of elerogrmsF hese four sets onsist of the followingX Q iuropen erthqukesD Q qreek erthqukesD IH lrge mgnitude @aTFSEUFSA interntionl erthqukesD nd IH medium mgnitude @aSFSETFSA interntionl erthqukesF he results of these prmetri nonliner nlyses shed some light on importnt issues of Qh nonliner nlysis of symmetri uildingsF yne importnt issue is the use of snrementl hynmi enlysis in the se of torsionlly sensitive uildingsF sn ontrst to the se of torsionlly restrined uildingsD plotting the she @or dynmi pushover9A urveD in the se of torsionlly sensitive uildingsD requires the orret hoie of vlues @mximum displementD orresponding se sher CGE one stepA sine ny other hoie of vlues leds to n overestimtion of the pity urve of the uildingF his issue is lerly ritil oneD sine to dte most she urves were plotted from the mximum displement ! mximum se sher vluesD whih for Ph prolems is not prolemF enother importnt issue is the dispersion of the dynmi nlysis results regrdless of the sling tehniqueD whih for torsionlly unrestrined uildings is very highD due to their post yield ehviour tht is dominted y torsionl mehnismF he estimtion of the torsionl restrint tht would e required to void suh ehviourD or the pplition of pity design tehniques in the design of the struturl lyout of uildingD re lso disussedF

STS E4: Displacement Based Design: Initial Versus Secant Stiness

Level-1
EVALUATION OF R-M-T RELATIONS FOR STIFF STRUCTURES  ID 766
I. Kazaz, METU, Turkey A. Yakut, METU, Turkey

he nonliner stti proedure sed on pushover nlyE sis hs een reognized s stndrd tool to estimte nd predit the inelsti response quntities of existing nd new struturesD @egi PHHHD gix PHHQAF he foreEdeformtion urve @or the spetrl pity digrmA otined from pushover nlysis of multi degree of freedom system depends on the distriution of the lterl foresF en dptive iuliden xorm is suggested to otin the e'et of dominnt modes in the de(nition of lterl foresF he dptive dominnt mode foring funtion ounts for the yield of the struture sine it is relulted nd it is hnging from step to stepF he iuliden xorm is superposition tehnique used to give

impli(ed proedures hve een reommended for deterE mining the seismi inelsti deformtion demnds of strutures to e used in performneEsed proeduresF hese proedures re generlly sed on omprehensive nlyses of single degree of freedom @hypA systems sujeted to seleted ground motion reordsF EmE reltions tht re proposed sed on these nlyses re widely used in these proeduresF elthough the rnge of

262

Poster Presentations
prmeters overed in these nlyses inluded sti' struturesD the ppliility of these reltions to the rel sti' strutures hs not een investigted thoroughlyF his reserh ims t evluting the urrently proposed EmE reltions for investigting their vlidity for sti' struturesF e IGQ sle sher wll struture tested experimentlly ws modeled nd nlyzed numerilly under SS ground motionsF sts response ompred with the existing EmE reltions led to signi(nt disgreements inditing tht those reltions re not proper for suh sti' struturesF edditionl nlyses using more ground motion reords nd severl prmeters representing sti' strutures hve een rried out nd the results were ompred with the existing proeduresF st hs een oserved tht the e0y of the existing proedures depends on the yield strength nd post elsti sti'ness of the pushover urve omputed for the strutureF
INFLUENCE OF CAPACITY CURVE APPROXIMATIONS ON SEISMIC RESPONSE  ID 1033
K. Kadas, METU, Turkey B. Binici, METU, Turkey A. Yakut, METU, Turkey T. Usami, Nagoya University, Japan X. Ma, Nagoya Universuty, Japan

STS E6
equivlent dmpingF he orretness nd dequy of the developed models re disussed within the frmework of performne sed design nd evlution of g ridgesF he desired omplete title of the strt is 4 impli(ed models for sti'ness nd energy dissiption hrteristis of g piers for the hfh of ridges4

STS E6: Seismic Assessment and Retrot of Bridges

Level-1

A SEISMIC SAFETY VERIFICATION METHOD FOR STEEL BRIDGES WITH STEEL H-SECTION MEMBERS  ID 62

erformne sed engineering generlly relies on the pE proximte proedures tht re sed on the use of pity urve derived from pushover nlysisF he most importnt prmeter in the displementEsed pproh is the inelsti deformtion demnd omputed under given seismi e'etF he gpity petrum wethod nd the hisplement goe0ient wethod re the most ommon proedures employed for the estimtion of inelsti displement demndF foth of these proedures re sed on iElineriztion of the pity urveF elthough there re some reommendtions for this pproximtionD there is vitl need for rtionl guidelines towrds the seletion of the most pproprite method mong severl lterntivesF sn view of thisD omprehensive reserh hs een undertken to study the in)uene of severl existing lterntives used for pproximting the pity urve on the inelsti displement demndF e single degree of freedom system @hypA ssoited with fundmentl period of virtion nd lod deformtion urve @pity urveA ws nlyzed under omprehensive ground motion dtseF e prmetri study employing the most ommon shpes of pity urves ws rried outF he pity urve of the hyp ws pproximted using the piwe QSTD the snitil sti'ness nd the wjor yield pprohes to determine the inelsti displement demndF he results otined for eh se were ompred with the ones omputed using the tul pity urveF he error sttistis orresponding to eh method re presented mong with the reommendtions highlighting the most pproprite proedureF
SIMPLIFIED MODELS FOR STIFFNESS AND ENERGY DISSIPATION OF RC PIERS FOR THE DBD OF BRIDGES  ID 1088
C. Paulotto, ELSA, Italy A. G. Ayala, ELSA, Italy F. Taucer, ELSA, Italy

he ojetive of the present reserh is @IA to nlytiE lly investigte the inelsti ehvior of rEsetion emEolumns in yli lterl lodings @PA to propose seismi sfety veri(tion method for steel ridges with rEsetion memersD nd @QA to present numeril exmple using steel rh ridge with rEsetion rh risF gntilever rEsetion memers with vrious dimensionl nd loding prmeters re sujeted to omined xil fore nd yli lterl lodingsD oth out strong xis nd wek xisF he numeril method employed n tke into ount the e'ets of lolD )exurl nd lterlEtorsionl ukling in oth monotoni nd yli lodingsF lidity of the numeril model is (rst on(rmed through omprison with experimentl resultsF he numeril results re then summrized to eluidte the filure mehnismsD nd the di'erene of filure modes in yli loding from those in monotoni loding is highlightedF fsed on the (ndings in the numeril studyD n empiril filure strin formul for rEsetion memers in strong nd wek xis lodings is developedF pinlly s n exmpleD n existing steel rh ridge with rEsetion rh ris is utilized to demonstrte the e0ieny of the proposed seismi sfety veri(tion methodF
SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF PLATE GIRDER BRIDGES BY BOLTED STIFFENERS  ID 400
A. Vasseghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

gurrent seismi design tendenies for g ridgesD in whih trget performnes need to e gurnteed under design onditionsD involveD even in the most simpli(ed methodsD n urte desription of the sti'ness nd energy dissiption hrteristis of the piers forming the sustruture of ridgeF en urte de(nition of the struturl properties for the piers of ridge involves not only the use of sound nlytil tehniquesD ut lso their lirtion ginst existing results from experimentl tests nd re(ned nlytil models on lrge sle speimensF sn this pper the sti'ness nd energy dissiption hrteristis of g retngulr hollow ridge piers re investigtedF he work involves three di'erent levels of model sophistition nmelyX ontinuous nonEliner model without energy dissiption derived from nonEliner (nite element nlysesY n equivlent iliner hystereti model derived from the originlly developed nonEliner modelD with energy dissiption in the se of hving pinhing ehviourY n equivlent liner visoelsti model with hrteristis sent to yield sti'ness nd

lte girder ridges re the most ommon type of steel ridges in the spn rnge of QH to WH metersF huring n erthquke the girders in suh ridges whih re usully frited with slender wes ould experiene high sher fores ner the support espeilly when the ridge is loted ner n tive fultF rnsverse sti'eners ould e instlled on the we in order to improve the sher pity of the girdersF por new ridges the sti'eners re usully welded to the we in the frition shopF roweverD due to prolems ssoited with (eld welding nd ftigueD welded sti'eners re not suitle for retro(tting existing ridge girdersF por suh purposesD olted sti'eners re fr more suitle thn welded sti'eners euse instlltion of olted sti'ener does not require (eld weldingF he design requirements in vrious ridge design spei(tions re sed on experimentl nd nlytil study of plte girders with welded sti'enersF uh requirements re not entirely pplile to girders with olted sti'enersF his pper presents the results of n nlytil study into ehvior of plte girders with olted trnsverse sti'enersF sn this study (nite element nlysis re performed on girders with we slenderness rtio rnging from IHH to ITH nd pnel spet rtio rnging from HFS tH IFSF he pie model inludes oth mteril nd geometri nonlinerities in order to model the post ukling pity of the girdersF fsed on this study design requirements re developed for plte girders reinfored y suh sti'enersF

263

STS E6
TWO WAYS OF ASSESSING THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF BRIDGES  ID 903
P. Delgado, Instituto Politcnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal M. Marques, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal R. Monteiro, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal R. Delgado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal A. Costa, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Poster Presentations
EVALUATION OF FRAGILITY CURVES BRIDGES - A CASE STUDY  ID 1435
V. Lekidis, Inst. Greece T. Makarios, Inst. Eng. Seismology & Earthquake Eng. (ITSAK, Greece C. Karakostas, Inst. Eng. Seismology & Earthquake Eng. (ITSAK, Greece A. Kappos, Dpt. Greece Civil Engng., Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, Eng. Seismology & Earthquake Eng.

FOR

(ITSAK,

igni(nt dmgesD from personlD struturl or even soil ntureD hve lwys een ssoited to erthqukesF eddiE tionlly this is rndom nd unpreditle nturl phenomenlF o it is reognized the importne nd the need for struturl vulnerility ssessmentD in order to ssure eventul djustments in the seismi response pity of existent or future struturesF he pper fous on seismi vulnerility nlysis of ridges nd it is intended to estimte in on(dent wy the suseptiility level of this kind of strutures to horizontl lodsD nmelyD the seismi tionF o omplish this two methodologies re onsideredD one more urte nd the other sed on simpli(ed proedureF he (rst onsists on otining the filure proility of the strutureD using two dimension struturl modelY wheres the seond is sed on the mximum displements llowed y the ridgeF he min steps of the methodology re desried nd re pplied to set of ridgesD trying to onlude out the orresponding seismi sfetyF pive typil ortuguese vidutsD di'ered in numer nd length of spns nd piersD were seletedD ll over the ountryD to perform the nlysisF pinlly the pper tries to estlish orreltion etween the referred urte nd simple methodologiesF
SEISMIC RETROFIT OF RECTANGULAR CONCRETE COLUMNS BY EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING  ID 1208
M. Sadoughi Yarandi, University of Ottawa, Canada M. Saatcioglu, University of Ottawa, Canada

everl proeduresD sed on either nlytil or empiriE l dtD hve een reently proposed in the literture for the ssessment of the vulnerility of ridgesD ut the sujet is still open to reserh nd without ny widely estlished proedureF sn the present pperD methodology for the evlution of frgility urves for ridges is presentedD whih mkes use of stti pushover nlysis proedures in omintion with the method of demnd nd pity spetr nd de(nitions of dmge levels omptile to the pushover urvesF he proposed methodology is pplied for the se of IUHm longD Eshped ridge with preEstressed Gg urved girder ox of vrile heightD monolithilly onneted to the entrl pier nd resting on elstomeri erings t the utmentsF he ove ridge is representtive of series of similr ridges on ignti righwyD whih rosses xorthern qreee in n i! diretionF he proposed methodology is simpler thn those lredy proposed in the litertureD nd n thus e more esily pplied for the evlution of frgility urves for ridges of di'erent struturl typesD thus ontriuting towrds more relile evlution of their seismi riskF
ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-SPAN BRIDGES WITH STEEL PEDESTALS  ID 1497
M. Hite, Georgia Tech, United States R. Desroches, Georgia Tech, United States R. Leon, Georgia Tech, United States

erformne of ridges during reent erthqukesD demonE strted the suseptiility of onrete olumns to struturl dmgeF sn prtiulrD it ws oserved tht ridge olumns ereted prior to IWUH9s lked proper seismi design nd detiling prtiesD leding to omplete struturl ollpseF ine it is not fesile to remove nd reuild previously uilt ridge infrstrutureD the only vile pproh remins to e retro(tting these strutures for improved strength nd dutilityF e numer of di'erent tehniques re urrently utilized to improve seismi performne of onrete olumnsF hese inlude steel jketingD reinfored onrete jketingD p wrpping nd reently developed tehnique of trnsverse prestressingD known s etroEfeltF etroEfelt is tehnique developed t the niversity of yttw gndD nd involves externl prestressing existing onrete olumns y mens of steel strnds nd speilly designed nhorsF st utilizes tive nd pssive lterl pressure provided y trnsverse prestressing in ontrolling digonl tension rks reted y sherD delying rittle sher filureD improving onrete on(nement nd provide lterl lmping fores in reinforement splie regionsD espeilly in olumn hinging regionsD therey eliminting the slippge of splied reinforementF he urrent phse of reserh involves retngulr onrete olumns with sherD )exure nd splied longitudinl reinforement de(ienies in potentil plsti hinge regionsF ixperimentl reserh ws onduted to investigte the e'eE tiveness of externl prestressing s seismi retro(t methodology for retngulr ridge olumnsF ix fullEsle speimensD with QSH mm y UHH mm rossEsetionD were designedD uilt nd tested under simulted seismi lodingF he speimens represented segment of ridge olumn etween the footing nd point of in)etionF he olumns were uilt in pirs with one olumn in eh pir representing sEuilt onditions while the other olumn retro(tted y externl prestressingF he results showed improved olumn deformility due to onrete on(nementF he presenttion will demonstrte the experimentl progrm employed nd the test results otinedF

wny ridges re dmged y overEheight vehiles s result of the vehiles impting the girders of the ridge dekF o redue the likelihood of impt from overEheight vehilesD steel pedestls hve een used s ostEe'etive mens to inrese ridge lerne heightsF teel pedestls re short olumns @typilly HFS E IFH m in heightA used to elevte nd support the dek of ridge nd trnsfer the lods from the ridge dek to the olumns nd sustrutureF roweverD the steel pedestls instlled on mny ridges in the southestern nited ttes hve een designed with no seismi onsidertionF o ssess the seismi performne of steel pedestls on multiEspn ridgesD lrgeEsle experimentl studies hve een onduted on HFS m nd HFVS m tll steel pedestls to de(ne their ehvior in lrgeEsle multiEspn ridge modelF e PEdimensionl nlytil model of the ridge model is developed nd sujeted to suite of ground motions to evlute the performne of the steel pedestls nd the overll ridge systemF hetiled prmetri studies re onduted on the ridge model to study the e'et of vrying levels of elertionsD elsti nd inelsti ering sti'ness of the pedestlsD nd vrious reltionships for the soilEfoundtionEpier ering sti'ness on the seismi performne of ridge steel pedestlsF esults from the nlytil investigtion will show the most ritil spets tht 'et the performne of multiEspn ridges with steel pedestls nd provide the sis for reommendtions on the design of the pedestlsF
CYCLIC RESPONSE OF EXISTING R.C. COLUMNS REPAIRED OR RETROFITTED BY MEANS OF FRP JACKETS  ID 2059
T. Albanesi, University of Roma Tre, Italy S. Santini, University of Roma Tre, Italy C. Nuti, University of Roma Tre, Italy

eismi ssessment of reinfored onrete strutures s well s their rehilittion nd strengthening is delt with in

264

Poster Presentations
mny experimentl nd theoretil reserhesF xew trends in seismi ssessment essentilly refer to 4performne sed design4F ixperimentl reserh oth on seismi ssessment of existing elements s well s on the e0ieny of di'erent retro(tting tehniques is essentilF gyli tests on six irulr olumns lredy tested in previous experimentl reserh he ortis et lF IWWUD he ortis et lF IWWV nd tully repired nd retested re presentedF ests im to evlute the e'etiveness of retro(tting y p jkets not only to inrese dutility ut sher strength tooF golumns hve irulr setion with RHH mm dimeter nd two heightsX IFIUH nd PFQRH mF hey hve di'erent longitudinl nd trnsverse reinforement eing the result of two design riteriX one sed on igV nd the other on stlin gode efore IWVTF sn the previous reserh olumns were tested until ollpse y pseudodynmi tests where they represented pier of irregulr @the smll olumnsA or regulr @the tll olumnsA ridgesF en urte study to detet the level of degrdtion in mterilsD s the se of rel strutures fter n erthqukeD is performedF henD sed on the evlution doneD igV olumns re repired nd the stlin ones retro(tted y men of p jket with the im of enhning dutility nd sher pityF gonrete t pier seD strongly rked y previous testsD is repired y resin injetions nd longitudinl rs re sustituted whether filed efore jketingF xumeril nlysis using (erEem elementsD where re(ned yli stressEstrin model for rer inluding ukling fter yielding in ompression nd llowing the reprodution of very mild steel too is implementedD re rried out tooF he model llows to simulte the ylil degrdtion in terms of resistne of reinfored onrete elementsF

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in the rdr zone nd the orreltion etween the epientres of ourred erthqukes nd the geologil medi through whih the seismi wves propgteF prom the seismotetoni mp of the rdr zoneD it n e notied tht the strething diretion of the fult strutures is in orreltion with the epientres of ourred erthqukesF he seismiity model formulted sed on the seismologil nd seismotetoni investigtions of the region hs een the strting point in de(nition of the seismi hzrdF e seismiity model to e used for de(nition of the seismi hzrd ording to the wquire9s method hs lso een de(nedF he omprison etween these models will e disussed nd rtionle on the seismi hzrd of the rdr zone will e givenF
SEISMIC ENERGY PATTERN OF ARMENIAN UPLAND  ID 298
L. Sargsyan, National Survey for Seismic Protection in Armenia, Armenia S. Margaryan, Armenia Association of Seismology and Phisics of t, Armenia

SC-A 0: Seismicity of the EuropeanMediterranean Area (Open Session  Posters Only)

Level 2
MIGRATION OF EARTHQUAKES ALONG THE DEAD SEA TRANSFORM SYSTEM  ID 4
T. Al-Yazjeen, Jordan Seismological Observatory, Jordan

ermenin plnd is one of the most tive segments of elpineErimlyn seismi eltF he seismiity of ermeni nd djent territories is relted to the erinEiursin plte9s ollisionF eismiity of ermenin plnd nd lesser gusus studied y numer of reserhersF en ttempt to show the stress (eld hnges in terms of energy efore lrge nd middle erthqukes is mdeF hetiled nlysis of RP yer of seismi tlogue etween IWTPEPHHR hs een doneF ermenin erthquke tlogue used for this study omprised of more thn TSHH erthquke reords with wPFS in the re limited y QVH HH9x to RPH HH9x nd RPH HH9i to RVH HH9xF st is demonstrted tht this pproh is pplile to re with hierrhi tive lok strutureF he mpping in terms of energy is disussedD results show tht efore lrge nd middle erthqukes energy pttern of investigted re undergo hngesF sing movingElok method the energy distriution mps is ompiled with step I yerF
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OCTOBER 2005, SIGACIK, AEGEAN REGION ACTIVITY  ID 317
A. Berberoglu, Kandilli Obs.&ERI Bogazici Univ. NEMC, Turkey N. Meral Ozel, Kandilli Obs.&ERI Bogazici Univ.Geophysics Dep, Turkey

he hed e rnsform fult ystem is wellEde(ned tetoni feture extending for IIHH km long the westEnorthern orders of the erin plteF he speEtime distriution of seismiity nd fulting of this zone hs een exmined with prtiulr emphsis on the identi(tion of possile seismi gpsF esults suggest severl onlusions with respet to the temporl nd sptil distriution of seismiityF pirstD the erthquke it ours in ylesF ih yle lsts for QVH yersD nd is divided into two periodsD the (rst one inlude high seismi tivity while the seond one dose not inlude ny strong erthqukesF eondD there ppers to hve een twoEdiretionl migrtion of erthquke epientres long the h nd to the est from entrl region loted t out QSFPS i longitudeF he migrtion long the h hs higher veloity thn the migrtion to the estF uey wordsX irthquke preditionY eismiity migrtionY eE tonis of tordnF gonttX tyzjeendyhooFom
SEISMOTECTONICS AND SEISMIC RELATED TO VARDAR VALLEY IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA  ID 233
B. Dimiskovska, IZIIS, Macedonia

he investigtions of seismiityD tetonis nd geology of the territory of F wedoni hve pointed out the diret reE ltionship etween the erthquke ourrene nd the tetoni proessesF o de(ne seismogene foi nd erthquke ourreneD it is neessry to know the geologil evolution of the terrinD prtiulrly in ontemporry onditionsF he erthqukes tht our in the investigted re re exlusively of tetoni origin nd the gretest ttention is pid to the tivity of the fult strutures

his presenttion is onerned with the study of three moderte size erthquke tht ourred in igik qulfD eegen e gost nd with their ftershoksF he ig shoks @wlaSFUD wlaSFWD waSFWA were loted in the southern prt of the qulhe fultF his fult zone is loted long the xE of ururun lok nd its length is out IS km on lnd nd omprises of strikeEslip fult systemsF his fult zone hs een hypothesized tht ontinues t the eegen e ottom in the south nd north of the igik nd qulhe gulfD respetivelyF eording to the seismi re)etion studyY the totl length of this fult zone is out UH km @ykoglu et l PHHSAF otlly RISH ftershoks @without thresholdA ourred until S of xovF y this tivityF ell the erthqukes @totl IPQH A tht we hve inluded in this study hd mgnitudes @wl b PFSAD nd TTH of them re mgnitude greter thn QFHF e py prtiulr ttention to lote the event nd the events @wb QFSA hve een reEloted using ville dt from the qreek islndsD s wellF he ftershoks extend mostly long est nd west of ig shoks s ilterllyD in region of out SS km long nd QS km wideF he zone ligned in the est diretion is out RH km in width nd in the northwest diretion over length of out SS kmF yn the other hnd the distriution of ftershoks espeilly wbQFS ligned xiE diretion y inluding qreek sttionsF his intense tivityD temporllyD ppers to derese in time nd frequeny ording to the lws knownF ine qulhe fult onsists of severl su rnhesD the ourrene pttern is di'erent in timely nd sptillyF e lulted the Evlue for this region y using ll deteted ftershok dt set nd found out the onsiderle vlue whih the strike slip events re supposed to showF

265

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COMPOSITE FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKES IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  ID 369
I. Sandu, IGG, Moldova, Republic Of

Poster Presentations
P. Lazo, Seismological Observatory, Macedonia

e determine hypoenters nd fol mehnisms of erthqukes on territory of epuli of woldov using dt from the fulletins of snterntionl eismologil genter @sgA nd woldov eismi xetwork @wxAF rypoenter relotion ws rried out for the events whih ourred in woldov nd for some events with initil lotion @sgA lose to territoril order of epuli of woldovD from IWUS to PHHS tht were reported y sg nd R sttions from wxF ell of events re shllow erthqukes nd with mgnitude less thn RF por this set of erthqukesD we used oth nd rrivl time dtD euse of smll numer of sttionsF yur relotion hypoenters result is resumed t T erthqukes inside of woldov territoryD P t xorthD R t outhD nd R more erthqukes losed to orders from krine nd omniF por determintion of fol mehnism of erthqukes in woldovD we used the reloted hypoentersD nd gomposite E(rst motion methodF pol mehnism on territory of epuli of woldov is di'erent from one to nother reF e otin fol mehnisms for Q regions long the northen nd the western order of ountryD whih re in ommon with omniD for xorth region ! norml fult with i Exis diretionD for widdle region ! reverse fult with x Exis diretionD for outh region! strike slip fult with i !xis diretion with reverse omponentF e suppose our results n e explined y the presene of the fults ner to horoge regionD tully situted in omniF
SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF MORAVIA, CZECH REPUBLIC  ID 484
Z. Kalab, Institute of Geonics, Czech Republic J. Knejzlik, Institute of Geonics, Czech Republic J. Pazdirkova, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Czech Republic P. Spacek, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Czech Republic

hynmi hrteristis of the seismi wves nd the spE til distriution of the mroseismi dtD s funtion of epientrl distneD inlude in)uene of the terrin topogrphyD lol site e'etsD tetonis hrteristis nd the fol mehnismsF sn (rst stepD three terms intensity ttenution reltions to ll zE imuths eside the hypoentrl distne hs een lulted sed on seleted empiril isoseisml mps for the erthqukes with smxsss wg @IWHREIWWHAD whih were digitized y using speil extrpoltingEsmoothing proedureF he results re mps of sptil distriutions of the vlues of the ttenuting oe0ientsF sn the seond stepD propgtion of the seismi wves for seleted zimuthl diretions hs een investigtedF he input dt ws meE sured on the seismogrms of seleted erthqukes with epienters on the territory of the F wedoni nd its neighoring seismi E tive resF he vlues for seleted diretions of seismi wveEpth propgtion were lulted y using the emx mximum wveE mplitudeEttenution reltionF he vlues were estimted from the ttenution of the g nd vg wvesD reorded on the seismoE grphs instlled t the eismologil yservtory in kopje @uyA nd seismologil sttions in yhrid @yrA nd lndovo @eAF he (nl vlues of were lulted for three predominnt direE tivesF he (nl results reX intensity ttenution of the strongest erthqukes in the epientrl res is hrterized with prtiulr zimuthlEttenutionEoe0ientsEreltionsF he emx ttenution hs shown n zimuthl dependeneY smller long the tetoni strutures in the rdrEseismogeni zone @long the diretion uyEeA re greter thn those for the diretions uyEyr nd yrEeF he orreltion results etween zimuthl depended mroseismi ttenution oe0ients nd vlues re going to e presentedF
INSTALLATION AND FIRST RESULTS OF A PERMANENT OCEAN BOTTOM SEISMOMETER OFFSHORE TARRAGONA (NE SPAIN)  ID 546
T. Frontera, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain J. Jara, RSE S.A. Aplicaciones Territoriales, Spain X. Goula, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain A. Ugalde, Observatori de l'Ebre, Spain C. Olivera, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain

xtionl seismi sttion ystrvEursn ole @signed s yugAD seismi sttions operted y the snstitute of hysis of the irthD wsryk niversity frno @siA nd seismi sttions operted y the snstitute of qeonis of the eg ystrv @sqxA monitor present nturl seismiityF eismi sttions of sqx equipped with digitl seismi reorder gwQEig were instlled on three ples of the northern prt of worviF hese sttions operted under triggered regime nd were remotely ontrolled through dt trnsmission vi qw network @their im is deteted events in the most tive regionAF pive temporry sttions with ontinuous reording re lso operted y sqx from PHHQF eismi sttions of si equipped y EP nd unterr or qurlp systems with ontinuous reording of dt over the whole region under disussionF he tesenky re is hrterized y n intensive neotetoni development of the old lok stilized y the gdomin nd risn orogensF his lok underwent disintegrtion in the ourse of elpine movements nd during the xeogene nd uternryD espeilly in ontt res with the elpine orogenesisF oung teE toni nd volni moility used grdul tetoni regenertion of the risn pltform long older fultsD whih is proly the min reson for reent seismi tivityF sn the lst ten yers this virtul joint network registered out IFHHH miroerthqukes with mximum lol mgnitude up to IFSF he seismi energy is often relesed in form of erthquke swrmsF irthquke foi reorded in PHHQEPHHS in worvi nd ilesi re displyed in skethy geologil mp nd this mp douments wek reent nturl seismi tivityF gurrent resume of seismiity is possile to (nd in we sites of ntionl seismologil institutes @eFgFD wwwFigFsFzD wwwFipeFmuniFzAF
THE AZIMUTH DEPENDENT ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS AND QS FOR THE TERRITORY OF REPUBLIC MACEDONIA  ID 495

he snstitut grtogr( de gtluny @sggA nd the yE servtori de l9ireD in ollortion with the pnish oil ompny epsol snvestigiones etrolfersD re rrying out projet with the im of improving the knowledge of the seismiity nd seismi risk in the rrgon region @northestern pinAF ithin this frmeworkD on eugust PHHS permnent oen ottom seismometer @yfA ws instlled inside the seurity perimeter of the gsln oil pltformD whih is loted RH km o'shore rrgonF his pioneering projet in pin is eing (nned y the winisterio de iduin y gieni @geefvexge ixPHHQEHTSUUAD pihi funding nd the sggF he yf sttion hs three omponent rod nd sensor nd di'erentil pressure gugeF hey were sumerged t out RHH m to the of the oil pltform nd were deposited t out ISH m depthF ht re digitized onEsite nd re trnsmitted through sumrine le to the pltformD where they re reordedF e ontinuous mode nd lmost rel time e stellite dt trnsmission from the pltform to the dt enter t the sgg is expeted for PHHTF his step will imply the totl integrtion of the yf sttion into the sgg seismi networkF ine the yf is opertiveD some lol s well s distnt seismi events hve een reordedF e seismi noise study from the yf nd the di'erentil pressure guge reordings hs lso een performedF
THE OBS FORMAR NETWORK  ID 685
J. M. Davila, Real Observatorio de la Armada, Spain A. Pazos, Real Observatorio de la Armada, Spain E. Buforn, UCM, Spain A. Udas, UCM, Spain W. Hanka, GFZ, Germany

266

Poster Presentations
he iursinEefrin plte oundry rosses the so lled 4seroEwghrein4 region from qlori fult to unisi in more or less estEist diretionF he low onvergene t this oundry lineD produing moderte seismi tivity of low mgnitude nd shllow depth erthqukesD some intermedite depth shoks nd very deep erthqukesD with spordi lrge eventsF o study this omplex re the oyl xvl yservtory in n pernndo @yeA nd the niversity gomplutense of wdrid @gwA together with the qeoporshungentrum of otsdm @qpA hve deployed the estern wediterrnen ff network @wA with sttions loted in southern pin nd xorthern efriD minly surrounding the elorn seF hue to the ft tht mny events re loted t mrine resD lnd sttions lked su0ient overge of mrine resF o solve this prolem the w network will e omplemented with deployment of yen fottom eismometers @yfA in the gdiz qulf nd the elorn seF he pnish eserh gounil @winisterio de iduin y gieniA hs funded R yf deployments through the projetsX syeHSEPQEHHP @yf elornA nd gqvPHHSEPRIWREi @ed pyweAF he yf will e deployed with the support of the pnish xvy ships nd will strt within PHHT nd inludes permnent yf t wid elorn eD whih will remin deployed for t lest three yers periodF ome of them will e (nlly onverted to permnent deviesF sn this pper we desrie the present sttus of the yf deploymentD nd the future plnned stepsD in the frme of the estern wediterrnen @wA network tivitiesF
ENVIRONMENTAL CARTOGRAPHIC MODELS FOR THE REGION OF VARNA PALEOSEISMIC PHENOMENA (BULGARIA)  ID 763
D. Angelova, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria

SC-A 0
surrounding res @QQERQxD IVEQHiA during period of PQ yers @IWVIEPHHQAF he dt used ws list of nd wve rrivl piks ompiled y omining dt from the rhives of regionl seismi network operting sine IWVID from phse piks ontriuted to the snterntionl eismologil genter y neighoring networksD s well s dt from temporry lol networksF he erthquke hypoenters were reloted using the houleEhi'erene erthquke lotion lgorithm whenever this ws possileF he originlD freely distriuted implementtion of the lgorithm @ldhuser PHHIA ws lteredD in order to use threeEdimensionl seismi wve veloity model of the re whih hs een determined y erlier tomogrphi studiesF hen douleEdi'erene lotion ws not possile euse the event is sptilly isolted or the pik errors re too highD the events were loted with the onventionl solute lotion method @qeiger9s methodAF he resulting erthquke tlog onsists of events divided into two tegoriesD ording to the method used for the lotion @doule di'erene lotion or solute lotionAF he new tlogD espeilly the douleEdi'erene loted prtD revels seismiity ptterns otherwise invisile or lurred y the solute lotion errorsF
EMSC REAL TIME EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION SERVICES  ID 885
G. Mazet-Roux, EMSC, France S. Godey, EMSC, France R. Bossu, EMSC, France

he rn pleoseismi phenomen mrked the epientrl prt of the tstrophi erthqukeF he time of its origin ws proly during the gret ghudin trnsgression sine ll the hnges in the se level ourring efore it hd een preserved in the li'F he doumented histori erthqukes of the s fFgF nd provoked some importnt orretions in the type of the relief in the ity of rnD onsiderle destrutions in the highwy netin the littorl zone etween the ity of rn nd p of qlt et lFD lso humn sultiesF he e'ets hd fults nd lndslide predestintionF vterD the hl IWHI erthqukes with waUFPD sasE moilized fultsD lndslides nd rok flls in the regionF hey were repetivted y the erthqukes in IRRRD IVSVD IVWID IWHID IWHPD IWHQF he strong nd reltively deep erthqukes of the rneD flk eD grimeD gususD esi winor nd wediterrnen use reting lol nd regionl tivity of the investigted reF he lol nd regionl development of the rsionD limnsD mrshesD lndslidesD rok flls nd su'usion e'ets produes n importnt in)uene to the relief evolution of the littorl nd sometimes the nthropogeni ftors from other sideD use the retivtion nd new formtion of the frtures nd fultsF he present work shows lso the geoeologil ssessment of the ontemporry nturl hzrdsF por the study purposes re prepred di'erent types of mps @shown on the spei( mps ppliedA of PSDHHH sleD whih served for the qulittive nd ssessment of nturl nd nthropogeni hzrdsF
IMPROVED EARTHQUAKE LOCATIONS IN GREECE USING THE DD ALGORITHM AND A 3D VELOCITY MODEL  ID 810
O. Galanis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece C. Papazachos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece E. Scordilis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece P. Chatzidimitriou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

iwg opertes weEsed el ime irthquke snE formtion @isA servieD lso ville in swyhiD e nd soon in D whih ims t providing rpid nd relile informtion for the iuroEwed erthqukes nd for lrge glol onesF his servie is sed on prmetri dt provided y SU seismi networks utomtilly proessed t iwgF iwg mnully reviews within less thn TH minutes @lert systemA the lotion of potentilly dmging iuroEwed events nd lrge glol onesD nd on the following working dy for the other eventsF sn PHHSD more then IHDHHH events hve een pulished on the is pge @httpXGGwwwFemsEsemForgAF sn the frmework of the lert systemD the lotions re dissemE inted y fxD emil nd w to more thn TDQHH endEusersF he lert system is operted in ollortion with the vhq @iwg host instituteA nd the sqx @wdridA whih runs kEup proedures nd tkes over the duty whenever it is requiredF he erthquke noti(E tion servie hs een upgrded in PHHTF ih user n now de(ne n re nd minimum mgnitude of interest nd the messges re distriuted in R di'erent formtsF he wy the is servies works nd the performnes of the whole system in terms of lotion ury nd time performnes will e presented hereF e will lso show how this system lE lows (ltering potentilly erroneous utomti solutions nd lso rpidly pulishing preliminry informtion for ll signi(nt iuroE wed events @II minutes fter the erthquke ourrene on vergeAF e will lso present the iuroEwed fulletin whih ims t produing omprehensive ulletin sine IWWV t the iuroEwed sle using the prmetri dt olleted from TR lol geniesF
FRACTAL BEHAVIOUR OF AFTERSHOCKS OF ALHOCEIMA EARTHQUAKE OF 24 FEBRUARY 2004 (MOROCCO)  ID 1007
M. Rouai, Earth Sciences Department, Meknes University., Morocco

eurte erthquke lotions re neessry for seismiE ityD seismi hzrdD seismotetonisD seismi tomogrphy nd other si reserh nd pplitionsF es the existing tlogs re notD in most sesD urte enoughD they must e revised using more dvned erthquke lotion lgorithms suh s the douleEdi'erene @hhA erthquke lotion lgorithmF e loted IHHHHH erthqukes whih ourred in qreee nd the

el roeim region @northern worooA ws struk y n importnt erthquke @w TFIA on perury PRD PHHRY induing devstting dmge nd TPW vitimsF he ftershoks sequene following the min event @SPP events with wQ during IU dysA hs een investigted y nonEliner toolsF he interEevent time etween suessive ftershoks is nlyzed to study the temporl frtl struture nd lustering properties y mens ofX ymori nd uork lwsD rurst nlysisD frtl orreltion dimensionD utoorreltion funtion nd oe0ient of vritionD etF prom the qutenergEihter lwD the vlue is found to e lose to IF he ymori lw exponent is ner IFIF prtl temporl orreltion dimension is round HFWD inditing ontinuous nd nerly uniform

267

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ftershok tivity during this periodD tht is on(rmed y the utoEorreltion nlysis nd high persistene ehviour from the rurst nlysis @r HFUSAF snvestigting the ftershoks time strutureD moving window of IHH events shifted y IH ws used to follow the temporl vrition of the rurst exponent @HFTRrHFVRA nd the sttistil oe0ient vrition @HFVTvIFPHA within the whole sequeneF he results show rther uniform persistene of interEevent times despite low derese of rndomness degree indiE ted y v )ututionF he temporl orgniztion of the nlyzed ftershoks sequene oeys powerElw ehviour @sleEinvrineAD with high degree of persistene nd uniformity @high orreltion of interEevent times nd low lusteringAF his my put light on the rupture nd fult geometry nd hrterize the underlying pttern seismiity in the regionF
ANALYSIS OF THE 09/2004 SEISMIC CRISIS IN THE AREA OF THE 1428 EARTHQ. (I0=IX), EASTERN PYRENEES.  ID 1034
S. Figueras, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain A. Villaseor, Inst. de Cincies de la Terra Jaume Almera, Spain T. Frontera, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain C. Olivera, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain J. Fleta, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain M. Ruiz, Inst. de Cincies de la Terra Jaume Almera, Spain J. Daz, Inst. de Cincies de la Terra Jaume Almera, Spain J. Gallart, Inst. de Cincies de la Terra Jaume Almera, Spain J. Vergs, Inst. de Cincies de la Terra Jaume Almera, Spain D. Kalisperi, TEI CRETE, Greece

Poster Presentations
e new telemetri seismi network hs een instlled on the islnd of grete nd the roder re of outh eegen nd is ontinuously operted y the vortory of qeophysis nd eismology @qvA of the ehnologil idutionl snstitute of grete in order to provide modern instrumentl overge of seismiity in the southern qreeeD s well s some more insight into the stress nd deformtion (eldsD tetonisD struture nd dynmis of the relleni erF he ltter is the seismilly most tive region in western iursi due to sudution of the oeni efrin lithosphere eneth the lithosphere of outh eegenF he network is urrently omprised of twelve short period sttions nd one rodEnd sttionD equipped of threeEomponent sensorsD third genertion high resolution PREits digitizersD eftek type IQHEIF elemetry is digitl in terms of onventionl gGs networking using dedited ehvEx onnetionsF ht re trnsmitted to the entrl proessing unitD situted t the qv uilding in ghniD greteF ht pkets re stored in two dt servers nd one rel time proessing server running eismi xetwork ht roessor @xhA softwreF xetwork9s geometry s well s site seletion hs een hosen refullyD sine the primry gol is to lote seismi eventsD ft whih ssures the most urte determintion of seismi prmetersF purthermoreD plenty of studies re ondutedD onerning minly the rust struture of the re whih will led to representtive veloity modelD the stressE(eld nd the fol depth distriutionF he (rst results from the opertion of this permnent network re presented nd speil ttention is given on the tnury VD PHHT uythir intermedite depth erthqukeD with waTFW loted t QTDPI x E PQDQR iF his work is supported y the projet egrswihi sX 4upport of eserh ems of FiFs grete4D suEprojet entitled wultidisiplinry eismi rzrd monitoring in the pront of the relleni erF
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE KYTHIRA JANUARY 8, 2006 AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE  ID 1063
F. Vallianatos, TEI CRETE, Greece I. Nikoolintaga, TEI CRETE, Greece E. Kokkinou, TEI CRETE, Greece J. Makris, TEI CRETE, Greece P. Soupios, TEI CRETE, Greece M. Moisidi, TEI CRETE, Greece

sn the istern yreneesD t the sme re of the IRPV destrutive erthquke @soasD iwEWVAD wlaRFH erthquke took ple on eptemer PIst PHHRF st ws widely felt in the region nd produed slight dmge t the epientrl zoneF his re is hrterized y ontinued moderte seismiityD with few events of mgnitude lose to R reported in the lst dedesF por this most reent event the hypoentrl lolistion from the permnent seismologil regionl network of the snstitut grtogr( de gtluny @sggA is RPFQRo xD PFIUo i nd R km depthF he fol mehnism lulted from (rstEmotion dt of QS sttions shows dextrl strikeEslip movement with norml omponentF eording to the dominnt i geologil strutures in the epientrl reD nerly i oriented nodl plne would e onsidered s the fult plneD the xEi orienttion of the pressure xis is oherent with the regionl xis diretionF sn the following two dys the permnent network registered out IPH ftershoksD three of whih were felt gin in the epientrl zoneF e temporry network of T portle threeEomponent sttions were instlled during QS dys in the epientrl reF he network operted in ontinuous mode nd llowed detetion nd lotion of out VHH ftershoks with mgnitudes lower thn wlaPFHF he erthqukes hve een loted (rst with the rypoUI odeF e reevlE ution of the hypoentrl prmeters with proilistiD nonEliner glol serh erthquke lotion in Qh strutures method hve een onduted nd the seleted erthqukes hve een reloted using the doule di'erene lotion method ryhh ode onsidering ordinry solute trvel time mesurements nd rossEorreltion wve di'erentil trvelEtime mesurementsF he temporl monitoring y portle seismi sttions fter relevnt erthquke nd the nlysis of the ftershoks provides etter knowledge of the lol seismotetoni feturesF
A NEW TELEMETRY SEISMOLOGICAL NETWORK IN THE FRONT PART OF THE HELLENIC ARC  ID 1050
F. Vallianatos, TEI CRETE, Greece J. Makris, TEI CRETE, Greece P. Soupios, TEI CRETE, Greece V. Saltas, TEI CRETE, Greece G. Hloupis, TEI CRETE, Greece I. Nikolintaga, TEI CRETE, Greece E. Kokkinou, TEI CRETE, Greece I. Papadopoulos, TEI CRETE, Greece M. Moisidi, TEI CRETE, Greece

yn tnury HVD PHHT t IIXQRXSQ @gA strong erthE quke of mgnitude waTFW shook qreee nd most of the estern wediterrnen using only minor dmges nd no sultiesF he erthquke9s epienter ws loted t QTD PI x E PQD QR i t depth of out UH um ner the islnd of uythirF he min shok s well s the ftershoks were reorded y the sttions of the seismologil network of the vortory of qeophysis nd eismology of the ehnologil nd idutionl snstitute of grete in ghni whih is the losest seismologil oservtory in southern eegenD out WH um i of the epienterF he network hs reorded the ftershok sequene in the roder re with mgnitudes up to out SFH on the ihter sleF he evolution of the erthquke sequene is studied nd dt re nlyzedF enlyses inlude the relotion of the ftershoks nd proposl of new Ih model of the erth struture of the southwestern prt of the relleni erF he forementioned implementtions will help us eluidte more the seismi ehvior of the roder re whih seismilly is one of the most tive prts of the estern iursi due to the sudution of the efrin lithosphere under the eegen miroplte nd hs long historil reord of devstting erthqukes with mgnitudes up to out VFHF his work is supported y the projet egrswihi sX 4upport of eserh ems of ehnologil idutionl snstitute of grete4D suEprojet entitled wultidisiplinry eismi rzrd monitoring in the pront of the relleni er  in the frmework of the ypertionl rogrmme for idution nd snitil otionl riningF

268

Poster Presentations
THE SURPRISING KALININGRAD EARTHQUAKES OF SEPTEMBER 21, 2004  ID 1254
P. Wiejacz, Inst of Geophysics PAS, Poland

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threeEdimensionl seismi veloity model reently omputed for the study region @freri et lFD isD PHHRAF gler improvement in the knowledge of fult geometries in the study region hs een proven to ome from pplition of the fyesin lotion methodD fyloD proposed y resti et lF @feA PHHRF fylo properties of ounting for nonElinerity of the lotion proess nd plotting epienter mps s umultive proility distriutions @where individul erthqukes re weighed ording to lotion uryA plyed mjor role in ompensting the min defults of linerized lgorithmsF e wide series of syntheti lotion tests ws lso performed nd llowed us to etter de(ne to wht extent rel erthquke lotions were in)uened y network geometry over the study region during the investigtion time intervlF sn prtiulrD relotion of syntheti events lri(ed whether hypoenter trends found y investigting the rel seismiity re fithful mrkers of seismogeni strutures or if they represent (titious produts of poor network geometryF he results hve een evluted in the light of the geophysil nd geologil informtion ville in the literture for the study regionF
GOKOVA (TURKEY) EARTHQUAKES AND SOME CONSEQUENCES  ID 1572
O. Gundogdu, Istanbul University, Turkey H. Alp, Istanbul University, Turkey S. Karabulut, Istanbul University, Turkey S. Ozcelik, Istanbul University, Turkey

he erthqukes of mgnitudes m RFR nd SFH in the uliningrd enlve of ussi on eptemer PID PHHR were unexpeted in very lowEseismiity reF he erthqukes used minor dmge in the uliningrd enlveD in northern olnd nd in southwestern vithuniD nd mroseismi oservtions imply mximum intensities of TEU @iwA lose to the epientersF he lrger erthquke ws felt t distnes of up to VHH kmF he events hve een loted t IT nd PH km depth under the entrlEnorthern prt of the mi enninsul nd their soure mehnism hs een found to e right lterl strike slip on diretion prllel to the edge of the pennosndin hield nd the ist iuropen grtonF hile the possile use of the erthqukes is eing disussedD historil informtion seems to evidene pst seismi tivity in the regionD whih together with the PHHR erthqukes wrrnt the ressessment of the seismi hzrd in the reF
EARTHQUAKE SWARM AT THE NORTHERN PART OF THE RED SEA, EGYPT.  ID 1317
S. Salah El-Hadidy Youssef, national research institiute of astronomy and geop, Egypt

he xorthern ed eEqulf of uez rend is onsidered s one of the tive seismi soures in igyptF yn PI eugust PHHI n erthquke swrm hs een reorded y the igyptin xtionl eismi xetwork @ixxAF his tivity strted from eugust to eptemer PHHIF he totl numer of reorded erthqukes is VHH events without ny distinguish eventsF he spe Etime distriution of the reorded events were studiedF he fol mehnism solutions of the two lrgest erthqukes show norml fulting with strike slip omponentF hree seismi sttions situted t three di'erent lolities were seleted to study the propgtion pth nd site e'ets on the wveforms nd frequeny ontents of the reorded eventsF eismogrm interprettions of the reorded events re)et very week rrivls with low mplitude followed y shrp re)eted phse fter IFS seonds t the sttions loted t entrne of the qulf of uez to the northest nd northwest of the epienterD this phse disppers in the sttion loted t the southwest of the epienterF here re two di'erent event groupsD eh group hs similr wveformsF he similrity of wveforms inreses with deresing of frequenyF his feture suggests tht the erthqukes of this event pir repetedly on the sme fult plnF he disgreement in high frequenies my e due to detiled di'erenes in the rupture proess t the soureF he frequeny rnge hving similr wveforms depends on the erthquke sizeF he existene of event groups with similr wveforms is one of most importnt fetures of erthquke swrmsF he omplexity nd heterogeneities of the erth9s struture uses the seismogrm of suh gret vriety of wveforms nd wve typesF he wveforms in the seismogrmsD espeilly the pperne of phses di'ers with the propgtion pth even in the events with similr epientrl distneD soure depth nd erthquke sizeF
IMPROVEMENTS OF SEISMOGENIC FAULT DETECTION IN SOUTHERN ITALY BY APPLICATION OF NON-LINEAR EARTHQUAKE LOCATION METHODS  ID 1561
D. Presti, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Messina Unive, Italy

sn qokov fy nd surrounding re D tree erthqukes @waQDS dted P eugust PHHRY wa SFH dted Q eugust PHHR nd w aSFR dted R eugust PHHRA ourred in the north of ht @uyis htAF qkov region ws de(ned s smll plin tht ourred due to the tetoni fores tht hve een ted sine middle lioeneF etoni nd geomorphologi properties of this region were desried y uyn @IWUPAF sn this workD it ws explined the omplex tetoni struture tht presents the iE trending gren systemF his erthquke tivity hs een ontinued y the deresing rtesF por the mroEseismi studiesD weD s irthquke eserh qroup of heprtment of qeophysil ingineering of sstnul niversityD were investigted the region y the (eld studies nd were prepred the isoseist mp @wximum intensity s soasAF oure mehnism of the erthquke @waSFRA were determined s norml fulting with minor strike slip omponentF F hen we onsider the moderte erthqukes in urkey used importnt struturl dmgesD por this regionD the strutures must seriously e ontrolledF sn this region there re tree thermi power plntF his is risk for this regionF o tre the erthquke tivity y lol seismi networkD will provide the detiled informtion on tetoni struture nd geodynmi fores in the regionF
SEISMICITY OF THE TERRITORY OF TOKTOGUL RESERVOIR FOR A PERIOD OF 1991-2001.  ID 1593
K. Murataly, Seismology, Kyrgyzstan E. Kulia, Seismology, Kyrgyzstan

eismiity ourring in the lst few dedes in nd round iily hs een investigted with the purpose of urtely identifying the lotion nd geometry of the min seismogeni fult systems in this portion of the xuiEiurope ontt eltF he previling o'Eshore lotion of the min fults @ple of generting wUElss erthqukesA hsD in the pst yersD mde the dt quisition slow nd the de(nition of geophysil nd geologil fetures of these strutures quite prolemtiF rypoenter lotions hve een performed using n erthquke dtset @IWUVEPHHSA otined y integrting the ntionl nd lol network dtsesD nd

he im of the given pper is vrition determintion of seismiity for the region of xryn of sde rydro ower ttions @rA ording to the ltest dt for period of IWWIEPHHIF herefore it is neessry to solve suh prolems s retion of mpEsheme of seismiity vrition for the territory of xryn region for oserved periods of timeD mpEsheme of erthqukes epienters llotion for the studied lese of ertin period of timeF sn the territory of the studied region there9s regionl ls pergn fult nd forking tetoni fultsF stD s mtter of ftD hs stipulted rther high seismiity of the region for uildingD estimted possiility seismi intensity of W on wuETR erthqukesF por ll period of oservtions in oktogul region there were no shrp hnges in their ustomry lotion y squreF ynly in de(nite periods of timeD ound with leps of wter line in the reservoirD disrepnies in their llotion took pleF ht nlysisD presented in workD shows tht seismiity in the territory of the studied lese of xryn r stge in the onsidered period of timeD sillyD is stleX the mount of reorded seismi events does not

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exeed in mny yers THEUH erthqukes nnullyF he de)etion from the medium mount of erthqukes ws noted only in eugust IWWPD time of known uusmyr erthquke with waUFQF
STUDY OF THE MALAGA (SPAIN) SEISMICITY FROM HISTORICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL DATA  ID 1603
T. Goded, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain E. Buforn, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain D. Muoz, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Spain Facultad Fisica, Facultad Fisica, Facultad Fisica,

Poster Presentations
formtion for over PSHHH erthqukes tht ourred in groti nd in the neighouring territories in the period QUQ fg!PHHTF he instrumentl prt of the tlogue strts in IWHV when the (rst iehert seismogrph ws instlled in gre @eqA y eF wohoroviiF ell seismogrms re stored nd kept in the rhives of the heprtment of qeophysisD long with noteooks ontining lirtion dtF wehnil iehert seismogrphs were the o0il ones until repled with eletromgneti instruments in the erly IWVHEiesF higitl ff seismogrphs were instlled in the yer PHHHF es eq is the only sttion in groti tht hs een ontinuously operting for the lst IHH yersD the eq lol mgnitudeD w@eqAD is reported in gig for eh eventD long with the mgnitude tken from vrious tloguesD ulletinsD reportsD etF w@eqA is determined from eq reords using lol lirtion funtion initilly derived y hF koko @IWTWA on the sis of iehert seismogrmsF he sme reltion ws lso routinely used fter swithing to eletromgneti seismogrphs @prengnetherAD s well s fter the sttion ws moved to new lotionF eent investigtions revel tht w@eqA shows signi(nt disrepnies from medins of mgnitudes reported y other seismologil institutionsD espeilly t short epientrl distnesD thus rendering gig nonuniform nd nonEhomogeneous with respet to mgnitudeF es gig is the si tool for seismi hzrd nlyses in groti it seems impertive to relirte eq mgnitudes of the preEdigitl er ginst representtive smple of mgnitude estimtes from iuropen sttionsD s reported in the sg nd other ville dtsesF rere we present results of regressions used to derive new lol mgnitude formulsD seprtely for iehert @IWHVEIWVPA nd prengnether @IWVQEIWWWA seismogrphsF e lso nlyse the ompleteness nd homogeneity of the revised tlogueD s well s the qutenergEihter frequenyEmgnitude reltion for the seleted sutloguesF
PODHALE, POLAND, EARTHQUAKE OF NOVEMBER 30, 2004  ID 1678
W. Debski, Inst. of Geophysics PAS, Poland B. Domanski, Inst. of Geophysics PAS, Poland P. Wiejacz, Inst. of Geophysics PAS, Poland A. Zych, Inst. of Geophysics PAS, Poland

he wlg region is loted in the fetis @outh pinA nd it is hrterized y the ourrene of moderte to lrge erthqukes t shllow @h`QH kmA nd intermedite depth @QH`h`ISH kmAF sn the pstD two erthqukes with iwEWV intensities equl or greter thn sss 'eted seriously the ity of wlgX the IGPTGIRWR nd IHGWGITVH erthqukesF xew intensity mps hve een otined for oth shoks using new informtion found in rhivesD lirriesD etF he results show tht the IRWR erthquke hd mximum intensity of sss @iwEWVA in wlg ityD nd ws lso felt in other towns suh s qrnd or evilleF he ostl region ws the most 'etedD with distriution of dmges in n istEest diretionF he ITVH erthquke hd mximum intensity of sssEs @iwEWVA in wlg nd the towns loted t the estF he erthquke lso 'eted other towns suh s gordoD eville or gdizD nd ities t further distnes suh s wdrid nd lldolidF he distriution of dmges follows xorthEouth diretionF e thorough investigtion hs een mde on the dmges used to individul uildings of the ityD espeilly in the se of the ITVH erthqukeF hese results will e pplied to vulnerility studies of the monumentl uildings in wlgF mll erthqukes ourred t shllow nd intermedite depth hve een used s empiril qreen funtions to otin syntheti elerogrms of erthqukes with rnge of mgnitudes SFHETFSF hese results will e used to ompre the dmges degree used y the IRWR nd ITVH events on the monumentl uildings with the vlues otined for the syntheti eventsF he omprison is foused on the mintenne of these uildings tht ould e seriously dmged if importnt erthqukes suh s the IRWR nd ITVH ones ever ourF
EMPIRICAL EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE LAWS IN CROATIA ESTIMATED BY FORWARD MODELING  ID 1643
M. Herak, Faculty of Science, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) D. Herak, Faculty of Science, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)

e method to ount for intrinsi letory vriility of prmeters ontrolling erthquke reurrene is presentedF hropE ping the ssumption of timeEinvrile oe0ientsD the numer of prmeters inreses from R @in the modi(ed qutenergEihter reltionA to IH or moreF snverse prolem of (nding the vlues of representtive reurrene prmeters is solved y forwrd modeling whih genertes proilities tht ompeting sets of prmeters dequtely desrie the oserved seismiityF he method is pplied to four seismilly tive res in grotiD yielding proilities for lrge numer of possile reurrene lws to dequtely desrie oserved seismiityF
REVISION OF LOCAL MAGNITUDES REPORTED IN THE CROATIAN EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE FOR THE PERIOD 1908-1999  ID 1656
S. Markusic, Faculty of Science, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) I. Ivancic, Faculty of Science, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) I. Allegretti, Faculty of Science, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) D. Herak, Faculty of Science, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) M. Herak, Faculty of Science, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)

irthquke of xovemer QHD PHHR in odhle regionD southern olnd took ple shortly fter the eptemer PID PHHR events of uliningrd egionD ussiD tht in)ited minor dmge in northern olndF herefore the odhle quke hs used onern out seismi hzrd in olnd whih is understood ountry of low seismiityF elthough not so muh unexpeted s the erthqukes in the northD the quke ws of unexpeted size s ording to some determintions it rehed mgnitude RFU with mroseismi intensities up to UF he event ws felt to distne of out IHH km nd in)ited slight dmge to uildings in its nrrow epientrl reD thus evidening its reltively shllow depthF he quke hs een loted ner the villge of krzypneD out IS km westEsouthwest of the distrit pitl xowy rgF he soure mehnism hs een found to e of dip slip norml fult typeD lthough it remins prolem of ssoition this mehnism with known tetoni dislotions in the regionF he erthquke hs een followed y long series of ftershoksF heir distriution in time is lso studied nd the iggest ftershoks hve een lotedF
SEISMICITY OF THE RUSSIAN PLATFORM FROM "MICHNEVO" SMALL-APERTURE ARRAY DATA  ID 1725
I. Sanina, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation S. Volosov, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation N. Gamburtzeva, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation Y. Schukin, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation M. Nesterkina, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation O. Chernyh, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation O. Riznichenko, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Federation

grotin irthquke gtlogue @gigA ontins si inE

mll perture seismi rry is operting on the territory

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Poster Presentations
of the geophysil oservtory 4wihnevo4Dwosow regionD sine xovemerD PHHRF he rry onsists of IT shortEperiod seismi sensors wQEu with frequeny nd HFSERH rzF et present out PHHH seismi events of di'erent origin were reorded y the rryF feside teleseismi eventsD most reorded signls re qurry lsts from epientrl distnes up to UHH kmF sdenti(tion of smll erthqukes from qurry lsts is one of the min tsks of the rryF here is n evidene of pleoseismi events on the ussin pltformD spei(lly for the oronezh rystlline mssiveD ut no detiled study of regionl seismiity hs een rried out so frF ine there re no riteri of identi(tion of seismi events of di'erent origin for the ussin pltformD we pplied riteriD developed erlier for the territory of uzkhstn nd uyrgiziF sn uyrgizi riteri were speilly worked out for the reognition of the hemil explosionsF eout PHH events were nlyzedD nd PW were seleted with distint D nd vg rrivlsF enlysis of spetrl properties of wves of di'erent types nd their mplitude rtios ws performedF es resultD we identi(ed PH explosionsD P erthqukes nd U events with no relile estimtesF he erthqukes reX xovemer IID PHHSD taIHh HIm RRFU s with oordintes @SI grd IH9VxD QT grd RI9RHi A nd mgnitude IFUD nd tnury PRD PHHTD taIPh IRm QQFW s with oordintes @SP grd SW9xD QW grd HT9iA nd mgnitude PFTF foth events re loted in the region of the oronezh rystlline mssiveD hrterized y pst nd present seismi tivityF
SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ALPINE-CARPATHIANBOHEMIAN MASSIF CONTACT REGION AND ITS GEOPHYSICAL PATTERN  ID 1728
J. Pazdirkova, Institute of Physics of the Earth (IPE) MU, Czech Republic W. A. Lenhardt, Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics, Austria J. Svancara, IPE, Czech Republic J. Havir, IPE, Czech Republic

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eismologil vortory of the niversity of ethens instlled the telemetri gornet network round the istern qulf of gorinthF e veloity model onsisting of six seismi lyers ws lultedD while the mjority of the lol events were loted within the qulf of gorinthF he min sope of the present study is the determintion of relile erthquke mgnitudeF gonerning the rpid lultion of the durtion mgnitude wdD multiple liner regression tehnique ws developed for the determintion of the onstnts D nd F es result the formul wd a EIFI C PFQS logh C HFHHIP d ws otinedF he stisftory preision y whih the onstnts D nd were lultedD ensures tht the durtion mgnitude wd otined y the gornet network is relileF pollowingD the moment mgnitude wwD whih is onsidered to e the most relile mgnitude sleD ws lso determinedF petrl nlysis ws pplied for the lultion of the seismi moment wH nd seismi tlogue ws retedD where the moment mgnitude ww is diretly lulted y proessing digitl dtF efter the determintion of the moment mgnitude ww nd of the durtion mgnitude wdD reltionship etween them ws otinedD using the lestEsqures methodF eltionships etween these mgnitudesD the lol mgnitude wvD the ody wve mgnitude mD lulted y the sgD nd the seismi energy were lso otinedF eguxyvihqwix he present study ws funded through the progrm iieiu ss in the frmework of the projet ythgors E upport of niversity eserh qroups with US7 from iuropen oil punds nd PS7 from xtionl pundsD ontrt xoF UHGQGUQHTF
THE BORMIO EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCES DECEMBER1999-JUNE 2002  ID 1743
A. Zappone, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland N. Deichmann, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland J. Braunmiller, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland R. Di Giovambattista, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy S. Husen, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland

OF

he seismiity of the ontt of the istern elpsD the estern grpthins nd the fohemin wssif ws investigted within the frme of joint projet of ewq ienn nd si frnoF xew seismologil sttions were uilt in the re of interest @RUFS x to RWFV xD IQFH i to IWFH iA with relEtime dt trnsmission to oth institutionsF he lotion ury of erthqukes in this region ws signi(ntly improvedF ileven erthquke tlogues were evluted nd heked for multiple entries nd mistkes elimintionF he (nl dt set of erthqukes overs the time spn from IPTU to PHHR nd omprises IWTV erthqukes in totlF he resulting epientrl mp provides very detiled ide out the seismiity of this regionF en ttempt to seismoEtetoni interprettion of erthqukes sed on the geologil overview of the region is presentedF qeophysil dt in ddition to seismi events were olleted nd rossEorder mps were ompiled nd nlysedF egionl geophysil dt from grvity nd irorne mgnetometry survey were seleted for the nlysis of the susurfe extent of geologil odies with ontrsting petrophysil propertiesF he olour shded relief mps were used to delinete pronouned linements wheres the vinsser method ws pplied to nlyse the density ontts t two potentilly seismogeni depth horizonsF his dt set enled to determine seismilly tive fult strutures nd to get n insight into the fult system intertionF eility to ssess vertil nd horizontl extent of fult strutures potentilly seismilly tive will enle to improve hzrd ssessments in futureF
MOMENT MAGNITUDE AND DURATION MAGNITUDE DETERMINATION IN CENTRAL GREECE  ID 1739
G. Kaviris, University of Athens, Greece P. Papadimitriou, University of Athens, Greece K. Makropoulos, University of Athens, Greece

wo reltively strong erthqukes @mgnitude wv a RFW nd RFPA ourred in heemer IWWW eneth the northernmost ltellin in the wissEstlin order region etween the town of formio nd l wustirF foth events were felt over wide reD ut no dmge ws reportedF he immedite ftershok sequene lsted for out I yer nd onsisted of IHP events tht were reorded y the wiss eismologil ervieF ixept for the wv a RFQ event on epril Tth PHHHD ll ftershoks were smll @wv ` QFHAF enother erthquke sequene strted in ytoer PHHI fter wv a RFI erthqukeF he seond sequene lsted for out W months nd onsisted of TT eventsD inluding n event with wv a QFRF efter the seond sequene the miroseismi tivity in the re ontinued with spordi events until tune PHHRFhe epientrl re is t the edge of the wissD stlin nd eustrin seismi networksD in geologilly omplex region with poorly known rustl veloitiesF votions sed on single ntionl seismi network dt hve illEonstrined hypoentersF e thus merged the ntionl dtsets to onstrin the min shok nd ftershok lotionsF e loted individul events using proilisti nonEliner grid serh lgorithmF ellEonstrined events indite tht the seismogeni zone is on(ned to the upper IH km of the rust in greement with results from regionl moment tensor inversionsF he moment tensors tht re ville for the (ve lrgest events of the two sequenes orrespond to norml fulting mehnismD with xxEi oriented nodl plnesF he use for the erthquke tivity is still not well understoodF xo geologil strutures tht outrop in the re n e esily relted to the erthquke soureF
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC SERIES OF MURCIA EARTHQUAKES (2002-2005) BY USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS METHOD  ID 1748
A. Posadas, Department of Applied Physics. Spain M. Navarro, Department of Applied Physics. Spain Almeria University, Almeria University,

he qulf of gorinth is onsidered to e one of the most tive tetoni rifts round the worldD produing one of the highest seismi tivities in the wediterrnen regionF sn IWWS the

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F. Vidal, Andalusian Institute of Geophysics, Spain E. Ocaa, Andalusian Institute of Geophysics, Spain

Poster Presentations
from IWVHD the umulted vritions of gpp hs een omputed efore eh given seismi event nd orreltions re mde etween the susequent seismiity nd the goulom pilure puntion hngesF gomputtions re the result of our own odeD using the ykd9s hgQh suroutineF hey re mde into homogeneous hlf speD on horizontl plne t depth of U kmF uey wordsX gpp @goulom pilure puntionAD fult intertionD fol mehnismD xorth efriD soure fultD stti stressD trget fultF
A NEW SEISMOTECTONIC MAP FOR SWITZERLAND  ID 1791
N. Deichmann, Swiss Seismological Service, ETH-Z, Switzerland S. Whlbier, Swiss Seismological Service, ETH-Z, Switzerland D. Ballarin, Swiss Seismological Service, ETH-Z, Switzerland N. Cathomen, Swiss Seismological Service, ETH-Z, Switzerland J. Braunmiller, Swiss Seismological Service, ETH-Z, Switzerland D. Giardini, Swiss Seismological Service, ETH-Z, Switzerland A. Pner, Geology, Uni-Bern, Switzerland

he rinipl gomponents enlysis @geA is powefull multivrint sttistil tehnique tht is used to (nd the upture vol illipsoid @viAF his ellipsoid is plnr struture with whih two vritions of the method re developedX the sptil prinipl omponents nlysis nd the sptioEtemporl prinipl omponents nlysisY y using these methods it is possile to (nd the dominting tendenies in the frturing proesses of the seismilly tive volume s well s the temporl evolution of the proessF his methodology hs een pplied suessfully to severl seismi series in pinD stly nd gliforni @eA nd now is pplied to the wuri @pinA erthqukes ourred in two seprted episodes in PHHP nd PHHSF yur results revel tht the min frture during PHHP erthqukes re lose to xIHi trend nd PHHS erthqukes re lose to xQHiF
RELOCATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY IN WEST-BOHEMIA / VOGTLAND REGION  ID 1786
T. Fischer, Geophysical Institute ASCR, Czech Republic A. Bouskova, Geophysical Institute ASCR, Czech Republic J. Horalek, Geophysical Institute ASCR, Czech Republic

e reloted the seismiity in the swrmEerthquke re of estEfohemi G ogtlnd in the period IWWI ! PHHR with the use of totl TI seismi sttions on oth the gzeh nd qermn territoryF he relotion ws done with the im of hieving good ontrol of their depth distriutionF o this purpose only those events were relotedD for whih t lest one of the sttions hd to e t epientrl distne shorter thn PH kmF pirstD the elist ode tht implements joint inversion for determining oth hypoenter oordintes nd IEh veloity model ws ppliedF st proved oretness of previous resultsD whih indited deepening of the erthqukes to the north nd westF he lotion error ws less thn HFTS km in the entrl prt nd PFH km in outer prts of the reF eondD lustering of the erthqukes ws nlyzed y pplition of the rypohh methodD whih hs proved the xxEi elongtion of the miroerthquke lustersF e hve lso veri(ed how the tendeny of rypohh to highlight event lustering is wellEfounded in the dt y severl syntheti exmplesF o quntify the lterl distriution of seismi tivity we lulted umultive seismi moment relese in retngulr ellsF e found tht VT7 of the totl seismi moment @IFR iIT xmA hs relesed in the most tive xov uostel reF
FAULT INTERACTIONS IN THROUGH 1980-2006  ID 1789
M. S. Boughacha, USTHB, Algeria M. Ouyed, USTHB, Algeria H. Benhallou, USTHB, Algeria

NORTH

AFRICA

ine the pulition of the (rst seismotetoni mp of witzerlnd in IWUVD welth of new dt hs eome villeF o the wiss eismologil ervie hs undertken the tsk of ompiling new ntionwide mp tht displys nd synthesizes the urrently ville seismotetoni informtionF es kground for the tetoni informtion we hve hosen slightly simpli(ed version of the new digitl tetoni mp of witzerlndF he new seismotetoni mp is sed on more thn IUH highEqulity erthquke fol mehnismsD tht re for the most prt derived from fultplne solutions sed on (rstEmotion polrities of the EwvesF roweverD for some of the stronger nd more reent eventsD moment tensors derived from fullEwveform inversions hve lso een usedF rtiulr re ws given to the seletion of these dtD mking sure tht the soure of eh fol mehnism is doumentedD so tht its qulity nd reliility n e ssessed y the userF fsed on reently ompleted study devoted to omprehensive nlysis of the stress (eld in the wiss elps nd northern elpine forelndD the seismologil dt ws divided into eight di'erent regionl susetsD whih di'er from eh other sed on the predominnt style of fulting or on the orienttion of the prinipl xes of deformtionF sn order to visulize these di'erenes more lerlyD for eh region we hve plotted rose digrm with the strike of the nodl plnes of the orresponding fol mehnisms nd stereoEplot with the orienttion of the E nd ExesF yne of the min gols in ompiling this new mp ws to rete dtse nd mpping tool tht n esily e updted s new informtion eomes ville nd tht is )exile enough to e le to generte new mps meeting the needs of the user oth in terms of dt seletion nd regionl fousF
GEOPHYSICAL COMPLEX INTERPRETATION OF THE ISOSEIST MAPS OF THE MAJOR VRANCEA EARTHQUAKES  ID 1853
A. Pantea, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. Constantin, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

tress trnsfer etween erthqukes hs een mjor topi during the two lst dedesF he onept underlies the ide tht the ourrene of n erthquke used y fult @soureA n modify the stte of stress on the neighouring fults @trgetAX how suh n event n delyD hsten nd even trigger nother eventc snvestigtions re mde y quntifying the indued stti vritions of gpp @goulom pilure puntionAD onsisting of omintion of the norml nd the tngentil stressesF he pproh stipultes tht the indutive erthquke on(gures the spe in loes 'eted y positive nd negtive gpp vritionsF he (rst ones will e the sites of future seismiityY the ltter will e devoidF he soures need to e known y their sizes @lengthD widthD dislotionA nd their orienttions @fol mehnismsAD s fr s trgets re onernedD the knowledge of their fol mehnisms is requiredF his issue my led us to reonsider our pereption of seismi hzrdF he region under study is situted etween V nd IH iD nd QR x nd QV xF prom IWVH to PHHTD in order to study the stress trnsferD this region hs een divided into seven suEregions ording to their respetive seismotetoni feturesF hrough this periodD this region experiened one mjor seismi event @IWVHD w a UFPAD one strong @PHHQD w a TFVAD nd out ten moderteEtoEstrongF trting

qeophysil omplex interprettion of the isoseist mps is omplex undertkingD for it drws on vst mount of knowledge in numerous setors of qeosienesD prtiulrly olid irth hysis s rnh of qeophysis tht lso inludes eismologyD etonophysisD qrvimetryD qeomgnetismD qeohronologyF st involves proessing the results of omplex geophysilD seismologiD tetoniD nd geologi studiesF o get piture ofD nd understndD the lws tht govern seismogenesisD one hs to know wht the reltions re mong the mesured physil quntities inditing the properties of the roks @whether grvimetriD mgnetometriD eletrometriD seismometriD or othersAD the dynmis of tetoni struturesD s well s the nture nd geologil hrteristisF heep frtures 'eting the rystlline se nd its omprtments hve een reveled in the elpineEgrpthin folding resF sn few sesD these frtures hve piered through the deep struture of the mountin systemD the depressions nd the se of the grpthin vnfosseD leding to onsistent imge of the spe

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Poster Presentations
distriution nd omprtments of the omnin rystlline se nd mking it possile to orrelte this deep struture informtion with geologil surfe dtD to lrge extentD with the isoseist mps of the mjor rne erthqukes of wrh RD IWUUD eugust QHD IWVTD wy QHD IWWHD nd wy QID IWWHD nd nturlly with the eismi oning wp of the omnin erritoryF woreoverD orreltion n e found etween the isoseist mps of these erthqukes nd the imges of the regionl fouguer nomliesD those of isostti nomliesD nd those of the regionl freeEir nomliesF he results of these orreltions dvote the need for integrted geologilEgeophysilEseismologi studies of the territory s kground for the ssessment of seismi hzrdsF
THE ML-4.9 VALLORCINE (FRENCH ALPS) EARTHQUAKE (8 SEPTEMBER 2005): A RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP ON THE N60E-STRIKING LORIAZ FAULT  ID 1862
F. Thouvenot, LGIT, Observatoire de Grenoble, France J. Frechet, IPGS, Ecole et observatoire des sc. de la Terre, France M. Frogneux, IPGS, Ecole et observatoire des sc. France N. Deichmann, SED, Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland M. Cara, IPGS, Ecole et observatoire des sc. de la Terre, France de la Terre,

SC-A 0
we ompre the tetoni style inferred from the moment tensor sum of ll ville mehnisms with the Evlue omputed from hypoentrl tlogsF o hrterize the style of seismi relese we tke dvntge of some regionl w tlogs @sxq nd irA nd of n upgrded implementtion of iwwe dtseD inluding more thn VHHH fol solutions tken from the litertureD in ddition to rrvrd gwF o ompute the Evlue for the wediterrnen region we use the sg tlog with the moment mgnitude onsistently reomputed from ville mgnitude estimtesF por stly we use insted omintion of gs nd gs tlog whih oth report omptile estimtes of lol mgnitudeF
SEISMIC ACTIVITY BETWEEN CENTRAL SOUTHERN APENNINES (ITALY)  ID 1868
G. Milano, Osservatorio Vesuviano - INGV, Italy R. Di Giovambattista, INGV - Roma, Italy G. Ventura, INGV- Roma, Italy

AND

yn V eptemer PHHS t IIXPU gD the wvERFW lE lorine erthquke struk the northEwestern elpsF ith n epientre loted IH km north of ghmonix @prneAD it ws felt over rod re with rdius of up to PHH km overing the order region etween prneD witzerlndD nd stlyF o otin detiled desription of the fult segment tht ruptured in PHHS nd to investigte its reltion with the emuz norml fult whih is thought of to e the soure of the IWHS wESFS ghmonix erthqukeD temporry seismi network of PU moile sttions ws instlled in the epientrl regionF e totl of RHI ftershoks were reorded nd loted over RE month periodD with mgnitudes etween EHFV nd PFRF hey divide into three lustersF he min luster @out SH 7 of the tivE ityA ws tive from the very eginning nd throughout the whole reording periodY it de(nes QEkmElong suvertil fult segmentD oriented xTH iD t depth etween Q nd S km elow se levelF st is loted under the voriz wssifD some R km xx of the emuz pultF essuming tht this fult segment orresponds to the minE shok ruptureD it revels hitherto unknown hidden fult @voriz pultAF he fol mehnism of the min shok shows rightElterl strikeEslip @zimuth xSS iAD in good greement with the min lusE ter geometry nd with the seismotetonis of the western elpsF st does not support slip on the xPH iEstriking emuz norml fultF he two other lusters were loted P nd S km to the northwestD iFeF in diretion perpendiulr to tht of the voriz pultF hey initited severl dys fter the minshok nd suggest tht even moderteEmgnitude erthquke hs the pity to trigger ftershoks t distnes lrger thn the soure zone itselfF
A COMPARISON OF TECTONIC DEFORMATION STYLES WITH GUTENBERG-RICHTER B-VALUES IN THE ITALIAN AND MEDITERRANEAN AREAS  ID 1864
B. Lolli, University of Bologna, Italy G. Vannucci, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy P. Gasperini, University of Bologna, Italy

he re etween ltitude RI PH9 ! RP IH9 is onsidered trnsition zone etween gentrl nd outhern epenninesF he seismi tivity in this re is quite similr to tht of the epennine ghinX predominnt norml fulting erthqukes linked to fults striking long the xxEi hin xisF vst relevnt seismi risis in the re strted on U wy IWVR with n event of moderte mgnitude @wsaSFSAD followed y intense seismi tivity nd seond shok on II wy @wsaSFPF vrge historil destrutive erthqukes with intensity vlues up to wg ourred to x @IWISD puino erthqukeA nd to i @IVHS foino erthqukeA of the IWVR epientrl reF he fol mehnism of the two min shoks nd the sptil distriution of the IWVR sequene suggest tht this sequene ws ontrolled y xxEi norml fults nd y xiE seond order fults systemsF ine IWVRD the kground seismiity of the re ws hrterized y isolted events with wh ` QFH to whih re superimposed low mgnitude seismi sequenes @IWVT nd PHHIA nd temporl nd sptil limited swrms type tivity like those ourred in IWWW nd PHHHF he sptil distriution of these two swrms tivity show xiE lignment loted to i @IWWWA nd to xx @PHHHA of the IWVR epientrl reF he fol mehnisms of the events of the PHHH seismiity show prevlene of strike slip solution with ixiE nd xxEi striking plnesF he sptil distriution nd the fult plne solutions of the IWWW nd PHHH seismi swrms suggest tht these seismi risis developed long xiE tive fults tht order the IWVR epientrl reF
NEW SATELLITE BB NETWORK OF WESTERN GREECE AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE M5 EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE OF ZAKYNTHOS, APRIL 2006  ID 1869
G. A. Tselentis, University of Patras, Seismological Laboratory, Greece E. Sokos, University of Patras, Seismological Laboratory, Greece A. Serpetsidaki, University of Patras, Seismological Laboratory, Greece J. Zahradnik, Charles University, Faculty of Math. Czech Republic J. Jansky, Charles University, Faculty of Math. Republic V. Plicka, Charles University, Faculty of Math. Republic and Phys., Czech and Phys., Czech and Phys.,

ome reent nlysesD using ville gw tlogsD eviE dened the existene of reltion etween the qutenergEihter Evlue nd the tetoni style of seismi releseD oth t glol @rrvrd gwA nd regionl sle @gliforni nd tpnAF sn prtiulr extensionl mehnisms would orrespond to higher Evlues thn ompressive onesF sn this work we ttempted to verify suh (ndings for the stlin nd wediterrnen res using slightly di'erent proedureF e performed our nlysis sudividing the res ording to di'erent riteri @regulr grids of vrious shpe nd sizeD ville seismotetoni zontionsD etFA nd ssuming di'erent seismogeni thiknessesF sn eh sudivisionD

he niversity of trsD eismologil vortory @vA nd the ghrles niversity in rgue operte stndlone rodEnd seismi sttions @qurlp gwqEQA in western qreee sine IWWUF eently t two sttions stellite telemetry hs een dded nd they hve een onneted to the new ff network instlled y v @trs tevlite xiworkEvxiAF vxi uses xnometris rilliumRHs seismometers nd relEtime stellite telemetry with (nl im to over western qreee with rodEnd network of IU sttionsF gurrent sttus is presented nd its usefulness is demonstrted on the nlysis of the wS sequene ner kynthos in epril PHHTF edvntges of the ner reording distnes for the studied events @less thn PHH kmAD ompred to the wveforms

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ville through interntionl seismologil servie on snternetD re disussedF woment tensors of the three wS events re omputed with the reently developed softwre syve @ omined portrnEwtl toolAF elthough the three events ourred lose to eh otherD nd hve similr reverse mehnismD one of them fetures very high nonEsher omponentF wethodil issues of the soure prmeter retrievl of omplex soures re disussedF
WAVEFORM INVERSION OF M4 EVENTS IN THE GULF OF CORINTH  ID 1880
J. Jansky, Charles University Prague, Fac. Czech Republic J. Zahradnik, Charles University Prague, Fac. of Math. and Phys., Czech Republic O. Novotny, Charles University Prague, Fac. of Math. and Phys., Czech Republic V. Plicka, Charles University Prague, Fac. Czech Republic G. Stavrakakis, National Observatory of Athens,Inst.of Geodynamics, Greece of Math. and Phys., of Math. and Phys.,

Poster Presentations
PDHAF he ollpse of the led to the ollpse of the seismi oservtion system in the gusus regionD inluding its xorthern prtF epproximtely hlf of seismi sttions were losedF ynly in lst few yers the system of seismi oservtion in the entrl prt of usEsin xorthern gusus ws sustntilly developedF o the eginning PHHS the modern lol seismi network ws instlled in the entrl prt of xorthern gusus ! in xorthEern ysetiy epuliF st inludes IP shot period digitl seismi sttions nd llows moniEtoring the seismiity of the territory of ll djent ussin repulis @ghehenD urdinoEflkrinD sngushD hgestnA nd northern prt of qeorgiF sn PHHS more then IHHH erthqukes were loted t this prt of gususF sn the period tnury ! wrh PHHT more then UHH erthqukes were reordedF he most prt of events @RUHA ws onneted with ftershok proess of mjor @wsaSFIA erthquke of perury T @HRh HVmA on the territory of xorthern qeorgiF he epienter of this erthquke is oiniding with the epienter of the h erthqukeF he otined dt llowed investigting the detiled struture of the ftershok proess of this erthEqukeF
HIGH-PRECISION LOCATIONS OF THE SEISMICITY IN SOUTHEASTERN SICILY (ITALY)  ID 1905
I. Agostino, Dept. Scienze Geologiche, Italy D. Patan, INGV - CT, Italy G. Patan, Dept. Scienze Geologiche, Italy S. La Delfa, I.R.M.A. - O.Me.G.A., Italy

gomplex tetonis of the western prt of the gorinth qulfD qreeeD lls for preise soure studiesF his ontriution fouses on U erthqukes wQ to RFSF woment tensors of suh events re not ville from geniesF et the sme timeD fol mehnisms nnot e lwys resolved from the (rstEmotion polrities t lol shortEperiod sttions @eFgF the gorinth ift vortory networkA euse of insu0ient overge of fol sphereF hereforeD we do wveform inversionF o minimize prolems with unknown rustl struture detilsD we selet the lowest ville frequeniesD viz HFHVEHFIS rzF hue to reltively low mgnitudesD this is nonEtrivil tskF sndeedD sttions t distnes b UH km hve too smll Gx rtioD while lol strong motion sttions hve their lowEfrequeny signl elow the instrumentl noise levelF hus we work with not more thn T nerest rodEnd sttionsD t distnes ` ISH kmX i nd wew @gwqEQD ghrles nd trs niversityAD nd vD vD iD sw @veQhGPHsD xyeAF vongEperiod disturnes due to lol tilt t i sttion re deteted nd removedF everl Ih rustl models hve een found from fully nonEliner nd linerized inversions of lol trvel time dt @gv dtAF pol mehnisms re predominntly of norml typeD ut fr from eing the smeF roly the most interesting result is the entroid depthF wo events hve n extreme depthD viz IHH km for event PHHSHSPW @onneted with the relleni sudution zoneAD nd very shllow depth for wQ event PHHPIPHQ @t out IEP kmD not typil for the region t llAF he PHHQIIIV erthquke of wRFSD ourring t ` IH km from iD enled lso unmiguous identi(tion of the nerE(eld e'etF esults will ontriute to further improvement of topErust model y wveform inversionD nd perhps lso to interprettion of strin oservtions on rizoni islnd @Qre projetD oordinted y F fernrdAF
RECENT SEISMICITY OF NORTHERN CAUCASUS. NEW INVESTIGATION POSSIBILITIES  ID 1896
A. Malovichko, Geophysical Survey RAS, Russian Federation O. Starovoit, Geophysical Survey RAS, Russian Federation I. Gabsatarova, Geophysical Survey RAS, Russian Federation D. Mekhrushev, Geophysical Survey RAS, Russian Federation E. Pogoda, Geophysical Survey RAS, Northern Osetiya Departmen, Russian Federation

his study fouses on erthquke hypoenter lotions nd ssoited rupture mehnisms of F IPH events reorded in the southestern iily etween PHHH nd PHHSD with the min gol ofX iA heking the roustness of the rylen lteu9s Qh veloity model @rf et lFD PHHTA nd iiA identifying the min seismogeni zones in the reF foth solute nd di'erentil rrivl times of the reorded lol erthqukes @wl etween I nd QFWAD quired y two lol networks @the sxqEg nd the AD hve een used for highEpreision event lotionsF he omohh ode @hng nd hurerD PHHQA ws used y omining IWHH solute trvel times nd PIHH tlogEderived di'erentil timesF Qh lotions hve een ompred with those derived y the pplition of rypoellipse progrm @vhrD IWWWA using Ih veloity model @wusumei et lFD PHHQAD whih represent the est preliminry lotions performed for surveillne purposes t sxqEgF e found tht the pplition of omohh ode ollpse prt of the sttered seismiityD highlighting some sptil lusters of erthqukes pinllyD the omputed fult plne solutions re nlyzed jointly with the geophysil nd geologil informtion ville in the literture in order to improve our knowledge of the rustl struture nd seismogeneti fults in the reF
RECENT SEISMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE GULF OF ADEN  ID 1908
J. M. Sholan, National Seismological Observatory Center, Yemen

xorthern gusus is one of the most seismilly tive regions of iuropen prt of ussiF sts most prt is situted t the elpineErimlyn ollision elt etween the teEtonilly tive erin nd iursin pltesF everl tstrophi erthqukes took ple in this region nd ner its ordersF he lst ws h erthquke of epril PWD IWWI with wsaTFWF wost of mjor xorthern gusus erthqukes hd the foi t rther smll depths nd they produed the onsiderle dmges t the erth9s surfeF o the end of the VHth of PHth entury the monitoring network of gusus hd inEluded more then IHH seismi sttions in the frmework of seismi system of the former F st llows studying regionl seismiity from reltively low mgnitude levels @IFS !

he high seismi tivities oserved in the southwestern orner of erin plte during the lst ten yers y emeni seismologil network re loted in the western portion of the qulf of edenF gomplex geologyD tetoni setting in the reY gives interesting elements of orrelted historil seismi (le otined from regionl nd interntionl seismologil networks @IWHHEIWWRA nd more reent seismi (le @IWWREPHHSAF irthquke epienters mps re onnet with previous geologil nd seismi investigtions fter heemer IWVP @w TFHA dmging erthqukeD s well s disturne erthquke swrms in di'erent lotions of emen territoryD during lst ten yersF heling these dt with iili hFD etFlFD PHHQ tomogrphy hve een otined y shre wve veloities for the upper mntel in efr rotspotF pulting system whih reported in emeni geologil mp s well s quternry volni (elds were (gured in this study within historil nd reent tloguesF eismiity of the eden qulf is shows verge nnul SH7 of totl events loted y emeni networkF

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ATTEMPT FOR ASSESSMENT OF PARAMETERS' RELIABILITY  ID 1910
H. Harutyunyan, National Survey For Seismic Protection of RA, Armenia

SC-A 0
workD tlogue entries re prepred s one module of n extended tool for risk ssessment tsksD inluding the evlution of regionl predominnt uilding typesF he erthquke tlogue will e mintined y the irthquke hmge enlysis gentre @ihegA t fuhusEniversitt eimrF
SEISMOTECTONICS OF SKAGERRAK  ID 1964
M. Srensen, University of Bergen, Norway J. E. Lie, RWE Dea, Norway J. Havskov, University of Bergen, Norway K. Atakan, University of Bergen, Norway

euthor of this strt nd the speilists of x of eD in IWWU in the frme of qre progrmme performed the ttempt for ssessment of the reliility of the historil strong erthqukes prmetersF e new notion is the oe0ient @uA of reliility of min prmeters @timeD lotionD strengthA of eh seismi event hs een introdued into nowdys tlogue ompiledF sn dependene upon the imformtion soureD the u vlue my hnge from the mximum vlue @uaIFHA to the minimum one @uaHFIAF hi'erene of the reliility oe0ient @uA from the epted methods of ssessment of ury of the seismi event min prmeters is tht the former evlutes the imformtive pity of the method @riterionA for determintion of those prmetersF roeeding from the vlues of the reliility oe0ients is determined the degree to whih eh seismi events is studiedF he ove mentioned ttempt required susequent development nd orretives of the riteri for ssessmentF yn the sis of nlysis existing modern methods @ussin helinD xFFD tevossinD FiF @nd othersA @IWWUAD gtlogue of vrge ristoril irthqukes of the gususD uluwer edemi ulishersD PHIEPQPD xetherlndsD iuropen tuhiD wF @IWWVAD e fsi iuropen gtlogue nd dtse for the evlution of longEterm seismisity nd seismi hzrdD ig seriesD frusselsAD s well s the method irousinD FeFD flssninD FFD evnessinD eFFD rrutuninD rFrF nd others @IWWUAD he gtlogue of trong irthqukes in the erritory of ermeni nd edjent egionsD uluwer edemi ulishersD QIQEQQID xetherlnds elorted in the x e in IWWU n ttempt to develop nd supplement those methods sed on my individul studies hs een mdeF he hierrhil sle of the root lsses reeived in the result of the suggested new method for eh of seismi prmeters llows to deepen the degree of reliility of study for eh of si prmeters of eh erthqukeF
AN EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE FOR GERMANY AND ADJACENT AREAS CONSIDERING ENGINEERING DEMANDS  ID 1956
L. Ahorner, Germany S. Amstein, Earthquake Damage Analysis Center, Germany C. Golbs, Earthquake Damage Analysis Center, Germany H. Meidow, SeismoGeologisches Buero Dr. Meidow, Germany J. Schwarz, Earthquake Damage Analysis Center, Germany

he seismotetonis of the western kgerrk e etween xorwy nd henmrk hve not een well resolved due to lrge unertinties in erthquke lotionsF he newly instlled xe sttion in southern xorwy nd the omintion of xorwegin nd hnish dt provide more relile erthquke lotionsD whih re omined with new (ndings from seismi dt to revel lues out the origin of erthquke tivityF he reloted erthqukes fll in two min groupsD one ssoited with the orgenfriEronquist one @A nd the other striking xE in nd etween TFSEU iD etween the nd SU xF einterprettion of old seismi dt rossing the xE lignment of erthqukes shows tht the event lotions oinide with new strutureD nmed the vngust fult zoneD whih ppers to e of more reent ge thn the neighoring rummerD ureD ureps nd rolmslnd pult onesF he vngust fult zone is elieved to e the origin of the xE ligned erthquke tivityF purthermoreD grvity nd mgneti nomly dt indite tht this zone my e relted to deepEseted rustl struturesF he regionl stress orienttion with mximum horizontl ompression in the xEi diretion grees well with oserved normlD olique norml nd leftElterl strikeEslip fult mehnisms of erthqukes in the regionF
ATLAS OF ISOSEISMAL MAPS OF SELECTED GREEK EARTHQUAKES (1956-2003)  ID 1996
Z. Schenkov, Inst.of Rock Structure & Mechanics, Acad.Sci., Czech Republic I. Kalogeras, Geodynamic Institute NOA, Greece V. Schenk, Inst.of Rock Structure & Mechanics, Acad.Sci., Czech Republic R. Pichl, Inst.of Rock Structure & Mechanics, Acad.Sci., Czech Republic M. Kourouzidis, Geodynamic Institute NOA, Greece G. Stavrakakis, Geodynamic Institute NOA, Greece

gurrentlyD vrious erthquke tlogues re ville for the seismi res of qermny nd djent ountriesF hue to ovious disrepnies onerning relevnt prmetersD the extent of pulished dt nd the overed time windowD it ws deided to rete newD revised erthquke tlogueF hi'erent tehniques for dt omprison nd dt mngement were developed nd pplied for elorting the (nl versionF he si dt re provided y mgnitude wv E sed tE logueD unpulished to dteD y vF ehornerD whih ws developed nd mintined over severl dedes of seismoEengineering nd instruE mentl prtieF eently pulished reinterprettions of historil erthqukes re inludedF pke events nd inonsistenies etween the tlogues re identi(ed y ompring the originl dtsetsF por lrge numer of relevnt events with intensities s ba SFHD referE ened soures were investigtedD leding to the interesting onlusion tht over the genertion of tlogues the responsile uthors hve ontriuted to signi(nt onfusion of reported fts nd ssigned prmetersF his is prtiulrly true for mroseismi intensityD epiE entrl oordintes nd soure depthsF o mke the (nl tlogue entries more trnsprentD the siD deisionEsupporting informtion will e summrized nd pulished within series of ppersF orking in this (eld it eomes ler tht more informtion on erthqukes is ville thn tlogue of the ommon type ould preserveF herefore the tlogue is rrnged s dtse system nd linked to qeogrphi snformtion ystem @qsAF sn ongoing works the prerequisites re provided to inlude dmge ses @pituresD )oor plns eFgFAD mroseismi s well s shke mps nd strong motion reordingsF sn the (nl stge of the intended

he qeodynmi snstitute xye olleted nd evluted mroseismi oservtions within the re QQx!RPx nd IWi!PWiF he proedure of mroseismi dt olletion nd mnipultion with dditionl informtion for their interprettion were semiuE tomtizedF he questionnire ws improved inluding more detiled desription of dmge without 'eting grding ording to the ww intensity sleF isy ess to the developed mroseismi dtse llows RQ erthqukes from period IWSTEPHHQ to e seleted nd their isoseisml mps to e drwn y kriging methodF efter exhustive nlyses nd tests intensity dt the snstitute of ok truture nd wehnis e g within the ilterl gzehEqreek siene ollortion de(ned kriging defult option with the im to ssign s muh s possile unised mp drwingD iFeF inorporting minimum vrile prmetersF he set of RQ isoseisml mps rete the sustntil prt of the tls of isoseisml mp of qreee issued reentlyF feside mps the tls ontins tle summrizing seismi prmeters of ll RQ erthqukes @dteD origin timeD oordintesD depthD wsD smxD numer of sites where erthquke ws feltD region etFAD mp of epientresD rief desription of these erthqukes nd their site e'etsD relted iliogrphyF
RECENT SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN THE CAMPANIAN PLAIN (SOUTHERN ITALY)  ID 2001
G. Milano, Osservatorio Vesuviano - INGV, Italy

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SC-A 2
he gmpnin linD with inludes sshiD roidD ommEesuvio nd gmpi plegrei tive volni omplexesD is xEi elongted struturl depression ounded to the northEest y the outhern epennines ghin nd to the southEwest y the yrrhenin eF ith the exeption of the lol seismiity of the esuvio nd gmpi plegreiD the kground seismiity of the re is sre nd it is hrterized y temporlly nd sptilly isolted events with wh ` QFSF he lotion of these events fll on the (rst outrop of the epennines ghinF he most relevnt seismi event deteted in the re ourred on IR perury IWVI @ws a RFTAF he fol mehnism of this event shows strikeEslip solution with xxEi nd ixiE striking plnesY Exis grees with the lrge sle extensionl stress regime ting in the outhern epennine ghinF gloseness the epientrl re of this erthquke seismi tivity ourred in PHHSF his seismi tivity lsted few dys nd ws hrterized y swrm type tivityF elmost ll events of this swrm hd mgnitude less thn PFS nd only two events hd whaQFTF he sptil distriution of this seismi tivity ligned long xEii diretion nd the fult plne solutions of the two most energeti erthqukes show nodl plne striking pproximtely xEiiF he sptil distriution of the events nd the fult plne solutions suggest tht this seismi risis developed long tive fult@sA nerly prllel to the xEi epennine fultsF

Poster Presentations
prodution wellsF husD t ur)D power genertion nd volni hzrds re diretly linked to eh otherF i0ient geotherml power development nd hzrd monitoring depend upon the urte lotion of ur)9s tive het souresF heveloping joint geophysil imging methods tht ouple seismiD mgnetotelluri @wAD nd time domin eletromgnetis @iwA is step towrd mpping out these struturesF sn PHHR nd PHHSD we deployed QQD QEomponentD qeospe qEID Irz sesimomogrphsD nd IHW hoenix w sttions t sites in the ur) geotherml (eldF he oundry etween the high nd low resistivity regions in the ur) geotherml (eld hs een mpped using the w method with iw stti shift orretionF he oundry is ssoited with rpid hnge in temperture nd is interpreted s the edge of het soureD most likely mgm odyF rypoenter lotions for lol miroerthqukes hve lso een determinedD nd preliminry nlysis indites tht most of the erthqukes our t the oundryF e (nd good orreltion etween resistivityD lotion of miroerthqukesD postulted volni tivitiesD )uid )owD nd struturl nisotropyF purthermoreD the nlysis of polriztion diretions for w dt t high frequenyD orresponding to shllow depthsD shows very similr orienttion to the polriztion determined y sher wve splittingF he new oinident w nd miroerthquke imging proedure hs provided omplementry informtion nd should e of vlue in monitoring the geotherml (eldF
TIME VARIATION OF SPECTRAL AND WAVEFIELD FEATURES OF VOLCANIC TREMOR AT MT. ETNA DURING 1999.  ID 1925
S. Alparone, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Cannata, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Universit di, Italy A. Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Universit di, Italy S. Gresta, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Universit di, Italy

SC-A 2: Volcano Seismology and Applications to Hazard Evaluation

Level 2
TEIDE - PICO VIEJO, TENERIFE, SPAIN: WHAT CAN SEISMIC NOISE MEMORY TELL US?  ID 1751
R. Carniel, Universit degli Studi di Udine, Italy M. Trraga, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Spain O. Jaquet, Colenco Power Engineering Ltd., Switzerland A. Garca, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Spain

he possile rewkening of eide E io iejo volni omplex is urrently mtter of sienti( deteF yne of the ontinuous signls tht n e most esily smpled nd monitored is the seismi noiseF sn this work we investigte the time evolution of this seismi noise in terms of its memoryF e rndom series is supposed to show no persisteneD while signl generted y oherent proess is supposed to show ehviour orrelted in timeD iFeF to show ertin degree of persisteneD orD s we ll it hereD 4memory4F his n tully e qunti(ed with geosttistil tools suh s the vriogrmD lredy suessfully pplied t mny tive volnoes t di'erent time slesD from minutes to thousnds of yersF he persistene we re studying here is lso n importnt prerequisite tht time series oserved t tive volnoes must exhiit in presene of preursory ehviours in order to provide vlule informtion for forestingF sn prtiulrD t eide ! io iejo the reorded seismi noise is the superposition of t lest two @lsses ofA signlsX n nthropogeni oneD nd nturl oneF hese re shown y the vriogrm to e hrterized y di'erent levels of persistene in di'erent frequeny ndsF
GEOPHYSICS AROUND AN ICELANDIC HYDROTHERMAL HEAT SOURCE: DEVELOPING A MEANS FOR MAGMA MONITORING  ID 1850
D. Kahn, Duke University, United States S. Onacha, Duke University, United States

e hve studied the volni tremor reorded t wtF itn during IWWWD y using threeEomponent seismi sttionsF his time period ws hrterised y oth explosive nd e'usive eruptions ourred t the summit rtersF huring the (rst hlf of the yer volni tivity onsisted in quiet lv e'usion from (ssure t the se of the i grterF e found signi(nt time vritions in the trend of the overll spetrl mplitude of tremorD s well s in the dominnt spetrl peksF woreoverD the tremor wve(eld fetures @polriztionD prtile motion nd rtios etween the mplitude of the three omponents of the ground displementA hve een studied tooD on(rming signi(nt time vritionsF his led us to suggest the existene of t lest two tremor souresX shllow oneD minly hrterised y reltively high frequenies @QFSEU rzAD is linked to the upper portions of the tive onduitsD nd diretly relted to the oserved eruptive tivityF he ltter deeper soure ws tive only few weeksD nd hrterised y frequenies lower thn out PFS rzF st hs een roughly loted southEwest of summit reD Q km FsFlF he seond hlf of the yer hs een minly hrterized y short lived lv fountins t three of the four summit rtersX orgineD fo xuov nd i grterF he nlysis of volni tremor ws minly devoted to six lv fountin episodesF e generl ehviour t the di'erent rters ws oservedX iA gentle inrese of the tremor mplitude during the stromolin tivity preeding the lv fountinY iiA the highest vlues during the proxysml @lv fountinA phseY iiiA shrp derese following the end of the fountinsF sn spite of this ommon ehviourD some di'erenes were evidened in the energy ontent t di'erent frequeny ndsD nd in the spetrl rtios y onsidering the lv fountins t the di'erent rtersF
ROCKFALL EPISODES ALONG STRUCTURAL DISCONTINUITIES OF THE VESUVIUS VOLCANO CRATER RIM: MORPHOSTRUCTURAL STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC SIGNALS  ID 2000
G. Alessio, Osservatorio Vesuviano-INGV, Italy R. Nappi, Osservatorio Vesuviano-INGV, Italy G. Vilardo, Osservatorio Vesuviano-INGV, Italy G. Mele, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

ur) is n selndi lderD with n extended network of (ssuresF he lder is home to oth n importnt geotherml power sttion nd highly tive volni systemF e IWUSEVR (ssure eruptionD onsisting of series of PI tetoni events nd W eruptionsD resulted in lv overing nerly RH kmPF he eruptions jeoprdized the ompletion of the ur) geotherml power sttion euse of sfety onerns nd the volni ontmintion of the

276

Poster Presentations
eismi signls reorded in volni res nd ssoited with volni tivity n e originted from mny di'erent souresF emong vrious types of trnsient signlsD iFeFD explosion qukesD tetoni qukesD long period eventsD those relted to rokfll episodes re very importnt euse rokflls might ontriute signi(ntly to volni hzrd even in res hrterized y volni quieseneF sn this study we hve nlyzed the intrrteri rokfll events ourred sine PHHI long the esuvius symmetril rter rimF pield investigtions of the min morphostruturl fetures rried out in the summit reD long with digitl imges olleted during the study periodD llowed us to infer the time evolution nd the rel distriution of the rokfllsF wo min soure res loted on opposite sides of the volni rterD to the x nd iD hve een identi(edF foth of them re hrterized y intense frturing nd fumroli emissionsF eismi signls of the intrrteri rokfll eventsD reorded y the rodnd nd shortEperiod permnent sttions operted y the ysservtorio esuvinoEsxq of xples nd loted within few kilometers from the rterD hve een nlyzed in terms of durtion nd frequeny ontent in order to hrterize the peulir fetures of the soure resF

SC-B 0
informtionD it is the sg tht eomes the soure for the most omplete erthquke informtionF e wit more thn yer for ll possile erthquke dt to e olleted efore we strt to nlyze it nd to edit the fulletinF es soon s the dt re prsed nd inserted into the dtseD ontriuted hypoentres re grouped nd phse redings re ssoited with the utomtilly seleted primry hypoentresF his utomti proess is repeted every few dysF wny of these events will e reloted y sg seismologists who mnully review every event tht omplies with one of the following onditionsX F he reported mgnitude is higher thn QFSF F he event ws reported y t lest P genies F he event ws reorded t distne greter thn IHHH kmF yn the vergeD out QSHH events with more thn ISHDHHH ssoited redings re reviewed eh monthF he sg lso mintins the snterntionl egistry of seismi sttions @jointly with qGxisgAD provides links to weEsites with dditionl seismologil informtionD informtion out seismologists nd seismologil institutions @ntionl points of onttAD iliogrphy listsD reports nd doumenttion of sg9s softwreF isit wwwFisFFuk `httpXGGwwwFisFFukGb for move detilsF
DETERMINATION OF EPICENTRAL AREA ATTRIBUTES BASED ON SEISMOGRAM PROCESSING  ID 565
K. Manova, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineerin, Macedonia L. Pekevski, Seismological Observatory at the Faculty of Natura, Macedonia

SC-B 0: Data Acquisition, Theory and Interpretation (Open Session  Posters Only)
Level 2
APPLICATION OF EMD IN SEISMIC DATA TREATMENT  ID 312
Q. Luo, Tongji University, China C. Shi, Tongji University, China

sn seismi reord tretmentD the veloity or displement time history urveD whih is generlly lulted from integrting n originl elertionF he integrl urve usully devites from the time xeF ispeilly for the displementD its devition is seriousF his phenomenon is nmed zeroE)otF rung rnsformD iFeF iwh method @impiril wode heompositionA n e used to pik up the men vlue or trend of signlsF his pper suggests to pply iwh to solve the zeroE)ot prolemF o verify its fesiilityD the integrted nd originl seismi displement time histories re ompred with the orreted urveD whih got y using iwh methodF heir response spetr re lso ompredF e lso use the elertion dt of il gentro reord nd its orreted displement dt y using iwh s input ground motions to lulte one struture displement responseF he nlysis show tht rung trnsform is useful tool to solve the devite integrl in seismi reord tretmentF
THE INTERNATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL CENTRE : AN UPDATE  ID 501
M. Aspinwall, International Seismological Centre, UK M. Bolton, International Seismological Centre, UK P. Dawson, International Seismological Centre, UK J. Harris, International Seismological Centre, UK A. Shapira, International Seismological Centre, UK D. Storchak, International Seismological Centre, UK

por determintion of epientrl re ttriutes we present n experiene of pplying imge proessing nd pttern reognition tehniques on imges otined y timeEfrequeny trnsforms of erthquke seismogrmsF he pproh is to extrtD from signl elonging to lss @epientrl reAD ertin ttriutesD whih re disrimintingF e ll this set of ttriutes signture for the ssoited signlF his signture n then e used to detet the presene of similr ttriutes in unknown dtF ine the signlsGseismogrms of interest in this reserh re nonEsttionryD we determine the signtures sed on timeEfrequeny nlyses of the signlF yur gol ws to experiene whether the pplied trnsforms ould provide signtures for our reognition tskF o reognize ptternsD the seletion of input dt sets is imporE tntF he pproprite inputs should e e'etive to represent the hrteristi of ptternF he experimentl dt used in this preE senttion were olletions of seismogrms of lol erthqukes @w`RA from epientrl zones in wedoniD reorded t the eismologil yservtory in kopje @uyA nd t the seismologil sttion in yhrid @yrAF e did our proessing on the EEphse prt of the vertil omponents of the seismogrmsF imeEfrequeny trnsforms deompose the preseleted prt of the seismogrm into elementry omponentsD the tomsF hese tomsD well lolized in time nd frequeny re liner trnsforms of the sigE nlF enother pproh onsists in distriuting the energy of the sigE nl long time nd frequenyD whih leds to qudrti trnsforms of the signlF reliminry nlysis of our dt sets hs shown tht few timeEfrequeny signl trnsforms ould provide disriminle prmE eters for the reognition tskF he following looked promisingX snE stntneous frequenyD gontinuous wvelet trnsformD spetrogrms nd the ignerEille trnsformF he results demonstrte the ppliility of the presented proeduresD sed on imge proessing nd pttern reognition tehniquesD for @even utomtiA epientrl zone lssi(tionF
THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEISMIC NETWORK  ID 687
A. Pazos, Real Observatorio de la Armada, Spain J. M. Davila, Real Observatorio de la Armada, Spain E. Buforn, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain A. Udas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain W. Hanka, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany M. Benzzeghoud, Evora University, Portugal M. Harna, Mohamed V University, Morocco A. Nadji, Oran University, Algeria

he snterntionl eismologil gentre is nonEgovernmentlD nonEpro(t mking orgniztionD hrged with the (nl olletionD nlysis nd pulition of erthquke soure informtion from ll over the worldF irthquke dt re reeived from more thn IHH seismologil genies representing every prt of the gloeF his dt omprises redings from lmost QDHHH seismogrph sttionsF he sg uilds on the e'orts of seismologists who run sttions nd networks round the world to lote tens of thousnds of erthqukes eh yerF ith the urrent tendeny of lmost ll lol genies to fous their e'orts on rpid dissemintion of erthquke

277

SC-B 0
A. Rimi, Mohamed V University, Morocco H. Momsour, Oran University, Algeria

Poster Presentations
MICROSEISMICITY AND FAULTING GEOMETRY IN CENTRAL GREECE  ID 1062
V. Karakostas, Thessaloniki University, Greece C. Karamanos, Thessaloniki University, Greece E. Papadimitriou, Thessaloniki University, Greece I. Kassaras, Athens University, Greece K. Makropoulos, Athens University, Greece

he oyl xvl yservtory in n pernndo @yeAD together with the gomplutense niversity from wdrid @gwAD nd in ollortion with the qeoporshungsentrum of otsdm @qpAD hve deployed rod nd seismi network round the elorn seD in southern pinD northern efriF his network strted to operte in IWWT with the instlltion of the pg sttionD ner the yservtoryF ine thenD severl sttions hve een instlled nd nowdys it is eing in expnsion with the future instlltion of severl oen ottom seismometers @yfAF his network is lled the estern wediterrnen xetwork @wAF sn this work the present sttus nd the future of the rod nd w network re shownF
A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NOISE MODELS USING TURKISH STRONG GROUND MOTION DATA  ID 793
A. Z. Denizlioglu, Earthquake Research Department, Turkey E. Yenier, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Z. Colakoglu, Earthquake Research Department, Turkey S. Akkar, Middle East Tecnical University, Turkey

e onsistent groundEmotion dt proessing sheme is imE portnt for most erthquke engineering nd engineering seismology relted reserhF yf the vrious dt proessing proedures (ltering is the most implemented tehnique in removing the lowE nd highEfrequeny noise from the strong motion dtF es noted y vrious studies the ruil point in (ltering is the determintion of highEpss nd lowEpss (lter orner frequeniesF sn esseneD the hosen (lter orner frequenies should not distort the tul frequeny ontent of the ground motionF sn prtiulrD the determintion of pproprite lowEut orner frequeny vlues is very importnt s they hve signi(nt e'et on the spetrl fetures of the ground motionF his issue is more hllenging for groundEmotion reords from nlogue instruments due to their limited dynmi response rngeF he min ojetive of this study is to determine frequenyE dependent noise model for nlogue reords using the ville (xed tre informtion in the urkish strong groundE motion dt seF his model is ompred y the previously proposed similr noise models in the literture to note the di'erenes tht my originte from di'erent sensor fetures nd digitiztion shemesF he (lter orner frequenies omputed using the noise model re lso ompred with the orner frequenies of some theoretil soure spetrF his omprison enles one to oserve whether the suggested (lter utEo's signi(ntly remove the tul frequeny ontent of the reords sed on the informtion reveled y the theoretil soure spetrF he results nd onlusions of this study re going to e used in the proessing nd reompiltion of the urkish strong groundEmotion dt seF
FUNCTIONAL CRITERIA SEISMOGRAPHS  ID 797
H. Avery, CSI Ltd, New Zealand J. Berrill, University of Canterbury, New Zealand M. Dewe, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

huring xovemer PHHR ! tune PHHS digitl seismologiE l network ws deployed in the estern prt of entrl qreek minlndD in n re seismilly tive in the PHth enturyD prtiulrly in the dede of (ftiesF he strongest erthquke @waUFHA ourred in IWSRD while the lst strong one in IWVH @waTFSAF sn totl IV eftek digitl loggers @oth UPe!HU nd !IQHA were instlled ssemled with gurlp gwqRH rodnd nd veIrz seismometersF he verge sping etween sttions ws of the order of PH km to ensure erthquke depth uryF vol erthqukes with ! nd ! rrivls t four or more sttions were loted using modern tehniques s rysxii nd ryhhF he est!reorded erthqukes divided sptilly in lusters nd resonle rustl struture for eh su re ws de(nedF vterl vritions of the rustl model tken into ountD lulting time delys for eh sttionF fy this wyD erthqukes inside the network or lose to its oundries were loted with ury less thn I km in oth the epienter nd fol depthF sn dditionD fol mehnisms of erthqukes with proper zimuthl overge were omputedF eismiity overs the most of the re distriuted minly in lusters long tive struturesF e mgnitude waRFR erthqukeD ws the lrgest lol one reorded y this network @S heemer PHHRD IUXSV gAD lose to the fol re of the IWVH strong erthqukeF everl ross setions striking norml to the trend of the lusters of the epienters revel the geometry of the tive strutures s well s the width of the seismogeni lyerF wost of the fol mehnisms exhiit norml fulting nd were used long with the miroseismiity foi in the ross setions for the de(nition of the properties of the fults tht tivted during the experimentF
WAVELET PROCESSING OF MULTICHANNEL RECORDS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVES  ID 1449
J. J. Galiana-Merino, University of Alicante, Spain P. Jauregui-Eslava, University of Alicante, Spain J. Rosa-Herranz, University of Alicante, Spain J. Giner-Caturla, University of Alicante, Spain S. Molina-Palacios, University of Alicante, Spain

FOR

STRONG-MOTION

his pper desries the optimum on(gurtion for nonE ontinuous @triggeredA digitl strong motion seismogrphsF he pper egins with rief desription of generi signl quisition nd reording proessD long with the relevnt requirementsF his is then extended to seismi dt quisition nd reordingF he pper then fouses on the prtiulr requirements for pturing nturl seismi events on triggered sisF e summry of epted prmeters re given nd prtiulr ttention is pid to the reltionship of signl ndwidth to oth noise )oor nd the pture window lengthF he pper then onludes with suggested optimum on(gurtion for triggered digitl strong motion seismogrphs over rnge of instrument noise )oors nd trigger levelsF

he refrtion mirotemor @ewiA tehnique is proven seismi method for mesuring inEsitu sher wve @ wveA veloity pro(lesF he pplition of this method requires only onventionl seismi equipment for reording dt nd mient noise s seismi soureF sn our se the equipment is the sme multihnnel reorder used for refrtion studiesD whih is onneted to line of PR vertil omponent geophonesF efter the dt quisition proessD the reorded multihnnel dt re treted through the slownessEfrequeny @pEfA trnsform in order to seprte yleigh wves from other seismi rrivls nd otin the sherEwve dispersion urveF xeverthelessD in generl the reorded dt re ontminted with sttionry nd lol noiseD s they re tken from urn resF sn other wyD sometimes one of the hnnels filsD ontminting the dt with severl spikes or even mking useless the informtion ssoited to itF sn this pperD we pply preEproessing stge sed on wvelet nlysis with the im of reduing the previously ommented prolemsF gonretelyD the wvelet pket trnsform is (rst used to inrese the signl to noise rtio of the dtD whih provides us lerer signls nd mkes esier the detetion of useless hnnelsF efter thtD if one of the hnnels is ontminted y spikesD then we pply gin the wvelet nlysis in this hnnel in order to eliminte the spikes nd reover the signl of interestF pinllyD the dt re trnsformed to the slownessEfrequeny domin nd the dispersion urve is otinedF he reorded dt hve een tken from the egur river sin @southestern of pinA nd the sherEwve dispersion urves

278

Poster Presentations
otined with the wvelet preEproessing nd without ny previous nlysis hve een ompredF

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INVESTIGATION OF CALIBRATION POSSIBILITIES FOR THE TRIPOLI SEISMIC ARRAY, GREECE.  ID 1645
E. Pirlis, University of Athens, Greece M. Spyridopoulou, University of Athens, Greece

KYTHERA 2006 EARTHQUAKE: DATA PROCESSING OF STRONG MOTION, FROM VARIOUS DIGITAL SENSORS  ID 1493
A. Skarlatoudis, Aristotle University, Greece B. Margaris, ITSAK, Greece

M. Pirli, University of Athens, Greece N. Voulgaris, University of Athens, Greece

sn tnury V of PHHTD n intermedite depth @daTR kmA erthquke @wTFUA ourred t the western prt of the relleni trenh ner to the uyther islnd @southern qreeeAF he erthquke ws reorded y severl sttions of the permnent strong motion network of snstitute of ingineering eismology nd irthquke ingineering @seuAF he min shok triggered numer of instruments with di'erent digitl sensors @ixeD hD gwqESA instlled in these sttionsD whih produed high qulity strong motion dt setF he forementioned elerogrphs exhiit some new interesting hrteristis s very long durtion reords nd di'erent frequeny ontent in omprison to strong motion dt reorded y shllow seismi events in the sme reF hus spei( dt proessing is indispensle in order to orret properly these strongEmotion reordingsF por ll types of instruments two di'erent orretions re pplied for produing orreted vlues of elertionD veloity nd displement nd study nlytilly the noise spetrum reorded y vrious digitl sensorsF he (rst one is the method proposed y instrument sensor mnufturer nd the seond one is the method introdued y fooreD @PHHIYPHHQAF foth methods re pplied for ll types of instrumentsF he pourier nd response spetr for ll reords nd for oth types of proessing routinesD were produed nd ompredF en ttempt is mde to ompre those strong motion dt with dt reorded y other digitl sensors reorded y other erthqukesF he previous omprisons led to lssi(tion of the di'erent type instruments nd it gives strong indition out the qulity of the dt tht n e retrieved from eh type of instrument sensorF

ripoli eismi erry @seAD qreeeD performne in terms of event lotion is restrited y its very smll perture nd limited numer of sensorsF hetiled investigtion of errors in lotion results reveled tht overll performne is lso 'eted y epientrl distne nd zimuthD suggesting struturl nd lol geology e'etsF sn order to investigte the possiility to orret for systemti errors utomtillyD mislotion vetors were lulted for n extended dtEset of pproximtely W monthsF heoretil vlues were lulted sed on erthquke tlogues ompiled y the xtionl yservtory of ethens @xyeA nd the sgF esulting mislotion vetors re hrterized y signi(nt vetor lengthD onsistent with the lrge oserved kzimuth nd slowness errorsD the smller vlues eing met in the re xi of the rry nd for epientrl distne vlues less thn PHH kmF es expetedD resulting orretions mostly onern kzimuth vlues nd re not le to su0iently 'et the (nl epienter solutionD s the lrgest utomti lgorithm errors re oserved in epientrl distne determintionD result of phse misidenti(tions due to low slowness resolutionF e further ttempt ws mde to lulte mislotion vetors lso for mnully nlyzed phsesD mostly in order to drw some onlusions regrding error distriution for the slowness vetorF elthough nlyst results re hrterized y signi(ntly lower errors thn utomti lgorithm resultsD di'erentitions in mislotion vetor length re lso oserved for di'erent resD verifying the implition of rustl struture e'et in kzimuth error distriutionF eknowledgments eserh ws funded within the frmework of the progrm upodistris9 of the xtionl nd upodistrin niversity of ethensF
ERROR ANALYSIS FOR EARTHQUAKE LOCATION RESULTS FROM THE TRIPOLI SEISMIC ARRAY, GREECE  ID 1646

UNDERLYING FEATURES OF THE MICROSEISM AT ITS LOWER LEVEL OF EXCITATION  ID 1594

J. Vila, Inst. Est. Catalans / Univ. Barcelona, Spain R. Maci, Univ. Politecnica Catalunya, Spain R. Sleeman, KNMI-Orfeus, Netherlands A. Correig, Univ. Barcelona, Spain

M. Spyridopoulou, University of Athens, Greece E. Pirlis, University of Athens, Greece A. Chira, University of Athens, Greece M. Pirli, University of Athens, Greece N. Voulgaris, University of Athens, Greece K. Makropoulos, University of Athens, Greece

e study is mde on miroseism tivity t its lower level of exittionD in n ttempt to get some insight in its underlying feturesF o do soD set of QS worldEwide rodnd seismi sttions hve een individully nlyzed for minimum intervl of time of one yer in suessive windows of QH minutesF he power spetrum of eh window hs een omputed nd orreted for instrument responseF he series of spetr hve een sequentilly ompred nd the frequeny in with lowest mplitude hs een seletedF yne the full set of dt hs een nlyzedD the resulting spetrum for eh seismi sttion orresponds to tht of minimum mplitude whih we nme fse vevel xoise eismi petrumF fy ompring the minimum spetr for ll seismi sttions we (nd tht for the sttions loted in the northern hemisphere ll spetr olese in shpe nd mplitudeD eing hrterized y primry pek t HFU rz nd seondry pek t HFPI rzF winimum spetr from ontinentl seismi sttions in the southern hemisphere hve the sme shpe s those from ontinentl sttions in the northern one ut with higher mplitudeF winimum spetr from oeni sttions show strong )ututions in mplitude ut shre the sme spetrl peksF es we hve seleted the spetr of minimum mplitudeD the ontriution of the di'erent soures for miroseisms n e regrded s highly reduedD nd we n interpret the minimum spetr s representtive of the medium response tht de(nes glol propertyF

he ripoli eismi erry @seA is n experimentl smllEperture rry of R elementsD operting sine tuly PHHQ in entrl eloponneseD qreeeF o otin erthquke lotion resultsD dt undergo relEtime proessing simultion nd nlyst reviewF lidity of results is ssessed y omprison to lotion results lulted y the xtionl yservtory of ethens @xyeAF e detiled nlysis in lotion errors oth for utomti nd nlyst results is performedD in order to evlute rry performne nd investigte possiilities of enhnementF eutomti lgorithm results re signi(ntly in)uened y its ine0ieny to nlyze in n integrted mnner very lol nd nerEregionl seismiityD s well s highly lustered seismiityD s ftershok sequenesF wnully otined lotion ury is mostly depending on rry on(gurtion nd resolutionF esults re presented ording to epientrl distne nd zimuthD s there ppers to e strong dependene of lotion results qulity on these two prmetersF hi'erentition of rry performne depending on zimuth suggests lol geology nd rustl struture e'etsF purthermoreD rry ontriution to erthquke lotion in qreee supplementry to existingD onventionl seismogrphi networks is investigted y produing lotion results using jointly rry nd network dtD minly fousing on o'shore res of poor zimuthl overge y the onventionl networksF eknowledgments eserh ws funded within the frmework of the progrm upodistris9 of the xtionl nd upodistrin niversity of ethensF

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Greece

Poster Presentations
E. Sangriotis, Dept. Informatics and Telecommunications, NKUA,

ANALYSIS OF DAMPING AND NATURAL PERIOD OF SEISMOMETERS GURALP CMG 40T  ID 1666
I. P. Tasic, Sincic, Environmental Environmental Agency Agency of of the the Republic Republic of of Slovenia, Slovenia,

E. Koutsoukos, Signal Proc. Lab., UMHHRI, Greece

Slovenia Slovenia P. Zupancic, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia

ghrteristi vlues of seismometers re dmping nd nturl period whih re usully given y the produerF por ontrolling the qulity of the seismometer9s trnsfer funtionD it is enough to evlute these two prmetersF eriodilly ontrol of dmping nd nturl period in the longer time period estimtes stility of seismometer9s trnsfer funtionF eismi sttions of the lovenin xtionl eismi xetwork re equipped with unterr UQH dt logger nd mostly with rodnd seismometers qrlp gwq RHF ell sttions re telemetrilly onneted to the network enter vi gGs in rel timeF e hve developed our own softwre for seismometer lirtionF glirtion signl is strted nd seismometer response nlysis is rried out utomtillyF his tsk is done telemetrilly using step lirtion signl uilt in unterr UQHF PP seismometers re tested periodilly from the eginning of the yer PHHRF eording to our testsD the results for some sensors di'er from the ftory spei(tion lmost S 7D ut during two yers periodD dmping nd nturl period hve een stleD the mximum hnge ws less thn HFU 7 nd the verge ws less thn HFR 7F
USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR DETECTING FIRST P WAVE ARRIVAL  ID 1667
I. P. Tasic, Sincic, Environmental Environmental Agency Agency of of the the Republic Republic of of Slovenia, Slovenia,

fy mens of filterl goopertion etween pin nd qreeeD ner relEtime qulityEontrol system hs een setup t the snstitute of qeodynmis of the xtionl yservtory of ethens to monitor the sttus of ll inoming rodnd seismi sttions reorded y the relleni frodnd eismi xetwork @httpXGGnetFgeinFnoFgrAF he system opertes sine PHHS nd llows ontinuous monitoring of ny onsidered prmeter suitle to get signi(nt informtion out the site nd instrument ehvE iorF he system is developed y mens of softwre implementtions in single vinux G g omputer using the ron filities of vinux operting systemsF he im is to detet potentil prolems nd to generte utomti wrnings when nomlous signls re presentF he nlysis is done oth in time nd in frequeny dominD onsidering segments of de(nite lengthF everged mplitudes nd verged squred mplitudes of ground motion wveforms re otined for eh segmentF he spetrl nlysis is sed on power spetrl density nd onsiders IP frequeny ndsF hrough this nlysisD new time series re genertedD nd they re redy to pply lgorithms for the detetion of intrinsi mlfuntioningF hese time series re used to detet mlfuntioning nd to quntify the most interesting hrteristis of the signlsF he qulity ontrol outputs llow the hrteriztion of reording sitesD evluting the minimum level of noise for ll spetrl omponentsF his proedure is performed y mens of ontinuous omprison of the output spetr with respet to the stored resultsF efter long term opertion this let us to otin pseudoEspetrum tht n e onsidered s the minimum noise in sene of ny type of trnsitory signlD for given siteF yne the minimum level is rehedD permnent site e'ets re visulized nd the de(nition of lgorithms to detet signls without physil sense n e highly improvedF
PERFORMANCES OF TWO AUTOMATIC EARTHQUAKE LOCATION SYSTEMS IN THE NORTHEASTERN ITALY  ID 1686
S. Gentili, OGS, Italy P. L. Bragato, OGS, Italy D. Pesaresi, OGS, Italy A. Snidarcig, OGS, Italy

Slovenia Slovenia P. Zupancic, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia

he study of using simulted neurl networks in utoE mti proedure for seismi wve detetion in the lol erthquke reords is presentedF wo types of simulted neurl networks hve een usedX neurl network with rdil si funtions nd neurl network with sigmoid funtionsF sn the proess of detetion of seismi wve rrivlD (rst reord of the erthquke ws onverted into hrteristi dt vetorF efter tht hrteristi dt vetors were onverted into vetor of signi(neF he opertion ws rried out with neurl networksF he mximum vlues of the vetor of signi(ne hrterized the rrivl of seismi wvesF he neurl network with rdil si funtions nd neurl network with sigmoid funtions were trined with the sme set of seismi dt nd tested on nother set of lol erthquke wveformsF esults etween oth rti(il neurl networks did not di'er signi(ntlyD ut the neurl network with rdil si funtions etter visulizes possiility of (rst rrivlF sing rti(il neurl networks gives etter results thn eGve trigger lgorithmF
BROADBAND SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS AND QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES IN (NEAR) REAL-TIME AT THE HELLENIC BROADBAND SEISMIC NETWORK OF THE NATIONAL OBSERVATORY OF ATHENS, INSTITUTE OF GEODYNAMICS  ID 1679
N. Melis, Institute of Geodynamics, NOA, Greece J. Vila, Institut Estudis Catalans, Spain R. Maci, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain A. Correig, Dept. Astronomia i Meteorologia, U. Barcelona, Spain G. Stavrakakis, Institute of Geodynamics, NOA, Greece K. Boukouras, Institute of Geodynamics, NOA, Greece K. Konstantinou, Institute of Geodynamics, NOA, Greece

sn this posterD the new entelope erthquke lotion sysE tem performnes re nlyzed nd ompred with the ones of the lredy existing pee lotion systemF entelope is used in the frmework of the i snterreg ssse projet strted in PHHP rnsEntionl seismologil networks in the outhEistern elps nd involves stlyD eustri nd loveniX mong the sopes of the projetsD there is the improving of network geometry for lowering erthquke detetion threshold ner the ordersD y olleting dt from severl seismi networks in the reF pee is the priuli eutomti elert ystem nd uses dt from the hortEperiod eismometri xetwork of xorthestern stly @xisAF st monitors the region etween vke qrd on the est nd the stlinGlovenin order on the ist s well s limited portion of estern loveni nd outhern eustriF st hs een tive t gentro di ierhe ismologihe @gAD deprtment of the sstituto xzionle di yenogr( e di qeo(si perimentle @yqAD sine IWWTF st reognizes lol erthqukesD performs nd pikingD lotes erthqukes nd estimtes their mgnitudesF sn dditionD pee estlishes the level of lert for ivil protetion uthorities nd seismologil institutionsF eutomti lotions re lso reported on the g we pge @httpXGGwwwFrsFinogsFitAF sn this posterD the results of the two utomti lotion systems re ompred with the set of mnul relotions of the xis network ulletin @yq dtseAF he nlysis on the lotion nd piking preision is performed on the ommon dt from the end of PHHSX in prtiulr we ompute the vrine of the di'erenes etween the Q lotion nd piking dt setsD inferring the preision of eh dt setF sn dditionD the mgnitude of ompleteness is estimted independently for eh dt setD depending on the re nlyzedF

280

Poster Presentations
BAYESIAN LOCAL WAVEFORM INVERSION IN THE PANNONIAN BASIN  ID 1687
Z. Wber, Seismological Observatory, GGRI, Hungary

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use of the lesed phone linesD rgh moile phone onnetion nd twoEwy stellite rodnd internetF he detetion nd lotion pilities of the network re eing improved even etter thn it ws expetedF e lot of proedures re utomted s rel time monitoring of dt )ow reding of the lteny of the dt oming to the min ojet ring u'erD monitoring the stte of helth of seismi sttionsD regulr periodi lirtion of seismometersD etF
THE REGIONAL DATA CENTRE SZGRF  ID 1764
K. Stammler, SZGRF/BGR, Germany K. Klinge, SZGRF/BGR, Germany

he entrl prt of the nnonin sin @mostly ouE pied y rungryA n e hrterized y firly low seismiity with lol erthquke mgnitudes of mostly less thn QF he wek events re usully reorded t only few sttionsD so relile fol mehnism solutions n only e otined y wveform inversionF sn this study newly developed proilisti pproh is used to invert shortEperiod wveforms of wek lol erthqukes in order to retrieve the soure prmeters for some events tht ourred in rungryF he inversion proedure tkes into ount the e'ets of the rndom noise ontined in the seismogrmsD the unertinty of the hypoentre determined from rrivl timesD nd the inurte knowlE edge of the veloity strutureD while estimting the error 'eting the lulted fol prmetersF essuming tht ll unertinties n e desried y qussin proility density funtions @hpsAD prior inE formtionD mesurement errors nd theoretil errors re estimtedF henD the pplied proilisti pproh mps the posterior hps for the hypoentrl oordintesD the moment tensorD nd the soure time funtionF he (nl estimtes for the fol prmeters re given y the mximum likelihood points of the hpsD while solution unE ertinties re presented y stter density plotsF he estimted unertinties in the moment tensor omponents re plotted on the fol sphere in suh wyD tht the signi(ne of the douleEoupleD the gvhD nd the volumetri prts of the soure n e ssessedF he moment tensor solutions for the seleted events hve negligile volumetri prtD implying the tetoni nture of the eventsF he soure time funtions re usully very simple with time durtion of out HFIEHFP seondsF he retrieved soure mehnisms re in greement with the ville ler redings of (rstErrivl Ewve polrities nd with the min stress pttern pulished for the epientrl regionF
SLOVENIAN NATIONAL SEISMIC NETWORK: FINAL REPORT  ID 1689
R. Vidrih, Slovenia I. P. Tasic, Sincic, Environmental Environmental Agency Agency of of the the Republic Republic of of Slovenia, Slovenia, Slovenia Slovenia M. Zivcic, Slovenia J. Pahor, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia J. Kolar, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia,

he eismologil gentrl yservtory qrefenerg @E qpAD prt of the pederl snstitute of qeosienes nd esoures @fqAD is the dt entre for the qermn permnent digitl rodnd sttionsF he ore of this sttion set is the qrfenergE erry @qpA nd the qermn egionl eismologil xetwork @qxAF qp nd qx re the two mjor rodnd sttion systems within qermnyF he IQ sttions of the qp rry re in full opertion sine IWVH nd the qx projet strted in IWWIF gurrently totl numer of RI sttions is ontriuting to the ontinuous wveform rhive of the qpF he size of the dt rhive is out out I fyteD ll dt re utomtilly essile using idEystems nd hhE nd ghEtukeoxesF he dt re ville vi eutohw nd snternet @wwwFszgrfFgrFdeA with dely etween few minutes nd one dyF ell deteted lolD regionl nd teleseismi seismi events re mnully nlysed on dily sisF por regionl events t the order nd outside of qermnyD wveform dt of qiypyxD eustriD witzerlndD gzeh epuli nd henmrk re used for routine dt nlysisF hose dt whih re not ville on eedlink onnetions re opied vi eutohw within few minutesF enlysed soure prmeters re stored in dtse nd distriuted to ntionl nd interntionl dt entres @iwgD xisgD sgAF he homepge of the qp @wwwFszgrfFgrFdeA llows intertive requests to this dtseF
BULGARIAN SEISMOLOGICAL NETWORK - CURRENT STATUS  ID 1766
L. Christoskov, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria D. Solakov, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria S. Simeonova, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria S. Nikolova, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria L. Dimitrova, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria

sn PHHT the moderniztion of the lovenin seismi netE work is ompletedF he projet woderniztion of the lovenin xtionl eismi xetwork strted in the yer PHHHF he purpose of modernized seismi network is to enle fst nd urte utomti lotion of erthqukesD to determine erthquke prmeters nd to ollet dt on lolD regionl nd glol erthqukesF he (rst phse ws uilt up seismi network to improve seismi tivity monitoring of the ursko sin where the ursko nuler power plnt is pledD onsisted of four sttionsF he next phse ws to estlish seismi monitoring of the pper o erritory where the lst strongest erthqukes ourred in loveni @epril IPthD IWWVD wlaSFTD tuly IPthD PHHRD wlaRFWAF he third phse ws to over res with the lower seismi risk nd t the nd with the network round vjuljn the moderniztion is (nishedF ypil sttion onsists of two shftsF sn seismi shft qrlp gwq RH seismometer is instlled nd s dt quisition system UQH dt logger is usedF gommunition equipment nd power supply re instlled in servie shftF o seure onEsle seismogrms in se of strong erthquke (ve sttions hve lso ipisensor elerometerF hue to thik wethered surfe lyer four sttions use shllow orehole seismometersF mpling rtes re PHHspsD PHsps nd IspsF el time dt trnsfer is done using entelope softwre pkgeF he dt from sttions is trnsferred y

eismologil oservtions on the territory of fulgri hve trditions of more thn IHH yersF he (rst seismi sttion ws estlished in o( in IWHSF he fulgrin seismologil networkExys ws founded t the end of IWVHF xow the network onsists of PI sttionsF he dt from ll sttions re trnsmitted in rel time to the eismi genter in the qeophysil snstituteF xys is the only orgniztion in fulgri in hrge of quisition of seismologil informtion nd is the ntionl informtion enter of rpid erthquke informtion nd seismi hzrd mitigtionFF woderniztion of the xys strted in IWWTF ttion itosh ws inluded in the wihxi projet nd ws upgrded with EI nd unterr QVHF sn PHHRD two qevERH ff seismometers with QQH dt quisition system were put in opertionF his upgrding ws done in lose onsulttion with ypi nd the wiihsex onsortium memers sxqD omD stly nd qpD qermnyF he ig projet wiihsexEP @PHHQEQHHSA involves xys in rodnd iuropen networkF et the end of PHHSD the overll moderniztion of xys ws doneF he upgrded network now onsists of IR sttions equipped with II ip iu nd Q unterr reordersF elEtime dt quisition is performed using ipiu9s fullEduplex errorEorretion protool hF he relEtime unterr dt re fed into h vi eisgompGeedvink protoolF elEtime nd intertive dt proessing is performed y the eismi xetwork ht roessor softwre pkgeF xetwork ommndGontrol nd monitoring re performed y gg nd wonitorF foth gg nd wonitor serve up html pges tht n e displyed in ny stndrd we rowser llowing the endEuser to monitor the network

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sttus nd ontrol the quisition prmeters from ny omputer onneted to the snternetF efter moderniztionD xys eme worldElss digitl network providing relile relEtime seismi monitoring nd rpid erthquke informtion to oth sienti( ommunities nd uthorities in fulgriF
3D FD MODELLING OF LOCAL EFFECTS VALCO S. PAOLO, ROME, ITALY  ID 1775
I. Oprsal, Charles University, Czech Republic A. Caserta, Isituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy F. Marra, Isituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Rovelli, Isituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy J. Zahradnik, Charles University, Czech Republic

Poster Presentations
MODERNIZATION OF SEISMIC NETWORKS IN SERBIA AND MACEDONIA - A CONTRIBUTION TO REAL-TIME DATA EXCHANGE IN THE SE EUROPE  ID 1836
P. Labak, Geophysical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences,

Slovakia (Slovak Republic)

FOR

S. Radovanovic, Seismological Survey of Serbia, Yugoslavia L. Pekevski, Seismological Observatory of Republic of Macedonia, Macedonia E. Bystricky, Geophysical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia (Slovak Republic) A. Cipciar, Geophysical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia (Slovak Republic)

he site of our interest @ Rkm x QkmA is situted in the southern prt of the ity lose to the F olo gthedrl inluding the Qd seismi rry loted ner the third niversity of omeF he site shows pronouned topogrphy tht is underlin y middle leistoene olni deposits over lioen lyerF sn the middle the site is hrterized y the min sedimentry ody of the ityX the ier vlley inluding n its triutry vlley lled posso di or groneF foth vlleys re (lled with eent elluviumF feuse of thtD site e'ets due to the omplex geology nd topogrphy re expetedF he studied erthquke with known reording is the enzio event @wHaIFUHeCPQ dyneGmD wwaRFVA tht hd ourred on PPGHVGPHHS t IPXHPXHVFVT qwF he epienter ws loted pproximtely PS km outh of the site t n hypoentrl depth of PS umF ndoutedlyD the risk in the re is omprle to other prts of omeD howeverD euse no uildings were present here until out QHERH yers goD no dmges due to erthqukes hve een reported so frF e use the Qh (niteEdi'erene method @yprsl nd hrdnikD PHHPA omined with the respetive soure to model the erthquke ground motionsF he spetrl mpli(tion ptterns prtilly orrespond to the omintion of topogrphy nd underground strutureD prtilly these re in unexpeted regions due to the Qh struturl @hene wve (eldA omplexity of the siteF otentil dmge zones re determined y the deomposition of the mpli(tion of spetrl elertionF
MONITORING AND CHARACTERIZING NATURAL OR MAN-MADE NANOSEISMIC (ML < 0.0) SOURCES FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES  ID 1800
G. H. Wust-Bloch, Tel Aviv University, Israel M. Hge, Universitt Stuttgart, Germany M. Walter, Universitt Stuttgart, Germany M. Joswig, Universitt Stuttgart, Germany

eri nd wedoni re loted in the flkn re E one of the most erthquke prone res in iuropeF roweverD up to PHHR relEtime dt exhnge nd nlysis were missing in oth ountriesF yn ontrryD urrent development llows dt quisition from seismi sttions in signi(nt prt of iurope in relEtimeF ixmple on iuropen level is the ifx network of ypi or the qix network of qp otsdmF he ifx ollets relEtime erthquke dt from IPH rodEnd sttions of PI ntionl seismologil networksF ixmple on regionl level is the egionl irtul xetwork of eismi ttions t the qeophysil snstitute in frtislvF elthough lovki hs only IP seismi sttions ville in relEtime on its territoryD the dt enter in frtislv ollets the dt from TH seismi sttions in gentrl nd i iuropeF his inludes dt exhnge of IP ountries nd llows inresing detetion pility of ntionl networksD ury of erthquke loliztions nd rpid dissemintion of the prmetri informtion on erthqukesF fene(t from this is not only for iuropenEwediterrnen eismologil gentre @iwgAD whih runs n irthquke rning ystem for potentilly dmging erthqukes in the iuropenEwediterrnen regionD ut lso for ntionl uthorities responsile for ivil protetionF ixperiene of the ove given exmples ws used during the moderniztion of networks in eri nd wedoniF he moderniztion ws performed within the projets hevelopment of snfrstruture for pid irthquke ht golletion nd ixhnge @hsigi nd hsigiPAF he projets were supported y the lovk governmentF V sttions in eri nd S sttions in wedoni were modernizedF xew dt nlysis enters were reted in felgrde nd kopje using the pkges esigom nd eutolo @qp otsdmAD eigrm @eF vomxAD eismi rndler @uF tmmplerA nd rhiving tools @qs e frtislvAF foth dt enters provide dt in relEGnerErelEtime nd perform utomti erthquke loliztionsD whih re provided to iwg nd other dt enters up to IH minutes fter erthquke ourreneF
ISOLA GUI - A COMBINED FORTRAN-MATLAB TOOL FOR MOMENT TENSOR INVERSION OF REGIONAL DATA  ID 1881
E. Sokos, University of Patras, Seismological Laboratory, Greece J. Zahradnik, Charles Univ. Prague, Faculty of Math. and Phys., Czech Republic

xnoseismi monitoring tehniques @toswigD PHHSA were developed in oservtionl seismology to monitor soure proesses with very wek energy ontents under unfvorle signlEtoEnoise onditionsF hese nnoerthqukes @futlerD PHHQA ould e loted until IH km distne for wv EIFHD or Q km distne for wv EPFHF he pplied monitoring tehniques integrte portle sprse rrys for dt quisitionD semiEutomted pttern reognition shemes on sonogrms for detetionD nd grphil jkkni(ng for event lotionF fy one single rry or eismi xvigting ystem @xAD rypovine softwre @toswigD PHHSA n lredy determine origin timeD epienterD depthD suited hlfEspe vD nd shortEdistne wvF hese tehniques provide lowEost nd relile pltform to monitor series of nturl or mnEmde proesses tht re of interest to the engineering ommunityF sn the se of sinkhole nd vittion tivityD it is now possile to monitor susurfe mteril filures efore sinkhole ollpse sine the disrimintion of impt signls is inditive of the mturity of the vittion proessF snternl filure generted y tive lndslides nd unstle rok li's n e loted in QEhD delivering wy to monitor their evolution in spe nd timeF sn seismi hzrd ssessmentD ftershok series nd tive fults n e mpped with high ury nd t very short notieF he system is urrently eing tested s ontrol pltform for lst tivity nd for indued seismiityGhydrofrturing monitoring @qurriesD minesD tunnels nd reservoirsAF

portrn ode syve to retrieve isolted sperities from regionl or lol wveforms hs een developed sine PHHQF st is sed on multipleEpoint soure representtion nd itertive deonvolutionD similr to uikuhi nd unmori @IWWIAD ut full wve(eld is onsideredD nd qreen9s funtions re lulted y the disrete wvenumer method of fouhon @IWVIAF woment tensor of suevents is found y lestEsqure minimiztion of mis(t etween oserved nd syntheti wveformsD while position nd time of suevents is optimized through grid serhF syve qsD presented hereD is qrphil ser snterfe developed in wtl with purpose to omine proessing speed of the syve portrn ode with userEfriendly wtl environmentF igni(nt fetures of syve qs re e0ient dt hndlingD intertive ontrol of the inversion proessD nd wide options of plotting the resultsF wethod nd ode hve een tested in numer of w Q to TFU events in qreeeF he ode is doumented in mnulD ompnied y test exmpleD nd freely villeF

282

Poster Presentations
STUDY OF THE SITE INFLUENCE ON THE STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF SEISMIC NOISE  ID 1884
E. Gimeno-Nieves, Universidad de Alicante, Spain J. J. Galiana-Merino, Universidad de Alicante, Spain S. Molina-Palacios, Universidad de Alicante, Spain

SC-B 0
irtul network of the qeophysil snstitute of the edemy of ienes of the gzeh epuli @qsEegA onsists of seven seismologil sttions operted y the qsEegD nd of more thn RH iuropen rodnd sttions run y ooperting institutions @si frnoD qsEe frtislvD ewq iennD sxq omeD qp otsdmD qp irlngenD sqEe rswD q vjuljnD xsi fuhrestD nd othersAF he extensive interntionl oopertion ws estlished within the igEprojet wiihsex @PHHHEPHHSA oordinted y the ypi ht genter nd enled to improve onsiderly the ury of lotions of tetoni events nd miningEindued shoks in entrl iuropeF eismiity mps for yers IWWVEPHHS demonstrte lso the inresed numer of loted eventsF yf speil ttention is the qulity ontrol of digitl dt provided y the qeophysil snstituteF he digitl rhive of the qsEeg ontins ontinuous dt sine PHHHF ht re o'ered in di'erent wys @entelope nd eedvink pkgesD e request formD eutohwAF everl hnges in the instrumenttion of sttions ourred during their opertionF he mutul onsisteny etween sttion lirtion informtion nd digitl reords is of prinipl importneF herefore the onsisteny test ws mde using the miroseismi noise s soure of lirtion signlF st is shown in the poster tht the level of miroseismi noise is sttionry provided onvenient proessing nd verging is ppliedF foth shortEterm nd longEterm vritions re oherent ross the networkF enomlous ehvior indites inorretly pplied lirtionF yur method is similr to tht used in the ypi ht genterF
AUTOMATIC SEISMIC PHASE WEIGHTING: HIGH-QUALITY IN EUROPE  ID 1933 PICKING AND APPLICATIONS

yne of the most importnt lessons lerned from the tstrophi erthqukes in the lst severl dedes is tht the resulting dmge t site ould e 'eted y the erthquke geology of the siteD tht isD site e'etsF he evlution of site e'ets isD thereforeD one of the key omponent for preventing nd mitigting erthquke disstersF sn order to evlute site e'ets quntittively Ewve veloity pro(les of sedimentry deposits should e determined down to seismi edrokF xeverthelessD this is n expensive nd timeEonsuming proessF his is the reson why lot of reent studies suggest di'erent more prtil methodologies whih re sed on mient noise @mirotremor mesurementsA nd n e redily performed on the ground surfeF sn generlD in the mjority of these methodsD the reorded seismi noise is divided into lolly sttionry segments efore pplying ny signl proessingF sn this wyD rti(il or spurious noise is lso seleted nd not tken into ount for the susequent nlysisD nd only sttionry noise segments re onsideredF he min ojetive of this work onsists in hrterising the di'erent sttionry segments of the reorded seismogrms y e proess in order to study the time evolution of the noise hrteristis t di'erent sitesF por this tskD we hve developed n lgorithm for seleting utomtilly sttionry noise segments nd modelling eh one s n e proessF his method llows us to disern etter the noise segments tht should e used for nlysing the site e'etsF woreoverD the e modelling hs een omplished in noise reordings from di'erent sitesD with di'erent sedimentry hrteristisD whih lso llows us to ssoite di'erent e proesses with di'erent kind of soilsF he mesurements were registered t di'erent ples of the ity of yslo @xorwyAD eh one with di'erent nd known sedimentry hrteristisF
ADVANCE DIGITAL SEISMIC NETWORK EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION IN GARIA  ID 1915
S. Nikolova, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria D. Solakov, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria P. Passmore, Refraction Technology, Inc., United States L. Zimakov, Refraction Technology, Inc., United States M. Rozhkov, SYNAPSE Science Center, Russian Federation L. Khaikin, SYNAPSE Science Center, Russian Federation

F. Aldersons, Scientic consultant, Switzerland R. Di Stefano, INGV, Italy T. Diehl, ETH, Switzerland E. Kissling, ETH, Switzerland

FOR BUL-

sn heemer PHHS n dvned digitl seismi network supplied y ip iu ws instlled to upgrde xysF he upgrded ntionl network now onstitutes of IQ sttionsX IH sttions equipped with ip iu IQHEHIGQ righ esolution eismi eorderD two with unterr QQHD nd one with unterr QVHF ell IQ digitl sttions re equipped with V rodndD Q shortEperiod nd P ff seismometersF he dt from IQ sttions re trnsferred to the ghge using the x nd wex network of the fulgrin eleommunition gompny vi ip iu errorEorretion protool @hA nd eisgompGeedvinkF ht re olleted on two x pire PRH erversD dt proessing is performed on two x flde ISHH orksttionsF elEtime event detetion nd dt proessing is performed y xei eismi xetwork ht roessor @xhA softwre provided y ip iuF he instlled network hrdwre nd softwre re slle to ny expnsion nd llow for reeive nd exhnge dt in relEtime from other networks round the worldF hetiled network on(gurtionD dt quisitionD proessing nd exhnge re disussedF
VIRTUAL NETWORK OF THE GEOPHYSICAL INSTITUTE, PRAGUE AND THE QUALITY CONTROL OF DATA  ID 1924
J. Zednk, Geophysical Institute AS CR, Czech Republic B. Ruek, Geophysical Institute AS CR, Czech Republic

sn order to improve the onsisteny of seismi phses t ntionl nd iuropen slesD singleEtre utomti piking methods n e used t some stgeF hespite the undnt literture devoted to utomti phse piking methodsD the ritil nd di0ult prolem of utomtilly estimting piking unertinties is left unsolved y the vst mjority of piking lgorithms urrently in existeneF he piking system wnnekenix @wAD howeverD inludes n dvned weighting engine rigorously lirted on referene piks nd true unertinty lsses provided y the userF por every utoE mti phse pikD the weighting engine of w ttempts to predit the sme true unertinty lss s the one tht would e estimted y n expert seismologistF es suh nd s wholeD w ts s onsistent extension of mnul piking nd not s totlly new method possily in on)it with the legy of stndrd seismologil prtieF he pplition of w to the very lrge dtse of seismoE grms reorded in stly etween IWVV nd PHHP hs yielded VIDPST Epiks nd relted piking unertinties from out UDVUV wellE onstrined eventsF w rrivl timesD piking weights nd polriE ties re very onsistent nd ould sustitute ulletin dtF esults suggest tht IEh lotions nd in prtiulr hypoentrl depths deE rived from w rrivl times re more relile thn those derived from sxq ulletin dtF he use of w llowed lso to enhne the resolution nd the depth rnge of Ewve trveltime tomogrphi studies performed t the sle of the entire stlin peninsulF e present lso utomti piking results derived from lrge dtse of lol erthqukes reorded y regionlD ntionl nd temporry networks operting within the elpine regionF he min gol of this projet is to improve the knowledge of elpine lithosphere through QEh trveltime tomogrphy from EwvesF
A SHORT HISTORY OF SEISMOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONALISATION  ID 2009
J. Young, ISC, UK

283

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egionlistion in eismology dtes k to the IWRHs when qutenerg nd ihter sudivided the irth into SI regions ording to the seismiity known t the time in ny prtiulr reF sn the IWTHs plinn nd ingdhl took qutenerg nd ihter9s seismi regions nd with some djustments sudivided these regions into UPV smller regions whih they lled geogrphil regionsF ith the emergene of lte etonis nd with experiene using this regionlistion @known s the pEi godeA y the IWVHs it ws greed some hnges nd orretions were requiredF fy the erly IWWHs it ws lso deided tht the pEi gode ws perhps too orse for lol seismogeogrphil regionlistion nd tht this further sudivision would not e sed on itF he revised pEi gode with PV dditionl geogrphil regions ws pulished in IWWT eoming the new stndrdF vol seismogeogrphil regionlistion in iurope ws strted in IWWR nd should e ompleted soonF
WARAN - A MOBILE WIRELESS ARRAY ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR IN-FIELD AMBIENT VIBRATION DISPERSION CURVE ESTIMATION  ID 2017
M. Ohrnberger, Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Germany D. Vollmer, Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Germany F. Scherbaum, Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Germany

Poster Presentations
y the systemD the lrgest of mgnitude TDTF elso S volni eruptions hve een monitored sine IWWIF he high qulity dt olleted y the system hs een the sis for severl iuropen reserh projet iming t developing methods for erthquke preditionF ome of these methods re now eing implemented to the system to help monitoring ritil hnges in the seismi ptternF
CALIBRATION EXPLOSIONS IN ISRAEL, CYPRUS AND JORDAN FOR CTBT MONITORING  ID 2044
Y. Gitterman, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel R. Hofstetter, Institute of Israel, Israel V. Pinsky, Institute of Israel, Israel K. Solomi, Geological Survey Department, Cyprus A. Q. Amrat, Natural Resources Authority, Jordan

sn the relm of ner surfe sher veloity pro(ling for site e'et predition the nlysis of mient virtion wve(elds y rry methods is onsidered n ttrtive pproh due to its ppliility in urn resF he primry soure of informtion for deriving shllow sher wve veloity models is the estimtion of surfe wve dispersion urves y mens of frequeny wvenumer or sptil utoorreltion tehniquesF por otining highly relile sher wve veloity pro(lesD it is key requirement to provide urte phse veloity estimtes for the rodest oservle wvelength rnge in order to redue model miguities in the nonliner inversion proessF roweverD given the eonomil nd logistil onstrints for rry experiments @espeily in urn resAD the numer of sensors tht n e used is restritedF he resulting orse sptil smpling of the mirotremor wve(eld does therefore not permit to over the required rod wvelength rnge using single rry lyoutF stertive mesurement strtegies using numer of rrys with vrying pertures re then required to resolve the trdeEo' etween fesiility of experimentl setups nd qulity of dispersion urve estimtesF nfortuntelyD the lk of priori informtion regrding the oservle wvelength rnges for prtiulr site of interest mkes it usully di0ult to optimize rry setups for itertive deploymentsF snsted of deploying rry rther lindlyD it is desirle to use the inresing mount of informtion quired during the ourse of (eld mesurements for diret ontrol of pproprite rry geometries for susequent deploymentsF sn order to llow suh mesurement strtegy we hve developed wireless moile rry system whih enles the opertor to proess the reorded dt in qusiEreltime using ompeting rry nlysis tehniquesF his informtion n e immeditely used for improved rry designD enhned dispersion urve mesures over lrge wvelength rnges nd itertive veloity model inversionF
THE SIL-SYSTEM - 15 YEARS OF NEAR-REAL TIME MONITORING.  ID 2039
S. S. Jakobsdttir, Icelandic Meteorological Oce, Iceland

vrgeEsle lirtion underwter nd inElnd explosions were onduted reently in ssrelD gyprus nd tordnF he experiments were relized in the ontext of the gf monitoring in the widdle istD nd imed to improve the veloity models for lulting trvel times to regionl nd sw sttionsY to extend qround ruth @qHA dtseF he qss onduted series of lrge lsts t otem phosphte qurry in wy PHHPF he min PSEton explosion of speil design @nerEspheril hrges in PU oreholesA yielded mgnitude wv QFHF he event ws reorded in rod distne rnge HFQERSH kmD providing dt omplementry to the losely sped hed e shots @IWWWAF nique experiment ws onduted in PHHQ jointly y qh nd qss in the dise mssiveF ests HFQ nd P tons were detonted in deep @ PHH mA orehole full of wterF vol mgnitude of the event ws lower wv P thn expetedF he rpid energy ttenution ws explined y signl highEfrequenyD oserved t lose ff sttion g @ PHrz t IH kmAF ixplosion series ws relized y qss in tune PHHR in yrimD in oreholes of lrge dimeterD providing dt for yieldEdependent nlysis of wveforms up to RHH kmF godEderived momentErte spetr tehnique ws pplied to ff reords for determintion of stle regionl mgnitudeF igni(nt seismi strength ws hieved @wv Q for the lrgest shot QPFS tonsA in spite of hrge ommodtion in dry lluviumD nd shllow uril depthD ommonly onsidered s lowEoupling ftorsF he xe onduted reently two singleE(red explosions t uwyshid @RH tonsA nd ishidiy @PH tonsAD tordnF he explosion design ws similr to the yrim experimentF gler regionl phses nD g nd g were found t sttions up to RHH kmF ytined network nd rry oservtions were used for joint lotion nlysis of the explosionsD sed on upEtoEdte lgorithms nd softwre developed in qss nd qH dtF
EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY IN GREENLAND NEW DAA, MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS  ID 2080
T. B. Larsen, Geological Survey of Denmark and

Greenland,

Denmark P. Voss, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark S. Gregersen, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark W. Hanka, Geo-ForschungZentrum, Germany T. M. Jorgensen, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark O. Gudmundsson, University of Island, Iceland T. Dahl-Jensen, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark

he sv erthquke dt quisition nd monitoring sysE tem hs een running in utomti mode in selnd sine wy IWWIF huring these IS yers the network hs grown from V sttions in outh selnd vowlnd to RW sttions spred over the ountry nd it is still growingF feside loting nd estimting mgnitudes of erthqukes down to mgnitude EID fult plnes nd fol mehnism is utomtilly lulted for lmost ll reorded erthqukesF en utomti lert system works on the utomti list of erthqukesD using w nd the udio devies of the work sttions to lert the st' t the selndi weteorologil y0e of hnges in seismiityF ome PSHFHHH erthqukes hve een reorded

elmost every yer new temporry ff seismogrphs re instlled in qreenlnd in onnetion with reserh projetF he (rst permnent ff seismogrph in qreenlnd ws instlled jointly y qiypyxD ss nd hnish seismologists t ungerlussuq @pthA in IWWTF sn the ten yers tht hve pssedD totl of PW di'erent lotions in qreenlnd hve een equipped with ff sensors for shorter or longer periods of timeF pour of the seismogrph sttions re permnentD nd severl re semiEpermnentF gurrently IR ff seismogrphs re operting in qreenlndD minly long the ostsF yne of the seismogrphs is loted t the ummit ie mp in entrl qreenlndF

284

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he dt re utilised in mny di'erent wysF truturl studies hve een the fous for most of the deploymentsD nd oth reeiver funtion @pA nlysis nd surfe wve tomogrphy hve proven e'etive in otining (rst order models for rust nd upper mntleF ivery time ff seismogrph hs olleted enough dt t new lotionD p nlysis is performed to otin the depth to wohoF iven this si prmeter is unknown in lrge prts of qreenlndF he improved seismogrph overge of qreenlnd lso enhnes our knowledge of the lol seismiityF he epientres for lol erthqukes n e determined muh more urtely thn eforeD enling us to mke onnetions to lol geologil struturesD nd to otin etter understnding of the regionl stressesF eently the ff dt from qreenlnd hve found new pplition in the study of glil erthqukesF e lrge (eld mpign involving qEinstruments will tke ple on n istEqreenlnd glier during the summer of PHHT to study the glil erthqukes in more detilF

SC-B 2
SEISMIC MOMENT OF THE MAY 28TH 1943 MW=5.4 ONSTMETTINGEN (GERMANY) EARTHQUAKE WITH MOMENT TENSOR INVERSION  ID 1909
F. Bernardi, INGV, Italy B. Palombo, INGV, Italy

SC-B 2: The 20th Century Strong EuroMediterranean Earthquakes from Historical Seismograms
Level 2

he tehnil filities introdued y the ismos nd iuE roseismos projets llow now to pply modern methods of digitlEdt nlysis for the erthqukes reorded y mehnil nd eletromgneti seismogrphsF husD we propose to estimte the seismi moment wo with moment tensor inversion y mens of full seismogrm spetr mplitudesF qenerllyD the sensitivity of mehnil nd eletromgneti seismogrphs is restrited to I s `a `a QH s period ndF his smll period nd requires the use of lirted erthEmodelsD tht re often not villeD to ompute the kernelsF ine spetr mplitudes re less sensitive to the rust nd upper mntle heterogeneity thn phse veloitiesD we n pply glol Ih erth model to ompute the kernelsF e thus expet to retrieve stle nd relile wo estimtes with our methodF rtiulrlyD we hve pplied this method to the wwaSFR ynstmettingen @qermnyA erthquke of wy PVthD IWRQF por this eventD we hve olleted nonEsturted seismogrms with good signlEtoEnoise rtio from II sttionsD zimuthlly well distriuted in iuropeF en independent wo a VFWV IHeIS xm estimtion from lirted surfe wve mplitudes lredy exists for this erthqukeF edditionllyD we hve lso omputed wo with the frune pormulD whih ws suessfully pplied to preEdigitl dt in the pstF pinllyD these two wo estimtes hve vlidted our methodF

PRESERVING LEGACY HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKE DATA IN TURKEY  ID 314

N. Meral Ozel, Kandilli Observatory&ERI,Bogazici Univ.Geophys, Turkey A. Berberoglu, Kandilli Observatory&ERI,Bogazici Univ.NEMC., Turkey F. Bekler, Kandilli Observatory&ERI,Bogazici Univ.NEMC., Turkey M. Kara, Kandilli Observatory&ERI,Bogazici Univ.NEMC., Turkey D. Kalafat, Kandilli Observatory&ERI,Bogazici Univ.NEMC., Turkey

ANDRIJA MOHOROVICIC MEMORIAL ROOMS  ID 1914

M. Herak, Faculty of Science, Department of Geophysics, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) D. Herak, Faculty of Science, Department of Geophysics, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) I. Allegretti, Faculty of Science, Department of Geophysics, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)

sn urkeyD mny lrge nd moderteEsized erthqukes tht ourred in the pstD efore the instlltion of lrge numer of ontinuously reording highEteh seismi sttionsD were reorded only on pperD (lm or nlog tpes y vriety of old type of instrumentsF uyis hve een monitoring seismi tivity sine IWPT nd hd quite rih dt of histori erthqukesF nfortuntelyD those dt re not well preserved nd properly rhivedF hese erthqukes mostly hve een reorded on smokedD inkD photogrphi nd het sensitive ppers y mehnil type of seismogrphsF feuse of dmge used y nturl resons suh s ttks from inset nd nimlsD miroEorgnismsD oxidtion of the pperD reless hndlingD teringD pollutionD lightD humidityD seismogrms hd undergone dnger of nnihiltionF sn wrh PHHSD we set up projet entitled vegy ht esue rojet for migrting these legy dt on to suessive digitl formtF his projet is eing supported (nnilly y fogzii niversity eserh pundF he im of this projet is not only to trnsfer historil dt into digitl form ut lso tlogingD reErrnging nd onservtion of these originl reords together with their relted pper doumenttionF e hve een ollorting with the working group of iuroseismos projet to improve the oopertion etween seismologistsD nd to evlute the historil heritge of oservtions of erthqukesF ristoril erthqukes of urkey re lredy inluded in the list of iuropen erthqukesD nd distriuted mong the prtners to ollet the dditionl urkish dt reorded y neighoring iuropen ountriesF e hve lredy olleted more thn RHH old reordsD nd QUR of them hve een digitized y ismos snsion vortory with very high resolution snner @IHIT dpiD iskosn PTQTAF por the time eingD digitl rster imges re ville on registerEuser we site for the projet prtners onlyF

he memoril rooms of renowned geophysiist endrij wohorovii were opened t the heprtment of qeophysis @pulty of ieneD niversity of greA on W xovemer PHHSD extly IPS yers from the gret gre erthqukeF yn this osion we lso mrked IHHth nniversry of the gre seismologil oservtoryD WSth nniversry of the disovery of the wohorovii disontinuity nd UH yers sine wohorovii9s dethF wohorovii strted his reer s meteorologistD (rst in fkrD nd fterwrds in weteorologil oservtory in greD of whih he eme diretor in IVWPF et the turn of the enturiesD his sienti( interest turned to seismology in whih he erned his interntionl reputtionF enlysing the uup vlley erthquke of V ytoer IWHW he ws le to prove the existene of the thin oundry lyer etween the irth9s rust nd mntleD lter lled fter him the wohorovii disontinuityF his is without ny dout the most importnt sienti( disovery ever pulished in grotin journlF ome of his ides were truly visionry ! eFgF e'ets of erthqukes on uildingsD hrvesting the wind energyD hil suppressionD models of irth nd tmosphereF wohorovii is tody reognized not only s the founder of grotin seismologyD ut lso s inititor of grotin meteorologil nd timeEkeeping serviesF yne woon rter nd one steroid were nmed in his honorF he two memoril rooms hold exhiits relted to wohorovii9s lifeD nd his sienti( nd professionl workF hey inlude originl douments @lettersD mnusriptsD omputtionsD reportsD noteooksD trvelEtime hrtsF F F AD pulitionsD furniture nd originl instruments ! ll restored nd in working ondition3 he most vlule exhiits re the prungEpuess mirorogrph @IWHQ ! one of the few remining in the worldAD the pssgeEinstrument @prior to IVWPAD olletion of oservtory loks nd hronogrphsD nd three iehert seismogrphs ! horizontl instruments of VH nd IHHH kg @IWHV nd IWHWD respetivelyA nd vertil one @IPHH kgAF

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A REEVALUATION OF THE JULY 18, 1934 PANAMA EARTHQUAKE THROUGH THE USE OF HISTORICAL SEISMOGRAMS  ID 1977
E. Camacho, Instituto de Geociencias, Universidad de Panama, Panama R. Maci, Dept. Matemtica Aplicada II, UPC, Spain J. Batll, Observatori de l'Ebre. CSIC - URL, Spain D. Stich, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

Poster Presentations
muh seismi phses s possile nd the results tested ginst previous resultsD otined with other lgorithmsD nd mroseismi determintionsF he otined results point new wys to use old ulletin dt nd seismogrms for epientre determintionF
ON THE 20TH CENTURY'S STRONGEST WESTERN ROMANIAN EARTHQUAKES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE EUROSEISMOS PROJECT.  ID 1991
M. Caciagli, SGA - Storia Geosica Ambiente., Italy E. Oros, NIEP Romania, Timisoara Seismological Observatory., Romania

et the southwestern mrgin of the ssthmus of nmD the goosD xz nd the nm wiroplte join in triple juntionF rere the nm prture one whih ts s the limit etween the xz nd goos plteD suduts in n olique nd shllow mnnerF his is one of the most tive seismi regions of gentrl emeriF yn tuly IVD IWQR here ourred mjor event @ws UFUAD whih is onsidered the lrgest erthquke ourred in nm during the genturyF st originted in the northern terminus of the nm prture one nd used extensive dmge in the order region of nm nd gost iF sn the two susequent dys six ftershoks greter thn TFHD were reordedF hue to the ft tht in this region is eing plnned to uilt mjor regionl oil re(nery nd petrohemil instlltions nd one third of the popultion of nm nd one fourth of gost i lives hereD it is importnt to understnd the seismotetonis of this region n how ig seismi series like this my developF ivent though this event hs een studied eforeD the interest hs lwys fous on the min eventF e hve een olleting nd digE itizing historil seismogrms to determine the moment tensor nd gw from the min event nd its mjor ftershoksF edditionlly we will gther new mroseismi informtionD to rete n improved nd more omplete isoseisml mp of this eventF wny of the olleted reords hve een gthered from the iE yiswy dtseD due to the ft tht the studied event oE urred in the sme dte of one of the iyiswy eventsF his oinidene llows us to show further pplitions of iyisE wy nd possile wys of further developments of the projetF he present sttus of this reserh projet on the tuly IWQR series of erthqukes in nm nd further developments re presented hereF
MACROSEISMIC EFFECTS OF THE 23 APRIL 1909 EARTHQUAKE NEAR BENAVENTE (PORTUGAL)  ID 1980
J. Batll, Observatori de l'Ebre. CSIC - URL, Spain B. Palombo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanismo, Italy P. Teves-Costa, Centro de Geosica da Univ. de Lisboa e DF-FCUL, Portugal

he stteEofEtheErt on the severl erthqukes tht fE feted western omni during the (rst prt of the lst enturyD is minly sed on mroseismi dt with very unertin intensity dt pointsF et times mgnitude nd epientrl oordintes hve een determined from historil tlogues @eFgF urnikD IWTVAF he min events tht ourred in the region re lso present in the list of erthqukes inluded in the iuroeismos projet @httpXGGstoringFingvFitGesweAF por this study we hoseD on the sis of the degree of dmge doumented t the epientrl resD the Wth ! PUth ytoer IWIS seismi sequene with min shok of the IWth ytoer t HVXRQXSR qw @soassEsss wuAD the erthquke on Tth eptemer IWQT t RXRWXHP qw @soass wuAD the QHth eugust IWRI t RXRIXRR qw eventD the erthqukes on PUth wy IWSW t PHXQVXPT qw @soassEsss wuA nd PPnd ytoer IWTH t IWXIUXRV qw @soas wuAF he lrge numer of the seismogrms otined from mny seismi sttions nd the seismi ulletins of the iuroeismos projet hve o'ered the opportunity to study nd review the prmeters of ll these events on n instrumentl dt sisF p to nowD PU seismogrms hve een olleted for the IWIS seismi sequeneD RH seismogrms for the IWQT eventD RI seismogrms for the IWRI eventD UI seismogrms for the IWSW event nd QH seismogrms for the IWTH eventF efter vetoriliztion with eseo softwre @httpXGGsismosFingvFitGteseoGA nd neessry signl orretion on the se of instrumentl onstnts of di'erent historil seismogrphsD it hs een possile to otin ressessment of the min seismologil prmeters of the eventsF en initil omprison etween these prmeters nd the sme ones extrpolted from the mroseismi dt nd from previous studiesD re desried hereF
RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF SEISMOGRAMS: THE EXPERIENCE IN THE EUROSEISMOS PROJECT  ID 2010
G. Ferrari, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy C. Roversi Monaco, Italy

he PQ epril IWHW erthqukeD with epientre ner feE nventeD hs een the lrgest surfe erthquke @wsaTFQA in the serin eninsul during the PHth enturyF hue to its importneD severl studiesD oth in ortugl nd pinD were developed soon fter its ourreneD ompiling nd desriing its e'etsF yther studies hve een performed in the lst yersD minly onerning its soure prmetersD reognizing gin its importneF es result of these studies seismi momentD fol mehnism nd other prmeters relted to erthquke fous nd otined from instrumentl reords of this erthquke hve een reviewed nd relultedF eentlyD the mroseismi (eld of this erthquke hs een lso reviewedF pelt intensities ll over the serin eninsul hve een reviewed nd ressignedF he new dtse ontins more thn RUS intensity dt points for this eventF his poses good opportunity to relulte fol prmeters from the mroseismi (eld using oxer toolF ytined results re ompred with the previously oE tined prmeters from instrumentl dt showing good greement nd give interesting inditions on how to use this methodology for further nlysis of the lrge erthqukes ourred in the serin eninsul in old timesF he lrge mount of seismogrmsD sttion ulletins nd mroseismi dt olleted for this erthqukeD s well s the results of previous studies out it poses unique opportunity to omine ll of them for the urte determintion of its epientreF vomx lgorithm for erthquke lotion hs een run using s

yver the lst twenty yersD the historil doumenttion of seismology hs een quiring inresing importne in the sienti( interprettion of historil erthqukesF es seismology nnot reprodue the experiments oserved in the lortoryD unlike other disiplines suh s physis or hemistryD the historil seismogrms nd their relted doumenttion ply fundmentl role in the study of the strong erthqukes of the pst IHH yers t lestF rious ftors hve often determined the dispersionD the destrution or the poor onservtion of historil seismogrmsF en oservtory equipped with numerous instruments nd long reserh trdition often (nds itself hving to del with thousnds of seismogrms reprodued on di'erent mediX smoked pperD photogrphi pperD etFF he people responsile for mnging these seismogrm rhives re fing growing demnd for these reordings nd t the sme time hve to del with the roder nd more omplex issue of how the seismogrms ought to e properly preservedF he reent experienes performed experimentlly within the frmework of the iuroeismos projet hve llowed us to fous on some of these issuesD s we hve sought to provide solutions nd generl methodologil guidelines to resolve in n eonomilly fesile s well s eptle wy the most pressing prolems in the reovery nd onservtion of historil seismogrms nd their relted historil doumenttionF e present our experiene with over PSDHHH seismogrmsD ll of di'erent kindsD oming

286

Poster Presentations
from numerous oservtories situted in the iuroEwediterrnen ountriesD over IDHHH of them hve een restoredF

SC-D 0
monitoring in the pront of the relleni er  in the frmework of the ypertionl rogrmme for idution nd snitil otionl riningF he uthors express their grtitude to rivvixsg iyviw goF @ivFiA for the seismi dt vilility nd hrF uennett fF vF xF for the plotting routineF
CRUSTAL VELOCITY MODELS FOR THE WIDE AREA OF CRETE ISLAND IN THE SOUTHERN HELLENIC SUBDUCTION ZONE  ID 577
E. Kokinou, Geophysics Dep. Aristotle University, Greece

SC-D 0: Crust and Upper Mantle Structures (Open Session  Posters Only)
Level 2
PASSIVE SEISMIC MONITORING EXPERIMENT IN THE DINARIDES-PANNONIAN SECTION ALPASSDIPS  ID 524
A. C. Kovacs, ELGI, Hungary F. Sumanovac, Zagreb University, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) E. Brckl, TU, Austria Z. Hajnal, USASK, Canada E. Hegedus, ELGI, Hungary G. Houseman, University of Leeds, UK G. Stuart, University of Leeds, UK R. Keller, UTEP, United States R. Csaba, ELGI, Hungary J. Oreskovic, Zagreb Univerity, Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)

E. Papadimitriou, Geophysics Dep. Aristotle University, Greece V. Karakostas, Geophysics Dep. Aristotle University, Greece F. Vallianatos, Technological and Educational Institute Crete, Greece

he givifesyx PHHH nd ev PHHP wideEngle reE frtion nd re)etion experiments overed the istern elpsD hinrides nd nnonin re with severl pro(lesFhe dt provided the shpe of the woho nd detils of the rustl strutureF sn the frme of the eve progrm VH pssive seismi reording sttions hve een deployed for the period of wy PHHS nd wy PHHTF purther IS sttions hve extended this grid long elp HU pro(le onneting the edriti region @sstriA nd est nnoni for two yers periodF ht will e evluted together with the ontemporry grpthin fsins rojet y reeiver funtion nlysisD teleseismi Ewve nd surfeEwve tomogrphyF sn order to enhne the ury of the ove methodsD detiled Ewve veloity model of the rust derived from the previous tive soure experiments will e utilizedF mples of dt nd preliminry results will e presentedF
PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON SHALLOW EARTHQUAKE SIMULATION FOR THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE HELLENIC ARC  ID 564
E. Kokinou, Technological and Educational Institute Crete, Greece F. Vallianatos, Technological and Educational Institute Crete, Greece E. Bouranta, Technological and Educational Institute Crete, Greece

he relleni udution one onsuming the remnnts of ethyn se)oor is suduting northwrd eneth grete sslnd s prt of the estern wediterrnen oeni lithosphere in ontt with the northwrd moving efrin ontinentl plteF grete is loted in the forer of the relleni udution oneF he northEdipping dtiEfenio' seismi zone is extending eneth grete to depth of out PHH umF xowdys the relleni r is ssoited with moderte rEprrell extension nd strong ompression perpendiulr to itF he relleni nppes re the dominting sequenes within the upper struture of grete sslndF wo mjor rok suessions ould e distinguishedD the preExeogene rok suession nd the xeogene rok suessionF he lrgest erthqukes ourred on nd round grete indite iE extension long xE striking fults onshore greteF xE extension domintes the o'shore regions south of gentrl nd estern greteD while norml nd thrust fulting is the predominnt mehnism south of istern greteF snformtion onerning deep onshore nd o'shore seismi re)etion experiments dtD topogrphi dt nd iliogrphy ws used in order to onstrut detiled veloity models for the re round grete sslnd nd tre the min sedimentry sequenes s well s deeper struturesF his work is supported y the projet reqye E iFFiFeFiFuF ss @projet titleX eismotetoni nd qeodynmi ettriutes of the outhern rt of the relleni erAF he uthors express their grtitude to rivvixsg iyviw goF @ivFiA for the seismi dt vililityF
1-D MODELS FOR Q-FACTOR IN THE CRUST IN THE VRANCEA REGION (ROMANIA)  ID 1649
L. A. Ardeleanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

win purpose of the present study is the simultion of ground motion evoked y shllow erthqukes in high omplex res suh s the southwestern prt of the relleni r in the wide re of grete sslnd @qreeeAF he modelling of nd rrivls t ner nd middle soure distnes is sed on uennett9s re)etivity methodF oint soure is onsidered in the present modelling e'ortD loted in the middle of fultF he seismi response to the point moment tensor soure is uilt up from the re)etion nd trnsmission properties of portions of the medi in the frequeny ! slowness dominF his llows ontrol of the propgtion proesses in the shllower prts of the model onsideredF he wve veloity model for the upper rust is sed on stremer re)etion experiments in o'shore re round grete sslndF he vertil heterogeneity of the upper rust in the study re is pprohed y dividing every lyer of the known veloity model in distint numer of suElyersF he PR tuly PHHRD m a RFT @rrvrd olutionsA erthquke hrteristis re onsidered in our simultionsF xE striking norml fulting is possily responsile for the ove erthqukeF he lultion sheme provides good representtion of the min nd rrivls t ner nd middle distnes nd n e used for oth soure nd rust studiesF his work is supported y the projet egrswihi sX 4upport of eserh ems of ehnologil idutionl snstitute of grete4D suEprojet entitled wultidisiplinry eismi rzrd

he omplex struture in the rne region @omniA is due to its prtiulr lotionD t the ontt of R tetoni unitsX the istern iuropen plteD nd the woesinD flk e nd sntrEelpine supltesF en pproprite QEh inhomogeneous model for the re is still under onstrutionD ut IEh lol veloity nd density models for vrious sites re lredy villeF he qulity ftor of the medium is the less known struturl prmeterD therefore we propose in the present pper IEh models for D pproprite for vrious ry pths in the regionF he models re estimted y ompring the syntheti wveformsD omputed using the multimodl summtion method in lyered nelsti mediD with the high frequeny reords of low mgnitude lol erthqukesF he results point out signi(nt lterl vritions of the est (tting modelsD inditing high ttenution of the seismi wves in the foredeep region from the ending of the istern grpthinsF
VERTICALLY INHOMOGENEOUS MODELS OF THE UPPER CRUST IN THE AIGION REGION OF GREECE, INFERRED FROM ARRIVAL TIMES  ID 1698
O. Novotny, Charles University, Fac. Republic H. Lyon-Caen, Ecole Normale Superieure, France J. Jansky, Charles University, Fac. Republic of Math. and Phys., Czech of Math. and Phys., Czech

287

SC-D 0
V. Plicka, Charles University, Fac. Republic of Math. and Phys., Czech

Poster Presentations
phsesF sn totlD QIV usle phses from ITT events were found t the IW sttionsF he numer of individul phses used t the vrious sttions rnges from R to STF nertinties @I sigmA rnge etween IFRo EWFTo nd HFHQ!HFQT s for ( nd dtD respetivelyF he fst polriztions t nine sites in southern qreenlnd re quite uniformly oriented roughly xExiF pour sites in entrl qreenE lnd show vrying orienttions of fst polriztionF hree sites in entrl northern qreenlnd show similr geometry to southern qreenlndF yne site in northernEwest qreenlnd shows no splitE tingF wo sites in northern qreenlnd show wek splitting nd estE westerly orienttionF ime delys rnge from HFR to IFR s nd n generlly not e explined y rustl nisotropy loneF he lithospheri thikness in qreenlnd is IHH kmF ime delys of up to IFR s indite nisotropy up to T 7 in the lithosphereF he uniformity of splitting orienttions in southern qreenlnd enompsses numer of struturl unitsD the uetilidin formtionD the erhen ore of the ontinentD nd the xgssugtoqidin nd emmsslik moile elts on the west nd est ostD respetivelyF wo sites in the inkin moile elt nd inlnd from the inkin in entrl northern qreenlnd show similr orienttionF his suggests ommon soure of nisotropy for this region tht is not relted to the retion of the individul loksF he di'erent geometry in northern qreenlnd suggests tht the soure proess is not urrently tiveF he irregulr geometry of splitting in entrl qreenlnd my e relted to the impt of the selnd plume t TH wF uey wordsX sherEwve splittingD nisotropyD lithosphereD qreenlndF
EFFECTIVE STRESS EVOLUTION DURING GASHYDRATE FORMATION IN THE DEPOSITING SEDIMENTS  ID 1795
E. Suetnova, Inst. of physics Russ. Academy o, Russian Federation

he western prt of the qulf of gorinth ttrts ttenE tion due to its seismilly tive fult system nd onsiderle seismi hzrdF hetiled studies of the seismi tivity of the region hve een rried out s prt of the soElled gorinth ift vortory @gvA rojetF por stndrd erthquke lotionsD the gv uses the ry lgorithm nd speil struturl modelF he model ws derived from pssive seismi experiment in roder re round the western prt of the gulfF e signi(nt prt of the seismi tivity is onentrted lose to the town of eigionF e sequene of smller erthqukes ourred there lso in the (rst hlf of the yer PHHIF sn the present pperD we hve used this sequene to derive lol struturl models of the eigion regionD omposed of homogeneous lyersD nd to ompre them with the gv modelF sn prtiulrD we hve used rrivl times from suEset of IQQ events tht were reorded y t lest T sttions of the southern prt of the gv networkD nd hd mgnitudes of over PFQF e vrint of the method of onjugte grdients hs een used to derive the modelsD s well s for loting the hypoentresF enlytil formule hve een derived for the rrivlEtime prtil derivtivesD needed in the methodF ynly models omposed of R homogeneous lyers with veloity inresing with depth hve een onsideredF e present set of stisftory models sed on the minimiztion of trvelEtime residulsF heir veloities re higher thn those in the gv modelF
UPPER CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, FLUIDS AND EARTHQUAKE SWARMS IN THE WEST BOHEMIA/VOGTLAND REGION  ID 1767
A. Bouskova, IG CAS, Czech Republic E. Faber, GFZ, Germany J. Horalek, IG CAS, Czech Republic Z. Hudov, IG CAS, Czech Republic

est fohemiGogtlnd erthquke swrms our in reE gion with omplex tetonis nd geologil strutureF st is interseted with two min fult systemsD iger rift nd wrinsk vzn fult zoneD xE fults were ltely desriedF wore thn one hundred minerl springs nd few hundred gs vents re loted t the intersetion of these fult zonesF wo uternry volnoesD uomorn rurk nd elezn rurkD re loted in the seismotive # # regionF eismi swrms reD generllyD ssoited with tive volnism nd geotherml (eldsF sts origin is usully explined s n intertion of the tetoni stress nd highEpressurised rustl )uids in suritilly loded rok environmentF ividene of the )uidEtriggered swrm erthqukes is lso noted from stle tetoni resD similr to the estern fohemiGogtlnd reD where some hnges of minerl springs nd gyP dishrge during seismi swrms were inditedF eismi network of sq nd sw ge with IH permnent lol sttions monitor the whole seismilly tive reF he gs dishrge in proximity of min fol zone ner xovy uostel hs een mesured y the pederl snstitute for qeosienes nd xturl esoures in rnnoverF e disuss possile reltions etween the erthquke tivityD prmeters of gs dishrge nd tive fults nd susequently their reltionship to seismi wves devitions @zimuthl dependenes of E nd Ewve veloitiesD wve kzimuth devitionsAF
ANISOTROPY BENEATH GREENLAND REVEALED BY SHEAR-WAVE SPLITTING  ID 1771
N. Ucisik, Niels Bohr Institute, Denmark O. Gudmundsson, Institute of Earth Sciences, Iceland W. Hanka, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany T. Dahl-Jensen, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark K. Mosegaard, Niels Bohr Institute, Denmark K. Priestley, Bullard Laboratories, UK

i'etive stress distriution in )uid sturted sediments determines their omption under the tetoni loding nd during the sedimenttionF o lulte e'etive stress evolution through the geologil history of sedimentry sin with formtion nd umultion of gsEhydrte deposits inside themD the mthemtil model ws developedF he model is sed on wxwell type rheoE logil visoEelsti low of sturted sediments deformtionF he soures of gs n e iogeni or thermogeni originF he system of governing equtions inludes momentum equtionD onservtion of mss equtionsD het trnsfer equtionD nd )uid )ow equtionF heposition of hydrte is determined y E onditions nd rte of gsEsturted )uidsF he oundry onditions inlude het nd gs )ux nd )uid sturted sediments depositionF wodel lultions show tht reltively low e'etive stress zones distriution strongly onneted to the position of gsEhydrte zone for ll resonle vlue of sedimenttion rteF qsEhydrte umultion in sediments leds to nonEmonotonous pro(le of e'etive stress long the depthD whih ould rete the formtion instilityF tudy ws supported y pf grnt HTEHSETSPTHE
HYDRAULIC OVERPRESSURE GENERATION IN SEDIMENTS, ITS DEPENDENCE ON GAS FLUXES FROM DEPTH  ID 1798
V. Cherniavski, Inst. of Mechanics, Moscow State University,

Russian Federation E. Suetnova, Inst. of the physics of the Earth, Russ. Academy o, Russian Federation

eismi nisotropy ws investigted y mesuring sherE wve splitting t IW rodnd sttions in qreenlndF e exmined mostly u nd uu phsesF plitting prmeters @fst polriztionD (D nd time delyD dtA were determined for these

ediments omption during their umultion nd urying my results in overpressure development t medium or gret depth of sinsF he ourrene of overpressure depends on sedimenttion historyF fut temperture nd pressure onditions in growing sedimentry lyer often re fvorle for forming gsEhydrte in shllow or medium depthF eumultion of gsEhydrtes leds to deresing of e'etive porosity nd drmtilly deresing permeilityF resented mthemtil model of )ow in porous medi with vrile porosity nd free surfe desries these trnsient proessesF wodel lultions show how the overpressure developed in dependene of gs )uxes from depthF

288

Poster Presentations
D. Lombardi, ETH, Switzerland

SC-D 0
J. Braunmiller, COAS, Oregon State University, United States E. Kissling, ETH, Switzerland D. Giardini, ETH, Switzerland

DSS AND SEISMICITY CATALOGUE HELP TO UNDERSTAND THE LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE BENEATH THE ITALIAN PENINSULA  ID 1874
S. Solarino, Ist. Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, CNT, Italy R. Cassinis, Viale Lombardia, 30, Italy

e further ontriution is given to more detiled knowlE edge of the rust nd upper mntle struture of the stlin regionD integrting the results of deep seismi explortion @minly hA with the updted tlogues of seismiityF e projeted the reorded hypoenters on vertil ross setions either ontining the interprettion of seismi results either long relevnt lines prllel or perpendiulr to themD dding some informtionD where villeD on the physil hrters of the upper lithosphereF he min onlusion of this study is tht the erthqukes re generted espeilly in the upperD rigid rust ut lso tht they onentrte ove the lterl disontinuities found y the h in the deep rust or t the woho oundryF roweverD in four res long the peninsul @iFeF the western elpsD the northern epenninesD the northEentrl epennines nd the glrin rA nd in one t its order @iFeF the hinridesA erthqukes re oserved lso in the upper mntle F yverllD the seismiity is deepening from north to southD where it rehes more thn RHH km depth long the sl tht guides the sudution of the sonin plte eneth the yrrheninF elthough the omputtion of mgnitude is not omplete for the whole tlogueD the ville dt suggest tht the mgnitude of deep events seldom exeeds SFHF he di'erent ehvior of deep seismiity in the four res on(rms tht the stlin eninsul is formed of setors hving di'erent geodynmi historyF
A P-RESIDUAL STUDY OF DEEP STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BENEATH SOUTHERN SCANDINAVIA  ID 1893
A. Bondo, Dept. Earth Sciencen, Denmark N. Balling, Dept. Earth Sciences, Denmark B. H. Jacobsen, Dept. Earth Sciences, Denmark

e lrge numer of geophysil experiments were rried out to unrvel the sudutionEollision tetonis nd the rustl struture of the esternEgentrl elpsF etive seismi experiments nd lol erthquke tomogrphy highlight rustl omplexities minly s Ewve veloities nd their vritionsF e omplimentry Ewve veloity model llowing onsistent lithologil interpreE ttion is missing so frF he reeiver funtion methodD whih exploits the Ewve signl generted t impedne ontrstsD n onstrin rustl nd lithospheri sle Eveloity strutureF eeiver funtion omplexity for the TH investigted permnent nd temporry sttions inreses rpidly from the northern forelnd to the highly deformed inner elpine zoneF he reeiver funtion omplexity orreltes with the southest dipping deepEiuropen struturesD mid to upper rustl wedgingD nd intense overEthrusting deformtion used y ollisionl shorteningF tust south of the snsuri lineD we detet the northest dipping edriti wohoF e lso provide new onstrints on woho depth in the southwestern elps where informtion from ontrolledEsoure seismology is sprseF he men rustl vpGvs rtio vries from lowEtoEmoderte in the elpine forelnd nd prelps unit nd rehes higher vlues in the eustrolpine nd ennini relmsF he lrger vlues possily re)et highEgrde metmorphism nd the presene of oeni rustl remnnts in the domin most strongly 'eted y the sudutionE ollision proessF reliminry results of modeling onverted phses generted t sedimentry nd midErust disontinuities will lso e presentedF
CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE NORTHERNMOST FENNOSCANDIA  ID 1982
F. Krueger, Institute of Geosciences, University of

OF

Potsdam,

Germany J. Schweitzer, NORSAR, Norway Masi Working Group, Norway

fsed on Eresiduls we study di'erenes in the seismi veloity strutures in the mntle lithosphere nd sthenosphere in southern xorwy nd the northern prt of henmrkF he study re overs the southwestern prt of the flti hield nd the southern prt of the ndinvin gledonides @outhern xorwyAD the northern prt of the orgenfreiEornquist one nd the northern prt of the xorweginEhnish fsinF he origin of the xorwegin mountins is still detedD nd some of the posed hypotheses hve ering on expeted Ewve residul ptternsF he orgenfreiEornquist one ws imged y the y projet s shrp trnsition etween the flti hield in outhern weden with thik lithosphere nd the xorweginEhnish fsin with thinner lithosphereF e similr trnsition etween outhern xorwy nd the xorweginEhnish fsin ws indited y erlier studies of yleighEwvesF he region of outhern xorwy is overed y totl of QS moile sttions @intermedite period s well s rodnd sttions lso used for reeiver funtionsA overing di'erent res nd time intervls etween PHHP nd PHHTF eout IS permnent network sttions re lso onsideredF sn the northern prt of henmrk one permnent sttion is presentD nd four moile sttions hve so fr een deployed during most of PHHS nd PHHTF reliminry dt nlysis shows little di'erene etween southern xorwy nd northE ern henmrkF efter topogrphi nd rustl orretions reltive Eresiduls re within HFUsF his is di'erent from oservtions of the y projet where strong lolized trnsition ross the orgenfreiEornquist one is oservedF owrds northwest the deep trnsition zone my not follow the ner surfe expression of the orgenfreiEornquist oneF
CRUSTAL CENTRAL  ID 1903 STRUCTURE ALPS FROM OF THE RECEIVER WESTERNFUNCTIONS

xorthern pennosndi is hrterized y rpid trnsiE tion from the newly formed oeni lithosphere in the xorth etlnti nd the erti oen in the estD over remnnts of the ledonin orogenyD the proterozoi greenstone elts to the rhi mteril in the istF e use dt from two temporry seismometer instlltions in IWWW nd in the yers PHHIEPHHR nd dt from permnent sttions to mp the rust nd upper mntle struture of northernmost pennosndi with pssive seismologil methodsX E Ewve reeiver funtions were used to imge the woho nd the uppermntle disontinuity depthsF E Ewve reeiver funtions were used to imge the lithosphereEsthenosphere oundryF por oth dt sets regionl verge veloity model ould e usedD whih ws onstruted from surfeEwve tomogrphyD seismi refrtion pro(lesD grvity modelingD nd trveltime nd wveform dt of lol eventsF grust is thikest in the proterozoi regions with more thn RS km nd eomes thinner towrds the ost in the est nd the rton in the istF wodeling of the reeiver funtions indite shrp rustEmntle trnsition in the ostl regionD smooth trnsitions in the enter nd gin shrper trnsitions in the istF he lithosphere thikness rehes from ISH km in the est to out PSH km eneth the rhi region in the istF he lithosphereEsthenosphere oundry is imged s wellEde(ned shrp disontinuityD proly less thn PH km thik with veloity jump of out PEQ 7F u splitting results indite n imprint of the ledonen ollision event on the lithosphere eneth the proterozoi eltsF
DEEP-SOURCE ANISOTROPY REVEALED FROM SHEAR-WAVE SPLITTING RESULTS FROM SOUTHWEST IRELAND  ID 2015
V. C. Do, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland P. W. Readman, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland B. M. O'Reilly, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland

289

SC-D 1
he oservtion of lrge splitting in sherEwve phses suh s uGuu is usully ttriuted to upper mntle nisotropy due to fossilized deformtion imprint in the lithosphereD or the in)uene of sthenospheri )ow @or othAF herEwve splitting mesurements hve een mde on dt from up to PQ temporry nd two permnent rodnd sttions in srelnd in order to investigte upper mntle nisotropy tht my e relted to the spetus uture oneF ht were seleted from out PHH deep nd shllow fous erthqukes with epientrl distnes of WHEIQH nd mgnitudes w b TFHF wost of the high qulity results re from erthqukes in outh emeri nd ist esiF everge dely times of out IFP s re oserved whih suggests n nisotropi lyer thikness of VHEIHH kmF enlysis of splitting in g nd m phses from previous ontrolledEsoure experiment in southwest srelnd hs on(rmed tht the rustl ontriution to the oserved nisotropy is no lrger thn expeted nd is not signi(nt ontriution to the overll nisotropyF he uEsplitting results show n unexpeted kEzimuthl vrition of fst diretionsD whih suggests tht there is suElithospheri soure of nisotropyF ivents from ist esi show fst polriztion diretions losely relted to the gledoninGrisn tetoni fri inditing tht this my e preserved in the mntle lithosphereF roweverD events from outh emeri give onsistently more northerly fst diretions tht do not pper to rry the signture of the suEontinentl lithospheri deformtion historyF purthermoreD there is no oservle lignment of the fst polriztion diretion with solute plte motion diretionD nd so no diret orreltion with mntle )owF esults from preliminry modelling sed on twoElyer nisotropy with ontriutions from mntle )ow nd lithospheri deformtion do not (t the oserved splitting ptternF rene more omplex origin for the oserved nisotropy is required to explin our resultsF
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE VOLCANIC CAMPANIAN AREA (SOUTHERN ITALY) FROM DSS AND TELESEISMIC DATA  ID 2033
G. Gaudiosi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -, Italy G. Alessio, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -, Italy D. Lobascio, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -, Italy M. Maistrello, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -, Italy G. Mele, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -, Italy G. Musacchio, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -, Italy T. Plenesch, BGR/SZGRF, Germany

Poster Presentations
eismi nisotropy is hrteristi feture of the upper mntleF st my e used either y present sthenospheri mntle )ow or y frozen signtures of former deformtion nd stress ondiE tions in the lithosphereF pper mntle nisotropy n e deteted nd nlysed y sherEwve splitting of distint wveEtypesD minly u nd uu phsesD of teleseismi erthqukes in the distne rnge from out WH to IQH degreesF sn our work we use dt from the qermn egionl eismi xetwork @qxAD the qrefenerg erry @qpA nd networks of witzerlndD eustri nd prneF fy determintion of splitting pE rmeters we re le to identify nisotropi regions nd their e'et on seismi wves nd enles us to interprete the results with respet to tetonisF everl investigtions @eFgF frehner et lF IWWVD innik et lF IWWRA sed upon dt of the (rst yers of the qx @up to IWWRA or on susets of sttions nd smll time spnsF he uthors found onsiderle splittings for most of the sttionsF por some of the sttions the diretion of the fst xis of the nisotropi mntle mteril is in greement with diretions of tetoni unitsD oundries nd stress diretionsF ythers show vritions in respet to k zimuth inditing more omplex nisotropy onditions @eFgF multiE lyerA or the in)uene of heterogeneitiesF xow more thn IQ yers of ontinuous seismi dt registrtion of qx sttions nd other networks re villeF he numer of erthqukes etween mgnitude SFH nd VFR nd dequte distne rnge is higer thn SFHHHF fy using puEmethods nd orreltion to the rvrd momentEtensor dtse we seleted events with su0ient energy t the studied phsesF sn our poster we will present this method nd some new splitting mesurementsD ompre them to the results of former studies nd disuss them with respet to tetonis @mntle )ow nd stress (eld of the lithosphereA nd twoElyer nisotropy modelsF

SC-D 1: 2-D and 3-D Crustal Models of Europe

Level 2
REFINING OF THE LET CRUSTAL STRUCTURE IN THE SOUTHERN TYRRHENIAN REGION, ITALY  ID 1562
B. Orecchio, Messina University, Italy

he gmpnin re @southern stlyA is one of the highestErisk volni re of the worldF wtF esuviusD the hlegren pields nd the sshi sslnd re tive volni entersF hese volnoes were uilt up on lrge gren re known s gmpnin linD ordered y the yrrhenin sin nd y the epennine hinF he interprettion of the ville oservtions otined through tive @deep seismi soundingA nd pssive @teleseismi reeiver funtionsA seismi investigtionsD llows us to otin detiled piture of the rustl struture of the volni reF ell refrtion pro(les olleted sine the erly UH9s nd high resolution onshore nd o'shore wideEngleEre)etion pro(les were modelled jointlyF he reeiver funtions tehnique hs een pplied to teleseismi events reorded y threeEomponent rodnd sttions instlled in the study reF e used erthqukes ourred within epientrl distnes of QHEWH degreesD with minimum mgnitude TFHF he results of the seismi investigtionsD performed in the reD suggest the presene of strong lterl veloity vritions in the rust e woho depth of out PS km is otined eneth the hlegren pieldsF he woho deepens symetrillyD oth towrd the x nd i edges of the gmpnin linD down to depths of out QS kmF en intermedite intrrustl interfe t depth rnging etween IH nd IQ km is well onstrined ll over the gmpnin reF yn the ontrryD lterl hnges in rustl veloity hrterize the surfe lyersF
ANALYSIS OF SKS SHEAR-WAVE SPLITTING TO INFER MANTLE ANISOTROPY BELOW CENTRAL EUROPE  ID 2045
M. Walther, BGR/SZGRF, Germany

e newD more detiled tomogrphi inversion of Ewve veloity nd pGs rtio hs een performed in the outhern yrrhenin region using n updted dtset inluding THHH erthqukes reorded t totl of SHH sttions nd IHH rti(il soures (red during h surveysF he imul lgorithm y ivns et lF @IWWRA nd the more reentD omohh method developed y hng nd hurer @PHHQA hve een employed for simultneous inversions of hypoenter nd veloity prmetersF yntheti tests hve een performed in order to etter hek the reliility of the threeEdimensionl models resulting from pplition of the respetive methods in region where the seismi network geometry is not optimlF he results of the present study hve een ompred with the most detiled tomogrphi model ville in the literture @freri et lFD PHHRA for the outhern yrrhenin region @gridEsping of RHkmAF s otin n overll improvement of the knowledge of the regionl rustl struture ompred to freri et l9s @PHHRA veloity modelD llowing in prtiulr to perform dditionlD more detiled tomogrphi inversions in suEsetors of the studied re hrterized y denser seismi tivityF snversion grid sping redution to vlues s smll s SEIHkm ws hieved in rustl suEvolumes underneth iily nd glriF eferenes freriD qFD gosentinoD wFFD qervsiD eFD querrD sFD xeriD qFD nd yrehioD fFD PHHRF grustl seismi tomogrphy in the glrin er regionD south stlyF hysF irth lnetF snterFD IRUX PWUEQIRF ivnsD tFFD ierhrtEhillipsD hFD nd hurerD gFrFD IWWRF ser9s mnul for simulpsIP for imging p nd pGsX

290

Poster Presentations
derivtive of the 4hurer4 tomogrphi inversion simulQ for lol erthqukes nd explosionsF q ypenE(le eportD ppF WRERQIF hngD rFD nd hurerD gFrFD PHHQF houleEdi'erene tomogrphyX he method nd its pplition to the rywrd fultD gliforniF fullF eismF oF emFD WQ@SAF
ESTIMATING CRUSTAL THICKNESS IN BELGIUM USING MOHO-REFLECTED WAVES  ID 1703
E. Sichien, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Belgium T. Camelbeeck, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Belgium J. P. Henriet, Ghent University, Belgium

SC-E 0
CRUST-UPPER MANTLE P-WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN YUNNAN, SOUTHWESTERN CHINA: GEODYNAMIC IMPLICATIONS  ID 1820
Z. Bay, Institute of Geophysics, China J. Badal, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain Z. Zhang, Institute of Geophysics, China

e present the (rst results of the determintion of the woho depth underneth felgium using re)eted nd Ewves @mE nd mEwvesAF revious studies suggest di'erenes of the woho depth in the di'erent prts of the regionF sn the lower hine imyment in the northestD the woho depth is onsidered to e shllow @PS kmAF sn the frnt wssif in the west the rustl thikness is supposed to e lrger @up to QV kmAF he southest of felgium is hrterised y the risn llohtoneD where the woho depth is round QH kmF sn this studyD mGmEwves of IQH wellEloted lol erthqukes registered y QU sttions of the permnent seismi network nd y moile sttions instlled y the oyl yservtory of felgium were usedF wore thn QUH mGmEwves were modelled to determine the woho depth with the following proedureF mErrivls re piked nd the lotions of the mEoune points re determined nd mppedF yver this mp PH x PH km grid is pled nd for eh grid ell n itertion is performed to determine the woho depthF he thikness of the rust vries etween PU nd QR km nd is slightly shllower in the northest of felgium @PWEQHEQI kmA thn to the southwest @QQEQR kmAF his is in greement with wht should e expetedX shllower woho depth when pprohing the vower hine imyment nd deeper woho underneth the frnt wssifF
UNCERTAINTIES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF REFLECTION EVENTS FROM THE SUDETES 2003 REFRACTION DATA  ID 1756
M. Novotny, Geophysical Institute CAS, Czech Republic P. Hrubcova, Geophysical Institute CAS, Czech Republic B. Ruzek, Geophysical Institute CAS, Czech Republic A. Spicak, Geophysical Institute CAS, Czech Republic

e hve investigted the detiled Ewve veloity struture of the rust nd lithospheri mntle eneth unnnD outhwestern ghinD using trvel time inversion involving (niteEdi'erenes to onstrin the struture ove the rystlline sementD nd the ylnvr inversion tehnique to jointly invert Ewve veloities nd re)etor depths for twoEdimensionl modelsF he Ewve veloity models re further tested y syntheti seismogrms nd the estE(tting fouguer grvity nomliesF he woho depth hnges from ST km north of unnn to out QQ km in the southern prtD nd from QVERH km west of unnn to RP km in the estern zoneF foth the rpidly vrying Ewve veloity in the deepest rustD whih hnges quikly to eome UFV kmGs in the topmost mntleD nd the undulted wohoD show omplex rustGmntle trnsition with strongly ontrsting veloity heterogeneities whih reh typil veloities of VFH kmGs t some sitesF he extremely wek nisotropy of the upperEmiddle rust suggests tht the surfe deformtion in estern iet does not extend to the lower rust nd is deoupled from the lower rustl )owF roweverD the pprent Ewve nisotropy of the lower rust nd upper mntle underneth (ve ross points leds to )ow regime in northEsouth diretion tht not only grees with ontemporry tetoni deformtionD ut lso provides n evidene for the rottion of the lower rustEupper mntle medium round the est rimlyn syntxF righ veloity nomlies in the lower rust might e explined s intrusion of mntle mteril or remining pthes of nient oeni rustF he nlysis of the omintion of dry lower rust nd wet mntle leds to rejet the simple sndwih model for the ontinentl lithosphere in the regionF

SC-E 0: Earthquake Prediction Research (Open Session  Posters Only)

Level 2
PRECURSORY SWARM PRECEDING MAJOR SHOCKS IS A REAL SEISMIC PATTERN FOR LONGRANGE EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION  ID 20
D. Shanker, Indian Institute of technology Roorkee, India H. N. Singh, Banaras Hindu University, India V. P. Singh, Banaras Hindu University, India

he interntionl wideEngle refrtion experiments yvyxE esi IWWUD givifesyx PHHHD ev PHHP nd hii PHHQ rried out in entrl iurope in the lst dede provided extensive seismi evidene of rustl und upperEmntle strutureF he min soure of unertinties in interprettion of kinemti dt is formed y the errors introdued during the phse orreltionF herefore the veloity determintion sed on the g nd n (rst rrivls is onsidered to e more relile in omprison with the depth determintion using the more unertin lterErrivl re)etion phsesF ine the rustl struture determintion is the (rstEorder tsk in seismi interprettionD we tried to nlyze this type of unertintiesF e ompred results of lterntive interprettions of re)etion dt from the hiiPHHQ pro(les HIEHS in the region of the fohemin wssifF he study summrizes min results otined in the following topisX i'et of spe undersmpling of orrelted wideEngle re)etions ! wht we n tully see on the regionl setions with ommonly used interEsttion step out Q kmD in prtiulrD t the ritil distnes due to wyry re)etion eventsF e lso ompred our results with ville gh time setions smpled in sustntilly smller stepsF emiguous wyry re)etions ! in the region of the fohemin wssif we do not oserve oherent wyry re)etion ut group of sterred re)etions oming from frgmentry re)etors in the rustEmntle trnsition zoneF eprt from stndrd modelling pproh giving smooth models with ontinuous struturl oundries we pplied two other methods to the depth onversion of the most pronouned group of wyry re)etionsF gompring these lterntive results we n evlute the vrine in struture determintion rising from dt unertinties nd method prtiulritiesF

reursory swrmG nomlous seismi tivity preeding lrge to gret erthqukes with w U 1 in northest sndi hve 2 een identi(ed using seismiity dtse from IVTH to IWVSF st is oserved tht with the exeption of three erthqukes @IWHVD IWIPD nd IWIVAD the lrge erthqukes of IVWUD IWRTD IWRUD IWSH nd IWSIGWISP were preeded y wellEdeveloped epoh of swrmG nomlous seismi tivity in spe nd time well efore their ourreneF igni(nt hnges in the nnul erthquke frequenies in the order of lowEhighElow rnging from HEHFSD HIEQQ nd HEHFU eventsG yer during the epohs of normlGkgroundD swrmG nomlous nd gpG quiesene respetively hve een oserved prior to these minshoksF he durtion of preursory gp is oserved to vry from II to IU yers for minshoks of w U 1 E 2 VFHD nd from PQ to PU yers for w VFU nd this period is dependent on the mgnitude of the minshoksF ellEde(ned ptterns of nomlous seismiity re oserved prior to IWTREIWTSD IP eugust IWUT nd QH heemer IWVR @m SFTAF ell these minshoks re preeded y seismiity ptterns in the order of lowE highE low similr to tht oserved prior to the minshoks from IVWU to IWTPF e predition ws mde using the IWTR swrm tht n erthquke of w V 1 ould our ny time from IWVT to IWWH in n re ound 2

291

SC-E 0
y PI E PS 1 x ltitudes nd WQ E WT i longitude within fol 2 depth of IHH RH km sed on wp nd p vlues in erkn yom fold eltF st is noteworthy tht the HT eugust IWVV erthquke with mgnitude U 1 nd fol depth IIS km hd ourred within the 2 delineted zoneF sn dditionD three onseutive swrm tivities re identi(ed in limited re within the istern yntxis nd these were not followed y ny minshok till dte nd ould e potentil zone for future erthqukeF
DYNAMIC PREDICTION OF SEISMIC HAZARD FOR THE CASPIAN-EASTERN TURKEY-IRAN REGION AND PIPELINE EARTHQUAKE IMPACTS  ID 126
O. Babazade, Centre of Seismology and Earth's Physics, Azerbaijan N. Babazade, Centre of Seismology and Earth's physics, Azerbaijan L. Griesser, Consultant, Switzerland

Poster Presentations
SCALING OF SEISMICITY AND DURATION OF THE FAILURE CYCLE  ID 321
V. Smirnov, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Federation

huring glol industril development of oil nd gs (elds in ny seismotive region designing of the min oil nd gs pipeline is prtiulrly importnt for the ssessment seismi hzrds in these regionsF his is one of the importnt tsks during ntiseismi onstrution nd for environmentl protetionF st is possile to prevent nd minimize possile losses y mens of normtive mps of seismi zontion designted for the gspin sin nd for oil nd gs pipeline routesF et present these mps signi(ntly underestimte the region9s hzrd nd urrent onstrution works re eing performed without the proper ssessment of this region9s seismiityF st is possile to solve prolems on ssessment of seismiity on new oneptul se y methods of dynmi erthquke preditionF uh longEtime dynmi erthquke predition for the gspinEistern urkeyEsrn region ws sed on systemi seismogeodynmi pproh to investigtion of erthquke fol zones nd on lok model of seismokinemtis of this regionF he resulting mp of dynmi regionlistion of the degree of seismi hzrds up to yer PHHT predited not only ple nd strength of potentil zones of the strongest erthqukesD ut lso the periods of inresed proility of their ourrene within the soure volume of the future minshokF en erly wrning system of utomti telemetry hve to e set up long with lol nd regionl monitoring networks to predit short nd medium term seismi hzrd zontion the interntionl erthquke monitoring nd foresting networkFF ionomillyD ontinuous opertion of lrge pipelines is extremely importnt euse of the huge energy ontent of the oil )owF he erthquke detetion system presented here onsists of elerometersD whih mesure the immedite e'ets of the erthqukeD nd pipeline deformtion sensorsD whih detet seondry impts to the pipelineF
AN ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE THE PHASE SPACE DIMENSION  ID 232
L. Kortas, CMI, Poland Z. Mortimer, AGH, Poland

he omintion of two sling lws E qutenergEihter lw nd the frtl geometry of seismiity @known s uni(ed sling lw tooA E llows to estimte importnt physil prmeter of the filure proessX the durtion of the filure yleF he estimtes of the durtion of the lithosphere filure yle re otined nd mpped from the instrumentl dt of the seismologil tlogues for the lst RH yersF e dependene of the durtion on the size of filure re @on the erthquke soure sizeA is estimted nd mpped tooF he estimtes re otined on two levels of detilX on glol E for min seismi elts of the irth nd on regionl E for seleted regionsF he vlues of filure yle durtions re within the intervl from hundreds yers to hundreds thousnds yersD verge dispersion of this vlue from region to region is one nd hlf E two orders generllyF pound rnge of yle durtion is in greement with known estimtes of the erthquke reurrene intervl derived from pleoseismologil nd geologil dtF he rnge of sptil vritions in the filure yle durtion omplies with urrent ides on the possile regionl vriility in properties of the lithosphere nd veloities of tetoni movementsF sn verge for ll regions in kground mode the durtion of the filure yle depends wekly on the sle of filure @on the erthquke soure sizeAF yn the ontrry this reltion is very right for trnsient mode of seismiityD prtiulrly for ftershok sequenesF gonsidered physil prmeters demonstrte the di'erene of seismi regime for two glol tetoni strutures E islnd rs nd oeni riftsF his work ws supported y the ussin poundtion for fsi eserhD projet noF HSEHSETSIPPF
NON-SEISMIC PRE-EARTHQUAKE SIGNALS: PHYSICAL REALITY  ID 427
F. Freund, NASA ARC/SJSU, United States

SEISMICITY

tudies of the seismi proess genertion re onduted on the se of nonliner dynmis ssuming tht the proess is multidimensionl with n unknown numer of dimensionsF hetermintion of this dimension is importnt for n estimtion of the predition9s possiilityF prom the time series of the epienE tersGhypoentersD mgnitudes nd the time etween two following eventsD the d dimensionl emedded spes re onstruted nd the orreltion dimension hP@dA is evlutedF he vlue of d for whih hP9s stilize ought to e onsidered s the phse spe dimensionF sn most ses @in our lultions nd in other pulished reserh worksA these vlues re di'erent for spes reonstruted from di'erent seismi vrilesF e hve tried to inorporte ll the ville vriles so tht they ll my simultneously in)uene the hPF he nlysis of the distnes etween susequent events on the trjetories of the seismi )ow llow for suh possiilityF e hve exmined the sets of the events from nturlly ourring nd mining indued seismiityD for whih the positive vlue of the vpunov exponent pointed t deterministi hoti ehviorF he min prolem ws to hoose the oe0ients whih normlize vriles so s to onstrut stisftory whlnois distnesF

irthquke hzrds re ssessed worldwide lmost exluE sively on the sis of proility models developed from seismi dtF roweverD it hs een known for long timeD in ft sine ntiquityD tht efore mjor seismi events the irth often sends out nonEseismi signlsF hese preEerthquke signls re very vriedF hose hnded down from nient times through orl nd written trdition tlk of strnge niml ehviorD of hnges in wter wellsD of erthquke fog nd erthquke lightsF wodern tehnology hs dded more omplex phenomen suh s ionospheri perturtionsD lowEfrequeny eletromgneti emissionsD nd )ututions of the infrred rditive )ux from the lnd surfeF ell these preEerthquke signls hve gotten  d nme in the siene ommunityF he reson is thtD until nowD noody hd een le to o'er physilly onsistent explntion how irth might e le to produe suh vried signlsF wny hypotheses hve een proposed ut ll seem to e )wedF s9ll desrie innovtive rok deformtion experimentsD whih demonstrte thtD when igneous roks re stressedD they generte eletri urrents ! like tteryF he urrents propgte through the roksF hey )ututeF hey use the rok surfe to eome positively hrged nd to shine in the infrredF uey is the disovery of eletroni hrge rriers tht normlly lie dormnt in the roks ut re wkened y stressF hese hrge rriers hve een overlooked in spite of dedes of intense studies of the eletri properties of roksF hey re defet eletrons in the oxygen sulttieD known s positive holes or pEholes for shortF he pEholes re longEdistne runnersF hey live nd trvel in the vlene ndF hey jump from grin to grinF hey n ross oundries etween di'erent types of roksF hey hold the key to understnd the diverse preEerthquke signlsF hey hold the key to resolve pst ontroversies in n mile wyF
THE BATTERY EFFECT: SQUEEZING CURRENTS OUT OF ROCKS  ID 428
F. Freund, NASA ARC/SJSU, United States A. Takeuchi, Niigata University: Chemistry, Japan

ELECTRIC

292

Poster Presentations
B. W. S. Lau, SETI Institute, United States

SC-E 0
envelope is reorded nd nlyzedF he min investigted e'ets re modultion of rpx y the irth tides nd temporl vritions of the rpx prmeters onneted with the lrge erthqukes preprtionF fefore lol lrge erthqukes synhroniztion of rpx tidl omponent with tidl wve of grvittionl potentil ws foundF fy IWWPEIWWT dt this e'et hd een otined from some weeks to P months efore erthqukes with mgnitude wbTFH nd epientrl distne h`PSH kmF o the stilized phse shift of the rpx yIEomponent efore strong erthqukes hs (xed vluesF sn given report we present exmples shown the onnetion of rpx tidl vritions with PP strong umhtkn erthqukes sine IWWP to PHHSF xew empiril wEh dependene for prediting erthqukes is shownF sn PHHQEPHHR in umhtk two deep erthqukes with mgnitude ner U ourredX ITEtunEPHHQD wwaTFWY IHEtunEPHHR wwaTFVF hese erthqukes were not only t short distneD ut they hve the sme soure prmeters nd wveformsF e n onsider them s douletF sn this se we n wit the similr ehvior of erthquke preursorsF st is shown tht the rpx nomlies efore these erthqukes hve similr durtion nd similr vlue of phse prmeterF woreover suh oinidene ws otined y dt of P rpx sttionsF st is onluded tht the nomlous vlue of tidl prmeter is linked with lotion nd prmeters of future erthqukeF rypothesis of onnetion etween phse stiliztion level nd soure ws on(rmedF xew methodil spets re direted to deresing of unertinty in sptil lotion during erthquke preditionF his reserh is supported y pf qrnt HREHSETSPIHF
RESULTS OBTAINED THROUGH THE ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD FOR SHORT-TERM PREDICTION OF VRANCEA (ROMANIA) EARTHQUAKES  ID 839
I. A. Moldovan, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania D. Enescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania B. D. Enescu, Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Kyoto, Japan

he ultimte gol of erthquke predition is to predit pleD time nd mgnitude of n erthquke within nrrow limitsF his gol my never e hieved to the stisftion of someD ut we should e le to do etter in the future thn todyF en importnt step would e to move wy from the nerly exlusive use of seismology to onstrut preditive proility modelsF e hve to tke into ount nonEseismi signls tht the irth reportedly sends out in ewildering vriety efore mjor eventsF hen we squeeze one end of IFP m long sl of n igneous roks suh grniteD we oserve two eletri urrents )owing out of the stressed rok volumeF yne @rried y eletronsA )ows diretly to groundF he other @rried y defet eletronsA )ows through the unstressed portion of the rokD out the fr endD nd to groundF he two urrents re of equl mgnitude ut of opposite signF hey re tightly oupled nd tend to )ututeF he defet eletrons tht n )ow through unstressed rok re hrge rriers in the oxygen nion sulttieD lso known s positive holes or pEholes for shortF ixtrpolting our lortory dt to geophysilly relevnt dimensions suggests tht eh ui kilometer of stressed rok n generte urrents on the order of IHHHEIHHDHHH mps )owing for dys or even weeks nd monthsF e hve firly good understnding of the nture of these urrentsD wht the dormnt preursors re tht exist in the roks nd eome tivted y stressF smportntlyD the urrents re not piezoeletri nor re they used y ny other proess disussed in the literture so frF uh stressEtivted urrents in irth9s rust hold the key to deipher wide rnge of eletriD mgneti nd eletromgneti signls tht hve long een reported in onnetion with impending erthquke tivityF
ACOUSTIC REGIME RESPONSE TO HARMONIC LOAD IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENT  ID 586
S. Stroganova, Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, (RAS), Russian Federation A. Ponomarev, Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, (RAS), Russian Federation V. Smirnov, Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, (RAS), Russian Federation

petures of ousti emission @eiA in smple of esterly grnite under on(ning pressure of ITH w were studiedF he preEfrtured ore ws deformed y unixil stress up to stikEslip eventsF he experiments were rried under onstnt strin rte of IHEU lGsF he xil lod ws modulted y sinusoidl virtion of PHH s periods nd few perents of mplitude pekEto pek reltive to min stressF his virtion tion genertes the synhronous vritions of eiF st ws found tht the most ler response to lod osilltions ws ppered during periods of ousti ftershok sequenes wheres the ousti nswer over sttionry ei period ws muh more wek @up to dispperneAF he min onlusion ould e done from these tests ! the synhroniztion of lod nd ei rhythms rises in the ourse of trnsient ousti regime when the medi psses in nonEstle stte nd hs high strinEsensitivityF he experiments were onduted in oopertion with hrF Ftnhits @qpD otsdmA in the lortory of rok mehnis heded y rofF hFvokner @qD wenlo rkAF he work ws supported y pf grnt HSEHSEHVHPPF
MONITORING OF TIDAL COMPONENT OF SEISMIC NOISE FOR EQ PREDICTION IN KAMCHATKA: NEW ASPECTS  ID 728
Y. V. Kugaenko, Saltykov, Kamchatkan Kamchatkan Branch, Branch, Geophysical Geophysical Survey, Survey, RAS, RAS,

he pper is sed on geomgneti reords mde t wuntele osu yservtory @omniAD during the time intervl from heemer IWWU to xovemer PHHSF he results of the dt proessing re illustrted in digrms of the mgneti impedne fz@tAGfx@tAD where fz is the vertil omponent of the geomgneti )ux density nd fx its horizontl omponentF he theoretil resons for using rtios fz@tAGfx@tA nd fz@tAGfy@tA of the geomgneti )ux density omponents s erthquke predition tools re (rst of ll providedF ine the roughly iEoriented fy omponent ws negligily smllD we found tht using D the time vrition of the men dily rtio fz@tAGfx@tAD ws oth right nd dvisleF he time vrition of fz@tAGfx@tA is losely exmined in orreltion with rne seismi tivityF his orreltion prove tht out IQR erthqukes of mgnitudes wbwo @woaQFTERFHD usully woaQFWD in the se of surustl erthqukesD while in rustl erthqukes woaPFVEQFHAD IIR @or VS7A were preeded y signi(nt perturtions of the mgneti impedne fzGfxF he preursor merit of the @tA rtio hs een signi(ntly improved y determining reltion etween the preursor time tp nd the mgnitude of the erthqukeF he preursor time tp is de(ned s the time intervl etween the eginning of the preursor mgneti perturtions nd the eginning of the predited erthqukeF
GEO-ASTROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS ON SIGNIFICANT GREECE EQS 1900-2005: IMPLICATIONS FOR EQ PREDICTION  ID 950
N. Venkatanathan, University of Madras, India N. Rajeshwara Rao, University of Madras, India

Russian Federation Russian Federation

he strtegy of identi(tion of lrge erthquke preurE sors in tidl omponent of highEfrequeny seismi noise @rpxA is developed in umhtk from IWVVF rpx is the seismi osilltions in frequeny rnge of the (rst tens of rzF ignl

eismiity of qreee is onentrted in estEtrending nd northestEtrending zones of deformtionF he estEtrending zones re most prominent in minlnd qreeeD re hrterized y predominntly norml fultingD nd hve produed erthqukes with mgnitudes of out UF he northestEtrending elts re hrterized y predomintely strikeEslip fult erthqukesF e northestEtrending zone of predominntly strikeEslip erthqukes

293

SC-E 0
ours o' the west osts of gephloni nd vefkdD western qreeeD nd other northestEtrending zones our eneth the eegen e est of the qreek minlndF hough there hve een severl ttempts t erthquke predition from di'erent perspetivesD this ttempt ims t estlishing the role plnetry on(gurtions nd their fores s de(nitive mens of erthquke preditionF hen two or more thn two plnetsD un nd woon re ligned more or less in line @H or IVH degA with the irthD then the irth would e ught in the middle of huge grvity struggle etween the un nd the plnetsF he grvittionl stresses would hnge the speed of the irth in its oritF hen the speed of rottion of the erth hnges the tetoni plte motion lso gets 'etedF o the plnetry fores in the opposite diretion to the rottion of erth t s triggering mehnism for the umulted stress t fults nd plte oundries to e relesed ruptlyF his does notD howeverD men tht erthqukes will our t ll edges of the plte oundriesF wo of the prmeters ontriuting to the triggering of n erthquke t ple re E A distne of epienter from the plnet position nd A diretion of fore ting t the possile epienterF prom the nlysis of signi(nt qreee erthqukes for pst IHS yersD the reltionship etween @iA vtitudeD vongitudeD nd wgnitude of the tremor nd @iiA distne from the plnet nd diretion of fores ting n e inferredF

Poster Presentations
PROBABILITY OF RADON EARTHQUAKES (M<5.0) IN OF ARMENIA  ID 1626 PRECURSORS OF THE TERRITORY

H. Hovhannisyan, Institute of Nuclear Physics PAS, Poland

he study ws performed t the ermenin xtionl urE vey for eismi rotetion @xAF por ssessment of the proility of seismi reliztion of rdon @nPPPA nomliesEpreursors in the territory of ermeni the study of eight seismi events @whih hve ourred from IWWH till PHHS in the territory of ermeniA were rried outF he studies hve een onduted sing on the dt reorded in PQ sttions of underground rdon mesuring network of ermenin xtionl urvey for eismi rotetion @xAF hile nlyzing them nd identifying the possile seismogeni nomlies the tmospheri tempertureD tmospheri pressure nd the nnul proess of rdon exhltion hve een tken into onsidertionF he method of nlysis pplied to the rdon nd erthquke dt onsisted of retrospetive identifying rdon nomlies nd resulted in SV preursory nomliesF ypology of nomlies ws rried out nd the prmeters of nomliesEpreursors were determinedF elso the prmeters nd the hrteristis of those seismogeni nomlies hd een identi(edF yn the sis of the irthquke esting wethodology @worked out y rFetrosynA the GG proility of seismi reliztion of rdon preursors hs een determinedF he min results re s followsX IF ell the nomlies re shortEterm nd lerly expressedF ypertive nomly @aHFIA hs een reorded only one in one sttionF he durtion of the nomlies rnged from I to PHU dysF he lowest proility of seismogeni nomlies is aHFI nd the highest one is aIFHF PF wen vlue of @A proility of seismi reliztion of shortEterm rdon preursors is RS7 in se of erthqukes @w`SFHA whih took ple in the territory of ermeniF

NEW APPROACH TO THE DETAILED QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE SEISMIC HAZARD  ID 1551
E. Rogozhin, Federation G. L. Reisner, Ioganson, Institute Institute of of Physics Physics of of the the Earth Earth RAS, RAS, Russian Russian Federation Federation Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS, Russian

he new tehniques for detiled quntittive ssessment of the seismi hzrd re developed t the snstitute of the hysis of the irth e inluding the extrregionl seismotetoni methodD trenhing nd speil deiphering of remote dtF sing the extrregionl seismotetoni method the (rst estimtes of mximl mgnitudes for di'erent regions of ist iuropen pltform nd djent seismi tive res re otinedF hese estimtes re diE reting hints for onduting the pleoseismogeologil investigtion y trenhing whih enles the reeiving dt on the ourrene period for strongest erthqukesF he speil deiphering of remote dt provides informtion on the reent tive geologil struturesF gomintion of these three methods enles the reognising the potentil seismi soures of strong erthqukesF

THE ESTIMATION OF THE PHASE SPACE DIMENSION FOR GEOPHYSICAL TIME-SERIES  ID 1699
A. Cherepantsev, Taganrog State University of Radioengineering, Russian Federation V. Smirnov, Physics Dept., Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation J. Qian, Institute of Earthquake Science, CEA, China

EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION - NEW STRATEGY  ID 1552

O. Kondratiev, Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS, Russian Federation

eny indiret preursor depends not only on the strinE stress hnge level of medium ut lso on the host of the other ftors whih often my e of more signi(neF foth the preursor set nd hrter of their mnifesttion n e diverse not only in eh seismi tive region ut lso in eh oservtion pleF he seprte or integrted preursors with lrge or smll distne of 'eting do not llow the solution of the opertive predition in term of evlution of the pleD time nd energy of erthqukeF husD the spei( own pproh of lol pplition for the erthquke predition should e developed for di'erent regionsF he onept of the tive ojetiveEoriented serh of the potentil soure zones nd reeiving the diret informtion on the medium prmeter hnges in these zones in the proess of the prepring nd development of the erthqukes @the soure monitoringA is eing proposedF

he ttention to developing of nonliner dynmis pprohes in the nlysis of the omplex geophysil (elds in mny respets ses on ler physil sense of estimted dynmi prmetersF heir vlues llow to estimte model regulrities in phenomen ehviourF he phse spe dimension of dynmi system is one of suh prmetersF he possiility of its estimtion on single temporl reliztion ws studiedF ime series of the long term oservtions of pprent eletril resistivity nd the reltive vertil displement of surfe re hosen s omponentsF ht wre otined in the snstitute of irthquke ieneD ghin irthquke edministrtionF pound emedding dimension maUEV for vritions of pprent eletril resistivity nd maT for vritions of the reltive vertil displement n hrterize omplexity of the dynmi system model of the given (eldsF roposed tehnique ws used lso for the nlysis of orreltion degree etween vrious dynmi systems nd its prmetersF sn this se the orreltion is understood s numer of the independent prmeters simultneously tking prt in forming of the dynmi ehviour of vrious physil (eldsF he lultions speifyD tht vritions of pprent eletril resistivity in perpendiulr diretions re produed y ommon system of the dynmi equtions while dynmi systemsD de(ning pprent eletril resistivity nd the reltive vertil displement of surfe re orrelted only in prtF es the vlue of emedding dimension of system pprent eletril resistivity E reltive vertil displement of surfe is maIPD the numer of ommon in)uening prmeters is naPF resented methods nd results n e used in development of omplex modeling of the geophysil proesses nd in new pprohes nd methods of retion of the prognosti hrteristis for physil (elds ehviourF

294

Poster Presentations
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY METHOD ON PRECURSORY PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH STRONG VRANCEA EARTHQUAKES  ID 1714
A. S. Moldovan, AZEL Designing Group, Romania I. A. Moldovan, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania C. Panaiotu, Faculty of Physics, Romania A. O. Placinta, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania Republic L. Kasparek, Republic

SC-E 1
T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Czech

J. Malek, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic V. Stejskal, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic

he proposed pper re'ers to omplishing multidisiE plinry reserh system on preursory phenomen ssoited with strong intermedite rne erthqukesD y involving ssoitive reserh methods whih to gther representnts of relted domins to united sienti(l e'ort of identifyingD dignosing nd hrterising the spei(l mehnisms of these phenomen9s ouring nd mnifestingF he pper9s min gol is to reserh the intertion mehnisms within the mrosystem onsisted y the three oupled systems E he lnet E he etmosphere E he pe nd whih re relted to phenomen tht might e hrterized s preursors of strong erthqukesD the uslity nd the mode in whih the three systems re reltedD y the mening of informtion disseminted y omplex infrstruture mde of monitoring units for spei( prmetersF st is proposed to develop multidisiplinry reserh system in the (eld of erth9s physisD tmosphere9s physis nd spe9s physisD whih to llow the studying of the possile orreltions etween the oserved phenomen @infrsoni nd vp eletromgneti emmissions nd geomgneti nomliesA t eh of the threeElyer stgesD y nlysing the mode in whih they re usl reltedF he infrstruture will e deployed in rne seismogeni re nd out of itD s wellF
RADON MONITORING IN FLUIDS IN SEISMIC AREAS  ID 1829
A. Riggio, OGS, Italy M. Santulin, OGS, Italy J. Vaupotic, Josef Stefan Institute, Slovenia F. Italiano, INGV, Italy H. Friedmann, Institut fur Isotopenforschung und Kernphysik, Austria

he rronovEorii fult zone @rpA is one of the most seismotive res in the fohemin wssifF rp is situted on the xi mrgin of the vrisn fohemin wssifF sts omplited nd longElsting evolution egun in the vte leozoiF huring the lst QHH yers three erthqukes with mgnitude w > R ourred in the re of rpF ine PHHS the re is monitored with smllEperture rry omposed of four seismi sttionsF woreoverD )ututions of groundwter level re oserved in (ve hydrogeologi oreholes @depth QS ! QHS mAD to study possile reltions etween seismi tivity nd groundwter regimeF sn PHHS two erthqukes ourred ! in eugust PHHS @w a PFRA nd ytoer PHHS @w a QFQAF foth erthqukes were preeded y n rupt inrese of groundwter level in the deepest one of the (ve oserving oreholesF hese nomlies were reorded IQ hours efore the eugust PHHS event nd QI hours efore the ytoer PHHS eventF
MULTIFRACTAL SCALING OF THERMALLY ACTIVATED RUPTURE PROCESSES  ID 2065
G. Ouillon, LPMC, France D. Sornette, ETH, Switzerland

he order re mong stlyD loveni nd eustri hd een hit y strong erthqukes in the pst @IQRV illhD ISII loveniEstlyAD nd reently in IWUT @priuliA nd IWWV @foveAF he tetoni strutures rossing the study re re uninterrupted nd in priuli there is rossing etween the elpine nd hinri hinsF e longEterm geohemil monitoring ws rried out in this reD nd it onsists inX n eustrin sttion t rmd illhD where the rdon onentrtion in therml spring is mesured y n ionistion hmerY three sttions loted in loveniD t fled nd rotvljeD designed to monitor rdon onentrtionD wter temperture nd eletril ondutivity in therml wter y frsol wg RSH proeY sttion loted in priuli @stlyA equipped with ontinuous rdon reording vus sintilltion ell @rssi of ilenA instlled in RHFS metres deep wellD united to meteorologil sttion mesuring tmospheri pressureD rinfllD ir tempertureD wter temperture nd groundwter levelD nd with frsol proe loted SH meters prt from the wellF he dt reorded in the sme site with oth rdon instruments hve een ompre s the dt reorded in two di'erent kinds of site @wter therml nd soil gsAF he onnetion etween the nomlies of hemil nd physil prmeters nd seismi events hs een explined y the diltny modelF don onentrtion in wter nd in soil gsD onentrtions of nions nd tions in wter nd meteorologil prmeters hve een nlysed for short nd longEperiod nomliesF por exmpleD geohemil dt evluted with seismologil dt oming from the priuli seismometri network sine IWUUD llowed us to relte the ehviour of the prmeter of the qutenerg nd ihter lw @IWRRA with the long period rdon onentrtion vritions relted to the geodynmi proessF
HYDROLOGIC PRECURSORS OF WEAK EARTHQUAKES IN THE BOHEMIAN MASSIF IN 2005  ID 1852
M. Broz, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech

e propose multifrtl stress tivtion model omE ining thermlly tivted rupture nd long memory stress relxtionD whih predits tht seismi dey rtes fter minshoks follow the ymori lw with exponent p linerly inresing with the mgnitude w of the minshokF e refully test this predition on erthquke sequenes in the outhern gliforni erthquke tlogX we (nd power lw relxtions of seismi sequenes triggered y minshoks with exponents p inresing with the minshok mgnitude y pproximtely HFI!HFIS for eh mgnitude unit inreseD from p@waQA HFT to p@waUA IFID in good greement with the predition of the multifrtl modelF e lso propose numeril implementtion of the modelD onsidering stohsti rupture sequenes on disrete network of fults sujeted to ntiplne loding stressF ih fult nuletes thermlly tivted seismi events whih n propgte in the systemF e study the sptil loliztion of strinD the distriution of size of eventsD s well s ftershok sequenes nd their dependene on the min inputs of the modelX tempertureD strin rte nd disorderF

SC-E 1: Earthquake Forecasting and Society

Level 2
THE SEISMO - SYNOPTIC METHOD OF SHORTTERM FORECASTING OF EARTHQUAKES : THE SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGH  ID 557
V. Bokov, RSHU, Russian Federation

he (ve yers9 experiene of opertive shortEterm foreE sting of surfe erthqukes on the territory of xorthern remisphere hs shown tht the forest of erthqukes with forestEtime intervl for P dys is rel implementtion of one of min sienti( prolems of mnkindF his outome ws rehed due to seismo E synopti methodF he method grounded on interply of sptil dynmis of tmospheri weights with exogeneti proesses of erth rustD nd lso with endogeni proesses of the upper mntle nd registrtion of solr tivityF et the sme time in ussi for severl yers exists wesite httpXGGqukevnFrshuFruD on whih in n opertive mode the skilled shortEterm forests of erthqukes with the justi(ene out US 7 re exposedF he

295

SC-E 2
given forests re developed on sis of seismoEsynopti methodF he vriility of tmospheri irultion in)uenes the ourrene of the si hringers of erthqukes @llotion of lithosphere gsesD hnge of sptil intensity of rdonD hnges of level of erth wtersD ousti noise etFAF he si hringers ppering t lengthwys of tetoni rek testify to umultion of super)uous pressure in terrestril rust nd out prospetive strong erthqukeD whih frequently does not ourF et the sme time the nlysis of synopti onditions points out preisely on ourrene of the spei(ed hringersD nd lso llows de(ning pleD time nd fore of erthqukeF he sttistil estimtions of justi(ene of shortEterm erthqukes for RDS yers re presented in the reportF QSUQ erthqukes with mgnitude from R up to U were predited during this timeD from whih PTUW were justi(edF he forests of lst destrutive erthqukes srn PHHPD elgeri PHHQD woroo PHHQD tpn PHHRD PT of heemer PHHR nd PV of wrh PHHS t umtrD V of ytoer PHHS kistnF he ury nd the justi(ene of short forests of erthqukes n e inresed up to WHEWS7 only in oopertion of the meteorologistsD geophysis nd seismologistsF
NEXT GREAT EARTHQUAKE IN TEHRAN-IRAN  ID 579
M. Ashtari Jafari, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. R. Hatami, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
temporl estimtesD show remrkle nomlies efore the reent ytoer PHHS to tnury PHHTD strong erthqukes ourreneD with mgnitude greter thn TFHihterD in qreek territoryF woreoverD in the frme of this investigtionD signi(nt nomlies hve een oservedD three more resF hese res re loted in the est prt of entrl eegen e @pordes sslndsAD in the outhern ist prt of the relleni r @hodenese sslndA nd in the est prt of grete sslnd respetivelyF hese nomlies n e interpretedD with high proilityD s premonitory stge of some strong erthqukesD with mgnitude greter thn TFH ihter within PHHTF eltive omprisons of the temporl vrition of exmined prmeter show tht there is no reltion etween prmeter logx with respet Evlue nd energy relesedD in the exmined resF yn the other hndD s it ws expetedD there is strong orreltion @bHFVA of vlue respet to the prmeter logiPGQF

SC-E 2: Deterministic and Probabilistic Prediction Methods: Theory, Applications and Case Studies
Level 2
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR THREE SITES IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES  ID 128
G. Aldama, Imperial College, UK J. Bommer, Imperial College, UK C. Fenton, Imperial College, UK

eismi tivity hnges in time nd speF st is possile to employ sttistil methods to model seismiity nd to predit its future vritionsF everl stohsti erthquke generting models hve een employed for this purposeF efter removing ftershoks smll erthqukes show oissonin distriution while gret nd medium shoks re onsidered to e temporrily lustered @nonEoissoninA in given zoneF e oissonin model my provide erthquke ourrene proility of ny size up to the hrteristi erthquke of the re whih is independent of the size nd the elpsed time sine the lst gret eventF gonsidering temporl lustering one n estimte the proility of hppening of future event in the given time intervl espeilly if there exist knowledge of previous eventsF ehrn the pitl of srn is loted within n tive seismi zone inluding severl tive fultsF he ity nd its surrounding re highly populted while gossips out ourrene of gret erthquke mke people to go out of their homes from time to timeF hen it seems resonle to forest the time to the next gret erthquke round this ity y sttistil tehniquesF o in this pper the elpsed times sine lst lrge erthqukes round this ity is relted to the onditionl proility of hppening of the next gret erthquke employing di'erent distriutions like eiullD yliegh nd retoF he unertinty in the prmeters of the mentioned distriutions is lulted lsoF
SOME RESULTS OF SEISMICITY TEMPORAL VARIATION FOR SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN GREECE  ID 1097
G. Papadopoulos, Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, Greece I. Baskoutas, Geodynamic Institute National Observatory, Greece

eently n e'ortD for the regulr monitoring of the spE tio temporl vrition of the seismiity in qreek territoryD hs een mdeD y mens of the pstfii softwre toolsF pstfii softwre ws developed in order to elorte seismi dt @erthquke tloguesAD mong other filities drw the time series of some seismiity prmetersD in seleted res t oneD with the im to sses erthquke hzrdsF fy the pplition of the previously mentioned tools the temporl vrition nlysis of the seismiityD expressed in terms of the logrithm of numer of erthqukesD energy relesedD logiPGQD Evlue nd men depthD hs een exmined for the period IWWH to tnury PHHTF sn this pproh the qulittive hrter of the temporl vrition of Evlue ws found to e independent on the pplied methodF woreover it is found lso tht the minimum representtive mgnitude doesn9t 'et reltive Evlue temporl estimtesF esultsD espeilly Evlue

gonstrution projets in the nited er imirtes @eiA re urrently fed with on)iting informtion regrding seismi design requirementsF ristori seismiity in the ei is reltively lowD nd oth pulished hzrd for the erin eninsul nd fg IWWU indite seismi hzrd su0iently low s to ignore erthqukeEresistnt design onsidertions for norml struturesF xonethelessD lol uthorities in the ei require the use of higher seismi design lods for tll struturesF he only supporting evidene for this is the qlol eismi rzrd essessment rojet @qreA mp nd reent pper pulished y reserhers in the eiF he former ws mpped y simulting the ttenution e'et of the seismiity in srnD nd the ltter uses seismi soure zontion tht is inomptile with the regionl seismotetoni tetoni frmeworkF es resultD oth mps severely overestimte the seismi hzrdF e present new proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis for three sites in the ei @the ities of eu hhiD hui nd 9s l uhymhA nd niform rzrd petr t di'erent return periodsF his hzrd ssessment uses detiled soure hrteristion model inorporting the ltest seismotetoni dt for the regionF e full tretment of unertinty is mde through logi trees to inorporte unertinties oth in the soure hrteristion ndD in prtiulrD the seletion of pproprite ttenution equtions for this region without lol strongEmotion dtF he hzrd urves for the three sites re presented showing the full rnge of unertintyF sing oth the men nd medin hzrd urvesD the pek ground nd spetrl elertions t return periods generlly onsidered for design re found to e signi(ntly lower thn those from previous studiesF his on(rms thtD for stndrd onstrutionD seismi design onsidertions re proly not requiredF roweverD the long period e'ets of distntD lrge erthqukes in the gros nd wkrn regions ould e signi(nt for very tll struturesF
ISTANBUL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAP  ID 509
I. Sanri, Bogazici University, Turkey S. Karapinar, Bogazici University, Turkey

he min purpose of this study is to otin the seismoE tetoni hrteristis of sstnul sed on erthquke risk nd vulnerilities of existing strutures ginst potentil erthquke in the regionF he distriution of struturl dmge due to

296

Poster Presentations
prole erthqukes of di'erent mgnitudes nd return periods is omputedF isk mps re produed for QH distrits of sstnul showing the geogrphil extend of erthquke hzrdF he si ide underlying this investigtion is the estimtion of expeted erthquke mgnitudes in the future from pst erthqukes in the regionF hereforeD the gol of the (rst prt of the study is to estimte the expeted erthquke mgnitude in sstnul with presried return periodF ristoril erthquke dt etween IWHS nd PHHR is used to evlute the seismi tivity in the reF sing the qumelEqutenergEihter pprohesD the erthquke risk for di'erent distrits of sstnul is lultedF pour di'erent erthquke senrios re developed with four di'erent return periodsF hese re PSD SHD US nd IHH yersF sing these senriosD the mximum mgnitude of prole erthquke to our in sstnul is estimted within presried periodF sn the seond prtD the dmge sttes of totl of SQVDWUU reinfored onrete strutures loted in the region re investigted using the ove mentioned erthquke senriosF he dmges due to potentil erthqukes on these strutures re lssi(ed nd the distriution of the dmge is estimtedF sn the onlusionD risk mps of prole erthquke dmge for the expeted oupny of life durtion re produedF
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY METHOD ON PRECURSORY PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH STRONG INTERMEDIATE VRANCEA EARTHQUAKES  ID 875
A. S. Moldovan, AZEL Designing Group, Romania I. A. Moldovan, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania C. Panaiotu, Faculty of Physics, Romania

SC-E 2
hirdD the results of the deterministi nlysis re ompred with the proilisti nlysis sed on ville dt from the ity of edpzri in urkey where dmges used y liqueftion were numerousF gonlusions for further tivities in this (eld will e drwnF
STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSES OF TBILISI, REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA  ID 1452
T. Godoladze, Georgia L. Hutchings, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States United National Survey for Seismic Protection,

he proposed pper re'ers to omplishing multidisiE plinry reserh system on preursory phenomen ssoited with strong intermedite rne erthqukesD y involving ssoitive reserh methods whih to gther representnts of relted domins to united sienti(l e'ort of identifyingD dignosing nd hrterising the spei(l mehnisms of these phenomen9s ouring nd mnifestingF he pper9s min gol is to reserh the intertion mehnisms within the mrosystem onsisted y the three oupled systems E he lnet E he etmosphere E he pe nd whih re relted to phenomen tht might e hrterized s preursors of strong erthqukesD the uslity nd the mode in whih the three systems re reltedD y the mening of informtion disseminted y omplex infrstruture mde of monitoring units for spei( prmetersF st is proposed to develop multidisiplinry reserh system in the (eld of erth9s physisD tmosphere9s physis nd spe9s physisD whih to llow the studying of the possile orreltions etween the oserved phenomen @infrsoni nd vp eletromgneti emmissions nd geomgneti nomliesA t eh of the threeElyer stgesD y nlysing the mode in whih they re usl reltedF he infrstruture will e deployed in rne seismogeni re nd out of itD s wellF
UNCERTAINTIES IN A DETERMINISTIC AND PROBABILISTIC APPROACH ON LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY  ID 1011
J. Buchheister, Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, Switzerland Y. Y. Bayraktarli, Institute of Structural Engineering, Switzerland J. Dr. Laue, Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, Switzerland M. Faber, Institute of Structural Engineering, Switzerland

he gusus is the one of the most tive segments of elpinErimlin ollision eltF fsed upon mroseismi e'ets historil erthqukes ourred within ilisi ity in ITVPD IVHQD IVHRD IVIWF yn PS epril of PHHS ilisi ws hit y mgnitude wsaRFS erthqukesF ilisi ity hs popultion of out IFQ w@out one fourth of popultion of whole ountryAD nd engineering strutures re generlly poorly designedF yver V people died nd IHH uildings ollpsed s result of the PHHP erthqukeF yur min onern is wht will e the e'ets of future possily lrge erthqukesF hue to politil nd eonomi resonsD no modern integrted nlyses of tetoni nd seismiity hs een onduted for the viinity of ilisi ityF e evlute previous erthquke tlogue to identify ohesive dtset of trvel time piksD perform oneEdimensionl veloity inversion to otin n verge model of qeorgiD use moment tensor inversion to re(ne the model ner ilisiD nd relote lol seismiityF e then inorporte these results with reent geologil nd literture studies of the tetonis to develop tetoni model for the viinity of ilisiF e used physilly sed strong ground motion predition methodology to predit the rnge of groundEmotion hzrd for erthqukesD long spei( fults or within spei( soure volumes nd to inorporte this into proilisti seismi hzrd nlyses@reAF
SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF VLADIKAVKAZ CITY  ID 1462
N. Nevskaya, V. Zaalishvili, Geophysical Center of Experimental Diagnostics, Geophysical Center of Experimental Diagnostics,

Russian Federation Russian Federation

ivlution of liqueftion suseptiility is 'eted y difE ferent soures of unertintiesF hese unertinties my e due to the pplied models s well s the limited vilility of dt from soundings nd di'erenes in qulityF sn the ontext of this pper some of the unertinties will e disussed sed on othD deterministi nd proilisti pproh using two stteEofEtheErt methods for evlution of liqueftion suseptiility in omintion nd stnd loneF pirstD deterministi proedures using the modi(ed hinese riteri nd the simpli(ed proedure re disussed sed on their sensitivity to input prmeterD whih might vry t the orderlineFeondD the sensitivity of the input prmeter is studied in proilisti nlysisD while unertinties of the soil prmeters hve een inorported into fyesin roilisti xetworkF

por seismi risk ssessment sed on the investigtion of geophysil nd geologil onditions inluding seismologil nd ground onditions of the territory of the xorth yssetiEelni there were formed dtse of seismi e'etD tlogue of erthqukes nd tive fults of the gususD etF fsed on the reeived dt there ws performed ssessment of seismi risk used y di'erent seismi souresF wodel of seismi energy ttenution ws seletedF pirst time for the ussin territory for suh prolem solution there ws used vlue of elertion long with the trditionl vlue of erthquke ourrene tht is intensityF hus we reeived lulted vlue of seismi e'et on the investigted territory @ldikvkz ityAF pirst time in ussi proility mps ws mde in qs tehnologyF vter there ws performed seismi mirozontion of the territoryF sn onnetion with work reliztion for the (rst time in the xorth gusus in the urn re there ws formed lol network of seismi oservtions onsisting of R modern seismi sttions heltEqeonF ttions were instlled in sites with di'erent soil onditions typil for the territory of ldikvkz ityF here re mny seismi reords reeived sine eugust PHHRF sn prtiulr there ws reorded erthquke hppened U tnury PHHS with the epienter in ghehny nd ourred on the territory of ldikvkz ity with the intensity of RF xext importnt prt of the work ws inspetion of uildingsD estimtion of vulnerility nd seismi risk estimtion sed on seismi onditionsF sn this work ll the reent hievements of the modern seismologyD engineering seismology nd erthqukeEresistnt onstrutionl engineering were used nd it ws undoutedly useful nd interestingF

297

SC-E 3 & SC-F 2

SOME ASPECTS OF STRONG EARTHQUAKES SOURCE AREAS SEISMIC MONITORING  ID 1919
A. Lutikov, Geophysical Survey of RAS, Russian Federation

Poster Presentations
tilizing historil seismi informtion nd dt setD lustering hs een omplished y fuzzy gEmen nd repling the predition to fuzzy reltionship s yiaxi@IAo xi@PAo xi@QAo sn this formultion the present mgnitude is dependent on the previous mgnitude nd the time of eventF elthough this kind of reltionship is desirleD ut due to the omplexity of omputtion within the frmework of the proility theoryD the oisson proess model is developedF e omprison hs een mde with pulished seismotetoni provines results inditing good greementD providing vlidtion of the proposed modelF
A METHOD FOR EVALUATING UNCERTAINTY IN SEISMIC HAZARD BASED ON A MONTE CARLO APPROACH  ID 345
T. Annaka, Tokyo Electric Power Services Co. Ltd., Japan T. Suehiro, Tokyo Electric Power Co. Ltd., Japan

hysilly justi(ed hoie of seismologil prmeters for seismi sitution monitoring direted to strong erthqukes preursors (nding is sed on the suppositionD tht the stress upuilding proess during the strong erthquke preprtion leds to simultneous hnges in seism tetoni deformtion proessF sn this wy the seism tetoni deformtion onept introdution is very importntF prom the expression of seism tetoni deformtion it is possile to derive two independent prmeters for seismi sitution monitoringX summrized slr seismi moment per the smpling intervl or umultive slr seismi momentD tht n e onsidered s the fenio'9s grph nlogD nd so lled order oe0ient or ordering index k @H`k`IAF st is possile to introdue ordering index k s the rtio of the mtrix norm of verge y the smpling intervl seismi moment tensor @gwA to the verge y this smpling intervl gw mtrix normF o void overwhelming in)uene of stronger events efore verging the gw mtrixes re normlized to the slr momentF st ws estlished tht the est smpling intervl for interprettion is Q yersF yrdering sndex ws used with the im of retrospetive seismi sitution nlysis in the soure res of U strongest erthqukes for the lst dede in di'erent regions of the orldF elmost in ll the ses one n oserve the minim vlues of k for PEQ yers efore strong i nd it9s inresing up to mximum in the moment of i nd in the eginning of ftershok proessF st ws foundD tht suh hnges of k is onneted to proess of steep modi(tion of kground seismiity in strong i soure reF he hrter of suh modi(tion is onneted to lining gw eigenvetors of kground events prtilly in prllel to gw eigenvetors of the min event on the eveD in time nd t one fter its ourreneF

SC-E 3 & SC-F 2: Time-Dependant Earthquake Hazard Assessment

Level 2

SEISMIC HAZARD PREDICTION IN SOME PROVINCES OF IRAN USING FUZZY LOGIC  ID 59

A. Noorzad, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Noorzad, Power and Water University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) N. Zamani, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e developed logi tree model for evluting unerE tinty in seismi hzrd for the unto distritD tpnF vogi trees provide useful tool for representing the unertinties in the vrious model prmetersF elthough disrete rnhes with disrete proility distriution re usully de(ned for eh node in the logi treeD the ontinuous proility distriution of the model prmeter is lso used for the nodeF sn the present study we used oth disrete nd ontinuous distriutions of the unertin quntitiesF e wonte grlo pproh of rndomly smpling the logi tree ws used to simulte distriution of seismi hzrd urvesF por representing the seismi tivity we used two types of seismi souresX @IA fult soure generting lrge hrteristi erthqukesD nd @PA kground seismi soure generting smll nd moderte erthqukesF e hrteristi erthquke model ws used for fult souresF vogi trees for fult soures were developed for mgnitudeE frequeny distriutionD seismi soure lotion nd geometryD temE porl modelD nd sde modelF e trunted qutenergEihter reurrene model ws used for kground seismi souresF vogi trees for kground seismi soures were developed for mgnitudeE frequeny distriution nd division of seismi soure zonesF vogi trees for ttenution model for S 7 dmped elertion response spetr were lso developedF he nodes re the seletion of ttenution equtionD site orretion oe0ientD nd stndrd error of ttenution equtionF wo types of distne mesuresD shortE est distne nd n equivlent hypoentrl distne from site to (nite fultD were used s the rnhesF he unertinty in site orretion oe0ient is represented y norml distriutionF wo rnh modelsD mgnitude dependent nd mgnitude independent models were used for the node of the stndrd error of ttenution equtionF nertinty in the hzrd ws evluted sed on the ove logi tree model using wonte grlo pproh nd displyed y perentile hzrd urvesF
HOW STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF FAULT CASCADING CAN ASSIST TIME DEPENDENT EARTHQUAKE MODELING  ID 696
M. Mahdyiar, AIR Worldwide Corporation, United States

he estimtion of seismi hzrd level hs signi(nt inE )uene on the design of di'erent struturl nd nonEstruturl elementsF elthough the si methodologies used in seismi hzrd nlysis re well estlishedD ut the omplex proess of erthquke ourrene in region nd unertinty in hzrd modeling whih is sed on proilisti method hs the following prolemsX irthquke event predition doesn9t follow oisson proess in ll regionsF ith respet to the lw of erthquke ourrene s ihterE qutenerg reltionshipD it is impossile to hieve the solution y mximum likelihood estimtion methodF o overome the ove shortomingsD it is proposed to simulte the unertinty of hzrd y fuzzy mthemtisF fsed on the pst erthqukes of regionD the events re modeled s nonEsttionry timeEseries in order to forest ll fetures using fuzzy reltionshipF rving relile ssessmentD the region should meet the homoE geneous seismi onditionF roweverD there is less ttention to onE trol this test in onventionl methodF sn the present reserhD the informtion of seismi events in srn onsisting of the soure nd seismotetoni ondition is rried out y qth nd qev lusterE ing lgorithm using fuzzy logiF ih luster is ssigned to seismi provine illustrting homogeneous seismi sitution in ordne to identil seismotetoni onditionF

he rupture pro(les of oth reent nd histori erthE qukes indite tht fult sding is ommon phenomenonF st hppens when djent fults or segments of fult rupture s unitF sn time dependent hzrd modelsD suh senrios would in)uene the reurrene rtes of single segment ruptures nd need to e onsidered in the time dependent nlysisF e true time dependent fult rupture model is physilly sedF roweverD onsidering tht most regionl time dependent hzrd nlysis use renewl modelsD it is informtive to investigte the e'ets of fultEsding senrios on stohsti time dependent nlysisF pormulting relisti fultEsding senrios hs eome n importnt onsidertion in onstruting regionl seismiity modelsF ypillyD expert opinion in onjuntion with geologi nd seismologi informtion is used to formulte the potentil sding senriosF tohsti modeling n id in the e'ort to quntify suh informtion into proilisti mgnitude rte distriutions for ll possile rupture senriosF e present stohsti sding

298

Poster Presentations
model for suh purposeF he model onsiders the unertinties in the input prmeters nd fult intertionsF he input prmeters for the model re the slip rtes orD lterntivelyD the reurrene rtes of the hrteristi erthqukes on ustive fultsF qeologi nd seismologi informtion is used to onstrin the modelF he results re estimtes of the mgnitudesD rtesD nd orresponding unertinties of ll potentil rupture senrios tht est represent the given informtionF e pply the model to the northern segments of the n endres fult system nd investigte the sensitivity of the time dependent nlysis to the input prmeters nd fults intertion ssumptionsF
TIME, SPACE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES FOR FAGARAS SEISMOGENIC REGION (ROMANIA)  ID 845
I. A. Moldovan, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania E. Popescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania O. Bazacliu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania M. Radulian, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

SC-E 3 & SC-F 2

importnt riteri for ssessment of long term seismi hzrd for suh modertely seismi regionsF
A PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF THE SUMATRA REGION, INDONESIA, USING STOCHASTIC MODEL  ID 1670
D. Sandron, University of Trieste, Italy P. Burton, University of East Anglia, UK Y. Xu, University of East Anglia, UK

he proilisti seismi hzrd ssessment @reA in denseEpopulted geogrphil regions nd susequently the design of the strtegi ojetives re primry sed on the knowledge of the seismiity prmeters of the seismogeni soures whih n generte ground motion mplitudes ove the minimum level onsidered risky t the spei( siteF he re dels with oissonin erthqukes distriution in spe nd timeF his ssumption implies the neessity of tlog ontining only independent eventsF por omnin territoryD esides the mjor impt of the rne seismi regionD hrterized y strong intermediteEdepth erthqukesD nother importnt seismi soure of rustl erthqukes is the pgrs regionD loted in the outhern grpthinsD whih should e tken into onsidertion when ssessing the seismi hzrdF he seismi regime of the region shows signi(nt lustering e'ets relted to erthquke genertion together with qurry lsts genertionF sn order to study the timeD spe nd size lustering of the seismiityD (rst we propose method to disriminte the qurry lsts in the existing tlogF eondD we foused our nlysis on the erthquke sequene generted ner the ini town in IWWQD onsisting of foreshok nd ftershok sequenes ssoited to min shok of mgnitude w a SFIF prtl properties re investigted in the timeD spe nd size distriutions nd their orreltionF e few notiele tendenies re outlined nd disussedF
SPATIAL VARIATION OF MAXIMUM CONSIDERED AND DESIGN BASIS EARTHQUAKES IN INDIAN PENINSULA  ID 957
K. Jaiswal, Project Lead, RMSI Pvt. Ltd, India R. Sinha, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, India

he umtr erthquke @WFH wD PTGIPGPHHRA is one of the lrgest erthqukes in the world sine IWHHF his erthquke nd its following tsunmi killed nerly QHHDHHH people nd used hevy property losses in widespred res round the sndin yenF his nd the following triggered erthquke @VFU wD umtrD PVGHQGPHHSA oth ourred in the und trenh E n importnt plte onvergent zoneD resulting from the movements etween the sndi or eustrli plte nd the iursi plteF st is neessry to mke the proilisti seismi hzrd ssessments for this region in di'erent wys euse of its tetoni omplexity nd the vriety of the rupture zonesF his study primrily uses stohsti modelling to mke the hzrd ssessment nd ompres these results with those from more trditionl pprohesF he wonte grlo modelling pproh is used to evlute the seisE mi hzrd proility for the whole reF fsed on nlyses pplied to the zones of ftershoks for the two reent strong erthqukes nd the IVQQD IVTID IVVI nd IWRI lrge seismi rupture zonesD the vrE ious proilisti ssessments for these zones re mdeF e further syntheti evlution ensues nd is lso disussedF he investigtion ontinues y using di'erent strong ground motion ttenution lws for this re nd its neighouring regions for the rndom simultionsF hese produe vried hzrd evlutions nd omined results for these re otined using logi treesF edditionllyD nnul rtes of seismi energy relese @nd equivlent mgnitudeAD the mximum redile mgnitude nd the orresponding witing time sed on strin energy relese nlysis re lso exminedF hese ring the prmeter dt set up to full strength for the ove proilisti seismi hzrd ssessmentsF
PROBABILITY MODELS OF MODERATE EARTHQUAKES BASED ON THE GUTENBERG-RICHTER A AND B VALUES IN KANTO, JAPAN  ID 1702
M. Imoto, NIED, Japan

he importne of relisti seismi hzrd ssessment for erthquke sfety hs een relized for long timeF igorous e'orts hve een mde during the lst two dedes in the sienti( ommunity to develop pproprite hzrd ssessment tehniques on proilisti frmework suitle for prevlent tetoni onditionsF his pper investigtes the proilisti ssessment of seismi hzrd ssoited with eninsulr sndi in terms of pek ground elertions for di'erent levels of ground shkingF st hs een found tht for mny prt of eninsulr sndiD the estimted seismi hzrd is signi(ntly higher thn the spei(tion in the urrent seismi zoning mp of sndi given in sndin tndrd ode of prtie for erthquke resistnt design @s IVWQEPHHPAF he investigtion lso indites tht there is sustntil vrition in the rtio of estimted pek ground elertion for wximum gonsidered irthquke @wgiAD tht orresponds to P7 proility of exedene in SH yersD nd for hesign fsis irthquke @hfiAD tht orresponds to IH7 proility of exedene in SH yersD for most of the regions of eninsulr sndiF uh vritions hve not een onsidered in the urrent s odesD whih gretly in)uenes expeted struture performne fter lrge erthqukesF st is lso found tht the wgi to hfi rtio is dependent upon the prominent seismotetoni zones of eninsulr sndiD whih is very

e ttempt to onstrut models estimting proilities of moderte size erthqukes @wbSFHA in untoD entrl tpnD with reurrent times of trget erthqukes onsidered in reverse reltion to the hzrdF sn estimting the reurrent timesD the nd vlues of the qutenergEihter reltion re estimted with miroEerthqukes nd the reltion is extrpolted to mgnitude rnge of trgetsF e onsider two lterntive sesY the se of the vlue vrying from point to point nd the se of the vlue remining onstnt over the whole spe under studyF etrospetive nlysis sed on the tlogue of the xsih untoEoki network for the period from IWWH to IWWW indites tht the model with onstnt performs etter thn tht with vrying F his implies tht the sptil vrition in will not work e'etively for estimting erthquke proilityF roweverD omprison etween the vlue distriutions during the kground period nd over set of timeEspe points onditioned y trget erthqukes suggests tht some informtion ould e otined from the vlueF sn order to inorporte vritions in into the model with remining onstntD hzrd funtion with single prmeterD D is onsideredD in whih norml distriution is dopted nd optimized to the dtF he vlue is distriuted independently from the distriution of the vlueF eppling these two prmeters to the formul for erthquke proilities y ekiD we otin n erthquke proility model using oth nd vlues whih performs etter thn either model of the qutenergEihter reltionD with onstnt or vrile

299

SC-F 3
TESTING AN ISING MODEL FOR PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT  ID 1755
A. Jimnez, University of Almeria, Spain A. Posadas, University of Almeria, Spain K. Tiampo, University of Western Ontario, Canada

Poster Presentations
seismi response simultionsX so lled lyered referene model wH whih is generl nd relisti representtive lpine vlley tht summrizes the min fetures deteted in di'erent lpine vlleys under studyY the etroz9 nd the wrtigny9 models representing the geology of the entrlGestern @ionD ierreD ispA nd western prt @wrtignyD wontheyA of the hone vlleyD respetivelyF he seismi response is eing omputed y the use of the diret oundry element method @hfiwAF he trnsfer funtions s well s the time series otined re disussed for di'erent sites of these models in the sope of studying spei( seismi site response in this type of vlleysF he simultion outputs re lso onvolved with strong motion reords @for hzrdEhrteristi mgnitudeEdistne pirsA produed y stohsti simultion nd downloded from the iuropen strong motion dtseF he results re ompred with the regionl hzrd in terms of response spetr for rok nd the spei( sitesF
DENSE URBAN SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION FOR SITE-EFFECTS ASSESSMENT IN BUCHAREST, ROMANIA  ID 518
A. Aldea, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania I. Okawa, Building Research Institute, Japan S. Koyama, Building Research Institute, Japan N. Poiata, National Center for Seismic Risc reduction, Romania

revious works suggest tht the seismi ptterns n e modeled s ellulr utomton following n ssing intertion shemeF efter orsegrining of the eventsD oth sptilly nd temporllyD stte @tive or quiesent for seismi tivityA is ssigned to eh ell t eh time stepF henD seril of lttie on(gurtions @ptternsA is otinedF gonsidering tht eh ell interts only with its nerest neighorsD we n lulte the trnsition rules diretly from these ptternsF fy mximizing the mutul informtion etween the pst nd future sttes we n (nd the model whih ontins higher orreltion etween the ptternsF o omplish thisD grid serh in time steps nd numer of ells is mde ndD (nllyD we derive our ellulr utomtonF hese rules hve een proven to e similr to those of n ssing shemeD y using the serin tlogF sn this workD more tlogs hve een tested to on(rm this ehviorF pinllyD the ellulr utomton rules re pplied to the ltest ptternD nd we otin roilisti eismi rzrd wpD where the proility of surpssing ertin energy @equivlent to ertin mgnitudeA in the next intervl of time is shownF
APPLICATION OF BOOTSTRAP METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING THE TIME-VARYING STRUCTURE OF SEISMIC SERIES  ID 1879
B. Orlecka-Sikora, AGH, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Env. Prot., Poland S. Lasocki, AGH, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Env. Prot., Poland

idely known stndrd methods for resmpling the stE tistil smples hve een only reently developed into new rnh designed to operte on time seriesF sn se of dt dependent on time ootstrp smpling is rried out in wy tht ptures the dependene struture of the dtF e use this timeEvrying ootstrp to investigte the temporl struture of erthquke tlogues from seismotetonilly homogeneous res of qreeeF e lok ootstrp method is pplied to replite the originl seismi series preserving their dependene hrterF he replis form dtse for estimting the time dependent proility distriutionsF por this purpose oth model nd modelEfree pprohes re ppliedF he time vriility of the dt is (nlly expressed y time hnges of the proility distriution funtionsF

SC-F 3: Multiparametric Test Sites in Europe for the Evaluation of Ground Motion Amplication
Level 2
SEISMIC GROUND MOTION EVALUATION IN THE VALAIS : MODELLING AND RESPONSE SPECTRA  ID 308
S. Alvarez-Rubio, SED-ETH, Switzerland H. B. Havenith, SED-ETH, Switzerland D. Fh, SED-ETH, Switzerland

sn the frme of the tpn snterntionl goopertion egeny tsge seismi risk redution projet in omniD the xtionl genter for eismi isk edution @xgD fuhrestA instrumented in PHHQ seven sites in the northern hlf of the pitl of omniD fuhrestF he tsge donted instrumenttion @uinemetrisA onsists t eh site of Q trixil sensorsX one in freeE(eld onditions nd two in oreholesD one shllow orehole @round QHm depthA nd one deep orehole @with depths rnging from SHm to ISQmAF he network lredy reorded SP ground motions from IT erthqukes with moment mgnitudes rnging etween QFT nd TD nd the nlysis of these dt is presented in the pperF eently nother site ws instrumented with qeosig equipments y omnin e'orts @trixil sensors t freeE(eld nd in QHm depth oreholeAF he seismi dt is ompnied y veloity pro(les t ll the sitesD determined y xg in oopertion with okyo oil in PHHQEPHHS y downEhole testsD using equipment donted y tsgeF he xg seismi network provides useful informtion for the siteEresponse ssessment in fuhrestF st lso provides erthquke dt llowing heking the mpli(tions due to the upper QHm of sedimentsD whih is of interest for heking the site lssi(tions nd orresponding spetr from design odesF voted in fuhrestD iuropen pitlEity with high seismi risk exposed to rne surustl erthqukesD the xg seismi network @with IS instrumented oreholes t V sites where freeE(eld sensors re lso villeA o'ers vlule site for the evlution of ground motion mpli(tionF
THE JANUARY 8, 2006 KYTHIRA (GREECE) EARTHQUAKE: MICROTREMORS AND BUILDING DAMAGES IN CHANIA (CRETE)  ID 1094
F. Vallianatos, Technological and Educational Institute Crete,

Greece M. Moisidi, Brunel University, UK P. Soupios, Technological and Educational Institute Crete, Greece J. Makris, Technological and Educational Institute Crete, Greece M. Mucciarelli, Universit della Basilicata, Italy

sn the frme of the swyev @eismi rzrd nd elpine lley esponse enlysisA projetD ground motion mesureE mentsD PhEmodelling nd lol hzrd omputtions hve een rried out for the lisD the region with the highest seismi hzrd in witzerlndF rereD we will fous on modelling spetsD omputtion of site response spetr nd hzrd spetr for S towns in the deep sedimentE(lled hone vlleyX ionD ierreD ispD wrtigny nd wontheyF sn order to evlute mpli(tion e'ets t these sitesD Q types of models hd een used s inputs for

he e'ets of the lol geology on ground motion mpliE (tion nd the uilding dmges in ghni s onsequene of the tnury VD PHHT intermedite depth with epientre ist of uythir @outhern qreeeA nd mgnitude TFW re studiedF sn this diretion geologil survey ws performedD mirotremor nd refrtion mirotremor mesurements were reordedF e dense mirotemor survey of out SHH mesurements ws performed in the ity of ghni foused in the historil enter within the enetin lls of the ISth entury with gret historil nd rhiteturl vlueF he innovtive r ehnique hs een dopted sine it is

300

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nonEinvsive nd preise tehnique for dmge estimtion in urn resF hree min fmilies of resonne frequeny were otinedF sn some ses r spetrl rtios shows multiple peks due to the presene of omplex susurfe strutureF purthermoreD the efrtion wirotremor ehnique s proposed y vouie @PHHIA nd vi nd ix @IWWVA ws lso ppliedF his method is sed on A ommon seismi refrtion reording equipmentD nd @A on simpleD two dimensionl slownessEfrequeny trnsform of mirotremor reord tht seprtes yleigh wves from other seismi rrivls nd llows reognition of the true phse veloity ginst pprent veloitiesF xineteen sites in the roder re in ghni were mesured in order to mke lssi(tion nd preliminry evlution of sher veloity in the ner surfe strutureF sing dt from reonnissne survey on uilding dmges in the ity of ghni @greteD qreeeA fter the tnury VD PHHT uythir erthqukeD omprison of the r nd sQH results with the sptil distriution of dmges in ghni is presentedF eknowledgementsX his work is supported from the projet egrswihiX 4upport of eserh ems of ehnologil idutionl snstitute of grete4D suEprojet PFPFIS E wsVTQVR in the frmework of the ypertionl rogrmme for idution nd snitil otionl riningF
SITE EFFECT INVESTIGATION AT THE TITO TEST SITE (SOUTHERN ITALY)  ID 1720
S. Parolai, GFZ, Germany M. Mucciarelli, USB, Italy R. M. Gallipoli, IMAA-CNR, Italy S. M. Richwalski, GFZ, Germany A. Strollo, GFZ, Germany

SC-F 3
northern epenninesD entrl stlyF he moderteEmgnitude erthqukes of the IWWU mriEwrhe seismi sequeneD ourred RH km southest of quioD generted displements s lrge s T m within the sinF he lrge mplitude phseD not oserved outside of the sinD ws followed y lowEfrequeny wve trins lsting up to I minuteF sn order to investigte the mehnism of possile lol mpli(tion e'etsD di'erent kind of geophysil nd geologil investigtion of the sin strted within the frmework of the stlin hgEsxq projetsF sn prtiulrD the qp nd the sxq deployed two liner seismi rrysF he (rst one ws omposed of ten seismologil sttions with IEs reeiversF st operted from tune until heemer PHHSF he rry ws oriented northEsouthD pproximtelyX ll the sttions ut two were instlled on the sedimentry depositsF he remining two sttions @the northernmost nd the southernmostA were instlled on rok outrops t the edges of the sinF he seond rryD omposed y IH sttions with SEs reeiversD ws deployed long the min xis of the sinD nd is reording sine xovemer PHHSF por RS dysD the two rrys worked simultneouslyF e seleted dtset of PSH erthqukes hs een nlyzedF rG spetrl rtio results show tht systemti lowEfrequeny @HFQEHFR rzA mpli(tion 'ets the sttions in the middle of the sinF he resonne frequeny peks re onsistent with the thikness nd the verge Ewve veloity of soft sediments derived from mirotremor mesurements in the sinF he onventionl spetrl rtio results show more omplex rodEnd @HFQEIH rzA mpli(tionF he nlysis of seleted reords y mens of sonogrm pproh highlights the rrivl of strong lte phses inresing the signl durtion t the sttions loted in the middle of the sinF
TEST SITES IN EUROPE FOR THE EVALUATION OF GROUND MOTION AMPLIFICATION: SITE RESPONSE OF THE GUBBIO BASIN (CENTRAL ITALY) USING GEOLOGICAL DATA AND SEISMIC NOISE MEASUREMENTS  ID 1858
V. D'Amico, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Siena, Italy M. Picozzi, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Siena, Italy F. Baliva, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Siena, Italy D. Albarello, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Siena, Italy M. Menichetti, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Urbino, Italy F. Bozzano, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Roma 1, Italy S. Martino, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Roma 1, Italy S. Rivellino, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Roma 1, Italy G. Scarascia Mugnozza, Dip.Scienze della Terra - Universit di Roma 1, Italy

he town of otenz @outhern stlyA ws hosen s one of the stlin test sites for prepring ground motion senrios within the frmework of the hgEsxq PHHREPHHT projetsF tust next to the townD the villge of ito ws seleted s test re where di'erent tehniques for estimting site e'ets re to e pplied nd evlutedF hereforeD QH m deep orehole ws drilled nd downE hole mesurements performedF sn (rst time uinemetris fis C uP @oreholeA nd P C QQHH t the surfe were instlled in order to reord seismi noise s well s lolD regionlD nd teleseismi eventsF prom tune PHHS the dt were reorded y the ipisensor t the surfeD linked to the T hnnel uPF purthermoreD three seismologil miroErrys @utilising short period sensors nd digitizers with high dynmi rngeA were instlled in wy PHHS for reording seismi noiseF hi'erent quisition geometries were used in order to hek ny dependeny of the derived dispersion urves on the dopted nlysis method @iegD pEuA sn generlD the ieg method seems to provide more relile results in the low frequeny rngeF purthermoreD the soil veloity pro(les otined from the miroErry dt were ompred with the Ewve veloity pro(le derived from the downEhole mesurementsF e good greement ws oserved in the vlid depth rngeF pinllyD empiril site responses were ompred with those lulted numerilly from the Ewve veloity pro(les otined from miroErry dtF
TEST SITES IN EUROPE FOR THE EVALUATION OF GROUND MOTION AMPLIFICATION: SITE RESPONSE OF THE GUBBIO BASIN (CENTRAL ITALY) USING WEAK MOTIONS RECORDED BY LINEAR SEISMIC ARRAYS  ID 1770
F. Cara, INGV, Italy S. Parolai, GFZ, Germany G. Monachesi, INGV, Italy R. Milkereit, GFZ, Germany E. Gnther, GFZ, Germany G. Di Giulio, INGV, Italy G. Milana, INGV, Italy D. Bindi, INGV, Italy A. Rovelli, INGV, Italy

he plin of quio is loted in northwestEsouthest orientedD REkm wideD PHEkm long intermountin sin in the

e present results so fr otined y n extensive study iming t the geostruturl nd seismi hrteriztion of n intrEepennini sedimentry sin in the frme of reserh projetD (nned y the stlin heprtment of givil rotetionD devoted to ssess ground shking senrios t some test sites in stlyF win ojetive of the reserh is the de(nition of the geometry nd (rst order Ih hrteriztion of the lol seismi response of the quio sinF his sin is typil hlfEgren originted y dipping listri norml fult whih orders it on the i )nkD (lled up to out RHH m y ontinentl sediments of uternry geF o hrterize suh sedimentsD dt from IHH oreEholes were proessedF sn the entrl nd xi setorD re present grvelly deposits @in lluvil fns fiesA intere(ngered with deris fnsD wheres in the setor snds nd lys of )uvioElustrine environment re prevlentF o onstrin the geometry of the soft sedimentry overge nd to supply (rst order informtion out its s veloity strutureD numer of mient noise mesurements hs een rried onF sn prtiulrD over thn IHH sites hve een onsidered for single sttion mesurementsF et these sitesD resonne frequenies hve een estimted y the r tehniqueF elong these mesurementsD idimensionl rry noise reording hve een rried on t numer of sites to onstrin the lol Ewve pro(les up to SHEIHH m depthF he joint nlysis of these mesurements llowed (rst (rstEorder reonstrution of the sin geometryF purthermoreD it hs pointed out the presene of ler resonne phenomen inside the plin re nd lose to lrge prt of the sin edgesD in the frequeny rnge of HFREHFV nd IEIH rzD respetivelyF igni(nt resonne phenomen lk insted inside

301

SC-F 6
the historil entre of quio nd long the northestern edge of the plinF

Poster Presentations
this limittion nd the sene of guidelinesD ll funtions of the erthquke module ould e dptedF por the genertion of shking mps @hzrd moduleAD ttenuE tion funtions from the west ost region tht gree resonE ly enough with the ttenutions funtions proposed y the wiss seismologil servie n e diretly usedF ixisting soil lss mps ording to the wissodes n lso e imported nd used with orresponding mpli(tion ftorsF por the genertion of losses @loss moduleAD reserh projet with the pederl snstitute of ehnology of vusnne strted in PHHS in order to verify nd if neessry modify the frgility funtions E ording to the struturl hrteristis of the existing uildings in witzerlndF he projet is fousing t (rst on modern msonry uildingsD whih represent high perentge of existing uildings in witzerlndF sn PHHS s wellD the popultion dtse nd ntionl level dtses @level IA for generl uilding stok distriution in oupny lsses were reted sed on ntionl ensus nd ntonl insurnes dtF egionl inventory studies will e lunhed in PHHT in order to etter pture the distriution of the generl uilding stok in struturl lssesF
SEISMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION WITH BDSIS  ID 1471
P. Gueguen, LGIT, France C. Pequegnat, LGIT, France

SC-F 4: Geoinformation Technologies Oriented to Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk Assessment
Level 2
MANAGEMENT AND AIDED DECISION MAKING SYSTEM FOR EARTHQUAKE DISASTER REDUCTION BY MEANS OF A WEBGIS  ID 168
Y. Baohua, Earthquake Administration of Shanghai Municipality, China S. Wenzhong, Hong Kong Polytech Univ, China T. Xiaohua, Tongji University, China

e methodology for estlishing generl frmework of the informtion mngement nd ided deision mking system for erthquke disster redution y mens of eqs is presented in the pperF he rhitetureD funtionD design riteriD dt olletingD sptil nlysis nd opertion proedure of the system re ll introdued in detilF he informtion system for erthquke disster redution hs threeEtier rhiteture onsisting of expression servieD middlewreD nd dt servie tiersF he system dtse is omposed of four suEdtsesX seismi nd geologil dtseD n engineering environmentl dtseD disster relief resoure dtse nd n nlysis result dtseF he methods of estlishing dtseD nlyzing erthquke riskD estimting onstrution vulnerilityD prediting erthquke dmgeD nlyzing senrio erthquke nd erthquke in)uene (eldD quntifying eonomi losses nd sulties used y erthqukesD mking ided deision for postEerthquke emergeny response re studied y mens of qsF hese methods were rried into exeution in the form of the funtion omponents in the middlewre tierF sn order to further nlyze erthquke dtD the foundtionl informtion moduleD the erthquke loss module nd the emergeny response module re designed on the lient side y using eqs tehnologyF sn dditionD key tehnologies used for estlishing the informtion systemD for instneD middleEomponent tehnologyD optimizing ttempertion tehnology for sptil dtD lne tehnology etween vetor trnsfer nd rster trnsfer for sptil dtD re lso introduedF hese tehniques ensure tht the system is dvned nd prtilF sn the informtion system estlished y using ove tehnologiesD the informtion out erthquke disster redution n e shredD nd the erthquke disster dt n e llEround nlyzedF eided deision mking for postEerthquke emergeny response n e mdeF pinllyD hqing gity in ghin ws seleted to e the re of se studyD the ove methods nd tehnologies were on(rmed in the se studyF qood results were otinedF
HAZUS-MH ADAPTATION FOR EARTHQUAKE LOSS SCENARIOS IN SWITZERLAND  ID 785
B. Duvernay, Federal Oce for the Environment, Switzerland C. Herold, GRID, Switzerland O. Lateltin, Federal Oce for the Environment, Switzerland

fhsis is toolox dedited to the exploittion of the knowledge implied in the tretment nd the distriution of disrete or ontinuous set of seismologil dtF he ore of the system is reltionl dtse @out RH tlesA whih ontins ll the informtion neessry to the representtion of X quisition hins @from the instlltion sites with their externl rteristi to the mteril omponents of the hnnels with their instrumentl nswersAD events @loliztionsD mgnitudesD piks ! theoretil nd oservedAD reords @formtD sizeD mx vlueDFFFA he vrious tools ssoited with this se re diretly usle jv pluggin X if servie for distriutionX distrifhsisD whih mkes it possile for user to (nd reords on the sis of riterion mgnitudeD mplitudeD pientrle distnesD etF snformtion is presented here in textul formF geogrphil if servie for representtion of the sttions E events reltion for the seleted reords X rtofhsisF woreoverD this servie provides the representtion of the dt in qeEgrph forms nd llows for the intertive genertion of reports whih ontin the geogrphil nd grphi representtions of the seleted dt grphi user interfeX infhsis whihD when ssoited with set of lower level ommndsD filittes the instlltion of fhsis dtseF e will urrently present one of the implementtions of fhsis used for the prenh ermnent eelerometer xetworkF his dtset onsists in olletion of reords produed sine IWWS @to dteA y pproximtely ISH sttions in prne nd in the entillesF

SC-F 6: Geophysical and Civil Engineering Aspects of Hazard, Risk, and Mitigation for Major European Cities
Level 2
THE METHODOLOGY FOR PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS BASED ON EARTHQUAKE CONSEQUENCE  ID 352
Z. Wen, Institute of Geophysics, CEA, China Y. X. Hu, Institute of Geophysics, CEA, China

reEwr is loss estimtion qsEtool distriuted y the emerin pederl imergeny wngement egeny @piweAF st is ple of generting loss estimtions within the territory for erthqukeD )ood nd wind senriosF he types of losses lulted y the model re diret humn sultiesD diret physil dmge to uildings nd lifeline elements s well diret (nnil nd indiret (nnil lossesF he dpttion of the erthquke module of re for witzerE lnd hs een initited y the goordintion genter for irthquke isk witigtion of the wiss pederl y0e of the invironmentF he priniple of the dpttion ws epted y piwe under the reE strition tht the soure ode would not e essileF iven with

e method is proposed for proilisti seismi risk nlysis for struture loted t spei(ed site diretly onsidering proility of erthquke eventsD nd the ssoited onsequenes @dmge or lossA over the de(ned time period other thn impliitly inferring seismi risk y estimting proilisti seismi hzrd nd trnslting the results of re into seismi riskF st n e

302

Poster Presentations
determined the dverse onsequenes tht strutureD people nd soiety might su'er s result of future erthqukesD nd estimted the proility of these onsequenes for some future time periodD hih is de(ned in terms of suite of seismi risk urves tht shows the proility of exeeding di'erent levels of onsequene levels t the site during spei(ed period timeF he most diret wy to mke proilisti estimtes of seismi onsequene @dmge rtioD eonomi loss rtioA is represented s funtion of erthquke mgnitudeD soure lotion nd type of soil onditionF hen seismi risk is ggregted diretly omining unertinties in the sizeD lotionD rte of ourrene of erthqukesD nd the vrition of onsequene proility distriution with erthquke size nd lotionF his llows the temporl nd sptil proilisti pttern of ll events from smll to lrge size to e modeled nd n e ple of hndling unertinties ssoite with ll the omponents of risk modelF es n illustrtion of the proedureD the seismi risk nlysis of site is presentedF
JICA TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT FOR SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION IN ROMANIA  ID 510
R. Vacareanu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania T. Kaminosono, National Center for Seismic Risk Reduction, Romania

SC-F 6
uinemetris seismi instrumenttion nd sent speilists from yy gorpF for the instlltionF he donted seismi network is divided in three types of instrumenttion tht re desried in the pperX @iA freeE(eld E outside fuhrest @T elerometersAD @iiA uilding E in the pitl ity fuhrest @R uildingsAD nd @iiiA freeE(eld nd orehole in fuhrest @U sitesD eh site hving freeE(eld sensor nd two instrumented 8 IR oreholes rnging from PRm to ISQm depthAF he xg seismi network ws instlled in PHHQF sn PHHR it ws enlrged with omnin investmentD nd new site ws instrumented in fuhrest t freeE(eld nd in one orehole with qeosig instrumentsF sn PHHS the genter purhsed other R seismi sttionsD one instlled in uilding in fuhrest nd Q sttions outside fuhrest in free (eld onditionsF ine it9s instlltion the xg network reorded more thn TH seismi motions from IU erthqukes with moment mgnitudes rnging from QFT to TFHF prom these erthqukes IS re from rne surustl soureD one from shllow soure in istern omni nd one from shllow soure in fulgriF ixmples of reorded nd proessed dt from the strongest event @wwaTFHD haWWkmA ourred on ytoer PUD PHHR re lso presented in the pperD together with synthesis of ll reorded motionsF
SEISMIC MICROZONATION BUCHAREST  ID 993
D. Lungu, UTCB/INCERC, Romania C. Arion, NCSRR/UTCB, Romania E. Calarasu, INCERC/NCSRR, Romania

OF

THE

CITY

OF

tsge ehnil goopertion rojet on edution of eismi isk for fuildings nd trutures strted in omni on ytoer IstD PHHPF he sope of the rojet is to strengthen the pity of erthquke relted dissters prevention tivities in omniF he rojet is the output of four yers of intensive e'orts mde y professionls from ehnil niversity of givil ingineering fuhrest ! gfD winistry of rnsportD gonstruE tions nd ourismD omniD xtionl fuilding eserh snstitute E sxgig fuhrestD tpn snterntionl goopertion egeny E tsgeD fuilding eserh snstituteD suku nd xtionl snstitute for vnd nd snfrstruture wngementD sukuD tpnF he durtion of the rojet is (ve yersF he shedule is s followsX @iA pirst yerX investigtion of omnin evlution nd retro(tting tehniquesY study of tpnese evlution nd retro(tting tehniquesY @iiA eond yerX olletion of existing dt on strong omnin erthqukesD soil properties nd vulnerle uildingsY @iiiA hird yerX performing struturl tests nd soil investigtionsY @ivA porth yerX drfting of tehnil mnuls on uilding seismi evlution nd retro(tting nd on seismi ground motion evlutionY @vA pifth yerX reviewing nd issuing of tehnil mnuls on uilding seismi evlution nd retro(tting nd on seismi ground motion evlutionF he implementing geny of the tsge rojet is the xtionl genter for eismi isk edutionD xgF he tivities re rried out y xg in prtnership with gf nd sxgig y jointly orgnizing testing lortories nd filitiesF huring the rojet periodD PR young omnin engineers re trined in tpnD Q tpnese longEterm experts nd PT tpnese shortEterm experts work in omniF iquipments for seismi instrumenttion of the omnin territoryD dynmi hrteriztion of soil nd seismi testing of strutures rising up pproximtely to PFPH million h is donted y tsge to omniD through xgF he pper desries the min tivities nd results of the tsge rojet within the (rst three yersF
A NEW DIGITAL SEISMIC NETWORK IN ROMANIA WITH DENSE INSTRUMENTATION IN BUCHAREST  ID 515
A. Aldea, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania T. Kashima, Building Research Institute, Japan N. Poiata, National Center for Seismic Risk Reduction, Romania T. Kajiwara, OYO Corp., Japan

he experiene otined worldwide regrding erthqukes ourred in the lst dedes hs shown the vriility with lol soil onditions of seismi motion hrteristisF henomen of di'erentited seismi mpli(tion s funtion of super(il geolE ogy were oserved in omni nd in the pitl ity of omniD fuhrestD during the IWUUD IWVTD nd IWWH rne erthqukes s well s in other more reent omnin erthqukesF es ompred to the rest of the ountryD with popultion of more thn P million inhitntsD fuhrest olleted the most signi(nt losses during the wwaUFS rne erthquke of wrh RD IWUUD IRPR people ded nd QP tll einfored gonrete uildings ollpsedF fsed on the ville dt otined from more thn RHH oreholes nd using the qs tehniquesD signi(nt soil prmeters were mpped for the territory of fuhrestF he geologil resultsD orrelted with @iA sher wve veloity mesurements in severl lotions hving depth etween QH m nd PHH m nd @iiA reorded seismi dt proessingD permits seismi mirozontion of fuhrest to e used s tool for urn plnning nd erthquke risk redutionF
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR VRANCEA EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMIC ACTION IN THE NEW SEISMIC CODE OF ROMANIA  ID 1003
D. Lungu, UTCB/INCERC, Romania S. Demetriu, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania A. Aldea, UTCB/NCSRR, Romania C. Arion, NCSRR/UTCB, Romania

sn PHHP the xtionl genter for eismi isk edution @xgD fuhrestD omniA ws reted under the umrell of winistry of rnsportsD gonstrution nd ourismD in order to implement the tpn snterntionl goopertion egeny ehnil goopertion rojet with omni entitled 4eismi risk redution for uildings nd strutures4F ithin this rojet tsge donted

he new edition of the ode for design of erthqukeE resistnt uildings nd strutures in omni IHH ws issued in PHHSF his ode will e enfored during this yer nd follows the formt nd ontents of iuroode VF he pper presents the kground of proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis used for onstruting the tul seismi hzrd mp of omniX reurrene of mgnitudesD ttenution equtions for pek ground prmetersD spetrl ordintes nd seismi intensityD sensiility of results with fous depths nd mxF redile mgnitude of the soureD etF e disussion on previous worldEwide hzrd studies for suustrl events nd on the orresponding ttenution lws is presented with ommentsF he pper lso presents the response spetr orresponding to vrious soil types nd reommends the design spetr to e used in the se of the shllow seismi soures in western omniF he ground onditions in omni re divided into vrious tegories using s the desriptor of the frequeny

303

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ontents of the lol ground motionD the orner period of response spetr DF he seismi design ode will e used within the new set of omnin odesX fsis of designD ind tion nd now tionF he new set of odes hs een prepred in PHHS t gfD ehnil niversity of givil ingineering fuhrest following the iuroode H nd iuroode I formt nd dtF
OVERVIEW OF SITE EFFECT STUDIES IN ISTANBUL  ID 2018
O. Ozel, Istanbul University, Turkey E. Durukal, Bogazici University, Turkey M. Erdik, Bogazici University, Turkey

Poster Presentations
inditors @density of popultionD outdoor re nrrow wy rtio to totl re in eh regionAF hen ehrn wuniiplity is divided to Q zones @lowD medium nd high levelA regrded to dmge of erthqukeF gonsequently it9s o'ered reommends out responding to erthquke risk in this wuniiplityF
LOWER TAGUS VALLEY, NEAR LISBON: LOCAL SOURCES VERSUS DISTANT OFFSHORE SOURCES  ID 1773
J. Fonseca, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal

sn IWWWD devstting erthquke struk the uoeliD edpzri provinesD nd prt of suurs of sstnulD densely populted region in the industril hertlnd of urkeyF pollowing the losses used y this erthqukeD there hs een rod reognition mong urkey9s governmentlD nonEgovernmentl nd demi orgniztions of the need for response plnning sed on detiled risk nlysis of likely seismi hzrdD mirozontion studies nd groundEmotion reserhes in sstnulF fogzii niversity9s heprtment of irthquke ingineering @uyisA rried out n urn erthquke risk ssessment study for sstnul with the support of snterntionl ed grossGurkish ed gresentF he metropolitn muniiplity of sstnul implemented projet on disster mitigtion si pln in sstnulF he ojetive of this projet ws to develop seismi mirozontion mps whih will serve s the sis for disster mitigtion pln for sstnulF uyis instlled the sstnul irthquke pid esponse nd irly rning system @siA in the metropolitn re with the im of providing relEtime dmge mps to third prties right fter n erthqukeF sn ddition to these tivities sustntil e'ort hs een devoted to the nlysis nd interprettion of (eldEdt in view of erthquke soure prmetersD soure modelsD lol site e'ets nd nerE(eld e'ets for oth pst events nd lso for future erthqukesD prtiulrly for senrio erthqukes representtive of the expeted lrge erthquke on the wrmr fultF purthermoreD gihsw of qermny nd uyis hve een implementing multiEdisiplinry projetF yne of the ims of the projet is to improve the knowledge out the in)uene of lol geology in sstnulF foth single sttion nd rry mesurements of mirotremors noise were onduted t eh si siteF sn distrit of sstnulD vertil rry ws instlled tht onsisted of four level lyout t PSD SHD US nd ISHm depthsF snEsitu nd l experiments were onduted for geotehnil hrteriztion of soil strtF

vison is strongly ssoited with erthquke disstersD due to the IUSS vison erthquke nd its enormous imptF roweverD there is widespred onvition tht suh lrge event @ wVFSA in region of slow deformtion suh s western seri @ SmmGy of onvergene etween the efrin nd iursin pltesA hs to e very rreD with severl enturies or millenni to ome efore its repetitionF elredy highly developed regionD the vower gus lley ontinues to develop fstD with lrge new projets for interntionl irportsD high veloity trinsD power plntsD etD without reful disussion of the ssoited seismi riskF fut the historil seismiity of the region revels signi(nt level of seismi tivity with lol soureD urrently referred to s the vower gus lley pult ystemF he ssoited tive fults remin mostly unknownD preventing n dequte ssessment of the seismi hzrdF he emphsis putD due to historil resonsD on o'shore soures of very lrge erthqukes my e distrting ftor s fr s the importne of the lol soures is onernedF his pper reviews the destrutive historil erthqukes with prole soure in the vower gus lleyD nd ttempts to improve the hrteriztion of the seismogeni tivity with pleoseismologil dtF yn shorter time sleD sne dt is used to investigte the urrent rte of seismi deformtionD nd disuss its possile meningF he pprent ontrdition etween the intrplte deformtion rtes in western seri nd the slow onvergene rte of the surrounding pltes is disussedF
MODELLING DAMAGE AND TSUNAMI SCENARIOS OF THE 1755 GREAT LISBON EARTHQUAKE  ID 1778
M. J. Jimenez, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera CSIC, Spain F. Vaccari, Department of Earth Sciences, University Trieste, Italy M. Garcia-Fernandez, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera CSIC, Spain F. Romanelli, Department of Earth Sciences, University Trieste, Italy T. Pinat, Department of Earth Sciences, University Trieste, Italy G. F. Panza, Department of Earth Sciences, University Trieste, Italy J. M. Martinez-Solares, 3. Instituto Geogrco Nacional, Spain

SC-F 7: Potential for Very Large Earthquake Disasters in the European Mediterranean Region
Level 2
ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE RISK IN URBAN SPACES  ID 1599
H. Javaheri, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Abiri Jahromi, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Saifoldini, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Falahi, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

irthquke risk indites its diret derived dmges in urn spesF hile urn onditions indite di0ulty in relief vting nd mission when irthquke is hppenedF herefore lssifying dnger nd dmge of erthquke nd urn onditions n help to experts nd deision mkers for ssessing dnger nd dmge of erthqukeF sn this pperD we tried to ssess erthquke risk in ehrn wuniiplityF herefore (rstD we exminnt dmge of erthquke in urn regions of ehrn wuniiplity y physil inditors @verge of erthquke intensityD dmged residentil uildings nd pproximte sulties in eh regionA nd urn

he gret historil erthquke ourring on turdy xovemerD ID IUSS used n immense soil impt t the time not only in the serin eninsul ut lso ll over iuropeF he erthquke known s the gret IUSS vison erthquke euse it destroyed the ity of vison ourred o'shore the serin eninsulF he erthquke used highest dmge in vison nd in the elE grve @south ortuguese ostA nd ws followed y tsunmi fE feting the xorth etlnti osts from u to worooF sn reent time the interest on the gret vison erthquke hs inresed nd numer of studies hve een rried out sed on di'erent pprohes nd dt nd pulished in the lst yersF till there is some ontroversy when trying to nswer questions suh sX here ws the erthquke lotedcD s the dmge nd ssoited tsunmi reported due to one or more erthqukesc ht ws the size of the erthqukec hih seismogeni soure n e the erthquke ssoited toc ht ws the soure mehnism of the eventc e numer of plusile lotions for the soure hve een proposed sine the erly works t the eginning of lst enturyD inluding loE tions lose to tht of the ww UFV IWTW event of gpe F ienteF ome uthors hve proposed the triggering of n inlnd erthquke just fter the o'shore event nd lso omposite soure inorpoE

304

Poster Presentations
rting the wrques de oml thrust fult nd the qudlquivir fnkF

SC-F 8
SC-F 8: Near Real-Time Damage and Loss Assessment due to Strong Earthquakes
Level 2
DAMAGE DETECTION FOR THE 2004 NIIGATA-KEN CHUETSU EARTHQUAKE USING SATELLITE SAR  ID 735
M. Matsuoka, Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Res. Japan K. Horie, Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Res. Ctr., NIED, Japan H. Ohkura, Nat. Res. Inst. Earth Sci. & Dis. Prev. (NIED), Japan F. Yamazaki, Chiba University, Japan Ctr., NIED,

he im of our study is to omine the use of ll ville nd most reent informtion from geologyD seismiityD nd historil reords on dmge nd tsunmi e'ets with the modelling of ground motion nd tsunmi senrios to disuss plusile soure hrteristis onsistent with the ville dtF

SOME UNUSUALLY STRONG, HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN GREECE  ID 1894

S. Stathis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Patras University, Greece

hree erthqukesD two regionlly destrutive events origE inting long the relleni erD nd one from the kEr region re exminedF pirstD ir PHHfg in hodes sslnd erthqukeD ssoited with bQm uplift whih destroyed the nient militry hrourD some rmps of whih re presently found severl meters ove seElevelF ilsti dislotion nlysis reveled tht ostl uplift is relted to reverse fult ontrolling RFSkm deep mrine sin nd the emergene of the whole of the islndF his erthquke seems to hve een n event muh lrger thn ertin mgnitude UFS erthqukesD ourring every IHHEPHH yers or lessD sometimes ssoited with tsunmis nd 'eting the istern wediterrnenF eondD the ehQTS erthqukeD ssoited with tsunmi whih destroyed prts of igypt nd its nniversry ws ommemorted for enturies s the hy of rorrorF gostl dt nd historil evidene indite tht this erthquke ws ssoited with the up to Wm ostl uplift of grete nd lrge sle destrution in n ist wediterrnen sleF ilsti dislotion nlysis permitted to identify tht this erthqukeD of min mgnitude VFSD ws relted to bPHHkm long fult nd thymetri esrpmentF hirdD n erthquke in the qulf of gorinthD ssoited with onsiderle ostl uplift in terrin hrterized y smll norml fultsF his erthquke used mjor destrution nd uplift of the only hrour in the reD presently Rm ove its initil elevtionD ondemning it to delineF sn n djent rokD nlysis of iologil remins indite n verge uplift rte of bQmmGyr for the lst VDHHHyersF uh erthqukesD silly dedued from ostl nd rheologil dtD indite tht qreee nd the istern wediterrnen re 'eted y some strong eventsD muh stronger thn those dedued from historil nd instrumentl dtD to whih the seismologil studies in qreee re usully sedF

eent erthqukes like the IWWR xorthridge nd the IWWS uoe erthqukesD highlight the importne of otining dmge informtion for uiltEup res t n erly stge in order to ssist resuming norml tivities nd for future reovery plnningF yntheti perture rdr @eA hs remrkle pility to reord the physil vlues of the erth9s surfeD regrdless of wether onditions or the mount of sunlightF fuilding dmge detetion tehnique hs een suessfully pplied to pst erthqukes suh s the IWWS uoe nd PHHQ fmD y using the ompound indexD whih is the vlue derived from the orreltion nd di'erene in intensities etween preE nd postEevent imgesF his tehnique ws pplied to the 'eted res due to the PHHR xiigtEken ghuetsu erthquke on ytoer PQD PHHRD y using one pir of drst imges tken fter the erthquke @ytoer PSD PHHRA nd efore the erthquke @ytoer ID PHHRAF roweverD it ws not possile to identify ny signi(nt distriution of dmged uildingsF sn this studyD we propose new tehnique y using two pirs of e imgesD to identify smller uilding dmge rtios ompred to previous tehniquesF he min ide is to minimize the e'et of signl noise nd temporl hnges of the erth9s surfeD on uilding dmge estimtionD y lulting the di'erene vlues from the two preEevent imges nd one postEevent imgeF sn mrosopi point of viewD the distriution of the deferene vlue of orreltion oe0ient in uiltEup res is in good greement with dmge y survey reportsF sn mkoshi villgeD loted in highlndD we lso ould lso identify lrgeEsle lndslides with ury s good s interprettion from eril photosF
INTERPRETATION OF EXPRESSWAY DAMAGES IN THE 2004 MID NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE BASED ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS  ID 738
Y. Maruyama, Chiba University, Japan F. Yamazaki, Chiba University, Japan H. Yogai, Central Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd., Japan Y. Tsuchiya, Central Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd., Japan

EARTHQUAKE ZONE  ID 1992

POTENTIAL

OF

SEISMOGENIC

V. Schenk, Inst.of Rock Structure & Mechanics, Acad.Sci., Czech Republic Z. Schenkov, Inst.of Rock Structure & Mechanics, Acad.Sci., Czech Republic

uggested proedure llows the present erthquke potenE til of ny seismogeni zone to e evlutedF st is sed on n existene of n erthquke tlogue tht hs to ontin dt on historil nd reent events reltively homogeneous in erthquke positions nd sizesF eismogeni zones should e delineted y mens of ll ville geologil mterils nd geophysil dt to put mximlly together the events of the sme seismogeni originF prom the events loted in the seismogeni zone under study the fenio' grph of energy relese is ompiledF st llows proilities of possile erthquke ourrenes nd their mgnitudes to e ssessedF roility lsses for oth phenomen mentioned ove re delivered nd few exmples of seismogeni zones of gentrl qreee re disussedF

sn the wid xiigt erthqukeD whih ourred on ytoE er PQD PHHRD the expresswys were losed just fter the erthqukeF wny mjor nd minor dmges were used euse of this erthE qukeF he tr0 regultion ws ontinuedD nd the expresswy ws tenttively reEopened on xovemer SF st took out month to open the regulr fourElne rodF sn tpnD it is ntiipted tht the oki erthquke is oming nd mny severe dmges re used in vrious infrstruturesF he expresswy network will e sujeted to severe ground motion in the oki erthqukeF prom this viewpointD it is importnt to grsp the dmges of expresswys t n erly stge just fter the erthquke so s to mke n e0ient tr0 ontrol nd rpid disster responseF he remotely sensed imgery dt otined from stellites nd irorne pltforms re e'etive to grsp dmge distriution due to nturl disstersF sn the PHHR wid xiigt erthqukeD vrious orgniztions hve investigted the possiility to grsp the dmge distriution sed on remote sensing tehnologyF sn this studyD visul dmge inspetion is onduted using eril photogrphs tken y qeogrphi urvey snstituteD tpnF fsed on the (eld photos tken y gentrl xippon ixpresswy goF vtdFD the degree of dmges tht n e deteted y eril photogrphs is disussedF sn ddition thtD imge dt proessing is performed to identify the dmged setions of the expresswysF st is expeted tht this

305

SC-F 8
tehnique will e pplied to the utomted dmge detetion of the expresswy networksF
DAMAGE ESTIMATION AND RESPONSE SIMULATION IN THE INTEGRATED EARTHQUAKE DISASTER SIMULATION SYSTEMS  ID 742
N. Kodama, NIED, Japan Y. Goto, NIED, Japan S. Kakumoto, NIED, Japan I. Takeuchi, NIED, Japan

Poster Presentations
support tivity t the tul opertionF wuniiplity ptil emporl snformtion ystem ws presented s prolem solving methodD nd then the prtie support to hieve the presented informtion proessing ws developedF he e'etiveness of this system ws used nd vlidted t the muniiplityF his study ws onduted s prt of the peil rojet for irthquke hisster witigtion in rn eres tht the winistry of idutionD gultureD portsD iene nd ehnology of tpnF
APPLICATION OF EARTHQUAKE DESTRUCTIVE INDEX CONSIDERING THE NUMBER OF EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE CYCLES  ID 773
A. Murata, Kanazawa University, Japan M. Kitaura, Kanazawa University, Japan M. Miyajima, Kanazawa University, Japan

yur studies on 4sntegrted irthquke hisster imulE tion ystems @sihA4 strted in speil projet funded y tpnese qovernment in PHHPF sih re omprehensive systems for disster mitigtionD those min two omponents re the spilEtemporl geogrphi informtion system @qsA for lol governments nd the disster informtion enter systemF he former system hs funtions for distrit informtion mngement nd disster informtion gtheringD nd helps with disster response of lol governmentsF end the ltter one hs funtions for detiled dmge estimtionD disster response simultion nd wide re imge proessing suh s eril photos or stellite imgesD nd helps lol governments with disster informtion proessing from outside of the disster siteF e report here the progress in development of dmge estimtion nd disster response simultion progrmsD nd lso the spilEtemporl qsEsed informtion provided to lol governmentsF hose re the min importnt funtions of the disster informtion enter systemD nd n e used not only for informed deision mking ut lso for ity plnning intended to mitigte the risk nd disster drill plnningF he dmge estimtion proedures followed y disster response simultions will e exeuted in the systemF sn prototype system urrently eing developedD the dmge estimtion funtions inlude the followingX erthquke motionD liqueftionD individul uilding dmgeD lifeline dmgeD ridge dmge nd rod lokge fter ollpsed uildingsF end the disster response simultions inlude the followingX (re spredD plnt (re spredD trnsporttionD serh nd resueD (re (ghting nd evutionF
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY EARTHQUAKE DISASTER PREVENTION INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON RARMIS  ID 743
H. Yamada, NIED, Japan T. Furuto, NIED, Japan N. Sasaki, NIED, Japan K. Fukuyama, Mie nuiv., Japan S. Kakumoto, NIED, Japan

sn generlD pek ground elertion @qeAD pek ground veloity @qAD seismi intensity nd spetrl intensity @sA hve een used s the indies of destrutive power on erthquke motionF roweverD it is quite importnt to onsider the numer of erthquke response yles in the viinity of the mximum response nd nturl period of strutures for prediting dmge to struturesF ispeillyD destrution of the wooden struture ws expnded y ftershok fter the min shok in PHHR xiigtEken ghuetsu erthqukeF sn this studyD the in)uene y umultion of the erthquke motion on wooden struture destrution is onsideredF he ftigue response spetrl intensity @psA of hving tken the repetition of erthquke motion into onsidertion is ppliedD nd reltion with wooden struture dmge is onsideredF his indexD whih is lled s psD is de(ned s integrted vlue on triprtite oordintesX nturl period of wooden struturesD pseudoEresponse veloity spetr nd numer of seismi response ylesF ps ws lulted y using the response to reent erthqukes in tpn suh s the PHHR xiigtEken ghuetsu irthquke nd so onF es resultD it ws lri(ed tht umultion of n erthquke motion in)uenes struture dmge nd the erthquke motion destrutive power index proposed y this reserh tht umultion of the erthquke motion y ftershok n e tken into onsidertion is e'etiveF fsed on this study it is onluded tht ps vlue demonstrte the dmge rtio more urtely thn lterntive indies suh s seismi intensityD qD nd s vlueF
PROGNOSIS OF DAMAGE FROM STRONG EARTHQUAKES ON THE BASE OF RELATIONS BETWEEN EARTHQUAKE PARAMETER  ID 1040
M. Rodkin, Geophysical Center RAS, Russian Federation V. Pisarenko, International institute of the theory of the progn, Russian Federation A. Gvishiani, Geophysical Center RAS, Russian Federation

he im of this study is to estlish the muniiplity erthquke disster informtion system sed on ews @isk edptive egionl wngement snformtion ystemA onept tht hieves disster redution y the solution of informtion prolemF st is importnt to design the system tht the funtion of ordinry opertion is le to orrespond in emergenyD nd it is shown to e le to onstrut the system stisfy the onept of ewsF his onept is hieved semless oopertion in ordinry nd emergenyD sptilEtemporl informtion proessing nd deentrlized nd independent informtion proessingF gertin opertion for the erthquke dissterD it is need to funtions surely when muniiplity filities su'er from erthquke dissterF st is importnt for them to hve ostEene(t performneD nd not required expense for erthqukeEresistnt equipmentF he development system tht onsists of hisster revention snformtion genter ystem tht does informtion proessing of innovtive tehnique nd expertiseD nd wuniiplity ptil emporl snformtion ystem tht proesses regionl informtion of disster s semless extension from dily work ws onstrutedF his system implemented the wie refeture eismi hisster redition ystem tht system is omposed of disster informtion enter system nd relEtime erthquke dmge predition systems for muniiplityF sn this studyD the support for reovery servie ws onduted t the muniiplity in the disster re of the xiigtEken ghuetsu erthquke in PHHRF vtent informtion prolem ws given from

ther frequently the mgnitude of dmge from erthE quke eme known essentilly lter thn the disster ours tht uses some disprity in the resue opertions nd in rendering of interntionl humnitrin ssistneF por timely tions the informtion out expeted numer of sulties nd loss vlue is ritilF he well known method of senrios of disster is known to present the proper informtion in ner rel time regimeF fut this method ruilly depends on the lrge volume of informtion out lol housing of the dmged region tht should e olleted nd preEexmined well efore the ourrene of dissterF uh detiled informtion in mny ses n e sentF sn these ses the simpler pproh n e usedF his pproh is sed on numer of empiri reltions tht were reveled etween the geophysil prmeters of dissters nd the regionl nnul per pit inome nd density of popultionF hese estimtes pper to e more preise for lrge dissters euse of the e'et of vergingF he ury of the method n e inresed if the urrent soil nd eonomi informtion is tken into ountF uh informtion is prtiulrly importnt if the eonomi nd soil sitution hnges rpidlyF fesidesD in order to improve the qulity of informtion on the popultion density in the epientre of disster the urrent night lights dtse n e usedF ixmples of the use of the presented pproh re disussedF

306

Poster Presentations
SCENARIO EARTHQUAKE CONSEQUENCES AND SEISMIC RISK MAPPING: CASE STUDY FOR THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS  ID 1266
N. Frolova, Seismological Center of IGE, RAS, Russian Federation V. Larionov, Extreme Situations Research Center, Russian Federation J. Bonnin, Institute of Physics of the Earth, France E. Rogozhin, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Federation O. Starovojt, Geophysical Survey, RAS, Russian Federation L. Chepkunas, Geophysical Survey, RAS, Russian Federation

SS 1
seismi virtions nd the dmge levels of uildingsF roilisti mtrixes vulnerilities hve done for ll types of uildingsF here were heked the possile dmges for fishkek ity prtment housesD whih sed on the spetrl displement methodF es the result hve got the mps of dmge level for ll of the types of the uildings with P7 nd IH7 proilisti exeedne in SH yersF

he pper ddresses methodologil issues for expeted dmge nd loss estimtion due to strong erthqukesD s well s individul seismi risk ssessment nd mpping with qsE tehnology pplitionF he priniple proedures for estimting seismi hzrdD vulnerility of elements t risk nd impt on popultion re presented in he wethods of irthquke gonsequenes essessment developed y ixtreme itutions eserh genterD eismologil genter of sqiD ussin edemy of ienes nd other orgniztionsD whih ws pproved y the ussin snterdeprtmentl goordintion ienti( gounil on givil hefense nd imergeny rolems in PHHHF he proilisti pproh is used in 4he wethods4 for foresting possile strong erthquke onsequenes nd vlues of seismi individul riskF 4he wethods4 llows to determine the numer of ftlities nd injuries due to strong eventD numer of homeless people in the striken reD numer of uildings nd strutures of di'erent types ording to wwuEVTD whih survived di'erent dmge sttesF he deris volume nd its hrteristisD numer of sites where uildings nd strutures should e strengthen or demolished nd other uxiliry indexes my e estimted with the proedure pplitionF he pper is providing the results of senrio erthqukes onseE quenes due events whih my our in the most hzrdous possile soure zones in the xorthern gususF he expeted soil losses due to di'erent senrio events proved to e rther highD ut tkE ing into ount the reourrene period aISHHEPHHH yersD the proility of suh events is reltively lowF he estimtions of individul seismi risk for the xorthern gusus territory ws ful(lled with tking into ount diret dmge to uildings nd with tking into ount seondry tehnologil identsF he otined vlues of risk vries from negligile ones up to rther high vlues equl to RHFHIH ESD IGyerF por more thn QH7 of the onsidered territory the individul seismi risk exeeds the vlue equl to IFHIHESD IGyerF
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC RISK IN BISHKEK CITY, KYRGYZSTAN  ID 1557
K. Murataly, Seismology, Kyrgyzstan K. Yrysmendi, Seismology, Kyrgyzstan

SS 1: Tsunamis in the European Mediterranean Region and the Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean
Level 2
MODEL TESTING OF TSUNAMI SAFE(R) HOUSE DESIGN  ID 1526
T. Indrasenan, University of Cambridge, UK M. Gopal, University of Cambridge, UK

esin tsunmi of heemer PSth PHHS limed more thn PPH HHH lives nd mde VHH HHH people homelessF he totl eonomi ost of tstrophe is estimted to e more thn IH illion eurosF hile tsunmi wning system is essentil for evution of people from ostl resD etter designs for ostl houses n improve their hnes of survivl in n event of tsunmi nd redue the eonomi nd (nnil loss to the ostl ommunityF his pper presents results of model testing of tsunmi sfe@rA house design y sunmi hesign snititiveD student inititive t rrvrd hesign hoolD in ollortion with wsshusetts snstiE tute of ehnology @wsAF he new house design hs four ore olumns insted of four solid wlls s in onvetionl designsD thus provides less resistne for the pssge of the wveF lls of wood or moo re uilt in etween the olumnsF e sle model @IGPSthA of the prototype new design ws tested in lrge wve tnk in whih tsunmi wve ws retedF e sle model of typil ostl ri lnkn house ws lso tested to show the tsunmi wve indued dmE ge to suh housesF he tsunmi wve ws reted y dropping hevy weight @ IHH kgA into the wter t the deepest end of the tnkF he sudden displement of wter in the deep end of the tnk reE tes the wve nd the wve propgtes to the shore where the model house ws pledF e high speed @IHHH frmesGsA video mer ws used to pture the tsunmi wve s it hits nd propgtes pss model uildingF he results from model sle testing showed tht the new design performed well under the wve lodingF he tsunmi wve pssed through the struture without using ny mjor dmgeF
SIMULATED STRONG GROUND MOTIONS FOR THE GREAT M9.3 SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE OF DECEMBER 26, 2004  ID 1963
M. B. Srensen, University of Bergen, Norway K. Atakan, University of Bergen, Norway N. Pulido, NIED, Japan

he results of the strong erthquke investigtions in lrge ountries of the world of the lst yers ws showed tht the numer of vitims etween the popultion nd the sle of mteril dmge would e more lessD if the seismi risk of populted territories will e vlued in timeD iFeF to relize the pln of seismi risk of mngementD tht mens the strengthening of existed onstrutions nd elorting of new onstrutions nd tehnology of uilding of erthqukeEresistnt uildingsF es the si theory hd een epted the qeologi ervie methodologyF he onsequenes of seismi risks re presenting of the strong erthqukes oserved drmti e'et on lol site onditionsF por exmpleX ovious di'ers of the sme style uildings onditionsD whih re situted on the ground with the di'erent site onditionsF por the de(nition of uildings seismi dmges hd een used the progrm of uyisvossD whih is sed on qs tehnologyF ith the help of given progrm softwre were got the urved vulnerilities for ll of the types of uildings in fishkek ityF hese urves show the umultive dmge vriety of prtment houses ording to the spetrl displements y the four dmge rtesX slightD moderteD extensiveD ompleteF por the evlution of possile dmges hd een used the vulnerility mtrixesD whih desries the dependene etween the intensity of

yn heemer PTD PHHRD devstting erthquke of waWFQ ourred o'shore xorthern umtrF hue to the size of this erthquke nd the ompnying tsunmi wveD disstrous onsequenes hve een oserved in severl ountries round the sndin yenF he tetonis in the region re hrterized y the oliqueD xxi oriented sudution of the sndinEeustrlin plte under the und miroplte with rte of TETFS mGyrF his olique onvergene results in strin prtitioningD where the trenh perpendiulr thrust fulting long the suduting sl ommodtes the iE omponent of the motionD wheres the xE omponent of the motion is proly ommodted y the rightElterl strike slip fulting long the qret umtrn pult nd the wentwi fultF oure prmeters of the heemer PTD PHHR event hve een used for modeling the resulting ground motions in the nery 'eted regionsF esults give n insight on the importne of ground shking in the totl destrution of ples like fnd eehD xorthern umtrD sndonesiF he

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SS 2
modeling is performed for multiEsperity (nite fult using hyrid proedure omining deterministi modeling t low frequenies nd semiEstohsti modeling t high frequeniesF esults show tht strong shking ws distriuted over lrge re inluding northwestern umtr nd its o'Eshore islndsF sn fnd eehD whih experiened signi(nt dmgeD edrok veloities rehed TH mGs with durtion of the shking of ISH sF he lrgest ground motions ourred ner the strongest sperities of the fult plneD where veloities of PHH mGs re modeled for edrok onditionsF
THE STRESS FIELD OF THE SUNDA ARC SUBDUCTION ZONE INFERRED FROM EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING THE MAINAND AFTERSHOCKS OF THE DECEMBER 26TH 2004 NORTHERN SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE  ID 2046
T. Plenesch, SZGRF/BGR, Germany K. Klinge, SZGRF/BGR, Germany

Poster Presentations
mngersD on one sideD nd for the oligtory erthquke insurne @yisA mehnism in urkeyD on the other sideF ih sle of plnning deision suh s mro @ountryAD mezo @metropolitnA nd miro @distrits of metropolitns nd medium or smll sized itiesAD my ene(t from it identifyD void nd redue the risksF yn the other sideD this inventory n e ene(il for the identi(tion of risks y the yis mehnism to derese the unertinty of riskD so tht to overome the informtion symmetry prolems like dverse seletion nd morl hzrdD whih re fed y the nturl hzrd insurne systemsF fesidesD yis n envisge tri'sD oinsurne nd dedutilesD whih myD in turnD ontriute to the urn risk redution strtegies s (nnil inentives tht my e e'etive instruments to implement lndEuse pln deisions with oopertion of entrl nd lol governmentsF his my provideD in turnD the yis to inrese the penetrtion rtio in the pool nd solve the insolveny prolemF
CRUSTAL STRESS, SEISMIC HAZARD, ACOUSTIC EMISSION AND INSURANCE  ID 176
A. Zanini, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy G. P. Gregori, International Centre for Earth Sciences, Italy G. Paparp, Institute of Acoustic O.M. Corbino, C.N.R., Italy M. Poscolieri, Institute of Acoustic O.M. Corbino, C.N.R., Italy

e use erthquke fol mehnisms to investigte the stress (eld of the und er sudution zoneF he (nl sope of our investigtions is to get three dimensionl imge of the stress (eld y resolving possile lterl hnges long the r s well s depth dependent hngesF o study the stress (eld we use moment tensor solutions of the rrvrd moment tensor tlogue nd pply the inversion method y qephrt 8 porsyth @IWVRAF yur dtset onsists of WTR moment tensors with mgnitudes etween ww a RFT to VFQ from the time period IWUU ! PHHQ whih over the tv nd umtr regionF yn the osion of the reent mgnitude W xorthern umtr event of PT heemer PHHR we extended our dt y its moment tensor nd UHP stronger ftershoks whih over the region of x umtrD endmn nd xior sslndsF p to nowD the following results n e inferred from the inversionsX IF felow tv there is hnge in the orienttion of the mximum prinipl stress xis I from suhorizontl in the shllow prts @H ! PHH km depthA to suvertil in the depth rnge of RHH ! TUH km nd vie vers for QF his result is in greement with stress nd strin onditions found in other sudution zones of the world whih show downEdip extension in the upper prt @H ! QHH kmA of the suduting plte nd downEdip ompression in the lower prt @RHH ! UHH kmA @eFgF epperson 8 prohlihD IWVUAF PF he region of x umtrD the endmn nd xior sslnds shows xE to xxiE orienttion of the IExisD whih is in greement with the xxi direted sudution of the sndin plte underneth the furm miroplteF

he timing of forthoming erthquke n e pproxiE mtely nd signi(ntly preditedD within some given lrge reD y mens of suitle reords of ultrsounds @ousti emissionD eiAD olleted t one lotion loneF gonerning the stlin peninsulD proxysm is oserved with n dvne of UEV months y mens of ei t PHH krzD nd with n dvne of P months y mens of ei t PS krzF st is resonle to expet tht shorter time dvnes n e ttined y mens of ei t some lower frequeniesF enlogousD though in priniple di'erentD time ptterns re to e oserved in other tetoni environmentsF yne suh se history is eFgF the ghephlloni re in qreeeF uh informtion ppers well suited for resonly urte temporl forestD lthough with no tul pility of prediting the epientrl reF en informtion out the expeted lotion of forthoming erthquke n e hieved y mens of other methodsF he lssil seismi gp n giveD whenever pplileD resonly urte epientre lotionF he frtl nlysis of the spe distriution of fultsD derived from stndrd neotetoni mpsD seems to e suited for prediting the mximum mgnitude to e expeted to our within every given reF uh entire set of informtion seems unlikely to permit ny urte prevision of erthqukesF st ppers however resonle expeting tht suh multiEfet pproh n provide with signi(nt sttistil informtion on the expeted dmges nd hzrdF
OPERATIVE EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION FOR INSURANCE  ID 433
V. Sibgatulin, KNIIGiMS, Russian Federation K. Simonov, ICM SB RAS, Russian Federation S. Peretokin, KNIIGiMS, Russian Federation

SS 2: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications

Level-1
AN EARTHQUAKE LOSS EVALUATION MODEL TO FACILITATE THE SUITABLE RISK-BASED LAND USE DECISIONS AND POLICIES WITH HAZARD INSURANCE  ID 108
A. Taylan, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

his presenttion fouses on some hzrd nd vulnerilE ity elements tht re neessry for developing n erthquke loss evlution model in urn res to e used in the ontext of n urn risk mngement modelD whih ims to filitte hzrd insurne s n instrument to implement the risk sed pln deisionsF hrough evlution of erthquke losses in urn residentil resD suitle lndEuse pln deisions n e developed to redue the erthquke risk nd rete more resilient soietiesF he model ims to envisge n urn risk inventory with the hzrd nd vulnerility elements through the (ndings of oth engineering studies suh s geologilD geophysil nd ivil engineeringD nd soilD psyhologil nd eonomi studies in holisti frmeworkF his inventory will e ene(il for urn plnners nd lol

he reserh dels with prolem of ontrol over preprtion proess of severe erthquke nd its express dignostis so s to tkle prolem of providing e0ient preditionF he tehnique of nlyzing erthquke preprtion proess is sed on studying the energy struture of fol re under ontrol nd plotting energy levels of the studied proess ording to the seismi monitoring dtF iliiting ertin energy preursors nd inspeting their ltertions enles one to provide dynmi @dptiveA predition of temporl nd mgnitude hrteristis of n expeted seismi event in ordne with the dt reeivedF his tehnique hs een tested on di'erent seismi res nd wellEstudied erthqukes tht ourred over the lst few yers nd shown good prognosti qulitiesF he reserh provides the results of the prtil implementtion of the foresid tehnique y uxssqiw seismologil servieF sn the yer of PHHS using the dt of the glol nd regionl seismi monitoring systems we rried out express dignostis of the preprtion proess of severe erthqukes tht ost gret sri(es in lood nd tresureF husD

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Poster Presentations
we rried out methodologilly onsistent ontrstive nlysisD found hrteristi fetures of the preprtion nd ftershok proesses of the lrgest erthqukes of PHHS tht ourred in di'erent seismi resF st is shown tht the energy preursors eliited in the relEtime mode provide n essentil ontrst nd led time for prtil use y the servies of nturl hzrd mitigtionF he developed tehnique of opertive erthquke predition is intended to tkle ertin prolems onerning insurneF
MONETARY EARTHQUAKE RISK DISCUSSION OF THE MODELLING; THE COMPARABILITY AND FACTORS OF INFLUENCE  ID 455
M. Raschke, Co. M. Raschke, Germany R. Pinho, EUCENTRE, Italy F. G. Gulay, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

SS 2

sn the siene ommunity of seismologists nd erthquke engineersD the risk of erthquke dmges is lmost exlusively desried y n erthquke senrioF his pproh is lled simple erthquke risk nlysis in this workF sn ontrstD there re models nd softwre progrms in the insurne nd reinsurne setor whih determine the men frequeny of erthquke events in reltion to their umulted monetry dmgesF roweverD frequentlyD the si priniples of these models of this omplete erthquke risk nlysis re not essile nd not disussed in the siene ommunityF sn this pperD the omplete erthquke risk nlysisD iFeF the lultion of the men frequeny of the umulted monetry uilding dmges of eh erthqukeD is disussed nd ompred to the pprohes of the hzrd nlysisF ine the hzrd model is n importnt omponent of ny risk nlysis n extensive nd ler omprison of di'erent hzrd models is rried out ! the men of the frequeny funtions of the lol erthquke shking of ll ples in the region onernedF purtherD oth the modelling nd the in)uene of the ttenution reltionD the mximum quke @wmxD so mxA nd the dmge funtions re presented nd disussedF he modelling of the in)uenes of the mpli(tion or ttenution of the lol erthquke shking @@AD mxD sA of site on the dmge funtions is lso disussedF pinllyD the demnd for reserh in erthquke siene is formulted from the perspetive of risk nlysisF
EMS-98 AS A TOOL FOR LOSS ESTIMATION  ID 554
R. M. Musson, BGS, UK

essessing erthquke vulnerility of uilding stok in the erthqukeEprone wrmr region of urkey is of growing importneD sine suh informtion is needed for relile estimtion of the losses tht future erthqukes re likely to indueF he outome of suh loss ssessment exerises re used in plnning of urnGregionlEsle erthquke protetion strtegiesY priority in urkeyD prtiulrly following the destrutive erthqukes of IWWWF gonsidering the size of the uilding inventory sstnul nd surrounding re is se whih is not esy to determine its properties nd hrteristisF sn this pperD geometrilD funtionl nd mteril properties of uilding stok in northern wrmr regionD prtiulrly round sstnulD hve een investigted nd evluted for further loss estimtion models nd other types of sttisti or proility sed studiesF sn order to do thtD the existing stok hs een lssi(ed s new nd old uildingsD dul frme or frme struturesD nd emergent or emedded em systemsF edditionlly to sttistil prmeters suh s men vluesD stndrd devitions etFD proility density funtions @hpA nd their goodnessEofE(t ses hve lso een investigted for ll types of prmetersF gorreltions etween struturl prmeters hve een heked whether they hve physil mening or notF puntionlities suh s purpose of useD )oor re properties hve een de(nedF gonrete properties of existing nd reently onstruted uildings nd lso hrteristis of PPH w nd RPH w types of steel hve een doumentedF pinllyD struturl nd (nnil e'ets of retro(tting opertions hve een demonstrtedF
GROUND MOTIONS AND CASUALTIES IN THE 1999 CHI-CHI, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE  ID 703
M. Sullivan, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States T. Onur, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States

por the purpose of estimting erthquke loss to lrge ssemlge of uildings @s opposed to single uildingAD pE prohes using physil prmeters of erthquke ground motion re 'eted y the qulity of the orreltion etween strong ground motion nd dmgeF sn dditionD expeted ground motion from future erthquke t site is sujet to lognorml stterF e roust lterntive is to use intensity in ple of physil ground motion prmetersF en intensity ttenution eqution is essentilly numeril desription of the proility of dmge to uildings s funtion of distne nd mgnitudeD derived diretly from pst oservtions of dmgeF purthermoreD intensity dt re more opious for mny prts of the world thn re strong ground motion reordsD so lolly vlidted intensity ttenution equtions re more esily found thn those for pek ground elertion or veloityF iwEWV is prtiulrly pproprite for this type of use euse of its proilisti sisY eh degree of the sle n e represented y the expeted distriution of dmge grdes to uildE ings of di'erent vulnerilitiesF smplementing simultionEsed pproh to loss estimtion provides strightforwrd wy to estimte generl expeted loss levels to lrge ssemlges of norml domesti uildingsF he min limittion is tht losses to speil strutures suh s ridgesD skysrpers or industril plnt nnot relly e otined in this wyF
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION OF TURKISH R/C BUILDING STOCK FOR LOSS ASSESSMENT APPLICATIONS  ID 603
I. E. Bal, ROSE School, Italy H. Crowley, EUCENTRE, Italy

nderstnding the drivers of erthquke moridity nd mortlity is ruil in loss estimtion nd in erthquke plnning nd responseF elthough there is extensive reserh evluting quntittive reltionships etween strong motion hrteristis nd uilding responseD reltively fewer studies provide orreltions etween sulties @espeilly injuriesA nd vrious erthquke prmetersF his is minly due to the shortge of good qulity dt on erthqukeErelted sulties in lrge eventsF he lrge strongEmotion network in iwn nd qulity of the sulty dt gthered fter the IWWW ghiEghi erthquke retes unique dtset from whih to egin to quntify the reltionship etween groundEmotion prmeters nd sultiesF sn this studyD we fous on severl ground motion prmeters tht re ommonly in use in seismology nd erthquke engineering to represent ground shking intensityD nd test their orreltions with injuries nd ftlitiesF he prmeters we onsider here re wodi(ed werlli sntensity @wwsAD pek ground elertion @qeAD pek ground veloity @qAD nd spetrl elertion @eA t periods of HFP seD HFS seD IFH seD nd PFH seF he orreltions re exmined t two geogrphi slesD villge level nd township levelD in order to investigte the e'et of ggregtion methodology nd resolutionF e lso investigte whether the prmeters tht show etter orreltion with sulties n e explined y the dynmi response hrteristis of the more prevlent uilding types in the regionF
A METHOD TO EVALUATE THE MACROECONOMIC DISASTER DEFICIT  ID 710
O. D. Cardona, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia M. Ordaz, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Mexico A. M. Moreno, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia S. Santa-Cruz, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Mexico

he hisster he(it sndex @hhsA is n inditor tht mesures ountry risk from mroeonomi nd (nnil perspeE tive ording to possile tstrophi eventsF he hhs ptures the reltionship etween the demnd for ontingent resoures to over the losses used y wximum gonsidered ivent nd

309

SS 2
the puli setor9s eonomi resilieneY tht isD the vilility of internl nd externl funds for restoring 'eted inventoriesF por lulting potentil losses the model follows the insurne industry in estlishing prole lossD sed on the ritil impts during given period of exposureD nd for the eonomi resiliene the model omputes the ountry9s (nnil ility to ope with the sitution tking into ountX the insurne nd ressurne pyments the ountry would pproximtely reeive for goods nd infrstruture insured y governmentY the reserve funds for dissters tht the ountry hs ville during the evlution yerY the funds tht my e reeived s id nd dontionsD ntionl or interntionlY the possile vlue of new txes the ountry ould ollet in se of disstersY the mrgin for udgetry rellotions of the ountryD whih usully orresponds to the mrgin of disretionl expenses ville to governmentY the fesile vlue of externl redit tht the ountry ould otin from multilterl orgnisms or from the pitl mrketY nd the internl redit the ountry my otin from ommeril nd the gentrl fnkF eess to these resoures hs limittions nd osts tht must e tken into ount s fesile vlues ording to the mroeonomi nd (nnil onditions of the ountryF his pper presents the model of hhs nd the results for twelve ountries of the emeris in the frmework of the rogrm of snditors for hisster isk wngementD whih ws developed with the support of the snterEemerin hevelopment fnk @shfA to design pproprite risk evlution tools to guide the governmentl deisionmkingF
SEISMOCARE: AN EFFICIENT GIS TOOL FOR SCENARIO-TYPE INVESTIGATIONS OF SEISMIC RISK OF EXISTING CITIES  ID 769
S. Anagnostopoulos, University of Patras, Greece C. Providakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece P. Salvaneschi, ISMES-ENEL, Italy G. Bonacina, ISMES-ENEL, Italy

Poster Presentations
por the dequte dmge estimtion in the erthquke risk mngement usinessD it is required to quntify the seismi vulnerility of the filitiesD whih is given in the form of frgility urveF hough lot of frgilities sed on the dmge reords in uoe erthquke re proposedD they re not suitle from the viewpoint of the risk mngementD sine they n give us only limited dmge stte suh s ollpseF his study ims to generte frgility of ny uildings orresponding to ny dmge stteF his study onsists of two stgesY the (rst one is to otin generl expressions y regression nlysis for the vrieties of uildings using wonte grlo simultionD nd the seond one is to lulte the seismi loss funtion of model uildings s tril seF e found tht the proposed method is very useful for prtil risk mngement sine frgility for ny dmge stte de(ned y interEdrift ngle n e pplied to ny driftEsensitive nonEstruturl omponent s well s strutureF
PROBABILISTIC VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS: AN APPLICATION TO TYPICAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN ISTANBUL  ID 889
U. Hancilar, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey E. Durukal, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey G. Deodatis, Columbia University, United States G. Franco, Columbia University, United States M. Erdik, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey A. Smyth, Columbia University, United States

he need for e0ient nd relile estimtes of the soioE eonomi impts of lrge erthqukes in existing ities hs een lerly demonstrted with reent erthquke events experiened round in the worldF uh estimtes n e quite useful for pre disster plnning nd for implementing seismi risk mitigtion poliiesF hey n e done through senrio type studiesD whih re sed on the ville seismotetoni informtion nd on detiled inventory of the elements t risk in the re under onsidertionF e geogrphil informtion system @qsA is n idel tool for rrying out suh senrio type erthquke dmge nd loss estimtionsF he work presented herein ws performed s prt of three yer projetD the IWWVEPHHI iswygei projetD supported y the iuropen gommunity nd involving ollortions of (ve prtnersX the niversities of trs nd omeD the ehnil niversity of grete in ghniD ii snterntionl in vondon nd swi in fergmoF he ojetive of the projet ws to develop n integrted qs methodology nd to produe softwre pkge for relile predition of losses due to erthqukes in ity or regionF he developed softwre is essentilly simultor tht for ny senrio type erthquke n provide loss estimtes for the 'eted reD in terms of expeted sultiesD uilding dmgeD utility interruptionsD eonomi losses etF he innovtion of the projet is not in the development of new methods for rrying out its vrious phsesD ut rther in the extensive utiliztion nd integrtion of stteEofEtheErt informtion proessing tools for hzrdD vulnerility nd risk ssessments tht will yield more relile nd esier to use loss estimtesF he simultor ws tested y pplying it to the qreek ity of ghniD in the islnd of greteD nd the results otined were used for lirting the methodologies nd tehniques implemented in the iswygei simultorF
A GENERALIZATION OF FRAGILITY BASED ON SEISMIC CAPACITY INDEX  ID 868
I. Sato, Tokio Marine & Nichido Risk Consulting Co., Lt, Japan H. Yashiro, Tokio Marine & Nichido Risk Consulting Co., Lt, Japan K. Ohta, Tokyo Electric Power Services Co., Ltd., Japan S. Fukushima, Tokyo Electric Power Services Co., Ltd., Japan

sn this studyD proilisti struturl vulnerility nlyE sis of typil shool uilding in sstnul is performedF e threeEdimensionl numeril model of the struture is reted for omprison nd veri(tion purposes oth y ePHHH @tti nd hynmi pinite ilement enlysis of truturesA nd ypenees @ypen ystem for irthquke ingineering imultionA omputer odesF e linerEelsti modeling nd nlysis proedure is followed in ePHHH nd used for the veri(tion of the model reted using ypeneesF he inelsti dynmi ehviour of the struture is modelled in ypenees environmentF he nonliner timeEhistory nlyses under simulted strong ground motion time histories omptile with regionl erthquke hzrd re ondutedF pirstD the struturl dynmi nlyses re performed for fully deterministi struturl model sed on the lueprints of the typil projetF nertinties in mteril properties @eFgF ompressive strength of onreteD yield strength of reinforing steelAD struturl hrteristis @eFgF pln geometryD ross setionl dimensions of emsD olumns nd sher wllsA nd input ground motion @prtiulrly the erthquke soureD phse properties nd ngle of inideneA re ounted for y pplying modi(ed version of the lgorithm used in myth et lF@PHHRA whih onsiders the rndom vrition of forementioned prmeters with set of x experiments sed on wonte grlo pprohF he rndom vrition of these prmeters is onstrined y their sttistil distriutions otined from inEsitu mesurements nd mteril smpling testsF he struture utomtilly generted with rndom mteril properties nd element hrteristis is sujeted to erthquke motions in rndom diretionsD whih re simulted using hyrid pproh nd onsider the vrition in ground motion properties due to erthquke soureD pth nd site e'etsF he pek interEstorey drifts re omputed s mesure of nonliner struturl responseF he frgility urvesD proility of exeeding dmge versus qeD re presented for di'erent dmge levelsF
SEISMIC INDIRECT LOSS MODEL FOR INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES  ID 1076
K. Nasserasadi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) R. Mechler, IIASA, Austria M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sndiret eonomi impts of erthquke whih is known s usiness interruption is produed s result of disruption in

310

Poster Presentations
the )ow of good nd servies due to diret physil dmges to stoks or lifelinesF st hs een oserved tht the reover time is signi(ntly ontriuted in the indiret lossesF ixisting models for estimtion of reovery time of filities hs een mostly developed y expert opinionF sn this pperD n nlytil model for estimtion of erthquke indued indiret eonomi impts of industril filities sed on system dynmi pprohes is introduedF sn the proposed modelD system dynmi pproh is employed for estimtion of reovery time of ftory fter prole erthquke y estimtion of reonstrution time nd reovery time fter reonE strutionF sn this methodD (rst oneptul reovery frmework for reovery of industry fter erthquke hs een developed y onsidering ontriuting ftors on reovery level like vilility of (nnil resoure for reonstrutionD lifelineD householdsD vilility of soure for prodution nd demndsF hen simultion tehnique is employed for developing the numeril pltform of the model nd the method is pplied to hypothetil re(nery nd the results re presented in ddition to some prmetri studiesF he numeril results hve shown tht the degree of indiret losses is signi(ntly higher thn diret one in the numeril exmpleF
MODELLING SEISMIC RISK IN SWITZERLAND  ID 1202
T. Lai, AIR Worldwide Corporation, United States K. Shabestari, AIR Worldwide Corporation, United States J. Guin, AIR Worldwide Corporation, United States P. Towashiraporn, AIR Worldwide Corporation, United States

SS 2
methodology of dmge nd loss nlysisD whih is developed in the frme of n interdisiplinry projet isk wp qermny onduted y the genter for hisster wngement nd isk edution ehnology ! gihswF he oneptul frmework of the qsEsed methodology follows the trditionl pttern nd inludes nlysis of prole seismi in)ueneD struturl vulnerility of the uilt environment nd exposed ssets in ommunities of the ountryF por nlyses of dmge nd losses oth hzrdEsed nd senrioEsed pprohes re used in the studyF he former provides the possiility of omprtive nlysis of risk distriution in the whole ountry for identi(tion of most endngered ommuE nitiesF he ltter o'ers the possiility of estimtion of the level of prole dmge nd losses from potentil single seismi eventsF he results otined with the use of the hzrdEsed pproh re presented s mps of the prole seismi dmge nd seismi risk distriutionsF sn prllelD the senrioEpproh is pplied for few seleted erthqukeEprone ommunities of the ountryF he results re lirted with the oservtions from severl dmging erthqukes in qermny nd the nery re in the pst QH yersF
RISKSCAPE (NZ) - A MULTIHAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME  ID 1501
A. King, GNS Science, New Zealand

irthquke hzrd in witzerlnd is low reltive to reE gions of outhern iurope nd the wediterrnenF et the region hs experiened dmging erthqukesD suh s the IQST fsel nd IVSS isp erthqukesF sn thisD the TSHth nniversry yer of the IQST fsel erthqukeD government nd privte reserhers re ressessing seismi risk in witzerlnd in light of oth the low proility thret nd the less seismi resistnt uilding inventoryF es prt of this e'ortD the uthors hve developed proilisti erthquke lossEestimtion model for witzerlnd to filitte the mngement of tstrophe risk y the @reAinsurne industryF he model inludes ground motion estimtion nd uilding vulnerility modulesD s well s n industryEwide uilding inventory dtse tht tegorizes strutures y wll mteril nd uilding heightF his pper presents tehnil detils on the ground motion hzrd nd uilding vulnerilityF qround motions re lulted sed on fy et lF @PHHQA nd emrseys et lF @IWWTA ttenution reltionsD whih is then djusted through the xir @xtionl irthquke rzrd edution rogrmA soilEmpli(tion proedure ording to surfe geologyF fuilding vulnerility is mesured s funtion of oof hrift tio @hAD whih is estimted through the gpity petrum wethod @gwAF por msonry onstrution whih is dominnt type in witzerlndD the pity urve is developed sed on experimentl ndGor nlytil studies of uildings spei( to the wiss prtieF he model is used to estimte loss distriutions of seleted historil eventsD were these events to reur todyF he loss distriutions re)et the unertinty in the soure prmeters of these events s estimted from preEinstrumentl erF he seleted events inlude the IQST fsel nd the IVSS isp erthqukesF
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE AND LOSS ESTIMATION ON A REGIONAL SCALE  ID 1422
S. Tyagunov, University of Karlsruhe, Germany G. Grnthal, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany R. Wahlstrm, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany L. Stempniewski, University of Karlsruhe, Germany J. Zschau, GeoForschungsZentrum, Germany

xew elnd hs long een reognized s hving high exposure to erthquke relted hzrdsF sn ft xew elnd hs the duious privilege of eing exposed to nerly ll nturl hzrds nd in mny ses this exposure is reognized s eing high to severe y interntionl stndrdsF hile onsiderle dvnes hve een mde over the pst few dedes in understnding the mehnis tht underpin these phenomenD only reently hs su0ient knowledge een quired to enle some rtionl proE ilisti models to e developed to quntify the intensityGreurrene reltionships of these hzrdsF fy estlishing frgility funtions for ll items of ommunity inventory to the tions resulting from eh of these nturl phenomenD ommunity risk nd thene prole losses n now e sertinedD leit with vrying degrees of reliilityF his pper disusses the development of iskpe xew elndD ntionl multiEhzrd impt model tht will e le to sertin reltive risks nd ommunity exposure to rnge of nturl hzE rdsF he prototype urrently under development nd will inlude erthqukeD tsunmi nd volni exposure together with )ood nd storm imptF hree representtive xew elnd ommunities will e used in the pilot with the defult inventory dtse inluding uildingsD infrstrutureD puli utility nd trnsporttion networksF he hllenge of presenting dte derived using either the proilisti or senrio pproh proposed to n essentilly nonEtehnil user group nd getting their uptke remins efore us ut will e disussed in the pper long with progress to dteF
CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKES: BAM CASE STUDY  ID 1597
M. Faizian, IBB, ETHZ Zrich Switzerland, Switzerland H. R. Schalcher, IBB, ETHZ Zrich Switzerland, Switzerland

he min gol of erthquke dmge nd loss estimtion studies is to provide informtion nd support for the deisionE mking proess to guide ostEe'etive risk mngement poliy in erthqukeEprone regions tking into ount their spei( needs nd existing irumstnesF he neessry informtion should inludeD on the one hndD sptil distriution of existing risk in the re under study ndD on the other hndD the level of dmge nd losses from prole future erthqukesF he pper presents

he present pper reports on the methodil developE ments in regrd to the modelling nd ssessment of onsequenes due to erthqukes within multidisiplinry reserh projet presently performed t the wiss pederl snstitute of ehnologyF he reserh projet ims to develop generi deision theoretil frmework for the onsistent quntittive nd rtionl mngement of erthquke risks in three situtionsD nmely eforeD during nd fter n erthqukeF pirst the generl frmework for the erthquke risk mngement projet is outlinedF herefter the spei( issues relting to the modelling of onsequenes of erthqukes re ddressed inluding review of existing methodologies nd results of reserh projets reported in the litertureF pinlly n exmple of fyesin roilisti xet model onsidered in the projet for onsequene nlysis is presented nd it is explined how the net my e utilized for ssessing the onsequenes of relevne priorD during nd fter n erthqukeF

311

SS 2
BUILD ENVIRONMENT AND SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT IN TBILISI  ID 1628
I. Timchenko, ISMEE, Georgia G. Lomidze, AGESAS, Georgia

Poster Presentations
SEISMIC HAZARD AND ECONOMICS FOR AN OIL FACILITY IN SOUTHERN MEXICO  ID 1805
M. Chavez, ENS, France P. L. Velasco, PEMEX, Mexico E. Cabrera, UNAM, Mexico N. Perea, UNAM, Mexico

issentil hrteristis of the uilding stok of ilisi in)uening on the seismi risk nd their nlysis re presentedF righErisk groups of uildings re emphsizedY their ehvior t the PHHP epientrl erthquke is desriedF fsed on the min hrteristis of the uilding stok the tehnique of seismi risk lultion is presentedF st inludes lssi(tion of uildings y struturl typeD seletion of vulnerility urvesD ompiltion of dt se of the uilding stokD development of softwre for risk omputtionF e set of modi(ers prtiipte in risk ssessmentD representing in)uene of soil onditionsD resonne phenomenD regulrityD topogrphyD tehnil onditions nd other re impleE mented nd disussedF he tehnique of seismi risk ssessment hs een tested in the seleted distrit of the ity inluding lmost ll representtive types of uildingsF he developed softwre llowed to de(ne nd evlute the most importnt ftors @modi(ersA in)uening seismi risk ! tehnil onditionsD presene of dmges in uildings due to settlements nd previous erthqukesD in)uene of soil onditionsF yn the sis of lultions set of mps of risk in replement vlues nd dmge grde for ses of di'erent level of seismi exittion hve een ompiledF wps of nnul risk for purposes of insurne hve een ompiledD the importne of erthquke insurne s n e'etive tool for risk mitigtion is shown nd disussedF he work hs een performed within xey f rojet eismi isk in vrge gities of gususF ools for isk wngementF
VULNERABILITY FUNCTIONS AND PROBABILITY MATRICES FOR UK STOCK  ID 1662
A. J. Weston, University of East Anglia, UK P. Burton, University of East Anglia, UK

he seismi potentil of southern wexioD where the ssthE mus of ehuntepe @sA is loted hs een demonstrted over the lst enturies @qrEeostD urezD IWWTAF sn this regionD the goosD xorth emerin nd grien tetoni pltes intertD nd s result of the ltterD the ourrene of udution uper(il @AD udution heep @hAD nd grustl uper(il @gA erthqukes tkes pleF ristorillyD the lrgest ihter mgnitudesD wsD for the D hD nd g oserved in the region re VD UFP nd TFSD respetivelyF sn this workD y pplying hyrid method @suessfully testedD to otin synthetis of the strong ground motions oserved for the HWGIHGIWWS golimEtliso ww VD eventD ghvez et lFD PHHRD IQthgiiA we generted sets of rodnd syntheti elerogrmsD expeted in the sur(il soils of n oil fility site loted in the north of the sD for extreme seismi senrios for the D hD nd g events mentioned oveF fsed on the sttistis of the results otined for those senriosD we proposedX men @wAD w C one stndrd devition @AD nd w C QD horizontl nd vertil seismi design spetr to e utilized in the seismi design of the existingD or plnned infrstruture of the oil industry filityF he eonomil implitions of the proposed design spetr were nlyzed sed on the expeted losses ssoited to the temporry losing down of the fility for di'erent life expetnies of the ltterF
APPLICATION OF DEAGGREGATION METHODS IN PROBABILISTIC RISK MODELS  ID 2003
F. Matter, Converium Ltd, Switzerland E. Ruettener, Converium Ltd, Switzerland A. Zbinden, Converium Ltd, Switzerland

DAMAGE BUILDING

he emphsis of this pper is on the development of erthquke vulnerility funtions nd dmge proility mtries @hwsA for typil u uildingsF his work forms prt of n overll erthquke impt senrio of the re surrounding the golhester erthquke of IVVRD one of the u9s most dmging erthqukes to dteF wps of forested intensities modelling seismi hzrd hve een produedD using uovesligethy9s ttenution reltionship (tted to dmging nerE(eld IVVR mroseismi dt nd newly developed lol soil mpli(tion shemeF he uilt environment hs een nlysed using (eldworkD eril imgery nd dditionl dt souresF WQDQPH uildings hve een nlysed E WVFS 7 re msonry nd IFS 7 nonEmsonry @reinfored onreteD steel frme nd histori timE er frmeAF hmge proility mtries nd vulnerility urves hve een developed for six vulnerility types linked to the uilding stokD using vulnerility funtions derived from worldwide dmge surveysF eismi risk results for the repet IVVR senrio show tht QS E RT 7 of the uilding stok within study re of TPS kmP would e expeted to su'er dmge distriuted ross the (ve dmge grdes @hI to hSD wuEVI nd iwEWVA s followsX PH E PS 7 hI @negligile to slight dmgeAY W E II 7 hP @moderte dmgeAY S E T 7 hQ @sustntil to hevy dmgeAY I E Q 7 hR @very hevy dmgeAY nd H E I 7 hS @ner totl ollpseAF hmge osts for this repet IVVR senrio re estimted t TFI to WFW 7 of the totl uilding onstrution ostD whih trnsltes to pproximtely UQI to IDIVH million @t modern vluesAF hese results led to n importnt (ndingX tht lthough the medi might emphsise the striking devsttion t hSD even hI losses re (nnilly signi(nt nd the ulk of losses re t hQF his is of onern to the insurne nd reinsurne industry in the wider ontext of the totl osts rising from dmging erthqukesF

heggregtion hs eome stndrd methodology in proilisti seismi hzrd nlysisF hetermining the ontriution from spei( soures nd their respetive event mgnitudes leds to etter understnding of the seismi hzrd itselfF his dissetion llows the min risk driving elements to e identi(ed nd the most importnt prmeters to e de(nedF heggregtion nlyses re not limited to seismi hzrd evluE tionsF hey n e extended to hzrd modelling of other nturl perilsD s well s to proilisti loss modelling s pplied in the insurne nd reinsurne industryF he possile pplitions re mnifoldX prom identifying the mgnitudes tht ontriute most to the expeted loss or distinguishE ing the key prmeters tht dominte the loss estimtes t given return period @A to the optimistion of @reEAinsurne portfoliosF his work will provide n overview of the deggregtion methodology pplied nd espeilly emphsise the importne of disretistion steps nd resolutionF ixmples nd prtil pplitions will e displyed nd disussedF
ESTIMATION OF GROUND MOTION AND REGIONAL SITE RESPONSE IN ITALY AND CENTRAL EUROPE  ID 2030
T. Onur, Risk Management Solutions, Inc, United States M. Nyst, Risk Management Solutions, Inc, United States C. Williams, Risk Management Solutions, Inc, United States

es prt of n overll seismi risk nd loss model developE ment for gentrl iuropeD we estimte ground motions for stly nd other seleted iuropen ountries inluding qermnyD witzerlndD felgiumD nd eustriF he soure modelling prt of this projet is disussed in seprte presenttion @xyst et lFD PHHTD strt noF PHIWAF he (rst omponent of the ground motion estimtion is the seletion of strong motion predition equtions tht reX iA relevnt to the tetoni setting of the regionD iiA sed on lolly reorded ground motionsD nd iiiA suitle for modelling losses from lrge erthqukesF por low to moderte seismiity

312

Poster Presentations
regionsD it is often hllenging to stisfy ll these onditions using single modelF rene we investigted multiple ground motion ttenution reltionships thtD s omined setD provide roust estimtesF he seond omponent of understnding ground motions is re)eting lol site onditions on the referene motionsF por thisD we ompiled ville susurfe geology informtion t regionl level s well s n extensive olletion of surfe geology mps t vrying sles @IXPSDHHH to IX SHHDHHHAF fsed on the surfe nd susurfe geology informtion villeD we then ssigned site lsses to eh of the mp unitsF e xirElike pproh ws then pplied to estimte shortEperiod nd longEperiod site mpli(tionsF he resulting ground motions inluding the lol site onditions were ompred to oserved ground shking intensities from pst erthqukes in the region in order to ensure the reliility of the model nd (neEtune modelling ssumptionsF elthough the loss modelling methodology utilised for this projet is sed on spetrl elertionsD pek ground elertion nd intensity sed ground motions re lso generted to llow this omprisonF

SS 4
using reui odeF hese greed quite well with the rG rtios for points loted long the refrtion lines in the frequeny rnge orresponding to the fundmentl modeF usequentlyD for res with no orehole nd refrtion dtD we ppliedD on the sis of extrpoltions nd geologil resoningD prtil onstrints ! primrily on veloitiesF ithin these onstrints we serhed for Ih models giving lulted site response with the est (t to the rG urveF husD rG rtios e'etively yielded onstrints on the possile thiknesses of susurfe lyersF gonsequentlyD the mirotremor mesurements llowed identifyingD tring nd estimting vertil displements of series of fults in the fet hen reD whih is hrterized y omplited fultElok sement morphologyF roweverD the min vlue of this work ws in tht ll results were tied to tully mesured site e'etsD thus leding to more relisti siteEspei( seismi hzrd ssessments in these townsD in spite of the puity of orehole nd refrtion dtF
SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS IN ESFAHAN QUADRANGLE  ID 156

SS 4: ESC-UNESCO Workshop on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction : Studies in the Southern Mediterranean Countries
Level-1
PREDICTED AND OBSERVED PGA VALUES IN THE BOUMERDES (ALGERIA) AREA  ID 57
Y. Bouhadad, CGS, Algeria A. Slimani, CGS, Algeria N. Laouami, CGS, Algeria

M. Sedghi, azad university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Zare, international institute of earthquake engineering, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

huring the min shok of the reent dmging PIst wy PHHQ foumerdes erthquke @ww a TFVA @gentrl xorthern elgeriAD the elgerin elerogrphs networkD monitored y gqD reorded strong motions t ner nd fr (elds y IQ sttionsF fefore this erthqukeD proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis hs een performed in this reF e seismi soure model sed on the most reent seismotetoni studies nd widely known ttenution lws of emrseys nd fommer @IWWIA nd digh et lF @IWWQA were usedF yne proposesD in this study to ompre the oserved nd the predited qe vlues ndD heneD disuss the reliility degree of the seismotetoni model nd the hosen ttenution lwsF ueyEword X elgeriD trong wotionD eismi rzrdD eimoteE toniD eliilityF
SITE RESPONSE FROM MICROTREMOR AND 1-D MODELS FOR MICROZONING THE TOWNS OF DIMONA AND BET SHEAN, ISRAEL  ID 151
Y. Zaslavsky, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel G. Ataev, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel M. Gorstein, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel T. Aksinenko, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel M. Kalmanovich, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel

he seismiity of elpeErimly elt nd speilly in srn plte is so importnt nd questionle in seimi survey nd hzrd nlysis for the ountriesD loted in this regionFhe more our knowledge grow on how n erthquke hppens D the more ext will e the erthquke hzrd survey in regionl sle nd speil nlysis on struturl engineering nd lso the seismi zontion mpsF heveloping mps for seismi hzrd is sed on proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis using the historil nd instrumentl erthquke dt nlysisD geologil nd tetoni dt D fult tivity nd seismi soure zonesF hese mp hve een prepred in the form of iso elertion ountour lines nd seismi hzrd zontion nd show prole hzrd nlysis for return period of US nd RUS yersF rolisti seismi hzrd evlution is onsisted of determintion of mgnitutes D site ondition nd numer of dissterous erthquke in the region nd lso qe evlution seismiity nlysis or erthquke hppening in ext site nd time is the sis for ll seismi hzrd nlysis methodsF he sujet region loted in xorthEgentrl srn Fpor prepring the seismi hzrd mp D (rst D the tetoni of this region ws the sujet of study nd the tetoni mp ws prepred sed on the fults of the regionFeond D seismotetoni of the region ws studied nd the mp ws prepred D using the ville tlogues D historil nd instrumentl erthquke dt F hen the region ws devided in to severl zones nd seismi hzrd prmeters were lulted for eh of the zones individully usig the dt sets inluding Xpults D erthqukes of the region nd lso geologil informtion nd the proess tetoni of strutures F he sso elertion mp ws (nlly prepred for the sujet region t the point of PSkm PSkm using written omputer ode sed on the prmeti seismi hzrd nlysis using the proilisti pprohF
SEISMOTECTONICS AND SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF THE ZANJAN PROVINCE IN IRAN  ID 561
A. Mahdavian, Power and Water University of Technology

he densely populted towns of himon nd fet henD ssrel re loted lose to the hed e rnsformF he min ojetive of the present study ws development of IEh models needed s input for seismi hzrd ssessmentF ingle sttion mirotremor mesurements were onduted t PHH sites in eh town nd mps were developedD showing distriutions of the fundmentl frequeny nd mximum vlues of rG spetrl rtiosF he soil sites exhiited rG mximum mplitude level rnging from P to U in the frequeny rnge IFS to WFH rz for himon nd from P to V in the frequeny rnge HFS to IS rz for fet henF Ih models require Eveloity nd thikness informtionD whih ws essentilly unvilleF es strterD few refrtion surveys were rried out t seleted lotionsF Ih models sed on the results of these surveys were utilized for theoretil derivtion of site responseD

(PWUT), Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

his reserh is prt of the srnin eismi rzrd esE sessment rogrmF he njn rovine is loted in the north west of srn with severl tive fultsF eismi isk mp of this re were mde y using the eismi dt of the pst nd seismoEtetoni studiesF eismi prmeters suh s nd nd lso return period of wgnitude erthqukes estimtedF his reserh improved the integrtion of the geologil input in seismi hzrd ssessmentF e pplied severl ttenution models nd deterministi nd proilisti pprohes throughout the njn reF he mps of the re inlude the mximum elertion @gA on the se rokF he return eriods of those mps re PHHD SHHD PSHHD SHHH nd IHHHH yers respetivelyF pinllyD the hzrd zontion mp hs een

313

SS 4
presented for njn re nd lssi(ed to four zones with lowD moderteD high nd very high seismi zonesF he hesign esponse petr with severl return periods presented for these zonesF
INFLUENCE OF THE VRANCEA EARTHQUAKE FROM 4.03.1977 ON TERRAINS WITH ESTABLISHED PALEOSEISMIC EVENTS  ID 761
D. Angelova, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria

Poster Presentations
results ppered in ontrst with the 0rmtion of the uthors tht the Evlue is equl to I on worldwide sle nd for lrge volumesY on the other hnd mny ppers pointed out the sptioEtemporl Evlue vriility relted to di'erent prmetersD the lol stress regime mongst othersF sn this work it hs een evluted the e'et of the equl to I Evlue on the results of seismi hzrd ssessmentF wo di'erent pproh hve een usedX iA the Evlue in the q distriution derive from wHRY iiA the Evlue hs een evluted in eh soure zones dopting the lest squres method to (t individul rtesF he (rst se involves redistriution of erthqukes in the mgnitude lsses in omprison with wHRD while the seond one produes new EvlueD tht mens di'erent umultive numer of erthqukesF he resulting mps hve een ompred to wHRD oth in terms of expeted qe nd of energy lneF he nlysis lso shows the e'et with respet to the weighted medin vluesD nd pertinent unertintiesD produed y n integrted logi treeF
THE 21ST MAY 2003, MW 6.8 BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE. ALGERIA. POSTSEISMIC MODELLING FROM GPS OBSERVATIONS  ID 1960
A. Mahsas, CRAAG, Algeria K. Lammali, CRAAG, Algeria P. Briole, IPG, France E. Calais, Purdue University, United States A. Yelles, CRAAG, Algeria O. Charade, IPGP, France

wore thn IHH lol pleoseismi events tht ourred prior to the historil stge @VHHH fFFA were lolised in fulgri during the lst IS yersF hey hd een estlished in vrious morphostruturl zones with diverse seismiEtetoni hrteristis in ontemporry plnD rdilly di'erent for the single pleoseismi eventsF sn most of the ses these were oneEt events ut there were lso events tht een repetedly retivted during the uternryD the ristoril nd the gontemporry stgeF he pleoerthqukes hd left numerous nd diverse e'etsX nomlous disturnes in the nturl relief nd the geologil environmentD hydrologil nd hydrogeologil nomliesD impts ond old engineering strutures nd historil monumentsF he present works shows the results otined s result of the impt exerted y the rne erthquke from RFHQFIWUU on the terrins with estlished pleoseismi events on the territory of fulgriF en ssessment is mde for ll ontemporry geodynmi proesses tking ple in these resF
LIBYAN DIGITAL SEISMOLOGICAL NETWORK AS FIRST DATABASE FOR LIBYA  ID 1653
A. Elmelade, LCRSSS, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

irthqukes re the most typil phenomenon of nturl hzrdF hey hve e'ets on ntureD humn life nd mn mde struturesF essessment of erthquke ourrene sequenes for ny re plys n importnt role in proposing mesures to minimize erthquke dmgeF viy is loted lose to one of the ontinentl frture system @relleni rA t the onvergene oundry of two ig lithospheri pltes @iursi nd efriAF hus it ould e onluded tht lthough the dmging erthqukes ourred infrequentlyD its risky onsequenes ould not e ignoredF he ompiltion of regionl tlog of instrumentl seismiity is one of the min produts tht the viyn higitl eismologil xetwork @vhxA hs trgeted to produeF he viyn genter for emote ensing nd pe iene @vgA with oopertion of xigy took hrge of estlishing seismologil network to monitor seismologil tivitiesD to rete dt ss tlog for future reserhes in reduing seismi hzrdF he work strted in eptemer PHHRD y instlling ten three omponent rod nd sttionsD followed y nother (ve sttions in the mid PHHSD distriuted ll over the ountryD espeilly in the tive regions in viyF e generl ide out ristoril nd reent seismiity of viy nd the viyn eismologil xetwork projet will e givenD with some exmples of reorded erthqukes in the regionF
THE INFLUENCE OF B-VALUE ESTIMATE IN SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT  ID 1936
L. Gulia, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy C. Meletti, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

yn PIst of wyD PHHQD wwa TFV erthquke ourred in the foumerds reD out SHkm est of elgiersD pitl of elgeri @elles et lF PHHQD eydi et lFD PHHRAF pew dys fter the eventD T q reeiver network ws progressively deployed with the ollortion of sx @prneAD to monitor the post seismi displementsF PR hours sessions oservtionsD with IPHs smpling rte hve een proessed using the qmit softwre @uing nd fokD PHHQAD inluding wellEdetermined sq sites s ties with sp PHHHF por the sttion oordintesD phse miguities using doule di'erened q phse movementsD with sq preise orits nd si erth orienttion prmeters relxed hve een solved t eh siteF sn this study we dedued the post seismi displements from eh site time series lulted within two yers of oservtions of ontinuous dt nd we propose two models sed on two di'erent pprohesF he emmouri fult is situted t the est termintion of the witidj sinD limited y two min strutures tht hve potentil seismi ourrene sine there were no events sine the IVPS erthquke @othD IWSHAF

sn ny proilisti seismi hzrd ssessmentD n imporE tnt role is plyed y the seismiity rtesF his is on(rmed y the wide nd ontroversil disussions out the proedures for determintion of themX qutenerg nd ihter distriution or inE dependent rtes in every mgnitude lssD size of inned mgnitude lssD lest squres or mximum likelihood (tD nd so onF sn PHHR new seismi hzrd referene mp of stly @wHRA hs een relesed dopting logi tree pproh for exploring the lterntive epistemi hoiesF yne of these hoies ws out the modlity for ompute seismiity rtesX in the rnhes where qutenerg nd ihter distriution @qA were doptedD the orresponding Evlue ws evluted for eh soure zoneD rnging from HFTQ to PF hese

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Poster Presentations - From Thursday to Friday

CS5: Site Response and Site Eects

Level 2
SEISMIC HAZARD AND ALPINE VALLEY RESPONSE ANALYSIS : GENERIC VALLEY CONFIGURATIONS  ID 1
C. Lacave, Rsonance Ingnieurs-Conseils SA, Switzerland F. Lemeille, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sret Nuclaire, France

et present strutures in ghenni ity re eing designed for seismi one sss of sndin fureu of tndrd @s IVWQD PHHPAF his study shows tht soil overlying the hrd strtum in ghenni res hs pity for mpli(tion of erthquke energy s muh s from HFPIg t HFTgF por ones sssD s nd the orresponding qe is HFPHgF HFPSg nd bHFRWgF houghD overll seismi one sss serves to e oky for ghenniF he high risk re where soil mpli(tion will pply the qe to HFTg it my e worthwhile to onsider designing the struture for higher zontion spei(tion for one F
ASSESSMENT OF SITE EFFECTS AND GROUND MOTION LENGTHENING IN ISTANBUL  ID 53
G. Birgoren, KOERI, Turkey O. Ozel, KOERI, Turkey

sn the frmework of the snterreg sssEf iuropen projet lled ismovlp @eismi hzrd nd lpine vlley response nlysisAD workpkge is devoted to the hrteristion of 4elpine4 vlley on(gurtionsD y mens of synthesisD quisition nd omprison of the geologil nd geotehnil prmeters of some pilot lpine vlleysF hese vlleys re qrenole ssre river vlley @pAD lis hone vlley @grAD fove sinD upper o vlley @loAD glimento river high vlley @sAD qemon del priuli @sAD l esi @sAD l ellie @sA nd l d9eost @sAF ell of these regions ene(t from reent sienti( workD fst uilding expnsion nd lol uthorities interestD whih help the hievement of the projetF he investigtions onduted through the ismovlp projet inlude new geotehnil nd geophysil studies neessry to hrterise the pilot vlleysF snformtion hve een olleted out the geologil on(gurtion nd history of the vlleysD inluding physil geogrphyD geologil nd seismi historyD ville geotehnil nd geophysil dtD humn tivity @urnistionD industrilistionAD detiled geologil desriptionF e synthesis of ll this informtion mkes it possile to derive some generi lpine vlley pro(les s well s to uild Ph nd Qh models of some of the vlleysF hese pro(les will e ville on n open dtseF huring the projetD n importnt work to vlidte nd doument the geophysil methods used to explore the pilot vlleys hs een rried outF hese odes @developed within severl pst projets ut until now poorly doumentedA will e disseminted freely to the seismi engineering ommunity in order to improve the qulity of mirozontions studiesF
SEISMIC LOCAL SITE EFFECTS STUDY FOR CHENNAI CITY, TAMIL NADU STATE, INDIA  ID 8
S. Rajarathnam, Anna University, India G. Ganapathy, Anna University, India

ghenni ity with popultion of T million experiened three erthqukes of w bSFH in IVHUD IVIT nd IVPQF he ity hs shllow wter tle nd mjor prt of the ity overed y thik lluvium to the mximum depth of PVmF uh eing the seD ghenni is lile for siteEspei( mpli(tion of seismi motionF he sfety of the uildings nd infrstrutures hs evluted sed upon lol ground motion response or lol site e'etsF ghenni is prone to w SFV @oserved w SFQ C HFS unertintyA nd the orresponding qe is HFPIgF fut the unonsolidted sediments overlying the sement t di'erent depths in vrious prt of ghenni leds to mpli(tion of the qe equivlent to wgnitude wxF in the rnge of TFQ to UFP iFe the estimted inrement of intensity of erthqukes is in the rnge of IFI to QFRF he seismi hzrd ssessment for ghenni hs een tegorized sed on the inrement intensity s medium @sss E `sAD high @s E `A nd very high @ E `sAFhe pek ground motion during shking of di'erent intensities @wwsA ssD sssD s nd re HFIHE HFISD HFPS E HFQHD HFSH E HFSS nd bHFTH g respetivelyF

istimtion of site response in the ity of sstnul ws inE vestigted sed on the dt of four smll erthqukesD reorded with sstnul pid esponse xetworkF rorizontl to ertil petrl tios @rA nd tndrd petrl tio ehnique @A were used to determine the predominnt frequenies nd reltive site mpli(tionsF redominnt frequenies whih were veri(ed y two di'erent methods were presented t ville sitesF vengthening of the ground motion ws lso investigted y group dely spetr onsidering tht di'erenes in group dely times mong neighor sttions might e inditive of prole lotions of more omplex strutures tht neessitte further investigtionsF ixmining these dtD it ws found thtX @IA et iuropen ideD most of the sttions underlin y elluvil deposits @uternryA hve predominnt frequenies etween IEP rzF @PA redominnt frequenies shift to lrger vlues t sttions t esin ideF @QA petrl shpes otined from re generlly in greement with those otined from r @RA eltive mpli(tion levels t sttions loted on fkirkoyD qungoren nd gukuresme pormtions hnge etween QER t I rzF his level rises up to U on gukuresme pormtion t P rzF @SA wximum mpli(tions t Q rz nd S rzD ftors of VEIH re seen on gukuresme formtion nd on elluvil depositsD respetively @TA qroup dely nomly is deteted t two regionsF hely time of sttions loted t iuropen side is lrger thn those loted t esin sideF imilrlyD dely time of some losest sttions to the epienter hve longer vlues thn those lulted t frther sttionsF redominnt frequenies of those sites re etween HFUEPFSF his my imply tht the group dely nomly t those regions is the result of site response of thik sedimentsF
AMBIENT VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS IN AQABA CITY, JORDAN  ID 60
A. Khasawneh, Royal Scientic Society, Jordan H. Al-Nimry, Royal Scientic Society, Jordan T. Al-Hadid, Royal Scientic Society, Jordan C. Lacave, Rsonance Ingnieurs-Conseils SA, Switzerland

eq ityD in outhern tordnD is loted on hed e rnsform fult soure of medium to high seismi tivityD the ity ws 'eted y severl lrge mgnitude erthqukes throughout historyD the most reent with mgnitude of TFP vw on the ihter sle on xovemerIWWSF sn the frmework of seismi mirozontion of the reD VHH individul mient virtion mesurements were rried out in grid @out SHHm SHHmA overing eq ityF ht were proessed using the horizontl to

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vertil @rGA spetrl rtio tehniqueF he fundmentl frequeny ws lulted for eh siteF hroughout the mesurements nd nlysis the guidelines developed for mient virtion mesureE ments y the i funded projet iewiD were stritly dhered toF he fundmentl frequeny ws ompiled nd orresponding mps were developedF he vlues of predominnt frequenies where in the rnge of HFPEIFH rz in elluvium ndD HFPEIFS rz in leistoene qrvel nd HFTS r in orl depositsF he high numer of noise mesurements performed in the re of eq llowed us to onlude tht the doption of the 4quidelines for the smplementtion of the rG petrl tio ehnique on emient irtion wesurementsD proessing nd snterprettion4 developed through the iewi iuropen reserh projet improved the qulity of the signls reorded nd nlyzed nd de(nitely oosted the on(dene in the resultsD their ury nd reliilityF uey wordsX emient virtionD dominnt frequenyD site e'etsD rG rtioF
TEST OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE IN BARCELONA CITY  ID 122
R. Franklin, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain O. Caselles, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain J. Clapes, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain J. A. Canas, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain L. Pujades, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain F. Garca, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain X. Lana, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain V. Perez-Gracia, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain

Poster Presentations
eismi dt re provided from the min nd fter shoks of the PI my foumerdes erthquke @wwa TFVA nd reorded t three sitesF he results show tht the estimted fundmentl frequeny is the sme for oth mirotremors nd seismi motion dtD while the mpli(tion ftor is di'erentF sndeedD it ppers tht the mpli(tion ftor inrese signi(ntly with the seismi motion intensityF woreoverD for the se of seismi motion dtD other peks re evidened nd ttriuted to high mode frequeniesF uey ordsX ite i'etD wirotremorD trong wotionD rD foumerdes irthqukeF
THE DUAL RECIPROCITY BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD APPLIED TO 3D TRANSIENT HALF-SPACE DYNAMICS  ID 170
K. Edip, Institute of Earthquake Eng. Macedonia M. Garevski, Institute of Earthquake Eng. Macedonia G. Schmid, Ruhr University, Germany A. Tosecky, Ruhr University, Germany and Eng. Seismology, and Eng. Seismology,

en unexpeted dmges oserved in uildings fter erthquke vries onsiderly from onstrution to notherD due to severl ftorsF emong themD the struture seismi response nd the seismi soil responseF sn order to mesure ground mpli(tion periodsD the rG petrl tio tehnique is usedD tht it is sed on the property tht only the horizontl omponent my su'er mpli(tionF ettriutle to this e'etD it is possile to onsider tht the rG spetrl rtio is good estimtor of the ground mpli(tion periodsF xkmur @IWVWA proposed tht it n e generlized to n environmentl noiseF he environmentl noise is the superposition of ground virtions produed y nturl or rti(il e'etsF et prtil levelD for the use of this tehnique it is neessry tht the soures tht generte the environmentl noise most e distntD so thtY the diret virtion is low in omprison with the resonne ground virtionF fy thisD it is neessry to relize the mesurements in dys without windD enough distnt to pedestrinsD low trnsit of vehilesD nd enough seprtion of uildings nd treesF pei(lly in frelon ityD we hve prove how the noise soure distnes 'et the signl reorded evluting them to void possile errors in future projets relted with soil responseF sn this reserhD were onsidered the following experimentl onditionsX soft ground orresponding to fess river delt @roloeneD snds 8 siltsA nd hrd ground orresponding to riyle @leistoeneD lysD silts 8 lreous rustAF his work is the result of di'erent tests tht were mde in frelon gity to estimte the e'et of distnes from soure to reeiverF
SITE EFFECT ESTIMATION FROM MICROTREMORS AND SEISMIC STRONG MOTION  ID 137
N. Laouami, CGS, Algeria A. Slimani, CGS, Algeria N. Benkaci, CGS, Algeria Y. Bouhadad, CGS, Algeria

yne of the solidly estlished numeril omputtionl methods for modeling of unounded medi is the foundry ilement wethodF st o'ers wide rnh of dvntges for modeling of in(nite nd semiEin(nite dominsF ynly few to mention re the oundryEonly formultion of the prolem resulting in onsiderle redution of dt mount to e proessed nd its intrinsi inorE portion of regulrity onditions t in(nityD wht is vitl feture in modeling of in(nite nd semiEin(nite dominsF sn trnsient nlysisD the timeEdependent fundmentl solution ppering in the mthemtil formultion of the method leds to onvolution integrl nd in its numeril implementtion to timeEdependent system mtriesF his unplesnt feture omplites seriously the numeril pplitionD sine new sets of mtries hve to e lulted for eh single timeEstep of nlysisF he emersion of the onvolution integrl n e voidedD if the timeEdependent fundmentl solution used s weighting funtion in the weighted residuls sttement leding to the oundry integrl equtionD is repled y n lterntiveD simpler nd timeEindependent funtionF roweverD this gin gets on the osts of the dimensionlity of the integrtionF ure oundryEonly formultion is no longer possile sine one domin integrl ontining inertil fores over the whole domin ppers in the formultionF his deteriortes the ttrtiveness of the methodF ome mesurements must e tken or otherwise we must ope with tedious nd timeEonsuming volume integrtionF his issue seems to e even more importnt in modeling of in(nite nd semiEin(nite dominsD where the domin of integrtion tully extends to in(nityF en e0ient tool for trnsforming the domin integrl into n equivlent oundry integrl is the hul eiproity pprohF he strtegy leding to oundryEonly formultion omprising merely timeEindependent system mtries nmed s hul eiproity foundry ilement wethod @hfiwA is desried in the pperF
SITE EFFECT MODELS DUE TO THE SHALLOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN BUCHAREST METROPOLITAN AREA - ROMANIA  ID 172
A. Bala, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

he qunti(tion of the site e'etD prtiulrly the soil mpli(tionD is n importnt step either for lol seismi hzrd evlution or for the de(nition of input motion for strutures seismi designF qenerllyD this estimtion requires geophysil nd geotehnil dt whih re not often villeF sn the lst few yersD mny reserhers dopt xkmur tehnique for the evlution of the soil mpli(tion funtion using mirotremors mesurementsF sn this workD one proposes to evlute soil mpli(tion from mirotremorsD wek @qe`IH7gA nd strong @qebIH7gA motions y mens of r nd p methodsF

xew seismi mesurements re performed in fuhrest re with the purpose of de(ning etter physil nd dynmi properties of the shllow sedimentry roksF hownEhole seismi mesurements were performed in numer of IH oreholes with sing drilled in fuhrest wetropolitn reF roessing nd interprettion of the dt led to the onlusion tht shllow sedimentry roks n e onsidered wek in the reD down to IHH m depthF her wve veloity vlues nd nturl unit weight vlues presented in the pper ssoited with lol geology of uternry lyers re useful primry dt in the seismi mirozontion of fuhrest gityF e seismi signl reorded in orehole t IHH m depth is used s input strong motionD onsidered the sme for the entire study reF snput dt re used to derive trnsfer funtions for the stk of sedimentry roks @down to IHH m depthA

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Poster Presentations
in di'erent prts of fuhrestD leding to etter knowledge of lol site mpli(tionF eelertion response spetr re lso omputedD showing mpli(tions of the shllow sedimentry lyers t lmost the sme frequeny rngeD ut with di'erent vlues @ IFIx ! Px AF ite e'ets with lrger vlues of P ! Qx n our lollyF hese vlues re oviously dependent on the geologi omposition of the sedimentry stkF he period vlues for the mximum mpli(tion peks orrespond well with the known period domins from the elerometer reordings in fuhrestD etween HFI ! HFU s for the strong motion ppliedF eelertion response spetr omputed y this method prove to e vlule tool in evlution of the seismi mirozontion in fuhrest on the sis of physil nd dynmi properties of the sedimentry uternry roks enountered until IHH m depthF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RIGID INCLUSIONS BUILT IN SOFT CLAY  ID 180
J. Mayoral, Institute of Engineering, Mexico B. Mendez, Institute of Engineering, Mexico M. Romo, Institute of Engineering, Mexico

CS5
from the oundries of the vlleyF he ity of fmD loted in south of srnD experiened severe erthquke in heemer PTD PHHQF qeotehnil investigtions hve showed tht in some prts of the ityD the height of the sediments re muh higher thn other prtsD nd the outrop of edrok n e seen in few ples of the ityF hereforeD mpli(tion of the motions n e vried in di'erent regions of the ity nd two dimensionl nlysis is needed due to geology of the vlleyF sn this reserhD some regions of the fm ity re modeled in one nd two dimensions nd the mpli(tion of the motions re determinedF he responses of the soil nd the response spetrums in di'erent models re lso ompred with eh otherF he results of the two dimensionl nlysis indite tht the mpli(tion in some prts of the ity re muh higher thn the other prts whih oinide with the struturl dmges oserved fter the erthqukeF
MICROREGIONALIZATION AND INSPECTION OF BUILDINGS ON DATA OF SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS  ID 203
F. N. Yudakhin, Archangelsk Scientic Centre UB RAS, Russian Federation N. K. Kapustian, Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Russian Federation G. N. Antonovskaya, Institute of Ecological Problems in the North UB, Russian Federation E. V. Shakhova, Institute of Ecological Problems in the North UB, Russian Federation

hetiled numeril nlyses re onduted to evlute the seismi performne of groups of rigid inlusionsEsoilEstruture systems uilt on soft ly depositsF e QEh (nite element model is used in this ssessmentF he model inludes the e'ets of intertion mong inlusionsD the struture virtion nd the presene of the distriution lyerF he soil is represented s n in(nite lyered system nd the struture s sher em to ount for mss distriution e'etsF he inlusions re simulted s em elementsF he model is sujeted to horizontl r wves propgting vertillyF rystereti nd rdition dmping re inluded expliitly in the nlysesF xonliner soil response is ptured pproximtely using the equivlent liner methodF e prmetri study is onduted to determine the in)uene of the inlusions dimetersD the seprtion mong themD nd their length on their seismi performneD onsidering typil strtigrphi nd seismi onditions previling in wexio gityF prom the results of this evlution prtil design implitions re otinedF he seismi performne of the inlusion groups during nd fter the erthquke re evluted in terms of the sptil nd temporl distriution of elertions nd seismi sher fores nd ending moments ting on the inlusionsF he nlyses indite tht the system omprised y the distriution lyer nd the inlusions n redue the mplitude of the elertions oserved t the ground surfeF wost of this redution is due to the presene of the distriution lyerF fending moment distriutions of mximum vlues tend to reh pek t the ontt with sti' lenses typilly found in wexio gityF hese vlues n e higher thn the rking vlues omputed for typil design onditionsD potentilly leding to dislotions tht my impir the ility of the inlusions to ontrol settlements fter the erthqukeD or to inrese their vulnerility in future seismi eventsF
2D EVALUATION OF SITE EFFECT IN THE CITY OF BAM  ID 188
M. H. Baziar, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) N. Tafazzoli, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Fatemi Aghda, Natural Disaster Research Center of Iran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ingineering design of modern uildings nd multipurpose omplexes demnds spei(tion previous nd retions of new omprehensive miroregionliztion mpsF eliztion of the given works in ity territories in onditions of the ompt plnning nd with rigid eologil requirementsD s ruleD is mde with use of mikrotremorsF he new method sed on llotion from mikrotremors of monohromti signlsD used y wind osilltions of high ojetsD inluding highErise uilding ws o'eredF prequenies of these seismi signls orrespond to eigenEfrequenies of uildingsD iFeF from IH rz nd lower E up to HFPEHFS rzF sn seismi sense uilding t wind lods is like the sttionry seismi virtor whih is working in monohromti mode nd prospeting ity soils in rdius up to ten kilometersF he method ws tested t seismi miroregionliztion of the entrl prt of erkhngelsk ityF wps of inrement elertion whih were ompred with mde erlier on the sis of orehole dt hve een reeivedF gomprison hs shown the lose orrespondene of mpsF yther opportunity of using the wind osilltion is sed on seismometri oservtions inside uildings in di'erent pointsF yn experimentl exmples numer of methods were shownF he (rst one onsists in pling points of registrtion t one height of uilding ut in di'erent points on lengthF st llows reveling di'erene in properties of soils nd their hnge in timeF he seond method is sed on the nlysis of spetr struture response in di'erent points nd omprison of (elds for set of own frequenies nd D D omponent of seismi registrtionF st llows reveling rks nd the wek zones in uildingF he using of method for the uildings injured of explosion of household gs nd t inspetion of ondition the historil monuments of the olovetsky sslnd ws shownF
STRUCTURE-SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS ON NONLINEAR DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF TALL BUILDINGS  ID 206
F. Nateghi-A., IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Rezaei, ERC-TEHRAN, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ivlution of site e'et is one of the most importnt prolemsD onsidered in the geotehnil erthquke engineering (eldF yne of the pplitions of dynmi nlysis of the site is to determine the sher fores pplying to the struturesF sn mny sesD the dynmi nlysis for evlution of site e'et is performed using one dimensionl modelF roweverD one dimensionl nlysis is useful only for )t regionsF sn other wordsD in mny sesD site might e loted on n lluvil vlley nd two dimensionl nlysis should e performed to otin relile resultsF eserhers hve showed tht in vlley re overed with sedimentsD one dimensionl nlysis n not simulte the re)etion of the wves

xumerous studies hve shown tht the intertion eE tween djent uildings n result in hnges in nonliner dynmi response of struturesD dmge nd performne levelD depending on the dynmi spei(tions of strutures involved nd the frequeny ontent of the input motionF elso studies hve shown tht depending on dynmi prmetersD mssive struture n hve n oservle e'et on the seismi response of smller nd

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less sti' strutureF o study this e'etD (nite element method is used for the nE lytil investigtionsF sn this studyD totl soilEfoundtionEstruture system is modeled ll together nd nlyzedF por modeling purE poses nd in order to relize the e'ets of the djent uildings on the dynmi responseD two uildings nmelyY IS story nd QH story tll uildings loted on hrd nd soft soil pro(les were onsideredF hese two uildings were seprted y distne of IGR nd IGV of the width of the foundtionF st ws onluded tht in the se where soil nd struture9s period were ner eh otherD the intertion of djent strutures on inresing the nonliner responses @displement nd interstory driftA nd struturl dmge indexes were notieleD therefore not negligileF heresD in the se where periods re distnt from eh otherD intertion of djent uildings hs deresing e'et on dmge indexes nd the nonliner responsesD therefore negligileF heoretilD nlytil nd results otined in this study will e presented in this pperF
THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF SITE EFFECTS IN SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS  ID 227
G. Leonard, IAEC, Israel D. Steinberg, TAU, Israel N. Rabinowitz, Technitzan, Israel

Poster Presentations
SITE EFFECTS, DATA PROCESSING AND RESPONSE SPECTRA DUE TO THE 1999 KOCAELI AND DUZCE EARTHQUAKES  ID 279
P. Gundes Bakir, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium G. De Roeck, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium G. Degrande, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium R. Iyisan, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

hmge from strong erthqukes often exhiits lol vriE tionF qround motion predition equtions hve een developed tht tke ount of suh soElled site e'ets nd they hve een used in ssessing seismi hzrdF roweverD mny uthors hve onluded tht the ility to urtely re)et site e'ets in predition equtions is limitedF his work desries method for ssessing the importne of site e'ets reltive to tht of mgnitudeD distne nd residul unertinty in prediting strong ground motionF he ides re illustrted y rrying out some omprisons using the ground motion predition equtions of foore et lF @IWWUAF
EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF SITE AMPLIFICATION FACTOR FROM STRONG-MOTION RECORDS AT NEARBY STATION PAIRS  ID 251
K. Fujimoto, Chiba Institute of Science, Japan S. Midorikawa, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

he IWWW uoeli nd huze erthqukes were mong the most tstrophi erthE qukes in iurope in reent historyF his study exmines the site e'ets nd response spetr due to these two erthqukesF ine sstnul rries the highest risk in iuropeD the distrits of sstnul tht re espeilly suseptile to site mpli(tion hzrd re determinedF foth lssil spetrl rtio @gA nd the reeiver funtion @pA methods re employedF he g method gives higher estimtes for the site mpli(tions ompred to the p method nd is in etter onformity with the oserved dmge during the uoeli erthqukeF he results lso show tht the site mpli(tion hzrd risk is the highest for emrli nd esilkoy distrits in sstnulF st hs long een rgued y the erthquke engineering ommunity tht lthough liqueftion is potentil hzrd to the stility of sitesD it my e ene(il to strutures y providing nturl se isoltion nd this ws the reson why mny strutures t edpzri were sujeted to liqueftion indued foundtion displements without serious struturl dmgeF roweverD this study shows tht for sites whih hve the risk of soil mpli(tion for long period struturesD liquefE tion my not e ene(il s nturl se isoltor nd my result in shifting the eigenperiod of the low nd mid rise strutures to the ritil periods with high site mpli(tionsF his my e espeilly the se for evilr nd esilkoy distritsF sn ptih nd gekmee distritsD the predominnt period of the ground motion is very lose to the eigenperiods of the typil residentil uildingsF hereforeD these two distrits re expeted to experiene hevier dmge in future erthqukes due to resonne e'etsF
PROPOSAL OF NEW EQUIVALENT LINEAR ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR PRECISE VERTICAL MOTION SIMULATION  ID 322
H. Sato, CRIEPI, Japan M. Kanatani, CRIEPI, Japan

his study fouses on evluting the empiril reltionE ship etween site mpli(tion ftor nd verge sherEwve veloity of ground to ertin depthF sn the previous studies on the reltionshipD mpli(tion ftors re often inferred from empiril ttenution equtionF uh mpli(tion ftor is 'eted y not only the lol site ondition ut lso the soure rdition ptternD wve propgtion pthD nd diretivityF sn this studyD method for estimting the site mpli(tion ftor from the pek mplitudes of ground motion reorded t nery sttion pirs t the sme eventD whih n redue the e'ets of soure nd propgtion pth on mpli(tion ftorD is proposedF his method is pplied to the strongEmotion reordings of uExi nd uiuEnet for severl lrge erthqukes in tpn suh s the PHHH ottoriEken eiu erthquke @wwTFTA nd the PHHI qeiyo erthquke @wwTFVAF o omplement the strongEmotion reords t higher intensity levelsD strongEmotion dt from the IWVW vom riet erthquke @wwTFWA nd the IWWR xorthridge erthquke @wwTFUA re lso inorported in the dt setF sn order to investigte the nonliner e'et on site mpli(tion ftorD the reltionship etween mpli(tion ftor estimted from the method using the entire dt set nd verge sherEwve veloity lulted from orehole sherEveloity logs is exmined in terms of sher strin in surfe soilsF he results indites tht the e'et of nonlinerity on mpli(tion ftor for pek ground elertion eomes signi(nt with the strin level in surfe soils eing lrger thn pproximtely QIHER wheres the nonliner e'et on mpli(tion ftor for pek ground veloity is not pprent up to the strin level of out IIHEQF en empiril eqution for prediting the site mpli(tion ftor in terms of verge sherEwve veloity in the upper QH metersD whih onsiders the nonliner e'et of ground shkingD is proposedF

sn this studyD we proposed new equivlent liner nlysis tehnique introduing omplex ulk modulus to onsider p euse it ws neessry to evlute vertil motion more preisely during lrge erthquke y equivlent liner nlysis using the input of the horizontl nd the vertil motion simultneouslyF sn the proposed tehniqueD following points were newly introdued into equivlent liner nlysis tehniqueF IF gomplex ulk modulus is introdued without oisson9s rtioD nd omplex ulk modulus is ssumed to e onstnt under strong nd wek erthquke motionF PF hmping ftor is de(ned y the sum of the mteril dmping nd the frequeny dependene dmping @sttering ttenutionAD nd the frequeny dependene dmping ftor is ssumed to e onstnt under strong nd wek erthquke motionF he proposed tehnique ws pplied to strong motion simultion during IWWS ryogoEkenEnnu erthquke for demonstrting high performne of this tehniqueF prom the nlytil resultD Ewve veloity nd p tht minly in)uened vertil motion simultion hs hrdly hnged during strong motion sme s well s tul phenomen derived strong motion oservtion reordsF woreoverD it ws demonstrted tht proposed tehnique ws in more good greement with the oservtions thn present tehniqueF herefore proposed tehnique hs high performne in the purpose to evlute the vertil motion more preiselyF
SITE AMPLIFICATION PREDICTIONS USING RANDOM VIBRATION THEORY  ID 337
E. Rathje, U. Texas, United States M. C. Ozbey, U. Texas, United States

318

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A. Kottke, U.Texas, United States

CS5
ESTIMATION OF PEAK GROUND MOTION DISTRIBUTION USING OBSERVED RECORDS DURING THE CHUETSU EARTHQUAKE  ID 346
I. Suetomi, NIED, Japan E. Ishida, Japan Engineering Consultants Co.,Ltd., Japan Y. Fukushima, Japan Engineering Consultants Co.,Ltd., Japan R. Isoyama, Japan Engineering Consultants Co.,Ltd., Japan S. Sawada, Kyoto University, Japan

ndom virtion theory @A hs een used y seisE mologists for some time to predit erthquke ground motionsF roweverD this tehnique hs not permeted into geotehnil erthquke engineeringD lthough it is potentilly powerful tool tht n e pplied to trditionl equivlentEliner site response nlysis to predit seismi site mpli(tionF rereD the min dvntge of is tht one does not need to selet ny input rok motions for the nlysesF his pper introdues the si onepts of D s pplied to site mpli(tion preditionD nd ompres Esed site mpli(tion estimtes with those from trditionl site response nlyses using time domin input motionsF site response nlysis involves hrterizing the input rok motion with only pourier mplitude spetrum @peAD propgting this spetrum to the ground surfe using frequeny domin trnsfer funtionsD nd prediting the pek time domin hrteristis of motion @eFgFD pek ground elertionD spetrl elertionA using extreme vlue sttistisF he input pe n e presried sed on seismologil model @eFgFD frune spetrumA or it n e derived from n elertion response spetrumD nd thus no input time histories re requiredF e soft soil @resure sslndA nd deep soil @ylmr gonverter ttionsA site re onsidered for the nlysesD nd omprisons re mde etween nd trditionl time history nlyses for two erthquke senrios representing di'erent intensities of shkingF sn generlD the omprisons etween nd the trditionl nlyses re fvorleD ut ppers to overpredit mpli(tion t the site period y IH to PH7D s ompred to the results from time domin nlysesF hese results indite some modi(tions to my e required to produe urte site response preditionsF
A STUDY ON LOCAL DAMAGE DISTRIBUTION DURING THE 2004 NIIGATAKEN-CHUETSU EARTHQUAKE  ID 342
T. Maeda, Waseda Univ., Japan E. Nagashima, Waseda Univ., Japan R. Shimizu, Waseda Univ., Japan

e reltime monitoring system hs een instlled to supE port disster emergeny tivity in the erly post disster environment y mny orgniztions fter the IWWS ryogokenE xmu erthquke in tpnF empli(tion hrteristis of the shllow soil deposits re very importnt to evlute ground motion distriution with seismometry networkF roweverD it is not esy in severe erthquke to get n pproprite evlution immeditely euse of nonliner ehvior of the groundF sn this pperD we suggest new model re)eting nonliner ehvior of the soil dequtelyF sn order to onsider nonliner hrteristis of soft groundD we propose new mpli(tion funtion whih hs four prmeters suh s n mpli(tion ftor during wek motions nd the upper limit depending on sher strength of the soil depositsF irthquke response nlyses re rried out with mny onditions nd R prmeters re deidedF opogrphy lssi(tions nd predominnt period hve een often used s ground prmeterD ut in lte yers the use of verge Ewve veloity inresesF hereforeD we onnet verge Ewve veloity to PHm or QHm deep with four prmeters in order to pply to the re where oring dt re provided to high densityF wny strong ground motions were reorded during the xiigt ghuetsu erthquke on ytoer PQD PHHRF st ws the (rst oservtion tht twe instrumentl seismi intensity ws UF e lulted highEury mp of pek ground motion y interpoltion method using the oserved reords with mny orehole dtF

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EFFECTS OF LIQUEFACTION IN SEISMIC SSI  ID 368

F. Lopez-Caballero, Ecole Centrale Paris, France A. Modaressi, Ecole Centrale Paris, France

sn PHHRD we hd the disstrous xiigtkenEghuetsu erthE quke of w TFVF eelertion reords of more thn Iq were oserved t severl sttionsF sn okmhiEityD whih is loted out PHkm south from the epienterD more thn IDUHH ql ws oserved t xsih9s uExi sttionD wheres only light dmge ws found t nery shool uildings nd housesF e suspet tht the use of tht high elertion might e ttriuted to some lol e'ets nd rried out miroEtremor rry oservtion t the ground of okmhiEminmi junior high shoolD where the oservtion sttion is lotedF epplying the neighourhood lgorithm for joint inversion on disE persion urves nd rG spetrD we evluted susurfe struture model of the shool groundF he model simultes predominnt freE queny of TFSrz of the miroEtremor rG spetrD whih my hve een lowered to out R rz of predominnt peks for strong motion power spetr of the min shok nd mjor fter shoksF he hnge in predominnt frequeny suggests tht the derese of rigidity due to nonElinerity during the min shok is out RH7 of tht of smll strin levelF i'etive sher strin is dedued to e HFQ 7 y exmE ining strong ground motion reords with ssumed oneEdimensionl vertil wve propgtionF he reltion etween the redued rigidE ity nd the e'etive sher strin follows wellElirted onventionl digrmsD nd we onlude tht the inonsisteny etween low dmE ge nd high qe is ttriutle to high frequeny mpli(tion used y the reverertion due to the lol susurfe strutureF okmhiEity is not lrge ityD though there ertinly were di'erenes in dmges due to lol site e'etsF e lso rried out moile miroEtremor oservtion throughout the ity to (nd tht the dmged downtown re hve lower predominnt frequeny of round P rz ompred to the sttion reD whih n explin dmge onentrtion in the downtownF

rditionllyD in the erthquke engineering prtie the soilEfoundtionEstruture intertion phenomenon is studied with the ssumption of the liner elsti ehviour for the soilF st is lso well known tht the seismi response of struture n e signi(ntly ltered y the )exiility of its soil foundtionF sn the se where n elsti soil ehviour is ssumedD the surfe motion will e mpli(ed proportionlly to the input motionF roweverD in relity the mplitude nd frequeny ontent of the response re modi(ed due to the soil9s sti'ness degrdtion nd higher energy dissiptionF he qunti(tion of lol site e'ets on the input ground motion is of prtiulr importne for erthquke resistnt design s well s for the evlution of seismi dmge risk of existing struturesF sn this workD the in)uene of soil nonElinerityD introdued y the liqueftionD on the soilEfoundtionEstruture intertion phenomen is evlutedF everl singleEdegreeEofEfreedom strutures founded on )exile shllow foundtion re hosen to revelD with gret simpliityD the ene(il or unfvourle e'ets of the soilEstruture intertion phenomenonF hus Ph oupled (nite element modelling is rried out using n elstoplsti multiEmehnism model to represent the soil ehviourF por given siteD pproprite input ground motions re hosen to enfore the inelsti ehviour of the soilF he role of severl prmeters on oth the seismi ground elertion under the foundtion nd the drift of struture re extensively studiedF his prmetri study onerns the mehnil properties of the struture @msse nd frequenyA s well s the hrteristis of the input motion @mplitudeD frequeny ontent nd equivlent numer of ylesAF he simultions show tht s fr s it onerns the e'et of soil liqueftion in the soilEstruture intertion responseD only for some rtios of fundmentl frequeny of soil nd struture gret modi(tion from the elsti ondition ppersF

319

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IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM OF DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES USING VERTICAL ARRAY RECORDS OF GROUND MOTIONS  ID 467
O. Tsujihara, Wakayama National College of Technology, Japan T. Sawada, Tokushima University, Japan

Poster Presentations
smoothing of spetr of osilltions on the surfe nd trnsforming them to the form i@fA f Ek @due to the nonliner sorption of wves t high nd verge frequenies nd wve intertionAF sn prtieD seismi wves with ny spetrl ompositionD propgting up to the surfe through soft soil lyersD tend to e trnsformed into wves with spetrum i@fA f EkY in other wordsD in susurfe soils intense seismi wves loose @prtilly or ompletelyD depending on the degree of nonlinerityA informtion on their spetrl ompositionF empli(tion of seismi wves is deresed in ses of nonliner soil response @ompred to the liner responseA in dry soils @underground wter level is elow IH mA ndD less notielyD in wet soilsY in the ltter seD nonliner wekening of the wves n e ompensted y their mpli(tion y liner mehnismsD nd in the wholeD osilltions n e mpli(edF vimittions of mny existing progrms for soil response estimtion reX disregrding di'erenes in the nonliner ehvior of di'erent types of soils nd disregrding possile hnges in rheologil properties of the upper soil lyersD used y the strong motionF he size of the re of strong mnifesttions of soil nonlinerity is IGR of the length of the fult plneF
DETERMINATION OF S-WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE USING ARRAY MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENTS: CONVENTIONAL AND TWO-SITE SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION METHOD  ID 478
S. Margaryan, Building Research Institute, IISEE, Japan

trong ground motions re lrgely 'eted y the mpliE (tion e'et of susurfe lyers of the groundF hereforeD it is very importnt to estimte dynmi soil properties of susurfe ground in order to predit the hrteristis of strong ground motion tht in)uene the ehvior of strutures sed on ground or lifeline filities uried undergroundF eentlyD severl studies hve een done on the identi(tion of dynmi soil properties of susurfe ground using the vertil rry reords of ground motionsF emong those propertiesD the dmping is known to e di0ult in prtiulr to e identi(edF hileD verE til rry oservtions of ground motions re energetilly rried out in tpnF higitl strongEmotion seismogrphs so lled uikEnet re deployed y xtionl eserh snstitute for irth iene nd hisster revention @xsihA t over THH sitesF en enormous mount of dt hs een umulted sine IWWU nd n e downloded on the we siteF hey give us ig hnes to identify the dynmi properties of susurfe groundF sn order to identify the properties using uikEnet dtD howeverD some preproesses suh s the orreE tion of sensor diretionD wve synthesisD drwing wveD preprtion of soil dt re neededF purthermoreD the seletion of the intervl of time seriesD dmping model nd initil vlues used in the nlyE sis of identi(tion must e investigtedD euse they in)uene on the results of identi(tionF woreoverD some postproesses suh s drwing spetr re lso requiredF he purpose of this study is to develop the system of identi(E tion of dynmi soil properties using uikEnetF st is free from most of the troulesome opertionsD whih mkes the vrious nlyses on the di'erent onditions possileF sn this pperD it is demonstrted how this system is e'etive to identify nd umulte the dynmi soil properties in the quke using uikEnetF
COMPARISON OF EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF GROUND FOCUSING ON DAMPING  ID 472
N. Yoshida, Tohoku-Gakuin University, Japan S. Sawada, Kyoto University, Japan S. Nakamura, Nihon University, Japan

gomprisons of nonliner erthquke response nlyses of ground re mde y fousing on veloity proportionl dmping nd hystereti dmpingF sn order to use the sme veloity proportionl dmping in frequeny nd time domin nlysesD equivlent liner nlysis is improved to e le to use frequeny dependent dmping nd time domin nlysis is improved to use modl dmpingF sn dditionD improved equivlent liner nlysis re employed in order to overome two ig shortge thn onventionl progrm reui hs in order to ompre truly nonliner nlysis under the sme stressEstrin modelF e site in okyo ity is used s n se studyF elmost identil results re otined under the elsti nlysisD whih ensure the improved methodF yn the other hndD frequeny proportionl dmping is show to hve tendeny to suppress displementD espeilly when nonliner ehvior eomes predominntF
EFFECTS OF NONLINEARITY OF THE SOIL BEHAVIOR IN STRONG GROUND MOTION  ID 476
O. Pavlenko, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Federation

ite e'et is one of the importnt sujets in engineering seismology nd to perform the ssessment of the site e'et it is neessry to estimte susurfe strutureF sn reent yers for estimtion of Ewve veloity strutureD whih is more vlule thn Ewve veloity struture from engineering stndpointD mirotremors rry oservtion were widely in useF fsed on mirotremor method with seismometer rryD we determined geologil struture of the xrit ity ner the order of ghi nd srki prefetureF yservtions rried out t two di'erent res with di'erent geologil struturesF e used onventionl ptil eutoEgorreltion wethod @egA nd twoEsite ptil eutoEgorreltion wethod @PsegA methodsF sn omprison with pEu @prequenyEwvenumerA method it llows s to survey the re with minimum set of seismometersF he (rst oservtion rried out on the rieE(eld with U sensorsD with rry size of WHH mD QHH mD IHH mD QH m nd IS mF sn this site we used only eg methodF eond oservtion rried out on the shool ground reD whih is loted out IFH km from the rieE(eldD where the surfe soil is hrder thn tht of rieE(eldF sn the seond se we deployed U sensorsD with rry size IHHm nd SHm nd used oth eg nd Pseg pprohesF sn oth ses we used equilterl tringle rry nd only vertil omponent of sensorsF sing sptil utoEorreltion method we mesured phse veloities of fundmentl mode yleigh wves in mirotremorsF he oserved phse veloities were inverted into geologil struture of Ewve veloityF he omprison of phse veloities otined y eg nd Pseg methods llowed onluding tht Pseg method is lso provide resonle vlues for phse veloitiesF
RESPONSE OF SELECTED SITES IN KARVINA REGION DURING MINING INDUCED SEISMIC EVENTS  ID 485
Z. Kalab, Institute of Geonics, Czech Republic J. Knejzlik, Institute of Geonics, Czech Republic

xonlinerity of the soil ehvior in strong ground motion ws studied sed on reords of the IWWS uoe nd the PHHH ottori erthqukesD provided y seismi vertil rrysF he following onlusions were mdeF xonlinerity of the soil response leds to hnges in spetr nd mpli(tion of osilltions on the surfeF ghnges in spetr pper inX @IA derese in resonnt frequenies of the soil lyers @due to soil softening used y the strong motionAD @PA genertion of omintionEfrequeny hrmonis nd suEhrmonis of the min frequenies of propgting wves @due to intertion nd selfEmodultion of the wvesAD @QA tendenies of

unowledge of lol geology is fundmentl to evlution of seismi response of given uilding ojet or to strt preprtion of mthemtil model with relisti resultsF urvin region is our investigted re euse it is known s lolity with very intensive mining indued seismi eventsF his seismi e'et on free surfe rehed up to IS mmFsEI nd numer of events per yer with mgnitude higher thn I rnged from IHH to QHH usullyF wining tremors re one of the most importnt uses of dmges nd elertion of tehnil wer of uildings on mining reF hese e'ets re often theme of disussions nd ontentionsD espeilly if people or housings re in surroundings of underground exploittionF

320

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irtions re often regrded s the reson of dmges on the uildingsF vol geologil onditions re very omplited due rpid hnges of sedimentry lyers tht in investigted re @IH x V kmA rnged from zero @outrop of groniferous roksA to more tht THH mF o evlute seleted sites on seismi loding we strt monitoring on these sites with di'erent thikness of sedimentry lyers @ertiry nd uternry gesAF sing xkmurs methodology we omputed spetrl rtios for mesured pointsF ytined results doument very di'erent shpe of these rtio urvesF
INTERCONNECTION OF SOIL NONLINEARITY AND RESONANT AMPLIFICATION OF SEISMIC WAVES IN SOIL LAYERS  ID 493
O. Pavlenko, Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Federation

CS5
nd nonlinerityF efter olleting neessry dtY in this pper the equivlent one dimensionl site response nlysis for the ity of fm hs een mde to derive elertionD reltive veloity nd displementD pourier spetrumD response spetrum t the top of seleted suElyers nd mpli(tion ftorsF he results will e useful for present nd future reonstrution of the sme ity nd is pilot projet for future nonliner site response nlysisF
RESEARCH ON THE METHOD OF DETERMINATION THE TIME OF FORTHCOMING SEISMIC EVENT.  ID 589
A. Galka, Geneva State University, Switzerland

esonnt mpli(tion of seismi wves in soil lyers nd nonlinerity of the soil ehvior in strong ground motion re si physil mehnisms de(ning seismi wve trnsformtions in susurfe soilsF hese phenomen re desriptively illustrted y numeril models of the nonliner soil ehvior during the IWWS uoe erthquke nd the PHHH ottori erthqukeD whih were onstruted in our previous studiesF he models represent vertil distriutions of stresses nd strins in the soil lyersD hnging in time during the strong motionY they were onstruted sed on reords of the strong erthqukesD provided y seismi vertil rrysF e good greement etween the oserved nd simulted elerogrms t depths of lotions of vertil rry trnsduers testi(es to the vlidity of the otined representtionsF he onstruted models of the soil ehvior were used in numeril experiments imed t studying the e'ets of nonlinerity in seismi wve (eldsF he following results were otinedX @IA sustntil derese @severl timesA in resonnt frequenies of the soil lyers with inresing the intensity of the input motion ws estimted for vrious soil pro(lesD inluding pro(les with smooth growth of seismi veloities with depthY @PA e'ets of selfEmodultion of seismi wves nd genertion of suEhrmonis were oserved t resonnt frequeniesD iFeFD in ses of resonnt mpli(tion of seismi osilltions in soil lyersY we ttriute this to the pperne of dispersion of seismi wve propgtion veloitiesD used y nonlinerity of the soil responseF eording to the nonliner wve theoryD e'ets of selfEmodultion of intense wves re typil for nonliner medi with dispersionF husD the onditions re determined of the pperne of the nonliner seismi e'ets of selfEmodultion of seismi wves nd suEhrmoni genertionD whihD long with higher hrmoni genertionD de(nes nonliner hnges in spetr of intense seismi wvesD propgting in susurfe soilsF
ONE DIMENSIONAL LINEAR ANALYSIS IN BAM  ID 576 SITE RESPONSE

he tiring E topology grone9s idesD the ides of oolev9s spe nd oolev9s generlized derivtiveD the representtions of the fundmentl spe for ll physil (elds s the winkovsky spe nd the ssoited pseudoEeulid spe E time @wnA geometryD the de(nitions of the generlized thermodynmi potentils E vetors nd hrgesEvetorsD nd lso the lsov9s kineti eqution together with the equtions of prdyEwxwell hd een used in the workF his hs llowed (nding the wys of lultion of the new forming struturl formtions entropy dynmis in the mntleD the lithosphere nd the tmosphere s the solid proess efore the nturl ident on the sis of uolmogorovE vipunov theory nd the strnge nd frtionl kinetisF sing the speilly designed instrumentl system indition dtD nd the mthemtil lultion dt hd llowed the orret foresting oth oordintes nd time of the erthqukes with gbTD )ooding nd other nturl idents reliztion vi the reprodution of newly formed strutures hologrms s the forerunner of nturl identF
PHYSICO-MATHEMATICAL BASE AND MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE EARTHQUAKE FORECAST (M>6), ITS PLACE AND TIME  ID 609
O. Martynov, Tula State University, Russian Federation M. Martynova, "Prognoz", Russian Federation

M. Ashtari Jafari, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. R. Hatami, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

yn PT heemer PHHQ gret erthquke sling ww equl TFT hs ompletely destroyed the nient ity of fm loted south estern of srn in the provine of uermnF tnding historil itdel of ergEeEfm with out PHHH yers old might e sign tht the re hs not experiened gret erthqukes efore this shokY lthough there re some gret erthqukes in nd round the provine of uermn not very fr from fmF he fol mehnism of this event ws reported s steeply dipping right lterl strike slip tht ws (rstly onsidered to e used y movement on the fm fult ut lter it ws ssigned to shkings on n unonsidered fultY newly nmed the ergEeEfm fultF he ity ws severely dmged euse of the poorly onstruted houses of unreinfored mud riksD lthough the dmge ws unexpetedly hevy in omprison with the mgnitude of the erthqukeF st is well known tht frequeny ontent nd mplitude of ground motion n e gretly 'eted y type nd on(gurtion of ner surfe mterilF yn the other hnd seismi hzrd estimtions need e'ets of rustl strutureD ruptureD surfe geologyD soil olumn thikness

e distured systemD in onsequene of the energy onserE vtion lwD spires to ome k in equilirium onditionF hrough ifurtion stges in the mntleD lithosphere nd tmosphere the new strutures rise F he strngeness nd ftulness@s selfEorgniztion hrteristisA determine the multiEsle orE reltion y trnsition to the regime of hosD ontrolled y the glol grvittion (eldsF roesses of interting on selfEsimilr frtl multitudes @re)etion of ointEgrreA re regulted y their topologil invrintsFhe vlue limits of the entropy aHDQVEHDU permits @y vipunovA to determine the ritil timeFprtons reted y lolized exitements ord with frtl geometry of the system nd re)et in form of hologrphi phonons in vp diposonE `IH E QrzF huring the proess of hos ontrolling the inditions of trnsitions in di'usion9s regime pperD wht is hrterized y the onstnt of stility g IDQPUD nd y utmost vlue of system9s entropy HFU@y folzmnnElnkA in the ntiylone sitution in onrete geologil nd geoEmorphologil onditionsF he monitoring of these proesses is relized in rel time sle y registrtion of the speil eril9s redings of our devies @uevendishElneAF eerils (x the hnging in grdients of the geoE struture9s generlized thermodynmi potentilsF he dynmi of the hologrms is reted on the se of these dtF ell mentioned nd physioEmthemtil models let us in IWWWEPHHS give out nd send to the emssies in wosow of europen ountriesD urkeyD region of gususD srn opportune midEtime term nd shortEterm forests out the forthoming nturl tstrophes on their territories with preision of IHHxIHHkmF et present time we re working to extend the territory of monitoring till SHHH km from the ple of our devies with determintion of oordintes nd the time of forthoming event UHEIHH hours eforeF
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ALPINE VALLEYS: CASE OF VAL PELLICE, ITALY  ID 636 THE

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C. Cauzzi, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy C. Eva, Dip. Te. Ris., Universit degli Studi di Genova, Italy G. Ferretti, Dip. Te. Ris., Universit degli Studi di Genova, Italy V. Giraud, ARPA Piemonte, Italy R. Paolucci, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Poster Presentations
J. Hernndez-Olazarn, PEMEX, Mexico

sn the frmework of the igEfunded ismovlp projetD deling with the evlution of seismi risk in elpine vlleysD the seismi response of l ellieD )uvil !glil vlley loted in xorthEestern stlyD iemonteD hs een nlyzedF e temporry seismi network with severl elerometer nd veloimeter sttions ws instlled in the muniipl re of orre ellie etween tune PHHR nd wrh PHHSD reording lrge mount of wek erthqukes nd teleseismi eventsF vol mpli(tion of seismi wves is (rst investigted through rG nd tehniquesF usequentlyD the empiril spetrl rtios re ompred with the trnsfer funtions of Ih nd Ph numeril simultions performed on two di'erent rossEsetions of the vlleyD derived from hyrid seismi pro(lesD downEhole nd e testsF pinllyD the ppliility of the igV nd of the stlin eismi gode design spetr is disussedD to hek whether the presried design spetrl shpes n properly ount for the Ph site mpli(tion e'ets deteted in the vlleyF
SEISMIC MICROZONATION IN TWO VALLEYS OF THE EASTERN PYRENEES: ANDORRA AND LA CERDANA  ID 655
A. Macau, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain S. Figueras, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain B. Colas, BRGM, France B. Le Brun, previously at BRGM, France A. Bitri, BRGM, France T. Susagna, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain J. Cirs, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain M. Gonzlez, CRECIT, Andorra A. Roulle, BRGM, France

wexin petroleum ompny iwiD is mking seismi prospeting tests in the south of wexioF sn this regionD gret numer of legl demnds of the rurl houses owners hve een presented ginst iwiF resumlyD their houses were 'eted y the soil virtion due to the lsts rried outF oD the ompny requested n investigtion with the purpose to know the vlues prtile veloity limits for the typil houses of the region nd to determine the possile uses of the reported dmges of these housesF sn order to tke re of this projetD they identi(ed the types nd onstrutive prties of the houses @inspetion of QHH housesA nd the geotehnil nd geophysil hrteristis of the ground were determined in QR sites of the regionF fsed in these works the struturl response of IP typil houses nd of the surrounding soil were mesuredD under virtions produed y the detonting weight of hrge t the distne etween S nd PRH m nd to QH m depth of oreholeF wo types of explosives with di'erent weight of hrge per orehole @ID PFS nd S kgA were usedF he results of the (eld nd lortory tests llow to de(ne the type nd the mgnitude of dmge tht n tke ple in the houses seleted for this studyF st ws found thtD the referred dmge is explined essentilly y de(ienies of the onstrutions nd for the expnsion nd ontrtion e'ets of the soilF elsoD the study llows propose prtile veloity limits in funtion of the frequeny whih tkes into ount the hrteristis of the soils nd the sensitivity of the rurl housing of the regionF
SEISMIC MICROZONATION OF TLAXCALA CITY, MEXICO  ID 705
J. Lermo, UNAM, Mexico I. Bernal, UNAM, Mexico

ithin the frmework of the seh @snformtion of eismi eutomti egionl hmgeA projet two vlleys loted in the estern prt of the yreneesD with di'erent geologil feturesD hve een seleted s pilot zones for the study of seismi riskF he endorr l ell E isldes ! ingordny sin where most of uildingsD infrstrutures nd eonomi tivity of the ountry re onentrtedD is hrterized y strong density of popultionF he gerdny lleyD loted in prenh nd pnish territoryD where the popultion distriution is spreder nd is distriuted in smll urn nuleiF por the study of seismi risk two seismi senrios hve een hosenX for return period of aRUS yers nd aIWUS yers vlues of intensity ss nd sss nd vlues of qe HDIPg nd HDPg for oth zones for verge soil onditions hve een otined within the frmework of the sme projetF hi'erent pprohes hve een onduted in order to hrterise the geologil nd geotehnil properties of the study reX use of geologil mpsD onsulting reports from severl geotehnil studies in the regionD tive seismi explortion to reord yleigh wve for the e tehnique pplition to otin sher veloity pro(les nd seismi noise mesurements to otin rG spetrl rtiosF ell this informtion llows us to onstrin relisti Ih soil olumns to perform the omputtions of trnfer funtionsF petrl rtios from elerogrms reorded in this re re lso usedF sn endorrD mpli(tions for frequenies higher thn Irz re otinedD due to the thin sedimentry overF sn oppositeD in the gerdny lley the sediments tht in(ll the sinD up to VHHm thikD give rise to mpli(tions of the ground motion t smller frequenies @`IrzAF he results of this study will e usedD together with the uilding vulnerility ssessment for the seismi risk estimtion nd the dmge senrios omplishmentF
EFFECT OF DETONATIONS IN RURAL HOUSES OF THE SOUTH OF MEXICO  ID 694
D. Muri-Vila, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico A. Escobar, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico E. Ovando-Shelley, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico J. Lermo, Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM, Mexico

sn order to mke regionl seismotetoni nlysis of the stte of lxl @wexioAD RS erthqukes @etween IWWR nd PHHRD wd ` RFHA hve een ompiledF elmost UH7 of this seismiity is ssoited to the struture known s qren de uelF he seismotetoni hrteristis llowed to mke seismi zontion onsisting of zone of high tivity @sAD one of medium @ssA nd one of low @sssAF he zone leled s represents the gretest seismi hzrd nd lso enompsses the most populted ities @lxlD nt en ghiutempnD gontl nd epizoAF en estimtion of site e'ets for lxl gity ws mde with xkmur tehniqueD using mirotremors reords in TW pointsF esults were vlidted with the oneEdimensionl methodF ptil distriution of dominnt period @oA llowed to mke seismi mirozoni(tionF hree mirozones were identi(edX sD with o etween HFQ nd HFV sY ssD with o etween HFI to HFQ s nd sssD without site e'etsF wirozone ss is the most vulnerle to erthqukes sine the mode of virtion of the ground my oinide with tht of the uildingsF
SITE EFFECT AND SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF THE ACATLAN CITY, MEXICO  ID 706
D. Vega, UNAM, Mexico J. Lermo, UNAM, Mexico

etln gity is loted in the south of tte of uel nd it9s one of most dmged towns y lrge intermediteEdepthD normlEfulting erthqukes in the suduted goos plteF en exE perimentl work is shown in this pper for estimting the site e'et nd vulnerility of the townF en isoperiod mpD some theoretil trnsfer funtions nd pek ground elertions @for the ISth tuneD IWWW ehun erthqukeA were lulted for evluting the site e'etF sn the other hndD struturl ensus ws mde in RQV uildings nd we de(ne three struturl on(gurtions s the most ommon in the ity nd their seismi response ws lulted for two types of seismi demndF yne lss of vulnerility ws ssigned to eh on(gurtion sed on the story drifts vluesF he results indite tht the onstrution tehniques re de(ient nd this is the mjor prolem in the struturl ehvior of the uildings in the etln ityF

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SITE CLASSIFICATION MAP FOR CENTRAL EUROPE  ID 711
M. Nyst, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States C. Williams, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States L. Hall, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States T. Onur, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United States

CS5
heterministi seismi hzrd nlysis @hreA hs een rried out y onsidering the seismotetoni mp for fnglore regionD prepred y onsidering fultsD linements nd histori erthquke events in n re of QSHkm rdius round fnglore ityF he wgi hs thus een determined y seismotetoni prmeters nd regionl ttenution reltionF st is found tht the wgi hs moment mgnitude of SFI using qe of HFIRTgF hue to lk of existing ground motion dtD syntheti ground motion for wgi t the seleted site is generted using the model developed y fooreD onsidering regionl seismotetoni prmetersF he over urden soil thikness t the site vries from Rm to ISmF he generl soil pro(le in this site is silty snd with (ne ontent of PV7 to RV7 followed y sndy ly with lstiity sndex vrying from T7 to IT7 nd followed y wethered rokF he (eld stndrd penetrtion test @A x vlue vries from P to UIF qeophysil investigtions hve een rried out using wultihnnel nlysis of surfe wves @weA methodD oth IEh nd PEhF he rnge of sher wve veloity is PHHmGse to IIHHmGseF reuiPHHH hs een usedD for the site response study y onsidering the ground motion dt nd geotehnil prmeters to evlute the response spetrum nd mpli(tion using oth the (eld tests dt seprtelyF he response spetrum from the geotehnil investigtions gives higher spetrl elertion when ompred to the response spetrum from the geophysil investigtionsF righ spetrl elertion my e ttriuted to presene of very lrge mount of (nesF hynmi properties otined from re high strin vlues s ompred to weF
ESTIMATING OF SHALLOW VELOCITY STRUCTURE BY INVERSION OF RECEIVER FUNCTION  ID 754
A. Petukhin, Geo-Research Institute, Japan K. Miyakoshi, Geo-Research Institute, Japan

ristori erthqukes hve demonstrted tht the properE ties of geologil mterils eneth site hve mjor in)uene on the mplitude nd frequeny ontent of ground shkingF gonsidertion of site onditions is therefore n importnt prt of seismi hzrd nd risk ssessmentF his study presents highEresolution site lssi(tion for gentrl iurope for use in regionl sle seismi hzrd nd risk ssessmentF ite lsses re ssigned sed on the methodology developed y ills et lF @PHHHA for gliforniD whih uses the reltionship etween geologil mteril nd the sher wve veloity of the upper QH m @sQHAF he pplition of this methodology to entrl iurope is tested suessfully using orehole dt from vriety of uternry environmentsF edjustments to the lssi(tion sheme re suggested to etter ount for the ollisionl nture of this tetoni settingF
ON ESTIMATION OF SITE AMPLIFICATION FROM AMBIENT GROUND NOISE  ID 713
E. Safak, USGS, United States

enlysis of mient ground noise is eoming n inresE ingly populr method to determine site mpli(tionF emient noise represents the virtions of the ground due to smll exittions from vrious souresD suh s the energy trnsmitted from the foundtions of uildings virting under wind lodsD energy trnsmitted y hevy mhinery operting on the surfeD virtions generted y tr0 lodsD nd mirotremorsF sn generlD reords of mient ground noise hve very low mE plitudes nd signlEtoEnoise rtiosF pourierEsed stndrd methods tht re ommonly used to nlyze seismi dt re not ppropriE te to nlyze mient dt euse low signlEtoEnoise rtios n use lrge errors in spetrl nlysisD prtiulrly when nlysis involves spetrl rtiosF roweverD mient virtions re lwys ville nd dt n e olleted ontinuouslyF sn most sesD mient reords re sttionry @iFeFD their frequeny nd temporl hrteristis do not hnge with timeAD nd the reord length n e mde in(nitely longF elsoD sine there re lrge numer of soures for noise nd exittionD it n resonle e ssumed tht oth the noise nd the exittion re wideEnd rndom proessesF hese properties of mient dt mke it possile to utilize dvne stohsti tehniques for dt nlysisD suh s sttistil signl proE essingD optiml (lteringD nd dptive noise nellingF his pper (rst presents some exmples of the types nd mgnitudes of errors of stndrd tehniques tht re urrently used to determine site mpli(tion from mient ground noiseF he pper then shows tht the nlysis of mient ground noise is equivlent to extrting low mplitude sinusoids uried in noiseF fy using elementry onepts from the sttistil signl proessing nd optiml (ltering theoriesD the pper introdues severl new tehniques to nlyze mient noiseF he superiority of the new methods over the pourierEsed methods is demonstrted y using rel reords of ground noise from urn resF
SITE RESPONSE ANALYSES BASED ON SITE SPECIFIC SOIL PROPERTIES USING GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL TESTS  ID 747
P. Anbazhagan, Indian Institute of Science, India T. Sitharam, Indian Institute of Science, India C. Divya, Indian Institute of Science, India

ine the pioneering work of vngston @IWUWA reeiver funtion method is widely used to estimte irth rust nd mntle strutureF fut to pply it to the estimtion of shllow rust struture @IES km depthA or depth of sedimentry lyerD whih re importnt for predition of strong ground motionsD someone need to lulte reeiver funtion t high frequeniesD QES rzF righEfrequeny seismi wves re strongly sttered nd lultion of reeiver funtion in most ses is impossileF o void this prolemD we n use lose erthqukesD eFgF ftershoksD or deep sudution erthqukesF enother prolemD whih is generl prolem for the veloity struture inversionsD is the trdeEo' etween veloity in lyer nd thikness of lyerF o resolve this trdeEo'D we n pply onstrins to veloity in the lyerD eFgF sed on the test in neighoring oreholeD nd estimte only thikness of lyerF e pplied developed methodology to estimte shllow strutures t the uEnet sites in the region of wTFID mguhi IWWU irthquke in tpnF truture of lyers were (xed ording to the geologil struture in the regionD veloity t shllowest lyer ws (xed using dt from uEnet sitesD veloity of deepest lyer ws (xed ording to the rustl strutureD veloities in the intermedite lyers were onstrined using test results t neighoring orehole uikEnet sites tht penetrte into the sme geologil lyersF henD reeiver funtions were inverted for veloity struture using qeneti elgorithmY propgtor mtrix lgorithm of uennett nd uerry @IWUWA ws used to lulte theoretil reeiver funtionsF o vlidte estimted veloity strutures we lulted syntheti wveforms for eh siteD using the disrete wvenumer methodD nd ompred them with the oserved wveforms in frequeny rnge HFS E PrzF
SITE EFFECT INVESTIGATION BASED ON DATA OF LOCAL NETWORK OF SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS IN THE URBAN AREA  ID 755
D. Melkov, Geophysical Center of Experimental Diagnostics,

he ojetive of this pper is to (nd the response of soil overurden for the mximum redile erthquke @wgiA t site using geotehnil nd geophysil investigtionsF he site is loted t rindustn eeronutil vimited fngloreD sndiF

Russian Federation A. Kharebov, Geophysical Center of Experimental Diagnostics, Russian Federation

ldikvkz ity is situted in the region of high seismi

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hzrdF here is fult with wmxaUFI in the south prt of the ityF sn PHHR (rst time in the xorth gusus there ws formed lol network of seismi oservtions on the urn territoryF st onsists of four modern digitl sttionsF eismi sttions were loted in uildings of similr type nd funtionlity on sites with di'erent soil onditionsF st llows to investigte tivity of fults nd peulirities of erthqukes on sites with di'erent soil onditionsF here ws developed softwre for utomti dt proessingD dt systemtiztionD fst reords serh nd some other opertions @network opertion nlysisD events seletionAF uh dt systemtiztion llows not only serhing reords in dtse ut lso performing more omplited opertions using vF yne of suh opertions is event seletionF prom the dtse there were seleted reords of events registered y ll the seismi sttionsF here ws formed dt rry for eh sttion ontining ll the reords @THHH smples lengthA nd performed pourier trnsformF enlysis of pourier mplitude spetr hs shown tht soil onditions strongly in)uene on the spetrl struture of virtionsF por more detiled nlysis there were performed lultions of mpli(tion funtions nd rG spetrl rtionsF sn the sene of outropping rok in the regionD there ws seleted site with the most simple nd seismilly good soil onditions @grvel with the depth of PHH mAF rGErtions re lulted for event reords nd ompred with mpli(tion urvesF eordne of rG spetrl rtions with mpli(tion funtions gives possiility to estimte nturl frequenies of the seleted siteF es result of reserhD nturl frequenies of the sites nd intensity inrements hve een estimtedF
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SLOPE'S EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE  ID 801
A. Razmkhah, IAU-South Tehran Campus, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Kamalian, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. K. Jafari, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Sadroaldini, IAU-Arak Campus, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
of numeril two phse lgorithm sed on oupled solid nd )uid displementsD whih hs een previously vlidted y the uthorsF uh proedure inorportes s onstitutive eqution of the soil the well known endohroni lwD emodied within the frmework of n inelsti fiot9s modelF he pper summrizes the onstitutive lw nd the numeril ode employed in this studyD nd gives n explntion for the type of rod filure mentioned oveF sn dditionD some orretive mesuresD onerning geometry improvements nd hnges of the properties of the grnulr mteril t spei( emnkment lotions re exploredD in order to otin reommendtions for the geotehnil design of rods t seismi sitesF
ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN THE AREA OF POZZUOLI-SOLFATARA FOR THE SITE RESPONSE ESTIMATE  ID 824
S. Petrosino, INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy P. Cusano, INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy G. Saccorotti, INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy D. Galluzzo, INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy E. Del Pezzo, INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy

xowdysD it is well estlished tht lol soil onditions nd irregulr surfe topogrphy n hve ruil in)uene on dmge severity nd its sptil distriution during strong erthqukesF wost reserh on topogrphi e'ets hs fr foused on ridgesF ome of the proedures nd onepts developed for the nlysis of the ridges my lso e extended to slopesF roweverD there re lso signi(nt di'erenes etween the response of slopes nd the response of ridges simulted s homogeneous hlfEspesY foremost re the semiEin(nite nture of mteril in the horizontl diretion ehind the slope rest nd the potentil of soil mpli(tion of the motionsF his pper presents the results of n extensive prmetri study of seismi responses of twoEdimensionl slopes to vertilly propgting inident E nd E wvesF gler perspetives of the indued sttering nd mpli(tion ptterns re given y investigtion of timeEdomin nd frequenyEdomin responsesF st is shown tht site geometry @eFgF slope ngleAD wve hrteristis nd mteril prmeters re the key prmeters governing the slope9s responseF imple formul nd tles re proposed for estimting the hrteristi site period nd the verge mpli(tion potentil of slopesD whih ould e esily pplied in site e'et mirozontion studies of topogrphi res
ROAD EMBANKMENTS UNDER EARTHQUAKES: FAILURE MECHANISMS AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES  ID 818
S. Lpez-Querol, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain R. Porras-Soriano, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain R. Blzquez, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain

he Ih sherEwve veloity model in the volni re of ozzuoliEolftr is inferred using the dispersion properties of yleigh wves generted y rti(il explosions nd mirotremorF he groupEveloity dispersion urves re retrieved from pplition of the wultiple pilter ehnique nd hse wthed pilter to reordings of irEgun se shotsF he dispersion urves indite yleighEwve fundmentlEmode group veloities rnging from HFV to HFT kmGse over the IEIP rz ndF qroup veloity dispersion re lso otined from n utoregressive nlysisD to ompre the results with those inferred from the wp nlysisF he mient noise reorded t dense rry is nlysed y using eki9s orreltion tehnique nd n extended version of this methodF he otined phse veloities rnge from IFS kmGs to HFQ kmGs over the IEV rz ndF he group veloity dispersion urves re then inverted to infer the shllow sherEwve veloity model down to depth of out PSH mD for the re of ozzuoliEolftrF he ttenution study is performed y nlysing the mplitude spetrl dey of yleigh wves with the distneD in di'erent frequeny ndsF he ttenution urve is then inverted to infer the shllow inverse modelF sing the otined veloity nd ttenution modelD the theoretil ground response to vertillyEinident r wve is lultedD providing two mpli(tion peks entered t PFI nd SFR rzF he trnsfer funtion is ompred with those otined experimentlly from the pplition of xkmur9s tehnique to mirotremor dtD rti(il explosions nd lol erthqukesF egreement mong the trnsfer funtions is oserved only for the mpli(tion pek of SFR rzF pinlly the pek ground elertion for the whole gmpi plegrei lder nd lolly for the ozzuoliEolftr re is evluted using two di'erent methods @rndom virtion theory nd ground motion generted from qussin distriutionAD providing the qe vlues of HFHR g nd HFHWU gD respetivelyF
APPLICATION OF H/V FOURIER SPECTRAL RATIO FOR ANALYSIS OF SITE EFFECT ON ROCK SITES IN TAIWAN  ID 836
V. Sokolov, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany C. H. Loh, Natinal Taiwan University, Taiwan W. Y. Jean, National Center Research on Earthquake Engineering, Taiwan

od emnkments re geoEstrutures usully uilt with grnulr soils underlying n lmost impervious pvement lyerF efter n erthqukeD it is very ommon to (nd typil filure onsisting on longitudinl rks running prllel to the xis of the rodD ut not extly t the middle of itF his type of filureD due to liqueftion of the grnulr soilD n e explined y mens

he frequenyEdependent mpli(tion for rok @glss fA sites ws studied using erthquke groundEmotion dtse olleted in iwn during implementtion of the iwn trong wotion snstrumenttion rogrmF he dtse used inludes severl hundred reords from erthqukes of wv RFV ! UFQ ourred in IWWQEPHHRF he hrteristis of mpli(tion were evluted using the wellEknown tehnique of horizontlEtoEvertil pourier spetrl rtio @rGA of the Ewve phse @vermo nd ghvezEqri IWWQAF he study llows us to nlyze peulirities of rok sites

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mpli(tion in xorthern nd istern iwn nd to ompre the mpli(tion with similr dt otined reently for other regionsF st ws suggested to divide the glssEf site mpli(tion into four types sed on frequeny of mximum mpli(tion nd the shpe of mpli(tion funtionF enlysis of the rG rtios n llow reognizing unusul e'ets in site mpli(tionD suh s in)uene of nery uildingF he ppliility of the tehnique ws lso heked for few sti' nd soft soil sites @glsses h nd iAF
CORRELATION OF AMBIENT NOISE GROUND VULNERABILITY INDEX [KG] WITH DAMAGE IN THESSALONIKI (GREECE)  ID 843
A. Panou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece N. Theodulidis, ITSAK, Greece A. Savvaidis, ITSAK, Greece Z. Roumelioti, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece P. Dimitriou, ITSAK, Greece P. Hatzidimitriou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece A. Kiratzi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece C. Papazachos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

CS5
performed using hxi with frequeny dependnt onsidertionF efter severl lultionD it is relized tht predomintion of liner ehvior of uExi sttion re pproximtely HFPs period using foreEshok reordD thenD strong ground motions of minEshok re relized s HFUs period predomintionF ith estimting nonEliner performneD lrge elertions re mpli(ed y surfe soils @soft ly nd grvelsA down to IHm in depth with lrge sher strin distriution rnging from I7 to P7F elsoD it is relized tht deep solid lyers rnging from IHHm to QHHm in depth with over SHHmGs Ewve veloity ehved with little nonEliner hrteristisF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF 2D TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES IN TIME DOMAIN AT HIGH FREQUENCIES  ID 864
A. Razmkhah, IAU-South Tehran Campus, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Kamalian, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. K. Jafari, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. Ali Elahi, IAU-Arak Campus, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he erthquke of tune PHD IWUVD @wTFSA used severe dmge in the ity of hessloniki @xorthern qreeeA nd demonstrted the vulnerility of modern itiesF en eight!storey reinforedEonrete uilding ollpsed in the ity enterD RHHH uildings su'ered serious dmge nd RU people lost their livesF elthough mny studies hve een onduted sine the erthqukeD detiled investigtion of the dmge potentil is still needed for n e'etive prepredness nd seismi risk mitigtion ginst future erthqukesF sn this study mient noise mesurements were performed t QSH sites in the metropolitn re of the ity of hesslonikiF mpling intervls etween mesurement points ws ISHm in the downtown distrit of the ity nd out SHHm elsewhereF he mient noise horizontlEtoEvertil spetrl rtio @rA for eh site ws lulted nd the fundmentl frequeny @foA nd orresponding r mplitude level @eoA were estimtedF fsed on the foD eo vluesD the ground vulnerility index ugEvlue @xkmurD IWWTA ws lso lultedF gontour mps of the fundmentl frequeny @foAD the mplitude level @eoA nd the ugEvlue were ompred with the oserved detiled dmge distriution indued y the IWUV erthqukeF es resultD in the res tht hevy dmge ws oservedD the fundmentl frequeny @foA of the sites ws generlly lower while the orresponding r mplitude level @eoA nd the ugEvlue ws higher tht those exhiiting light dmgeF purthermoreD ugEvlue demonstrtes etter orreltion with dmge distriution ompred to tht of the r mplitude level @eoAF he forementioned results indite tht the mient noise spetrl rtio tehnique r nd its produtD nmelyD ground vulnerility index ugEvlueD n stisftorily point out res of higher seismi risk potentil in the ity of hesslonikiF
STUDY ON NON-LINEAR BEHAVIORS OF STRONG MOTIONS IN OJIYA DURING THE 2004 MID NIIGATA PREF. EQ, JAPAN  ID 859
S. Fukumoto, Tokyo Soil Research Co., Ltd., Japan H. Yamanaka, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

eent oservtions of mjor seismi dmges show the signi(ne of the site e'et on the seismi mpli(tionF his pper will e evluted the Ph site response prmetri study of topogrphi fetures @semiEelliptilD semiEsinusoidl nd trpezoidl shpesA in time domin t high frequeniesF he soil mteril is onsidered liner elstiF he ssumed input motion of iker type is onsidered s plne wve whih is pplied vertillyF rmetri study is performed using rfsh progrm whih is one of the omprehensive numeril Ph progrms for pinite ilement ! foundry ilement modeling in hlf speF he ury nd pility of this progrm hve een estlished in study of di'erent site e'etsD using severl numeril nd nlytil exmplesF emong the prmeters 'eting the seismi response of topogrphiesD geometril hrteristis re studied in this reserhF he results re demonstrted in the form of normlized prmeters s shpe tio @the rtio of height to hlf width of the topogrphyA nd dimensionless frequenyF herefore the hievements of this study n e generlized nd used for di'erent geometries nd input motionsF he results of the prmetri study show tht in ll studied geometriesD interferene of di'erent distriuted plne wves mkes very distured (eld of wves inside the topogrphyD where seprtion of di'erent wves is very di0ultF elsoD nd sed on Ph nlysisD the Ph dimensionless predominnt frequeny is determined in whih the mpli(tion rtio is lrger thn IFH t ll points of topogrphy nd they hve similr phses pinllyF impli(ed reltions etween the Ph nd Ih pek ground elertion @qeA sed on shpe rtio is proposedF
SITE EFFECTS EVALUATION IN LORCA TOWN (MURCIA, SPAIN) APPLICABLE TO SEISMIC RISK MANAGEMENT  ID 867
M. Navarro, University of Almeria, Spain A. Garca, University of Almeria, Spain F. Vidal, University of Granada, Spain T. Enomoto, University of Kanagawa, Japan F. Alcal-Garca, University of Catalonia, Spain F. Luzn, University of Almera, Spain A. Prez-Ruiz, University of Almera, Spain T. Yamamoto, University of Kanagawa, Japan E. Ocaa, University of Granada, Spain I. Matsuda, University of Kanto-Gakuin, Japan

yn PQ ytoer PHHRD the PHHR wid xiigt refF erthE quke @wjaTFVA struk wid xiigt refFD entrl tpnF et this momentD three strong ground motion reords hd een registered t entrl yjiy ityD of whih sttion loted in nd round UHH meters distneD xiigt refF emong of three reorded sttionsD uExiD twe nd uisen rouseD the mximum elertion is relized s IDQHVgl with i omponent of uExi sttionY x omponent is IDIRUglD thenD seismi intensity is TFUF roweverD pek elertions of uisen rouse re UQHgl nd VHVgl of xD i omponentD respetivelyD seismi intensity is summrized to TFIF sn order to lrify di'erene of eh pek ground motion nd seismi intensityD we lulted IEh seismi response nlysis of eh oservtion site onsidering with QHHm in depth using wellElogging dt nd deep Ewve pro(le inverted y mirotremor rry dt in yjiy ityF eismi response nlysis of equivlent liner method ws

eent smll nd moderte destrutive erthqukes on the seroEmgrein region hve shown tht the determintion of seismi hzrdD oriented to seismi risk mngement in urn resD requires n investigtion on the possiility of resonne in the dynmi ehviour of uildings nd soilsF he evlution of lol site e'ets in vor town @southestern pinA were rried out from geologil nd geomorphologil surveyD mient virtion mesurements nd simultneous strong motion reords on di'erent soil onditionsF e lssi(tion of shllow geologi mterilsD ording to their seismi mpli(tion pityD identifying the

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nture of the mterils ws otinedF he ptil eutoorreltion method @egA ws pplied to mient virtion rry dt nd Ewve veloity models in di'erent prts of the town were deterE minedF emient virtion reords were performed t US oservtion points nd the distriution ws rrnged on the ross points of grid of ISHm x ISHm dimensions nd the rorizontlEtoEertil petrl tio ws lulted he results show smllest vlues of predominnt periods orrespond to the northEwest zone of the townD with vlues round HFI seF he entrl nd south zones of the town show heterogeneous distriution of predominnt periods with vlues rnging from HFP to HFV seF hese vlues re strongly relted with lol ground onditionsF he evlution of ground shking fetures hs een otined y omprison simultneous strong motion reords on di'erent soil onditions nd rok referene siteF he results show n mpli(tion ftor S times in soft soil in reltion to the referene siteF fuilding virtion mesurementsD exited y mient virtionD were reorded t QT g uildings @etween P nd IP storiesA to determine nturl period nd dmping preditors in the rnge of smll mplitudesF pinllyD proility mp of expeted resonne phenomen in vor townD for smll nd moderte destrutive lol erthqukesD hs een otinedF
SEISMIC SITE EFFECT ESTIMATION IN THE CITY OF RABAT  ID 905
B. Said, CNRST, Morocco J. Nacer, CNRST, Morocco I. B. Aomar, CNRST, Morocco B. Lahcen, EMI, Morocco

Poster Presentations
hrteristis to uppermost QHmY the lol response during the lrge rne erthquke is ontrolled y the entire pkge of uternry ohesionless deposits whih re signi(ntly thiker thn QHm eneth fuhrest nd @PA di0ulty to delinete zones with di'erent lol mpli(tionsY thusD for fuhrest urn re nd strong surustl rne erthqukes one n refer rther to regionl e'ets thn lol e'etsF
INELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SOIL DEPOSITS  ID 919
V. Drosos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece N. Gerolymos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Gazetas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

his study is sed on the sites survey rried out in the pitl ity of worooD tF por this imD we used the xkE mur9s tehnique to hrterize lol geologil onditions in terms of the dynmi response of soil during erthqukesF eording to xkmurD this tehnique llows determintion of the fundmentl period nd the mximum mpli(tion ftor of the soil olumn y the reording of mirotremors during few minutesF e pplied the xkmur9s tehnique in the ity of t to get distriution mps of dominnt periods nd mpli(tion ftors ssessed in more thn PSH sitesF sn order to disuss the results of this studyD we used ville informtion in this zone out the surfe lithologil nd topogrphi onditions t some mesurement siteF pinllyD we estlished mirozoning mp of the ity of t sed on ontours of dominnt periodsF sn generlD the dominnt periods re higher on the hills ordering the fouregreg iverF foth topogrphy nd thikness of soil my hve ontriuted in these sites e'etsF he mirozoning mp estlished in this studyD n e used y engineers nd deision mkers for urn nd lnd use plnning s well s guide for the redution of the seismi vulnerility of uildingsF
LARGE VRANCEA INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH EARTHQUAKES AND SITE EFFECTS IN BUCHAREST URBAN AREA  ID 911
N. Mandrescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania M. Radulian, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania G. Marmureanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

wny onstitutive models nd numeril odes hve een proposed for nonEliner seismi response of soilF roweverD the di0ulty in lirtion of the model prmeters prevents the wide use of these modelsF sn this pperD simple ut e0ient numeril ode for the lultion of the nonEliner oneEdimensionl seismi response of multiElyered soil pro(les is presentedF he ode is sed on the phenomenologil onstitutive model fqq developed y qerolymos 8 qzets @PHHRA s n extension of the fouEen modelF efter properly lirting its prmetersD the model deE sries with relism the timeEdomin nonEliner hystereti ehvior of plethor of mterilsF imphsis is given on the lirtion proedure nd the veri(tion of the odeF rmeters lirtion is omplished usingX @A the well doumented nd widely used soil sti'ness versus strin @q! A nd dmping versus strin @ ! A urves of litertureD nd @A results from other estlished numeril odes of the oneEdimensionl seismi response nlysisF he potentil of generlized use of the lirted prmeters is veri(ed through omprison of the proposed ode results with experimentl results from the litertureF ht from entrifuge testsD shking tle experimentsD nd inEsitu @vertil rrysA reords is utilized for this golF he good omprison of the lulted results with the experimentl ones gives on(dene in use of this new numeril tool for the nonEliner seismi response nlysis of soil depositsF st is reveled lso tht the equivlentEliner method tends to overestimte the soil response even under moderte exittions nd therefore the neessity for inelsti nlysis is inevitleF
SEISMIC RESPONSES OF GROUNDS AND VIADUCTS IN ZONE OF DERAILMENT OF SHINKANSEN BULLET TRAINS  ID 1051
S. Mori, Ehime University, Japan S. Kazuni, Ehime University, Japan

he mjor erthquke tht ourred in rne region in wrh RD IWUU @wwaUFRA produed the ollpse of QP highEtll uildings in the entrl prt of the fuhrest ityD nd other severl tens of tll uildings were hrd dmgedF st ws generlly ssumed tht the min use of this dmge ws the proximity of the uilding period of osilltion to the fundmentl period of resonne spei( for the geologil onditions eneth the ityF he min purpose of our study is to nlyze the in)uene of the lol nturl onditions upon the soil response in fuhrestD in se of lrge @wbUA surustl rne erthqukesF o this purposeD we use geologilD geotehnil nd geophysil informtionD inluding in situ mesurements of sher wve veloitiesF he results of our study onerning site response evlutionD using the impedne ontrsts nd mpli(tion ftorsD outline two min fetures of high signi(ne for erthquke engineering prtieX @IA indequy for the fuhrest ity se of the stndrd proedure tht limits the investigtion depth in order to set soil dynmi

hinknsen ullet trins were deriled during xiigtEken ghuetsu erthqukeD ytoer PQD PHHR with mgnitude of TFVF he purpose of this pper is to estimte the seismi responses of the grounds nd viduts in the zone of the derilment for studying the possile use of the derilment y dynmi nlysis using simpli(ed models veri(ed y mirotremor rry mesurement on grounds nd vidutsF yneEdimensionl models of ground for seismi response nlysis re developed t IU sites sed on soil pro(les with dtF iquivlent liner nlysis is onduted using progrm reuiF viner models of singleEdegreeEofEfreedom systems for viduts t ten sites re developed sed on mirotremor mesurement on grounds nd vidutsF he results of nlysis show tht vlues in rnge of lluvil terre re lrger thn those in rnge of lluvil fn with regrd to responses of elertion of the grounds nd vidutsF fsed on witnesses of rewD it is lerly shown tht the trins rn through the zone of the eginning of derilmentD whih orresponds to the rnge of lluvil terreD in the time rnge of ourrene of mximum elertion responsesF he mximum vlue of horizontl elertion response of vidut is estimted to e over IDTHH mGsPD whih equls to UH 7 of ritil elertion for derilmentF xonliner mpli(tion of ground motion on lluvil terre nd orrespondene of timing etween ourrene of mximum elertion of ground motion nd running of ullet trins t the eginning point of the derilment seems to ply importnt role in the derilmentF

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INFLUENCE OF "LONG-TERM TIME" EFFECTS ON THE SOIL STIFFNESS IN LOCAL SEISMIC RESPONSE EVALUATION  ID 1107
C. Madiai, University of Florence, Italy G. Simoni, University of Florence, Italy G. Vannucchi, University of Florence, Italy

CS5
sn the study tht is reported here three di'erent methods re pplied to estimte site e'ets using elerometri strongE motion dtF he ojetive of this study is to ompre the methodsD ssess their vlidity nd reliilityD the purpose of whih is to improve models for estimting strong ground motionF he elertion dt used in the study is from erthqukes in outhEselnd eismi one tht is ville on the snternet ite for iuropen trongEmotion ht @sihAF et some of the sites reords re ville from severl eventsF vimited prior studies hve een mde of site e'ets in selndF his is the (rst study tht is mde using ll the ville strong ground elertion reordsF he three methods pplied to the elerogrms reX @IA the xkmur method @rG methodAY @PA the method of seprting the site e'ets from soure nd pth e'ets y mens of nonEliner optimistion @sometimes lled generlized inversion tehniqueA nd @QA (nlly (tting prmetri model representing vertilly propgting EwvesF he site response prmeters re omputed using these three methods nd results ompredF he predominnt period of ground motion nd the mplitude of the min spetrl pek n e used for lssi(tion of site e'etsF snomplete geologil nd geophysil dt exist for the strongEmotion sttions s well s the reF fsed on this limited informtion nd prmeters estimted from the elerogrms lssi(tion of site e'et is mde with respet to the site lsses proposed y xri nd iuroode VF
ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR COMPUTATION OF UNIFORM HAZARD SPECTRA WITH SOIL EFFECTS  ID 1170
A. Perez, Unam, Mexico

st is widely known tht in lortory tests the dynmi sher moduli t low shering strin mplitudes inrese with time of on(nement nd lso t higher shering strins soils exhiit 4longEterm time4 e'etF his e'et ould ply n importnt role on soil dynmi ehviour nd it should e properly ounted when interpreting lortory moduli to determine in situ soil sti'ness for engineering prtil pplitionsF he im of this reserh is to nlyse the in)uene of the 4longEterm time4 e'et on the lol seismi responseF he study ws developed on n re of xorthern stly where eluvilEolluvium nd postEglil lustrine deposits of known ge re presentF en experimentl testing progrm inluding three hownErole tests nd severl lortory tests on indistured smples ws onduted y the qeotehnil vortory of the heprtment of givil ingineering of the niversity of plorene to ssess stti nd dynmi properties of the two formtionsF sn the pper the results of (eld nd lortory tests for hrteriztion of three soil pro(les re presentedF IEh lol seismi response nlyses of the three sites ws lso shown y ompring the results otined tking into ount the 4longEterm time4 e'ets with those estimted negleting themF
INFLUENCE OF SITE EFFECT IN DAMAGE STATE OF FRAMED STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE  ID 1155
S. Klarica, University of Los Andes, Venezuela B. Vera, University of Los Andes, Venezuela J. Flrez-Lpez, University of Los Andes, Venezuela

M. Ordaz, Unam, Mexico

yne of the min gols of erthquke engineering is the predition of the ehvior of soilsD when they re overlod y seismi eventsD nd its in)uene on the response of ivil engineering struturesF qeologil onditions of lol site n produe mpli(E tion of seismi wves tht will results in importnt mteril dmges nd sometimes trgi loss of lifeF his phenomenon is well known s seismi site e'etF sn order to improve erthquke mitigtion strtegiesD it seems very importnt to quntify elertion nd dmge mpli(tion due to soil movement in tive seismi resF ell the simultions presented in this pper show the intertion etween soil nd strutureF he soil properties orrespond to the geologil dt of the ity of wridD enezuelD whih is on n importnt tive seismi fultF he struturl response is sed on dmge model developed t the niversity of vos endes in enezuelF his dmge model omines the plsti hinge onept with frture mehnis nd ontinuum dmge theoryF he simultions mesure the in)uene of site e'et on the stte of dmge in frmed struturesF he model ws inluded in ommeril struturl nlysis progrmD lled efeD s new (nite elementF oil ws represented using the onventionl (nite elements inluded in the lirry of the progrmF he fult ws represented s disontinuity with unilterl ontt onditions in the soil meshF he erthqukes re generted numerilly y the pplition of sher fores on the lips of the fultF e prmetri study is rried out through the vrition of the mesh dimensions nd mterils propertiesF truturl on(gurtion ws lso modi(edF ell the results desrie the seismi response of soils nd the strutureY nd point out the mpli(tion of the seismi wves nd the in)uene of site e'et on vrious levels of dmge of frmed strutures sujeted to erthqukesF
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF SITE EFFECTS  ID 1158
S. lafsson, University of Iceland, Iceland R. Sigbjrnsson, University of Iceland, Iceland

he ojetive of this work is to show n lterntive method to ompute uniformEhzrd spetr t soft soilsF he method uses rndom virtion theory to ompute power spetrl density funtion @hpA omptile with the uniform hzrd spetrum t rokD nd trnsfer funtion tht ould e otined y nlytil or empiril methodsF he spetr determined in this wy re pproximtely equl to the uniform hzrd spetr omputed with rigorous methodsD ut the numeril e'ort is of orders of mgnitude less thn the required y the ltterF he proposed method is developed in four stepsX IA determintion of the pproprite durtion of the intense phse of motionY PA omputtion of the hp ssoited to the uniform hzrd rok spetrum @inputA QA omputtion of the trnsfer funtion for the site using the hp omputed for the rok spetrumY RA lulus of the uniform hzrd spetr with soil e'ets @outputA y mens of rndom virtion theory nd the onvolution of the hp of rok spetrum nd the trnsfer funtionF ome pplition exmples re presented nd the dvntges nd limittions re explored nd ommentedF
STRONG MOTION AND NOISE ANALYSIS AT TOLMEZZO-AMBIESTA DAM SITE (NE ITALY)  ID 1234
C. Barnaba, OGS-CRS, Italy E. Priolo, OGS-CRS, Italy A. Vuan, OGS-CRS, Italy

huring the wy TD IWUT priuli erthquke in stly @w TFRAD the ixieEixiv elerometri sttion of olmezzoEemiest dm @vwIA reorded elertion peks of HFQSV g nd HFPTV g on the horizontl nd vertil omponentsF hese re mong the highest pek elertions mesured in iurope nd hve een lrgely used in the pst into empiril ttenution reltionsF here is the dout tht the high pek vlues reorded might e strongly in)uened y lol site e'ets nd y dm nernessF he gol of this study is to estimte the spetrl mpli(tion of the olmezzoEemiest dm elerometri siteD to determine the possile ftors tht in)uene suh n mpli(tionD nd to reEevlute the ground motion reorded during the IWUT min shok y (ltering out the lol site ontriutionF sn order to investigte nd quntify the spetrl response of the vwI sttionD spetrl nlysis on IWUT priuli erthqukes is rried outD using di'erent

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tehniquesF xoise mesurements re lso performed round the elerometri sttion @the hill where the sttion is lotedD the dm neryD nd the surrounding relievesA to infer their nturl frequeniesF hree distint resonnt frequeny nds re reognized y nlysing priuli IWUTEUU erthqukesX IA t IFV ! PrzD PA t QFV ! Rrz nd QA t T ! VrzF he higher frequeny nds t QFV ! Rrz nd t TEVrz re relted with the nturl frequenies of the dm @(rst nd higher modesAD while the lower frequeny mpli(tion t IFVEPFPrz n e interpreted s the resonne of the VHHm high southEwestern relief where the dm is stukF pinllyD the originl reord of the IWUT min shok is (ltered out y the site e'ets nd siteEfree elertion pek vlue is estimtedF he (ltered qe vlues re out QH7 lower thn tht mesured t the emiest dm siteF
NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL STOCHASTIC PROBLEMS  ID 1276
G. Faschingbauer, Institute for Construction Informatics, Germany R. J. Scherer, Institut for Construction Informatics, Germany

Poster Presentations
n e usedF sn order to investigte the reliility of s pro(ling y using mirotremorsD series of mirotremor mesurements hve een onduted in fm ity @southest of srnA tht experiened the dmging erthquke of heemer PHHQF wirotremor meE surements inluded RW oneEpoint oservtions distriuted over the ityF fsed on the rG spetrum of mirotremorsD sher wve veloity pro(les were determined t the mesurement sites using nonliner inverse nlysesF ltimtely reliility of the method ws investigtedD ompring results of mirotremor mesurements nd seismi re)etion nd downEhole methodsF
EVALUATION OF SITE EFFECTS ON STRONG MOTION DATA BY MEANS OF MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENTS  ID 1285
A. Kavand, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Ghalandarzadeh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e method to ompute the disrete proility distriuE tion of the resonnt frequenies of strti(ed soil with severl lyers over hlfEspe will e proposed nd onlusions for further development re drwnF he stohsti desription of the resonne ehvior of lyered medi is of prtiulr interest in vrious engineering disiplinesD eFgF erthquke engineeringD geotehnil engineeringD oustisF sn engineering prtie this kind of prolem is delt with wonte grlo imultion whih is pplile for lmost ll prolemsD if deterministi solution of the prolem ! either nlytil or numeril ! is wellEknownF xeverthelessD simultion methods need lrge numer of reliztions in order to deliver pproprite resultsF ispeilly for the omputtion of very low proilities the grude wonte grlo imultion @gwgA rehes its limitsF herefore new methodD lled hisrete ndom rile wethod @hwAD will e proposed in this ontriutionF his method is sed on disretistion of the rndom speD omintion of these disrete rndom vriles nd numeril omputtion of the orresponding proilitiesF por simple deterministi modelsD the results of the (rst rough lgorithm hve shown good resultsF hisdvntge of the urrent lgorithm is the omputtionl expense for higher dimensionlity of the rndom speF xeverthelessD the method hs high potentil for further development nd improvementF invisged improvements of the method re @IA elerted omputtion of the resonnt frequenies y indutive lerning methodsD @PA djustment of the inrement of disretistion of the rndom vriles ording to the sensitivity to the resonnt frequeny nd @QA n dvned lgorithm for the omputtion of the omintions of disrete vriles sed on vetor nd mtries oriented progrmming tehniquesF feuse the genertion of the smples is not sujet to rndomnessD very sensitive rnges of the resonnt frequeny n e onsidered systemtillyF his ontriution will show the si onept of the method nd the possiilities for further development y methods of omputer sienesF
DETERMINATION OF VS PROFILE OF DEPOSITS IN BAM CITY USING ONE-POINT MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENTS  ID 1282
A. Kavand, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Ghalandarzadeh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

outhestern regions of srn @fmD rndA hve experiE ened two destrutive erthqukes reentlyF he min shoks of the erthqukes were reorded y mny digitl elerogrphs @frgA in severl sttions t the regionF e series of mirotremor mesurements hve een onduted in erthquke reord sttionsF sn this study rG spetrums of mirotremor dt re otined nd ompred with tht of strong motion dtF gomprisons re done on oth predominnt site period nd mpli(tion rtioF he results show tht mirotremor mesurements re promising in determintion of site period ut not in mpli(tion rtioF fy deonvolution of erthquke reords t the ground surfeD the reords re otined in edrok nd then site response nlyses re done to otin ground motion in fm ityF por this purpose soil lyer pro(les re tken from some ville geotehnil logs in the ity or from inversion of mirotremor dtF
THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL SITE CLASSES ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF ELEVATED TANKS  ID 1313
R. Livaoglu, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey A. Dogangun, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

his study imsD (rstlyD to give synthesis work relted to the dynmi ehvior of elevted tnks in di'erent soil onditions de(ned y two di'erent odesF por this purpose two di'erent supporting systems s irulr frme nd ylindril shell system re onsidered for smple elevted tnksF wodl enlysis wethod is used for seismi nlysisF pour lol site lsses for the urkish irthquke gode @igEWVA nd four lol site lsses for iuroodeEV @igEVA re used in the seismi nlysisF he results of the elevted tnks for oth supporting systems in the lol site lsses re ompred eh otherF ome onlusions nd disussion relted to e'ets of lol site lsses on the dynmi ehvior of elevted tnks drwn from this study re given t the end of the studyF
DETERMINATION OF SITE EFFECTS BY AMBIENT VIBRATION MONITORING  ID 1320
H. Wenzel, VCE, Austria

ite e'et hs een known s the mjor use of lrge ground mpli(tions during severl reent tstrophi erthE qukesF gonsequentlyD the evlution of site e'et is n importnt ftor tht must e onsidered in mitigtion of erthquke hzrdsF her wve veloity is key prmeter tht ontrols dynmi response of siteF rene its pro(le must e identi(ed down to the seismi edrokF qenerlly geotehnil or even geophysil methods re expensive nd time onsuming for this purposeF es n eonomil nd simple sustituteD mirotremor mesurements

ite e'ets my inrese the response eyond the proviE sions of lol godes or tndrdsF wesurements tht determine these e'ets n e of help to get the orret design input vlues nd sve onsiderle money in ritil zonesF he introdution of igV hs rought onsiderle hnges in the risk ssessment in ountries north of the elpsF sn previous so lled quiet zones erthquke is now the guiding design ftorF por the huge stok of existing strutures the ssessment of relisti risk eomes essentil nd eonomilly importntF he pper will desrie the iswsh method whih stnds for eismi ystem sdenti(tionF fsed on n rti(il miro erthE quke reted y de(ned flling weightD the response of the surE rounding soil s well s the strutures is monitoredF everl sophisE

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tited methodologies re omined in order to generte vlid risk mp for the region s well s for very lol irumstnesF he results re mirozontion for the ityD whih is of interest to the ommunityD s well s detiled ssessment of struturesD whih is of interest to the ownersF e numer of exmples is ville for demonstrtionF he qulity of predition will e disussed nd ompred to onventionl pprohesF
A FIRST APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF SITE EFFECTS IN THE CITY OF OSLO (NORWAY) USING THE NAKAMURA (H/V SPECTRAL RATIO) TECHNIQUE  ID 1415
P. Conde, Dpto. Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Spain S. Molina, Dpto. Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Spain C. Lindholm, NORSAR, Norway

CS5
the sme mirotremor rry dt c ss this vriility redued when the sme proessing tehnique nd softwre is used y di'erent tems c ss this vriility minly ssoited with the derivtion of surfe wve dispersion urvesD or form their inversion c ht is the tul on(dene level of Ewve estimtesD nd its depth dependene c
RAPID SCREENING OF SITE EFFECTS THROUGH MICROTREMOR SURVEYS IN VIEW OF MICROZONATION STUDIES  ID 1431
H. Cadet, LGIT/LCPC/CETE, France P. Y. Bard, LGIT/LCPC, France C. Cornou, LGIT/IRD, France P. Gueguen, LGIT/LCPC, France

e wide understnding of site e'ets is highly importnt in order to estimte nd to prevent the dmge due to erthqukes in the most of the urn resF hen dmging erthqukes hppenD often the losest res to the epienter re not the ples with higher level of dmge nd humn lossesF ometimesD the soil hrteristis elow the ity re responsiles for wve mpli(tionD liqueftionD etF nd these e'ets provoke the ollpse of mny uildings nd the deth of numerous peopleF he ity of yslo @xorwyAD is pled on soft soil sin with known depths of pproximtely IHHm in some sitesF elthough the urrent seismiity is of moderte to low sizeD it hs reord of historil erthquke whih where highly felt in the ityD using some dmge nd frightening the popultionF elsoD the IWVW estern xorwy erthquke @waSFPA ws widely felt in the ity of ysloD pproximtely QHH km from the epientreF he min gol of this investigtion is to rry out (rst pproh to the mirozontion of the ity using the xkmur tehnique @rG spetrl rtioAF sing veloity sensorsD more thn PH reords of mient noise were tken ross the ityD whih were proessed using the xkmur tehniqueF es min results mp of predominnt frequenies hs een otined nd y lso using known depths of the sediments it hs een possile to estlish frequenyEdepth reltion for the reF pinllyD using these results the men sher wve veloity in the sediments of the ity ws omputed with vlue of proximtely PHH mGsD whih grees with independent mesurementsF he results of this work re preliminry nd the uthors intend to improve the study with more noise mesurement using low frequeny sensorsF
MAIN LEARNINGS FROM THE ESG2006 BENCHMARKS  ID 1428
P. Y. Bard, LGIT, France C. Cornou, LGIT, France E. Chaljub, LGIT, France

i'ets of site onditions on seismi ground motion hve een well reognizedD with drmti onsequenes on dmges distriutionF eounting for site e'ets in seismi regultion hs thus gined inresing importne in erthquke risk redution progrmsD ut non stndrd site e'ets re not well ounted for in regultionF qiven the lpine geologil setting of the reD the site mpli(tion is minly ssoited with reent @often postEglilA deposits in vlleys nd possily topogrphi mpli(tionsF he ojetive of this study is to rpidly sreen lrge re with simple nd low ost methodsD in order to identify the min zones where spei( site onditions re expeted to use lrge mpli(tion e'etsD whih would justify lol mirozontion studiesF imphsis is thus put on the development of methodology llowing to identify ples where lrge Ph or Qh e'ets re expetedX this is done through the omined nlysis of the rG frequenyD sher pro(les estimted only within the sur(il lyers nd the widthEtoEthikness rtio of the vlleyF efter hving performed (rst seletion of sites on the sis of regionl geologil mp nd lotion of urn entersD for eing e0ient in the (eld mpignD we propose to (rst rry out rG mesurements in order to estimte the min geometril hrteristis of the site @IhD Ph or QhAY then for the seleted sites to derive the Ewve veloity t shllow depth through n pproprite rry geometryF e series of us were developped in tht im for irulr rry geometry @T sensorsAF he susequent rossing of this informtion with the regionl hzrd levelD nd the vulnerility llowed to propose to lol uthorities priority rnking for mirozontion studiesF his proedure will e detiled for one prtiulr exmple @ortEintEqervisD ssre vlleyAD nd (nl results will e presented for IP sitesF
ACCOUNTING FOR EPISTEMIC UNCERTAINTIES IN SITE EFFECT STUDIES: EXAMPLES OF A LOGIC TREE APPROACH  ID 1432
P. Y. Bard, LGIT, France D. Fh, ETHZ, Switzerland A. Pecker, Godynamique et Structure, France J. Studer, Studer Engineering, Switzerland N. Abrahamson, PG&E, United States

pollowing the iq trditionD the hird snterntionl ymposium on i'ets of urfe geologyD to e held in qrenole from eugust QH to eptemer ID PHHTD hs een n opportunity to orgnize two enhmrks in order to etter ssess our present pility A to predit ground motion prmeters for given senrio erthquke within spei( Qh sin strutureD nd A to derive relile informtion on site veloity pro(le from rry mirotremor mesurementsF he presenttion will (rst rie)y rell the struture nd ontents of the two enhmrksD s detiled on httpXGGesgPHHTFosFujfEgrenoleFfrAD then present the tehniques used y the vrious prtipting tems @etween IS nd PH for eh enhmrkAD nd will (nlly outline the min lernings of the omprisons etween predition resultsF hile it is oviously too erly to ntiipte the outome of this omprison in the present strtD it is however possile to identify some topis for suh omprison X ss there oupling etween surfe topogrphy nd sin e'ets c ho model preditions gree up to intermedite frequeny rnge @QER rzA when they del with the sme senrio event nd the sme propgtion medium c ht is the dependene of omputed site mpli(tion ftors on soure lotion nd mgnitudeD in se of short epientrl distnes c ht is the vriility rnge of soil veloity pro(les estimted from

roilisti estimtes for site spei( studies re most often seprted into 4regionl4 re to estimte the rok spetrD nd lol nlysis to derive the site mpli(tion ftorsX this ltter prt is minly deterministi nd is pplied to the rok spetr orresponding to the design return periodF his presenttion will fous on severl developments hieved reently within the frmework of the iqey projet to ount for site e'ets in fully proilisti wyD inluding oth epistemi unertinties nd letory vriilitiesF his pproh ws sed on wide spetrum of omputtions using di'erent Ih soil olumns to ount for the unertinty of soil prmetersD di'erent input spetr to ount for nonEliner e'etsD nd vrious modelling pprohes @IhGPhD vrious inident wve (eldsD without G with lose souresAF he (nl unertinty is estimted through logi tree pprohX not only the weights for eh rnh do vry from one expert to notherD ut lso the struture of the logi tree itselfF ome exmples will e given nd rie)y disussedF ome exmples of resulting medin mpli(tion urvesD together with their vriility nd sensitivity

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to the level to input ground motionD will e shownF he e'ets on the (nl hzrd urves re signi(ntX while oviously frequeny dependentD they lso strongly depend on the return period euse of nonEliner e'ets X signi(nt mpli(tion t low return periods my e repled y ttenution t muh longer return periodsD so tht the shpe of the hzrd urves my e signi(ntly modi(ed with respet to rok hzrd urvesF his (rst experiene rought severl dditionl very vlule methodologil lernings tht will e rie)y disussedF
SHALLOW GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE PROPERTIES USING HVSR AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER GEOPHYSICAL INFORMATION  ID 1531
I. Papadopoulos, Technological Educational Institute of Crete,

Poster Presentations
disster hs lso een rie)y disussed in this pperF he e'ets of erthquke mgnitude nd epientrl distne on the lssi(tion results hve lso een presentedF
MICROZONATION STUDIES BASED ON GEOPHYSICAL DATA IN BUYUKEKMECE (ISTANBUL) REGION  ID 1574
S. Karabulut, Istanbul University, Turkey U. Ceyhan, Istanbul University, Turkey I. Osmansahin, Istanbul University, Turkey F. Ozcep, Istanbul University, Turkey H. Alp, Istanbul University, Turkey O. Gundogdu, Istanbul University, Turkey

Greece A. Savvaidis, ITSAK, Greece N. Theodoulidis, ITSAK, Greece C. Papazahos, AUTH, Greece F. Vallianatos, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

e detiled study of the shllow geologil struture in the ity of ghniD @grete sslndD qreeeA hs een onduted using ville geophysil methodsF esults from xkmur9s rorizontlEtoEertil petrl tio r method for single sttion mirotremors nlysis nd mient noise rry reordings hve een minly used nd ompred with independent informtion derived from eletril resistivity nd seismi refrtionD seismi veloity mesurements in oreholes nd orehole dt in order to otin informtion out the geophysil nd geologil struture of the re under investigtionF epproximtely IHH single sttion mient noise reordings were rried outD overing lmost the whole urn re of the ity of ghniD using SEse period seismometerF erry noise reordings using rodnd seismometers were lso rried out t ten sites of di'erent geologil formtions in order to evlute the s pro(le down to the depth of the edrokF hllow eletril resistivity nd seismi refrtion tomogrphies were onduted wherever possileD in order to otin informtion out the oundries of the upper lyers of the susurfeF ell the previous informtion ws omined with ville orehole nd geophysil dt in order to provide detiled informtion out the geologil struture down to depth of QHH mF he results of this study show tht the ity of ghni is lying over omplex QEh geologil strutureD minly omprised of mrly limestone s edrokD overlid y mrles nd quternry depositsF sn generlD most sites hve shown signi(nt mpli(tion t quite low frequenies @`I rzAF he depth of the interfe etween the sediments nd the edrok on the sis of the sher wve veloity using rry noise reordings hs een estimted to vry etween RH nd IPH m depthF esults were ompred with previous studies in the sme re @ethnssopoulosD PHHHD wstrolorentzoD PHHRAD showing rther good greement with respet to sherEwve veloities nd resonne frequeniesF
SITE CHARACTERIZATION BY INTELLIGENT SYNTHESIS OF EARTHQUAKE RECORDS, CASE STUDY ON 2003 BAM TREMOR  ID 1536
M. Sa, Power & Water University of Tehcnology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Tehranizadeh, AmirKabir University of Tehcnology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

tudy re is loted in fykekmee @sstnulA whih is one of the distrits of sstnul ity nd pled t the shore of the wrmr e s n erthquke prone re espeilly fter the deE strutive erthqukes in IWWWF por mirozontion purposesD seismi refrtion mesurementsD mirotremor mesurementsD orehole nd lortory dt rried out in fuyukekmee @sstnulDurkeyA reF por the study reD reltive mpli(tionsD liqueftion sfety ftorsD site hrteristi periods nd soil lssiftions hs een determinitedF eording to the site hrteristi period mpD period vlues re etween HDIEIDQT nd HFQEHFT seonds y seismi refrtion nd mirotremorsD respetivelyF eltive mpli(tions re etween IFREQFT nd IFHEQFR vlues y seismi refrtion nd mirotremorsD respetively in this reF viqueftion fety ptors nd viqueftion otentil prmeters in some sites re respetively smller thn HDV vlueF he min purpose of this study is mpping of the predominnt periodD reltive mpli(tions nd liqueftion sfety ftors y using mirotremor oservtions nd seismi refrtion mesurements for the re of fykekmee oil lssi(tion mp @xirAD site hrteristi period mpD mpli(tion mpsD liqueftion sfety mps hve een prepredF
SITE SPECIFIC SPECTRAL ADDIS ABABA  ID 1588
G. B. Yoseph, IIT Delhi, India G. V. Ramana, IIT Delhi, India

AMPLIFICATION

AT

e new method is proposed for determintion of soil type in the region lking site investigtion reportsF his method enE e(ts dvntges of rti(il intelligene in lssi(tion prolemsF sing this method the rnges of sher wve veloity for eh soil type re estimted for lrge dt se of srn ground motion reordsF his site lssi(tion hs een performed using liner elertion response spetr of the reordsF st hs een shown tht the method n hrterize some site prmeters very fst nd with eptle uryF he method hs een pplied to heemer PTD PHHQ fm irthquke in srnF he strong ground motionD e'etive time durtion nd dmge ssessment of this

sn this study the sensitivity of free (eld pek ground moE tion hs een nlyzed onsidering unertinties in @iA thikness of soil lyersD @iiA dynmi mteril properties suh s sher wve veloityD modulus redution nd dmping ehvior nd @iiiA pek ground elertion @pgA on the rok outropF oil properties nd erthquke hzrd senrios in eddis e ity where insu0ient dt is ville is used s se studyF pive erthquke mgnitudes TFRD TFUD UFHD UFQD UFT nd epienterl distnes of PSD SHD VHD IHHD IPHD ISHkm were onsidered tht re in onformity with erthquke tivities for the region nd uijko9s method of mximum erthquke mgnitude determintionF he soil olumn t the prtiulr site ws sujeted to ground motion history generted t rok outrop using spei( rrier modelF he thikness of unonsolidted mterilD pgD sher wve veloityD modulus redution nd dmping properties were treted s rndom vriles nd geotehnil properties ville long the proposed ring rod site investigtions were used to hrterize the neessry prmetersF he sensitivity of site spei( spetrl mpli(tion for vriility of the ove entities ws numerilly nlyzed y using equivlent liner nlysis softwreF he results indited tht spetrl mpli(tion is ontrolled predominntly y dynmi mteril properties nd reltively insensitive to the vriility of pg of the edrokF ueywordsX dynmi soil propertiesD soil mpli(tionD response spetr
AN ANALYTICAL SIMULATION OF THE SEISMIC FIELD WITH MEMORY PHENOMENA  ID 1614
Z. Tuaeva, Geophysical Center of Experimental Diagnostic, Russian Federation

en nlytil simultion of the seismi (eld is repreE

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sented for nonEuniform lyerF hynmis of elsti medium is well known only for liner models of environmentF he sumitted model tkes into ount nonlinerity of the heterogeneous medium for whih the mrosopi ondition t present time depends on their ondition during erlier moments of timeF his phenomenon refers to s memory of mediumF he phenomenon of memory is sumitted s the ertin lwF he purpose of reserh E to study the response of suh mediumF he QEh wveE(eld is hrterized y the displement vetor tht stis(es the xvierEguhy eqution of motion with the initil nd oundry onditionsD nd the stress is relted to the displement grdient y the rooke9s lw for isotropi elsti mediumF wethod of lineriztion is usedF he integrl eqution for the zeroEorder pproximtion is otined nd solved @pproximtion y itertionAF he resulting digrm of nlytil simultion is well representedF
WHAT IS THE POTENTIAL SEISMIC RESPONSE OF THE GENEVA TROUGH ?  ID 1617
S. Hurter, University of Geneva - CERG, Switzerland C. Frischknecht, University of Geneva - CERG, Switzerland

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geometryF sn order to etter highlight these resonne frequeniesD we mke use of time series nlysis tehniques suh s ingulr petrum enlysisD velet rnsforms nd impiril wode heompositionF he generl ide is to mximize the 9mthing9 etween the spetrl rtios long the two horizontl diretionsF he seismi noise n lso e proessed y the so lled ewi @efrtion wirotremor E eisypt R ewiTM A tehnique imed t deriving sher veloity pro(le through the use of n intertive yleighEwve dispersion modeling toolF he slownessEfrequeny wve(eld trnsformtion is here the ruil step in optimizing the inversion in the present of urn inoherent noiseF sn this presenttion we fous our ttention on the optimiztion of eh tehniqueD lso from methodologil point of viewD nd on the prolem of omining the results provided y eh lgorithm in oherent wyD possily inorporting dditionl informtion oming from lolizedD more detiled informtion suh s refrtion seismi or orehole dt tht my e ville to onstrin the modellingF sn prtiulrD ewiEderived strtigrphies re used s strting point in hkeEsed intertive modelling environment tht is then optimized in order to etter ompre to the xkmur derived resonne frequeniesD (nlly produing lso n estimte of the mpli(tion ftors tht nnot e derived from the xkmur method loneF
SITE AMPLIFICATION FACTOR ASSESSMENT VIA A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH: AN APPLICATION IN MOLISE REGION (SOUTHERN ITALY)  ID 1716
S. Barani, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy R. De Ferrari, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy G. Ferretti, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy C. Eva, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy D. Spallarossa, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy

he study re is loted in the qenev sin whih forms the southEwestern prt of the wiss lteu nd oupies depression surrounded y reliefsX the (rst hin of the tur wountins in the xorthD the uhe in the outhEest nd the lve ridge in the outhEistF his prt of witzerlnd is hrterized y low seismi tivity ut owns high potentil seismi riskF sndeed this nton is highly populted nd industrilizedF st is therefore neessry to evlute the seismi response so s to tke mesurements neessry to the protetion of the people nd the goodsF ristoril nd reent erthqukes tht ourred in witzerlnd nd in surrounding ountries @eFgF ipgny ISFHUFWTD w RFTY osE ges PPFHPFHQD wv SDR nd hous PQFHPFHRD w RDTA showed tht qenev n e 'eted nd tht seismi response di'ers depending on qenev soil onditionsF yn geologil point of viewD the nton of qenev is entirely uilt on wolsse sinD whih is mostly overlin y )uvioEglil nd lustre depositsF he qenev geologil servie ssigned seven lsses of spei( soil onditionsF yne of the most intriguing is the lss hD hrterized y more thn QH meters of unonsolidted (ne sndsD silt nd lys nd loted in trough used y gliersF he exposed prt of this struture is round IIH meters deepD W km long nd IDP km wideF gonsequently one of the questions to e resolved is wht kind of seismi response this trough is suseptile ofF hereforeD this investigtion fouses on this prtiulr zoneF hue to the low level of seismi tivityD preliminry seismi site nlysis is rried out using the rG rtio on seismi mient noise t vrious sites long this troughF
TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY FOR SITE EFFECTS ESTIMATION  ID 1690
F. Barazza, Universit di Udine, Italy R. Carniel, Universit di Udine, Italy P. Cesario, Universit di Udine, Italy E. Del Pin, Universit di Udine, Italy M. Di Cecca, Universit di Udine, Italy E. Fabris, Universit di Udine, Italy S. Grimaz, Universit di Udine, Italy P. Malisan, Universit di Udine, Italy E. Puntel, Universit di Udine, Italy M. Riuscetti, Universit di Udine, Italy M. Lorenzo, Universita di Udine, Italy

he pplition of oth IhGPh numeril simultions nd spetrl tehniques pplied to experimentl dt leds to relile nd urte site response estimtes in di'erent geologil nd topogrphi onditionsF his work dels with the evlution of site mpli(tion e'ets in order to de(ne mirozontion mps of four wolise muniiplities @outhern stlyA shoked y the PHHP seismi sequene @wgnitude of the minshokD whih ourred in ytoer QID PHHPD wl a SFRAF he ground response nlysis is onduted following multiEstep proedure tht onsists of @IA olleting geologiD geomorphologiD geothenil nd geophysil dt @in order to hrterize seismoEstrtigrphil units nd de(ne simpli(ed geologil setionsAD @PA evluting referene response spetr y mens of onventionl proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis @reAnd de(ning the seismi input s the most pproprite suite of rel elerogrms y mens of re disggregtionD nd @QA evluting the site response through IhGPh numeril simultionsF he proedure is (rst pplied to ipottoni villge for whih rG rtios of oth mirotremor dt @xkmur tehniqueA nd erthquke reordingsD nd w @eferene ite wethodA site response estimtes llow the vlidtion of the trnsfer funtions omputed y numeril simultionsF uh proedure is then pplied to the other three muniiplitiesF he resultsD st in terms of resonne frequeniesD response spetrD nd mpli(tion ftorsD generlly show moderte lol mpli(tion e'ets due to low seismi impendne ontrsts etween the edrok nd the overlying soilsF roweverD res hrterized y prtiulr morphostrtigrphil feturesD suh s lndslide odiesD high wethering deposits nd topogrphi irregulritiesD re 'eted y lrge mpli(tion phenomenF
LONG-PERIOD STRONG GROUND MOTIONS IN TOMAKOMAI, THE YUFUTSU BASIN, HOKKAIDO DURING THE 2003 TOKACHI-OKI, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE  ID 1718
K. Hatayama, National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, Japan

wost of the tehniques for estimting shllow sher veloE ities for ssessment of site response re usully expensive ndGor logistilly omplexD espeilly in noisy urn settingsF sn this work we present the omined use of tehniques hrterized y hepness nd limited logistil requirementsF he well known xkmur method is sed on the rG spetrl rtio of mient noise reordingsF he determined pek frequenies re interpreted s the fundmentl resonne frequenies of the investigted sitesD thus providing informtion on shllow lyers hrteristis nd

e suessfully reprodued some importnt fetures of lrgeEmplitude longEperiod @TFS to IS sA strong ground motions

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oserved in the ufutsu sinD rokkidoD tpn during the PHHQ okhiEokiD tpnD erthquke @wwVFHA y numeril simultions of wve propgtion nd found the e'etive ftors in underground strutures tht ontrolled those feturesF he reordings from the tpnese dense ntionEwide strongEgroundEmotion networks demonstrted the strong sptil vrition of longEperiod motions inside the ufutsu sin nd reveled tht the longEperiod shking in the omkomi western port ws the strongest mong ll other res inside the sinF sn the omkomi western portD some of lrge oil storge tnks su'ered suh serious dmge s (res nd sinking of )otingEroofs y liquid sloshingF o study how this oservtionl feture n e explined using the ville underground struture dtD we simulted the propgtion of the PEh wveE(eldD ssuming the underground models derived from mirotremor rry mesurements in the ufutsu sin unno et lF@PHHSAF yur lulted wveforms well gree with the oserved onesF he fetures of the underground model ssumed here re tht the edrok with n Ewve veloity over Q kmGs dereses its depth to out R km round the omkomi western portD while its depth inreses down to T km where longEperiod ground motions hd less mplitudes thn those of the omkomi western portF yn the other hndD the lowEveloity sedimentry lyers existing lose to the ground surfe eome the thikest round the omkomi western portF e therefore reognized tht the shllow underground struture @` I kmA rther thn the edrok depth ontriuted to the exittion of the strongest longEperiod @TFS to IS sA ground motions in the omkomi western portF hese (ndings suggest tht we should e reful to the detiled underground struture inluding the shllow prt s well for urte predition of longEperiod strong ground motionsF
SCATTERED WAVES INDUCED TOPOGRAPHY  ID 1735
H. Mogi, Saitama University, Japan H. Kawakami, Saitama University, Japan

Poster Presentations
he model of liner elsti response of the irth hs een lmost universlly used y seismolgists to model teleseisE miDwekDnd lso strong erthqukesFpor teleseismi nd wek ground motionsDthere is no reson to dout tht this model is eptedFvortory tests onsistently show the redution in sher modulus@qA nd inrese in dmping rtio@hA with inresing sher strin@gAYqaq@gADrespetivelyDhah@gAD therefore nonliner visoelsti onstitutive lws re requiredFeki wroteXxonliner mpli(tion t sediments sites ppers to e more pervsive thn seismologists used to thinkF F F eny ttempt t seismi zontion must tke into ount the lol site ondition nd this nonliner mpli(tion @ekiDeFD etonophysisDPIVDppFWQE IIIDIWWQAFhe seismologil detetion of the nonliner site e'ets requires simultneous understnding of the e'ets of erthquke soureDpropgtion pth nd lol geologil site onditionsF he uthorsDin order to mke evidene of lrge nonliner e'etsD introdued the spetrl mpli(tion ftor @epA s rtio etweenDfor exmpleD mximum spetrl solute elertion nd pek vlues of elertion@EmxADfrom proessed strong motion reordF sf we hold the sme @epAaSFVWRP for the reltively ig erthquke from IWWH wy QID hving mgnitude wqaTFI @the response onsidered y us in the elsti dominAD elertion should e in the sme sttionD for the IWWHD QH wy the elertion should e @BAmxaHFISRH mGsP @CIRFIT7AD ut the reorded vlue ws just mxaHFIQS mGsPF elsoD for the IWVTD eugust QHD @wqaUFHAD the mximum elertion should e @BAmxaHFIHU mGsP @CRSFSU7A ompred to the reorded vlue of HFHUQT mGsP reorded t the sme fu sttionF he uthors re oming with new qutittive dt whih will open up new hllenge for seismologists studying nonliner site e'ets in PEh nd QEh irregulr geologil struturesDleding them to fsinting reserh sujet in nonliner physis@ekiDpFIHVDidemAF
COMPARISON OF SITE RESPONSES TO AMBIENT NOISE, WEAK AND STRONG GROUND MOTION  ID 1826
P. Dimitriu, ITSAK, Greece N. Theodulidis, ITSAK, Greece

BY

IRREGULAR

st hs een pointed out tht the ground with n irreguE lr surfe uses omplited seismi responsesF roweverD the proess of generting these omplex responses is not yet lri(edF sn this studyD this proess in twoEdimensionl rEwve (eld ws investigtedF pirstlyD we exmined the mthemtil expression of stteredEwve ontriutionD nd it ws pointed out tht the mthemtil expression of the stteredEwve ontriution hs form similr to tht otined from the ruygens!presnel priniple onsisting of wve funtion nd n inlintion ftorF xextD numeril nlyses were onduted for the ground hving sinusoidlEshped irregulr surfeF sn these nlyses the timeEdomin responses of the ground surfe nd the wveforms of the stteredEwve ontriutions were evlutedF he omprison etween them showed tht the omplited shpes of the responses re used y the rrivls of the sttered wvesF he wveforms of the responses n e explined in terms of the (rstEorder stteredEwve ontriutionsD sine they dominte over the higherEorder ontriutionsF pinllyD the (rstEorder stteredEwve ontriutions were losely exmined sed on the forementioned mthemtil expressionD nd the following onlusions were drwnX @IA he polrity of the (rstEorder sttered wve in timeEdomin is ttriuted to the inlintion ftorF @PA et the ottom of vlleyD the sttered wves generted t its nery surfe dominte euse of the short distne from the soure of sttered wvesF hese sttered wves pper nerly t the sme time of rrivl of the inident wve nd lwys redue the mplitude of the inident wve due to their negtive polrityF @QA yn the ontrryD t the pek of hill the sttered wves generted t the nery surfe hve positive polrityD nd they lwys enhne the responseF @RA et the )nk no signi(nt sttered wves re generted t the nery surfe euse of the retiliner shpe of the surfeF
NONLINEAR SEISMOLOGY. DATA  ID 1745 THE QUANTITATIVE

en inresing numer of studies use mientEnoise meE surements to hrterise site responseD for exmple y mens of the rG @horizontlEtoEvertilA spetrlErtio methodF st hs een estlished tht this pproh n yield urte estimtes of the site9s fundmentlEresonne frequeny @the estimtes of the mpli(tion level re generlly unrelileAF he question ddressed here is whether these estimtes n e used to model site response during strong ground shkingD eFgF during erthqukesF o this end we investigted the response of (ve soft sediment sites in qreee @xir lsses h nd gA to strong @bIH7gA nd wek @`IH7gA erthquke motionsD nd ompred the erthquke rG rtios with rtios otined from mient noise reordings t the orresponding sitesF yur results indite tht siteEresponse hrteristis reveled y noise reordings my di'er from those displyed in erthquke dtF husD mient noise my sometimes fil to show the fundmentlEresonne pek @less frequently this my hppen with erthquke reordingsAF end when noise dt do revel the fundmentlEresonne pekD t softEsediment sites its frequeny will e overestimted reltive to the strongEmotion one owing to soil nonlinerityF
THE IMPACT OF HYDROGEOLOGY ON EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION IN SOFT SOILS  ID 1876
D. Hannich, University of Karlsruhe, Germany H. Hoetzl, University of Karlsruhe, Germany D. Ehret, University of Karlsruhe, Germany G. Huber, University of Karlsruhe, Germany M. Bretotean, National Institute of Hydrology, Romania A. Danchiv, University of Bucharest, Romania V. Ciugudean, METROUL S.A., Romania

G. Marmureanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania C. Cioan, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. Marmureanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

he multiple in)uenes of shllow quifers on the erthE quke ground motion nd the site mpli(tion re studied in

332

Poster Presentations
the se of the ity of fuhrestD the pitl of omniD sine PHHP within the qermnEomnin joint reserh progrm trong irthqukes ! ghllenge for qeosienes nd givil ingineerE ingF his progrm ws initited in IWWT y the gollortive eserh genter RTI @ggERTIA t the niversity of urlsruhe nd is (nned y the qermn eserh poundtion @heutshe porshungsgemeinshft ! hpqAF he hydrogeologil in)uenes re nlysed s sher wve veloity vritions within sndy nd grvely lyers s well s modi(tions of the liqueftion potentil in orreltion with siteE nd timeEdependent vritions of the groundwter levelF usiEsimultneous groundwter level mesurements t more thn PQH sites overing the whole ity re of fuhrest were performed nd serve s sis for the ssessment of res with on(ned nd unon(ned stte of the groundwter s well s for the elortion of groundwter )ow modelF e Qh groundwter )ow model with foresting fetures for the shllowest upper quifer in fuhrest is in elortionD to mke possile the estimtion of the groundwter level t the moment of future erthqukeF eently performed eismi gone enetrtion ests @guA o'er new results onerning vlues for the sher wve veloity in the upper QH mD with speil regrd for unsturted nd sturted sndy lyersF he yli resistne rtio @gA of the penetrted soil lyersD neessry for the lultion of the ftor of sfety ginst liqueftion nd of the index of liqueftion proilityD is lso dedued from the gEmesurementsF ressure guges for poreEwter pressure nd erth pressure reords during erthqukes were instlled t two sites in fuhrest within shllow siltyEsndy nd sndyEgrvely lyersF hus the triggering mehnism of liqueftion through inresing respetively exess pore wter pressure during erthqukes in liqueftionEprone sndy lyers in fuhrest is studiedF
SITE RESPONSE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FLORENCE URBAN AREA (ITALY) USING SEISMIC NOISE MEASUREMENTS  ID 1895
V. D'Amico, Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Siena, Italy D. Albarello, Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Siena, Italy F. Baliva, Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Siena, Italy M. Picozzi, Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Siena, Italy F. Agili, Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy

CS5
km north of fuhrestF sn order to elorte uilding odes for erthqukeEendngered ities it is very importnt to know the lol site e'etsF hey n e investigted either diretly y mesuring response spetr for mny sites or indiretly y lulting response spetr sed on geologil modelF he (rst pproh hs the disdvntge tht in most ses mesurement results exist only for wek motion nd not for the more relevnt strong erthqukesF yn the other hndD if enough geologil nd geotehnil dt re lredy ville @whih pplies to the most modern itiesAD the ltter pproh enles to lulte the response spetr oth for wek motion nd for strong motion y using onstitutive lwsD tht tke s well nonElinerity into ountF sn the (rst step Qh geologil nd hydrogeologil susurfe model of fuhrest ws developedF o investigte sher wve veE loityD density nd other geotehnil properties ertil eismi ro(leE @EAD eismi iezoone enetrtion estE @guEA nd speil seismi grossholeEmesurements hve een performedF uE sequentlyD the ground response ws lulted t eh of these sites using syntheti signlsF por the modelling the @visoEA hypoplsti onstitutive lw ws usedF efter vlidtion of the modelling results the ground response will e lulted nd interpolted for the entire ity re to produe mirozontion mpF his work is eing rried out within the qermn gollortive eserh genter RTIX trong irthqukesX e ghllenge for qeosienes nd givil ingineeringF
GRAVIMETRIC AND MICROSEISMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GEMONA (NE ITALY) ALLUVIAL FAN FOR SITE EFFECTS ESTIMATION  ID 1935
E. Furlanetto, University of Trieste - Dip. Scienze della Terra, Italy G. Costa, University of Trieste - Dip. Scienze della Terra, Italy F. Palmieri, OGS, Italy A. Delise, University of Trieste - Dip. Scienze della Terra, Italy P. Suhadolc, University of Trieste - Dip. Scienze della Terra, Italy

e present the results of study iming t the geostruE turl nd seismi hrteriztion of the susoil of the ity of plorene through pssive seismi tehniquesF o this purposeD mient noise ws registered nd nlysed through the r singleEsttion tehnique to supply estimtes of the fundmentl resonne frequeny of soft soilF e wide survey of seismi noise mesurements ws ondued t more thn ISH sites in order to identify the ourrene of signi(nt resonne e'ets nd to ssess lterl hnges of the Ih site response over the study reF sn dditionD t numer of sitesD noise ws registered on idimensionl rrys to onstrin the lol Ewve veloity pro(les for the shllower susoil @up to SHEIHH m depthAF he joint nlysis of the results oming from the two surveys llowed (rstEorder reonstrution of the sin underground geometryD whih hs een then ompred with informtion ville from gret numer of strtigrphi log dtF
SEISMIC MICROZONATION OF BUCHAREST: NUMERICAL MODELLING OF SITE EFFECTS  ID 1911
D. Ehret, Karlsruhe University, Dept. of Applied Geology, Germany G. Huber, Institute for Rock and Soil Mechanics, Germany D. Hannich, Germany V. Osinov, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Austria Karlsruhe University, Dept. of Applied Geology,

he urn re of qemon @xi stlyA is minly uilt on lluvil fn sediments tht ontriuted to the destrution of the ity during the priuli erthqukeD wyEeptemer IWUTF hree elerometri sttions of the priuli enezi qiuli eelerometri xetworkD run y the heprtment of irth ienesD niversity of riesteD in ollortion with the givil hefene of pqD re set in qemon for site e'ets estimtion purposesF sing wek motion reordings of these sttionsD we re le to derive the rG spetrl rtio nd lso to pply the referene site tehniqueF he result of these elortions shows di'erent resonnt frequenies in the two sites @one on the fnD one on the sedimentry sinAD when exited y the sme eventD nd lso di'erent resonne frequenies t the sme site when exited y di'erent eventsF his n e explined with Ph or Qh site e'ets modellingD tht requiresD howeverD the hrteriztion of the lol susoil struturesD in prtiulr the sedimentEedrok onttF e use grvimetri dt to hrterize model with homogeneous sedimentry lyer of vrile thikness long (ve seleted pro(lesF he models re elorted using the residul fouguer nomly ndD s onstrintD three oreholes tht reh the edrokD geologil outrops nd intersetion points on the pro(lesF e derive the men thikness long ll the pro(les nd the edrok undultionsF e vlidte the modelling using seond pproh sed on seismi noise dt quired long the sme pro(lesF he dt re nlysed to lulte the fundmentl frequeny of soft soil using xkmur9s tehniquesD tht is ompred to resonne frequenies lulted from wek motion eventsF he lk of greement on(rms the Ph or Qh hrter of the lluvil fnF roweverD the omputed thikness of sediments long ll the pro(les mth the ones determined from grvimetri inversion resultsF
ROBUST TECHNIQUE FOR SITE-EFFECT EVALUATION  ID 1973
V. Pinsky, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel Y. Zaslavsky, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel

fuhrest elongs to iurope9s ities with the highest seismi riskF he seismiity is used y the rupture of the sudued istEiuropen plte in the southEestern prt of the grpthinsF huring the PHth entury four mjor erthqukes @ww a TFW ! UFUA ourred in this VH ! PHH km deep seismogeni volumeF he epientrl region of these erthqukes is on(ned to the rne regionD QH km wide nd UH km long re out ITH

sul pproh to estimte siteEe'et from mirotremor

333

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mesurements is to ompute spetrl rtio of horizontlEtoEvertil omponents rG @xkmur9s tehniqueAF he min prolem of this method is lrge stter of rG rtio mximum mplitudes nd somewht less stter of orresponding frequeniesF his instility of the estimtes is relted pprently to nonEsttionrity of the mirotremor soures rndomly distriuted in time nd speF e interpret the rG rtio in terms of the trnsfer funtion of liner dynmi system @vhA with input nd output r oserved with nonEsttionry nd orrelted noiseF gonsequently the prolem of urte site e'et estimtion is determined y seletion of the sequene of time windows with reltively lrge input nd output ignlEtoExoise rtioF roweverD we hve no mens to ompute x from oservtions ut it is possile to judge out it indiretlyF por this purpose we estimte mximl mplitudes nd orresponding frequenies of rG rtio in sequene of time windows nd then ollet time windows were the dt is lustering round ertin frequenies nd mplitudesF hen we ontinue sorting the dt (tting est to the ssumption of the Ih vh model desried y vetor of prmetersF he outliers in the new prmeter spe re utomtilly removed y sort of lusteriztion proedure sed on the sttistil roust wximumElikelihood pproh @wEestimtesAD thus providing reltively more stle mximum mplitude nd frequeny estimtionsF uh pprohes mke it possile to ssist the routine nlyst proessing ut doesn9t exlude intelligent interprettion using priory knowledge out geologil nd veloity undersurfe strutureF he intertive nd utomti proeduresD using this prinipl hve een designed nd veri(ed on numer of simulted nd rel dtD showing good performneF
RESPONSE OF THE ALLUVIUM IN THE LIMA-PERU AREA  ID 1983
D. Huaco Oviedo, Regional Center for Seismology for South

Poster Presentations
reent timesF he region is lso hrterized y densely populted res nd sensitive industriesF he q is hrterized y thik lyer of tertiry sediments with depth of sement rnging from IPHHm to QSHHmF st is now well known tht this kind of geologil nd geometril on(gurtion n led to the existene of site e'etsF sn order to estimte themD we used the lssil xkmur9s methodF PSH seismi noise mesurements were mde on Ikm x Ikm grid sizeF hese mesurements oupled with lol geologil nd geotehnil soil informtion led to mirozontion mpF he (rst onlusion is tht the fundmentl frequeny is qusi onstnt @etween HFVrz nd IFPrzA in the whole reF st orresponds to n impedne ontrst t out IHHm depth proly used y trnsition etween sndstones nd mrlsF o omplete this studyD we uild di'erent ttenution models using SHH erthqukes reordings for whih the lol mgnitude @wlA is greter thn QF por eh modelD di'erent kinds of prmeters were tested @distneD siteD qeAF hese empiril models re the (rst step of the ttenution modellingF sndeedD due to the moderte seismiity level of the regionD the use of semiEempiril lws will e more relevnt
UNCERTAINTIES ESTIMATION IN SITE-SPECIFIC 1D AND 2D LINEAR AND NONLINEAR WAVE PROPAGATION FOR PSHA STUDIES  ID 2011
L. F. Bonilla, Institut de Radioprotection et de Surete Nucleaire, France P. C. Liu, Institute for Crustal Studies, United States S. Nielsen, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

America, Peru

o determine the site response in vimEeru the spetrl rtio method for smll erthqukes hs een ppliedD theoretilly the method is restrited to similr wve pths for the site nd for the sement rokD ut for the se of vimD whih hs n re of SH x SH kmD the distne etween the site nd the sement my reh the order of epientrl distneD so it is not possile to hve only one point s the referene on the sement rokF he verge thikness of the lluvil is of RHHmF he response of wyorzgo @wAD site on the lluvil hs een explored ompring the two sites on the sementD xn @xxeA nd v wolin @vwyAF he trnsfer funtions show thtD etween the frequeny rnge from I rz to PH rzD the spetrl rtio wGxxe nd wGvwy re similrD opening the possiility tht for vim it is possile to use severl outrop roks s the sement roks in order to otin the mpli(tion ftorsF he reltive mpli(tion ftor of the lluvil of the entrl prt of vim hs lso een determinedF hree erthqukes hve een used reorded y strong motion instruments t vim @A nd in rte @eAD uro @gyAD v wolin @wyvAD one event in eh sttionF por the destrutive erthquke IHEHQEURD UFS wsD the spetrl rtio etween gyGG is osilltoryY it is not possile to identify ny mpli(tion rngeF por the strongest ftershok IIEHWEURD TFPws the rtio wyvGD the mpli(tion is of the order of Q etween I to IH rzF v wolin ws the lolity most 'eted y the min shokF pinlly the rtio eG shows mpli(tions greeter thn oneF
ESTIMATION OF SITE EFFECTS IN THE AREA OF THE SOUTH OF THE UPPER RHINE GRABEN: SEISMIC MICROZONATION BY USING AMBIENT NOISE MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION OF AN ATTENUATION MODEL  ID 1984
V. Calbini, IPGS, France M. Granet, IPGS, France

he new worldwide uilding odes propose design response spetr sed on proilisti seismi hzrd nlysis @reAF he resulting uniform hzrd spetr @rA re usully omputed for rok sitesF roweverD in the se of siteEspei( studiesD lol site e'ets need to e tken into ountF xonethelessD numerous prolems rise from the ft tht we hve limited knowledge out the mehnil properties of the mediumF sn dditionD we lso hve n inherent unertinty relted to the di'erent seismi soures ple of produing the expeted ground motion t the siteF purthermoreD the resulting r ome with their unertinty estimtes usully from logi tree nlysisF his implies the need to ompute the lol site onditions e'ets from more thn single estimte of the verge medium modelF sndeedD we need to estimte the r on sediment with their orresponding on(dene levelsF sn the following study we use logi tree nlysisD similr to those used in stndrd re studiesD to propgte the unertinties of the soure @elertion time historiesA nd the mehnil properties of the sediments @rndom mediAF e (rst explore the full omintion of models using Ih liner nd nonliner wve propgtionF henD from the nlysis of the resulting on(dene limits we go k to the models thn n e used in Ph wve propgtionF sn this wy we redue the time of the needed omputtion for suh lrger modelsF purthermoreD we use simple deggregtion proedure to study whih prmeters ontrol the most the unertinty on the soil lol mpli(tionF en exmple of pplition will e shown for the qrenole sin in prne
SITE CLASSIFICATION AND AMPLIFICATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT FOR REGIONAL SEISMIC RISK ESTIMATIONS  ID 2025
T. Onur, Risk Management Solutions, Inc, United States L. Hall, Risk Management Solutions, Inc, United States G. Molas, Risk Management Solutions, Inc, United States

he studied re is loted lose to the order etween prneD witzerlnd nd qermnyD in the outh of the pper hine qren @qAF he q is hrterized y low to moderte seismiity with some signi(nt erthqukes oth t historil nd

egionl site response studies typilly use simpli(ed method to the estimtion of site mpli(tion suh s xirE like pproh wherein site lsses re ssigned to vrious geologil units @sed on sur(il units nd susurfe strtigrphy when villeAF empli(tion ftors re then determined for shortEperiod nd longEperiod response of eh of these site lssesF roweverD deep sedimentry sins provide n dded omplexity to the regionl site response estimtionsD sine the depth of the soft sediments needs to e inorported into this frmeworkF wississippi imyment @wiA in the xew wdrid eismi one @xwA is n exmpleD where the depth of the sediments rehes out IHHHmF

334

Poster Presentations
he ity of wemphisD xD whih is the lrgest urn enter in the reD is reltively lose to the xw @less thn IHH km to the losest fult segmentAD nd is loted ner the middle of the upper wiF es prt of lrger regionl seismi risk projet for istern xorth emeri @nited ttes nd gndAD we investigte the distriution of surfe nd susurfe geology in the wiD nd its potentil for mplifying the erthquke ground motionsF ite lsses re ssigned using the reltionship etween geologil mteril nd the verge sher wve veloity of the upper QH m @sQHAF his follows methodologies developed for gliforniD lthough djustments re mde to ensure onsisteny with mesured sQH oservtions in the wi nd surrounding regionF here re two mjor site lsses in the wiD ommonly lled plnds nd vowlnds unitsF por theseD the e'et of the sediment depth ws inorported into the development of mpli(tion ftors y linking the sediment depth to site periods otined through nlytil nd experimentl studiesF
ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC SITE AMPLIFICATION AND SEISMIC BUILDING VULNERABILITY IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA  ID 2029
Z. Milutinovic, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia G. Trendaloski, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia

CS6
uilt with miniml seismi onsidertionsF elsoD due to the expenses ssoited with the detiled nd nlytil identi(tion of suh vulnerle uildings nd strutures in these itiesD it seems tht rpid nd inexpensive solution for ssessment of generl understnding of the vulnerility of suh ities is required for disster mngement plnning purposesF sn this regrdsD in this studyD simpli(ed evlution form ws developed in order to ssess the key seismi vulnerility prmeters of the uildings nd the strutures in ity of suj loted long the southern setions of the grous mountin rnge in srnF fsed on the gthered dtD dt nk ws reted nd y using the generlized physil vulnerility funtionsD developed for typil srnin uildingsD series of senrio se dmge mps for the ity ws estlishedF sing these mpsD nd ville resoures in the ityD series of disster mngement plnning mps were generted for di'erent levels of the potentil erthquke hzrdF hese simpli(ed nd ost e'etive proedures used for the ity of sujD hs estlished the preliminry needs for disster plnning while more sophistited methods re eing exploredF sn this pperD method used will e disussed nd results otined will e presentedF st is elievedD this simple dt mngement nd mpping n e utilized in similr ses espeilly in developing ountries where (nnil nd tehnil experties re limitedF
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SEISMIC RISK IN KISHINEV CITY  ID 259
V. Alcaz, Institute of Geophysics and Geology, Moldova, Republic Of A. Zaicenco, Institute of Geophysics and Geology, Moldova, Republic Of E. Isiciko, Institute of Geophysics and Geology, Moldova, Republic Of

he xkmur9s rG method is worldEwidely used tehE nique for estimtion of dynmi hrteristis of surfe soil deposits nd hrteriztion of uilding dynmi hrteristisF e projet 4essessment of eismi ite empli(tion nd eismi fuilding ulnerility in the wedoniD groti nd loveni4 hs reently een lunhed under the uspies of xey iene for ee rogrm @xey f WVHVSUAF st is performed y Q demi institutions from the ove listed ountries @snstitute of irthquke ingineering nd ingineering eismology GsssEkopjeGD niversity 4sF gyril nd wethodius4D kopjeD wedoniY heprtment of qeophysisD pulty of ieneD niversity of greD grotiY invironmentl egeny of the epuli of loveni E eismology y0eD vjuljnD loveniA nd oordinted y heprtment of truturesD oil wehnis nd ingineering qeologyD niversity of fsilit nd heprtment of irth ienesD niversity of ienD oth from stlyF he projet in itself promotes new integrted method nd tehnology for 4fst4 seismi mirozoning nd seismi vulnerility ssessment of uildings with wide pplition possiE ilities in prtiulr for identi(tion of lotions with potentil resonnt hrteristis nd thusD the inresed seismi risk for uildingsF ithin the ntionl prt of the xey f WVHVSUD sss plns to perform mesurements of more then IHH highErise @UC storiesA uildingsF emient nd mirotremors mesurements of PV highErise uilding nd orresponding free (eld sites hve lredy een ompletedF he mesured uildings re typi(edD twelve stories g skeleton towerEtype uildings ereted following the tstrophi IWTQ kopje erthquke in ordne with the IWTR eismi hesign gode of former ugoslviF he results showed negligile vrition etween the mesured predominnt periodsD demonstrting the uniform qulity of the onstrutionD however signi(nt di'erenes etween the mesured nd nlytilly lulted predominnt periods due to negleting of sti'ness of nonstruturl elements in nlytil lultionsF

CS6: Early Warning, Shaking and Loss Scenarios

Level-1
SEISMIC DAMAGE MAPS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT USE IN URBAN AREAS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES  ID 119
F. Nateghielahi, AZAD U. SOUTH, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) R. Nematolahi, ERC-TEHRAN, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e gEsed methodology hs een developed in order to filitte the proess of designing progrms to mnge urn seismi risk nd resue opertions in the epuli of woldovF he pplition evlutes dmges to uilt filities nd sulties from senrio or rel erthquke in onditions of the limited time nd initil informtionF he proility of dmge su'ered y the strutures for given level of seismi hzrd is evluted using response spetr or mroseismi intensityF he entrl prt of uishinev @PFSxPFSkm test siteAD pitl of the epuli of woldovD is the test re of the projet imed on the ssessment of vulnerility of uildings to seismi imptF his ity is exposed to the in)uene of erthqukes from rne reY men pek ground elertions from ttenution reltions for medium soil onditions qeaPDHmGsP for reurrene intervl aRUSyrF sntrodution nd lssi(tion in eriew qs formt of the min dynmi hrteristis of the susoilX sher wve veloitiesD mpli(tion ftorsD together with designing the dtse for the existing strutures were performedF he (nl produt is the softwre with qs interfe ple to perform fst ssessment of senrio seismi eventsD evlute seismi dmge to filities nd mpping of ground motion prmetersX qeD ieD etF qenerllyD the dmges of uildings nd humn sulties on the territory of woldov epuli must e ssessed tking into ount t lestX iA diretivity e'etsY iiA lol soil onditions nd iiiA vulnerility of the existing uilding stokF he results of omputtions sed on proposed methodology reX IAexpeted vlues of mroseismi intensity in eh ountry distritY PAexpeted vlues of qeY QAexpeted struturl dmgeY RAexpeted numer of sultiesF sn order to ssess the e0ieny of the o'ered system the omprison of predited dmgeEloss for two of strong erthqukes of the entury @IWRHD waUFR nd IWVTD waUFH yersA with rel oserved ws rried outF
EVALUATION OF RISK COMPONENTS FOR THE CITY OF ISTANBUL  ID 269
S. Kundak, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey H. Dulger Turkoglu, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

here exist mny ities in developing ountries whih re

irthqukes n give gret dmges to urn res E ording to their intensity nd the vulnerility level of settlementsF sn generl termsD the vlue of erthquke risk depends on the

335

CS6
severity of hzrd nd the vulnerility of the elements whih will e 'etedF sstnul fed severl erthqukes suh s it hd experiened in ISHWD IUWW nd IVWRF eording to the reent sienti( reserhesD in the next QH yer periodD nother mjor erthquke will likely our nd will use vst dmges in sstnulF his study ims to revel the ftor lodings of risk omponents ording to the di'erent risk levels in sstnulF sn this studyD detiled dt sed ws onstruted inluding nturlD uilt environmentlD demogrphi nd eonomi spets of the ity whih over TIQ neighorhoods of PQ distrits of sstnulF eording to the results of prinipl omponent nlysis used in this reserhD the independent vriles explin out TUDQ7 of the totl vrine nd form S min ftors suh sX ulnerility @ptor IAD hensity @ptor PAD fusiness etivities nd fusiness with rzrdous wteril @ptor QAD eismi rzrd @ptor RA nd otentils @ptor SA respetivelyF he risky zones hve een grouped into S tegories nd their ftor lodings hve een exminedF he (ndings show tht the loding of the seismi hzrd omponent is getting higher through from risky zones to nonErisky zones nd ontrry the loding of the vulnerility omponents is getting higher through from nonErisky zones to risky zonesF his di'erentition is lso n evidene of ny kind of irregulrity in urn pttern will onsiderly 'et the erthquke risk in the ityF
ELEMENTS FOR AN EARTHQUAKE LOSS ESTIMATION MODEL FOR GREATER CAIRO  ID 273
A. M. Moharram, Imperial College London, UK

Poster Presentations
of risks used y seismi phenomenF ht does it doc i uses the time intervl @out PVEQP seondsA etween the moment when erthquke is deteted y the orehole seismometers in the rne epientre nd the time of the wve rrivl to deliver timely integrted informtion in order to enle tions to e tken efore min destrutive shking tkes pleF ht is its usec i utomtilly triggersX gs distriution nets @on IWUU erthqukeD wqaUFRD there were QVH people urntAD stopping ritil oppertions in irportsD nuler power plntsD re(neriesD stopping trins nd elevtors in sfe positionDlerting of hospitl surgery rooms nd strting of emergeny genertors @projet on wyA etF por whomcF st n e inluded very esy in the user9s infrstrutureF en irrditor nuler instlltion from snstitute of etomi hysisDfuhrest is using the iF i is more thn n s tehnologil system to detetDmonitor nd sumit wrnings nd it should e viewed s prt of n iuropen relEtime informtion system tht provide rpid informtionD out n erthquke impeding hzrdDto the puli nd disster relief orgniztions efore @erly wrningA nd fter strong erthquke @shke mpsAF hke wpD new produt on work of xtionl snstitute for irth hysis will provide sound strting point for immedite loss estimtion using suh methods round of iurope for immedite postEerthquke deisionEmkingF his i is one of the PH xominees for PHHT iuropen s qrnd rize
PRELIMINARY SEISMIC MALAGA, SPAIN  ID 659 RISK SCENARIOS FOR

J. Irizarry, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain A. Macau, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain T. Goded, Universidad Complutense, Spain D. Clavero, LYDICCE, Spain A. Pazos, ROA, Spain S. Figueras, Institut Cartogrc de Catalunya, Spain R. Garcia, LYDICCE, Spain

wonetry losses due to n erthquke hitting developE ing ountry my hve very detrimentl impt on the eonomy in ddition to sustntil mortlity nd injury levelsF pollowing the dverse e'ets used y the moderte ws SFR event of ytoer IWWPD the need to model the risk in)ited y n erthquke ourring in or ner giro ws shown to e n essentil tool in order to o'set this thret in the futureF sn this ontextD estimting the groundEshking hzrd is rried out herein s primry step in the erthquke loss estimtion proess nd n inventory dtse for the existing uilding stok is uilt up s seond stepF sn the formerD sheme is followed to integrte dt on geologil struturesD seismi souresD seismiity nd surfe soil onditions to uild up n eventEsed hzrd model for the reF e omprehensive study is rried out using onsiderle numer of oreholesD to produe lssi(tion of di'erent soil deposits sed on the xir shemeF edditionllyD reltionship is estlished to extrpolte dt from shllow oreholes to QH mF sn the seond prt of the investigtionD generl overview of the history of seismi provisions in igyptin odes is disussedF e numer of mps otined from lol souresD whih show the evolution nd expnsion of the uilding stok over the pst enturyD re then utilised to provide the geogrphil resolution needed for erthquke loss modellingF hese re supplemented y street surveys to otin more informed de(nition of the uilding models inorporting other missing E yet essentil E vrilesD suh s heightF ell the ove souresD with the support of engineering judgement nd expert opinionD re (nlly used to divide the ity into numer of ensus trtsD or geoEodesD of uniform uilding nd soil hrteristisF
EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR DEEP VRANCEA EARTHQUAKES  ID 504 STRONG

pin is hrterized y moderte seismi hzrdF voE ted on the south ost of pinD the ity of wlg is 'eted y one of the higher seismi hzrd levels expeted within the ountryF eording to the pnish eismi gode @xgiEHPAD the seismi hzrd for wlg with return period of SHH yers implies pek ground elertion of HFIIg orresponding to n intensity of ssEsss degreesF feuse of its seismi hzrd levelD one of the gols of the ii @elisti enrios of eismi isk in pinA projet is performing seismi risk senrios for the wlg ityF e preliminry study of seismi mirozontion is eing ondutedY this study will inlude mirotremor mesurements in seleted sites in the ityD in order to otin the fundmentl frequeny of soilsF e geotehnil lssi(tion of soils ws performed to evlute trnsE fer funtions y pplying numeril methods in order to hrterize the soil response tht will e onsidered in the vulnerility nlyE sisF oil e'ets in terms of intensity re evluted using eris sntenE sity omputed from the ground motion otined y IEh numeril method pplied in di'erent soil onditionsF wo vulnerility ssessment pprohes re eing pplied to the ity of wlgF he (rst one is sed on the lssi(tion of the uilding stok of wlg9s distrits ording to the iwEWV vulnerility lsses nd estimtes dmges using the dmge proE ility mtriesF he seond pproh lssi(es the vulnerility nd estimte dmges y implementing the vulnerility index method using the struturl typologies distriution within the ityF he preliminry seismi risk senrios developed re sed on the mroseismi intensityF
REAL-TIME SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS FOR EARLY WARNING APPLICATIONS  ID 850
I. Iervolino, Universit di Napoli Federico II, Italy V. Convertito, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy G. Massimiliano, Seconda Universit di Napoli, Italy G. Manfredi, Universit di Napoli Federico II, Italy A. Zollo, Universit di Napoli Federico II, Italy

G. Marmureanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania C. Ionescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. Marmureanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. Grigore, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

he deep erthqukes @wqaUFWA generted in rne re re prtiulrly of interest for mny ountries in iurope sine they use destrutive e'ets t lrge distnes from wosow to omF snnovtive ontentX i is the (rst iuropen system for relEtime erly detetion nd wrning of the seismi wves in se of strong erthqukesF sts developmentD mde in ollortion with urlsruhe niversity is sed on new onepts nd models

irthquke irly rning ystems @iiAD sed on relEtime predition of ground motion or struturl response

336

Poster Presentations
mesuresD my ply role in reduing vulnerility ndGor exposition of uildings nd lifelinesF sn ftD reently seismologists developed e0ient methods for rpid estimtion of event fetures y mens of limited informtion of the EwvesF henD when n event is ourringD proilisti distriutions of mgnitude nd soureEtoEsite distne re ville nd the predition of the ground motion t the siteD onditioned to the seismi network mesuresD my e performed in nlogy with the roilisti eismi rzrd enlysis @reAF gonsequently the struturl performne my e otined y the roilisti eismi hemnd enlysis @heA nd used for relEtime risk mngement purposesF roweverD suh predition is performed in very unertin onditions whih hve to e tken into proper ount to limit flse nd missed lrmsF sn the present studyD relEtime risk nlysis for erly wrning purposes is disussedF he mgnitude estimtion is performed vi the fyesin pprohD while the erthquke loliztion is sed on the oronoi ellsF o test the proedure it ws ppliedD y simultionD to the i under development in the gmpnin region @southern stlyAF he results led to the onlusion tht the reD onditioned to the iiD improves signi(ntly the risk ssessment nd tht the flseGmissed lrm proilities my e ontrolled y set up of n pproprite deisionl rule nd lrm thresholdF
CROSS-BORDER SEISMIC RISK SCENARIOS (EASTERN PYRENEES)  ID 902
P. Roussillon, BRGM, France J. Irizarry, ICC, Spain M. Gonzlez, CRECIT, Andorra P. Delmotte, CSTB, France O. Sedan, BRGM, France T. Susagna, ICC, Spain

CS6
he erth will shke on the IUth of ytoer PHHT t S ew lol time in the pper hine lleyD reting n emergeny sitution in witzerlndD eustri nd the prinedom of viehtE ensteinF his mgnitude TFH erthquke will e followed y n ftershok of mgnitude SFU on the IVth of ytoer t U ewF his erthquke senrio hs een prepred for severl dys lsting exerise nmed heintl HTF his exerise9s ojetive is to test t ll levels the ollortion etween the di'erent militry nd ivilin ommnd strutures of witzerlndD eustri nd the prineE dom of viehtensteinF sn prllelD severl enggement exerises t speilly prepred dmged lotions will serve to test the olE lortion etween ivilin nd militry emergeny response units of these ountriesF ih involved unit will reeive sript of the exerise with the tsks to e delt withF he onsequenes of the senrio erthquke in terms of uildingD humn losses hs een evluted sed on sre uilding typology informtionD qulittive onsidertion of the in)uene of the lol geologyD s well s with simple model using intensity sed ttenution lw nd the iuropen wroseismi le iwWV uilding desription nd vulnerility urves systemtiF iven with this simplisti model nd the inherent high level of unertinty in erthquke dmge evlutionD relisti piture of the onsequenes of the senrio ould e developedF sn summryD out of popultion of RPS9HHH in the onsidered reD the exerise onsiders TH ftlitiesD I9WHH injured personsD QHH uried personsD IUR9HHH short term homeless persons nd QH9HHH long term homeless personsF yut of IQH9HHH uildingsD the exerise onsiders U9SHH severely or totlly dmged uildings @permnently inhitleA nd QT9HHH uildings su'ering verge dmge @inhitle until inspetedAF
HISTORIC CENTRES AND SEISMIC RISK  ID 970
D. Benetti, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile PCM Italia, Italy R. Ferlito, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile PCM Italia, Italy P. Soddu, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile PCM Italia, Italy

voted on the order etween pin nd prneD the yrenees region is one of the most tive seismi zones of the two ountriesF sts historil seismiity nd reent tetonis dt indite signi(nt level of seismi hzrdF ine PHHQD the seh projet @snformtion of eismi eutomti egionl hmgesA hs een studying oth the seismi hzrd nd vulnerility within the estern prt of yrenees in order to develop ommon sheme for generting seismi risk senrios tht surpsses the ountries9 orders nd provide preventive nd opertionl informtion on the seismi risk to the lol (rstEid nd risis mngement orgniztionsF his pper onentrtes on the seismi risk senrios developed for seh9s pilot zones X endorr nd oth pnish nd prenh gerdny regionsF eismi risk senrios re developed using three levels of vulE nerility ssessment sed on di'erent levels of input dt nd methodologiesF he vulnerility ssessment for vevel H is sed on the lssi(tion of the uilding stok of muniiplity ordE ing to the iwEWV vulnerility lsses ording to the geD height nd lotion of the uilding stokF he vevel H dmge estimtion is lulted for eh muniiplity within the region using the dmge proility mtrix methodologyF he seond vulnerility ssessE ment levelD or vevel ID implements the vulnerility index method tking ount soil e'ets pplied to geogrphil sudivisions of the uilding stok ording to their struturl typologies distriutionF he third nd (nl vulnerility ssessment levelD nmely vevel PD pplies the pity spetrum method to determine the expeted dmge level or dmge proilities ssoited to strutureF his vevel P method is only implemented for some essentil uildings in the regionF eismi risk senrios re expressed in terms of expeted dmges to the uilding stok nd their onsequenes to the popultion suh s the expeted numer of homelessD injured nd sultiesF
EARTHQUAKE LOSS SCENARIO FOR THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE EXERCISE RHEINTAL 06  ID 920
O. Lateltin, Federal Oce for the Environment, Switzerland P. Smit, National Emergency Operations Centre, Switzerland B. Duvernay, Federal Oce for the Environment, Switzerland

he development of riteri for the seismi vulnerility ssessment of historil townsD is one of the tivities promoted y the xtionl eismi urvey y0e of givil rotetion heprtment @hgExA onerning protetion of the stlin ulturl heritgeF he projet is performed with the ontriution of the winistry for the gulturl reritgeD within the frmework of generl greement of oopertionD nlogously to previous experienes on the sme sujetF he projet is devoted to two min ojetivesX the improvement of the ulturl heritge dtse of ntionl puli dministrtionsD olleting dt regrding sizeD numerD histori vlue nd vulnerility of historil urn settlements exposed to seismi riskY the ssessment of the seismi risk for historil towns t ntionl sleD through the estimte of the expeted loss in terms of gulturl snterest inditorF his prmeter n e de(ned using the informtion olletedD tking into ount the historil nd rtisti hrteristis of the townF his informtion will e olleted in the etls of ristori gentres ixposed to eismi iskF he etls of ristori gentres ixposed to seismi risk is olletion of informtion on the exposition nd vulnerility of the historil entres exposed to seismi risk onsidered in oth uildings omplex nd urn ontextF he etls ollets ulturlD urnistiD environmentl hrteristis of every exmined histori entreF he present work shows methodology whih ims to give grde of gulturl snterestD nd n estimtion of expeted loss in histori urrent uildingsF
INSURED LOSSES FOR REPEATS OF THE 1906 SAN FRANCISCO AND 1811/1812 NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKES  ID 1195
L. Hall, Risk Management Solutions, United States M. Rahnama, Risk Management Solutions, United States D. Windeler, Risk Management Solutions, United States G. Molas, Risk Management Solutions, United States P. Seneviratna, Risk Management Solutions, United States T. Onur, Risk Management Solutions, United States A. Baca, Risk Management Solutions, United States

337

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et low proilities the seismi hzrd of the xew wdrid region in the estern is oserved to e similr to gliforniD s in the est the lower event rtes re ounterted y the slow ttenution of strong ground motion with distneF gonstrution type lso di'ers etween regionsD where the uilding odes in the west hve historilly een signi(ntly striterD entuting the hzrd di'erenes when lulting dmge riskF egionl di'erenes in penetrtion rte omplite the sitution further when modeling losses from n insurne perspetiveF his pper presents omprison of the insured losses of the IWHT n prniso nd IVIIGIVIP xew wdrid erthqukes if they were to our gin todyF esults re lulted using iskvinkD proprietry insurne lossEestimtion toolF he soure nd ground motion models re sed on the model prmeters from the q PHHP hzrd mpping projetF ite lsses were developed from geoE logi mps lssi(ed with pulished nd inferred sQH dtF fuilding dmge hs een estimted with spetrlEresponse sed methodE ologyF he insured exposure ws estimted from popultion nd eonomi ftorsF xew wdrid senrio insured losses re generlly omprle to those of IWHT n prniso eventD lthough the numers vry signi(ntly etween residentil nd ommeril exposuresF he key driving ftors ehind these results re investigted in detilD highlighting the di'erent impts of the regionl vritions in the ground motionD site responseD vulnerility nd insurne penetrtion rtesF
ANALYSIS OF TRIGGERING ALGORITHMS FOR DIRECT (ENGINEERING) EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS  ID 1198
H. Alcik, KOERI, Bogazici University, Turkey Y. Fahjan, KOERI, Bogazici University, Turkey M. Erdik, KOERI, Bogazici University, Turkey

Poster Presentations
su'ered y devstting erthqukesX errt @waUFSA in IQIW nd IVRHyFyD hvin @waUFHA in VSIEVWQyFyD qrni @waUFHA in ITUWyF nd othersF sn present erevn ity uildings nd strutures re designed on ground elertion vlues of HDIEHDPgD tht orrespond to UEV vlue y wuETR intensity sle ording to seismi zontion mp operting on the territory of ermeni up to IWWR nd it is ovious tht rete high seismi riskF sn IWWV the onept of ii for erevn ity ws developed in ermenin xtionl urvey for eismi rotetionF he priniple of tion of ii ws developed on the se of veloities di'erene etween eletromgneti wves propgtion @ QHHFHHH kmGseA nd seismi wves @ RkmGseAF st ws foused on the solution of the following tsksX possiility nd e0ieny of ii retion round erevn ityD on(gurtion of ii nd determintion of neessry numer of seismi sttionsD gin in time of the wrning in se of upoming strong erthquke nd othersF sn this pper we developed the new onept of ii for erevn ity F en irthquke irly rning ystem for erevn ity will hve to fe the ft tht wrning time for the most of relevnt erthqukes will e extremely shortF he system introdued hereD therefore onsidered 4irly rning4 in wider senseD iFeFD system tht involves irly rning ! s well s post erthquke rpid informtion omponent nd expeted dmge estimtionF he purpose of the pper is summrized the results on this prolemF
A VIRTUAL MONITORING PLATFORM ENVIRONMENT FOR RISK MANAGEMENT  ID 1277
R. J. Scherer, Institute for Construction Informatics, Germany G. Faschingbauer, Institute for Construction Informatics, Germany

he reent dvnes in seismi instrumenttion nd teleommuE nition tehnologies permit the implementtion of erly wrning systems for mjor ities exposed to strong erthquke shking round the worldF en irly rning ystem forewrns n urn re of the forthoming strong shkingD normlly with few seonds to few tens of seonds of erly wrning time efore the rrivl of the destrutive Ewve prt of the strong ground motionF en erthquke erly wrning system requires seismi sttions lose to the soure of erthqukes nd ontinuous ommunition etween the seismi sttions nd entrl proessing sttionF por urn nd industril res suseptile to erthquke dmgeD where the fult rupture system is omplex nd the fultEsite distnes re shortD there is usully insu0ient time to ompute the hypoenterD fol prmeters nd the mgnitude of n erthqukeF hereforeD more simple nd roust erly wrning lgorithm is neessryD sine this time is needed for the more omplex lrm deisionE mking proessF he diret @engineeringA erly wrning systems re sed on lgorithms of the exeedne of spei(ed threshold time domin mplitude levelsF he ontinuous sttions dt of ndEpss (ltered pek ground elertions @qeA nd the umultive solute veloity @geA re ompred with spei(ed threshold levelsF henever seletle sttions exeed these levels within seletle time intervlD the (rst lrm n e delred sn this studyD di'erent lgorithms sed on qe ndGor ge will e nlyzed nd veri(ed for oth fst triggering nd reliilityF he triggering threshold levels of qe nd ge prmeters will e studied nd the e'et of sttions lotions nd on(gurtion on triggering lgorithm will e disussedF
CURRENT STATE OF THE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM CREATION FOR YEREVAN CITY, ARMENIA  ID 1233
A. Antonyan, Armenian NSSP, Armenia V. Arzumanyan, Armenian NSSP, Armenia

rndling rises requires mking deisionsD sed on su0E ient knowledge of the situtionF xew developments in sg re to mke the existing pities of dt nd informtion usle in order to provide deision mkers nd tsk fores with the knowledge neessry for tking deisions s quikly s possile nd hene to redue response times onsiderlyF odyD risk mngement systems re proprietry lient server systems developed for prtiulr hzrds nd spei( senriosD iFeF they re not open nd slleF eent pprohes hve extended these lient server systems to e tehnologyF roweverD these pplition serviesD pltforms nd sensor systems re uilt on their own infrstruturesD islnds of funtionlity tht nnot e esily shred nd integrted in one logilly ommon ut distriuted environmentF sn this pper we will present novel sg pproh for dynmilly optimized mngement of emergeny nd risis situtions generted y nturl hzrds nd industril identsF he min ide is lle open wonitoring ltform invironment for isk wngement whih will deliver sustinle pproh for sgEsed integrtion nd informtion omputingD sed on engineering models nd whih will fundmentlly improve the mngement nd monitoring of nturl hzrds onsequenes y omining qwi nd inEsitu engineering sensingF he pltform environment improves ll phses of risk nd risis mngementD ut in prtiulr provides support for the response phse of hzrds nd risis mngementF he rhiteture of the pltform environment is modulr nd extendleD immediE tely ville nd highly distriutedX this n e omplished y the integrted omintion of four min stteEofEtheErt nd high potentil tehnologiesX @iA qsh tehnologyD @iiA emnti unowledge ehnologies @uAD @iiiA intelligent selfEdpting sensor networksD nd @ivA irtul yrgnistion G gonurrent ingineering prdigmsF
STRATEGY FOR EARTHQUAKE DISASTER PREVENTION AGAINST THE APPROACHING MIYAGIKEN OKI EARTHQUAKE, JAPAN  ID 1384
M. Motosaka, Tohoku University, Japan K. Tsukahara, OYO Corporation, Japan S. Masuda, Tohoku University, Japan M. Maeda, Tohoku University, Japan

he pitl of ermeniD erevn ityD situted in the one of the most seismilly tive regions of the worldD ermenin plndF eording to ermenin historiogrphy this region hs

he wiygi prefeture re in tpn is prone to e fE feted y severe sudution erthquke so lled wiygiEken yki erthqukeD whih hs n verge return period of QU yers

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nd very high proility of ourrene @out SH7 within the next IH yersAF he lst erthquke @w UFRA in IWUV used severe dmge in the reF e projet for erthquke disster prevention ginst the wiygiEken yki erthqukeD sponsored y governmentl udget hs een orgnized y ollortion of universitiesD muniipl governments nd industryF his pper desries the ontents of the projet nd its pproh oriented to develop onsistent work line interrelting siD eforeEquke nd fterEquke ountermesuresF ome of the min tsks re desried in the next three prgrphsF he onstrution of n extended nd intertive multiElyer eEqs system y ompiling dt provided y di'erent orgniztionsD in order to mke possile the evlution of the disster prevention index from ity units to the smller wrd unitsF glri(tion of the erthquke risk di'erenes within the region onsidering erthquke nd geologil irumstnesF gomprtive investigtions of the erthquke risks of three lol ities hve een done together with inentive disster prevention mps nd omputer grphis nimtions of expeted dmge ptternsF e system for priority evlution of retro(t of existing uildings tking into ount site onditions nd the ssEvlue @erthquke resistne index of the uildingA hs lso een developedF i'etive use of relEtime erthquke informtion onsidering the possiility of issuing erthquke wrnings IS seonds efore Ewve rrivl in endiF irly wrning systems omprising evutionD trining nd edution funtions hve een developed nd pplied in the niversity rospitlD distriution omplex union nd three elementry shools in the model re of three lol itiesF purthermoreD the dt ompiled form the erthquke oservtion network is e0iently used for the newly developed uilding dmge identi(tion systemF
INTENSITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FOR EUROPEAN EARTHQUAKE REGIONS - THE 1995 AIGIO EARTHQUAKE  ID 1417
T. Langhammer, Bauhaus-University Weimar, EDAC, Germany J. Schwarz, Bauhaus-University Weimar, EDAC, Germany P. Loukopoulos, Digeliotikon 73, Greece L. Abrahamczyk, Bauhaus-University Weimar, EDAC, Germany F. V. Karantoni, University of Patras, Civil Engineering Department, Greece D. H. Lang, Bauhaus-University Weimar, EDAC, Germany

CS6
EXPERT SYSTEM FOR LOSS AND DAMAGE SCENARIO CALCULATIONS DEVELOPED FOR THE TBILISI METROPOLITAN AREA  ID 1440
M. Elashvili, UNSSP, Georgia Z. Javakhishvili, UNSSP, Georgia T. Mumladze, UNSSP, Georgia T. Godoladze, UNSSP, Georgia

he gusus is one of the most seismilly tive reE gions in the elpineErimlyn ollision eltF huring the PHth entury severl destrutive erthqukes with the mgnitudes up to UD intensity W @wu sleA ourred in the gusus regionD the strongest of them t the end of the enturyX huring the IWVV pytk erthquke in ermeni @waUFHA PS HHH people were killedD SH HHH were injured nd eonomi dmge equled nerly IS illion ulesF tust three yers lter in IWWI the h erthquke in qeorgi ourred @waUFHAD wore thn PHH people were killed ndD pproximtely TH HHH were left homelessF he dmge overed thousnds of squre kilometersF he reent erthquke of epril PSD PHHP in ilisi ! pitl of qeorgi hs one gin reminded us of the importne of prepredness to nturl tstrophesF wore then IFS million ivilins onentrted in ilisiD out the hlf of the totl popultion of qeorgiD it is doutless tht it is min nd dominnt eonomil enterF his issue is of onern not only to qeorgi or the gususD ut to mny other ountries worldwide who hve eonomil interests is gususF qlol projets suh s the oil nd gs pipelines rossing through the qeorgi or qret ilk od re depend upon seismi monitoring t worldwide stndrdsF eismiity studyD delinetion of tive fults nd potentil seismi soures ws doneF en expert system sed on qs tehnology ws reted for emergeny response needsF qeogrphil nd geologil sptil dtse were prepred for mpping nd nlysis of erthquke e'et in se of strong eventF pinllyD sed on the urn mp of ity nd engineering spei(tions of typil uildings for ilisiD speil tools for preliminry ssessment of dmge nd losses were ompiledF
COORDINATING EARTHQUAKE INVESTIGATIONS  ID 1550
C. Scawthorn, Kyoto University, Japan T. Holzer, USGS, United States C. Rojahn, ATC, United States

he detiled survey of dmge ses oserved in the fE termth of the wl TFI eigio @qreeeA erthquke of tune ISD IWWS provides the opportunity to test qsEsed seismi risk ssessment tools nd to exmine their ppliility to erthquke regions of outhern iuropeF por this purposeD the uilding stokD the min dmge zonesD nd individul dmge ses in the ity enter of eigio re reonstrutedF qsElyers for the sitution in IWWS nd for the urrent uilding stok @in PHHSA re developedF he vulnerility of the di'erent uilding types is evluted on the sis of the iuropen wroseismi le iwEWV while dmge grdes re ssigned to eh uilding ording to the oserved shking e'etsF sn dditionD instrumentl site investigtions were onduted t lotions of severe dmge nd where susoil pro(les were villeF he impt of ground onditions nd topogrphi peulirities is onsidered to test the improvement of the dmge reinterprettionF hue to the di'erent model ssumptions nd due to the stepwise re(nement of input vriles @qsElyersA the stter of prognoses n e qunti(ed nd ompred to the reported ndGor oserved dmge distriutionF tudies re relted to dt lyers of di'erent qulity nd timeX @IA he uilding stok is reonstruted sed on quik (eld survey immeditely fter the erthquke in IWWS nd lso sed on interviews with inhitnts rried out ten yers fter the erthqukeF enrios re relted to mezoEsled level while prediting the men dmge grdes within grid of SH x SH m2 re elementsF @PA e uildingEyEuilding model is derived sed on detiled dmge doumenttion from the niversity of trsF vterD preditions re provided for eh uilding in terms of dmge grdes @iFeF on miroEsled levelAF sn ddition to the empiril intensityEsed pprohD typil g frme uildings re nlyzed in order to detet struturl weknesses nd to determine their pity urvesF

he ln to goordinte xir ostEirthquke snvesE tigtions ws pulished s q girulr IPRP @qD PHHQAF he ln ws susequently exerised in three exerises sed on senrio eventsX @IA rywrd pult ww U event without foreshoksY @PA xew wdrid seismi zone ww U event with foreshoksD nd @QA uerto io ww V sudution event on the uerto in renh ompnied y tsunmi 'eting the estern seord of the nited ttesF ih exerise onsisted of fourEhour telephone onferene ll with weEsed eletroni link nd postEexerise evlutions fed k to prtiipntsF ivlution of the exerises found the ln to e dequteD with implementtion of the ln y the xir genies improving with eh exeriseF e seminl omponent of the ln is the tehnil informtion leringhouseD physil entity where muh of the (eld oordintion is omplishedF st ws reognized following the three exerises tht for some erthqukes the ln nd tehnil leringhouse my not e implemented despite (eld deployments y xir prtiesD tht key reommendtion ws development of irtul gleringhouse @grAF
AUTOMATIC FELT MAPS  ID 1711
R. Bossu, EMSC, France J. M. El-Baki, EMSC, France M. Aupetit, CEA/DASE/LDG, France S. Marin, CEA/DASE/LDG, France G. Mazet-Roux, EMSC, France

e propose new tool whih utomtilly mps within

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CS6
PHEPS minutes of the event ourreneD the geogrphil res in whih the erthquke hs een feltF frutl inreses of the numer of instnt visitors onneting on the iwg we site re utomtilly detetedF uh synhronized tion involving mny individuls n only e explined if these individuls shre ommon reson to visit the iwg we site t the very sme timeF e ssume tht they hve just experiened the sme erthqukeF efter (ltering out the s ddresses known to e from seismologiE l institutesD geogrphil lotion is ssigned to eh s ddress omprised in this urstF he felt mps re then otined y plotting the oserved lusterF e sttistil pproh is eing implemented to ssess the signi(ne of hnge in the visitors9 origin in omprison to the verge udiene in the regionF his methodology hs een tested sine midEPHHS on out PH erthqukesF he felt mps hve een distriuted to the seismoloE gists of the ountry@iesA 'eted y the given event who vlidted the pprohF yviouslyD it n only work when signi(nt numer of individE uls with snternet ess hve tully felt the eventF sn prtieD this servie works minly for iuropen erthqukes nd the proximE ity of n urnised region is the key prmeter even when ompred to the mgnitudeF e felt mp ws produed following wvQFQ event s it ourred lose to gre @grotiAF hespite these limittionsD the felt mps is the quikest wy o'ered to seismologists to utomtilly nd esily ollet informE tion out the e'ets of n erthqukeF st n work independently of ny seismologil dt nd theoretilly @we hopefully hd not suh se yetA it should e le to mp res where individuls re unle to ess the snternet following the erthquke shkingF
DATA ACQUISITION AND EARTHQUAKE ALERTING IN NORTHEASTERN ITALY: THE OGS-CRS EXPERIENCE USING THE ANTELOPE SOFTWARE SUITE  ID 1738
D. Pesaresi, OGS, Italy P. L. Bragato, OGS, Italy P. Di Bartolomeo, OGS, Italy G. Dur, OGS, Italy A. Govoni, OGS, Italy F. Ponton, OGS, Italy D. Zuliani, OGS, Italy

Poster Presentations
V. Sokolov, Geophysical Institute, Germany B. Sperner, Geophysical Institute, Germany D. Hannich, Department of Applied Geology, Germany M. Bse, Geophysical Institute, Germany M. Markus, Inst. Germany D. Lungu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania G. Marmureanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania for Techn. and Management in Construction,

e gollortive eserh gentre RTI 9trong irthqukes ! prom qeosienes to givil ingineering9 @httpXGGwwwE sfRTIFphysikFuniEkrlsruheFdeGA hs een estlished in IWWT in response to the uoe erthquke of tnury IUD IWWS tht demonstrted the interdisiplinry needs of erth siene nd ivil engineeringF he gentre de(ned its regionl fous in omniD with fuhrest s the iuropen ity with the seond highest risk fter sstnulF sn ddition to interdisiplinry work the oopertion with vrious omnin institutions hs high priorityF he pper presents results of the tetoni studies in terms of geodynmi model of intermedite depth rne erthqukesD of siteEspei( proilisti hzrd ssessment nd the development of ground motion mps @hkempsA on urn nd regionl sleF ogether with n improved irly rning ystem key elements of n irthquke snformtion ystem will e estlishedF enother highlight is the development of hisster wngement ool @hwA with modellingD deision support nd ommunition omponentsF
GROUND MOTION ATTENUATION AND SHAKING MAPS GENERATION IN THE SOUTHERN ALPS AREA  ID 1811
G. Costa, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy L. Moratto, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy D. Sandron, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy A. Delise, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy P. Suhadolc, Dip. Scienze della Terra, University of Trieste, Italy

ine PHHPD the gentro di ierhe ismologihe @gD httpXGGwwwFrsFinogsFitA of the sstituto xzionle di yenogr( e di qeo(si perimentle @yqA is involved in the i snterreg ssse projet rnsEntionl seismologil networks in the outhEistern elps together to other four institutions monitoring the re @deprtment h of the niversity of rieste nd givil rotetion of egione eutonom priuliEenezi qiuliD stlyD eyD loveniD nd ewqD eustriAF he entelope softwre suite hs een hosen s the ommon sis for ner relEtime dt exhngeD rpid lotion of erthqukes nd lertingF et g we hve developed hrdwre nd softwre solutions to integrte heterogeneous instruE menttion in the ommon virtul networkF hree suEnetworks re mergedX rodEnd network minly sed on unterr dt loggers @RIPH nd QQHA with rodEnd seismometers nd elerometersY shortEperiod vennrtz weVV networkY n experimentl network of inexpensive snternet eelrogrphs seEI imed to the rpid genertion of detiled shke mps fter mjor erthqukesF ht re trnsmitted y mens of rodEnd @TwpsA spredEspetrum rdio links using the s protoolF sn ollortion with the other prtnersD we re setting up the utomti proedures to lote erthqukes ourring oth lolly nd worldwideD estimte their mgnitude @wvD mf nd wsAD dispth lert messges y eEmil nd short messges over moile phonesD updte we pges desriing the oserved seismiityF
EARTHQUAKE RISK RESEARCH IN ROMANIA - 10 YEARS OF COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS  ID 1749
F. Wenzel, Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe University, Germany G. Schmitt, Geodetic Institute, Germany E. Gottschmmer, Geophysical Institute, Germany

he ttenution lws for qeD q nd e @HFQ sY IFH sY QFH sA re omputed for the priuli re @xi stlyA using strongEmotion reordingsF WHH elerometri wveforms of IPQ erthqukes re seleted from the ep @IWWQEPHHSA nd sih dtses in lrge mgnitude rnge @QFH `a wl `a TFQAF he epientrl distnes vry from I km to IHH or PHH kmF he signls re (ltered nd the frequenies vried from HFI rz to QH rzF hi'erent ttenution models re tested nd ttenution reltion prmeters extrted for oth vertil nd horizontl omponents @lrgest omponent nd vetoril dditionAF he est model inludes e'ets due to lol site onditionsD nerEsoure nd mgnitude sturtionF pixing the epientrl distneD for low mgnitude vlues our model estimtes lower pek ground elertions thn those proposed in previous studiesF he derived ttenution lws re inserted in the rixet softwre to produeD together with relEtime dtD groundEshke mps for xi stlyF he softwre is lirted with reordings of importnt pst seismi events in the studied re in order to produe relisti nd onsistent relEtime shkemps for future erthqukesF
RAPID MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTIONS IN SWITZERLAND  ID 1917
J. Clinton, ETH, Switzerland

pid nd urte knowledge of n erthquke9s mgniE tude nd fult hrteristis re vitl in estimting the dmge used y mjor eventD for emergeny responseD nd determining the potentil for tsunmi genertionF he wiss eismologil erE vie @ihA t ir hs een produing moment tensor solutions following modertely lrge regionl nd smll lol erthqukes sine IWWWF e suite of rodnd inversion methods E developed oth internlly nd y other reserh groups E hve een usedF egionl moment tensors for events in the iuropenEwediterrnen re with wbRFU re determined using time series inversion of SH E IHHs rodnd dt within PHo of the epientreD nd re utomtilly ville WH minutes fter event nuletion @fernrdi et lFD PHHRAF vol moment tensor solutions re lulted mnully

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Poster Presentations
for elpine events with wbQFH @frunmiller et lFD PHHPAF foth solution sets re ville onElineF ht used in the inversions is gthered from numer of iuropen nd glol networksF sn mny regionl networks in the nd tpnD utomted moment tensor solutions re ville within IH E PH minutes of n eventF his presenttion summrises the urrent moment tensor opertions t ihD nd disusses improvements in dt quisition nd numeril methodsF hese re imed t reduing the time tken to produe solutionD whilst mintining or improving the solution qulityF
EARLY WARNING LOCATION OF SINGLE AND MIXED EVENTS USING NETWORK BEAMFORMING  ID 1979
V. Pinsky, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Israel S. Horiuchi, NIED, Japan

CS7

CS7: Strategies in Earthquake Mitigation

Level 2
EARTHQUAKE LOSS MODELLING FOR SWITZERLAND FOR INSURANCE AND REINSURANCE PURPOSES  ID 40
M. Simic, Beneld, UK

he prolem of relile nd urte seismi event loE tion is key issue in seismi events monitoring for erly wrning systemsF his issue is determined y how we mnge to (ght vrious detrimentl ftors suh s spordi seismi noiseD poor network on(gurtionD heterogeneity of irthD wrong phse ssoition or multiple event mnifesttionF por this purpose we strted development of roust sprse network lotion tehniqueD sed on rry lotion priniplesX xetwork femforming @xfAD whih proesses ulletin phse rrivl time dt vi the use of omplex exponents in gridEserh for the mximum semlne in hypoenter speF he use of the roust semlne sttisti provides relile nd fst phse ssoition nd lotion results for Ih nd Qh irth in lolD regionl nd teleseismi distne rngesD e'etively seprtes doule events nd ssoites depth phsesF he method is working in omintion with severl utomti piking pprohes nd e'etively resists to flse redingsF
TSUNAMI INUNDATION MAPS THROUGH THE GIS GRASS  ID 2037
F. Bacino, University of Genova, Italy P. Poggi, University of Genova, Italy T. Cosso, DIMSET-University of Genova, Italy B. Federici, DIMSET-University of Genova, Italy L. Land Rebaudengo, DIAM-University of Genova, Italy D. Sguerso, DIMSET-University of Genova, Italy

smportnt instruments for the deisionEmking proess tht puli dministrtions my use re mps of the relisti e'ets tht distrutive nturl events my produeF sn the present work we hve predisposed qs proedure to relize sunmi snundtion wps with the softwre open soure qeF uh proedure ws then pplied to reh of the vigurin ostD prtiulrly densely populted resD in the northEwest side of stlyF snput dt is the tsunmi shore wve height @see fini et lFD session gVAF henD the model uses the higitl errin wodel nd the vnd se grtogrphy @or eril photogrphs to lssify if vnd se grtogrphy is not villeA to tke into ount terrin morphology @slopeD spetD etFA nd its roughness due to vegettion nd settlementsD in the evlution of wve runEup nd its propgtion inside the ostF e detiled desription of the proedure will e reported t the onfereneF he whole proedure ws pplied to test re hrterized y either gentle slope ehes without protetion nd rok li'sD otining relisti resultsF xote thtD due to the ft tht in the wediterrnen se the time etween the genertion of n erthquke or lndslide nd the oming of the tsunmi wve on the ost is very limitedD these mps might hve n informtive nd preventive funtionX to improve the sensiility of the popultion on this prtiulr hzrdD nd to indite to puli dministrtions tht ruil struture @like hrourD depurtion systemsD hospitlD shoolD rodD rilwysD etFA should e proteted to mnge etter the emergeneF yviouslyD to redue the negtive impt of tsunmi eventsD it9s relly importnt to produe these mps s soon s possileY furthermoreD if you suppose the fst determintion of soure prmetersD our model llows relEtime lert mp s n importnt strting point for relEtime dmge preditionF

his pper disusses the design nd results of propriE etry model for lultion of erthquke losses in witzerlndF fen(eld hs een one of the pioneers of loss modelling for insurne nd reinsurne purposes in lte IWVHs nd erly IWWHsF he modelsD known s qes @qeogrphi enlysis rojetsAD re now reted nd mintined y fen(eld ewetris xturl rzrds emF qeuke witzerlndD proilisti model for lultion erthquke losses in witzerlndD ws oneived nd relesed in PHHPF es kgroundD the pper desries erthquke insurne nd reinsurne in witzerlnd with prtiulr emphsis on pooling rrngements tht exist in the ountry with highest insurne penetrtion in the worldF he ore of the pper onerns the onstituent omponents of ny loss model E hzrdD vulnerilityD exposure nd sttistilG(nnil spets of loss lultionF he disussion of the hzrd omponent revolves round ft tht witzerlnd is ountry of moderte seismiity whih rries signi(nt unertinties when trying to extend the histori tlogue to syntheti tlogue lengths required for resonly urte preditions of loss return periods of the order of severl hundred yersD where reinsurne is t its most e'etiveF he vulnerility omponent ws designed round the iwEWV sleD whih permitted estimtes of not just reltive dmge rtios ut lso of the numer of dmged propertiesD whih is of ruil importne when ssessing the impt of primry insurne dedutilesF he exposure omponent disusses the issue of ggregtion of insurne dt @eFgF nton vsF postodeA nd importne of grnulrity of lultion ells on loss resultsF he loss lultion module is minly onerned with sttistil nd (nnil spetsF he results of erthquke loss modelling re disussed on three exmples of diret relevne to the understnding of erthquke risk in witzerlnd nd onsequentil purhse of reinsurne over in worldwide mrketsF
STRATEGY IN EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS  ID 71
A. K. Sinha, C.M.E, India

he fools will syD e shll see when the prolem will omeF glever onesD when wre of the risk they re exposed toD will never wit for the prolem to ome efore nd then (nd wys to enounter itF hey shll mke themselves prepred to fe the prolem whenever it omesF esD prepredness is the demrting spet etween the twoF his is more relevnt in the se of nturl dissters like erthqukesD whih re highly unertin in their ourrenesF wking ll possile ontingeny rrngements under ville resoures eforehnd n e termed s reprednessF ewreness of the seismi risk is the (rst step in mking wise people t in mking themselves sferF yne will try to (nd wys within his mens to redue the risk one is fed withF heir role stkeholders in seismi risk mitigtion hs een emE phsised in this pperF snsurneD legisltionsD penlties nd wrdsGonessionsD et hve een tred nonEtehnil spets in the overll seismi disster mitigtion strtegyF rn nd regionl plnning is lso prt in the seismi risk redutionF repredness in terms of resue s immedite post disster emergeny tion hs een seen s nother importnt requirementF gomprison of pre nd pst disster senrio with regrd to seismi disster redution strtegy hs lso een tred out in this pperF eismi vulnerility investigtions t miro s well s mro level re required for e'etive implementtion of retro(tting nd

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rehilittion tionsF e three level pprohD hD involving pid essessment wethod @ewAD impli(ed essessment wethod @ewA nd hetiled essessment wethod @hewA hs een evolved for inditing seismi vulnerility t eh levelF he im is to use pproprite level for nlysing strutures with di'erent omplexities nd depending on the purpose of suh nlysisF his prt overs the tehnil spets of the seismi disster mitigtion strtegyF
DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIVE EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIES IN TURKEY  ID 162
M. Kaya, FIP Industriale S.p.A, Turkey S. Tezcan, Bogazici University, Turkey M. G. Castellano, FIP Industriale S.p.A, Italy

Poster Presentations
reonstrutionD nd lso due to n estlishment of insurne pyments nd entitlement pyment re nlysedF

EARTHQUAKE PROBABLE MAXIMUM LOSS VS. A MULTIHAZARDS APPROACH FOR A COMPULSORY INSURANCE IN ROMANIA  ID 349
E. S. Georgescu, NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR BUILDING

RESEARCH - INCERC, Romania

ssive erthquke protetion systems whih n e lsE si(ed s seismi se isoltion nd energy dissiption devies re onsidered to e mture tehnologies mitigting erthquke hzrd for ivil strutures nd their ontents reduing the seismi vulnerility of rhiteturl heritgeF urkeyD ountry with n rhiteturl nd ulturl heritge of thousnds of yers experiening dmging erthqukes of waTDS nd ove t intervls of two yersD hit y the most tstrophi nd disstrous erthquke of it9s history with respet to it9s soil nd eonomi onsequenies in eugust IWWWF ith onsious for proteting the ntion from potentil dmging erthqukes nd onveying the histrori heritge to next genertionsD the ountry is pying more ttention to innovtive ntiEseismi systemsD so lled pssive erthquke protetion tehnologiesF gonventionl intervention tehniques do not often endow strutures with su0ient resistne ginst mximum expeted erthquke nd use hnges in the originl struturl on(gurtion not eptle from the stndpoint of onservtion of histori vlues F his pper ims to present the vrious spets of the development of innovtive pssive erthquke protetion systems in urkey strting from the urkish irthquke gode nd onluding with the reent pplitions nd intentionsF
STRATEGY OF BUILDINGS OPERATION IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS  ID 191
V. O. Vorobiev, Sakharov, Saint-Petersburg Saint-Petersburg Transport Transport University, University, Russian Russian

he pper present the potentil nd irumstnes of erthquke tstrophe in insurne termsD onsidering lso other hzrdsF he seismi setting of omni is peulir in wht onerns the lrge exposure to eh rne gret surustl erthquke @over SH 7 of territoryD whole Ei of ountryD s in IWRH nd IWUUAF yver QQ 7 of lnd is exposed lso to high )ood riskD s in IWUHD IWUS nd espeilly in PHHSF he preEIWRH highErise strutures re t higher seismi riskD while lrge numer of rurl houses re mostly t )ood riskF here is qovernment yrdinne on eismi isk edution of ixisting fuildings sine IWWRD with system of susidiesD ut the speed of owners retion to ontrt rehilittion works is rther lowF omni is the most importnt purhser of tstrophe reinsurne in gentrl nd istern iurope nd sheme of ompulsory insurne for nturl disstersD ked y omnin qovernmentD is under dete sine PHHPF irthquke losses rehed some P flnD hollrs in IWUUD while the )oods rehed some UHH willions iuro losses in PHHSF husD one should tke into ount the )ood risksD possily s sueeding events in onjuntion with erthqukesF he min di0ulties ddressed in the pper re relted toX E need of modelling softwres nd trrif tlogsD proprite for omnin onditionsY E orret ssessment nd modelling of role wximum vossD from erthqukesD )oods nd other hzrdsD in resonle omintionsD re)eted in 'ordle premiumsD using trrifs sed on spei( vulnerility of omnin uildingsY E legl nd tehnil frmework of loss evlution nd djustmentD pyment of ompenstionD etFD to e useful for rel vulnerility redution fter dmging eventsY E system of reording of dmged uildings for vulnerility redution nd insurne protetionD oth in se of pid ompenstions s in tht of vlues elow dedutilesF

Federation Federation A. Uzdin, Saint-Petersburg Transport University, Russian Federation

he prolem of the uildings opertion plnning in seisE mi re is onsidered in the reportF his plnning inludes the proesses of uilding designingD onstrution nd opertionF st uses performne sed designing priniplesD tking into ount tht design senrios of dmges umultion n vry during the time of struture lifeF es the hrteristi of the degree of ntiseismi strutures strengthening uthors use the onept of the struture seismi stility lss @gA usD equl erthquke mgnitude for whih the onstrution is designedF gonsidering the group of limiting onditions the orresponding group of g is to e usedF sing two limiting onditions tht is the limit stte @vA nd the ultimte limit stte @vA it should to onsidere two lsses of seismi stility tht is miniml nd mximl F por ojets of mss onstrution the prity tkes pleF st llows to regrd s (rst pproximtion of the mesure of strutures seismi stility the miniml lss of seismi stility he opertion senrio of strutures provides setting the initil design input level of seismi lods @hsvAD plnning of the repir time points with hsv setting for repir designing development of pprohes to uildings insurne upon seismi impts the deision of reEpro(ling uildings questions por the deision of the ove mentioned questions re tken into ount pitl expenses for ntiseismi strengthening @uAD pro(t of uildings opertion @AD time of uildings mlfuntion fter erthqukes @tAD uildings servie life @AD repetility of n erthquke with mgnitude s on wu sle for the uilding site v@sAD dmges used y the erthquke for the uilding hving the miniml g F uestions of risk mngement due to hoie of terms nd volumes of strutures

RESTORATION EXPERIENCES OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS DAMAGED IN THE1999 CHI-CHI TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE  ID 366
C. Ja-Shian, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan S. Jen-Chien, Council for Cultural Aairs, Taiwan

yn eptemer PIDIWWWD strong erthquke with ihter sle waUFQ struk the middle re of iwnF sn this erthquke nd the following ftershoksD esides the ollpse or dmge of numerous shool uildingsD prtmentsD nd ommeril uildingsD severl hundred histori uildings were lso destroyed or su'ered serious dmgeF efter erthqukeD the mjor prt of the restortion of dmged histori uildings re proeeded y the governmentF ntil this yerD the more thn sixEyer postEerthquke restortion projet will e ompletedD nd most of the erthquke dmged histori uildings will e in new stgeF sn this studyD the experienes generted from the ner hundred restortion ses in the pssed six yers will e summrized nd presentedF he experienes n e tegorized s followingX IF he opertion of relted government divisionsF PF wehnism of restortion qulity ontrol nd supervisionF QF rditionl hndrft nd the doption of modern tehnologyF RF he introdue of rehilittionF eentlyD the onservtion of ulturl heritge is highly onerned y the government nd the soiety of iwnF he histori uilding restortion experienes otined fter the IWWW ghiEghi erthquke re vlule for future ulturl heritge onservtionF elso they re the ses for further study tht histori uilding onservtion reltedF

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PRIORITY OF SEISMIC RETROFIT OF BRIDGES CONSIDERING PREVENTION OF ISOLATED AREAS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE  ID 407
Y. Nariyuki, The University of Tokushima, Japan J. Ohki, The University of Tokushima, Japan T. Minamoto, The University of Tokushima, Japan K. Hirao, The University of Tokushima, Japan

CS7
re loted on moderte nd high level of seismi riskF elthough seismi rehilittion nd strengthening pln of importnt puli nd stte uildingsD infrstrutures nd lifelines hd een odi(ed prior to fm erthquke on PS heemer PHHQD the noti(tion of Rth development pln of the ountry hs een 'eted y this erthquke so tht erthquke hs een onsidered s one of pillr development issuesD nd seismi rehilittion nd strengthening pln hs een omprehensively developed into seismi risk redution plnF sn erthquke prone ountriesD sustinle development ould not e hieved unless this nturl phenomen re onsidered in mrostrutures nd stte plnning of developmentF his pper while introduing di'erent pplied ptterns in risk redution plnD sttes the importne nd the role of erthquke s one of the pivots in sustinle development nd lso seismi rehilittion of uilding nd infrstruture outputs in srnF
MULTIFACTORIAL RISK ANALYSIS AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN SAFETY  ID 517
M. Klyachko, Centre on EQE&NDR (CENDR), Russian Federation L. Puterman, Russia R&D Institute of Urbanistics, Russian Federation

sn order to redue losses nd disruption to dily tiviE ties of regions due to dmge to lifeline systemsD disster mngement progrm needs to e developed nd implementedF his kind of progrm generlly onsists of preEdisster tivitiesD emergeny response tivities nd postEdisster reovery tivitiesF he preEdisster tivities inlude risk ssessmentD risk mitigtion nd plnningF emong theseD risk mitigtion represents ny preventive tions tken efore the ourrene of disster to redue its onsequenesF etro(tting of existing rod ridges to inrese their strength is one of the most importnt tionsF roweverD in generlD it is very time onsuming nd ostlyF feuse the extent of retro(tting is limited due to eonomi onstrints nd lso erthqukes re n unpreditle phenomenonD ridge prioritiztion methodology for retro(tting deisions is neessryF st is ovious tht postEseismi disster tivities re impossile in isolted res due to dmge to ridges nd therefore prevention of isoltion of disster res is very importnt for sfety of the popultion during emergeny periodF he ojetive of this study is to develop ridge prioritiztion methodology for seismi retro(tting with top priority to prevention of isoltion of disster res during emergeny periodF his period is divided into three sequentil time segmentsY refugeD resue nd emergeny repir tivities respetivelyF hough the rod network is onstnt during ll time segmentsD network hrteristis depend on the segment euse origins nd destintions re not (xed during these segmentsF en index for ssessing the e'et of retro(t of rod ridges on reovery of rod network regrdless of the existene of isolted re ws proposedF his method ws pplied to simpli(ed model of rod network in the entrl prt of okushim gityD tpnF esults of this study showed tht retro(tting rod ridges ording to priority ws useful to derese the numer of sulties in the emergeny periodF
SOCIO-ECONOMICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMING  ID 431
B. Esmailzadeh Hakimi, Vandidad Sazeh, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) V. Farimehr, Vandidad Sazeh, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

hisster mngement must e regrded s n integrl tehnology onerning sfety mngement of soiety to follow trgets of soio ! eonomil development progrmming of ountriesF xot single solution n e epted for ll ommunities s disster mngement mesuresF herefore sophistited nd experimentl studies on lol opportunities nd hzrds must e tken into ount nd doumented in order to lolize glol riteri nd methodsF qovernmentlD privte nd xqy orgniztions should prtiipte in suh progrm to gurntee the progrm9s e'etiveness nd in)uenesF sn this pper the in)uenes of srn9s soioEeonomil vulnerility of soiety on disster mngement methods nd disiplines hs een disussed nd n integrl perspetive of disster mngement to onsider glol soio !eonomil onerns hs een proposedF
EARTHQUAKE, THE PIVOT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE COUNTRIES  ID 487
H. Khashee, MPO, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) B. Pourseyyed, MPO, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

hevelopment nd pplition of ggregte risk nlysis @eqeA re under onsidertionF wultipurpose nd trget disster senrios @hsgA nd mps of riskD s omplex pprtus for risk wreness 8 mngementD re step y step rried out nd improved y mens of methodil tools developed nd implemented eforeF tndrd proedure to elorte the mps of seismi risk onsists of few stgesX E dtse olletion nd ordering for the qs9s useY E modeling territoril surfe nd popultion distriutionY E (lling the lokEmtrix of dmgeEforming ftorsY E inventory of uilt environmentY seleting fsi yjets for enlysis of fuildings @feyfefsAD inluding dngerous nd other ritil filitiesY E struturl vulnerility nlysisY E dmge 8 loss estimtionY E risk ssessment nd mppingF his stges 8 suh new importnt douments s ssports of fety re worked out in territoril @IXPHHHHHAD muniipl @IXIHHHHA 8 ojet slesF imultneously multipurpose hsg wese @wultiEeggregte ssk enlysisA united with swwe @ssk witigtion 8 wengementA re rried out nd pply for sustinle sfetyF i'etiveness of vrious preventive mesures @the risk monitoring 8 ontrolA n e provided y mens of the duty senrio hsgyxF ypil pprohesD ssumptions nd professionl misunderstndingD whih use something to e in errorD re studied nd disussedD here reX E seismomirozontion 8 rel soilEstruturl intertionY E orret ssigning the seismi impt y mens of intensityY E struturl vulnerility lssi(tion nd estimtionY E trnsporttionD lifelines 8 ity plnning vulnerilities nd humn respondGehviorF euE thors py ttention for reverse in)uene of degrdting environment on the inrese of impts on the strutures surroundF griteri of permissile nd eptle risk nd other (elds of pplition of risk nlysis re lso under onsidertionD ompnying with exmples implemented into prtieF
SEISMIC RISK MANAGEMENT FOR BUILDINGS PORTFOLIO OWNER - INTEGRATION IN AN ERP SOFTWARE  ID 563
V. Pellissier, EPFL, Switzerland B. Duvernay, FOEN, Switzerland

srn with vriety of nturl dissters in lrge sle is loted in n erthquke prone zoneF srn is the worstEhit ountry in the world in terms of erthqukesD @the x PHHRAF ixept some smll res in southEwest nd enter of srnD other prts

yne of the mjor hllenges to gurntee the ontinuity of usinesses is to tke the risks tht they re fing into ount in order to mnge them t estF he seismi risk tht thretens the existing uilding stok nd the relted usiness tivity is one of the onerns of the risk mngersF he wiss snstitute of ehnology of vusnne @ipvA wwwFep)Fh develops its reserh nd tehing tivities in uildings with umulted vlue of out on illion swiss frnsF sn order to follow the integrl risk mngement strtegy put in ple y the generl mngementD it hs een deided to evlute the seismi risk of the uilding portfolio sed on method tking into ount the spei(ities of the ipv uildings @pile foundtionsD ontiguous uildings of

343

CS7
gret dimensionsD onentrtion on single siteAF o proeedD R steps proedure hs een hosenX tep IX site spei( spetrl mirozontion nd pile foundtion ehviorD step PX uilding prioritiztion using risk inditors ompnion pperD wittz et lFD PHHTD step Q in depth evlution of uildings with the gretest risk potentilD step RX struturl interventionsF his pper presents the integrtion of the two (rst steps of this methodology in the interprise esoure lnning oftwre used y the ipvF st detils the ene(ts of this integrtion for time evolutive mngementF st lso presents the geogrphil representtion nd reporting tools developed for the risk mngersF
SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF INFORMALLY BUILT CONFINED MASONRY HOUSES IN PERU  ID 626
M. Blondet, Catholic University of Peru, Peru N. Tarque, Catholic University of Peru, Peru J. Velasquez, Catholic University of Peru, Peru

Poster Presentations
the informtion shring onerning vulnerle people t the time within few dys fter disster ourredF sn this pperD informtion regrding vulnerle people used in hedqurters of disster ountermesures in lol governments is demonstrted (rstF xextD ommon routes for the trnsmission of suh informtion re extrtedF henD prolems with should e solved in informtion shring for vulnerle people nd their trnsmission routes re disussedF pinllyD importnt itemsD whih should e onsidered to redue vitim of vulnerle people in dissterD re summrizedF
AN INVESTIGATION ON SHARING OF DISASTER INFORMATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN JAPAN  ID 830
M. Amami, NIED, Japan M. Sotoma, NIED, Japan Y. Hada, NIED, Japan T. Suzuki, NIED, Japan

gon(ned msonry is onsidered nole mteril y eruE vin inhitnts nd is therefore preferred for residentil housing onstrution in eruF wny eruvin inhitnts do not hve the possiility of hiring professionls nd uild their msonry houses with untrined helpF wost of these houses hve serious rhiteturl nd struturl prolems nd re seismilly vulnerleF his pper summrizes the results of reserh projet in whih methodology ws developed to rpidly estimte the seismi risk of informl on(ned msonry housesF his methodology ws pplied to smple of PUH houses loted in S eruvin itiesF he olleted dt involved lotion nd rhiteturlD struturl nd onstruE tive hrteristis of the housesF he informtion otined ws proessed to determine the seismi risk of the houses ginst severe erthqukes @HDRgAD nd dtse ws elorted to lssify the min defets foundF he results otined led to the development of msonry ooklet for the onstrution nd mintenne of on(ned msonry houses in zones of high seismi hzrdF he ooklet presents every step of the onstrution proess with illustrtions nd simple lnguge nd hs een trnslted into inglish thnks to the support of the irthquke ingineering eserh snstitute @iisAF foth pnish nd inglish versions re ville from the wesite of the orld rousing inylopedi of the iis @httpXGGwwwFworldEhousingFnetGutorilsGutorilFspAF st is hoped tht the ooklet will help informl msons in seismi res to uild struturlly sound nd sfe housesF
ACTUAL SITUATIONS OF INFORMATION SHARING CONCERNING VULNERABLE PEOPLE  ID 781
M. Sotoma, NIED, Japan M. Amami, NIED, Japan Y. Hada, NIED, Japan T. Suzuki, NIED, Japan

st is well known tht the informtion shring is e'etive to mitigte dmges due to disstersF uh lesson lernt from the pst events of dissterD howeverD ws not neessrily re)eted in tul opertion of disster ountermesuresF sn order to get rid of lk in informtionD reserh projet on disster mitigtion using risisEdptive informtion shring tehnology ws ommened in tulyD PHHRF st is joint reserh of IP di'erent orgniztions funded y the winistry of idutionD gultureD portsD iene nd ehnologyD tpnF xtionl eserh snstitute for irth iene nd hisster revention @xsihA is in hrge of leding the projetD representing IP orgniztionsF he reserh reported here is rried out s prt of the projetF en exmintion is given on the informtion neessry for e'etive response to disstersF snvestigtions re rried out sed on questionnires nd interviews to personnel of lol governments who responded to nturl dissterF his pper reports wht kind of disster informtion they shre t the time within few dys fter disster ourredF pirstD the shring sitution of informtion relted to life on humn dmge nd uilding dmge is desriedF xextD the shring sitution of rod tr0 informtion is desriedF henD the prolem out shring of disster informtion tht we got from this investigtion is desriedF pinllyD importnt items whih should e onsidered out shring of disster informtion for disster mitigtion re mentionedF
SEISMIC RISK MITIGATION DELHI EXPERIENCE  ID 835
S. Akhilesh, Kyoto University, Japan

IN

MEGACITIES

st is well known tht the informtion shring is e'etive to mitigte dmges due to disstersF uh lesson lernt from the pst events of dissterD howeverD ws not neessrily re)eted in tul opertion of disster ountermesuresF sn order to get rid of lk in informtionD reserh projet on disster mitigtion using risisEdptive informtion shring tehnology ws ommened in tulyD PHHRF st is joint reserh of IP di'erent orgniztions funded y the winistry of idutionD gultureD portsD iene nd ehnologyD tpnF xtionl eserh snstitute for irth iene nd hisster revention @xsihA is in hrge of leding the projetD representing IP orgniztionsF he reserh reported here is rried out s prt of the projetF en exmintion is given on the informtion neessry for e'etive response to disstersF snvestigtions re rried out sed on questionnires nd interviews to personnel of lol governments who responded to n tul dissterF he informtion onerning vulnerle peopleD ged persons nd disled persons for exmpleD re one of the most importnt informtion even in those neessry for disster mitigtionF his pper reports tul situtions in hedqurters of disster ountermesures in lol governments of tpn on

helhiD the pitl of sndiD is extremely vulnerle to seismi hzrds nd n experiene erthqukes of SFS to TFU on riter sle @wu intensity sssAF sts densely populted res with lrge mounts of unsfe uilding stokD nonEengineered struturesD the sizele numer of unuthorised olonies nd urn slums ompound vulnerilities in this thikly populted megityF he sfety of helhi is prime s the ntionl pitlD the hu of ntionl government usinessD multiplying mnyEfold the implitions of mjor erthqukeD not only on the popultion of helhi nd its infrstruture ut lso on the funtioning of the ountry itselfF ueeping this in mindD qovernment of sndi nd xh initited hisster isk wngement rogrmmeD whih ims to the soioEeonomi development gols of the stkeholders y enling them to minimize losses to development gins nd to redue their vulnerilities to disstersF he progrmme tkes ommunity sed pproh to disster mngement hene seeks to uild pities of ommunitiesD government funtionries nd other stke holders t ll levelsF hue to highly omplex ommunity struture in n urn reD the iggest hllenge ws how to engge urn ommunities in seismi risk mitigtion tivitiesF roweverD with innovtiveD sensitive to ommunity needsD trget sedD user oriented ommuE nity sed disster prepredness tivitiesD the overll limte for seismi prepredness nd mitigtion is hnging positivelyF he min inititives were s followsXE wreness qenertionX mong government funtionriesD tehnil institutionsD xqysD gfys nd ommunities out erthquke vulnerility nd possile

344

Poster Presentations
preventive tionsF hevelopment of ehnoEvegl prmeworkX o promote sfe onstrution nd systems to ensure omplineF hisster wngement lnsX hevelopment nd snstitutionlizing of irthquke repredness nd esponse lns nd prtie these through mok drillsF gpity fuildingX por erti(tion y qovernment funtionries nd engineers nd rhitetsF he suessful inititives hs mrked remrkle hnge in ommunity pereptions nd preferenes towrds seismilly sfe uilt environment in helhiF
INFORMATION SHARING CONCERNING LIFELINE UTILITIES IN DISASTERS IN JAPAN  ID 854
Y. Hada, NIED, Japan I. Suetomi, NIED, Japan T. Suzuki, NIED, Japan

CS7
proess were studied sed on n interview survey in the south of ri vnkD fter the PHHR sndin yen irthquke nd sunmiF everl prmeters in the usiness funtion module re estimted from the otined dtseF he proposed method n simulte restortion proess well nd would ontriute to the usiness ontinuity plnning in futureF
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF SUBSOIL INTERVENTIONS TOWARDS STRUCTURAL SEISMIC RISK MITIGATION  ID 953
E. Kirtas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece E. Rovithis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece K. Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

st is well known tht the informtion shring is e'etive to mitigte dmges due to disstersF uh lesson lernt from the pst events of dissterD howeverD ws not neessrily re)eted in tul opertion of disster ountermesuresF sn order to get rid of lk in informtionD reserh projet on disster mitigtion using risisEdptive informtion shring tehnology ws ommened in tulyD PHHRF st is joint reserh of IP di'erent orgniztions funded y the winistry of idutionD gultureD portsD iene nd ehnologyD tpnF xtionl eserh snstitute for irth iene nd hisster revention @xsihA is in hrge of leding the projetD representing IP orgniztionsF he reserh reported here is rried out s prt of the projetF euthors hve een tkling informtion shring of lifeline utilities @suh s powerD ity gsD teleommunition nd rod tr0A in dissters for reduing dmgesF sn this pperD the present sitution of informtion shring onerning lifeline utilities in tpn is reportedF yur developed prototype system for shring lifeline informtion is introduedF pirstD it is rrnged tht severl informtion tht lifeline utilities require nd lso n provide in disstersF sing those resultsD possiility for shring informtion on disster mitigtion nd its e'ets re disussedF eondD gonneting etween informtion systems of lifeline utilities nd other systems is exmined using the developed prototype system for ity gsF purther moreD issues on onneting n informtion pltform tht this projet hs een developing to existing informtion systems nd requirements for the pltform re disussedF
BUSINESS IMPACT AND RESTORATION FROM TSUNAMI DISASTER  ID 883
Y. Kuwata, Kobe University, Japan S. Takada, Kobe University, Japan C. Dinesh, Kobe University, Japan

MODEL

truturl strengthening nd soil sti'ness upgrding re urrently the dominnt mens of seismi risk mitigtion in potentilly vulnerle under strong ground motion struturl sesF everl lterntive tehniques to redue struturl virtions using susoil interventions hve een studied in the se of trinEindued motionsD yet little reserh hs so fr tken ple in the (eld of erthqukeEtype exittionsF he sope of this pper is to investigte the e0ieny of oth ommon nd more innovtive erthquke riskEredution tehniquesD relted to modi(tion of foundtion soil onditionsD in terms of the dynmi intertion tking ple etween soilD struture nd pplied interventionF everl modi(tion shemes inluding lso tehniques with possile strong e'et on the seismi wve propgtion ptternD suh s the isoltion of the soilEstruture systemD re exminedF elong these linesD existing nd innovtive mterils with spei(ed properties re implemented in the onstrution of suh mitigtion solutionsF he mitigtion e'et of eh intervention method on the ground nd struturl response is investigted using pi numeril nlysisD fter vlidtion through entrifuge testing of soilEstruture intertion systemsF eismi exittion is pplied t the edrok levelD resulting in modi(ed soilEstruture intertion phenomen with eh di'erent intervention shemeD impliting single nd multiple degreeEofEfreedom struturl modelsF foth simpli(ed hrmoni motions nd tul seismi reordings re exmined nd the role of severl prmeters 'eting the phenomenonD inluding the struturl nd soil deposit dynmi hrteristisD is highlightedF enlysis results revel the existene of spei( frequeny rnges where signi(nt redution of struturl response n e hieved under ertin onditionsF e disussion onerning the sensitivity of the resulting mitigtion emphsizes on the dvntges nd disdvntges of eh se exminedF
RVS METHOD FOR HEALTH FACILITY VULNERABILITY EVALUATION  ID 976
G. Trendaloski, IZIIS, Macedonia Z. Milutinovic, IZIIS, Macedonia T. Olumceva, IZIIS, Macedonia G. Rockenschaub, WHO-EURO, Denmark

SEISMIC

eently the interest to fusiness gontinuity wngement @fgwA is inresing mong governmentD other lol governments nd usiness orgniztionsD menwhile destrutive nturl dissters suh s erthqukeD tsunmiD )ood nd typhoon our ll over the worldF he fgw n e de(ned s tht ritil usiness funtion whih involves the preprtion of plnsD the llotion of resoures nd the implementtion of proesses suh tht n orgniztion n reover quikly nd sfely from n interruption @risisD emergenyD eventD etFAD with minimum negtive impt to peopleD premisesD ssets nd opertionsF he ide of fgw does not ring own ompny pro(tD ut lso plys role of orportive soil responsiilityD espeilly in se of nturl dissterF hereforeD the ssessment methodology to evlute qulity nd quntity of the filities dmged under hzrdous events nd to estimte the interruption dys of usiness tivity is explored t the (rst stge of developing omponents of the fgwF his study proposes method to evlute usiness opertion funtion fter the erthquke nd tsunmi dissterF his method hs severl modules suh s dmge estimte y nturl hzrdD restortion rteEtoEdy model for uildingD equipments nd lifeline filitiesD nd the usiness opertion funtion introdued y fility restortion rte nd its importne ftorF es se studyD the tsunmi impt to industries surrounding the se ost nd its susequent restortion

relth filities re essentil for deling with dissterD ut re lso highly vulnerle instlltionsF wny ftors ontriute to the potentil of externl nd internl disster onditions in helth filitiesX IA omplexityY PA oupnyY QA ritil suppliesY RA si filities @infrstrutureAY SA hevy ojetsY TA hzrdous mterilsY ndD UA externl dependene @seurity servies nd ommunity idAF e relile nd omprehensive hospitl vulnerility ssessment n only e rried out tking into ount ll three min vulnerility tegoriesX IA struturlY PA nonstruturlY ndD QA dministrtive G orgniztionl vulnerilityF xew helth fility integrted seismi vulnerility evlution method @ri methodA is developed tht n e used toX IA perform preliminry @qulittiveGquntittiveA vulnerility ssessmentY PA identify the possile wek elements in the fility nd min vulnerility gentsY ndD QA deide for prioritiztions of the neessry further 4inEdepth4 investigtionsF he ri method min hrteristisX IA it is prepred to e suitle to hospitl dministrtors @nonEengineering pro(lesAY PA it is hyrid method positioned minly in the group of qulittive methods Grpid visul sreening @AG omined with the sreener9s judgmentY QA it onnets seprte evlution methods

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for the three min vulnerility tegoriesY RA evlution proess is sde depending on the seismiity levelY SA it orresponds to iuropen distintive fetures suh s predominnt helth fility uilding typologyD existing methods for vulnerility ssessment nd iuropen mroseismi intensity sle @iwEWVA for determintion of the possile seismi demndF sn ddition to the min purposeD the method itself or some of its prts n lso e used for developing inventories of uildings for regionl erthquke dmge nd loss impt ssessmentY developing inventories of helth filities for use in plnning postEerthquke response tivitiesY supporting uilding sfety evlution e'orts nd rnking helthEre system rehilittion needsY providing elements for soiety erthquke prepredness nd developing uildingEspei( seismi vulnerility informtion for other needs suh s insurne rtingF
SEISMIC SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF THE VIENNA BASIN USING ARTIFICIAL MICRO EARTHQUAKES  ID 1321
H. Wenzel, VCE, Austria

Poster Presentations
SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION IN INDONESIA : IN THE PAST, TODAY AND FUTURE  ID 1489
H. Z. Anwar, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia N. Okada, Japan Disaster Prention Research Institute, Kyoto Univer,

he introdution of iuroode V hs rought onsiderle hnges in the risk ssessment in ountries north of the elpsF sn previous so lled quiet zones erthquke is now the guiding design ftorF por the huge stok of strutures lredy existing the ssessment of relisti risk eomes essentil nd eonomilly importntF he pper will desrie the iswsh method whih stnds for seismi system identi(tionF fsed on n rti(il miro erthE quke reted y de(ned flling weightD the response of the surE rounding soil s well s the strutures is monitoredF everl sophisE tited methodologies re omined in order to generte vlid risk mp for the region s well s for very lol irumstnesF he results re mirozontion for the ityD whih is of interest to the ommunityD s well s detiled ssessment of struturesD whih is of interest to the ownersF his huge inititiveD strted P yers goD produed onsiderle dded vlue for the ommunity nd the popultionF
AN ESTIMATION OF NATIONWIDE EARTHQUAKE DEATH TOLL - IN CASE OF JAPAN -  ID 1355
Y. Ohta, Tono Research Instititute of Earthquake Science, Japan N. Nojima, Gifu University, Japan T. Nakashima, Aichi Shukutoku University, Japan

elmost of ll sndonesin rhipelgoes re loted t seisE mi tive regionD s one of the most tive tetoni region in the worldF uite distnt of seismotetoni res extending long western umtr sslnd to southern prt tv nd ontinue to the estern sslnds of sndonesin regionF he strongest historil erthquke intensity were hrterized y mgnitude WFH oured t eeh nd xorth umtr region in PT heemer PHHRD whih generted dedliest tsunmiF he impt of erthquke disster in sndonesi during three dedes go shows signi(nt inresesD the people killedD 'eted nd lso the house uilding dmgeF he inresing of popultion nd the negtive impt of the rpid development hve onseE quenes to rise soilD eonomi nd physil vulnerilityF sn the pst the disster mngement is muh onerted to the relief nd reE sponse pprohF roweverD sine sndin yen sunmi trgedy lst PHHR the prdigm hs hnged to the more omprehensive disster mngement pprohF gurrentlyD onsiderle e'ort to redue the impt of seismi hzrd in sndonesi hs een performed ntionlly nd throughout interntionl oEopertionF his pper desrie n e'ort to improve the future disster risk mngement system in sndonesiD whih will e rried out through ollortive reserh etween sndonesin snstitute of ienes nd hisster revention eserh snstitute E uyoto niversityF his reserh is ommitted to enhning omprehensive pproh to disster risk mngementD whih ssisting the implementtion of mitigtion progrm tht will lessen the impt of nturl dissters in sndonesiD whih hd een exponentilly inresedF
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO RURAL INDIA FOR SUBSTITUTING TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION  ID 1585
M. Mukherjee, iit roorkee, India S. Mukherjee, independent researcher, India

e hve een onduting series of studies to develop methodology to estimte the erthquke deth tollD sed on the (eld evidene tht most deths of inhitnts our only under totlly ollpsed dwelling houses y seismi shkingF endD we hve onstruted systemti eqution set y whih erthquke sulty fetures re desried in good distintion etween injury nd dethD nd pplitions to the vrious dministrtive units of muniiplities in tpn mde ler its usefulnessF qiven essentil dt in the estimtion re those on seismi hzrdD stoks of dwelling houses with known vulnerility hrteristis nd popultion density of inhitnts nd so onF sn PHHSD the peil gommittee for irthquke eserh romotion of tpn puliized ntionwide proilisti seismi hzrd mpsD totlly of IP ses with di'erent proilities s PDSDIH nd QW7 in oming SH yersD through whih one n refer ground surfe seismi intensity vlues in ny Ikm y Ikm segmentl res in ll over tpnD mounting QHHDHHH unitsF his gives good opportunity to extend our study re to the whole of tpnF roesses to estimte erthquke deth toll in tpn nd some of results re s followsY IA ell IP seismi hzrd mps were redued to signi(nt R mps fter onsidertion of mutul resemlneF PA istimtion of erthquke deth toll ws mde using our new eqution set whih onnets the reltionD in proilisti wyD mong seismi intensityD ollpsing rtes of dwelling houses nd deth rtesF QA e se with proility of P7 rings worstEse senrio with over IHHDHHH deths nd even in the se of proility of QW7 inhitnts to e killed re round IHDHHHF hese (gures strongly suggest us to filitte prior nd posterior ountermesures trgeting drsti redution of deth toll under seismi shkingF

url sndi hs strong uilding onstrution legy for enturies using lol mterils nd employing lol mnulE intensive tehniques for erthqukeEprone zonesF snresing requirement nd hnge in use of speD dwindling supply of timers nd mnpower unlike eforeD re some of the limittions of trditionl onstrutionY nd pve wy for rdil entrne of new mterils nd tehniques without ny sope to develop understndE ing or tehnil expertise for the smeF snsted of stepEyEstep sustitution the new engineering mterils nd tehnologies re invding rurl sustinle ommunities without ny qulity ontrolF end ommunity misses the ue tht its mgi power for providing sfety owes to regultory irumstneF ixperienes from pst erthquke open up this prolem rudelyF voss of property nd lives re more in se of illEequipped engineered uildings onstruted y nonEtehnil peopleF sn one distrit in the hills ove qlk in urkey in IWWWD where TH of the VIR reinforedEonreteD fourEtoEsevenEstory strutures ollpsed or were hevily dmgedD only R of the UVW twoEtoEthreeEstory trditionl strutures ollpsed or hd een hevily dmgedF he prolem does not lie with the tehniqueD rther with trnsfer mehnismsF end soil issues lrgely in)uene theseF he present pper would look into this prolem in three ountsX hy trditionl onstrution tehnology is unle to stisfy people9s need t presentc hy modern mterils nd tehnologies re not le to seure people9s lives nd property s they re limed for soc endD row to trnsfer modern tehnology sfely to these rurl ommunities so tht they n hve rel sfe environment nd not n illusionc fehviour of di'erent uildings during erthquke would e studied nd nlysedF smpt of soil ftors is to e understood to identify the underlying issuesF e serh for rodmp for sfe trnsfer of tehnology would e inititedF

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CS8
nd kinemti pErmeters of potentilly unstle msses s well s thymetry hrteristis of the reservoirsF he filure of potentilly unstle msses ours sully even when the motions re registered for long periodD nd the prole filure of msses is pereived s relile eventF iven if the filure of stility is predited with gret relineD the questions onneted with the estlishEment of geometril prmeters of fllingElndslide ody lwys reminF o illustrte the proilisti pproh for predition of fllingElndslide wves in reserEvoirs the solution of the prolem within the frmework of the pproximte tehnique of lulEtion of mximum height of flling wves in the design site using simple pproximte formuls inluding only the si design prmeters hve een onsideredF
PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF RELIABILITY OF SOIL MASS BY LIQUEFACTION CRITERIA UNDER SEISMIC IMPACT  ID 155
O. Finagenov, The B.E. VEDENEEV VNIIG, Inc., Russian

CS8: Secondary Earthquake Hazards: Tsunami, Landslide, Rock Fall, Liquefaction

Level 2
SEISMIC LANDSLIDE HAZARD ASSESSMENT- OBSERVATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL APPROACHES  ID 105
R. Chowdhury, University of Wollongong, Australia S. Sarma, Imperial College, UK P. Flentje, University of Wollongong, Australia

his pper is onerned with seismi lndslide hzrd sE sessmentD oth site spei( nd regionlF eent studies nd pplitions re ited in order to explore the role of empirilD nlytilD proilisti nd oservtionl pprohes Fhe role of qsEsed methods nd tehniques for seismi lndslide hzrd mpping is highlightedF gomprison is mde with the onEgoing developments with regrd to methods for the ssessment nd mngement of rinfllEtriggered lndslidesF sn prtiulrD ttention is drwn to the hzrdEonsequene mtrix pprohF he develE opment nd use of similr pproh would e relevnt to issues onerning risk mngement of seismi lndslidesF ettention is drwn to potentilly importnt reserh diretions he importne of seismi lndslide hzrd ssessment is widely reognizedF igni(nt progress hs lredy een mde in developing suitle methods of nlysis for individul sitesF hese inlude methods of stility nlysis sed on the onept of limit equilirium D more dvned pprohes s well s sophistited methods for estimting slope deformtionsF feuse of the importne of unertintiesD suitle methods of proilisti modeling hve lso een developedF qsEsed pprohes hve proved useful nd e'etive for regionl studies nd for developing seismi lndslide hzrd mpsF o frD only reltively simple nlytil methods hve een used s sis for suh mppingF he fesiility of using more sophistited methods within qsEenvironment must e explored Fhe vlidtion of hzrd mps is filitted y the use of relile historil nd oservtionl dtF vongEterm surfe nd suEsurfe monitoring n prove useful for further vlidtion with the pssge of timeF pdting hzrd mps fter eh signi(nt erthquke will e fesile if suh monitoring systems re in pleF ixisting systems my hve een designed nd instlled for monitoring rinfllEtriggered lndslidesF herefore it is vitlly importnt to ressess their suitility for slope performne under seismi onditions
ASSESSMENT OF RELIABILITY OF DAMS AT ACTION OF FALLING-LANDSLIDE WAVES CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES  ID 154
O. V. Finagenov, Glagovsky, The The B.E. B.E. VEDENEEV VEDENEEV VNIIG, VNIIG, Inc., Inc., Russian Russian

Federation

he ourrene nd development of the super)uous pore pressure in soils resulting in liqueftion is de(ned y solution of the heterogeneous onsolidtion eqution with the rightEhnd memer depending on speed of volumetri deformtions of soil skeletonF sn this se the super)uous pore pressure nd the fetures of soil liqueftion re sent until the volumetri deformtion of its skeleton is equl to zeroF he ssessment of lol proility of liqueftion in eh point of the struture nd foundtion is rried out y omprison of the ting nd ritil vlues of mplitudes of stresses nd deformtions in this point under dynmi impts fter solution of the pproprite stti nd dynmi tsksF sn lultion of reliility of soil hydruli strutures the errors re possile due to inury of the epted design model nd (niteness of smples used for de(ning initil dtF he rel proess is lwys more omplited thn the epted design model tht results in soElled methodil errorsF enother error is relted with pplition of the initil sttistil dt in lultionsF he result of the lultions is the point ssessment @or ssessment densityA of the reliilityF hen the sttistil smplesD y whih the initil prmeters were de(nedD re too smllD thenD prt from the point ssessment of the reliilityD it is neessry to de(ne lso the ury of lultion of the point ssessmentD iFeF to lulte eventully the intervl ssessment of the reliilityF
INVESTIGATION ON THE LIQUEFACTION OCCURRED IN A CLAYEY SANDY SOIL DURING THE CHANGUREH EARTHQUAKE  ID 389
A. Ghalandarzadeh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ghahremani, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) K. Konagai, University of Tokyo, Japan

Federation Federation S. Shulman, The B.E. VEDENEEV VNIIG, Inc., Russian Federation

e lot of prolems is onneted with the filure of stilE ity of ostl slopes of mountin nd sumountin reservoirs resulting in fllingElndslides tht n expnd on onsiderle resF woving msses of soilsD rokD snow nd ie entering the reservoirs generte the displement wves E the so lled impulse or 4flling4@fllingElndslideA wves whih n reh onsiderEle height nd impt oth on the ost nd dmF sn the extreme ses the wves of displement my e very dngerous for settlementsD eonomi ojets loted on the osts of reservoirsD for nvigtionF he wter over)ow of suh wves over dm ould result in its filure or )ooding in the til re with ll susequent eoElogil nd soilGeonomi onsequenesF he ourreneD prmeters nd expnsion of the fllingElndslide wves re de(ned y mny ftors whih re onneted with the degree of stilityD geometril

en intense erthquke @w a TFRA ourred in western srnD out PPS km west of ehrn t UXPV lol timeD tune PPD PHHPF he 'eted region is loted in the west of kestnErmedn rod long n estEwest oriented vlley in the west of the eegrm villgeF urfe soil in this re is mostly lyY howeverD ler tres of snd oilingD softening of soilD nd onsequent deformtions were oserved prtiulrly in ressr villgeF ome soil smples were prepred throughout n exvted pit from depth of P mD the depth of the lique(ed lyerF he preliminry tests showed tht the soil hs liquid limit of QVD plstiity index of IVD nd ` xoF PHH frtion of RR7F hese index hrteristis would indite nonlique(le soil ording to the ommonly used riteri reommended y eed nd sdriss @IWVPAF enlysis of yli trixil test dt suggests tht the lyey snd deposit likely developed high residul exess pore pressures nd signi(nt sher strins during the erthquke nd thus likely ontriuted to the oserved lterl deformtionsF his oservtion showed tht the se of ghngureh erthquke is one of the very rre evidenes tht liqueftion ould our in soils with this muh high ly ontentF sn this pperD di'erent ses of oserved liqueftion nd onsequent geotehnil

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phenomen re presentedF woreoverD the results of lortory tests on reonstituted smples re presented to prove how soil with RR7 of ly ontent ould e lique(edF he (eld evidenes nd lortory dt show tht ommonly used riteri for identifying lique(le lyey soils should e pplied with ution nd should not e indisrimintely viewed s sustitute for detiled lortory nd in situ testing of low plstiity (neEgrined soilsF
MICROZONATION STUDIES BASED ON SOIL LIQUEFACTION: YALOVA CITY (TURKEY)  ID 435
F. Ozcep, Istanbul University, Turkey H. Zarif, stanbul University, Turkey

Poster Presentations
ontrst etween lique(le soil nd the rrierD nd use lterl displements to inrese s the permeility ontrst eomes higherF
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRAVITY TYPE QUAY WALL  ID 498
A. Arablouei, Sahand University of technology, Iran (Islamic

Republic Of ) A. Ghalandarzadeh, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. R. M.gharabaghi, Sahand University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

yver the lst QS yersD tremendous e'ort hs een exE pended to understnd the mehnis of liqueftionF nderstnding liqueftion ehvior egins with understnding tht liqueftionD in ll its formsD is the fritionl ehvior of ohesionless soils under elevted porewter pressure during rpid lodingFoil liqueftion is nturl event in whih the strength nd sti'ness of soil is redued y erthquke virtions or other dynmi lodingF es it is knownD liqueftion ours in sturted soilsD tht isD soils in whih the spe etween individul prtiles is ompletely (lled with wterF fefore the dynmi loding D the wter pressure is reltively lowF roweverD erthquke virtions n use the wter pressure to inrese to the point where the soil prtiles n redily move with respet to eh otherF wirozontion is the identi(tion of seprte individul res hving di'erent potentils for hzrdous erthquke e'etsF sn the lst dedes seismi mirozontion eme one of the fundmentl spets in engineering seismologyF he trditionl method for evluting soil liqueftion ssesses the liqueftion potentil sed on the sfety ftor it produesF yne of these methods sed on gyli tress epprohF sn this methodD sfety ftor is de(ned s g G gF g is gyli resistne rtio tht reperesents soil liqueftion suseptiilityD nd g is yli stress rtio tht represents erthquke e'etF sn this studyD for severl design mgnitudes nd elertionsD the soil liqueftion mpsD sed on (eld dt @xTH nd s dtAD were produed for mirozontion ims in lov gity @urkeyA
PERMEABILITY CONTRAST EFFECTS ON LIQUEFIABLE GROUND RESPONSE WITH BARRIER LAYER  ID 473
M. Seid-Karbasi, University of British Columbia, Canada P. Byrne, University of British Columbia, Canada

erious dmges to the grvity type quy wlls during some reent erthqukesD prtiulrly the IWWS rnshinEewji erthqukeD hve shown the vulnerility of this type strutures under erthquke hzrdF hesign of quy wlls is onventionlly sed on the stility nlysis nd ontrolling the ftor of sfety ginst di'erent types of filuresF ixtension of this method to the seismi design of quy wlls nd ssuming n equivlent stti lod is the se of the most existing design odesF erformneEsed design is n emerging methodologyD whih ws orn from the lessons lerned from erthqukes in IWWHsF he gol is to overome the limittions in onventionl seismi designF sn the performneEsed design methodD lterl spreding of the sturted k(ll nd foundtion soil long with the e'et of the quy wll s the supporting struture should e lerly understood to design more relile strutureF e series of shking tle tests were onduted to study the seismi performne of grvity type quy wll onstruted on loose sturted sndF sing nonliner (nite di'erene progrmD numeril study of shking tle tests is rried outF sn this pperD the shking tle tests nd formultion of employed omputtionl ode re desried nd the results of numeril simultion re ompred to the mesured reordsF he results demonstrte tht the trend nd mgnitude of vertil nd horizontl displement of quy wll ppers to e predited resonlyF he overll tendeny is to overpredit the horizontl movement ut the vertil movement is underpreditedF
TRANSNATIONAL QUAKES  ID 544 EFFECTS OF LARGE EARTH-

D. Niyazov, Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tajikistan

he e'ets of liqueftion on foundtions nd erth strutures eFgF dms nd lifelinesD ontinue to produe lrge eonomi nd humn losses in mny res of the world s result of erthqukesF yur understnding of the phenomenon hs improved drmtilly due to oservtions from pst erthqukesD s well s numerous experimentl studies @element testing nd physil modelsA nd development of numeril proeduresF he lssi exmples of liqueftionEindued filure re the vower n pernndo dm in D nd wohikoshi tilings dms in tpn whih filed during IWUI nd IWUV erthqukes respetivelyF sn the (rst seD the dm experiened )ow filure out I min fter the min shok nd in the seond seD one dm filed out PR hrs fter the eventF elsoD numer of se histories indite tht lterl spreds nd )ow slides hve tken ple in ostl nd river resF wovements my exeed severl meters even in very gentle slopesF wore interestinglyD these filures hve ourred not only duringD ut lso fter shkingF hese lrge movements re minly driven y grvityD lthough initilly triggered y seismi liqueftionF eent investigtions hs shown tht the presene of suElyer with reltively lower permeility is responsile for suh ehviorF e low permeility lyer or lyers form rrier tht impedes upwrd )ow of wter ssoited with liqueftion during nd fter erthqukeF his results in skeleton expnsion in zone eneth the rrier seD nd postEliqueftion strength loss tht n led to )ow filureF his mehnism explins the low kElulted strengths nd postEshking filures oserved in se historiesF sn this study oupled stressE)ow nlysis is pplied to n in(nite slopeD nd it is shown tht the mehnism is ontrolled y permeility

xturl dissters re most dngerous for norml developE ment of eonomy nd soiety of jikistn nd other sttes of gentrl esin regionF he territory of jikistn is ompletely loted in high seismi dngerous zoneF hestrutive erthqukesD whih hve ourred in territory of jikistn in enturyD demonstrte the high risk nd vulnerility for the most populous res nd ities in the regionF xturl dissters suh s erthqukesD lndslipsD lndslidesD rok flls nd other extreme situtions ring potentilly huge hzrd for eonomy nd soietyF he mjority of strong nd moderte mgnitude erthqukes will eome the trigger mehnism for lndslides nd lndslips in jikistnF hese seondry onsequenes of the erthqukes rry out the heviest humn nd mteril dmge thn min qukesF uhit erthquke of tuly IHD IWRW is right exmple of signi(nt defet of mountin res of jikistn y lndslides nd lndslipsF uhit erthquke is onsidered s one of the most tstrophi seismi events for the lst hundred yers in gentrl esiF wore thn ISH houses hve een su'ered nd lmost QH HHH mn killedF he highEmountinous lkes suh s rez in mir nd the lrgest rti(il reservoirs suh s xurekD uhrkhum nd others re of su0ient thret tooF frek of dmsD wsted lkesD nd rti(il wter reservoirs n result tstrophi )ooding on extensive zones throughout gentrl esiF yf the min hllenges re more thn IPH lrge the mining enterprises ojets in gentrl esi regionD where intensive extrtion nd proessing of deposits in pst ws orgnizedF he wste from this enterprises ontents di'erent dngerous hemil elements nd so even not so strong erthqukes n trigger lrgeEsle tehnologil tstropheD hundreds times exeeding erthquke diret dmgeF he gentrl esin ountries

348

Poster Presentations
present high degree of vulnerility t nturl nd tehnologil dissters nd it9s extremely importnt to unite e'orts to sustin so dngerous nturl phenomenon s erthqukesF
VULNERABILITY FUNCTIONS FOR TSUNAMI LOSS ESTIMATION  ID 1121
N. Peiris, Arup, UK

CS8
is developed using dtse onsisting of TSS (eld liqueftion performne ses t sites where hd een ondutedF his dtse is (rst used to nlyze the liqueftion proility y logisti regression with prmetri forms of known simpli(ed proedures for soil liqueftion evlutionD inluding eedD ED nd xte methodsF he new simpli(ed method is thus otined using the results of logisti regression nd the method of informtion theoryF eltionships etween lulted ftors of sfety nd proility of liqueftion re then estlished y logisti mpping pproh nd fyesin mpping pproh for ll simpli(ed methodF fsed on these results nd studies from swski et lF @IWVPAD dmges index inluding redution ftor of soil @hiAD liqueftion potentil index @svA re proposed for the new simpli(ed methodF hesign hrt for soil improvement sed on proility is lso prepredF he newly developed model provides sis for riskEsed evlution of liqueftion potentil nd dmgesF st is worthwhile to pply these onepts nd results to engineering ommunityF
AN INTEGRATED GIS TOOL INDUCED LANDSLIDE HAZARD 1365
M. Sakellariou, NTUA, Greece M. Ferentinou, NTUA, Greece S. Charalambous, NTUA, Greece

he sndin yen tsunmi of heemer PTD PHHR tht followed the mgnitude WFPww umtr irthquke reveled the vulnerility of the ostl regions of the ountries surrounding the sndin yenF he tsunmi resulted in over PHHDHHH ftlities nd dmge to lrge numer of strutures in the 'eted ountriesD leding to widespred eonomi lossesF ri vnk with lrge ostl ommunity out PHHHkm wy from the epienter of the umtr irthquke ws one of worst 'eted ountries from the ensuing tsunmiF his pper presents vulnerility funtions developed for residentil nd nonEresidentil strutures using the dt ville for the ostl res of ri vnk nd desries how the funtions should e pplied within tsunmi loss estimtion lultionF ulnerility funtions hve een develE oped for vrious types of uildings ommonly found in the ri vnkn ostl resD eFgF unreinfored msonryD on(ned msonryD reinE fored onrete with msonry in(llD etF he vulnerility funtions were found to e dependent on the tsunmi inundtion distneD wter height nd estimted veloities of )ow of wterF sn ddition funtions hve een developed for the determintion of sulties using their reltionship with the uilding dmge dtF he dt sets for this study were sed on the (eld missions onE duted y the uthor independently nd s prt of the irthquke ingineering pield snvestigtion em @iipsA nd dt ville in the puli dominF st is ntiipted tht the vulnerility funtions developed here ould e extended to other elements under risk eFgF infrstrutureD ports nd other filitiesD nd the methodology ould e pplied in other ountries t risk from tsunmi inundtionD suh s those surrounding the wediterrnen nd other prts of iuropeF
TWO-WAY INFORMATION SUPPORT SYSTEM BETWEEN RESIDENTS AND FIRE HEADQUARTER IN CASE OF LANDSLIDE DISASTERS  ID 1200
T. Mizuta, Akita National College of Technology, Japan K. Asano, Akita Prefectural University, Japan

FOR SEISMICMAPPING  ID

yjetive in this study is implementtion of twoEwy inE formtion support system etween residentsD pire redqurters nd lol government to prevent nd redue dmge from lndslide dissterF pirstD we develop highly quli(ed ssessment method of slope filure potentil y re)eting mutul e'et etween regionl ftors suh s hevy rinflls nd snow melt wterD nd unexpeted ftors in se of erthqukeF eondD we develop system tht pire redqurters n speify the disster lotion y extrting re desriptions from reporterD in se of reeiving emergeny ll withE out lotion spei(edF hirdD we uild totl system tht supports following situtions to e possileX esidentsD pire redqurters nd lol government shre disster informtionD tht9s likely een frgmentY lol government on(rms nd reonstruts the ritil lotionY residents is le to tke pproprite nd independent tion in lert onditionY nd pire redqurters is supported to tke quik tion in time of dissterF
ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR THE LIQUEFACTION PROBABILITY AND ASSOCIATED DAMAGES  ID 1239
F. K. Huang, Tamkang University, Taiwan G. Wang, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan

eismi triggered lndslides present mjor hzrd in mny regions nd re mong the most importnt nturl hzrds tht use serious sultiesD ftlities nd destrution to the nturl nd uilt environmentF en integrted tool ws developed in qs environment iming to produe lndslide hzrd models for erthquke!indued lndslidesF he modes of filure implemented in the tool re the plnrD the irulrD the wedge nd the rokfllF hese hzrd models usully provide preliminry indition of the zone of in)uene of erthquke events of ertin mgnitudeD onsidering the ertin geologil formtions tht re more susepE tile to seismiEtriggered lndslide events nd the type of filure tht might ourF his prtiulr model tkes into ount the lol ground onditionsD slope hydrologyD the lndspe of the study reD the type of filureD the mgnitude of the seismi event nd the epienter distne in order to estimte the in)uene zoneF he prolem of slope stility is onsidered through the exmintion of the ftors leding to filure ourreneF gomputtionl tools were used in order to estimte sfety ftor nd judge upon the in)uene of the geotehnil nd geometril vriles involvedF he estimtion of permnent slope displements indued y seismi events followed xewmrk9s modelD nd the methodology of permnent displements proposed y emrseys nd wenu @IWVVA nd emrseys nd rulov @IWWSAF woreoverD this integrted tool is expnded in order to simulte the QEh rokfll trjetoriesF he prmeters implited in the model re the topogrphy of the study reD the frition hrteristis of the groundD the mgnitude nd diretion of the initil veloityD nd the energy dmping oe0ientsF
HAZARD MAPPING OF EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES  ID 1405
K. Ratzinger, VCE Holding, Austria B. Neuhuser, VCE Holding, Austria

his pper presents new simpli(ed method for ssessing the liqueftion resistne of soils sed on the stndrd penE etrtion test @AD nd the proilisti model for evluting liqueftion potentil nd ssoited dmgesF he new pproh

vndslides re mong the most distriuted erthquke inE dues seondry e'ets nd re using huge dmge to settlementsD infrstruture nd humn lifeF e time nd ost e'etive method to identify high risk res nd lndslide prone res is the omintion of remote sensing dt nd geologiD tetoni informtionF his method n e used world wide sine there re mny soures of remote sensing dt todyF hey n help to ssess the potentil further risk sites nd ontriute to etter understnding of proesses triggering lndslidesF he results from remote sensing nlysis n e further integrted in qsE sed model for lndslide suseptiility mppingF everl investigtions on di'erent test sites hve een performed during the ye @sntegrted yptimiztion of vndslide elert ysE temsD iqIEPHHIEHHHTIA projet tht onsidered the support proE

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CS8
vided y sptil dtses for the delinetion of potentil nturl hzrd sites in the di'erent test resF he gol ws to develop smll sle pproh omining nlysis of optil @vexhe iwA nd e intensity @iEIGPA remote sensing dt with reE sults from di'erentil e interferometry in qs environment to ssess the potentil for lndslide hzrd on regionl sisF peil emphsis ws put on the seismiity of onerned resF truturl fetures visile on stellite imgeries re were mpped to investigte the tetoni setting nd to detet surfe tres of frture nd fult zonesF peil ttention is foused on the detetion of tiveD neotetoni fetures nd to (nd nd mp not yet known fult segments nd struturesF pult segmentsD their ends nd intersetion re more pt to onentrte stress nd mplify seismi shok ndD thusD enhne lndslide riskF he result from the stellite imge nlysis ws used in qsEsed model for ssessing the lndslides suseptiilityF ristoril erthqukes s well s the tul tetoni sitution in)uening the dmge intensity were integrted in the modelF
SEISMICALLY TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES : FROM FIELD OBSERVATION TO HAZARD ASSESSMENT  ID 1650
H. B. Havenith, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Poster Presentations
nd hevy rin fllsY it killed QQ peopleF his work is sed on dt provided y (eld survey rried out in PHHS y wissD uyrgyz nd felgin tems on @possily unstleA slope lose to the loess slideX topogrphil informtionD geologil strutureD lol groundEmotion mpli(tions nd ground resistivitiesF hrough numeril simultions with pveg PhD we ssessed the sliding potentil of @possily unstleA slope lose to the loess slideF he seismi shking ws onsidered s the trigger ut we lso took into ount groundwter )ow within the slope nd the oEseismi pore pressure genertion requiring dynmi hydroEmehnil nlysisF sn this workD we will show the detiled results of this seEstudyX omprisons etween the simulted nd mesured elsti seismi ground responseD the trnsition from elsti to plsti deformtionD the development of tstrophi filure nd outline the in)uene of seismilly indued pore pressure vritions on the triggering of filureF
DISCRIMINATION OF THE NATURE OF TSUNAMI SOURCES (EARTHQUAKE VS. LANDSLIDE) IN EASTERN SICILY USING HISTORICAL DATA  ID 1929
F. Gerardi, Dipartimento di Scienze geologiche-Uni Ct, Italy P. M. De Martini, INGV, Italy M. S. Barbano, Dipartimento di Scienze geologiche-Uni Ct, Italy D. Pantosti, INGV, Italy

efter mjor erthqukesD extensive (eld surveys hve een orgnized to oserve nd mp triggered mss movementsF wny of these oservtions re known from the emeris nd tpnF ixmples inlude the surveys rried out y fter the eruD IWUHD the quteml erthqukeD IWUTD the vom rietD IWVWD the xorthridgeD IWWR or the il lvdorD PHHI erthqukesY in tpnD fter the uoeD IWWS nd the PHHR xiigt eventsF hese surveys priniplly inluded geologil nd geomorphologil (eld works nd interprettion of eril photogrphsF urprisingly little mens hd een spent on dvned geophysil nd geotehnil investigtionsD nlyses of stellite imgeryD nd the understnding of the triggering proesses through omputtionl kEnlyses @numeril modellingAF purtherD it n e notied tht dvnes in seismi hzrd omputtionD seismi mirozontion nd in generl lndslide suseptiility mpping hve not yet een @or re poorlyA implemented in the ssessment of seismi lndslide hzrdF sn this pperD we shortly present the stteEofEtheErt in ssessing seismi nd lndslide hzrdD respetivelyY thenD we will outline possile tehniques of how onneting oth pprohesF purtherD it will e shown how (eld oservtionsD investigtions nd modelling ould e etter implemented in the hzrd ssessmentF es pplition of the proposed pproh we will present n overview of our reent work done in uyrgyzstnD gentrl esiF his work is sed on the e0ient omintion of investigtion nd modelling X wht is needed to kEnlyse nd simulte seismi ground motionsD their e'et on slope stility under dry nd wterEsturted onditions ! in rok nd soft sediment environmentF he seond step is to inorporte the modelling results in the omputtion of lndslide suseptiility orD etterD lndslide predition mpsF sn prtiulr we will propose methodology to use oth existing events nd modelling results for the veri(tion of the hzrd mpF
IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER FLOW ON THE SEISMIC TRIGGERING OF LANDSLIDES : A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS  ID 1668
C. Bourdeau, ITASCA Consultants, France H. B. Havenith, ETH, Switzerland

stly hs numerous dt on nturl dissters in the pst two millenniF o it o'ers unique possiility to experiment nd test new pprohes for understnding these phenomenF sn prtiulrD estern iily hs een 'eted y the lrgest erthqukes @ww up to UFRA ever ourred in stlyF he wessin trits ontins the epientrl re of the IWHV erthquke nd southEestern iily ws lrgely destroyed y the IITW nd ITWQ erthqukesD lthough the identi(tion of their souresD either o'shore or inlndD is still detedF es desried in the historil reportsD devstting tsunmis followed these erthqukesF hrough detiled nlyses of oevl ountsD we ompiled dtse storing informtion on the e'ets of tsunmisF hue to the unertinties in the lotion of these erthquke soures in estern iily dete on the origin of the tsunmis @seismi dislotion vsF lndslideA hs reently strtedF yn the sis of the method proposed y ykl nd ynolkis @PHHRAD we try to ontriute to this dete y using historil runEup mplitudes in the nerE(eldF pollowing this pprohD we (t empirilly the runEup @yA in their formulX @yA a G {@yEAGP CI} he vlues  nd  re used to lulte the prmeter sP a GD the rtio of the mximum runEup to its lterl extent long ehF sP disrimintes the soure nture nd for the IWHV runEup dtD it suggests tht the tsunmi soure is seismi dislotionF woreoverD we onsider the prmeter sI a GuD the rtio of the mximum runEup to the mplitude of seismi slip on the fultF por the IWHV erthquke the omined vlues sI nd sP on(rm tht the IWHV runEup distriution is omptile with tsunmi generted y n erthqukeF timulted y this resultD we hve pplied the sme pproh to other historil tsunmis of estern iilyF
ANALYSIS OF TSUNAMI RISK APPLIED TO REACH OF THE LIGURIAN COAST  ID 2035
F. Bacino, University of Genova, Italy P. Poggi, University of Genova, Italy T. Cosso, DIMSET-University of Genova, Italy C. Eva, DIPTERIS-University of Genova, Italy B. Federici, DIMSET-University of Genova, Italy D. Sguerso, DIMSET-University of Genova, Italy S. Solarino, INGV, Italy

he destrutive impt of erthqukes is often strongly enhned y the triggering of lndslidesF his phenomenon is one of the mjor onerns of the gentrl esin epuli of uyrgyzstnD ountry hrterized y high seismiity nd rough topogrphy prtiulrly prone to lndslidesF sn the frme of reent studiesD severl reserhers foused their interest on the seismi initition of slope filures in the outhern uyrgyz rovines surrounding the pergn vlleyF yne of the sites investigted is loted in the region of qulh lose to the villge of uinm where mny lndslides develop every yerF yne of themD loess slideD ws triggered in PHHR y omintion of smllEmgnitudeEerthqukes

sn the lst IHHH yersD UI tsunmis ourred in stlyD IR of whih interested the western prt of viguri ost nd the neighouring prenh ostF eent studies on(rmed tht these episodes my repet sine some of the seismogeni strutures of the vigurin e ould e responsile for tsunmisY moreoverD the vigurin ost hs experiened severl times in the pst nomlous inrese of the mrine wve due to the propgtion of

350

Poster Presentations
wvesY therefore it is of prmount importne to forest the onsequenes of these phenomen nd their impt on the ostF e hve predisposed proedure to relize sunmi snundtion wps strting from o'shore wve heightD higitl errin wodel nd vnd se grtogrphy @or eril photogrphs to lssify if vnd se grtogrphy is not villeA through the softwre qs open soure qe @see fino et lFD session gTAF es testD we hve pplied the whole proedure to reh of the vigurin ostD hrterized y either gentle slope ehes without protetionD hene more exposed to riskD nd rok li's less lile to dmgeF o overome the omplexity of the phenomenD we hve introdued simpli(tions out the struture of the wve oming in the ost nd the determintion of the wve runEupD though we took into ount the lol slope representtive of the ostl zoneF hen we hve simulted the inundtion onsidering the terrin roughness due to vegettion nd settlementsF sn this ontriutionD we disuss the hoie of the input prmeters nd the reliility of the (ndingsF sn ftD even if sed on simpli(ed pprohD the results tht we otined re relistiX vlues of shore wve height rnging from HFS to PFS mD omprle with wht tully expeted in the vigurin seD n led to inundtions of out SH mD whih re not negligileF
C. Lai, EUCENTRE, Italy

ES 1
P. E. Pinto, Universit degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy P. Franchin, Universit degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy

sn urrent engineering prtie the design methods for erth retining wlls under seismi onditions re mostly empirilF hynmi erth pressures re lulted ssuming presried seismi oe0ient ting in the horizontl nd vertil diretions using the onept of wononoeEyke methodF e reserh investigtion hs een undertken to determine the dynmillyEindued lterl erth pressures on the stem portion of onreteD )exile ntilever retining wll with ohesionless k(llF e series of (nite element numeril nlyses hve een performed using hsexeF rtiulr ttention hs een devoted to ground exittionD modeling of the wllEsoil interfe nd soil onstitutive modelingF he results otined with hsexe hve een ompred through series of enhmrk tests with those determined using simpli(ed tehniques for omputing dynmi erth pressureD oEseismi nd postEseismi wll displementsF

ES 1: Geotechnical Engineering
Level-1
EARTHQUAKE DISPLACEMENTS SETTING FOR CALCULATING STRUCTURES AND BUILDING EARTHQUAKE SCALES  ID 32
A. Uzdin, Petersburg Transport University, Russian Federation L. Dmitrovskaya, Petersburg Transport University, Russian Federation

EVALUATION OF SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION BY USING NEURAL NETWORK METHODOLOGY  ID 92

O. Sariyar, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey D. Ural, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

hisplements of the originl ground re the mjor hrE teristis of seismi imptF hey determine seismi stility of multiEsupported nd longEperiod strutures struturesF hough displement setting is neessryD there is no proper informtion out design displements in guideElinesF he ville dt llow to ssertD tht tul originl ground displements n e quite onsiderleF hese displements determine seismi stility of the mjority of multiEsupported strutures with long spnsF roweverD seismi stility of onstrutions should e estimted tking into ount omplex nture of seismi displementF en impt of n impulse on homogeneous environment uses the running wveF et the wve front there rises rek of displementD nd ehind it the environment reeives residul displementF yn its wy the wve meets vrious ostles resulting in it di'rtion nd ourrene of dditionl wvesD used y nturl virtions of these ostlesF he stted resons llow to regrd the seismi soil movement s the sum of the running wve nd inoherene exittions of the originl ground pointsF uh pproh to displement nlysis is onsidered in the pperF ih of the sum omponents in)uenes strutures ehvior in its own wyF hereforeD estimting erthquke displements s whole is solutely useless for the engineerF trutures lultions require dividing displements into the running wve nd inoherene points exittionsF he (rst onstituent is hrterized y igD sometimes more thn one meter displements nd reltively smll elertionsF hese displements re distriuted on ig re nd re dngerous only for espeilly extended or )exile onstrutionsF wutul displements of the onstrution supports t the pssge of this wve re importntD ut usully onstitute only SEIH7 of the solute displement of the soil sisF he seond omponent hs muh smller displementsF hey do not usully exeed IHEIS m nd re importnt for lultion of usul struturesF
MODELLING THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF CANTILEVER EARTH-RETAINING WALLS USING DIANA  ID 74
P. Rajeev, ROSE School, Italy

he reserh presented involves the use of rti(il intelE ligene for soilEstruture intertion prolemsF revious ti(il intelligene pplitions in geotehnil erthquke engineering inluded liqueftion nlysisD ttenution reltionshipsD nd in this pperD the omplex prolem of soilEstruture intertion is presentedF sn this studyD SV erthqukeD strutureD nd soil properties from lol sites in gliforni re usedF sn the erti(il sntelligene pprohD two xeurl xetwork rhitetures re utilizedF hese pprohes inlude the fk ropgtion xeurl xetwork rhiteture @fxxA nd qenerl egression xeurl xetwork pproh @qxxA rhitetureF he nlysis inorported PI input prmeters nd R output prmetersF yne of the four output prmeters is whether oilEtruture sntertion e'ets n e negleted he remining output prmeters inlude the soilEtoEstruture rigidity rtioD period lengtheningD nd foundtion dmpingF he ppliility of rti(il intelligene methods for soil struture intertionD nd sensitivity study for the PI erthqukeD soil nd struture dt prmeters will e presentedF

SOIL PILE GROUP AND SUPERSTRUCTURE INTERACTION UNDER SEISMIC LOADING  ID 96

R. Taherzadeh, Ecole Centrale Paris, France D. Clouteau, Ecole Centrale Paris, France

here hve een mny pulitions relted to the dyE nmi intertion etween pile group nd the soil represented y n elsti hlf speF sn ll of these studies @olf et erxF@IWUVAD xogmi 8 xovk @IWUWAD uyni 8 uusel @IWVPAA the in)uene of ertin prmeters of the soil nd the piles suh sD the )exiility rtio of soil nd pileD sping nd the numer of piles hve een investigtedF sn ft only few ttempts hve een mde to study the e'ets of p foundtion on the dynmi ehvior of the struture nd pile groupF he ojetive of this work is to study the Q dimensionl dynmi ehvior of pile groups in lyered semiEin(nite medi nd to investigte the e'ets of the )exiility of the pD pEsoil ontt nd lique(ility of the soil to the response of pile group nd strutureF his study is rried out with the numeril piwEfiw oupling tehnique nd the results re ompred with simpli(ed models suh s n equivlent emedded foundtion the method of intert ftorsF sn seond step the omplete struturl response is ompred with the pproximte method onsisting of repling the dynmi impedne of the foundtion y equivlent springs nd dshpotsF

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ES 1
DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EMBANKMENT WITH INCLINED BASE GROUND UNDER STRONG EARTHQUAKE MOTION  ID 99
L. Li, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Japan Y. Hata, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Japan

Poster Presentations
overs y loess soilF xow the WQ 7 of the popultion of the repuli lives in this zoneF voess soils over lrge re of the territory of zekistn nd it is one of the mjor prolem soilsF he loess soil hs potentil to ollpse whih used severe settlement prolems for mny strutures founded upon itF fy omprison of the mp of seismi zoning to mp of distriution of loess soils it is esy to e onvined tht the territory of the mjority of dngerous seismi res re overing y ollpsile loess soils with signi(nt thikness @SHEIHH mAF rious types of ground filures suh s susideneD lndslides nd liqueftion re ssoited with moderteEsize or lrge erthqukes ourred in zekistnF por studying of seismi properties of loess soil the (eld reserhes ner to ity of shkent on loess mssive with pity of RH m were ondutedF he hnge of engineering E geologil nd seismi properties of loess soils fter wetting were determinedF he nlysis of results of the onduted reserhes hs shown tht fter rti(il wetting of loess soils ll physil E mehnil properties were hngingF ith inrese of wetting the porosity nd distriution of seismi wves deresesF ell this redues the seismi stility of loess soils in the se of onstrutionsF
GROUND VIBRATION DUE TO A TRAIN MOVING IN UNDERGROUND TUNNELS  ID 199
J. F. Chai, Nat. Taiwan T. J. Teng, Nat. Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, Taiwan Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering,

huring the reent nd pst mjor erthqukes in tpnD suh s xiigtkenEhuetsu irthquke of PHHRD wiygikenEoki irthquke of PHHQD ryogokenEnnu irthquke of IWWSD nd uushiroEoki irthquke of IWWQD lrger deformtion nd slip filure dmges repetedly ourred in the erth emnkments with inlined se grounds for rilwy nd highwy networksF o improve the sfety of suh tr0 nd trnsporttion networks during lrge erthquke disstersD the hrteriztion of seismi performne of the erth emnkments for suh lifeline systems is rising s n importnt sujet to estlish resonle method for evluting the dynmi ehvior of suh erth struturesF sn order to lrify the e'ets of the formtion of se grounds on the dynmi ehvior of the erth emnkments nd their filure mehnism under strong erthquke motionD series of dynmi entrifuge model tests y inputting erthquke motion reords ws onduted to investigte the seismi response nd the erthquke indued permnent deformtions of the erth emnkments with inlined se groundsF he e'ets of the elertion response on the deformtion of the emnkments were minly fousedF he test results show tht the dynmi ehvior of the emnkments with inlined se grounds ws quiet di'erent from tht of the emnkment with horizontl se groundF o omprehensively understnd the filure mehnisms of the erth emnkmentsD the test results were lso vlidted through series of numeril nlyses y onsidering the e'ets of oth the horizontl nd vertil elertion response on the permnent deformtion of the emnkmentsF his pper introdues the detils of the test progrmD the numeril model together with the test nd nlytil resultsF
POST EARTHQUAKE DEBRIS : GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT  ID 157
R. Sarkar, G.B. Pant Polytechnic, Okhla, India

irthqukes strike with vrying degrees of severity nd pose oth short nd longEterm hllenges to puli servie providersF es result of n erthqukeD lrge quntities of the uilding stok nd infrstruture re often dmged eyond eonomi repir nd require demolition with susequent removl of derisF he mngement of this derisD s well s the wste generted during the reonstrution worksD n ple signi(nt hllenges on the ntionl nd lol pitiesF hese wstes not only rete signi(nt helth prolems nd very unplesnt living environment if not disposed of sfely nd ppropritely ut lso n susequently impose eonomil urdens on the reonstrution phseF sn prtieD most of the deris my e either disposed of t lnd(ll sites or reused s mterils for onstrutionF herefore the deris lerne opertion should fous on the geotehnil engineering pproh s n importnt postEdisster issue to ontrol the qulity of the inoming )ow of potentil soil mterilsF sn this pper the importne of n emergeny mngement perspetive in this geotehnil pproh tht tkes into ount the di'erent riteri relted to the opertion exeution is proposed y highlightE ing the key issues onerning the hndling of the onstrution nd demolition wstes following n erthqukeF
HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS OF COLLAPSIBLE LOESS SOIL IN SEISMIC ACTIVE AREAS  ID 158
N. Mavlyanova, Seismology, Uzbekistan

he ojetive of this pper is to determine the ground virtion generted y trin moving in underground tunnelsF pirstlyD the tunnel is ssumed to e n in(nite hollow ylindril wveguide loted in n in(nite dominF nder the onsidertion of the gps etween djent sls nd the onstrint from equlEsping fstenersD the vertil fore loded y the moving trin is modeled y periodil soure time funtionF gonsequentlyD the indued virtion t ny spei(ed oservtion point on the inner wll of the emedded wveguide n e determined on the sis of the Emtrix methodF yn the other hndD thnks to the ipei pid rnsit gorportion for the permission of n inEsitu testD the trinEindued virtion on the inner wll of underground tunnels ws mesured to verify the proposed periodil soure time funtion nd furtherD to identify the ssoited loding prmetersF st n e found tht the numeril resultsD oth the wveform in time domin nd the pourier spetrum in frequeny dominD re in good greement with the mesured signlsF fsed on the proposed soure time funtion s well s the identi(ed loding prmetersD the trinEindued wve (eld in the surrounding soil n e lso determinedF woreoverD in this pperD the site e'et is onsidered y modeling the soil lyers s lyered hlfEspeD nd the forementioned wve (eld is reognized s the perturtion soure within the upper soil lyerF henD under the oundry onditions of ontinuity t the interfe nd trtion free on the ground surfeD the indued ground virtion n e determined y mens of the trnsmission nd re)etion oe0ients of sttered wves t oundriesF st is noted tht the simulted ground elertion n e pplied to time history nlysis to evlute the struturl virtion 'eted y the trins moving in underground tunnelsF
DESIGN OF RIGID RETAINING WALLS IN SEISMIC AREAS  ID 283
S. Prakash, UMR, United States V. Puri, SIU, United States Y. Wu, Geotechnology, United States

he territory of epuli of zekistn sudivided into two lrge regions the lowlnd @urn plinA nd mountin zone @estern inEhnAF es result of historil development the si prt of the popultion of the ountry lives in foothill zones nd in intermountin hollowsF eople hoose the ple for life nd uilt ities there where were soures of wter nd the fertile groundF sn onditions of zekistn this is the high seismi zone

igid retining wlls hve een oserved to undergo sigE ni(nt displements during severl pst erthqukesF everl investigtors hve developed IEh nd PEh models to predit displementsF e ritil review of the stte of the rt shows tht these models my not predit relisti displementsF e new PEh modelD whih onsiders strin dependent soil sti'ness nd mteril dmpingD sliding nd roking motionsD nd prtil (eld wter onditions ehind the wll s per iuroode hs een developedF his model represents onsiderle dvne over the

352

Poster Presentations
existing solutionsF he model onsiders the permissile displement of the wll F st hs een vlidted on typil entrifuge modelsF purther vlidtion on full sle prototype is inluded in this pperF e detiled nlysis of PIEk(ll nd foundtion soil omiE ntions hs een used in prmetri study of wlls of di'erent heights nd s per iuroode for QEdi'erent ground motionsD ie il gentroD vom rietD nd xorthridgeF he e'et of inlintion of the wll fe in ontt with the k(ll on the development of dynmi tive pressure nd its displement hs een investigted in detilF st is shown tht wlls inlined towrds the (ll y s little s S degrees experiene simlr displements under erthquke s the vertil wllsD ut resulting in svings on mteril of the order of out IH perentF
A STUDY ON EMBEDMENT EFFECT USING COMPRESSION ONLY ELEMENT IN SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS  ID 289
Y. S. Jang, KOPEC, Korea, Republic Of

ES 1
doumented tht disussed distnes do not hve prinipl in)uene on the degree of slope stility ut tkes more signi(nt e'et on deformtion sitution in the slopeF hependene of vlues of horizontl displements in point loted SH meters fr from the hill @rilwy is situted hereA on distne of virtion soure nd the se of slope will e demonstrtedF his nlysis is performed oth with nd without mteril sorptionF hi'erenes etween (nite vlues of horizontl displements in these two models re minimlF
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF SAND-CLAY MIXTURES  ID 351
M. Ghahremani, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Ghalandarzadeh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn s nlysisD there n e unertinties in onding nd deEonding phenomen etween the emeded struturl prt nd the side soilF eording to egi tndrd REWVD one method to ddress this onern is to ssume no onnetivity etween struture nd side soil over the upper hlf of the emedment or PH ftD whihever is lessF er the egi tndrd REWV reommended proedureD the onnetivities re removed etween the struture nd the side soilF his my e good for design of the strutureD ut rel phenomenon of ontt etween struture nd side soil in s nlysis n e etter represented y using the ompression only element@springAD insted of removing the onnetivity etween the struture nd the side soilF rowever the ompression only spring n9t e used in frequeny domin nlysis euse the element hs ritil defetF sn frequeny domin nlysisD the impedne of the ompression only spring etween the struture nd the side soil n not e lultedF hereforeD twoEstep nlysis onept is reommended herein for pplition of the ompression only spring Y tep I X reliminry s nlyses to determine the foundtion motion using esF tep P X truture response nlysis using the ompression only spring nd the foundtion motion lulted in step IF es n exmple pplition to the xuler ower lntD nlyses of onding nd deEonding prolemD s used in s nlysis of xs of eIRHH @edvned ower etor IRHHA ws seletedF his study ws performed s prt of the prmetri nlyses for the eIRHH seismi nlyses to ddress the onern of the potentil emedment e'et on the inEstruture response spetr due to onnetivity etween the struture nd the side soilF he results of eh nlysis re ompred nd evlutedF he vrious nlysis ses whih re used in this study re IA no seprtionD PA egi tndrd REWV reommended proedureD nd QA the ompression only spring methodF
POSSIBILITY OF SOFTWARE APPLICABILITY FOR DYNAMIC PROBLEM MODELLING  ID 320
B. Lunacek, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic E. Hrubesova, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic M. Lednicka, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic Z. Kalab, Institute of Geonics, Czech Republic R. Korinek, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic

he properties of len snds pertining to liqueftion resistne hve een studied extensivelyF roweverD nturl snds generlly ontin signi(nt mount of ly ndGor silt mixturesF he yli response of suh soils is di'erent from tht of len sndsF here is muh less dt on soil mixtures thn pure soils nd the ville dt often provide inonsistent evidene on the ehvior of soil iFeF e'et of nonEplsti (nes on liqueftion potentil of sndsF he prolem eomes more omplited when deling with sndEly mixtures euse of the ohesion etween snd nd ly prtilesF his pper investigtes the e'ets of plsti (nes on the ehvior of pirouzkooh snd @xoFITIA using liqueftion resistne s omprtive prmeterF wo sets of trixil yli tests were onduted using di'erent plsti (ne ontents nd di'erent plstiitiesF he plsti (nes were kolin nd entoniteF he (rst set of tests ws performed y dding HD IHD PHD QHD RHD nd SH7 of kolin to snd t men e'etive on(ning stressF sn order to e le to ompre the resultsD reonstituted smples with di'erent kolin ontents were tested t the sme void rtioF st ws found tht y inresing the (nes up to QH7D the liqueftion potentil inresedY wheresD with the ddition of more (nes it deresedF elso the e'et of plsti (nes on the exess pore pressure rtio @ruA nd deformility of the mixture ws studiedF sn the seond set of tests the plstiity of (nes were hnged y oming di'erent proportions of kolin nd entoniteF st ws found tht s the plstiity of the (nes inresedD the liqueftion potentil deresedF pinllyD study involving the snning eletron mirosope @iwA ws lso rried out in onjuntion with the test progrm to ssist in the development of rtionl frmework to explin the oserved ehvior of mixturesF
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKEINDUCED PHENOMENA IN SAND  ID 376
S. A. Savidis, Technical University of Berlin, Germany D. Aubram, Technical University of Berlin, Germany F. Rackwitz, Technical University of Berlin, Germany W. Schepers, Technical University of Berlin, Germany

oftwre system lxis whih is possile to e used for retion of omputing models of seismi genertion will e spei(ed in this rtileF riniples of dynmi nlysis n e divided into two si typesY the soure of dynmi lod is either oneEpoint soure of virtions or n erthqukeF por n exmple the in)uene of qurry lsts @rown ol qurry in xorthern fohemiA ws modelled with use of lxis system on stility nd stressEdeformtion stte of reverse slopes to de(ne orreltion with distnes etween the soure of virtion nd position of the slopeF his prolem ws solved s n xilly symmetri tskF everse slopes re stle ording to the model using dynmi lod @oe0ient of stility paIFRAF rmetri study enles us to evlute in)uene of dynmi lod depending on distnes etween the se of slope nd the point of lstF sn this se we

st is well known tht the ground motions on soil deposits under seismi loding depend on lol soil onditionsD nd often re lrger thn those of the rok outropF ispeilly grnulr soils my underlie omplete loss of sher resistne resulting in lrge permnent deformtions nd lterl spreding of erth struturesF roweverD this liqueftion phenomenon under undrined onditions only ours if the snd is su0ient looseF he sme snd in dense stte would evoke yli moility nd limited deformtionF sn the lst dedes gret e'ort hs een mde to predit the soil response eforehnd of n erthquke to minimise onditions to whih uildings or infrstruture re sujetedF e lrge mount of onstitutive equtions for soil mkes the hoie for the user lmost unmngeleD ut only few of reent ontriutions simulte the mehnil ehviour of snd over wide rnge of densities nd stress sttes using single set of prmetersF he dependeny of snd on the stress stteD density stte nd dringe onditions s well s on the loding history renders the prolem highly nonEliner ndD thereforeD n only e solved numerillyF st turns out tht the

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hoie of the omputtionl tool is s importnt s the mthemtil modelling of the mterilF he pper gives rief overview of the pilities of geotehE nil erthquke engineering y oupling n dvned onstitutive eqution for snd with powerful (nite element omputer odeF efter summrising requirements of the numeril implementtionD the simultion of the erthquke indued sher wve propgtion in sndy soil lyers is presentedF he results show tht n inorportion of the void rtio s stte vrile onsistent with onEsite onditions enles relisti simultions of exessive pore pressure developmentF sn respet thereofD liqueftion merely ppers s speil se for loose sndF
ARE RAKED PILES BAD FOR SEISMIC LOADS?  ID 377
A. Giannakou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece N. Gerolymos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Gazetas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Poster Presentations
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF TAILING DAM UNDER THE ROCKBURST INDUCED GROUND MOTION  ID 496
T. Tatara, Cracow University of Technology, Poland P. Kubon, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

ked piles (nd frequent use in foundtions when lterl resistne is required to trnsmit horizontl lodsD suh s those rising from erth or wter pressuresF por yersD howeverD the seismi ehviour of rked piles @lso lled ttered pilesA hs een onsidered detrimentlD nd mny odes required tht suh piles e voided @eFgF prenh eismi gode ep WHD iuroode igV G rt SAF roweverD in reent yers evidene hs een umulting tht inlined piles myD t lest in ertin ses nd if properly designedD e ene(il rther thn detrimentl oth for the struture they support nd even for the piles themselvesF sn this pper Qh (nite element nlyses re performed in order to investigte the stti nd seismi response of pile group on(gurtions inluding tter pilesF wo typil pile groupsD eh onsisting of two pilesD re studiedX @A one omprises of vertil pile nd pile inlined t PS degreesD nd @A group of two vertil pilesF he ltter is used s referene for omprison with the tter pile group in order to detet the ene(il or detrimentl role of pile inlintion to the seismi ehviour of the foundtionF he dynmi response of the (xedEhed pile groups is studied inX @A homogeneous soil depositD nd @A nonEhomogeneous soil deposit whose sher modulus inreses linerly with depthF he e'ets of pileEtoEpile intertion on the stti nd dynmi response of the pile groups re investigted nd their response is ompred to tht of the single pileF ynly inertil type loding is onsidered in this pper sine group e'ets re more profound for this type of lodingF he in)uene of the most importnt prmeters of the prolem is nlyzed nd nonEdimensionl digrms re derived of the role of rked piles on pile group responseF
RATE EFFECTS ON DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT ROCKS UNDER LARGE CYCLIC LOADING  ID 394
D. J. Peckley, University of Tokyo, Japan T. Uchimura, University of Tokyo, Japan

golletion of )ottion tilings demnds in mny ses uilding of speil dmsF hese geotehnil strutures re often sujeted to dynmi lods suh s the roursts induing ground motionF sn dynmi lultion of these strutures we need to know their dynmi hrteristisF his gol is relized in two wys y mens ofX A nlysis of numeril models nd A dynmi investigtion of rel strutureF he prolem of otining the dynmi hrteristis of the tiling dms is indi'erently distinguishedF he study presents dynmi investigtion in situ of one of the tilE ing dms in olndF pirst prt of study is foused on estlishing resonnt frequenies of the struture in three diretionsF enlyses hve een performed in frequeny domin using reorded virtions in hosen rossEsetions of strutureF enlysis of power spetrl denE sity @hA nd trnsfer funtion @pA plots permit to estlish resoE nnt nds of strutureF es the input nd output signls the reords t the sement nd t the points in rossEsetions re respetively hosenF sn the pperD seletion of dynmi model of hosen tiling dm hs een lso presentedF he model hs een ssumed s elsti shield in plin strinF hree vrints of dynmi model hve een onsideredF sn prtiulr vrints of model there hve een ppliedX IA the mteril dt of the lyers onstituting the struture re lulted on the sis of sher wve veloityF he ody wves veloities mesurements were exeuted up to QH m depth y down hole nd ross hole methodsD PA e'etive stresses in soil resulting from weights of wter nd soilD QA sturtion rtioF he omprison of mesurement results with lulted ones permits properly to estlish dynmi prmeters of the modelF he proposed nd vlidted model n e pplied in further dynmi lultionsF glultions hve een performed using equs TFR nd oil odesF
CENTRIFUGE MODEL TEST ON SEISMIC STABILITY OF A QUAY WALL IMPROVED BY CHEMICAL GROUTING  ID 505
K. Daitoh, Musashi institute of technology, Japan N. Suemasa, Musashi institute of technology, Japan S. Simada, Kyokado engineering, Japan T. Sasaki, Kyokado engineering, Japan

he miniml settlements of the foundtions of the longest suspension ridge in the world fter the IWWS uoe irthquke hve demonstrted tht soft roks re ompetent foundtion mterils for lrgeEsle struturesF sn order to design more ostEe'etiveD lrgeEsle foundtions on soft rokD howeverD more studies should e onduted on the deformtion hrteristis of soft roks under lrge yli lodingF his pper presents the results of yli triExil loding tests on nturl nd rti(il soft roks under lrge loding mplitudesF he min ojetive of the tests is to evlute the e'ets of loding rte on the deformtion hrteristis of these mterilsD s their ehvior under monotoni loding ws found to e rte dependentF foth longitudinl nd lterl deformtions hve een mesured in the tests using vol heformtion rnsduers @vhsAF he test results show tht the slow loding rtes urrently employed in triExil testing of soft roks n use signi(ntly overestimted residul deformtionsF hese results lso show tht loding rte n hve onsiderle e'ets on sti'ness nd dmping rtio during lrge yli lodingF

vrge erthqukes often ttked ities in tpn nd used severe dmges to infrstruturesF viqueftion ws one of the ommon uses of suh dmgesF hough the snd omption pile method is one of the most useful ountermesures for the liqueftionD it is di0ult to pply it to existing struturesF he hemil grouting method hs een foused s liqueftion ountermesure for existing strutures sine some grouting mterils of high durility were developedF sn this studyD yli trixil tests nd unixil ompression tests hve een onduted to exmine the hrteristis nd the durility of speimens improved y grouting mteril of high durilityF e series of entrifuge model tests using tilting ontiner nd stility nlyses were performed on sheet pile quy wll improved y the hemil grouting to investigte the e0ieny of the hemil grouting methodF he testing system with the tilting ontiner used diretly orresponds to the horizontl seismi oe0ient method s seismi design methodF es resultD it ws found tht the filure ptterns oserved were lssi(ed y lok filureD PwedgeD tilting nd slidingF he results of the nlyses orresponding to the filure ptterns were in good greement with the test resultsF
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION FOR ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF THE GROUND  ID 519
C. Arion, UTCB/CNRRS, Romania

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C. Neagu, National Center for Seismic Risk Reduction, Romania

ES 1
elertion etween aHFP nd HFT seD eDv F e onsider s simpli(ed dmge intensity mesure the mximum displement of rigid lok supported through goulom fritionD onX @A horizontl se " symmetri slidingD @A sloping se " nonEsymmetri slidingF e investigte the orreltion etween this simpli(ed dmge intensity mesureD with the ove mentioned erthquke intensity prmetersF ymmetri sliding is representtive dmge inditor for elstoplsti systems @eFgF uildings nd ridgesAF xonEsymmetri sliding is representtive of systems suh s retining wllsD slopesD nd emnkmentsF es exittion we useX @A wvelets with nerEfult hrteristisD @A UH nerEfult elerogrmms ering forwrdErupture diretivity nd )ing step e'etsF he following prmeters re exminedX sfety ftor tn@phiABgGe for the symmetriD nd yGe for the nonEsymmetri seD where y is the yield elertionD dominnt frequeny of the ground motionD the form nd the detils of ground exittion @numer of yles nd detils of wvelet inorporting diretivity nd )ing e'etsAD slope orienttion with respet to ground motion diretion @nonEsymmetri seAF xo ler orreltion is indited etween dmge @mximum sliding displementsA nd ny of the exmined erthquke intensity mesures individullyF he sensitivity of the destrutiveness to the ove prmeters is investigted pplying neurl network @xxA nlysisF yur xx nlysis revels nonEliner omintion of some of the ove intensity prmeters to e n optimum destrutiveness mesureF ptors tht hve ontrol on sliding ut n not e enompssed in the ove mesures inlude the detiled sequene nd size of longEdurtion pulsesD nd orienttion of exittion in nonEsymmetri struturesF
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FULL-SCALE LATERALLOAD TESTS OF A 3X5 PILE GROUP  ID 700
T. Tobita, Kyoto Univeristy, Japan S. Iai, Kyoto University, Japan K. Rollins, Brigham Young University, United States

vortory mesurements of soil properties n e used to supplement or on(rm the results of (eld mesurementsF hey n lso e neessry to estlish vlues of dmping nd modulus t strins lrger thn those tht n e ttined in the (eld or to mesure the properties of mterils tht do not now exist in the (eldD suh s soils to e omptedF he hynmi heformtion ghrteristis of the soil re used in order to lulte seismi response of groundD erth strutures nd strutureEground responseF he improved yli trixil equipment instlled t gx is usedD when the dynmi proprieties of the soil must e otinedF sn this test yli lod is pplied to olumn of soil over numer of yles slowly enough tht inertil e'ets do not ourF hey re lso used to express phenomenons tht mke soil to fil under seismi lodingF
GEOTECHNICAL IN SITU INVESTIGATION USED FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS  ID 521
C. Arion, UTCB/CNRRS, Romania E. Calarasu, INCERC/CNRRS, Romania

he present proess of hrmoniztion of omnin seisE mi odes with iuropen stndrds requires tht the e'et of lol site onditions e inluded through the soil ftorD D whih must e inluded in the xtionl ennex of iuroode VF he results of the D downhole prospeting nd g tests from the only one ville omnin site @fuhrest eiA will e presentedF he orehole dt nd the experimentl reserh performed in the lst yers reveled new series of elements regrding the strti(tion nd soil hrteristis in fuhrestF he evlution of the soils liqueftion resistne sed on in situ tests nd the use of the erthquke reords from the vertil rry will e presentedF
MECHANISM AND REASONS OF SLIDE IN TABRIZ NORTH HIGHWAY (TABRIZ, IRAN)  ID 591
E. Ghanbari, Azad University of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) R. Vafaei, Azad University of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

wost oserved or inferred lndslides @fllsD slidesD )owsA generlly 'et very limited reY therefore their mngement requires wellEde(ned nlysis nd lol only in terms of prevention or remeditionF sing of lndslide nd the trend of stiliztion mesurements is importnt in reognition nd nlysis of lndslide for reognition of lndslide for reognition of lndslide mehnismD geotehnil nd geometril informtionD slide nd virtion onditions nd reognition of unstle ftors re min ftors in slip nlysisF wost of lndslides in norml ondition re stleF fut enounter with impeller ftors suh s onstrutionD erthqukeF preewy onstrution in toe nd other diverse ftorsD they eome unstleF e sienti( reson whih proves tht if slope efore pplying impeller ftors will e stle nd fter tht will e unstle is importnt sine in se of preise reognition n gin importnt informtion out stiliztionF lope stiliztion nlysis in this pper hs doneF ueywordsX vndslideD emeditionD lope stiliztionD qeotehnilD qeometrilD efv softwreF
EVALUATION OF NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTION INTENSITY MEASURES EMPLOYING NEURAL NETWORK ANALYSIS  ID 660
P. Georgarakos, NTUA, Greece R. Kourkoulis, NTUA, Greece N. Gerolymos, NTUA, Greece G. Gazetas, NTUA, Greece

Ph (nite element nlysis sed on the multiEsher mehE nism onstitutive reltionshipD pvs @si et lF IWWPAD ws employed to simulte the fullEsle lterlElod tests of pile group onduted t the site in the lt vke gity snterntionl eirportF he present nlysis ws onduted under drined ondition with step y step loding t the pile hedF o mimi the three dimensionl e'ets ssoited with the pile ehvior in the soilD soilEpile intertion springs were tthed etween soil nd pile nodesF lues of these spring oe0ients were determined internlly sed on the seprtely derived empiril reltionshipF hese vlues were derived y the ssumption tht on(ning stress to piles is high enough so tht soils surrounding piles virtully hve no vertil movementD nmelyD soilEpile intertion is onsidered in two dimensionl or in the horizontl plneF st is true if on(ning stress is highD iFeFD nodes re loted deep or pile movement is smllF roweverD t the shllow depthD soils su'er less on(ning stress nd pile movement is lrgeD nd soil wedge in front of piles moves vertillyD thereforeD three dimensionl e'ets must e introduedF sn pvsD euse forementioned ssumption tends to give lrge soilEpile intertion spring oe0ient t shllower depthD oe0ient lled peg is multiplied to the spring oe0ient to redue the spring foreF sn the present nlysisD pegaHFT ws used to the spring oe0ients shllower thn QFHTm nd pegaIFH ws used to the restsF wodel prmeters for the ground nd pile re otined from lortory tests resultsF efter lirting model prmeters for lodEde)etion urveD lodEmximum moment urve nd momentEdepth urve of single pile test resultsD group pile results re ompred in terms of lodEde)etion urve nd momentEdepth urveF xumeril nlysis gives firly onsistent results with the one otined from the fullEsle testsF
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF WRAP-FACED FORCED RETAINING WALLS  ID 749
A. Murali Krishna, Indian Institute of Science, India G. Madhavi Latha, Indian Institute of Science, India

his study evlutes the vlidity of di'erent ground motion intensity prmeters s estimtors of erthquke destrutivenessD y investigting the preditive pility ofX @iA pek ground elertionD e D @iiA pek ground veloityD D @iiiA mximum veloity stepD hD @ivA eris sntensityD seD nd @vA verge spetrl

REIN-

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eent erthquke experienesD ll over the worldD eviE dened the e'etive performne of retining wlls onstruted using reinfored soil during erthqukesD in the sene of foundtion liqueftionD lterl spreding or slidingF tudying the performne of reinfored retining wlls under yli ground shking onditions helps to understnd etter how these wlls tully ehve during erthqukes nd to estlish preise design proeduresF his pper studies some of the importnt ehviorl spets of reinfored soil retining wlls under dynmi onditions through shking tle testsF yservtions from experiments on models of geotextile reinfored soil retining wlls sujeted to horizontl se shking re presentedF e omputer ontrolled hydrulilly driven single degree of freedom shke tle is used in these testsF wodels of retining wlls hve een onstruted in lminr ox with geotextile reinforement using the wrp round tehnique with dry snd k(llF he test wlls re onstruted to size of VHHSHH mm in pln nd THH mm deepF he model retining wll is onstruted in liftsD eh lift is reinfored with lyer of geotextile nd wrpped t the fing for length of IH mF he tensile strength nd pull out pity of the geotextile re mesured s per the ew stndrdsF he model is instrumented with ultr soni displement sensorsD elerometers nd soil pressure sensors t di'erent lotionsF rorizontl displement of the fing nd the settlement of the restD elertion response nd pressures t di'erent levels re mesured during shkingF he models re tested under di'erent surhrge lodings over the (nished surfe of the retining wllF he response of the reinfored retining wlls with the vrition in the frequeny nd mplitude of shkingD sping nd length of geotextile lyers hs een monitored nd disussed in detil in this pperF
SEISMIC STABILITY OF TOWER CRANE WITH PILE FOUNDATION IN LOAM GROUND  ID 768
F. Arai, Musashi Institute of Technology, Japan T. Katada, Musashi Institute of Technology, Japan N. Suemasa, Musashi Institute of Technology, Japan K. Itoh, National Institute of Industrial Safety, Japan S. Tamate, National Institute of Industrial Safety, Japan Y. Toyosawa, National Institute of Industrial Safety, Japan

Poster Presentations
his is strtegi hrour on the ersin qulf nks with high risk of erthqukeF sn this studyD oth proilisti nd deterministi pprohes hve een utilized for seismi risk ssessment of the onstrution site to ompenste for lk of extensive risk survey on the regionF o onsider the site mpli(tion e'etD n equivlent liner nlysis hs een run on the susurfe soil lyersF he resulting ennul roility of ixeedne @eiA digrms re suggested to e used in the similr projets in the reF
MODELING OF SATURATED SAND NAMIC LOADS USING MODIFIED STATE CONCEPT  ID 798
S. I. Kim, Yonsei Univ., Korea, Republic Of K. B. Park, Yonsei Univ., Korea, Republic Of K. B. Seo, Yonsei Univ., Korea, Republic Of S. Y. Park, Yonsei Univ., Korea, Republic Of

UNDER DYDISTURBED

he tpnese design ode of the rne provides tht the seismi lod is PH7 of ded lodF he tower rnes supported y the pile foundtion re used when onstruting the highErise uildingF he erthquke resistne of the temporry struture is inferior to tht of the permnent strutureF he long nd slender struture suh s the tower rne my e virted lrgely y strong motionF sn dditionD the dynmi hrteristis of the struture with pile foundtion re gretly 'eted y the surrounding ground nd the foundtion typeF hereforeD this ode does not orrespond to the dynmi stilityF his reserh tries to nlyze experimentlly the dynmi soilEpileEstruture intertion of the tower rneF he virtion hrteristis of the tower rne on lom ground @lled untoElom in tpnA re nlyzed y the entrifuge shking tle testsF sn this experimentD two lod onditions were dopted y using rmmer hed type modelF es the resultsD the responses of the elertionD displement nd ending moment re inresed in se of strong erthqukeF he dynmi stility of tower rne deresedF hereforeD it is neessry to reexmine or estlish out the pile foundtion nd the seismi lod in the design ode of the tower rne with pile foundtionF
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF BANDAR ABBAS DRY DOCKS, IRAN  ID 788
K. Rokneddin, Soil Mechanics and Technical Lab. Co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Karimpour Fard, Soil Mechanics and Technical Lab. Co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) Y. Jafarian-Marzouni, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

yver the lst QH yers or soD there hve een severl soil models for desriing undrined ehviors of fully sturted snd under yli loding onditionsF eentlyD the energyEsed pproh @piguero et lF IWWRA nd the distured stte onept @hgA @rk nd hesi PHHHA to evlute the liqueftion potentil hve reeived gret interests euse these pprohes provide more detiled informtion for dissipted energy degrdtion nd umulted deformtionsF hile those models hve een suessfully veri(ed for mny geotehnil dynmi prolemsD the models hve een used primrily for yli loding test resultsF por the liqueftion nlysisD it is known tht the sinusoidl type of yli loding does not relistilly represent tul irregulr erthquke motionsF hereforeD e'ets of the tul irregulr erthquke motions should lso e tken into ount for more detiled nd dvned liqueftion nlysisF sn this pperD the min ojetive is to develop n improved method for the nlysis of liqueftion potentil nd to verify the modi(ed model tht n simulte ehvior of sturted snd under dynmi loding onditionsF he model is developed through modi(tion of the hg modelF por the evolution of the modelD generl formultion for the hg onstitutive model is modi(ed nd lirted for more relisti desription of dynmi responses of sturted snd using the energy dissiption pprohF ispeillyD the disturne used y n pplied fore in the hg model is de(ned y umultive stress using dmge oneptF e proedure for kElultion is developed sed on the inrementl integrtion method s wellF sn order to verify the modi(ed modelD dynmi tests with vrious input motions inluding sinusoidlD liner inresingD nd rel erthquke motions re performed nd ompred with results otined from the modelF prom the results of this reserhD it is demonstrted tht the modi(ed model provides highly stisftory orreltion with the oserved lortory ehvior of sturted sndF
MITIGATION STRATEGIES OF A GRAVITY QUAY WALL BY SHAKING TABLE MODEL TESTS  ID 816
M. Jahangir Alam, Bangladesh University of Engg and Technology, Bangladesh I. Towhata, University of Tokyo, Japan T. Honda, University of Tokyo, Japan

wo QHHDHHH ton dry doks Ethe lrgest in the middle estE re eing onstruted on southern port of fndr esD srnF

hmge of isson quy wll during previous erthqukes drew ttention to erthquke geotehnil engineers espeilly in tpnF wny model test studiesD using IEg shking tle nd dynmi entrifugeD hve een rried out y mny reserhers worldwideF ixperimentl study on mitigtion of suh strutures hs een done y the uthorsF everl series of IEg shking tle tests were performed to shed light on possile mitigtion tehniques ginst future erthquke dmgesF irth pressure on k fe of quy wllD elertion nd exess pore pressures t di'erent lotions of the model nd displement of isson wll were mesuredF ell these mesurements mde it possile to study the soilEstruture intertion ehind quy wll during dynmi lodingF rious mitigtion models were testedF witigtion models were sheet piling or g into foundtion in seside of wllD qrouting into foundtionD soil improvement in k(ll etF ore wter pressure rtio in rule (lter ws less thn HFQ in ll the testsD while in

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foundtion snd it ould reh s fr s HFUF rowever this ws enough to soften the foundtion soil nd inurred exessive sher deformtion whih (nlly used wll displement in sewrdF he wll displementD pore pressure rtio in k(ll nd inerti fore of wll hd e'et on dynmi erth pressure on wllF ore pressure nd inerti of wll diretly ontriute to inrese dynmi erth pressureD while sewrd displement ontriutes to redue erth pressureF his is the reson why uthors hve strong opinion tht mitigtion works in seside of wll should e suh tht it will llow some displement of wll while it should not e so )exile tht it would use exessive sher deformtion of foundtion soilF witigtion works in k(ll ould help only mitigting k(ll distortionsF ithout improving foundtion snd or preventing sher deformtion of foundtionD mitigtion of wll displement seems to e impossileF
EVALUATION OF SEISMIC STABILITY OF REINFORCED SOIL SLOPES AND WALLS USING HORIZONTAL SLICE METHOD  ID 832
H. Nouri, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Fakher, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 1
nd geotehnil prmeters soil density @ A nd soil internl ngle of frition @A hs een evluted using the omprehensive formultion of the rwF he employed omprehensive formultion is onduted y extending the methodology proposed in the erlier pperF he min results of the prmetri nlysis re presented in dimensionless form relting to the totl fore in the reinforement lyers to mintin the stility of the reinfored struture nd the required length of the reinforement lyersF sn the evlution of seismi stility of reinfored soil wlls nd slopes in ner (eld erthqukes the in)uene of omined horizontl nd vertil seismi elertion is studiedF he study is undertken for slopes sujeted to seismi lods due to vrious horizontl seismi elertions omined with vertil seismi elertions in oth upwrd @positiveA nd downwrd @negtiveA diretionsF es result the in)uene of omined vertil nd horizontl erthquke lods on the seismi stility of the reinfored soil strutures is evluted using the two mentioned fundmentl dimensionless prmetersF
EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF CYCLIC RESISTANCE RATIO FROM SPT AND CPT TEST RESULTS  ID 858
A. Valsamis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Bouckovalas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

gonstrution of reinfored soil struturesD whih is onsidE ered s new tehnology hs developed rpidly in the lst twenty yers in seismilly tive resF sn spite of perfet performne of suh strutures during destrutive erthqukesD the preise ehvior of these strutures under seismi lods is not well de(ned nd fully knownF he most frequently used method of nlysis of reinfored soil strutures is limit equiliriumD whih hs een proved to e relile in omprison with more omprehensive methodsF sn the urrent study the seismi stility of slopes reinfored with geosynthetis hs een nlyzed within the frmework of pseudoEstti pproh nd limit equiliriumF he rupture surfe hs een modeled using generlized log spirl nd in order to void the onventionl ssumption of rigidEplsti sliding wedgeD the sliding lok ws divided into numer of horizontl sliesD whih do not interset the reinforementsD ordingly the reinforement hve no diret in)uene on the interEslie foresF pollowing this proessD the fore nd moment equilirium equtions for eh slie or of the whole sliding wedge n e stis(edF fsed on the numer nd nture of the equtions nd ssumptions mdeD two @simple nd omprehensiveA formultions hve een derived to determine the moilized fores in the reinforementsF he fundmentl prmeter determined from the relevnt formultion is the required totl fore in the reinforements to mintin the stility of the reinfored strutureF he equilirium equtions of internl nd externl foresD ting on eh slie were provided to determine the most ritil filure surfe @length of reinforement lyersAF e omprtive nlysis etween two di'erent formultions is mdeF gomprison etween the results of the omprehensive formultion nd pulished nlyses shows good greementF
THE EFFECT OF NEAR-FIELD AND FAR-FIELD EARTHQUAKE ON THE SEISMIC STABILITY OF REINFORCED SOIL SLOPES  ID 841
H. Nouri, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Fakher, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn urrent erthquke engineering prtieD the liquefE tion potentil of sturted ohessionless soil sites is evluted on the sis of in situ nd g resultsF he use of the former me historilly (rst @eed 8 sdrissD IWUIA with the use of the lter following shortly fterF he use pf g ws initilly indiretD iFeF g mesurements were (rst trnsformed to equivlent low ounts whih were onsequently used to evlute liqueftion resistneF st ws not until reently tht the diret interprettion of g results eme populrD sed on n utonomous dtse from g doumented se historiesF sn this pperD the omptiE ility of nd @diretA g liqueftion resistne evlution is exploredD sed on geotehnil investigtions where the two types of in situ tests hd een preformed in djent lotionsF sn llD dt from IW nd IW g tests were exmined oming from the geotehnil investigtion of S lluvil projet sitesF et (rstD E nd gEsed liqueftion resistne vlues were ompred for djent investigtion sites nd the sme depth from the free ground surfeF he omprison ws mde seprtely for sndsD silty snds nd sndy silts nd ws ompnied y signi(nt stter whih is proly due to the intense @horizontl nd in depthA vriility of lluvil depositsF o redue the stterD the omprison ws then foused on diret n indiret gEevlutions of liqueftion resistneD s well s on diret nd indiret Eevlutions of liqueftion resistneF his wy it eme evident tht diret g evlutions re systemtilly higher thn the orresponding ones sed on resultsF his inonsisteny my e tred k to the independently drwn si gEx nd gEqg design urves nd n e orreted if the ltter is somewht displed towrds higher qg vluesF his new (eld evidene omes in support of previously expressed reommendtions @sdriss 8 foulngerD PHHRAF
DEVELOPMENT OF VIBRATION PENETRATION TEST (VPT) AND RESULTS OF LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS  ID 896
J. Motoharu, AIST, Japan T. Selcuk, Pamukkale University, Turkey N. Yoshito, AIST, Japan

sn this pper the rorizontl lie wethod @rwA is emE ployed for evlution of seismi stility of reinfored soil strutures in the frmework of limit equilirium method nd pseudoEstti nlysisF sn rw the sliding wedge is divided into numer of horizontl sliesD whih do not interset the reinforementsD ordingly the reinforements hve no diret in)uene on the interEslie foresF his pper evlutes the pilities of the rw to study the seismi stility of the reinfored soil strutures sujeted to fr (eld nd ner (eld seismi lodsF sn the evlution of seismi stility of reinfored soil wlls nd slopes in fr (eld erthqukes the e'et of horizontl seismi elertion is studiedF eordingly the in)uene of numer of design prmeters oe0ient of horizontl seismi elertion @khAD geometril prmeters slope inlintion ngle @ A nd slope height @rA

he estimtion of lique(le soils nd potentil mpping of liqueftion re very importnt for ity plnnersD uilding ownersD nd engineers to see liqueftion prone res nd hzrd levelsF e propose new methodD virtion proe penetrtion test @AD whih utilizes virtion proeD elertion meterD poreEpressure meter nd eletril resistivity mesurementD to determine the lique(le soilsF he is di'erent from other tests ommonly used in liqueftion predition suh s stndrd penetrtion test nd one penetrtion testF his method uses diretly dynmi response of soils for liqueftionF e did lortory experiments using

357

ES 1
smll nd vesselF prom the lortory testD we on(rmed remrkly eletril resistivity hnge nd the poreEpressure inreses during indued virtionF he poreEpressure inreses up to the overurden pressure nd it indites the snd is lique(ed during virtionF he elertion meter tthed to the surfe of the proe shows signi(nt hnge during virtion nd it my show the response of the hnge of sti'ness nd solidness of snd round the proeF o on(rm the e'etiveness of this method nd to verify the resultsD we mde rel size proes nd did penetrtion tests in the (eldF xext to the testsD we lso performed one penetrtion tests @gA nd stndrd penetrtion tests @A nd got some soil smples t ertin depths with the purpose of hrterizing soil onditions nd ompring with resultsF he (eld experiments using the proe produed enourging resultsF sing the elertion nd eletril resistivity hnge in the soilD the deteted response of di'erent type of soilsF he results showed tht my hve some dditionl merit in some kind of soils suh s snds with high ontents of siltsF n lso e used to evlute ground improvement ginst liqueftion y ompring the test results mesured efore nd fter the tretmentF
A STUDY ON COMPUTATION OF SEISMIC PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT OF EMBANKMENTS CONSIDERING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SEISMIC MOTION  ID 904
Y. Hata, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Japan N. Yamashita, Kobe City College of Technology, Japan S. Kano, Hiroshima University, Japan T. Tsuchida, Hiroshima University, Japan

Poster Presentations
COMPARING THE STRONG MOTION DATA OF RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN TURKEY WITH WAVELET ANALYSIS  ID 937
B. Teymur, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

sn reent yers there were erthqukes in urkey with mgnitudes UFRD UFP nd TF uoeli nd huze erthqukes tking ple in IWWW used the most dmge of llD oth struturlly nd eonomillyF huring these erthqukesD dmge due to surfe fulting nd liqueftion ourredF rious wvelet nlyses were used to look t nd ompre the elertions indued y the reent erthqukesF his method hs een pplied to some of the signls otined from the reent erthqukes in urkeyF sn this pper the strong motion dt quired from this erthquke t vrious lotions re inspeted using pourier trnsform nd vrious wvelet nlyses like hrmoni nd wvelet numersF sing wveletsD the vrition of frequeny ontents with time s the erthquke proeeds ws oservedF rrmoni wvelet nlysis is method whih hs een used over the pst IS yers for the nlysis of nonEsttionry signls over timeEfrequeny dominF his nlysis proves to revel informtion not ville y pourier nlysisF
EFFECT OF DENSIFICATION AS A LIQUEFACTION REMEDIATION METHOD  ID 977
B. Teymur, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey O. Mavituna, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey O. Bulugan, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

ine the h omponent of the ryogokenEnnu @IWWSA nd xiigtkenEhuetsu @PHHRA erthqukes in tpn ws very powerfulD it ould e importnt in estimting the in)uene of struturl dmge on the investigted system y vertil seismi motionF roweverD the e'ets ren9t tken su0iently into ount in the seismi design of emnkmentsF oD in this studyD the modi(ed xewmrk method tht response hrteristis in the horizontl nd vertil diretion of emnkment were tken into onsidertion t the sme time is proposedF henD the exmintion ws done out the in)uene whih vertil seismi response of emnkment gve to the permnent seismi displementF
NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED SINGLE PILES  ID 922
V. Drosos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece N. Gerolymos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Gazetas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

huring n erthqukeD loose sturted sndy or silty soils my liquefy whih my use uried pipes or tunnels to )ot to the ground surfeD nd strutures to settle or tiltF huring the IWWW uoeli nd huze erthqukes in urkey with mgnitudes of UFR nd UFP respetively used dmge due to surfe fulting nd liqueftionF sn this pper vrious liqueftion remedition methods suh s densi(tion nd omption will e disussedF king the dmges in the erthqukes mentioned ove into ountD with the elertion nd soil dt ville from vrious sitesD nlysis will e mde on the e'etiveness of these methodsF elso the results will e disussed with the guidelines present in the urkish erthquke resistnt design odeF his pper will lso disuss the e'et of densi(tion of the grnulr soil in vrious experimentl tests nd its ehviour interpreted to (eld seF he e'ets of di'erent intensity erthqukes nd the strins generted in the soil elow struture will e studiedF
ANALYSIS OF SOILSTRUCTURE INTERACTION DURING EARTHQUAKEINDUCED LANDSLIDES ON STRAINSOFTENING SOIL  ID 999
R. Kourkoulis, NTUA, Greece G. Gazetas, NTUA, Greece

he response of pile foundtions to lterl lods is n importnt ftor for the suessful performne of severl ritil struturesF e dynmi em on nonliner inkler foundtion model is presented nd evluted in this pperF he proposed numeril tool is sed on the mrosopi onstitutive model developed y qerolymos nd qzets @PHHRA whih is ple of simulting not only the nonEliner ehvior of the soilD ut lso the inelsti struturl response @plsti hingingA of the pileF he model prmeters re (rstly lirted using the well doumented in literture p!y urvesD nd then evluted ginst the results of series of stti nd dynmi fullEsle nd entrifuge experimentsF he resonly good greement otined etween the lulted nd the reorded responses provide experimentl support for the use of the proposed model in seismi soil!pile!struture intertion prolemsF e disussion outlines the innovtions introdued y the proposed tool long with the limittions in its useD nd preliminry prmetri study evlutes the sensitivity of the soil!pile!struture system response to the numerous prmeters involved to the prolemF hrough the nlyses onduted it is proven tht the development of plsti hinges in the pileD whih is up to now stritly foridden y the seismi odesD is n exellent wy of reduing the seismi lods on the superstrutureF

he e'ets of erthquke indued lndslides on strutures founded in the viinity of the slope rests hve een oserved during reent erthqukes to vry depending not only on the hrteristis of ground motionD ut lso on the nture of the foundtion nd strutureF he impt on the ltter @for given shking intensityA rnges from no or minor dmgeD to totl ollpseD suggesting the possiility of intertion etween the sliding soil nd the overlying strutureF he im of this study is to prmetrilly investigte the phenomenonD exploring the e'et of foundtion typeD lodD nd sizeD on the position of the filure surfe nd vie vers for vrious levels of ground shkingF hynmi nlyses re performed utilizing plneEstrin non!liner (nite element model of the soil nd the struture whih ptures the possile seprtion of the foundtion from the supporting soilF he model is lirted ginst pulished dt from diret sher tests so s to simulte the oserved strinEsoftening ehvior of soil during slidingF he filure surfe within the soil mss is formed s result of strin umultion during the erthquke nd under the tion of grvittionl foresF oil!struture intertion is demonstrted either s modi(tion of the position of the sliding surfe due to the existene of the struture or s modi(tion of the dynmi response of the struture itselfF he existene of the struture is oserved to either

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inrese or derese the omputed soil displementsD depending on its foundtion hrteristisF
CYCLIC DEGRADATION MODELS IN TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS: NEW EQUATIONS  ID 1015
N. Allotey, Univ. Western Ontario, Canada H. El Naggar, Univ. Western Ontario, Canada

ES 1
exhiits its inertil ehviourD entuted y the presene of pile pF sn the seond seD the response to the erthquke exhiits simultneously the inertil nd the kinemti soilEpile intertionF ixperimentl devies re presented in detil in oth sesF plexE ile pile model @sle IGRHA hs een instrumented with PH pirs of strin gugesD with permit the reording of the evolution of the ending moment versus timeF sn the frmework of n nlysis of the modulus of sugrde retionD Ey loops re uilt y respetively doule integrtion nd doule derivtion of the ending momentsF hese loops represent the evolution of the displement y of the pile nd retion of the soil versus timeF he representtiveness nd reproduiility of experiments re disussedF esults of these kinemti nd inertil experiments re nlysedD in terms of pile p elertion nd displementD ending moment nd Ey loops long the pileD nd ompredF
EFFECTS OF INCLINED PILE ON THE DYNAMIC AND SEISMIC PERFORMANCES OF AN ENDBEARING PILE GROUP  ID 1113
S. Escoer, LCPC, France J. L. Chazelas, LCPC, France N. Chenaf, LCPC, France L. Thorel, LCPC, France J. Garnier, LCPC, France

ith inrese in omputer powerD nonliner dynmi timeEhistory nlysis ontinues to eome more epted method of nlysis in geotehnil erthquke engineering prtieF he solution proedures ville re the e'etive nd totl stress pprohesF he totl stress pproh does not ount for the diret uses of soil degrdtion or hrdeningD ut rther models soil degrdtionGhrdening in phenomenologil mnnerF his is usully hieved y using vrious soil degrdtionGhrdening models sed on the numer of loding ylesF e reent study hs shown tht most of the totl stress pproh degrdtionGhrdening models were primrily derived empirillyD nd re s suh re not verstile enough to e used for modeling wide rnge of degrdtionGhrdening mehnismsF his pper therefore highlights the development of new verstile equtions from ftigue dmge mehnis point of view tht n e'etively model vrious soil degrdtionGhrdening phenomenF
ROLE OF DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR SPECIFYING SEISMIC ACTIONS IN PERFORMANCE DESIGN  ID 1048
S. Mori, Ehime University, Japan

qlol onsensus on speifying seismi tions used for design is disussed y referring to the new syPQRTWX eismi tions for designing geotehnil worksF emong new trends onsented through the development of this snterntionl tndrdD the following fetures re onsidered the most importnt for future design prtieX @IA eismi tions on geotehnil works inlude those due to ground displements s well s the inerti foreF @PA eismi tions spei(ed for design depends on the types nd models of nlyses tht re lssi(ed sed on omintion of sttiGdynmi nlyses nd the proedure for soilEstruture interE tion lssi(ed s followsX E simpli(edX soilEstruture intertion of glol system is modeled s n tion on sustrutureY E detiledX soilEstruture intertion of glol systemF @QA snorportion of siteEspei( nlysis of site e'ets nd sptil vrition my improve the reliility of designF @RA he performne riteri for foundtion omponents should e estlished with full understnding of the ehvior of the overll system inluding oth the superstruture nd the foundtionF sn order to ppropritely onsider the oveEmentioned fetures in design ording to the syPQRTWD some omprehensive douments re needed for ode writers nd prtitionersF hereforeD development of doument ontining oth design exmples sed on syPQRTW nd guidelines for heking omptiility with it is plnned in glol frmeworkF he role of design exmples for speifying seismi tions in performne design is disussed nd the trend of the development is introdued in this pperF
KINEMATIC AND INERTIAL DYNAMIC PILE CENTRIFUGE TESTS ANALYSIS  ID 1086
N. Chenaf, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chauses, France J. L. Chazelas, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chauses, France

wost of the odes in prtie indite tht inlined piles must e void in seismi reF por instne the prenh ode WP sttes 4the use of inlined deep foundtion is prohiited4F iven less restritive the euroode V indites tht inlined piles re not reommendedF emong the min drwks tht hve een given there is the ending moment indued in the inlined pile y the soil settlement or the lrge lternting fores into the pile pF xeverthelessD reent reserhes on histori ses hve pointed out thtD in ertin sesD inlined piles hve hd ene(il ehviourF nfortuntely there is lke of wellEdoumented ses nd the ene(il or the detrimentl e'et of inlined pile on the ehvior of pile group hs to e lri(edF sn the frmework of the iuropen eserh progrm euiD entrifuge tests hve een performed on two endEering pile groups @PxIAF sn the (rst on(gurtion oth piles re vertil wheres in the seond se one is inlined t PS to the vertilF sn oth ses the piles re pped with rigid em whih indues (xedEend moment onditionF he e'et of the inlined pile is evluted y ompring the response of oth pile groups through the ending moment pro(le long the pilesD the xil fores nd the pile p displementF efter the desription of the experimentl set up the e'ets of inlined pile on the ehvior of pile group sumitted to horizontl shoks t the pile p re presented @inertil foresAF he (rst results of the seismi tests perform with the erthquke simultor reently purhses y the vgg will e presented therefterF
SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING  ID 1180
V. Kumar, SIU, United States S. Prakash, UMR, United States

he vortoire gentrl des onts et ghusses hs just purhsed n erthquke simultor in order to omplete the equipE ment of the geotehnil entrifuge in the domin of erthquke engineeringF his equipment permits to ontinue long term reserh progrm on the ehviour of pile foundtions under dynmi lodsF he im of this pper is omprison of experimentl results etween single pile under shoks on the pile hedD nd under moderte erthqukeF sn the (rst seD the response of the pile

st is mtter of ommon oservtion tht foundtions resting on rok generlly do not experiene muh settlement due to seismi lodingF roweverD foundtions resting on soil my undergo settlements due to ompression or densi(tion of soil due to virtions of the foundtion indued y ground shking or due to liqueftion of soilF feuse of vritions in the nture of the soil nd struturl lods D the seismi settlements re nonEuniform resulting in di'erentil settlement of the foundtionsF st is importnt tht suh settlement of the foundtion e ounted for in design F sf the settlements re found to e uneptle hnge in foundtion type or remedil mesures suh s ground improvement my e neessryF purther detils re disussed in the pperF

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ISOLATION METHOD FOR CUT AND COVER TUNNEL USING POLYMER MATERIAL  ID 1209
S. Kiryu, Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan Y. Murono, Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan M. Tateyama, Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan

Poster Presentations
from the present method will e ompred with those otined using simple models suh s using soil springs nd thus signi(ne of this rigorous pproh will e evlutedF roposed method provides rtionl pproh for nonliner soilEstrutureEintertion nlysis for ridges supported on pile foundtionF
SETTLEMENT OF DRY SAND IN ONEDIMENSIONAL SHAKING TABLE TESTS  ID 1332
F. Jafarzadeh, Sharif University of technology, Iran (Islamic

en e'etive reinforement method for the side wll of ut nd over tunnel hs not een estlished yetF he ehvior of ut nd over tunnel is strongly ontrolled y the deformtion of the soil surrounding the tunnelF st is sid thtD thereforeD the est wy to improve the seismi performne of the tunnel is to ut the tion trnsmitted from the ground to the tunnelF e new onept for seismi ountermesure of the ut nd over tunnel is developedF hin wlls mde y polymer mterilD whose sti'ness re extremely smllD re onstruted t oth sides of the tunnelF his thin wllD whih is lled 4the isoltion wll4D redue the tion trnsmitted from the ground nd mke the deformtion of tunnel smllF sn this studyD the e0ieny of the newly developed method is demonstrted through the nlytil simultionD espeilly from the viewpoint of s @uinemti intertion nd snertil intertionAF
THE EFFECT OF SOIL-PILE-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON GROUPED PILES  ID 1220
Y. S. Chung, Korea Institute of Nuclear Dasety, Korea, Republic Of I. Shahrour, Ecole Polytech'Lille, France

Republic Of ) E. Abazari Torghabeh, University of Calgary, Canada H. Farahi Jahromi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn this pperD the e'et of the inertil intertion on the grouped piles is numerilly studiedF pirstD the nlysis results of referene se @IxQ pile groupA using threeEdimensionl (nite elements re presentedF e prmetri study is followed in detil to eluidte the in)uene of key prmeters on the inertil intertionD minlyD pile spingD loding nd superstruture frequeniesD mss of the strutureD numer of pilesD on(gurtion of groups nd (nlly the presene of twoElyered soilF st is shown tht the numeri simultions present positive e'et of the grouped piles introdued y the redution of the stresses in the piles with the diminution of pile spingF he group e'et is demonstrted up to the high sping @GhaUAF st is lso shown tht the stresses indued in the piles depend sensitively on their positions in the groupY they inrese shifting from the enter pile towrds the orner pileF
NONLINEAR SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE SUBSTRUCTURE USING CONSISTENT INFINITESIMAL FINITE ELEMENT CELL METHODS  ID 1251
P. K. Emani, IIT Roorkee, India B. K. Maheshwari, IIT Roorkee, India

he tendeny of snds to densify hs een vstly reportedF ivlution of the possile ourrene nd e'ets of settlement used y erthqukes hs een widely ppreited in nerly ll seismilly tive resF irthquke indued settlement uses distress to strutures on shllow foundtionsD dmge to utilities tht serve pile supported struturesD nd dmge to life lines tht re ommonly uried t shllow depthsF voose dry snds densify very quiklyF ettlement of dry snd deposit is usully omplete y the end of erthqukeF his reserh hs een onduted minly to disuss the reltionship etween the settlements of snds hving vrious densitiesD with di'erent prmetersF por this purposeD the results of oneEdimensionl shking tle tests in Ig grvittionl (eld hve een usedF iight models of folsr loose dry snd were sujeted to di'erent hrmoni nd irregulr dynmi lodingsF he ontiner of the models is lminr sher oxD onsisting of PR horizontl lyersF he whole size of the ox is I m y I m hving the depth of I m nd the mximum strin whih n e produed this wy is IH7 t the top of the modelF he reltion of settlement with vrious prmeters suh s elertionD density of the models nd numer of yles in se of hrmoni lodings hs een ddressedF
EFFECT OF CONFINING PRESSURE ON DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF BABOLSAR SAND USING CYCLIC TRIAXIAL TESTS  ID 1345
J. J. Sanam, Fardin, SHARIF SHARIF UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, Iran Iran

(Islamic Republic Of ) (Islamic Republic Of )

igni(nt reserh hs een reported in the literture for soilEstruture intertion nlysis for ridgesF roweverD most of these nlyses re ssuming the liner ehvior of soilF st is well known tht during strong ground exittionsD ehvior of soil is highly nonlinerF he nonliner soil ehvior 'ets the soilEstruture intertion in omplex wy espeilly euse of the indequy in modeling the unounded soil mediumF sn the present workD novel method developed @y olf nd ongA in the reent pst for the modeling of the unounded medium is used long with the etterEunderstood nd relisti nonliner soil models @eFgF mergEysgoodD hrukerErgerAF he hyrid frequenyEtime domin method of itertive solution is dopted in onjuntion with the gonsistent in(nitesiml pinite element gell wethod to model oth the mteril nonElinerity nd the unounded soil mediumF he e'et of the soilEpile intertion is studied on ridge pier modeled s hyp system resting on the soil strtumF he system is modeled to rest on mt foundtion supported on pilesF he energy dissiption mehnism in the ner (eld rises exlusively from the nonlinerities inluded in the plsti yli modelsF he present study lso inludes omprtive study of the vrious nonliner soil models in modeling the site onditionsF ih of the spets onsidered in this study re independently vlidted using the ville enhmrk exmplesF he overll nlysis is evluted sed on the inelsti response spetrum otined for the hyp system for spei(ed ground motion time historyF esults otined

sn this study the e'et of on(ning pressure on the sher modulus nd mteril dmping of folsr nd were studiedF his snd is lssi(ed s poorly grded sndD D ording to the ni(ed oil glssi(tion ystemF sn this reserh gyli rixil ests were performed on uniform sturted snd nd the speimen ws solid ylinder with dimeter of SH mm nd height of IHH mmF he pprtus used in this studyD is the ps @ykehm prrne snterntionlA gyli rixil hevieF he speimens were ompted into the mold with wetEtmping method for desired densityF e series of yli strinEontrolled tests were onduted on two di'erent reltive densities of folsr ndF he onstnt yli doule mplitude xil strin during ll tests ws HFS7F prequeny nd e'etive isotropi on(ning pressure vried from test to test nd the vlues of sher modulus nd dmping rtio were lulted for severl numers of loding yles for eh testF he vriles in this study re e'etive isotropi on(ning pressure @VHD ISH nd PSH kAY reltive density @QH7 nd SH7A nd exittion frequeny @HFSD I nd P rzAF sn this studyD densities etween PW7 nd QS7 were onsidered s QH7 nd s well densities whih rnge from RU7 to SP7 were tken s SH7F her modulus nd dmping rtio for eh test were lulted for di'erent numers of loding ylesF he sher modulus nd dmping rtio for ll tests were lulted from hysteresis loopF en verge vlue of sent sher modulus nd dmping rtio sed on the two hlves of the loop were omputed nd known s q@menA nd h@menAF esults indite tht s on(ning pressure inresesD sher modulus inreses while dmping rtio deresesF

360

Poster Presentations
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COUNTERMEASURE AGAINST LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED UPLIFT OF MANHOLE USING RECYCLED MATERIALS PACKED INTO SANDBAGS  ID 1363
M. Yoshida, Fukui National College of Technology, Japan M. Tonoo, Fukui National College of Technology, Japan M. Miyajima, Kanazawa University, Japan M. Kitaura, Kanazawa University, Japan A. Martnez, Earthquake Research Center - CISMID, Peru Z. Aguilar, Earthquake Research Center - CISMID, Peru D. Luna, Earthquake Research Center - CISMID, Peru F. Lazares, Earthquake Research Center - CISMID, Peru R. Piedra, Earthquake Research Center - CISMID, Peru

ES 1
M. Castro Cuba, Earthquake Research Center - CISMID, Peru

eout WH7 of wste tyres re reyling in tpnF rowE everD stoks of unknown use re inresing every yer euse the mount of wste is well over one hundred millionF yn the other hndD reyling of used onrete produed y reonstrution of strutures is lmost IHH7D ut n exessive supply of used onrete will e ourred severl yers lter euse of the inresing the reonstrution of struturesF sf the growing stoks of wste tire nd used onrete will inreseD dditionl reyling will e requiredF vliqueftion of k(ll soil used uplift of mny uried sewge mnholes during the PHHR xiigtEken ghuetsu erthquke in tpnF he ojetive of this study is to propose ountermesure whih mitigtes the uplift of mnholesF es ountermesure ginst liqueftionD grvels mde y rushing stones re instlled to inrese the permeility of loose snd lyer with the e'et of dringe ndD thusD redue the liqueftion potentilF wo mterils were used insted of the grvels in this studyF yne ws ruer hips mde y shredding the wste tyresD nd the other ws reyled grvels mde y rushing the used onreteF hese mterils were pked into sndgs in order to improve the sher strength of mterilsF ke tle tests were onduted to investigte whether these mterils ould e used s the dringeF es resultD exess pore wter pressure in sndy ground ws deresed y permeility of improved lyer whih ws instlled the sndgsF purthermoreD it ws ler tht these methods were e'etive s the ountermesure ginst liqueftionEindued uplift of mnholesF
RESPONSE OF CIRCULAR TUNNELS EMBEDDED IN STRATIFIED SOIL FORMATION SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING  ID 1439
A. Zafeirakos, Greece

eru is ountry loted in outh emeriD with vim s its pitl ity nd gllo s its min portF qeogrphillyD eru is loted in the girumEi( feltD high seismiity zoneF he seismi tivity in eru is minly of tetoni originD produed y the intertion of the xz nd the gontinentl pltesF vim nd gllo hve experiened severl high intensity erthE qukesF he reent IWTTD IWUH nd IWUR erthqukes hve used dmge due to high elertion vlues tht in some ses hve rehed RHH glF e eismi qeotehnil oni(tion wp of vim nd glloD whih re two strtegi itiesD one the pitl ity nd the other the min port of eruD respetivelyD is presented s the (nl onlusion of this reserh pperF he re onsidered in this projet is of QWPQFST kmP pproximtelyD inluding RP distritsF he dt nd prmeters for this zoni(tion were otined y ompiltion of informtion from previous reserh studies performed y othersD nd ompleted with (eld progrm whih onsisted of soil explortion nd environmentl virtion mesurementsF prom the dt of nturl virtion periods nd the interprettion of the geotehnil explortion progrmD mp of soil distriution of vim nd gllo nd mp of soil dynmi ehvior were prepredD nd from the onvolution of thoseD mp of seismi geotehnil zoni(tion of vim nd gllo ws otinedF
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS PROPERTIES  ID 1469 ON SOILS DYNAMIC

M. E. Rahhal, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon G. Lefebvre, Sherbrooke University, Canada

he filure of uizw tunnel in PHHR widExiigt @tpnA irthquke emphsized the prolem of the response of tunnel rossing the interfe of strti(ed soil formtion when sujeted to erthquke lodingF he prolem of the lining9s (nl response eomes more omplited if the sher stresses ting on the soil lyer9s interfe exeed its sher strengthF his will result in the reltive sliding of the soil msses long their interfe until the equilirium onditions re gin stis(edF he purpose of the present reserh ws to qulittively nd quntittively exmine the omined e'et of the soil9s deformtion due to the loding nd the sliding mss9 on the (nl response of the tunnel y numeril nlysesD using dt otined fter the (eld surveys onduted in the 'eted re y the tgi reonnissne temF gonerning the numeril prtD pinite ilement prmetri study of the generlized prolem of the response of irulr tunnel with dimeter of IH meters nd lining thikness of HFS meters rossing twoElyered medium ws performed using the ommerilly ville ode efeF he ottom soil lyer ws onsidered rigid nd the soil lyer9s interfe ws treted s fritionl surfe with (nite sher resistne given y the goulom9s lwF e qusiEstti horizontl grvittionl fore ws pplied to the elements of the soil mss to simulte the erthquke lodingF he soil lyers9 interfe frition ngleD the sher sti'ness rtio etween the soil nd the struture nd the emedment depth of the tunnel into the rigid soil were vriedF ih prmeter9s ontriution to the (nl response of the lining ws exmined nd (nllyD generl design onsidertions re proposedF
SEISMIC MICROZONATION OF LIMA AND CALLAO CITIES  ID 1468
M. Rodriguez, Earthquake Research Center - CISMID, Peru

wjor developments ourred in erthquke geotehnil engineering over the lst dedeD ut dequte informtion on dynmi soil properties still proves to e essentil for orret omputtions of ground response nd soil struture intertion prolemsF pundmentl prmetersD suh s pore pressureD sher modulusD nd dmping rtio vry signi(ntly with the mplitude of sher strin under yli lodingF euthors rried out experimentl work for yers on lys nd snds to ppreite soil ehvior under erthqukesF he im of the present work is to ontriute to improve our understnding of the soil sher modulus degrdtion with yli strinF his study overs prtiulrly dynmi properties of some lys nd snds in estern gndF esonnt olumn tests were onduted to simulte erthquke lodingF roperties were mesured t di'erent sher strin levelsF he reserh foused lso on intermedite sher strins situted etween IHEQ7 nd IHEI7D llowing the determintion of the threshold sher strin @A for these soilsF st is oserved tht ohesionless soils strt to ehve nonElinerly t lower level of strin thn lys doF wo methods were used to model the ehvior of soils s fr degrdtion of sher modulus is onernedX est (t urve nd est (t lineF sn oth sesD urves representing normlized sher modulus were plotted ginst sher strinF en exellent greement ws oserved etween experimentl results nd modeled urvesF en eqution for is derivedF st is shown tht the nlyzed estern gndin lysD whih re less plsti thn the wexio gity lyD yield higher vluesF xeverthelessD under on(ning stress less thn IHH kD low plstiity lys my show reltively high lthough still inferior to the one of wexio gity lyF es fr s the snds re onernedD the e'et of the on(ning stress is highlighted in the sher moduli degrdtion slopeF
OPTIMAL RADIUS OF KINEMATICALLY AFFECTED PILE  ID 1482
M. Saitoh, Saitama Univ., Japan

his study fouses on the ending strins t the hed of

361

ES 1
vertilD ylindril (xedEhed piles emedded in homogeneous elsti strtumD nd the e'et of the pile rdius on the ending strinsD in soilEpileEstruture systems where the kinemti interE tion domintesFhis study revel the presene of n optiml rdius tht lolly minimizes the ending strins of the pilesF

Poster Presentations
MICROZONATION AND HAZARD VULNERABILITY FOR DISASTER MITIGATION STUDIES IN TURKEY  ID 1524
A. Petrow, Turkey

DOWNHOLE MONITORING INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE SITE LIQUEFIED DURING CHI-CHI EARTHQUAKE AT CHINGLIAO, TAINAN, TAIWAN  ID 1505
T. Sheng-Huoo Ni, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan Chi-Chih Ko, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan

he min purpose of this pper is to present the instllE tion of downhole liqueftion instrumenttion in the soil deposit to study the soil ehvior during soil liqueftionF he study seleted siteD where is loted t ghinglioD innD iwnD to instll the soil liqueftion instruments ording to the site liqueftion hppen during WPI ghiEghi irthquke in iwn in IWWWF he lluvil soil in the site is onsidered to e very suseptile to liqueftion during next erthqukeF yne surfe trixil elerometerD three depths low frequeny trixil elerometersD nd four pore wter pressure trnsduers were instlled in this siteF he pore wter pressure nd seismi response t ground surfe nd within the soil deposit indued y erthquke will e monitored in full time using personl omputerF he result otined will e used to nlyze the mehnism of soil liqueftion indued y erthquke nd kElultion of dynmi soil properties of this siteF he min purpose of this pper is to present the soil properties of this site nd the sensors instlled in this siteF elsoD the nlysis of seismi dt reorded reently using system identi(tion will e presentedF ueywordsX soil dynmisD downhole rrysD instrumenttionD soil liqueftionF

THE EFFECT OF NON-PLASTIC FINES ON THE LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF SANDY SOILS  ID 1516
A. Papadopoulou, Aristotle University of Thessalonoki, Greece T. Tika, Aristotle University of Thessalonoki, Greece

his pper will provide summry of the results nd the lessons lerned from this projetF hortly fter the eugust IWWW uoeli erthqukeD t the request of the qovernment of urkeyD the orld fnk pproved the wrE mr irthquke imergeny eonstrution @wiiA projetF nE der the vndEuse lnning nd inforement of gonstrution godes omponent of the wii projetD the qovernment of urkey initiE ted the wirozontion nd rzrd ulnerility for hisster witE igtion tudies @wrhwA projetF he projet ttempts to inE trodue unique lend of geologiD engineeringD eonomiD soil sieneD nd plnning disiplines to demonstrte the importne of disster plnningF sn the pstD governments were willing to provide funds to ring ommunities k to preEdisster onditionsF his pproh only reEexposed the elements to hzrdsF feuse the elements ontinue to e dmgedD governments strted to look t wys to rek the dmge yleF his hs pushed hisster witigtion lns @hwA to the forefrontF gurrentlyD hws re not prt of the plnning proess in urkeyF hile there re fuilding gode egultions nd hevelopment vwsD they do not diretly ddress hzrdsF es evident in reent dissE ter eventsD ommunities nnot rely on the government to meet ll of their needs nd provide immedite ssistneF he ommunities must e prepred nd redy to respondF his projet will demonE strte the vlue of disster plnningD enourge the inorportion of mitigtion prtiesD nd inrese ommunities9 pilities to reE spond to hzrdsF es prt of this trnsformtionD existing ndGor lk of legisltion hindering ommunity9s ility to tke pproprite tions will e identi(edF his omponent is ritil to ensure tht the hw re implementleF he projet tem is omprised of foreign nd lol expertsD lol prtitionersD nd niversity rofessorsF he projet produts inludeX IA hw wethodology wnulY PA vegisltion eommendtions eportY ndD QA muniiplityEspei( hws for the six @TA pilot muniiplitiesF
VARIATION OF CYCLIC RESISTANCE WITH THE ANGLE OF BEDDING PLANE IN SANDY SPECIMENS  ID 1530
R. Saarian, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Ghalandarzadeh, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ghahremani, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

pield oservtions from filures due to liqueftion hve shown tht the ehviour of len snds is di'erent from tht of snds ontining (nes @7`USmAF o ount for thisD ll modern odes suggest proedure for the estimtion of liqueftion resistne sed on (nes ontentF roweverD the results of lortory investigtions on the e'et of (nes on the liqueftion resistne of sndy soils re ontrditoryF por exmpleD sshihr @IWWTA nd emini 8 i @PHHHA mong others found tht the liqueftion resistne inreses with inresing (nes ontentD others like ronso 8 erdugo @IWVSA nd id @IWWRA suggested tht the liqueftion resistne dereses with inresing (nes ontentD wheres others like hevnygm @PHHHA nd ng et lF @PHHRA found tht there is n inrese of liqueftion resistne with inresing (nes ontent up to ritil (nes ontent nd derese therefter with further inresing (nes ontentF he purpose of the work presented in the pper is to highlight this pprent disrepnyF o this end undrined trixil monotoni nd yli tests on len snd nd its mixtures with nonEplsti silt t SDIH nd IS 7 ontents were onduted t two densities nd t the men e'etive stresses of SHD IHH nd PHH kF he undrined monotoni tests were performed in order to investigte the e'et of (nes on the gritil tte of soilsF he results of oth the momotoni nd yli tests re nlyzed y mens of the void rtio of the snd skeleton @grnulr void rtioA D egD @eg a @svCyshA G exhAD whih expresses the reltive ontriution of the orse grined frtion on the mixture ehviorF he preliminry results show tht for given grnulr void rtio nd numer of loding yles the yli stress rtio inreses with inresing (nes ontent t the investigted men e'etive stressesF

wost of the experimentl studies on reonstituted speiE mens re performed on smples with horizontl edding plnesF fut generlly in ntureD snd deposits usully hve di'erent edding plne nglesF uh nisotropy is lled s inherent @or initilA nisotropy whih hs een found to e e'etive on the results of lortory testsF his pper investigtes the e'et of edding plne ngle on the yli resistne of sndsF eonstituted speimens were prepred with di'erent edding ngles of PHD RHD TH nd US hegrees nd series of yli trixil tests were performedF st ws tried to form smples with the sme void rtioF st ws found tht y inresing the edding ngle from PH to TH degreesD the yli resistne inresedF heresD when the edding ngle eme US degreesD the yli resistne ws deresedF his implies the importne of edding plne ngle on the undrined yli ehvior of smplesF
THREE-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR FINITEDIFFERENCE ANALYSIS FOR SEISMIC SOILMICROPILE-STRUCTURE INTERACTION: PERFORMANCE OF VERTICAL AND INCLINED MICROPILES GROUPS  ID 1540
H. Alsaleh, University Sciences and Technologies of Lille, France

362

Poster Presentations
I. Shahrour, University Sciences and Technologies of Lille, France

ES 1
STUDY ON DENSE ZONE IN SUBSOIL OF EMBANKMENT AS A COUNTER MEASURE AGAINST EARTHQUAKE  ID 1660
G. P. Chandradhara, SJCE, India S. K. Prasad, SJCE, India K. Revanasiddappa, UBTCE, India

his pper fouses on the ehvior of miropiles group under seismi lodingF e threeEdimensionl (niteEdi'erene nlysis in the time domin is rried out to investigte the e'ets of soil nonlinerity nd sliding t the miropileEsoil interfe on the seismi response of vertil nd inlined miropiles groupF roper oundry onditions re used to simulte rdition e'ets of in(nite hlf speF he in)uene of the miropiles inlintion on their performne hs een studiedF he results show tht the soil nonlinerity nd sliding t the miropilesEsoil interfe 'et signi(ntly the seismi response of vertil nd inlined miropiles groupF he performne of ttered miropiles is strongly onditioned y the groutEtoEground ond pityF ueywordsX oilEmiropilesEstruture intertionD wiropiles foundtionD ertilD snlintionD irthqukeD lstiityD interfeD lidingD uinemtisD inertilD threeEdimensionl wodelingF
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTE  ID 1596
G. V. Ramana, Indian Institute of Technology, India

essessment of lnd(ll seismi response neessittes the vilility of relile dynmi mteril propertiesF huring the pst dedeD geophysil surveys nd omputtionl studies hve een onduted to investigte the seismi response of the yperting sndustriesD snF @yssA lnd(ll in outhern gliforniF sn this pperD survey nd summry of ville reserh results is presentedF sn dditionD set of yss inputEoutput seismi reords during six erthqukes is thoroughly nlysedF petrl nlyses re onduted to shed light on the lnd(ll dynmi response hrteristisF e simple sher em model is found to e useful in modelling the lnd(ll resonnt ehviourF ystem identi(tion tehniques re employed to estimte the lnd(ll sti'ness nd dmping propertiesF hese properties re de(ned y minimising the di'erene etween omputed nd reorded elertion response spetr t the lnd(ll topF he identi(ed sti'ness properties re found to e ner the lower ound of those doumented through geophysil mesurementsF sdenti(ed dmping of out S7 @t resonneA is within the rnge of erlier investigtionsF gomprisons of the omputed nd reorded elertions showX @iA e'etiveness of liner visous sher em model in simulting the lnd(ll dynmi ehviourD for the reorded smll to moderte levels of dynmi exittion @up to HFPT g pek lterl elertionAD nd @iiA potentil of the employed system identi(tion proedure for nlysis of inputEoutput seismi motionsF
ASEISMIC EFFECT OF GROUND IMPROVED WITH ACRYLIC EMULSION  ID 1657
K. Komiya, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan K. Shikata, Hanshin Sokken Co., Ltd., Japan N. Kodama, NIED, Kawasaki Laboratory, Japan

imnkments re the most ommon erth strutures used for rilwysD highwysD nls nd dmsF he filure of emnkments during erthqukes hs een reported during the reent pstF rowever the most lssil filure of erthen emnkments ws oserved during the fhuj erthquke of tnury PTthD PHHI in sndiF elmost ll the erthen dms in the region mounting to over IVS su'ered severe dmge during the erthqukeF his pper fouses on three spets of erthen emnkmentsF pield investigtion ws rried out t four dm sites tht su'ered severe dmge during the fhuj erthqukeF he investigtion inluded (eld reonnissne survey nd (eld tests using wedish sounding tehniqueF he results reveled tht the susoil ws wek in ll the ses nd wek susoil ws the mjor ulprit for seismi filure of emnkmentF wodel tests were rried out using shking tleF he emE nkment model onsisted of PHH mm high emnkmentD with PHH mm top width nd I in IFS side slope with QHH mm thik susoilF ore wter pressure sensors nd elerometers were used to mesure the responseF he emphsis of this pper is to ompre the performne of enhmrk emnkment with those hving dense zone pled inside nd outside the toe of the emnkment s mitigtion mesureF sn order to void the lterl instilityD the dense wll ws on(ned y wrpping geoEtextile ll roundF prom the deformtion pttern nd from the reordingsD it ws inferred tht the dense wll pled inside performed etterF sn order to understnd the mehnism piw nlysis ws rried out using qiyvyiF enlytil results lso reveled tht when the dense wll ws pled inside the toe showed lesser displement when ompred to outside the toe of the emnkmentF he tested ounter mesures were found to redue emnkment settlement nd lterl deformtionsF
A POST-LIQUEFACTION VOID REDISTRIBUTION MECHANISM FOR LAYERED SOILS  ID 1681
S. E. Munachen, Geohazard Research Centre, UK

sf soil ground on the foundtion hs )exiilityD the ground sors erthquke impt to the strutureF eryli emulsion is the hydrophili emulsion whih is generlly mde use of the dhesive of pper lels etFlF st uses ohesive strength nd )exiility y mens of removing the sored wter on ryliEemulsion olloidsF efter desiting dsored wterD ryli emulsion keeps intense its ohesive strength nd )exiility even if wter in(ltrtes into the ryli emulsion one moreF he im of this pper is the development of the ground improvement method using this new mteril @ryli emulsionA nd the estimtion of its seismi e'et of ground improved with ryli emulsion under erthquke imptF vortory investigtion ws onduted to investigte the prmeters tht ontrol the seismi ehviour of improved soil in detilF he e'etiveness of ground improvement to redue the erth pressure pplied to the foundtion under erthquke impt ws investigted y lortory model testsF st ws found tht etter seismi e0ieny n e hieved in ground improved with ryli emulsion thn in ground improved y the existing ground improvement mterilsF

wny nturl nd mnEmde deposits ontin strti(ed snds interposed etween more impervious silt or ly semsF uh situtionsD for exmpleD ound in mrine sediments nd the lmine generted y the hydruli (ll proessF he presene of these lyers n result in postEliqueftion void redistriutionD using lolised diltion nd onentrted sher deformtions tht n ontriute to the instility of slopes or emnkmentsF hile nlytil methods to predit soil response up to the triggering of liqueftion in the free (eld ontinue to e re(nedD there is still gret unertinty onerning the response of soil eyond initil liqueftionF his pperD whih omines the results of dynmi entrifuge model testsD strinEpth ontrolled trixil testsD nd novel oneEdimensionl olumn experimentsD lri(es the mehnisms involved in the propgtion of liqueftion through omplex strt nd the ehviour following liqueftionD in prtiulr its e'ets on ground surfe elertion nd the mode of lterl deformtionF ixperimentl dt suggest tht the sptil vrition of permeE ility in strti(ed deposits n 'et the rte of pore pressure uildEup nd susequent dissiption during nd fter erthquke exittionF he onset of liqueftionEindued densi(tion n result in the formtion of wter interElyers trpped elow overlying lowEpermeility strtD the presene of whih n initite exessive lolised sher deformtionsF he redution in sher strength used y this void rtio inrese nd the susequent derese in e'etive stress t the lyer interfe is not tken into ount y onventionl sliding lok nlyses tht estimte permnent ground displementsF he key onsequene of void redistriution is tht the sher strength nd stressEstrin response of the lique(ed soil re not solely dependent on the preEyli mteril properties nd stteD ut rther n lso re)et the response of the omposite systemF

363

ES 2
THE EFFECTS OF POST-SEISMIC SLOPE STABILITY  ID 1682 SEEPAGE ON

Poster Presentations
H. Ghorbani, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) K. Bargi, Tehran university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) B. Gatmiri, Tehran university, France

S. E. Munachen, Geohazard Research Centre, UK

he tit ssumption mde in the mjority of liquefE tion nlyses is tht no hnge in volume ours prior to the initition of preEfilure instilityF roweverD evidene from geotehE nil se studies nd physil model tests suggest tht grnulr soilsD euse of their high permeilityD undergo lolised diltion even during reltively rief dynmi events suh s erthqukesF he potentil for the development of instility under prtilly drined onditions is therefore of onsiderle prtil importneD prtiulrly when it my hve onsequenes tht re more severe thn those ourring under undrined onditionsF en experimentl investigtion of the e'ets of poreEwter migrE tion on the initition of preEfilure instility in sturted snd is presentedF he domin of stress spe in whih instility develE ops is identi(ed under vrious strinEpthsD nd its reltionship to the zone of instility oserved during undrined sher is exploredF esults demonstrte tht wter ontent redistriution my render snd unstle tht would otherwise stilise t the qusi stedy stte during undrined deformtionD implying tht the presumption of undrined onditions nnot lwys e regrded s onservtiveF husD prtilly drined onditions tht result in even very smll diltive volumetri strins n trigger instility t onstnt sher stress tht would not develop if onditions remined undrined withE out some initil inrese in sher stressF reEfilure instility is 'eted not only y the initil stte of the snd ut lso y the strin inrement rtio imposed during sherF he response is ontrolled minly y the di'erene etween the imposed strin inrement rtio nd the mximum strin inrement rtio otined from drined test onduted under the sme initil e'etive stressesF he implitions of these (ndings re disussed in reltion to prtil prolems involving liqueftionF
INITIATION OF FLOWSLIDES  ID 1683 LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED

yne of the most importnt sujets in itertive solution of (nite element in dynmi nlysis is the stility of pproxE imtion method for pproximtion of veloity nd elertion termsF sf fem method would e omined with emD di0ulty nd omplexity would e gretenedF sn this pperD it is used piwGfiw hyrid method for solution of fully oupled equtions of trnsient seepge nd equilirium equtions in sturted soil s porous mediF elso in pproximtion of (rst nd seond derivtionD xewmrk sheme is usedF st is reserhed wide rnge of xewmrk oe0ient pirs nd lso stility of solution is studiedF rpezoidl method is prtiulr se of xewmrk shemeF ivlutions indite thtD regrdless of trpezoidl method stilityD there re more dequte pir oe0ients thn trpezoidl method oe0ients whih n produe fster nd more unonditionl onvergene thn trpezoidl shemeF his proposed pir of xewmrk oe0ientD inreses speeds of solution e0ientlyF

ASSESSMENT OF GENERATED PORE PRESSURE AND LIQUEFACTION WITH FEM/BEM HYBRID ANALYSIS IN EARTHQUAKE  ID 2043
H. Ghorbani, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) B. Gatmiri, Tehran University, France K. Bargi, Tehran University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn most of mrine strutures tht is onstruted in snd lyerD there is liqueftion potentil nd it is reported frequently dmge in di'erent erthquke y liqueftionF herefore there is gret e'ort to reognize pore pressure growth pttern in porous medi under dynmi loding sn this pper t the (rst stepD it is generted wterEporous medi @seedA intertion9s equtions nd it is disretized y hyrid piwGfiw in time dominF yne of the most importnt prolems in itertive solution of wterEporous medi intertion is low onvergene speed in wter nd it is presented n e0ient tehnique for overoming this prolemF

S. E. Munachen, Geohazard Research Centre, UK

en experimentl investigtion is undertken to evlute the stress onditions required to initite liqueftion nd the in)uene of vrious prmeters on those stress onditionsF he results demonstrte tht snds tht exhiit nonEssoited )ow my eome unstle inside the e'etive stress filure surfeF sf instility is de(ned s ondition for whih the urrent pplied sher stress nnot e sustined for perturtions in the stte of stressD then ontrtive s well s diltive mterils my e onsidered to e unstle in the region where the yield surfe opens up in the outwrd diretion of the hydrostti xisF sn this regionD the soil n deform plstilly under deresing stressesF por undrined ontrtive mterilD the stility is selfEsustining nd unonditionlF roweverD for drined onditions the instility is dependent on the redution in men norml stressF his redution n our s derese in men stress or s n inrese in pore pressure usedD for exmpleD y undrined reepF he )ow potentilD de(ned s the sher stress inrese under undrined onditions required to initite liqueftionD is oserved to inrese with inresing reltive density nd men norml stressD nd to derese drmtilly with inresing initil sher stress levelF he liqueftion of loose snds myD thereforeD e triggered y very smll hnges in stress onditions if the snd is initilly in equiE lirium under high sher stressesD leding to the development of )owslide when the unlned driving stresses exeed the stedy stte strength of the lique(ed soilF he relevne of the insitu stress onditionsD the preloding history nd the kinemti onstrints on the ollpse mode re disussedF
ADEQUATE NEWMARK COEFFICIENTS FOR HYBRID (BEM/FEM) SOLUTION OF POROUS-MEDIA UNDER EARTHQUAKE  ID 2041

UNDERSTANDING THE BEHAVIOR OF GRAVITY RETAINING WALLS UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADING  ID 2060
M. E. Rahhal, Universite Saint Joseph, Lebanon

he seismi response of grvity wlls with ohesionless k(ll is nlyzedF wo seprte ses re onsideredX dry k(ll nd sturted k(llF e rotting lok method is used to lulte the rottionl nd sliding displementsF his method onsiders n nlytil nd itertive pproh to lulte threshold elertions for rottion nd slidingD eyond whih the displement is inititedF hi'erent omputer progrms hve een developedF hese progrms determine the mode of displement of the onsidered grvity wll y ompring the vlues of threshold elertions nd tul seismi elertionsF e omprehensive prmetri study overing the e'et of the wll nd soil prmeters on the vlues of threshold elertions for sliding nd rottion is rried outF he study shows tht hevy or slender wlls re more likely to rotte under seismi lodingF woreoverD reful onsidertion is to e given to the ext lotion point of the dynmi soil pressure long the wll s well s to the frition ngle etween the se of the wll nd the soilF he nlysis highlights the ontriution of the rottionl movement to the inrese in the totl displement of the wllF yn the other hndD in the se of sturted k(llD pore pressure genertion 'ets tremendously the seismi response of the grvity retining wllF snteresting nlysis is undertken y ompring results with dry nd sturted k(llF he e'et of wter on rottionl nd sliding threshold elertions is nlyzedF pinllyD wter proves gin to e of tstrophi onsequenes in the se of seismi lodingF

364

Poster Presentations
ES 2: Dam Engineering
Level-1
DAMS AND SEISMICITY OF TURKEY  ID 83
H. Eyidogan, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

ES 2
NONLINEAR SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RESERVOIR TOWERS  ID 160
W. Daniell, University of Bristol, UK C. Taylor, University of Bristol, UK A. Crewe, University of Bristol, UK R. Sabatino, University of Bristol, UK

here re SSS dms in opertion in urkeyF PIP out of SSS hve een onstruted under the title of lrge dms while QRQ hve een onstruted under the title of smll dmsF IQR hydroeletri power plnts were eing operted y tte ter e'irs nd rivte gompniesF he totl instlled pity nd nnul verge genertion of these hydroeletri power plnts re IPDTQI w nd RSDQPS qhD respetivelyF UH ri re under onstrution or in investment progrm of ountryF urkey lies within the estern wediterrnen prt of the elpineErimlyn orogeni system whih onstitutes one of the most seismilly tive ontinentl regions of the world with long nd well doumented history of erthqukesF UH7 of dms re loted in the (rst nd seond degree erthquke hzrd zones where minimum e'etive pek elertions expeted to e equl or more thn HFR g nd HFQ gD respetivelyF hese vlues re put in fore fter IWWU nd they re lmost HFI g unit igger thn those tht were previously @IWUSA vlid erthquke odesF ynly six lrge dms re equipped with strongEmotion elerogrphsF hespite the high seismi tivity of the ountryD very few strong motion reords were otined from dmsF wonitoring the indued seismiity is pplied for very few lrge dms in urkey nd only two reportsGppers on the indued seismiity of dms re sumitted in the interntionl journls nd meetings up to nowF e long term strtegy must e followed to equip seismilly the irrigtion nd hydroeletri power plnts of urkeyF
AN EFFECTIVE ALGORITHM ON THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF COUPLED DAM-RESERVOIRFOUNDATION SYSTEMS  ID 139
M. Damodar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India S. Vishal, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India K. L. Phani, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India

ulished guidne on the seismi nlysis of reinfored onrete intkeGoutlet towers is limitedD espeilly for their nonliner responseD due to limited knowledge on the nonliner hrteristis of existing nd new towersF roving the integrity of existing towers is n interntionl prolem for dm ownersD nd n industril need exists for rtionlD ostEe'etive nd vlidted method for their ssessmentF he uthors re urrently involved in reserh projetD iming to develop nd vlidte stged proedure for the seismi ssessment of intkeGoutlet towersF he work inludesX heveloping tehnique for lulting momentEurvture diE grms for tower setionsF heveloping omputer progrm for the reltively simple nonEliner nlysis of towersF eviewing tehE niques for nonliner (nite element modelling for detiled nlysis of towersF wonotoni nd yli pushEover tests on sleEmodels of towersD to hrterise their nonEliner ehviour nd quire dt to vlidte the theoryF he pper will desrie the method for the nlysis of ritrry rossEsetions of reinfored onrete towersD whih hs een impleE mented in omputer progrm to produe momentEurvture diE grmsF etions re sujeted to omined ending nd xil lodF enlyses n e onduted for monotoni nd yli lodingF rious onstitutive models re used for on(ned nd unon(ned onreteD nd for the reinforing steelF pilure riteri ounted for inlude onrete rushingD nd ukling nd frture of reinforing steelF heoretil momentEurvture digrms hve een produed for the four physil sleEmodels of towers tht re to e onstruted nd tested s prt of the reserh projetF est dt will e ompred with these to vlidte the theoryF
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION SAFETY OF SHPILJE DAM  ID 169 OF

he )uidEstrutureEsoil intertion hs een the sujet of intensive investigtions in reent yersF st is well known tht the prolem in question n e formulted t di'erent levels of omplexity nd 4ompleteness4 of physil representtivelyF e roust solution proedure to )uidEstrutureEsoil intertion prolem is still hllenging one in omputtionl mthemtisF hiret numeril solution of the omplex equtions governing even the most simpli(ed two dimensionl models of )uidEstrutureEsoil intertion requires tht oth the )ow (eld nd the domin shpe e determined s the prt of the solutionD sine neither of them is known prioriF he present pper dels with the (nite element nlysis of the oupled dmEreservoirEfoundtion systems onsidering )uidEstrutureEsoil intertionF he pressure is onsidered s unknown vrile prmeter in the reservoir dominD ssuming the wter s invisidD irrottionl nd linerly ompressileF he in(nite reservoir hs een trunted y dopting n e0ient truntion oundry ondition for the (nite element solutionF he elsti dm nd its foundtion re nlysed y twoEdimensionl plne strin formultionF he elsti dmD its foundtion nd the reservoir re treted s three seprte systems nd disretized with (nite elementsF he solution of the oupled dmEreservoirEfoundtion system is omplished y ssemling three system equtions into single oneF e roust omputer lgorithm hs een developed to determine the response of the oupled systemF tudies show the ury nd verstility of the developed numeril shemeF he developed lgorithm n redily e used to determine the hydrodynmi pressure in the djent in(nite reservoir s well s the displement nd stress (eld in the dm nd its foundtionF ueywordsX grvity dmY )uidEstrutureEsoil intertionY rdiE tion oundry onditionsY dmEreservoirEfoundtion intertionY oupled system

I. Gjorgjiev, Institute of Earthquake Engineering an Engineering, Macedonia M. Garevski, Institute of Earthquake Engineering an Engineering, Macedonia S. Stamatovska, Institute of Earthquake Engineering an Engineering, Macedonia

en investigtion for evlution of the seismi stility of existing erthE(ll dms in F wedoni hs een rried outF he methodology used for tht purpose involvedX reEevlution of seismi hzrd s well s Ph nd Qh dynmi nlysis of the dmsF eismi hzrd nlyses hve een performed for the formulted mthemtil models of seismi souresD the de(ned reurrene reltions nd the seleted lterntive models of ground motionF he results from the seismi hzrd nlyses re spetr with equl nnul proility of exeedene of HFHID HFHHID HFHHHI nd HFHHHHIF he (nite element pproh with disretiztion of the dm models ws pplied y using twoEdimensionl isoprmetri plne strin (nite elements nd REnode threeEdimensionl tetrhedrl elementsF e Ph dynmi nlysis ws performed onsidering the nonliner ehvior of mterils present in the dm odyF everl possile senrios for dm stility were ounted forX vertil nd horizontl settlement of the dm restD stility of the upstrem nd downstrem slope ginst slidingD propgting tensile stresses in the dms nd risk of rushing of the gllery onrete due to inresed onrete ompressionF he onditionl proility of filure hs een otined for eh seismi levelF he totl proility of filure of eh dm hs een otined s n integrtion of the onditionl proilities of filure nd the seismi hzrd urve for the dm siteF e omprtive elsti nlysis of the struturl response hs een performed onsidering hrteristi time history of ground elertion for the Ph nd Qh dm modelF

365

ES 2
THE DYNAMIC CONTACT MODEL FOR NONLINEAR SEISMIC RESPONSE OF HIGH ARCH DAMS WITH CONTRACTION JOINTS  ID 178
L. Zhao, Hohai University, China T. Li, Hohai University, China Z. Niu, Hohai University, China

Poster Presentations
sn the seismi sfety nlysis of slopesD it is essentil to (nd the ritil slip surfeD the ritil elertion nd the orresponding slip mehnismF st eomes more so when seismi displement pproh is used s in the seismi resistnt design of erth dms nd emnkmentsD whih provide etter riterion for sfety thn lodEsed pprohesF sn order to otin the ritil slip surfe with n eptle stress (eld within the sliding mssD new proedure is reently deE velopedD whih is sed on the limit equilirium method of slope stility nlysis within the pseudoEstti nlysis frmeworkF he proedure uses stress eptility s prerequisite to derive system of nonliner equtions to determine the slip surfe long with the orresponding ritil elertionF sn this pperD further developE ments re ddressedF pirstlyD slip fn pproh is developed to mke the solution of the topmost slie lose to the nkine tive solutionF eondlyD proli stress distriution long the interEslie oundries is ssumedD whih provide etter line of thrustF piE nllyD the methodD whih ws originlly used for seismi nlysisD is explined here how to extend it to stti nlysisF he proedure is extensively vlidted using elsti perfetly plsti wohrEgoulom model through smperil gollege pinite ilement rogrmF he di'erent rigidity prmeters nd the di'erent initil stress (elds re ssumed to hek the independeny of these onditionsF sf fully ssoited ondition is doptedD good greements re hieved etween urrent proedure nd (nite element nlysisD in terms of the ritil elertionD the ritil slip surfe nd the stress distriution long the slip surfeF
EFFECT OF RESERVOIR GEOMETRY AND VERTICAL CONTRACTION JOINTS IN THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF GRAVITY DAMS  ID 242
M. Millan, Princeton University, United States J. Young, Princeton University, United States

e new lgorism for dynmi ontt prolem"wixed piE nite ilement wethodD ws proposed for nonliner dynmi ontt prolems of high rh dms with ontrtion jointsF fsed on the hrteristi of lol nonlinerity for this prolemD the system of fores ting on the onttor ws divided into two prtsX externl fores nd ontt foresF he displement of onttor ws hosen s the si vrile nd the nodl ontt fore in possile ontt region ws hosen s the iterte vrileD so tht the nonliner itertion proess ws only limited in the possile ontt surfeF sn this wyD the sophistited ontt nonlinerity ws shown y the vriety of the ontt foresF woreoverD in the se of multiEjoints ontt prolemD the )exiility mtrix is symmetri nd sprseF hus the itertive proedure eme esily to e rried out nd muh more eonomilF pirstlyD the mehnil model for threeEdimensionl dynmi ontt prolems with frition nd initil gps ws presentedD nd its (nite element ompline equtions were otinedF end thenD the itertion proess ws given in detilF et lstD the opening nd losing of the joints of high rh dm ws nlyzed s n exmple ording to the proposed methodF st is founded tht one the tensile stress exeeds the tensile strength during the erthqukeD the joints will open nd onsequently the tensile stress will e relesedF his is euse lrge rh tensile stresses n not e trnsferred ross the ontrtion jointsD hene rh tensile stresses relesing nd the internl fores redistriuting from the rh tion to ntilever tion will tke pleF uey wordsX hynmi ontt prolemsD high rh dmsD ontrtion jointsD mixed (nite element method
EFFECT OF FOUNDATION MASS AND SHAPE IN 3-D TIME DOMAIN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE ARCH DAMS  ID 205
M. Moradi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Noorzad, Power and Water University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ghaemian, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

J. Prevost, Princeton University, United States

sn ommon nlysis of onrete dms sujeted to dyE nmi lodingD the foundtion is ssumed to e msslessF eent studies show tht foundtion mteril nd rdition dmping exert notiele e'ets on dm dynmi response whih is not onsidered in mssless methodF sn this studyD the (nite element method is employed to simulte dm nd its mssed foundtion in ssoition with dmEreservoir intertionF e diret time domin proedure is used to (nd out the dynmi liner ehvior of the threeEdimensionl reservoirEdmEfoundtion systemF o investigte the e'ets of the shpe nd size of the foundtion on the otined resultsD retngulr nd semispheril foundtions with di'erent rdius re onsideredF prEend oundry of the foundtion is modeled y visous oundry onditionF sn the (nite element modelD reservoir is ssumed to e ompressile nd the oupled prolem is solved y stggered displement methodF emirkir dmD whih is loted in srnD is used for the purpose of investigtion s se studyF he results of the reserh indite tht seismi response of onrete rh dm is redued y onsidering the e'et of foundtion mss with rdition dmpingF he shpe nd the size of the foundtion in mssless model do not 'et the seismi response signi(ntlyF futD mssed foundtion with vrious shpes in model leds to di'erent dynmi responsesF
STATIC AND SEISMIC SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS AND FINITE ELEMENT VALIDATION  ID 217
D. Tan, Imperial College London, UK S. Sarma, Imperial College London, UK

gonventionl seismi nlysis of grvity dms ssumes tht the ehvior of the dmEwterEsoil system n e represented using PEh model sine vertil ontrtion joints llow dm loks to virte independently from eh otherF his PEh model ssumes the reservoir to e in(nite nd of onstnt widthD nd no trnsversl vrition of pressures is expetedF roweverD mny reservoirs hve width di'erent from tht of the dmF por these sesD reent nlytil studies show tht wter pressures hve trnsversl vrition long the upstrem fe of the dm ndD onsequently tht the loks experiene di'erent pressuresF sn this pperD simpli(ed Qh nlytil model nd numeril Qh fiw model in the frequeny domin re used to investigte the in)uene of the reservoir width on the dm responseD nd the reltive displement etween the loksF he results show signi(nt inrese in the seismi response of the dm when the reservoir geometry nd the lok divisions re onsideredF
NONLINEAR NUMERICAL APPROACH FOR LONGITUDINAL DAMS  ID 287
K. Salyamova, Institute of mechanics, Uzbekistan R. Abirov, Institute of mechanics, Uzbekistan

hen solving stility prolems of erth strutures nd underground strutures like dmsD dikesD wter reservoirsD slopesD (llsD hed reD etF there re rise some questions neessry for seismi designF he nlysis of qulittive fetures of their ehviour t externl impt nd quntittive estimtions of their strength y normtive douments @godesA in most ses does not tke into ount the struture y Ph sheme s elsti nd nonliner ontinuF he tehnique of strength nd sustinility nlysis of ground nd underground hydro tehnil strutures tking into ount of physil nd mehnil prmeters of soil properties nd design fetures of upolng hydro eletro sttion is o'ered in this issueF

366

Poster Presentations
STUDY ON THE SEISMIC SAFETY OF AN INTEGRAL ARCH DAM SYSTEM  ID 290
J. Tu, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, China D. Li, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, China H. Chen, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, China

ES 2
llowing for onsidertion of heterogeneous nd isotropi mteril for the erth dmF fy imposing the onsisteny of fores nd displements long the dmEfoundtion interfeD the response of the omined system is evlutedF he e'ets of underlying soil properties s well s dm geometry on seismi response of this type of strutures is exploredF he prolem is formulted in frequeny domin nd it is ssumed tht the erth dm is sujeted to plne hrmoni wvesD vertilly polrized wves nd yleigh surfe wves for whih the displement spetr re presentedF sn dditionD rief disussion on stress distriution within the dm due to seismi exittion is presentedF ueywordsX oilEstruture intertionY foundry element methodY pinite element methodY seismi response
COMPARISON OF STOCHASTIC AND DETERMINISTIC ANALYSES OF KEBAN DAM TO ASYNCHRONOUS SEISMIC EXCITATION  ID 436
M. Akkose, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey S. Adanur, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey A. Bayraktar, Technical University, Turkey A. A. Dumanoglu, chnical University, Turkey

sn this pperD sed on new seismi sfety onept of rh dm orresponding nlytil tehnique using piw hs een developedF sn the numeril modelD dmEreservoirEfoundtion intertion nd nonliner ontt etween ontrtion jointsD dmE foundtion interfe s well s slide surfes in utment wedges re tken into onsidertionF foth dm ody nd ritil utment wedge re treted s n integrl system nd the system sfety re determined y one single sfety riteriD de(ned s the point of in)exion of the reltionship urve etween dm displement nd seismi overloding ftor or sher strength redution ftorF he seismi sfety of n rh dm with design pek ground elertion of HFSSUSg due to seismi overloding nd sher strength redution of the slide surfes in the wedges re given respetivelyF
CONTRIBUTION OF CONTACT ELEMENT IN MORE REALISTIC MODELING OF DAMS  ID 359
V. Mircevska, Institute of Earthquake Engineering, Macedonia

he ontt zone etween two mteril medi of di'erent elstomehni nd sti'ness hrteristis n e modeled y ontt element pled t the ontt etween the fes of two djent (nite elementsF he ontt element provides informtion on the norml stresses ting long the norml nd the tngentil stresses ting in two orthogonl tngentil diretions of the ontt zoneF he ehviour of the ontt element is expressed through the reltive motion of the two ontt surfesD iFeFD motion norml to the ontt surfeD ontt or seprtionD nd motion in the plne of the ontt itselfD iFeFD sliding long the two orthogonl tngentil diretionsF he deformtion hrteristis t the ontt zone re determined from the dopted sti'ness in norml diretion nd the dopted sti'ness in oth tngentil diretions of the onttF ine the ontt element is of nonliner typeD its ehviour is determined y the dopted nonliner onstitutive lws tht desrie its ehviour in norml nd oth tngentil diretionsF sn design of dm struturesD there exist ertin struturl disontinuitiesF hey represent lotions of high onentrtion of stresses nd vulnerility prtiulrly during strong erthqukesF prom these resonsD modern pprohes to mthemtil modeling of dm strutures y pplition of digitl methods involve the so lled ontt elements with their physil hrteristis of trnsferring of fores from one zone to notherF sing the ontt elementsD it is possile to de(ne the di'erentil displements t the ontt etween two mteril medi of di'erent sti'ness hrteristisF hespite thisD it n e pled lso t the oundries of the (nite elementsD modeling more relistilly degree of (xtion in the supportF sn this wy it is possile to eliminte the tensile stresses in the model tht result from unrelisti modeling of the supporting onditionsF
INVESTIGATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF EARTH DAMS USING A COMBINATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD  ID 423
S. Amiri, Tabriz University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Yousefzadh, Tabriz University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) J. Safadoust, Tabriz University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he seismi ground motion hs (nite wve veloity nd it rrives to support points t di'erent times due to the omplex nture of the erth rustF hereforeD the trvelling wve e'et of the seismi ground motion nnot e ignored when onsidering the dynmi response of the lrge struturesF he e'et results from the di'erene in the rrivl times of wves t support points is nmed s the wveEpssge e'et in litertureF sn ddition to the dynmi displementsD qusiEstti displements will tke ple on the struture due to the wveEpssge e'etF hen the ground motion is onsidered to e trveling with (nite wve veloityD the eqution of motionD thereforeD hs to e written in terms of totl displements tht hve qusiEstti nd dynmi omponentsF truturl responses sujeted to dynmi lods n e evluted s deterministi nd stohsti pprohesF por strutures exited y lods with rndom hrteristisD the responses n e predited more relistilly if stohsti pprohes re doptedF sn the deE terministi pprohD reorded elerogrm is used s the input motion t one pointD nd the di'erentil motion etween two points is otined y dely in the rrivl of the seismi wve etween the pointsF sn the stohsti pprohD howeverD power spetrl density funtion for elertion is ssignedF tohsti nd deterministi responses of uen hm to synhronous seismi exittion re ompred in this studyF his dmD whih is loted in ilz%D urkey is rokE(ll dmF he g iE omponent of the irzinn erthqukeD wrh IQD IWWPD irzinnD urkeyD is used s ground motionF sn the stohsti nd deterministi seismi nlyses of the dmD IHHHmGsD PHHHmGsD RHHHmGs nd in(nite veloity re used s erthquke wve veloityF hisplements nd stresses on the dm re otined for the erthquke wve veloities nd ompred with eh otherF
CONSIDERATION OF NON-LINEAR EFFECTS IN SEISMIC RESISTANCE DESIGNS OF CONCRETE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES  ID 502
V. Bronshteyn, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation M. Groshev, Geodynamic Research Center, Russian Federation

sn the present study seismi response of erth dms y pplition of hyrid formultion inluding onsidertion of ontriution of underlying soil is investigtedF e diret oundry element method sed on the numeril disretiztion of generl oundry integrl eqution of liner elstodynmi prolems in trnsformed domin is employed for mthemtil modeling of the soil @foundtionA tht is onsidered s uniform visoelsti hlfEspeF he erth dm is modelled y (nite element method

essessment of stressEstrin stte nd predition of ehvE ior of onrete hydruli strutures t seismi lods is used usully to e mde nowdys within the frmes of linerEelsti nlysisF roweverD the level nd sles of tensile stresses development to e predited in suh nlysis for mny onrete dms operting in the res of high seismi risk re inditive of inevitility of opening the joints in the struturesD nonEliner deforEmtions nd rking of onrete during mximum design erthqukeF ithout onsidertion of the nonEliner e'ets of geometri nd physil type it is impossile to develop orret mthemtil model of onrete dms9 ehvior during erthqukes nd evlute their tul seismi resistneF olution of nonEliner prolems in dynmi formultion is omplited yX the neessity of reliztion of onditions of free wve trnsmission through oundryY unfesile pplition of

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superposition priniple for tking into ount oth stti nd dynmi omponents of the solutionY inorretness of pplition of response spetrum method for determintion of stressEstrin stte of struture nd ssoited mss method for onsiderEtion of the dmEquti environ intertionD etF sn generl se solution of nonEliner dynmi prolem with onsidertion of its peulir fetures my e otined y pplition of lokEontt model for the dmEfoundtion system nd nonEliner model of onrete ehvior for ontting loksF he mentioned pproh hs een relized t vlidtion of seismi resistne of the ynoEhushensky rhEgrvity dmD PRP m highF he prolem ws solved in Qh formultion speifying seismi lod y threeEomponent elerogrm with qe ehIaHFPSgD ehPaHFPQg nd evaHFIVgF sn ontrst to the linerEelsti nlysis whih did not llow for vlidtion of seismi resistne of the dm under giw imptD onsisEtent with the results of nonEliner dynmi nlysisD the seismi resistne of the dm is ensured due to reEdistriution of foresD nonEliner onrete deformtionD dissiption of seismi energyF
SEISMOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS ON HIGH DAM OF KYRGYZSTAN  ID 523
V. Dovgan, Kyrgyz-Rassian Slavic university, Kyrgyzstan

Poster Presentations
of the dm on the depositF sn eh of these two sttesD methods proposed y eed et lF @IWVSA nd tsuk et lF @IWVHA re used to evlute gF winimum stress otined form these two methods re used to lulte the ftor of sfetyF he results show tht ourrene proility of liqueftion in deposit derese fter the onstrution of the dm in omprison with nturl deposit onditionsF xeverthelessD onstrution of dm doesn9t 'et signi(ntly the deposits tht not situted under the dmF
RESPONSE OF KEDDARA DAM TO SPATIALLY VARYING EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION  ID 596
S. Louadj, UMMTO, Algeria R. Bahar, UMMTO, Algeria N. Laouami, CGS, Algeria

he highlnd uyrgyzstnD loted in ienEhnD possesses unique hydropower omplexF he sis of this omplex is mde with sde of oktogul rydroeletri power sttion on the xryn riverF wost powerful of working E oktogulsky E hs onrete grvittionl dm in height of PIS meters nd wter sin in volume IWFS illion ui metersF he dm is t height of WHH m in deep nyon with high level of nturl tetoni stressesF yn modern nd historil seismiity the oktogul distrit is ttriuted to the zone of the possile soures of erthqukes with mgnitude UFSF egulr engineering ! seismometri reserhes were not relized diretly on the dmD only the smll tehnil group rried out nd ontinues to rry out nturl mesurementsF xow the system of seismometri oservtions hs reted on the oktogul hydroeletri power sttionF PU seismometers hve estlished in W points t di'erent levels of the dm nd in the ordsF yne point of oservtions is loted on distne of kilometer from hydrounit nd is siF he system of dt olletion is sumitted y two susystems onneted y telephone lineX one is on the dmD nother is loted in the pitl of repuli E fishkek ity in lortory of the uyrghyz Eussin lvi niversityF he primry tsks of forthoming reserhesX istimtion of ondition of the dm nd slopes on omplex of the seismometri nd nturl supervisions dtY hevelopment of ontrol tool tehnique of nyon slopes stility of oktogul hydrounit t seismi in)uenesY hevelopment of forest methods of the dm onditionsD its sis nd ostl ontiguities t seismi in)uenesF por performne of reserhes is sved lredy up the signi(nt mterilD preliminry results re reeivedF sn performne of work prtiipteX he uyrghyzEussin lvi university @fishkekAY snstitute of geospheres dynmis of the ussin edemy of sienes @ wosowAF
LIQUEFACTION IN FOUNDATION GROUND OF EMBANKMENT DAMS (CASE STUDY: AHAR DAM, AZERBAIJAN, IRAN)  ID 590
E. Ghanbari, Azad Univerist of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Saberi, Water Corp. (Islamic Republic Of ) of East Azarbaijan and Ardabil, Iran

ptil vrition of erthquke ground motion is n imE portnt phenomenon tht nnot e ignored in the design nd sfety of strtegi struturesF he purpose of the present study is to nlyse the seismi response of the ueddr rok (ll dm to vrying erthquke ground motionF e speEtime erthquke ground motion model tht ount for oth ohereny dey nd seismi wve propgtionD is used to speify the support motionsF he soil prmeters re integrting y modelling the oherent omponent with the ommonly used uniEjimi power spetrl densityF he ueddr dmD loted on the foudouou iver in foumerdes region out QS km est of elgiersD ws shken strongly y the wy PID PHHQ foumerdes erthquke @wwaTFVAF ith rest length of RVTm nd IHTm highD the ueddr dm ws seleted sine it hs een well instrumented with elerogrphs during this erthqukeF eelerometers re loted long the restD t the left nd right utments nd t the entreF viner elsti nd equivlent elsti nlysisD using the (nite di'erene omputer progrm pvegSFH indite tht the sptilly vrying ground motion redues the elertion response t the restF sn dditionD seismi lultions re performed ssuming the soilsD onstituting the dmD s wohr goulom mterilsF hmping is ounted for y the hystereti dmping nd smll mount of visous dmping @P7A is used to limit response t very low strin levelsF
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE FACE ROCKFILL DAMS USING NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS  ID 649
Z. Ghannad, Kayson Co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

viqueftion in foundtion ground of n erth dm is mjor onern in stility of emnkment dmsF he (rst step in evluting the liqueftion potentil of soil is determining the sheer stress indued y given erthquke @gAF hen yli resistne rtios @gA tht n use liqueftion in deposit re estimted nd ompred with g in vrious depthsF his sujet is investigted s prt of seismi ssessment of ehr dm in iF ezerijn of srn in two loding sttesF pirstD nturl deposit onditions @without the dmA nd seond in onsidering of the dm weight nd wter up to norml wter level @xFFvFA

pinite element method hs een known s modern method to investigte dynmi ehvior of emnkment dms in high seismiity regionsF sn spite of some dvntges suh s ility to onsider pproprite dm geometryD dm internl zoning nd di'erent onstitutive models ut it9s time onsuming nd ostly method whih its totl ury diretly depends on hrdwreGsoftwre dvnementF yn the other hndD there re some nlytil methods developed sed on simpli(ed theoriesD minly sher slie theoryF his nlytil method n e used esily nd quikly ording to simpli(ed ssumptionsF sn this pper results of numeril nd nlytil nlysis for onrete fe rok(ll dm is presented nd ompredF his is IHRm high dmD one of the two gphs of pumped storge projet whih is loted in high seismiity region of srnF esponse of dm to input ground motion is investigted sed on oth (nite element nd nlytil methods nd the results hve een ompredF he omprison is formed sed on time domin responses suh s rest elertion nd nturl frequeny nlysisF he results show tht the nlytil method is simple nd fst nd hs enough ury for preliminry stges of dm designF
ASSESSMENT OF PERMANENT SEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS ON AN EARTHFILL DAM: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW  ID 796
N. Klimis, ITSAK, Greece A. Anastasiadis, ITSAK, Greece

368

Poster Presentations
K. Makra, ITSAK, Greece

ES 2
STRONG MOTION INSTRUMENTATION OF DAMS A TOOL FOR SEISMIC HAZARD REDUCTION  ID 828
V. Mihailov, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia D. Dojcinovski, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia

he seismi stility of slopes hs een topi of onsidE erle interest in geotehnil engineering for the pst QH yersF huring tht period the stte of prtie hs moved from simple pseudoEstti nlyses to more omplited permnent displement nlysesF roweverD it is known tht postEerthquke servieility is more relted to permnent displements indued y shkingD thn to the ftor of sfetyF xewmrk developed simple proedure for estimtion of permnent slope displements tht develop during seismi shkingD widely used y geotehnil engineers for long timeF he present work is essentilly sed on results of seismi response nlysis of high @IQHmA erth(ll dm with entrl ly oreF qiven tht Ph pi plne strin model hs een dopted for dynmi nlyses of Q di'erent dm ross setions nd tht nonEliner ehvior of dm nd foundtion mterils is modeled vi equivlent liner mterils with hystereti dmpingD there is no possiility to otin oupled permnent displementsF he ssessment of permnent slope displements is pprohed y two deoupled methodologiesX A methodology of wkdisi 8 eed @IWUVA oriented for erth(ll nd rok(ll dms of rther low to medium heightD nd A modi(ed xewmrk oriented methodologyD sed on men elertion time history resulting from potentilly sliding mssF ermnent displements for eh potentil sliding mss re lulted with doule integrtion of the di'erene etween ting nd ritil elertionF he results of oth deoupled methodologies re ompred nd it is onluded tht in some ses permnent displements re similr irrespetive of the methodology usedD ut there re lso other ses where results re severely divergentF gritil evlution of ll results nd onfronttion with results of oupled nlyses of e'etive stresses from interntionl iliogrphyD llow relisti pproh of expeted displements s n upper limit rudely pproximtedF

e high dm is prtiulrly importnt element in seisE mi risk evlution of the wider dm site reD iFeFD in the de(nition of the seismi risk of the re n whih dm is plnned to e onstrutedF e lrge numer of high dms in the world nd in our ountry re loted within high seismiity zones or in zones lose to res whih were 'eted y string erthqukes in the pstF he erthquke phenomenon involves lmost lwys numerous prolems whih nnot e solved extly due to the lk of instruments for reording erthquke intensities nd response of struturesF ithout suh reordD dmge nd ehviour of strutures during strong erthqukes nnot e ompred to the seismi design riteri nor proper deisions onerning rtionl repir nd reonstrution ould e mdeF ht on the ground motion during erthqukes to whih dms re exposed nd ehviour of dms re fundmentl for seismi hzrd evlutionD de(nition of design prmeters nd riteri nd for ll other dynmi investigtions in erthquke engineeringF ithout suh dt ll investigtions nd nlysis tht follow would e sed on ssumptionsF he irregulrity in erthquke ourrene mkes di0ult the possiility to otin immeditely the most useful dtF yne of the possile wys to solve these prolems is to estlish network of greter numer of instruments for reording ground motion nd response of strutures during strong erthqukesF he min ojetive in seismi monitoring of strutures @highErise uildingsD dmsD power plntsD ridges etFA is to filitte response studies tht led to improved understnding of the dynmi ehvior nd potentil for dmge to strutures under seismi lodingF sn this pper ttention will e onentrted on ode requirements for instrumenttion of dmsD experieneD nd results otined from strong motion network in wedoniF
HAZARD MODELS IN THE CENTRAL PART OF ROMANIA FOR DAM'S RATING IN SEISMIC RISK CLASSES  ID 829
I. A. Moldovan, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania E. Popescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT FOR BELI ISKAR DAM  ID 812

G. Varbanov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria M. Kostov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria D. Stefanov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria A. Kaneva, CLSMEE, Bulgaria N. Koleva, CLSMEE, Bulgaria

feli sskr grvity dm is onstruted more thn TH yers goF he struture is situted high in il mountin in seismi tive regionF huring the exploittion period the seismi enviE ronment of the onstrution site hs een ressessed nd the mgnitude of the expeted seismi exittion inresedF hue to the exposure to the severe environmentl onditions the mehnil properties of the onstrutive onretes hve een hnged tooF prom the other hnd the regultions nd odes tht re in fore now di'er onsiderly from those tht hve een in fore during the design nd onstrution of the dmF hue to the gret di'erene etween the initil design onditions nd lods nd the present ode requirements nd mteril mehnil properties n proilisti nlysis ws performed in order to tke into onsidertion ll pity reserves of the strutureF he performed estimtion is sed on the relisti ssessment of the seismi hzrd for the regionD sttistilly de(ned mteril properties nd lodsF he si ides of the methodology for performing roilisti fety enlysis @eA for xuler ower lnts re pplied in the investigtionF o ssess the sttistil hrteristis of strutures ehvior under seismi exittion the vtin ryperue ixperimentl hesign @vrgihA proedure is usedF he most dngerous dm filure senrios re de(ned nd re prioritized ording to the respetive seismi riskF sn the proposed pper is disussed the ssessed of the seismi risk for sEuilt sttus of feli sskr dm s well s fter the implementtion of the upgrding mesuresF fsed on these results the e0ieny of the proposed upgrding is provedF he estimted vlues re ompred with the seismi risk lulted for other similr onrete dmsF

win gol of this pper is rting ll dms from entrl prt of omni into seismi risk lssesF isk lsses n e used to estlish the neessity of detiled ssessment of seismi sfety of the dms nd to estlish the priorities of these evlutionsF wethodology whih is used in this pper o'ers n esy wy to evlute the most vulnerle hydrotehnil filities mong the multitude of the entrlEomnin dmsD tht re 'eted y intermediteEdepth rne erthqukes nd lol rustl erthqukes from pgrsD gmpulungD ini nd rnsylvnin heppressionF he risk is expressed s produt etween hzrd nd vulnerilityF sn prtiulrD seismi risk in the se of hydrotehnil rrngements is omputed s produt etween seismi hzrd @orresponding to the lotion of the respetive hydrotehnil rrngementA nd the seismi vulnerility of the respetive rrngementF rious risk ftors nd weighting points n e used to pproximtely quntify the otl isk ptor @pA of ny dm fureu nd fllentineD PHHPF he p depends on the dm typeD geD sizeD the downstrem risk potentilD nd the dm vulnerilityD whih depends on the seismi hzrd of the siteF he dm struture in)uene is represented y the sum of pityD heightD nd ge risk ftorsF he downstrem hzrd ftor is sed on popultion nd property t riskF he vulnerility rting is funtion of the siteEdependent seismi hzrd nd oserved performne of similr dmsD s de(ned y predited dmge ftorF
EFFECT OF NON-UNIFORM GROUND MOTION ON SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ARCH DAMS  ID 873
A. Jalali, University of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

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A. Zamani, University of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
llowing for pore pressure inreses due to )uid ompressiilityD n led to grossly onservtive outomes in the form of ontinuous slidE ing of the dm downstremF st will e shown tht lolised )uid )ow is n importnt ftorD longside vittionD even though the durtion of seismi loding is reltively shortF nfortuntelyD fully oupledD nonElinerD hydroEmehnil seismi model is mjor omputtionl e'ortD sine the time step is governed y the sti'ness of the pore )uidD whih is n order of mgnitude greter thn the surrounding rok or onreteF e fully oupled model is proly not eonomilly vile for norml dm sfety nlysesD ut my eome so s omputtionl power inresesF elterntive simpli(tions to the distint element modelD whih seem to produe resonle pproximtions to the fully oupled modelD will e disussedD longside severl importnt detiled modelling issuesF
RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKE ACTION AND CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS  ID 1204
J. Snbjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland C. Taylor, University of Bristol, UK B. Stefansson, Landsvirkjun, Iceland R. Sigbjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland

eismi nlyses of most of the strutures typilly use uniformD free (eld ground motion t the foundtion interfe s the seismi input motionF roweverD signi(nt vrition in mplitude nd phse n our long the interfe if its sptil extent is of onsiderle sizeY this is ertinly true for long spn ridges nd lrge dmsF elile nlytil proedures to predit seismi response of onrete rh dms re essentil to design of erthquke resistnt dms or in evluting the seismi sfety of existing dmsF he rigorous seismi sfety evlution of rh dms must onsider e'et of dmEfoundtion rok intertionY dmEwter intertionD nd sptil vritions in ground motionF ixtensive reserh on seismi response of rh dms during lst four dede hs shown importne of ll of those on dm ehviorF he stte of rt in omputing the erthquke response of n rh dm y using sustruture method uses (nite element ideliztion for dm odyD diret oundry element method for determining frequeny dependent impedne mtrix for foundtion region nd (nite element mesh for omplited shpe of the reservoirF niform input motion is onsidered s erthquke loding for dmEfoundtionEwter system@ieghEQhEWTAF sn this reserhD the possiility of inluding nonEuniform input motion t the interfe of dm nd foundtion hs een inorported in the ieghEQhEWTF he response of oim dm nd elertion of the nyon were reorded in xorthridge erthquke y network of ghwq elerometersF he strong motion elerogrms provide unique opportunity to exmine tul ehvior of the dm sujeted to lrge erthquke with nonEuniform inputF enlysis of oim dm is performed for oth uniform nd nonEuniform input motionsF he importnt e'ets of nonEuniform input motionD sometimes leding to derese nd sometimes to n inreseD hs een qunti(ed y ompring rh nd ntilever stresses in oth sesF
ASSESSMENT OF DYNAMIC PERMANENT DEFORMATION OF EARTH DAMS USING NEWMARK AND DECOUPLED METHODS  ID 1054
Y. Jafarian-Marzouni, iran university of science and technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. H. Baziar, iran university of science and technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

hynmi permnent deformtions of eight srnin erth dms hve een ompred using xewmrk sliding lok model nd deoupled methodsF ell of these dms re inhomogeneous in setions nd over THm in heightF heoupled method ws rried out using n equivlent liner method implemented in (nite element nlysisF o implement this tskD severl mjor erthqukes reorded in srn re usedF efterwrdsD xewmrk sliding lok method ws pplied to lulte the permnent deformtion onsidering the e'et of mpli(tion in these dmsF gomprison of the (ndings revels the di'erene etween the results of these two methods depends on the nturl period of dms to men period of ground input motions rtio @sGmAD espeilly when the rtio is pprohing unityF fesidesD the results of deoupled method were ompred to the wkdisi nd eed @IWUVA hrt tht ws otined from deoupled nlyses of those homogeneous emnkments from QH to THm in height using emerin erthquke reordsF
INFLUENCE OF DYNAMIC PORE PRESSURES ON THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF GRAVITY DAMS  ID 1075
T. Lazaridis, University of Bristol, UK C. Taylor, University of Bristol, UK

sn PHHQ the onstrution of the urhnjkr rydroeleE tri rojet ws initited in estern selndF e key omponent of the projet is the PIHH million mQ rlsln reservoirD reted y onstrution of three dmsF he lrgest dm is the urhnjkr hmD PHH m high onrete fe rok(ll dm with volume of VFS million mQF he uxiliry dms re PS nd TH m high morine ore dms founded on soft soils nd rokD respetivelyF sn terms of tetoni tivityD the re ws onsidered to e est of the xorthern xeovolni one in selnd nd generlly ssessed s n re of low seismiityF he exvtion of the foundtion for the min dm in the spring of PHHR reveled more extensive fulting thn expeted in the plinth of the dmD nd further studies of the re reveled dditionl fultsD some of whih hd slipped during roloeneF sn response to these (ndingsD the erthquke hzrd in the rlsln ere ws reviewed with speil emphsis on nerE(eld events orresponding to this dditionl informtion on fults nd the generl geology of the reF purthermoreD n explortory study ws initited to investigte qusiEstti rustl movements indued y reservoir impounding nd primrily driven y hnges in pore pressure in underlying rokF he nlysis onsidered simpli(ed PEh rossEsetion ross the vlley system djent toD nd slightly upstrem ofD the two min dmsF he distint element method ws pplied in the modelling the rok fult systemsF he results from the numeril study of the ehviour of this system during impounding of the reservoir re presentedF purtherD the ssoitions etween reservoir impoundingD pore pressuresD reservoir indued seismiity nd fult displements re studied nd disussedF he ojetive is to provide redile ssessment regrding the overll fult displements indued y the reservoir impoundingF
MODAL IDENTIFICATION OF LARGE CONCRETE DAMS USING RANDOM-DECREMENT TECHNIQUES  ID 1494
P. Mendes, ISEL, Portugal S. Oliveira, LNEC, Portugal

e key feture of the seismi performne of onrete grvity dmsD out whih there is onsiderle unertintyD is the hydroEmehnil ehviour of pore )uid in jointed rok foundtionF his pper will explore this phenomenon using distint element nlysis pproh tht expliitly models the presene nd dynmi )ow of pore wter in vriety of grvity dmEfoundtion senrios under seismi lodingF he pper will demonstrte tht negleting )uid )owD nd only

sn lrge onrete dms the mient virtions n e used for the modl identi(tion of the dynmi struturl hrteristisF roweverD the high sti'ness of these strutures implies low mplitude mesurements wht requires the use of pproprited methodologies in order to enhne the rel struturl ehviour from the olleted dtF he use of rndom derement tehniques to (lter the olleted dt n e useful s pre proessing tretment in order to mke resonle modl identi(tion using the usul tehniquesD s pek piking @A or frequeny domin deomposition @phhAF his work presents the pplition of these tehniques for modl identi(tion using some results of dynmi mesurements rried out t gril dmD the highest ortuguese rh dmD under opertionl onditionsF

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PRACTICAL ISSUES IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS UNDER SEISMIC LOADS  ID 1586
A. R. Manafpour, Halcrow Group Limited, UK A. C. Morison, Halcrow Group Limited, UK S. C. Gallocher, Halcrow Group Limited, UK

ES 3a

ES 3a: Structural Engineering - Analysis

Level-1
THE DUCTILITY DEMAND AND NONLINEAR TORSIONAL RESPONSE OF SYMMETRIC PLAN STRUCTURES WITH INFILL WALLS  ID 6
D. Guney, I.T.U., Turkey H. Boduroglu, I.T.U., Turkey E. Aydin, I.T.U., Turkey

hespite the existene of long estlished methods for the design of grvity dms under stti lodsD prtil (nite element modelling nd the pplition of seismi design riteri using urrent guidelines remins hllenging exeriseF he explosive growth of numeril pilities during the pst dede hs mde it possile to onsider more omplex nlysis pE prohes during the design proessF rowever this step hnge hs introdued new set of design issues for engineersD prtly due to diE versity of ville methods ut lrgely due to the plethor of input nd output prmeters required nd generted during eh nlysisF he onsequene of this is onsiderle time nd resoure needing to e spent to hieve on(dene in the resultsF sn this pper some theoretil issues in seismi nlysis of grvE ity dms re reviewed with the min fous on the de(nition of n eptle struturl model tht n dequtely pture the min dynmi hrteristis of the system nd mke resonle repreE senttion for )uidEdmEfoundtion systemF e prtil pplition is onsidered using grvity dm exmple nd two di'erent softwre pkgesY hsexe nd ieqhEvshiF ih softwre hs its own nE lytil pproh nd inherent ssumptionsF rious time history nlyses re rried out to ddress the e'et of issues suh s wE ter ompressiilityD reservoir oundriesD element typesD foundtion sti'ness nd inerti intertionD nd di'erenes etween horizontl nd vertil ground motionsF he results of the omprtive study re presented in terms of pek displement response s well s time history of rest displementsF st ws shown tht under onsiderle seismi fores it is neessry to ount for more rigorous representtion of dmEfoundtion intertion nd oundry onditionsF snitil onsidertion with regrd to speifying importnt nlysis pE rmeters is n essentil step in seleting pproprite nlysis pprohD ssumptions nd softwreD whih will eventully result in onsiderle svings in time nd resouresF
SEISMIC ANALYSES OF GRAVITY DAMS IN NARROW VALLEYS: RUDBAR-LORESTAN RCC DAM  ID 1590
A. R. Manafpour, Halcrow Group Limited, UK Y. Y. Chen, Halcrow Group Limited, Ukraine A. C. Morison, Halcrow Group Limited, UK S. C. Gallocher, Halcrow Group Limited, UK

hisrepnies etween with in(ll wlls nd without in(ll wlls of the struturl )oor sti'ness imply tht uilding nominlly symmetri pln is tully symmetri to some unknown degree nd will undergo torsionl virtion when sujeted to purely trnsltionl ground motionF sn this studyD the ehvior of torsionl erthquke response of symmetri struture ws investigtedF qenerlly during the design proedureD the sti'ness distriution of the in(ll wlls of strutures is not onsideredF hese in(ll wlls hve n initil sti'ness whih use torsionl responses even the struture is symmetriF sf the struture is symmetriD these wlls hnge torsionl response of struturesF his pper shows tht for generlized symmetri pln uildingsD the redution of in the uilding strength resulting nonliner torsion n e otinedF sn order to investigte this e'etD di'erent types of strutures re modeled with di'erent struturl pln omintionF he nonliner ehvior of oth in(ll wlls nd struture ssumed s iliner foreE displement reltionF irthquke reords were pplied to oth symmetri nd symmetri strutures then the nonliner response hrteristis of the strutures were lulted in time history dominF sn order to lulte nonliner response of struturesD n lgorithm of progrm ws written for wthemtiF he sis of lgorithm ws using tte pe wethod in order to lulte dynmi response hrteristis of strutures under erthquke motionsF he response results were ompredF eording to these resultsD the e'ets of in(ll wlls to the nonliner torsionl response of struture nd symmetri sti'ness distriution were interpreted
THE NONLINEAR TORSIONAL RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES UNDER EARTHQUAKE EFFECT WITH ROTATIONAL COMPONENT  ID 7
D. Guney, I.T.U., Turkey H. Boduroglu, I.T.U., Turkey E. Aydin, I.T.U., Turkey

qrvity dms re uilt s independent monoliths sepE rted y vertil ontrtion jointsF por reltively long nd stright dms the nlytil ehviour my e idelised s two dimensionl models of dmEwterEfoundtion systemF snherent strength nd sti'ness of these dms in ross vlley diretion is onsidered to e signi(nt so tht it is not neessry to onsider the seismi performne under erthquke ting in tht diretionF rowever for grvity dms within nrrow vlleys threeEdimensionl ehviour should lso e onsidered using Qh modelsF sn this pper the seismi design issues for grvity dms in nrrow vlleys re reviewed with referene to those onsidered in ISVm high udrEvorestn gg dm in srnF he dm hs length to height rtio of etween HFS nd I t the se nd rest levelD respetivelyF he utments t two sides of the vlley hve steep slope of out IXSF wo nd threeEdimensionl nlyses hve een rried out to provide n understnding of struturl ehviour of the dmEwterEfoundtion system under stti s well s extreme seismi lodsF Qh nlyses ount for nonliner ehviour of ontrtion joints during the seismi eventF win spei(tions of the models re disussed nd some nlysis results re reportedF st is shown tht some omplexities my rise during dynmi nlysis for those loks positioned on steep slopesF

hisrepnies etween with in(ll wlls nd without in(ll wlls of the struturl )oor sti'ness imply tht uilding nominlly symmetri pln is tully symmetri to some unknown degree nd will undergo torsionl virtion when sujeted to purely trnsltionl ground motionF sn this studyD the ehvior of torsionl erthquke response of symmetri struture ws investigtedF he in(ll wlls whih hve n initil sti'ness whih use torsionl responses even the struture is symmetriF sf the struture is symmetriD these wlls hnge torsionl response of struturesF his pper shows tht for generlized symmetri pln uildingsD the redution of in the uilding strength resulting nonliner torsion n e otinedF sn order to investigte this e'etD di'erent types of strutures re modeled with di'erent struturl pln omintionF he nonliner ehvior of oth in(ll wlls nd struture ssumed s iliner foreEdisplement reltionF irthquke reords re generlly pplied to strutures long longitudinl diretionF rowever n erthquke hs six di'erent omponentsF hree of them re longitudinlD others re torsionlF sf the struture foundtion is sti'D these omponents n e tkes s two longitudinl nd one rottionlF his rottionl omponent n not e mesured just n e lultedF sn order to lulte this e'etD two prllel elertion reords re neededF hese erthquke omponents re pplied to oth symmetri nd symmetri strutures then the nonliner response hrteristis of the strutures were lulted in time history dominF sn order to lulte nonliner

371

ES 3a
response of struturesD n lgorithm of progrm ws written for wthemtiF he sis of lgorithm ws using tte pe wethod in order to lulte dynmi response hrteristis of strutures under erthquke motionsF he response results were ompredF eording to these resultsD the e'ets of in(ll wlls to the nonliner torsionl response of struture nd symmetri sti'ness distriution were interpretedF
DETECTION OF THE ECCENTRICITY VARIATION IN NONLINEAR RESPONSE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS  ID 39
N. Bourahla, University of Blida, Algeria T. Boukhemacha, University of Blida, Algeria S. Tafraout, University of Blida, Algeria

Poster Presentations
lose to inelsti timeEhistory nlysisF he results showed tht response modi(tion ftor for uildings introdued y srnin ode must e modi(ed sed on site spei(tion s well s type of dutility rtio tht hs een expeted from the seismi ehvior of uildingsF
RESPONSE OF BASE-ISOLATED BUILDINGS CORPORATING FLUID VISCOUS DEVICES NEAR-FAULT EARTHQUAKES  ID 50
S. Sorace, University of Udine, Italy G. Terenzi, University of Florence, Italy

INTO

sn seismi designD the eentriity is onsidered s onE stnt prmeterF roweverD during the seismi exittion uneven yielding of the lterl resisting elements my our euse of unforeseen di'erenes nd unertinties in the resistne limit of some of the elements or euse of non uniform geometri distriution of the elements in nonEsymmetri strutureF his n provoke trnsitory vrition of the eentriity level whih my led to unpredited torsionl ouplingF hereforeD nominlly symmetri strutures my ehve like n eentri struture under severe erthquke lodingF his e'et is ounted for within the ontext of identl eentriity using onstnt perentge of the uilding dimension perpendiulr to the diretion of exittion regrdless of the type of the lterl resisting systemF sn previous work this issue hs een ddressed using glol pproh sed on neurl networks to evlute the eentriity from liner displement responsesF he method hs een suessfully pplied to extrt eentriity prmeter from mient virtion reordsF sn this pperD the method is extended to evlute the eentriity levelD from only output dt in the time dominD when the struture undergoes lrge nonliner deformtionF o this endD displement responses of simple struturl models re otined from nonliner dynmi nlysis nd used to onstitute dtse to trin nd test kpropgtion neurl networkF e wveletsEsed tehnique ws used to orroorte the results otined y the neurl networkF sn prtie this tehnique n e used to investigte the ehviour of instrumented uildings sujeted to rel erthqukes in order to ssess the e'et of the vrition of the eentriity during severe ground motionF
ESTIMATING SEISMIC DEMANDS OF BUILDINGS IN IRAN USING ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS  ID 44
A. Shooshtari, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran (Islamic

ilione )uid visous devies n e e'etively inorpoE rted in the seEisoltion systems of uilding strutures to provide n optiml pssive ontrol of their seismi responseF his omined seEisoltionGsupplementl dmping tehnology hs een for mny yers the topi of reserh studies of the uthorsD lso developed within igEfunded interntionl eserh rojetsF he experiE mentl hrteristionD nlytil nd omputtionl modellingD formultion of design proeduresD nd prtil implementtion of this protetive system in tul uildingsD were prtiulrly developed within these studiesF ome investigtions on the e'ets of nerEfult erthqukes were lso rried outD ut without rehing yet onlusive resultsF sn the pper tht will e sumitted for the presenttion to the igii gonfereneD omprehensive new nlysis of these e'ets is o'eredF his nlysis will e rtiulted on the following stepsX A evlution of the spetrl response of hyp systems inorporting the onsidered tehnology to the two min nerEfult ground motion models proposed in the litertureD iFeFD the 4yloydl4 pulses nd the 4forwrdEndEk4 pulses generted from lindEthrust fult simultionsY A omprison of the otined spetr with the orresponding urves derived from iuroode VEgenerted rti(il elerogrms nd rel seismi reordsY A pplition of the most ritil nerEfult signls highlighted y the spetrl nlysis to the struturl models of two tul se studiesD represented y two stlin uildings proteted y the onsidered tehology @the (rst of whih lredy designedD nd the seond one urrently in the preliminry design stgeAY dA (nl evlution of the nerEfult erthquke e'ets sed on the results of the nonEliner dynmi nlyses rried out t point AF
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FIXING THE STEEL PLATE WITH BRACES ON BEHAVIOR OF RETROFITTED RC BEAMS  ID 52
G. Arslan, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey F. Sevuk, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey I. Ekiz, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

Republic Of ) H. Sabaghian, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ivery yer severl erthqukes our in srnF nfortuE ntely some of them use mjor dmges to infrstrutures nd uildings s well s mny sultiesF sn order to design erthquke resistnt uildings in srnD seismi demnds must e estimtedF sn this pperD sed on srnin odes for design of onrete strutures nd for erthquke resistnt uildings severl hve een designedF hese uildings hve een nlyzed using the new pproh of modl inelsti stti nlysis @doptive pushover nlysisA to predit their seismi ehviorsF ushover nlysis hs een gining signi(neD s toolD for ssessment nd design veri(tionF rowever it hs een shown y mny reserhers tht despite of its e0ieny nd ppliilityD it lso exhiits signi(nt limittionF por exmpleD the deformtion estimted n e highly inurteD if higher mode e'ets re importntF sn this studyD new enhned pushover methodologyD whih tries to mitigte some of the inherent limittions of usul pushover proeduresD is usedF he suggested pproh onsiders the urrent sti'ness stte nd modl properties of the struture t vrious levels of inelstiity to updte the lterl lod distriution long the heightF edditionlly siteEspei( spetr n e tken into ount for the sling of the foresF st is shown tht the new pproh yields nonliner stti nlysis results very

elmost ll reserhers studying in this (eld gree on the signi(nt ontriution of using epoxyEonded ontinuous horizonE tl steel pltes on lod rrying pity of reinfored onrete @gA ems with retngulr rossEsetionF roweverD there is not enough dt ville on the e'et of sEshpe jket t the end of )exurl steel pltes @(xing the steel plte with resA nd there is no onsensus on the ontriution sEshpe jket to this type of ems within the limited ville dtF sn this studyY the use of end nhorge tehnique suh s sEshpe jket is investigted nd hving the di'erent distne of (xing the steel plte with res from midEspn re evlutedF sing the nlytil model hrukerErgerD whih re proven y the experimentl studies nd hnging the distne of (xing the steel plte with res from midEspnD nlytil solutions re providedY then the lodEde)etion urves re ompred nd some omments re mde onF
GENERALISED SEISMIC-INDUCED STRUCTURAL DAMAGE PREDICTION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS  ID 54
O. De Lautour, University of Auckland, New Zealand P. Omenzetter, University of Auckland, New Zealand

he ility to ssess the vulnerility of ivil infrstruE

372

Poster Presentations
ture to erthqukeEindued dmge is undoutedly one of the most importnt hllenges fed y struturl engineersF gontemporry methods of estimting the extent of seismi indued dmge inlude nonliner (nite element nlysis nd the use of seismi vulnerility urvesF foth these methods howeverD re limited to prediting dmge to ertin predetermined struture or lss of strutures hrterized y smll numer of prmetersF es suhD they re unle to generlise dmge informtion to wider rnge of other struturesD eFgF with di'erent numer of stories ndGor ys or di'erent ground motionsF his study presents generlised method of struturl dmge predition utilizing erti(il xeurl xetworks @exxsAF exxs re used to relte set of input vrilesD desriing oth the struture nd the ground motionD to dmge index desriing the extent of dmge in the strutureF epplied to non liner omputer models of simple Ph reinfored onrete frme uildingsD the exx ws ple of urtely prediting dmge to frmes vrying in strengthD sti'E nessD dmping nd geometry whilst sujeted to rnge of ground motions with di'erent pek elertionsD veloitiesD displements nd spetrum intensitiesF his generlised pproh provides mjor development over ontemporry methods nd gives good lne etween ury nd time e0ienyF purther developmentD into more relisti struturesD eFgF onsidering Qh e'etsD would provide useful tool for nturl hzrd mpping nd emergeny response plnningF
EVALUATION OF NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATING OF TARGET DISPLACEMENT  ID 64
A. Keyvani, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 3a
he nonliner stti proedure or pushover nlysis is simple option for estimting the strength pity of reinfored onrete uilding in the postEelsti rngeF his proedure involves pplying prede(ned lterl lod ptternD whih is distriuted long the uilding heightF he lterl fores re then monotonilly inresed in onstnt proportion with displement ontrol t the ontrol node of the uilding until ertin level of deformtion is rehedF sn seismi nlysis of uildings it is ommon to ssume tht the )oors re rigid in their own plneF iven thoughD this ssumption is good for most of the uildingsD there re situtions where diE phrgm )exiility is signi(ntF his inEplne )oor )exiility is signi(nt prtiulrly for long nrrow uildings nd uildings with sti' end wllsF he )oor diphrgm )exiility n lter the dynmi properties of uilding from tht otined using rigid diphrgms ideliztion nd will oviously 'et the lterl lod distriution long the height of the uildingD nd lso in)uenes the lterl lod distriution mong vrious vertil memersD iFeFD frmes nd wllsF roweverD the pushover nlysis of suh uildings hs not een ddressed in the litertureF sn this pperD stepEyEstep proedure for pushover nlysis of reinfored onrete uildings with )exile )oor diphrgm hs een presentedF he prime fous of this pper is to investigte the di'erene in the results of pushover nlysis sed on the rigid )oor ideliztion nd )exile )oor ideliztion of smple uilding with )exile )oor for three di'erent lterl lod ptternsF esults indite tht the frme displements hve een redued for )exile )oor diphrgm ideliztion s ompred to those for rigid )oor diphrgm ideliztionF e onsiderle hnge in pro(le of olumn moments is oserved for )exile )oor diphrgm ideliztionF
LOADING DISCONTINUITY AND ITS REMEDY FOR STEP-BY-STEP SOLUTION OF SHOCK RESPONSE  ID 80
S. Y. Chang, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan

xonliner stti nlysis is one of nlyze in quideline for the eismi ehilittion of ixisting fuildings whih uses hisplement goe0ient wethod for to lulte mximum displement in roof of strutureF sn this proedureD mximum displement lulted y e'etive period of strutureD response spetrum of erthquke nd lso oe0ients tht proposed in this quidelineF sn this pperD we evlute the e0ieny of this proedure for to estimte vlue of mximum displement in roof of uildings with speil steel moment frmesF por this studyD severl uildings with speil steel moment resisting frmes hve een modeled in erformQdF xonliner dynmi proedure hs een used for nlysisF esults show tht mximum displement tht estimted y the hisplement goe0ient wethod re more thn mximum displement tht lulted y nonliner dynmi nlysisF
EVALUATION OF THE CONTROLLING OF INTERSTORY DISPLACEMENT IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF VULNERABILITY  ID 65
A. Keyvani, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

peil steel moment frmes re one of the lterl resisting systems tht proposed in srnin eismi tndrd @exheh xyFPVHHAF hese systems hve high dutility nd will use high displement in their storiesF hereforeD displement of stories 'ets on the design of these systemsF sn this pperD we ssess e'et of the ontrolling of displement on vulnerility of uildings with speil steel moment frme systemF por this ssessmentD we designed severl speil steel moment resisting frmes under the exheh xyFPVHH requirementsF o e onludedD the vulnerility of these frmes hs een ontrolled y quideline for the eismi ehilittion of ixisting fuildingsF esults of the study show tht ontrolling of displement improves vulnerility of the olumns in inside yF
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS WITH FLEXIBLE FLOOR DIAPHRAGM  ID 75
S. K. Deb, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India V. K. Geddam, TCE, India

st hs een nlytilly veri(ed tht the disontinuity t the end of n impulse might led to numeril inury sine it will result in n extr impulse nd thus n extr displement in the time history nlysisF epprentlyD this di0ulty n e overome y using very smll time step to redue the extr impulse nd hene extr displement so tht n urte solution n e hievedF roweverD the omputtionl e'orts involved might e signi(ntly inresed sine this smll time step is performed for omplete stepEyEstep integrtion proedureF o e'etively overome this di0ultyD n pproh is proposed to redue the extr impulse nd hene the extr displementF sn ftD the proposed pproh is to perform very smll time step immeditely upon the termintion of pplied impulse sine the extr impulse introdued y the disontinuity is proportionl to the disontinuity vlue t the end of the impulse nd the size of integrtion time stepF he fesiility of this pproh is nlytilly provedF purthermoreD numeril exmples re used to on(rm the nlytil resultsF
3D FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF TOP AND SEAT ANGLE  ID 116
F. Danesh, K.N.Toosi University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Pirmoz, K.N.Toosi University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn this study the momentErottion ehvior of olted top nd set ngle with doule we ngle onnetions under monotoni loding re studiedF everl Qh prmetri (nite element models re presented where the geometril nd mehnil properties of onnetions re s prmeterF he e'et of ll omponent intertionsD suh s slippge of oltsD olts pretension nd frition oe0ientD ontt surfe lgorithm etween ll djent surfes is inluded in this reserhF o on(rm the moment ! rottion reltionshipD numeril results re ompred with test results using di'erent dt nd properties of experimentl works tht hs een done y reserhersF sn ddition the results re ompred with mthemtil formultion suggested y mny reserhersF he results of numeril modeling hve good greement with test resultsF

373

ES 3a
he study is further extended with investigting the e'et of this )exile onnetion on glol ehviour of moment resisting frmeF por this purposeD the moment resisting frme using this type of onnetion insted of rigid onnetion ws designedF sn this frme ll onnetions re modeled s joint elements with momentErottion reltionship tht re derived from numeril resultsF o onsider the dynmi ehviour of this type of strutureD three erthquke exittions were seleted nd the designed frme ws sujeted to these reordsF he glol ehvior of this frme is ompred to tht ehvior of speil moment resisting frmeF sn this omprison the pity nd glol dutility of these two types of strutures re presented nd disussedF uey wordsX emiErigid onnetionY folted onnetionY moment resisting frmeY numeril modelingF
RETROFITTING AND STRENGTHENING QUALITY EVALUATION FROM RIGIDITY VARIATIONS OF A DAMAGED BUILDING  ID 121
M. N. Farsi, CGS, Algeria J. L. Chatelain, IRD, France B. Guillier, IRD, France S. A. Zermout, CGS, Algeria B. Ozturk, Nigde University, Turkey

Poster Presentations
independent di'erentil equtions onvenient for omputtionF st is generlly onsidered tht in regulr uilding strutures tht hve uniform mss nd sti'ness distriutionD only few lower order modes re su0ient to evlute the totl response with resonle uryF gonsequentlyD the higher modes n e truntedF he premise of the seismi design methodology in typil uilding ode is sed on the onsidertion of single modeF he modl nlysis proedure for lulting the dynmi response of visously dmped liner dynmi systems with lssil dmping is reformulted with the ojetive of providing useful physil interprettion of mode truntionF st is oserved tht even in regulr uildings the truntion of modes n led to the over estimtion or under estimtion of responseF o illustrte thisD numeril results re presented for (ve storey uilding frmeF
INVESTIGATION OF THE CONCEPT OF GROUND VELOCITY INCREMENT, DV AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE NONLINEAR DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE OF SDOF SYSTEMS  ID 143

he rigidity of sixEstory sher wll uildingD dmged y the wy PID PHHQ foumerdes @elgeriA erthquke is evluted efore the eventD in its dmged stteD nd fter retro(ttingD using the estimtion of the frequeny nd dmping ftor of the strutureF he preEevent prmeters re estimted through numeril nlysisD sed on the struture drwingsD together with miroEtremor investigtion of n identil nonEdmged uilding loted on the sme siteF he dmged nd retro(tted prmeters hve een otined using miroEtremor reordings on the studied uildingF he vrition of the frequeny nd dmping ftor during the three stges the uilding went through llows to evlute its rigidity hngesD nd therefore to ontrol the qulity of retro(tting nd strengtheningF uey wordsX retro(ttingD strengtheningD frequenyD dmpingD foumerdes
A CRITIQUE OF VARIOUS MISSING MASS CORRECTION METHODS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES  ID 134
D. Meera Kaviyad, Royal Bhutan Institute of Technology, Bhutan P. R. Bose, Delhi College Engineering, India

he min interest of this study is the investigtion of the ground veloity inrementD h onept nd the de(nition of how it hrterizes the nonliner displement response of singleEdegreeEofEfreedom @hypA systemsF eordinglyY the reltionship etween the ground veloity inrementD h nd the mximum nonliner displement response re investigtedF yn the sis of the erlier works of estergrd @IWQQA nd xewmrk @IWUSAY new methodology is developed in order to estimte the nonliner displement of singleEdegreeEofEfreedom @hypA system onsidering the e'ets of impulsive loding on the systemF egrding the e'ets of the ground veloity inrementD h the mximum nonliner displement responseD hm is evlutedF
INVESTIGATION OF FRAME AND SHEAR WALLS INTERACTION ON THE FLEXIBLE FOUNDATION  ID 147
S. Nayeri, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Davaran, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Kashe, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he truntion of higher modes leds to the missing mss e'et in the seismi nlysis of strutures y modl synthesis methodF rious tehniques hve een developed to tke the e'et of the missing mss ontined in the unlulted higher modes into ountF his pper disusses vrious missing mss orretion methodsD vizD tti gorretion methodD mode elertion method nd residul mode method in detilF he methods re ompred with the help of simple exmples y evluting the dynmi response of the system for il gentro @IWRPA ground elertionF he residul mode method is found to e superior to other methods for the seismi nlysis of strutures using response spetrum methodF
EFFECT OF MODE TRUNCATION IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS: PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION  ID 135
D. Meera Kaviyad, Royal Bhutan Institute of Technology, Bhutan P. R. Bose, Dehli College of Engineering, India A. Verma, Dehli College of Engineering, India

her wlls re used s n e0ient struturl system for resisting ginst externl lterl lods suh s wind nd erthquke lodsF egrding to this ft tht the pervious studies in the ehvior of sher wll system were performed without onsidering the e'et of foundtion nd intertion etween soil nd strutureF o it seems neessry to ondut some reserh in the evlution of intertion etween frme nd sher wll on the )exile foundtionD onsidering the e'et of soilEstruture intertionF e nonEliner stti nd dynmi modeling of frmeE sher wll system rested on )exile foundtion is onduted whih is ompE nied with the modeling of soil y inkler s springs under foundE tionF he dynmi ehvior of sher wll system is ssessedF he results otined show tht depending on types of soil under )exile foundtionD the vlues of displements re higher thn displeE ments when the )exiility of foundtion is ignored nd the e'et of intertion etween frme nd sher wll is deresedF elso the internl fores t the se of sher wlls di'er signi(ntly etween two sesF ueywordsX xonEliner hynmi enlysisY her wllsY plexile foundtionY oilEtruture
EFFECTIVE LENGTH COLUMNS  ID 175 OF IRREGULAR FRAME

wodl nlysis or mode super position method hs eE ome stndrd toolD for lulting the dynmi response of visously dmped liner dynmi systems with lssil dmpingF he method is widely usedD unouples set of x seond degree di'erentil equtions governing the dynmi ehvior of x degree of freedom systemsF olution eomes tht of olletion of x

G. Ozmen, Istanbul Tecnical University, Turkey K. Girgin, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey E. Orakdogen, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

hetermintion of e'etive lengths of frme olumns is one of the signi(nt phses of erthqukeEresistnt design of the struturesF heoretillyD the e'etive length of n individul

374

Poster Presentations
olumn is determined y lulting the systemEukling lod of the frmeF ine full system instility nlysisD my e quite involved for frmes met in prtil pplitionsD the soElled ssolted sussemly pproh hs een developedF sn severl design odes nd spei(tionsD simpli(ed formule nd digrms sed on this pproh re given for determining the e'etive lengths of frme olumnsF st is shown tht these formule my yield rther erroneous results espeilly for irregulr frmes ieF frmes with em disontinuityF his is due to the ft thtD the ode formule utilise only lol sti'ness distriutionsF sn this pperD simple proedure for determining pproximte vlues for the ukling lods of oth regulr nd irregulr frmes is developedF he proedure utilises lterl lod nlyses of frmes nd yields errors in the order of S7D whih my e onsidered suitle for design purposesF he e'etive length vlues re not strongly dependent on the hoie of lterl lodingF reneD ny existing lterl loding on the frme under onsidertion my e used without losing signi(nt mount of uryF he proposed proedure is pplied to severl irregulr exmples nd it is shown tht ll the errors re in the eptle rnge nd lmost ll of them re on the sfe sideF
SEISMIC CAPACITY OF COLUMNS USING NONLINEAR STATIC PUSHOVER ANALYSIS.  ID 208
A. Chainani, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, India

ES 3a
the timeEdomin lultionsF sn the timeEdomin nlysis the soil is modeled y the simpli(ed springEdshpots modelD ut the externl exittion fores re modi(ed so tht in the se of the rigid sement motion @got from the es nlysisA the totl fores ting on the sement from the soil @the sum of the soil springsGdshpots response nd the externl exittionA re equl to those otined from esF es resultD the simpli(ed soil model tully ontriutes only for the )ututions of the (nl sement motion from the rigid se motionF
DISTRIBUTION OF BASE SHEAR OVER HEIGHT OF ISOLATED BUILDINGS  ID 228 THE

F. Khoshnoudian, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) B. Mehrparvar, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he design onept of erthquke resistnt strutures hs hnged reentlyD from fore sed to the performne sed design euse the former design does not ddress the post yield ehvior resulting into unique dmgesD during severe erthqukesF erformne sed seismi design evolved to tke re of the dmge ontrol under the vrying erthquke lodingsF yf ll the methods tht re used onventionlly for performne design of uildingD under erthquke lodingsD the uniform deformtion ontrol is onsidered to e more e'etiveD using reEnlysis nd reEdesign proeduresF o performne sed design n e used to predit the seismi performne of uilding or struturl elements of uildingF golumn @vertil struturl memerA is the min omponent of uildingF sn this pper n ttempt is mde to otin seismi pity of olumns of di'erent shpesD whih re used in prtieD nd sfest shpe of olumn is suggestedD whih shows good seismi performne under erthquke loding nd n e used in rel prtieF he pper lso inludes the shpe omprison sed on seismi pity of olumnF e typil exmple of multistoried uilding is tkenF o otin the seismi pity of olumnD nonEliner stti push over nlysis hs een used nd pity urves for ll the olumns were otinedF
THE ASYMPTOTIC APPROACH TO SSI - THE COMBINED TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY-DOMAIN CALCULATIONS  ID 224
A. Tyapin, Atomenergoproject, Russian Federation

gurrent seismi odes ssume tringulr distriution of se sher for isolted uildings similr to their (xedEse ounterE prtsF sn this pper the vlidity of suh distriution is investigted for isolted strutures hving elstomeri isoltorsF o di'erent models of isoltion systems re seleted tht over wide rnge of elstomeri isoltors with low to high sti'ness nd dmpingF he results of nonEliner timeEhistory nlysis on these models show some onservtism in odeEspei(ed distriution ompred with the oserved distriution of story foresF elso new formul is proposed insted of the tringulr distriution to mke etter estimtion of rel ehviour of seismi isolted uildingsF
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BASE-ISOLATED SYSTEMS SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACES  ID 239
N. Jamali, Wuppertal University, Germany W. Zahlten, Wuppertal University, Germany

et the moment one n perform the s nlysis either in the time domin or in the frequeny dominF sn the time domin one usully uses pltform model with kinemtil exittion nd with some soil springs nd dshpotsD modeling the soil foundtion impednesF truturl models in suh nlyses re very detiled enling the design of struturesF roweverD soil springs nd dshpots n give only primitive pproximtion of tul impednes @espeilly for lyered medi nd emedded struturesAF sn the frequeny domin one n get n dvned pproximtion of the s e'ets @eFgFD using esA ut the struturl models re omprtively poorF his is usully enough to get the response spetrD ut not enough for the design of struturesF he uthor suggests n symptoti pproh @idel for the se of the rigid sementAF he ide is to lulte the soilEstruture intertion ontt distriuted fores for the rigid sement se in the frequeny domin using es nd then to perform the time domin lultions using the pltform model with the distriuted fores lod insted of the kinemtil exittionF sn the es model the upper struture is represented y the speil frequenyEdependent element umulting the modl informtion from the detiled (xed se model of the strutureD reted for

fse isoltion is n knowledged mens to redue the trnsmission of erthquke elertions from the ground into the strutureF yf prtiulr interest re systems where the ering slides on onve surfe whih produes selfEentering fore restoring the uilding to its originl positionF hile the ide ehind the tehnology is strightforwrdD the numeril simultion of the struturl response is di0ultD sine the ontt etween the ering nd the sliding surfe hnges ontinully etween stiking nd sliding in nonliner proessF he reserh presented here ims t developing omputtionl model for seEisolted uilding whih would llow the engineer to simulte the struturl response in the time domin in order to (nd n optimum design of oth uilding nd isoltorF es (rst step towrds the desired omprehensive simultion tool twoEdegreeEofEfreedom model hs een developed for oneEstorey uilding with two se supports vi setting up the oupled di'erentil equtionsF essuming liner vrition of the elertionsD n nlytil solution hs een derived within the time step nd implemented in timeEstepping proedureF e orret predition of the frition fore is the prominent ftor ontrolling the qulity of the resultsD so speil re hs een tken to pture the phse hnges from stiking to sliding nd vie vers in the se isoltor with gret uryF his would require exessively smll time steps with orresponding uneptly high omputing timeD so n dptive timeEstepping mehnism hs een developed to temporrily re(ne the time steps when phse hnges our nd to return to lrger inrements fterwrdsF fenhmrks for hrmoni loding veri(ed the si soundness of the pprohF pirst numeril studies for mesured elerogrms gve very enourging results in prediting in how fr the elertions trnsmitted into the struture nd the orresponding motions in the isoltor depend on the properties of the ltterF
THE INELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SETBACK BUILDINGS INCLUDING SOIL-PILE FOUNDATION STRUCTURE INTERACTION  ID 252
W. Widodo, Islamic University of Indonesia, Indonesia

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ES 3a
pn etF l @IWWIA stted tht under erthquke exitE tionsD the existene of sti' piles my modify the erthquke ground motionsF snorporting the soilEpile foundtion intertion in the struturl nlysis will suspiiously 'et on the struturl responseF qzets @IWWIA investigted the e'et of the soilEpile foundtion intertion on the dynmi response of the strutureD ut limited only for very simple elsti strutureF he e'ets of the soilEpile foundtion intertion on more relisti struturesD spei(lly on the setk uildings need to e rried outF snvestigtion on the e'et of soilEpile foundtion intertion to the inelsti seismi response of the uilding hve een ondutedF he IPEstrorey g frme struture loted t the sndonesin eismi egionER ws used s for uilding modelF he soilEpile foundtion intertion n e modeled y vumped rmeter wodel nd hs een disussed y qzets etFl IWWPD qzets IWWRD xovk nd hrnouy IWVQD fozorgni nd fertero PHHRF he sti'ness nd dmping intertion ording to xovk9s formul ws utilizedF wo foundtion models iFe (xed nd )exile @pilesA foundtion re onsidered in this studyF he uilding models then to e exited y n pproximte free (eld erthquke motionsF esult of the investigtion shows tht the struturl fundmentl period nd top horizontl displement of the setk uilding re smller thn those resulted from regulr uildingF roweverD the em9s urvture dutility nd em9s dmge index in upper stories of the setk uilding re muh higher thn those for regulr oneF he opposite result ws found for the lower storiesF i'et of the soilEfoundtion intertion on the inelsti seismi response of g frme is reltively smllF
INELASTIC SEISMIC DESIGN OF STIFFNESS DEGRADING SYSTEMS  ID 278
S. Jarernprasert, Paul C. Rizzo Associates, Inc., United States E. Bazan, GAI Consultants, Inc., United States J. Bielak, Carnegie Mellon University, United States

Poster Presentations
is dmgedD the plsti hinges re ssumed to form in the ems lose to the emEolumn jointsF sn the seond senrioD it is ssumed tht the emEolumn joint regions of the uilding re not on(ned y trnsverse reinforementF gonsequentlyD the uilding is ssumed to hve )exile joints nd the emEolumn joint regions re modeled y rottionl springsF he response in the undmged stte is lulted t severl points from the (nite element model of the uilding nd the modl properties re extrted from these simulted responses using stohsti suspe system identi(tionF sn the seond stgeD two di'erent dmge senrios re pplied for the uildingF por the uilding with the rigid jointsD the sti'nesses of the (nite elements djent to the joint regions re reduedF por the uilding with )exile jointsD the sti'nesses of the rottionl springs re deresed with respet to the sti'ness of the rottionl springs in the undmged stteF he response is gin lulted t severl response points using the (nite element model nd stohsti suspe system identi(tion is used to extrt the modl propertiesF he (nite element model is updted itertively to (nd the ext lotion of dmge nd the results re ompred for the uilding models with rigid nd )exile jointsF
NEAR-FAULT SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES RETROFITTED WITH ISOLATION DEVICES  ID 309
C. Providakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece E. Xatzina, Technical University of Crete, Greece

en nlysis is mde of the e'ets of sti'ness degrdtion on the erthquke response of yielding singleEstory struturesF xumeril results indite tht for nonliner hystereti struturesD sti'ness degrdtion leds to lrger dutility demnds nd lrger totl displements thn for nonEdegrding elsti plsti systemsF fsed on the nlyses resultsD new proedure is proposed to inorporte degrdtion into the lultion of the seismi response oe0ient or normlized yield fore gy a y GD in whih y is the yield strength nd the weight of the strutureF pollowing n pproh reently developed y the uthors @IA the vlue of gy for presried dutility demndD is estimted s F g@A is interpreted s unredued spetrumD nd n depends on the elsti nturl periodD D of the struture nd on the level of sti'ness degrdtionF wo ensemles of erthquke reords were used s seismi inputX the (rst one onsists of VU elerogrms reorded sti' to medium sti' sites in gliforni nd the seond set omprises TT wexin elerogrms reorded t sites in the soft lkeed region in wexio gityD with dominnt period of pproximtely PFH seondsF his study (nds tht the impt of sti'ness degrdtion on the required yield of inelsti systems is signi(ntly stronger on soft sitesF
DAMAGE DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION IN EXISTING BUILDINGS UNDER LOW AND MODERATE SEISMIC EXCITATIONS  ID 281
P. Gundes Bakir, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium E. Reynders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium G. De Roeck, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium G. Degrande, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

fse isoltion tehnique sed on seismi design riteri hs emerged iming t reduing the seismi dmge y providing dequte dutility to sor erthquke energy nd pproprite sti'ness to mintin struturl integrity nd servie ilityF eent studies of seEisolted strutures sujeted to nerEfult @xpA ground motions hve proved tht the long durtion pulses in the rnge of IEQ ses n led to signi(nt seismi responses of isolted struturesF his onludes tht the seismi ehvior of the superstruture suh s sher foreD elertion nd story drift re lrger in xp lotions thn those exhiited in fr wy sites from the tive erthquke fultsF sn omposite steelEonrete struturesD the omined properties of steel nd onrete should o'er e0ient solutions to the design of engineering struturesF he greter level of energy dissiption hieved y the use of omposite struturl memers llows n inresed ppliility to erthquke resistnt struturesF roweverD despite the frequent pplition of omposite strutures there is muh less informtion on the level of dutility demnd imposed on omposite struturl memers during their response to erthquke lodingF he nonliner stti proedure known s stti pushEover nlysis is now used y the struturl engineers s stndrd design tool for the estimtion of seismi demnds nd identi(tion of plsti hinge mehnisms for uildingsF he pushover nlysis is now generlly onsidered to e more relisti in estimting the vulnerility of uildings during erthqukes thn the liner proedures ommonly ontined in urrent ntiseismi odesF e omprtive study on seismi performne of di'erent isoltors for omposite strutures experiene xp motions is omplished in the present pperF rmetri nlysis for vritions in the design prmeters is lso presented in this study y using the pushover nlysis pility of the ommeril softwre iefF
IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION OF MASONRY PANEL MODEL FOR INFILLED RC FRAMES NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS  ID 355
E. Smyrou, ROSE School, Italy C. Blandon-Uribe, ROSE School, Italy S. Antoniou, ROSE School, Italy R. Pinho, ROSE School, Italy

he im of this study is to detet nd lolize dmge indued in multiEstorey reE infored onrete strutures sujeted to low nd moderte seismi exittionsF por this purposeD typil residentil uilding from the wrmr region is seleted nd used susequently for numeril simultionF wo lterntive senrios re onsidered for the uildingF sn the (rst senrioD it is ssumed tht the uilding is ode designed uilding with strong olumnEwek em philosophyF gonsequentlyD the joint regions of the uilding re ssumed to e rigidF hen the uilding

he e'et of the in(ll pnels on the response of g frmes sujeted to seismi tion is widely reognised nd hs een sujet of numerous experimentl investigtionsD while severl ttempts to model it nlytilly hve een reportedF sn this pperD the implementtionD within (reEsed pinite ilements progrmD of n dvned douleEstrut nonliner yli model for msonry

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Poster Presentations
pnels is desriedF he ury of the model is (rst ssessed through omprison with experimentl results otined from stti nd pseudoEdynmi tests of lrge or fullEsle frme modelsF his is followed y sensitivity study wherey the reltive importne of eh prmeter neessry to lirte the model is evlutedD so tht guidne on the generl employment of the ltter n e givenF purthermoreD representtive rnge of vlues for the geometril nd mteril properties of the in(ll pnels hve een lso de(nedF pinllyD it is demonstrted tht the dopted douleEstrut modelD in ddition to its reltive simple modelling implementtionD o'ers lso dequte ury not only in representing the glol ehviour of the systemD ut lso in pturing some lol e'ets introdued y the frmeEin(ll intertionF ueywordsX in(ll pnelsD nonliner dynmi nlysisD erthquke responseD model lirtionD sensitivity nlysisF
DISPERSION REDUCTION OF SEISMIC NONLINEAR RESPONSES OF A 3 STORIES INFILLED REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME  ID 398
M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Azarbakht, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 3a
orresponding to the P di'erent struturl systems of the omn nd fyzntine shpe respetivelyD together with R vrints of the ineElsti onstitutive lw tht desries the ehviour of the msonryF sn this pper the seismi response of these models is studiedD due to the hessloniki IWUV erthquke @waTDSAD whih used serious dmge in the monumentF sn prtiulrD dynmi nonEliner timeEhistory nlysis is rried out for the simultneous tion of the Q elertion omponents of this erthqukeF emong the vrious results of the nlysisD hrEteristi plots re presentedD whih indite the stress distriution nd the dmge zones developed within the models during this erthqukeF sn onlusionD the omn shpe of the uilding o'ered onsiderly higher strength pity thn the fyzntine oneD nd this strength pity de(nitely depends on the detils of the strength models whih re dopted for the msonryF
INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE TALL BUILDING WITH STAGGERED SHEAR WALL  ID 419
S. Amiri, Tabriz University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Yousefzadh, Tabriz University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Davaran, Tabriz University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Kashe, Tabriz university, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

erformneEsed design method enles designers to evlute vrious performne levels of struture for given hzrd level environment whih onsists of four stepsX hzrd nlysisD struturl nlysisD dmge ssessment nd loss estimtionF he struturl nlysis responses re formulted y sttistil nlysis of the results of the set of nonEliner timeEhistory nlysis of typil strutures for the expeted erthqukeF elthough men inelsti displement rtios re very importntD it is eqully importnt to quntify its sttering nd dispersion whih usully disply lrge reordEtoEreord vriilityF por given level of on(deneD it is desirle to (nd n e0ient method whih n redue the vriility in the results with the use of fewer reordsF his pper proposes method for dispersion redution of nonliner seismi response whih results to more relile loss estimtionF he method hs een tested on Q stories in(lled reinfored onrete struture for whih the experimentl results re ville for omprtive studiesF he results of omprehensive sttistil study of letory unertinty distriution in truturl response re presentedF hese unertinties re omputed for di'erE ent levels of strong motions whih represent seismi hrteristis of prede(ned senrioF he study is sed on two tegories of time histories reorded on nerE(eld nd frE(eld regionsF snelsti displement rtios ssoited with men vlues re presented nd speil emphsis is given to the dispersion of responsesF hispersion of responses in eh group re monitored with emphsizing on sling prmetersD hnges in nturl period of virtion nd level of ground shking
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ROTUNDA MONUMENT DUE TO THE THESSALONIKI 1978 EARTHQUAKE  ID 418
I. Doudoumis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece M. Kallioudakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

he use of ontinuous sher wll in the height of uilding is struturlly very usefulF rowever in some uildingsD the ontinuous sher wlls led to some di0ultiesD suh s rhiteturl limittions nd huge foundtion for sher wllsF o overome the prolemsD n lterntive solution is the use of stggered sher wllsF rowever in the strutures with stggered sher wllsD sine the wlls re not loted over eh other in the onseutive storiesD the horizontl sher due to lterl lods is trnsmitted to the lower stories through the )oor diphrgmF hereforeD the rigidity of the )oor diphrgm is of gret importneF sn the urrent studyD to investigte the e'et of the diphrgm is of gret importneF sn the urrent studyD to investigte the e'et of the rigidity of the )oor diphrgm on the lodErrying proedure of the strutures with stggered sher wllsD di'erent prmeters re onsideredD iFeF the numer of storiesD the rtio of length to width of the plnD the thikness of wlls nd diphrgms nd distne of wlls to eh otherF purthermoreD the study ws rried out for oth retngulr nd sEshpe plnsF pinllyD the ehvior of forementioned strutures nd omprison of the frequeniesD the mximum lterl displements nd the sher in the wlls nd olumns s the response of rigid nd )exile diphrgms were highlighted nd outlinedF
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON STATIC PUSH-OVER AND TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS METHODS IN BASE ISOLATED BUILDINGS  ID 420
N. Doudoumis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece C. Kotanidis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece I. Doudoumis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

he otund of hesslonikiD uilt in out QHH yers eFhFD is one of the most importnt domed monuments in the flkn regionF he min uilding inludes @A the initil struture of the omn periodD nd @A n ddendum uilding in extensionD tht ws uilt out IHH yers lterF he present pper onerns the initil uilding of the omn periodF st9s out mssive msonry uildingD whih hs irulr shpe in ground pln nd ylindril form in its lower prtD overed with hemispheri domeF prom its (rst onstrution @omn shpeA until todyD the uilding9s lodEering system hs undergone repeted struturl dpttionsF he most importnt took ple t the Wth entury eFhF @fyzntine shpeAD when the exterior ylindril wll ws ut t the estern sideF eentlyD n re(ned nlytil struturl modelling hs een ttempted for this monument y using solid (nite elements nd n inelsti stti nlysis hs een performed for grvity lodsF xmelyD V lterntive models were formedD

por the nlysis nd design of seismi isolted uildings with n expeted inelsti ehviour of the superstrutureD two nlysis methods re generlly eptle tody y the gode rovisionsX he dynmi nonEliner time history nlysisD tht is permitted for ll strutures nd he stti pushEover nlysis whih n e pplied to rod tegory of uildings tht meet ertin requirementsF he min purpose in the use of this method is to signi(ntly reEdue the omputtionl e'ort without t the sme time reduing the rediility of the resultsF sn the urrent pperD spei( se study is presentedD where the two ove mentioned methods re used for the lultion of the response of multiEstorey onrete uilding with se isoltion systemF he purpose of the pper is to lrify ertin detils whih re essentil for the pplition of these two methodsD to study the di'erentition in their results nd furthermore to orrelte the onlusions quired from them with the relted referenes of the piwe QSTD piwe RSH nd iuroode V rovisionsF sn the exmined multiEstorey uildingD two di'erent se isoltion systems

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ES 3a
re suessively ppliedD together with respetive modi(tion of the superstruture9s strength pityD so tht in the (rst system @modelIA the pplition of the stti pushEover method is llowed y the regultions @piwe QSTAD while in the seond system @modelPA this pplition is not llowedF efterEwrds the two models re nlyzed y using the dynmi nonEliner time history methodD s well s the stti pushEover methodD nd their response results re evluted nd ompredF he (rst otined results seem to on(rm the gode9 rovisions in generlD however there re still severl open issues tht must e further studiedF
INFLUENCE OF GROUND MOTION DURATION ON DEGRADING SDOF SYSTEMS  ID 425
E. Bojrquez, Institute of Engineering, University of Mexico, Mexico

Poster Presentations
softening rnh of the evluted systemsF hislimerX his strt is n independent produt of the uthors nd does not neessrily re)et the view or regultory position of the xgF he xg st' views expressed herein re preliminry nd do not onstitute (nl judgment or determintion of the mtters ddressedF
STUDY ON STIFFNESS FACTOR BASED ON EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF WOODEN-FRAMED HOUSES  ID 434
A. Yamada, Hirata Structural Engineers Inc., Japan S. Suzuki, Kansai University, Japan K. Asano, Kansai University, Japan

here re mny e'orts trying to understnd strong moE tion durtion e'ets on seismi response of struturesF st hs een shown to some extent thtD displement sed demnd mesures re independent on durtion onditionlly to spetrl elertionD t lest for nonEdegrding hystereti modelsF he im of the pper is investigting the role of ground motion durtion for degrding nonliner single degree of freedom @hypA systems in terms of di'erent indexes representing mximum nd umultive demndsF gonstitutive lws of hyp systems were otined using modi(ed iliner ehvior trough two di'erent degrdtion funtionsD the (rst given y hystereti energy nd the seond y mximum displementF trength nd sti'ness degrdtion re inludedF ell the study ses hve een sujeted to nonliner dynmi nlysis using seleted elerogrm sets representing short nd long durtion senriosF por onsidered demndsD sttistil hypothesis test nd inrementl dynmi nlysesD s funtion of ground motion intensityD were used s preliminry step to ssess the in)uene of strong motion durtionF purthermoreD frgility urves were onsidered to evlute impt of durtion on seismi response nd reliility of hyp systems t di'erent pity levelsF he results presented led to the onlusion tht durtion ontent of ground motion depends on the hystereti model onsidered nd period of the struturesF
INELASTIC ABSORPTION ENERGY FACTORS FOR SHORT PERIOD DETERIORATING SDOF SYSTEMS  ID 429
L. Ibarra, SwRI, United States Y. Kim, U.S, NRC, United States A. Chowdhury, SwRI, United States

he ll untity using in design proedure for wooden!frme houses is lso one of the most importnt key points for the erthE quke dmge preditionF st is ommon tht the erthquke dmge levels of houses depend on the wll quntity nd those houses hve een designing under the fuilding tndrd vw in tpnF he ehviors of erthquke resistnt nd nonEresistnt wlls re qulittively reognized ut re not mde lerly in quntittiveF sn prtiulrD the dynmi ehviors re not understood in detilF st is neessry to know tht the nonEresistnt wlls ply n importnt role nd prmeter during erthqukesF sn this pperD we disuss the in)uene of the resistnt nd nonEresistnt wlls on the erthquke responses from the dynmil view point in order to lrify the reltionship etween the sti'ness of wll nd the totl sti'ness of houseF he two typil restoringEfore models re introdued to the nlytil wooden modelsX iFeF the stle hystereti nd slip onesF he omintion etween the two restoring fore models is divided in the rtio P X QD respetivelyF ti'ness ptor is de(ned on the sis of the sent sti'ness t the IGIPH rdin deformtion in the restoring fore modelD nd introdued to the nlysisF eleting R to T for the ti'ness ptorD lmost mximum displement responses during erthqukes would quite gree with the dmge levelsF his ftor orresponds to the seismi design philosophy tht the wlls of wooden houses will resist ginst smll to strong erthqukesF st is expeted tht this ti'ness ptor presented herein will e extended to ll wooden houses in the worldD whih hve lots of di'erent kinds of wlls nd other seismi elementsF
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF BRESINA ARCH-GRAVITY DAMS USING COMPLETE STOCHASTIC DEAMPLIFICATION APPROACH  ID 440
N. Meddane, Assistant professor, Algeria M. Djafour, Assistant professor, Algeria R. Derbal, Doctoral Research Assistant, Algeria A. Megnounif, Assistant professor, Algeria D. Zendagui, Assistant professor, Algeria A. Bekkouche, Associate Professor, Algeria

roilisti risk ssessment methodologies hve een lrgely utilized in the nuler industry to evlute the seismi mrgin of struturl systemsF sn methodologies suh s the high on(dene of low proility of filure @rgvpAD the seismi mrgin is expressed in terms of the erthquke intensity tht ompromises the struturl sfetyF emong other ftorsD this seismi mrgin ounts for the inelsti energy sorption pilities of the struturl omponentsF feuse the seismi mrgin is ssoited to di'erent levels of dmgeD the inelsti strength pity needs to e orrelted with deformtion prmetersF truturl omponents of nuler filities tht withstnd lterl lods usully onsist of very thik reinfored onrete sher wlls with low spet rtiosD resulting in systems with short fundmentl period of virtion nd deteriorting nonliner hrteristisD whih my led to rittle filureF sn this studyD prmetri studies re performed to estimte the inelsti sorption energy pility of short period deteriorting singleEdegreeEofEfreedom @hypA systems with lowEdutile nonliner hrteristisF everl ftors tht ontriute to n inrese in the unertinty of the response re evlutedD suh s reordEtoEreord vriilityD nd unertinty of some of the prmeters de(ning the nonliner ehvior of the systemF he resulting sttistil response llows genertion of frgility urves tht n e usedD for instneD for the omputtion of the rgvp pity of generi systemsF he results indite tht inelsti sorption energy ftors lrgely depend on the displement t the pek strength of the kE one urve of the hysteresis loops euse of the steep slope of the

he dynmi response of the frzin grvity rh dmD in western elgeriD to sptilly vrying erthquke ground motion is investigted in this pperF he deterministi displement timeEhistories used s input ground motions were otined through simultion sed on the omplete stohsti dempli(tion pprohF foth inoherene nd wve pssge e'et re tken into ountF en undmped Qh (niteEelement model is used to represent the dm nd time history nlysis is performedF por this sti' strutureD the results indite tht the sptil vriility of ground motion n produe stresses greter thn those due to identil exittionF fy deomposing the stress response into pseudostti nd dynmi prtsD it hs een shown tht pseudoEstti stresses re very importnt in the viinity of the se of the dmF hese stresses derese fr from the seF por the dynmi omponentsD the response due to uniform lod nd tking ount the sptil vriility of ground motion re of sme orderF
EVALUATION OF LOAD PATH EFFECT PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF FRAMES  ID 446 IN

378

Poster Presentations
A. Yakut, METU, Turkey S. Oguz, METU, Turkey

ES 3a
DECOMPOSITION OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX TO STUDY THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MDOF STRUCTURES USING SPRING-  ID 465
S. De La Cruz, Universidad Autnoma de Ciudad Jurez, Mexico F. Lpez-Almansa, Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Spain

ushover nlysis proedure hs een widely used in performneEsed ssessment of struturesF he ury of pushover nlysis depends strongly on the shpe of the height wise distriution of lterl lods ppliedF eserh hs een rried out to evlute the in)uene of ommon lterl lod ptterns on the results of pushover nlysis of frmesF e numer of lowD mid nd high rise reinfored onrete nd steel frmes hve een nlyzed under severl ground motions tht hve een sled suh tht the strutures deformed into vrying levels of inelstiityF his wyD unlike previous reserhD the ury of pushover proedures ws evluted t elsti s well s vrying inelsti response levelsF eside from glol pushover urvesD interstory drift rtio pro(lesD story displement pro(lesD story pity urves nd hinge ptterns otined from pushover nlyses hve een ompred with the results otined from nonliner time history nlysesF he investigtions reveled tht ury of pushover proedures depend strongly on the lod pthD the struturl system nd the hrteristis of the ground motionF he ility of the pushover proedures to pture the glol ehvior ws oserved to e muh etter thn representing the plsti hinge ptterns otined from nonliner nlysesF he vrition in the glol pushover urve with respet to the lod pth ws reltively smll s ompred to the interstory drift rtio nd displement pro(lesF sn generlD the ility of pushover proedures to simulte the heightEwise deformtion pro(les were oserved to e etter in the elsti response rnge of the frmesD ut signi(nt disrepnies were oserved in the inelsti deformtion levelsF he degree of ury deresed s the height of frme inresedF quidelines re provided for the seletion of most fesile lod pttern in the nlyses of frme struturesF
DUCTILITY DEMANDS OF BUILDING STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO GROUND MOTIONS REPRESENTING DESIGN EARTHQUAKE  ID 453
D. Ladjinovic, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Scien, Yugoslavia R. Folic, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Scien, Yugoslavia

his pper presents proedure to deompose the sti'E ness mtrix of strutures s n option to nlyze the dynmi ehvior of uilding strutures in whih the )exurl rigidities of the emsD in ddition to those of the olumnsD re onsideredF he reent development of ommeril softwre intended to solve the equtions of motion of singleEdegreeEofEfreedom @hypA nd multiEdegreeEofEfreedom @whypA struturesD hs filitted the nlysis of the dynmi ehvior "liner nd nonEliner" of Ph nd Qh emEolumn modelsD espeilly when deling with strutures equipped with some kind of energy dissiption deviesF yn the other hndD hyp nd whyp uilding struturesD typilly represented y springEmss modelsD n e nlyzed y writing nd solving the equtions of motion tht inlude inertilD dmpingD sti'ness nd externl foresF roweverD sine the sti'ness fores re idelized y mens of liner @or nonlinerA springsD suh n idelizE tion is usully limited to strutures tht ehve s sherEuildingsF sn other wordsD when nlyzing moment resistnt frme @wpAD it is neessry to write the sti'ness mtrix onsidering the )exurl sti'ness of the ems loted t eh )oorF his proedure leds to sti'ness mtrix whose order is igger thn the numer of )oorsF hereforeD stti mtrix ondenstion proedure is required to redue the order of the sti'ness mtrixF he proedure presented here onsists in mnipulting the ondensed sti'ness mtrix s to the springEmss models still e dequte to work withD when using ommeril softwre suh s ex or ehsxeF he ltter is used for the numeril simultionsF esults re given for wps of two nd three )oorsF he omprisons show the equivlene9 etween the springEmss models nd the more elorted emEolumn modelsF por uilding strutures with more thn three )oorsD this sme proedure n lso e ppliedF
UPLIFTING ANALYSIS OF UNANCHORED STEEL STORAGE TANKS UNDER HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF EARTHQUAKE  ID 475
S. Eshghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. N. Ahari, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

fuilding strutures hve dequte erthquke resistne if their supply limit pity exeedsD within ertin mrgin of sfetyD seismi demnds in the se of severe erthqukesF por the rtionl seismi design of uilding struturesD proedure is needed whih would yield n dequte estimtion of seismi demnd in terms of struturl sti'nessD strengthD dutility nd energy dissiptionF he pper presents the use of energy prmeters in the evlution of seisE mi performne of struturl systemsF he simpli(ed method for design of erthquke resistnt strutures tht inludes umultive dmge e'ets is presentedFhe improved dmge indexD sed on plsti deformtion nd hystereti energy dissiptionD is proposedF he proposed dmge index is presented in generlized formD in the funtion of mximl mplitudes of plsti deformtionsD ville dutility pity nd funtion inluding umultive dmge e'ets due to the dissiption of hystereti energyF his funtionD esides the prmeter inluding in)uene of deteriortionD depends on hieved plsti deformtions during erthquke nd normlized hystereti energyD nd on yli nd umulted dutilityF fy introduing this funtion it is possile to inlude not only the struturl propertiesD ut lso the hrteristis of the erthquke nd the e'ets of the durtion of strong ground motionsFhe in)uene of severl struturl prmeters @initil struturl periodD strength pityD trget dutilityD hystereti ehviourAD s well the hrteristis of ground motionD on struturl response nd level of dmge re qunti(ed nd presentedF heformtion demnds of strutures designed ording to iuroode V hve een otined through sttistil studies of the seismi ehviour otined y the nonEliner nlysis of hyp system sujeted to timeEhistories representing design erthqukeF hrough the pper it is shown tht on dutility demnds the signi(nt in)uene hve not only the intensity nd type of seismi tionD ut lso the struture9s sti'nessD yield strength nd the llowed dmge degreeF

vol uplift of the tnk wll is proly the most imporE tnt hrteristi of the seismi ehvior of unnhored liquid storge steel tnksF por the uplift nlysis of the tnksD rigid ody dynmi methodD whih neglets the resisting tion of the se plteD hs een usedF sn nother pproh tnk wll nd liquid ontent re modeled with mssEspring systemD nd the nonlinerity ssoited with the prtil uplift of ottom plte is onsidered s the rottionl spring system or irumferentil trnsltionl springsF sn this methodD moment of inerti of liquid for roking motion is negletedF sn this pper the uplifting ehvior of unnhored tnks is disussed through introdution of rigid odies dynmiF nk wll nd portion of the liquid residing on uplifted )oor setion re modeled s rigid ody nd resisting tion of se plte modeled with equivlent nonliner irumferentil springsF pinllyD the ritil responses of representtive tnks re evluted for inresing intensities of n erthquke ground motionD nd the e'ets nd reltive importne of the prolem prmeters re highlightedF he studies shows tht proposed model n e'etively represent the seismi ehvior of unnhored tnks espeilly with regrd to upliftF
ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF MASSIVE WOODEN WALL PANEL SYSTEMS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC EXCITATION  ID 489
V. Hristovski, IZIIS, Macedonia M. Stojmanovska, IZIIS, Macedonia

379

ES 3a
R. Zarnic, ULFGG, Slovenia B. Dujic, ULFGG, Slovenia

Poster Presentations
he wideEolumnEfrme nlogy ws used sine IWTR for the nlysis of oupled sher wllsF ideEolumnEfrme nlogy is lso ommonly known s the equivlent frme methodF he si ssumption of equivlent frme method is to tret wlls nd ems s disrete frme memersF pinite width of the wlls is tken into ount y pling horizontl rigid rms inorported in the em elementsF yn the other hndD it is not relisti to ssume tht the ehvior of these regions is fully rigid ll the wy to the wll edgeF ispeilly in squt sher wllsD it should e noted tht the plne setions of the wlls do not remin plne fter the deformtion of the wllsF eordinglyD results for oupled sher wlls my e pproximte depending on devition in liner vrition of strin distriution of the wllsF elsoD in equivlent frme methodD the e'et of lol deformtions t emEwll joints is not tken into onsidertionF pinite element nlyses results n e epted s the rel elsti nlysis vluesF he pproximte results of the nlyses otined from equivlent frme method re due to negleting lol deformtions t emEwll juntions nd idelizing oupled sher wlls s frme omposed of two wide olumns onneted y mens of in(nitely rigid extensionF st is unertin nd not esy to deide how muh of the (nite width of the sher wlls from its enterline to the wll edge hs to e onsidered s rigid for the nlyses purposesF sn order to gin some insight on this sujetD n extensive prmetri study is ondutedF he goupled sher wlls sujeted to tringulr distriuted lterl lod re nlyzed oth (nite element method nd equivlent frme methodF sn equivlent frme method di'erent rigid endEzone ssumptions re onsidered for eh modelF esults otined from (nite element nlysis nd equivlent frme method re ompredF
SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES  ID 597
A. Kalandarov, KSUCTA, Kyrgyzstan A. Abdykalykov, KSUCTA, Kyrgyzstan B. Mekenbaev, KSUCTA, Kyrgyzstan L. Soldatova, KSUCTA, Kyrgyzstan

qenerlly woodEfrme systems re ttriuted to perform well when sujeted to seismi tion s they hve low seismi mss nd )ex more thn other mterilsD soring nd dissipting energyF es result they re often designed without pying enough ttention to their seismi resistne nd proper understnding of their struturl responseF herefore experimentl studies re required to quntify stti nd dynmi hrteristis of woodEfrme systems nd to develop numeril models to simulte their ehvior under dynmi lodingsF sn the sope of the ilterl loveninEwedonin projet tiE tled ixperimentl nd xumeril eserh of king trength of wssive ooden ll nels supported y the governments from oth ountries two fullEsle models hve een ssemled nd tested on the shking tle t the sss vortoryD kopjeD wedoniF he (rst test speimen onsisted of uvr one unit wll elements while the seond speimen onsisted of uvr two unit wll elementsF uvr pnels re produt of eustrin gompny wssiveholz qmr nd represent ross lminted timer onsisted of strips of sprue stked on top of eh other nd glued together forming lrgeEsized solid rossElminted ordsF sing e PHHH rogrm (nite element sed model for preE dition of wood sher wll ehvior hs een developed nd veri(ed ginst test reordsF peil ttention hs een pid to modeling of the onnetions nd simulting di'erent oundry onditionsF pirst iigen nlyses hve een run in order to simulte mient nd fore virtion testsF eords resulted from the rried out mient nd fored virtion tests hve veri(ed the vlues of sti'ness prmeters used for the onnetionsD whih were previously olleted y si qusiEstti testsF hynmi nonliner nlyses hve lso een omE pleted pplying sme erthquke reords used in the shking tle testF ytined results hve shown good orreltion etween the (nite element model nd the experimentl dtF
EFFECT OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON SYSTEM DUCTILITY OF STACK-LIKE STRUCTURES  ID 540
A. M. Halabian, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Kabiri, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e method is presented to quntify the e'et of soil struE ture intertion on dutility pity ftors of stkElike struturesF he deformed on(gurtion of stk like strutures is idelized s n ssemlge of em elementsD while liner swyEroking model is implemented to model the supporting soilF he e'et of nonEliner ehvior of these types of strutures inluding onrete rking nd reinforement yielding on the sti'ness is tken into ount using nonEliner momentEurvture @wEhiA reltionF sing set of rti(il erthquke reordsD repeted liner nd nonEliner nlyses were performed y grdully inresing the intensity of elertion time histories to levelD where (rst yielding of steel in liner nd nonEliner nlysis nd ollpse of the stk in nonEliner nlysis is oservedF he set of time histories thus otined re then used to de(ne the elsti nd ultimte intensity of ground motion tht the stk n sustin in eh nlysisF he di'erene etween inelsti nd elsti resistne in terms of displement dutility pity ftors hs een qunti(edF he results showed tht the foundtion )exiility ould derese the dutility of the system nd negleting this phenomenon my led to erroneous onlusions in the predition of seismi performne of )exilyEsupported Gg stkElike struturesF
AN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE RIGID END ZONE FACTOR FOR COUPLED SHEAR WALLS  ID 551
S. B. Yuksel, Selcuk University, Turkey

sn this pper given nlytil nd experimentl investigE tions of one nd two mss models of uilding isolted with sliding eringsF ixperimentl tests were onduted on shke tle for hrmoni virtionD lortory of the uyrgyz tte niversity of gonstrutionD rnsporttion nd erhiteture @ugeAF yne mss model ws onsidered to investigte the working proess of sliding ering nd to determine the elsti prmeters of ontrol mehnism @restoring foreA to limit displement nd prevent the uilding from sliding o' the ering surfeF sn this se the uilding is epted s solutely rigid odyF es ontrol mehnism springs nd ruer shokEsorers hve een onsideredF st is estlished tht the mplitude nd speed of virtions of uilding depends only on frequeny of the foundtion nd oe0ient of fritionD nd lso they derese with inrese in frequeny of virtionF i0ieny of sliding ering inreses with inrese in mplitude nd frequeny of virtion of surfe of the groundF por investigtion of in)uene of sti'ness nd dmping oe0ients the twoEmss model of uilding is onsideredF sn this se the msses of uilding were instlled on frmes of the top elt of the foundtion nd the top prt of frmeF st is estlished tht the mplitude of displement nd elertion of the foundtion due to the hrteristi of uilding inresesF et the estlished slidingD mplitudes of displement of the foundtion of the top frme of struture of uildingD depends only on its sti'ness oe0ientF heoretil nd experimentl investigtions hve shown tht deformtion of superstrutureD mximl elertions nd elsti retions dereses in severl times with inrese in seismi in)ueneF ui yhX seismi isoltionD seismi responseD sliding isoltionsD frition erings
NUMERICAL ANALYSES OF A SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR PRE-CAST CONCRETE PANELS  ID 612
G. Metelli, University of Brescia, Italy P. Riva, University of Bergamo, Italy

380

Poster Presentations
elthough severl works hve een foused on the seismi ehviour of g frmes with msonry in(llsD the dynmi nd non liner ehviour of preEst strutures under seismi tionsD with preEfrited g pnels used s urtin wllsD is still not well knownD due to the lk of studies on the intertion of the g frme nd the externl preEst onrete pnelsF sn ommon design prtieD the ring e'et of the pnels on the seismi response of the uilding is ignoredF roweverD this ssumption might e in some ses unsfe or uneonomil in the design of the g olumns of seismi resisting frmesF yne of the prolems relted to prest g pnelsD is tht the ehviour of the supporting systems under erthquke tions is not well knownD oth with respet to their strength nd dutilityF his pper ims to present (nite element nlyses @pieA of prtiulr steel support system used to onnet preEst onrete pnels to onrete struturesF he non liner nlyses re onduted with pi progrm hsexeF e three dimensionl model hs een rried out with tetrhedrl elementsF he non liner ehviour of the mterils nd of the ontt surfe etween the pnel nd the support system re onsideredF e rotting smered rk pproh hs een used to model the onrete rking zone round the nhors of the support systemF he numeril results show good performne of the support systemD oth in term of resistne nd dutilityD so tht under seismi tions the preEst pnel might e t s sti'ening nd ring elements in g frmeF
DRIFT DEMAND OF FRAME STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO VRANCEA EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS  ID 620
E. F. Albota, TUCE, Romania S. Demetriu, TUCE, Romania R. G. Enache, TUCE, Romania

ES 3a
performne evlution of dutile steel momentEresisting frmesD whih re used s the primry lterl lod resisting systems in mny middleErise uildingsF roposed reserh fouses on the simpli(tions of nonEliner dynmi design proedures @xhAF his pper presents nonEliner dynmi proedure with prtilEmode response nlysis with simpli(ed plsti filure surfe modelsF e sfety domin out plsti ollpse of n elstiEperfetly plsti frme is pproximted y yield polyhedron with redued numer of filure modesF o redue the numer of filure modesD preliminry nlysis sed on (rstEorder seondEmoment @pywA reliility method is proposedF his method requiresD howeverD n exhustive proedure to enumerte the whole filure mehnismsD nd the filure surfe eomes onvex polyhedron mde of lot of hyper surfes even fter they re reduedF ometimes it hppens to enounter the prolem of deling with extreme points during the renewl proedure of restoring foreF o void themD n lterntive method is proposed in this pperF he plsti filure surfe is pproximted y hyperEellipsoidl modelD whih hs no extreme point nd provides muh esier proedure to tre the inelsti glol ehvior thn the yield polyhedron modelF
ROTATIONAL DUCTILITY DEMAND EVALUATION OF COUPLING BEAMS BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION  ID 668
M. A. Shayanfar, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) P. Esmaili, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn this pper n estimtion method for otining the mximum interEstory drift rtio @wshA nd roof drift rtio @hA for generl frme type strutures is presentedF sing drift spetr good results re otined only for pure sher frme systemsF his method extends the ppliility of drift spetr for generl frme struturesF fsed on modl nlysisD this method ws developed only for frme strutures virting predominntly in the (rst modeF gomputtionl reltions re reltively simple nd ple to evlute with enough ury drift rtios vluesF irthquke ground motions used in this study were reorded in di'erent site onditions in fuhrest during the lst three mjor IWUUD IWVT nd IWWH rne erthqukesF he generi multiEstory frme strutures used in nlysis were developed hving some prtiulr hrteristisF wsh nd h re expressed s funtion of the emEtoEolumn sti'ness rtio @A nd spetrl displements @hAF esults otined using presented method re ompred with these resulted from liner dynmi timeEhistory type nlysisF pinllyD wshGh nd hG@hGrA rtios re nlyzed s funtion of di'erent prmetersF he wshGh rtio eomes igger with inresed vlues of emEtoEolumn sti'ness rtio D fundmentl period I nd e@PAGe@IA rtioF hG@hGrA rtio hs lmost onstnt vlue of IFPU for lrge rnge of ommon periods of virtion nd for ll the prmeter vluesF
NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS ON MULTI-STORY FRAMES WITH SIMPLIFIED HEXAGONAL FAILURE SURFACE  ID 640
J. H. Choi, Kobe university, Japan K. Ohi, Kobe university, Japan

goupled struturl wlls provide gret strength nd deE qute lterl sti'ness espeilly for high rise uildingsF here re three min modes of filure for oupled struturl wllsX filure of oupling ems in )exureD filure of oupling ems in sher @digonl splittingAD filure of wlls @rigid tion of oupling emsAF egrding to filure modes nd elstiEplsti nlysis of oupled struturl wllsD progrm is written using wevef to exmine ehvior of the oupled wlls over the entire lod history nd determine their lterl lod pityF roweverD oupled struturl wlls reh to their ultimte pityD if the oupling ems provide dequte dutilityF hereforeD determintion of the oupling ems dutility demnd is lso onsidered in this progrmF ine the vriles involved in nlysis nd design of strutures re proilisti in nture@not deterministiAD some hnges re pplied to the progrm using the wonte grlo simultion tehnique to evlute dutility demnd nd lterl lod pity of oupled wlls with preEde(ned on(dene levelF everl oupled wlls with di'erent setions nd di'erent heights of oupling ems re nlyzed nd their rottionl dutility demnds re evlutedF ueywordsX oupled struturl wllsD dutility demndD wonte grlo simultionD elstiEplsti nlysis
RELATIONSHIP OF SEISMIC RESPONSES AND STRENGTH INDEXES OF GROUND MOTIONS FOR A LARGE-SCALE RIGID STRUCTURES  ID 718
S. O. Citak, Kyushu University, Japan H. Kawase, Kyushu University, Japan M. Fushimi, Japan Atomic Power Company, Japan S. Ikutama, Japan Atomic Power Company, Japan

he emphsis in seismi resistne design is shifting from strength to performne following the demnd nd ollpse of numerous strutures during reent erthqukeF qrdullyD performne sed designs re eoming prt of ode provisions with pulition of piweEPUQ in e nd inforement yrder nd egultion fter fuilding tndrd vw of tpn ws revised in IWWVF et the sme timeD it my e fir to sy tht simple nd e0ient methods for pturing the essentil nd importnt fetures 'eting the performne hve not een dequtely developedF he ojetive of this pper is to develop design friendly method for

his study fouses on seismi response of lrgeEsle rigid strutures suh s nuler power plnt @hereinfter v struturesA s funtion of seismi prmeters of strong motionsF eismi prmeters re represented y strength indexes of ground motions suh s qeD qD eH @the mesurement prmeter for twe seismi intensityAD nd qeBqD while struture response re represented y sher fore t eh )oorF he min ojetive of the study is to investigte the reltionship of seismi responses of v strutures nd strength indexes of ground motions or ground motion prmeters nd to identify si sher indexes tht n indite or predit the dmge level tht we hve to expet in future without omplex lultionsF por this purposes (rst the si dynmi hrteristi of typil v struturesD nmelyD modesD nturl frequeniesD nd trnsfer funtions were

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lultedF eondD strong motion reords were seleted from vrious sites nd erthqukes nd used s n input motion for xonliner hiret sntegrtion ime ristory enlysis of these v struturesF pinllyD sher fore response of liner memers were orrelted with strength indexes of ground motions in order to otin sher indexesF he omputer ode ePHHHD one of the most widely used stti nd dynmi pinite ilement enlysis odeD is used for hiret sntegrtion xonliner ime ristory enlysisF he reltionship etween seismi responses of lrgeEsle rigid strutures nd strength index of ground motions were investigtedF e found tht the regression linesD espeilly with qe for upper )oors nd eH for lower )oorsD n e used for the esy ssessment of seismi response nd ould e the si indexes for the predition of dmge level of v strutures without omplex lultionsF
DAMAGE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE UNDER EXTREMELY STRONG GROUND MOTION  ID 771
M. Saisho, Kumamoto University, Japan D. Hayamichi, Kumamoto University, Japan

Poster Presentations
INVESTIGATION OF SHEAR AND FLEXURAL RESPONSE OF BUILDINGS TO PULSE-LIKE GROUND MOTIONS IN NEAR-FIELD  ID 779
A. R. Khaloo, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic

Republic Of ) H. Khosravi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he ollpse of uilding struture nd the injury to perE son hve een oserved in the reent severe erthqukesF sn order to prevent these uilding ollpsesD the dmge of the multiEstory reinfored onrete struture @g strutureA under extremely strong ground motion is investigtedF eismi response ollpse of gEfrme is losely relted to the filure of olumnF eording to our test resultsD the filure of gE olumn is used from the steel r frture of itF he steel r frture of gEolumn is lso oserved in the reent severe erthE quke disstersF prom these resonsD the filure onditions of gE olumn de(ned y the steel r frture re otined nd pplied to the numeril nlysis of gEfrme ollpse under extremely strong erthquke motionF sn this nlysisD the steel r frture is ssumed to e the veryElow yle ftigue ehvior nd the frture ondition of it is otined on the sis of the wnsonEgo0n iqution nd the lmgrenEwiner uleF sn ddition to the frture onditionsD the restoring fore of gEolumn expressed y the riEliner model nd the modi(ed glough model is introdued to rry out the numeril nlysis of the seismi response ollpse nd the dmge rtio of gEfrmeF fsed on the lultionsD the seismi response dmge of gEfrme is investigted in reltion with the design onditions of gEfrmeF
DAMAGE OF CONCRETE FILLED STEEL TUBE STRUCTURE UNDER EXTREMELY STRONG GROUND MOTION  ID 775
M. Saisho, Kumamoto University, Japan M. Kato, Aichi Sangyo University, Japan

his pper presents n investigtion of multimode e'et of tll uildings idelized s ontinuous em model in)uened y nerE(eld pulseElike motionF ine the lterl deformtions in the uildings re usully omintion of sherEtype deformtions nd )exurlEtype deformtionsD omintion of )exurl ntilever em nd sher ntilever em is onsidered s n pproprite modelF he model is sujeted to nerE(eld ground motions nd the representtive simpli(ed pulses nd the mximum interstory drift long the height is lultedF he omputtion is sed on the modl summtion pproh nd in order to study wide rnge of engineering struturesD mximum drift nd its height spetr re drwnF wultiEmode response of em is ompred to the (rst mode response nd n eptle rnge of (rst mode estimtion is foundF he results indite tht simpli(ed pulses represent ner fult reords well nd the sher deformtion to )exurl deformtion rtioD the rtio of fundmentl struturl period to the predominnt pulse period nd the veloity pulse shpe ontrol the quntity of interstory drift nd its lotion long the uilding heightF sn the endD set of simple qreen9s funtion for di'erent height of the em is derived tht not only explins mny response hrteristis of di'erent ems ut lso predits the height of mximum driftF ueywordsX xerEpield erthqukesY ulseElike ground motionsY fuildingsY snterstory driftY fem modelY herEtype nd )exurlE type deformtionsY qreen9s funtionF gonttX khloodshrifFedu

EFFECT OF TRANSFER SLAB ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF HIGH-RISE REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING  ID 815
J. A. Abdalla, American University of Sharjah, United Arab

Emirates

he si ojet of erthquke resistnt design of uildE ing struture is to prevent the seismi response ollpse nd the injury to person whih hve een oserved in the reent severe erthquke disstersF sn order to prevent the seismi response ollpseD the dmge rtio sed on the ollpse ehvior of uilding struture need to e nlyzedF sn this studyD the dmge of the onrete (lled steel tue frme @gpEfrmeA under extremely strong ground motion is investigtedF fy the use of the nonEdimensionl restoring fore model of gpE olumn whih is expressed y the riEliner model nd the modi(ed glough model nd y introduing the lol ukling ondition nd the rk ondition of steel tueD the numeril nlysis method to lulte the ollpse of gpEfrme hs een otinedF he otined ollpse nlysis method n lulte the dmge rtios of the lol ukling nd the rk of steel tue of gpEolumn whih re losely relted to the ollpse of gpEfrme under seismi lodF he dmge rtios of gpEfrme in the seismi response nd the ollpse ehvior re lso investigted in reltion with the design onditions of frmeF st is sertined tht the lol ukling nd the rk of steel tue of gpEolumn re losely relted to the dynmi ollpse of gpEfrme nd they re the si design ftors of gpEfrme ginst extremely strong ground motionF

he use of trnsfer sls in reinfored onrete uildings hs inresed in reent yers to provide open spe in the )oor eneth for di'erent funtionsF rnsfer sls tht rry olumns of IH to IS stories re very ommonF hese trnsfer sls re usully designed to rry very lrge onentrted lods oming from the olumns oveF uh lrge onentrted lods require very high punhing sher pityF eordinglyD the thikness of typil trnsfer sl is usully severl times tht of the sl ove or elow itF es the resultD the use of trnsfer sl in reinfored onrete uildings introdues very lrge mss t tht )oor nd therefore lrge inerti fores will developed when sujeted to erthquke exittionF his is usully not ounted for when uildings with trnsfer sls were designed sed on stti nlysis onlyF his pper presents study of the e'et of trnsfer sl on the dynmi response of highErise reinfored onrete uildingF e IQ story uilding with trnsfer sl loted t its third )oor hs een used s n exmpleF viner dynmi nlysis of the uilding with nd without the trnsfer sl is rried out to ompre the dynmi hrteristis of the two uildingsF he two uildings re then nlyzed using nonliner stti pushover with di'erent lod distriution nd their dynmi performne re ompredF egERH nd piweEQST modeling nd nlysis proedures together with the enhnement introdued in piweRRH is usedF he distriution of the inelsti deformtions nd plsti hinges re monitoredF he e'et of the trnsfer sl on the olumns ove nd elow its )oor s well s on the dynmi ehvior of the whole uilding is then ssessedF

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Poster Presentations
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AND ENGINEERING METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF EXPERIMENTALLY TESTED SHEAR WALL  ID 817
M. Kostov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria D. Stefanov, CLSMEE, Bulgaria N. Koleva, CLSMEE, Bulgaria P. Komodromos, University of Cyprus, Cyprus

ES 3a
he investigtion of the seismi ehvior of nient monolithi nd multiEdrum olumns is sienti(lly interestingD s it involves omplex roking nd sliding phenomen of the individul rok loksF sn dditionD the understnding of the ehvior nd response of these strutures during strong erthqukes is useful for the ssessment of onservtion nd rehilittion proposls for suh struturesF gonsidering tht nlytil study of suh multiElok strutures under strong erthquke exittions is prtilly di0ult if not imE possileD numeril methods n e used to simulte the dynmi ehvior nd seismi response of these struturesF he disrete elE ement method @hiwA is utilized to investigte the response of nE ient multiEdrum olumns during strong erthqukes y simulting the individul roks loks s distint rigid odiesF elthough most numeril methods of omputtionl mehnis re sed on ontiE nuity ssumptionsD the hiw hve een spei(lly developed for the simultion of systems of multiple independent odies tht n move reltively freely in spe while interting with eh other through ontt foresF e softwre pplition is spei(lly developed to perform e0ient seismi simultions of multilok strutures in order to investigte nd understnd the in)uene of di'erent hrteristis of erthquke exittions s well s the vrious mehnil nd geometril hrteristis of these strutures on their seismi responseF e lrge numer of simultions of olumns with vrying mehnil nd geometri hrteristis of drums nd olumns re performed under the tion of vrious hrmoni osilltions nd erthquke exittionsD gining n insight into the ehvior of these strutures during strong erthqukesF
RESPONSE OF SDOF SYSTEM TO NONSTATIONARY EXCITATION CONSIDERING STOCHASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PHASE SPECTRUM  ID 897
Y. Murono, Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan T. Sato, Waseda university, Japan

his pper presents the fulgrin prtiiption in goE ordinte eserh rogrm @gA on fety igni(ne of xer pield irthqukes @xpiA orgnized y seieF he g ims to study to wht extent reent developments in nlytil methodologies for prediting erthquke response ehviour of nuler strutures n e used for the ssessment of nuler filities sujeted to xpi erthquke ground motionsF sn the gD the experiment dt otined y the gommissrit l9inergie etomique @gieA ly eserh vortory in prne is tken up for enhmrk nlysisF everl nlyses re performed ! stti nlysisD spetrl nlysisD displement sed pproh nd time history nlysisF gomprtive lultions for the investigted strutures re doneF wo reordsD representing fr nd ner (eld erthqukesD re modi(ed T timesD sling the qe from HFIg to HFTgF ixept for the onventionl prmeters of the seismi response like elertionsD displementsD elertion response spetrD two more quntities E dmge index nd umultive solute veloity @geA re lultedF eltion etween the two lst prmeters s well s etween the mximum elertion nd ge re derived respetively for fr nd ner (eld erthqukesF gomments nd disussion out the dmge potentil of ner (eld erthqukes re presentedF
DEFORMATION CAPACITY OF R.C. ELEMENTS WITH SUBSTANDARD DETAILS  ID 842
D. Syntzirma, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece S. Pantazopoulou, Demokritus University of Thrace, Greece

he inventory of strutures tht would e lssi(ed s old or sustndrd onstrution with referene to modern seismi design stndrds is vst throughout the worldF por this reson development of methods for seismi ssessment of suh strutures is gret nd pressing priority for the erthquke engineering ommunityF he one spet of performne most 'eted y the lk of proper detilingD whih is typil hrteristi of old or sustndrd onstrution is the limited deformtion pity of the struturl memers nd of the struturl system s wholeF roweverD estimting deformtion pity of FgF elements is hmpered y the omplexity of the ssoited mehnis prolemD the oserved stter from experimentl results nd the limited understnding of the e'ets of lod history on the interting strength mehnismsF sn poorly detiled memers deformtion pity seems to depend on loliztion in the previling mode of filureF o identify the ontrolling mode nd the deformtion pity t the onset of loliztion in the response n index of filure potentil is estlished for eh possile filure modeF he preditive pility of the proposed proedure is lso explored experimentllyD through series of omponent tests tht omprise sixteen speimens modelling FgF olumns with sustndrd detils representtive of former onstrution prtiesF golumns re ntilevers with squre ross setion nd lp!splies in the ritil regionF hetiling of the speimens ws done so s to develop losely interting modes of filure euse identifying priori the previling mode of filure nd the ssoited deformtion pity ppers to e the most ritil enhmrk test of nlytil ssessment proedures of sustndrd FgF elementsF esults of the orreltion etween nlysis nd experimentl vlues re inluded in the presenttionD nd onlusions re drwn with regrds pity!sed prioritizing of losely sped strength mehnisms in reinfored onreteF
SEISMIC RESPONSE AND BEHAVIOR OF ANCIENT COLUMNS  ID 877
L. Papaloizou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus P. Polycarpou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus

he expettion of pek vlue for sttionry rndom proess n e otined y using the petrum woment wethodF he pek response of strutureD thereforeD n e derived y using only the pourier mplitude spetrum of n input erthquke motion nd the frequeny response funtion of the strutureD if the erthquke motion is sttionry rndom proessF fut the erthquke ground motion is oviously nonEsttionry proessF st is well kwon tht phse hrteristi of erthquke motion strongly ontrols the nonEsttionry nture of erthquke motionsF sn this study we use the onept of group dely timeD tgrD insted of pourier phse spetrumD euse modeling the group dely time is muh esier thn diretly modeling of phse spetrumF gr spetrum nd its stndrd devition represent n verge rrivl time of erthquke energy nd durtion of erthquke motionD respetivelyF he stohsti hrteristis of tgr t ertin frequeny n e de(ned to hve the qussin nture whih is de(ned y its men vlue nd vrine long the frequenyF sn this studyD the methodology to introdue the stohsti hrteristis of the group dely time spetrumD tgrD into the rndom virtion nlysis of hyp system is developedF he lose solutions of men nd men squre response of hyp liner system to the nonEsttionry exittion re desried stritly with men nd vrine of tgrF e lso propose methodology to estimte n expettion of response spetrum for nonEsttionry rndom proess y using these solutionsF he e'et of phse spetrum unertinty on struturl response is investigtedF
OPTIMUM TORSION AXIS AND PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS IN MULTI-STORY BASE ISOLATED BUILDINGS  ID 929
A. Athanatopoulou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece N. Doudoumis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

eording to modern seismi odesD the de(nition of the

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ES 3a
optimum torsion xis nd the prinipl diretions onstitutes one of the essentil steps for the struturl design when simpli(ed methods of nlysis re usedF his issue hs een ddressed for the se of multiEstory uildings with (xed se nd nlytil formule exist tht llow the determintion of the optimum torsion xis lotion nd the orienttion of the horizontl prinipl diretionsF sn the urrent pperD the ove mentioned nlytil proedure is foused on multiEstory uildings with liner se isoltion systemF wo di'erent multiEstory uildings re seleted nd the lotion of their optimum torsion xis long with the orienttion of the prinipl diretions is determined using the sme equtions s in the se of (xed se uildingsF xext the si properties of the optimum torsion xis nd of the prinipl diretions re veri(ed using stti nlysisF purthermore the dynmi ehvior of the isolted uildings is investigted for di'erent lotions of the optimum torsion xis @iFeF the optimum torsion xis oinides or does not oinide with the vertil mss xisAD using modl nd liner timeEhistory nlysisF he produed results verify tht when the optimum torsion xis oinides with the vertil mss xis of the superstrutureD the uilding9s virtion modes eome nerly unoupledF es resultD the uilding9s displements long the prinipl diretion where the ground motion hs een pplied re mximized while the displements long the perpendiulr diretion tend to tke lmost zero vluesF his is n importnt onlusion tht n e further used for the optimum seismi design of multiEstory uildings with se isoltionF
USING OF BOUNDARY EQUATIONS UNDER CALCULATION OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES ON SEISMIC EXCITATIONS  ID 948
J. Nizomov, Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tajikistan

Poster Presentations
his pper desries the (rst weEsed (nite element progrmX he portl of dmgeF he purpose of the progrm is the numeril simultion of reinfored onrete frmed struturesD typilly uildingsD under erthqukes or others exeptionl overlodsF he progrm hs only (nite elements sed on lumped dmge mehnisF his is theory tht omines frture mehnisD dmge mehnis nd the onept of plsti hingeF sn the se of reinfored onrete frmesD the min mehnism of deteriortion is rking of onreteF grking in frme element is lumped t the plsti hingesF en expressiion for the energy relese rte of plsti hinge is proposedF grking evolution in the plsti hinge is ssumed to follow generlized form of the qri0th riterionF he ehvior of plsti hinge with dmge is desried vi the e'etive stress hypothesisD s used in ontinuum dmge mehnisF he portl tht n e essed using ny ommeril rowser @explorerD netspeD etFA llows toX A grete n ount in serverF A wke use of semiEgrphi preEproessor to rete n input (le with digitlized version of the strutureF A un the dynmi (nite element progrm nd monitor the stte of the proess dA hownlod or uplod input nd output (les in text formt eA wke use of grphi postEproessorF
UTILIZATION OF OBJECT-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGIES AND DESIGN PATTERNS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE FOR STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS  ID 968
P. Komodromos, University of Cyprus, Cyprus P. Polycarpou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus L. Papaloizou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus M. Phocas, University of Cyprus, Cyprus

he solution of the tsks relted the tensely strin stte on the entry ontours of the susurfe strutures of the ogunE sky rydroeletri ower ttion using the method of the end integrl equtions to set out in writing hereF he tsk solution inlusive of work the supporting strutures hve resultedF sn the mehnis of rigid deform odies the ext nd pproximte mthemtil methods of design the wide lss of the tsks relted tensely strin stte of the simply onneted nd mnifold dominsD homogeneous nd pieewiseEhomogeneous domins hve got signi(nt evolutionF hese pproximte mthemtil methods of design use for desription the proesses tht hve in the rok mssesD nd help to solve the pplitionsD whih neessry for the tsks solution of the underground exvtionsF sn onnetion with dvne onstrution the unique omplexes of powerD hydroEengineeringD trnsporttion nd other susurfe strutures in the seismi tive regions the questions of solidity nd reliility of the uried strutures under in)uene of the stti nd dynmi lodsF he solution of the oundry vlue prolem y mens of ttk it to the solution of the liner integrl eqution with help of potentils tht hve got in terms of fundmentl solutions is the one of the si method of reserh the oundry vlue prolems in the theory of equtions with prtil derivtivesF snvestigtion the strin onentrtion on plne tht weken y the perture with nonirulr shpe under tetoni nd seismi impts is the omplex prolemF he e'etiveness of the onforml mpping method depend from kind of funtionD whih provide the trnsformtion of the region under onsidertion on ny primry nonil domin @yleD hlfEplne nd so onAD for this reson the solution of the prolem with the omplex shpe pertures signi(nt ompliteF
PORTAL OF DAMAGE: A WEB-BASED FE PROGRAM FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS  ID 964
M. Uzcategui, University of Los Andes, Venezuela B. Vera, University of Los Andes, Venezuela M. E. Marante, Lisandro Alvarado University, Venezuela J. Redondo, University of Los Andes, Venezuela M. Puglisi, University of Los Andes, Venezuela J. Flrez-Lpez, University of Los Andes, Venezuela

he sustntil inrese in the proessing speed nd omputtionl power of urrent omputers nd the growing size nd omplexity of new softwre pplitions rise the reltive imporE tne of mintinilityD reusility nd extensiility requirements for modern engineering softwreF yjetEoriented progrmming @yyA tehnologies n e used together with design ptterns @hA to develop )exile softwre for engineering pplitionsD suh s numeril simultors for dynmi nlysis of struturl systems under erthquke exittionsF snsted of using proedureEoriented progrmming lngugesD modern yy pproh using h is suggested enling esy djustments nd extensions of engineering softwre to filitte prmetri studies for reserh purposesF h is the ltest development in softwre developmentD stndrdizing ertin softwre ptters tht reur in softwre rhiteture nd implementtionF elthough design ptterns hve een widely dopted in omputer siene nd modern usiness pplitionsD they hve not yet een utilized in engineering pplitionsF he omintion of yy nd h o'ers the )exiility nd extendiility tht reserh tool should hve to ommodte the frequent hngesD without sri(ing omputtionl performne nd reliility of the resultsF his reserh work ims to demonstrte how modern softwre methodologies nd tehniques n e utilized in the development of modulr nd expndle softwre tht n e esily djusted to filitte vrious reserh ojetivesD suh s prmetri studiesD in the re of erthquke engineeringF e softwre pplition tht simultes seismilly isolted uildingsD inluding potentil pounding e'etsD is implemented to demonstrte the ene(ts tht n e gined from utilizing yy nd h in engineering pplitionsF purthermoreD the pper ddresses performne onerns regrding omputtionl overhed nd slility issues of these tehnologiesD evluting the impt of their usge in engineering pplitions ompred with proedurl progrmming lngugesF
ADVANCED FLAG-SHAPE SYSTEMS SEISMIC PERFORMANCE  ID 991 FOR HIGH-

K. Weng Yuen, University of Canterbury, New Zealand S. Pampanin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand A. Palermo, Technical University of Milan, Italy A. Carr, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

emrkle improvements nd omplishments hve een

384

Poster Presentations
oserved in seismi engineering in the reent pst with the de(nition nd development of highEperformne seismi resistnt systemsD le to sustin mjor ground motions with limited level of struturl dmgeF he developments of systemsD onnetionsD dissiption devies exhiiting )gEshpe ehviourD hrterized y the omintion of selfEentering nd dissiption pityD llow to signi(ntly redue the expeted level of dmgeDe when ompred to trditionl monolithi systemsD y ontrolling the mximum displements to trget vlues nd limiting to negligile vlues the residul @permnentA deformtions ourring fter seismi eventF sn this ontriutionD the onept of dvned )gEshpe systems @epA is proposed sed on further re(nements nd improvements of trditionl )gEshpe systemsF fy ppropritely omining in series ndGor in prllel lterntive forms of dissiption @yieldingD frition or visousA in ddition to the reEentering pityD proE vided y unonded tendons or hpe wemory elloysD dvned highE performne seismi resisting systems n e hievedD le to ounE tert the e'ets of oth fr (eld ndD more e'etivelyD ner (eld eventsD whih re hrterized y low numer of yles nd high veloity pulseF he oneptul ehvior nd key prmeters in the design proess of lterntive on(gurtion of ep systems will e disussed through numeril investigtion on hyp systems sujeted to suites of either fr (eld nd nerE(eld reord eventsF sn onlusionD suggestions for inorporting veloityEsed design pproh within displementEsed design methodology of ep systems will e givenF
POSTBUCKLING AND CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF BRACING MEMBERS USING FIBER ELEMENTS  ID 1010
B. Asgarian, K.N.Toosi University of Tech, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 3a
ilGgeometri prmeters into ountF sn the present workD generl nd sophistited method for seismi frgility nlysis is studiedF rzrd nd frgility nlysis of the struture re rried out seprtely nd the ltter is performed using response surfe @A modelF es for struturl pityD model with lok e'ets is usedD series of elerogrms is dopted nd pity is then de(ned s funtion of @AF he dopted n e liner or qudrti polynomil reltion etween the response prmeter @iFeF @AA nd the rndom vriles tht expliitly nd impliitly govern the struturl responseF ipilly mehnil properties nd grvity lods re tken s expliit vrilesD while rndomness in seismi tion is onsidered through impliit vrilesF he is lirted through numeril dt otined y nonEliner dynmi numeril simultions whih re performed using reorded elerogrmsF sn order to hve good ompromise etween numer of nlyses nd reliility of resultsD the entrl omposite design ggh is dopted to pln these simultions whih re then sudivided in loks ssoited to di'erent reordingsF sn this pperD sensitivity of results onerning three di'erent spets is studiedX degree of polynomil funtion dopted for D the riterion dopted to selet vlue of response spetrum for the struture in eh numeril simultionD improved methods for de(ning gghF sn order to investigte these spetsD rti(il elerogrms re used in simultionsF sn sensitivity nlysesD they re preferle with respet to reorded ones euse these ltter re not in su0ient numer to form n homogeneous sttistil smple nd they typilly introdue gret dispersion in resultsD fding the spets under investigtionF
SENSITIVITY OF SEISMIC DEMAND OF R/C FRAME BUILDINGS  ID 1029
S. Jankovic, University of Montenegro, Yugoslavia

frings s lterl lod resistnt system re one of the most ommonly used methods to resist lterl lods suh s erthqukeF fring undertkes lrge lterl displement nd provides energy dissiption in the nonliner rnge of deformtions when the struture is sujeted to strong ground motionF es the ring memers re sujeted to yli tension nd ompression xil lodsD they my ukle nd the lod resistne ility is redued y inresing memer lterl displement fring memers during ompressive lod up to ukling remin essentilly stright nd elstiF efter ukling of ring memers t its elsti or elstoEplsti ritil lodD the mgnitude of xil lod dereses with inresing lterl de)etion of memer mid spnF he ring memer thus loses strength in the post ukling rnge rpidly nd hs little sti'ness in the ukled on(gurtionF elsoD suh re does not return to its originl geometryF emining nd inresing residul lterl displement in eh of the lod yles mde lod resistne ilities nd energy dissiption of the system redued with eh lod reverslF sn this pperD nonliner (er element for the simultion of uklingD post uklingD nd hysteri responses of ring memers is formulted nd implemented in the nonliner progrm hesxEQhF sn this element oth mteril nd geometri nonlinerity re onsideredF he element is pplied to simulte post ukling nd hysteri response of pinned nd (xed res sujeted to yli lodingF he results re in good greement with ville resultsD iFeFD experiment nd other nlytil models dt in terms of ukling lodD lodEdeformtion urveD strengthD nd sti'ness degrdtionF
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC FRAGILITY OF RC STRUCTURES  ID 1018
N. Buratti, University of Bologna, Italy B. Ferracuti, University of Bologna, Italy M. Savoia, University of Bologna, Italy

rious soures of unertinty re inherently inluded in evlution of uilding performne under the erthquke lodingF emong those reX intensity mesure of ground shkingD hrterisE ti of ground motion other thn intensityD mssD dmpingD strength nd sti'ness of elementsF his pper investigtes whih of these unertin input prmeters re more signi(nt to the struturl demnd hs een doneF his investigtion is performed on four reinfored onrete frme uildings with di'erent numer of stories @RD TD V nd IPA designed ording to iuroode VF eltively simple deterministi sensitivity nlysis hs een dopted for this study to determine the importne of input prmE eterF pirstD ssuming the proility distriution of eh prmeE terD est estimte s well s lowerEound nd upperEound vlues hve een seletedF henD hnge in output performne resulting from vrying one input prmeter from its lowerEound to upperE ound vlueD while holding ll others t their estEestimte vlue is mesuredF eismi responses of Gg frmes re shown using two engineering demnd prmetersX mximum of ll interstory driftsD prmeter whih is used in the literture s n inditor for ollpse nd verge of the mximum interstory drifts in eh storyD whih my e relted to nonstruturl dmgeF he results re grphilly presented using soElled torndoEdigrmF ytined results show tht seismi responses of Gg frmes re more sensitive to unertinty in ground motion hrteristis @inE tensity mesure nd other propertiesA thn tht in struturl propE erties @mssD dmpingD strength nd sti'nessAF his onlusion sugE gests tht gross unertinty on seismi performne n e est reE dued vi etter understnding of ground motion hrteristisF uey wordsX sensitivity nlysisD nonliner timeEhistory nlysisD reinfored onrete frmesD seismi demnd
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS APPLIED SEISMIC MARGIN ASSESSMENT OF PLANTS AND EQUIPMENTS  ID 1038
F. Voldoire, EDF/DRD/AMA, France

TO THE POWER

sn the lst dedeD methods to evlute struturl seismi risk reeived gret ttentionF he im of these tehniques is to tke vriility of seismi tion nd rndom nture of mehnE

his pper presents survey of the reserh works rE ried out y letriit de prne to determine the sfety mrgins on seismi eventsD for existing strutures nd uildingsF ine

385

ES 3a
the (rst design of the power plntsD dmsD nd other industrils equipmentsD the new seismi risk requirements hve inrese the pek ground elertion level input tht hve to e supported without ollpse y the strutures nd omponentsF his evolution leds to determine the sfety mrgins nd eventully the design weknessesF hese sfety mrgins n e ssessed y nonEliner nd oupled struturl dynmi (nite element methodologiesD ssoited to proilisti pprohesD nd ompred with engineering onventionl pprohesF hese lultions hve een quli(ed y omprison with experimentl resultsF e tke into ount mteril dissiptive onstitutive reltionsD lrge trnsformtion kinemtisD soil nd )uid struture intertionsD nd more re(ned loding desriptions nd struturl elements modellingF e present prtiulrly the prinipl hrteristis of the nonEliner nd oupled (nite element methodologies tht re developed nd sed on the generlEpurpose nonEliner (nite element softwre godeesterD inluding frequentil oupling with spei( soil nd )uid struture intertion softwre rowissQhF pinllyD we present the onEgoing 8h tivities performed y letriit de prne in this (eldF he mjor topis reX roustness nd performne of diret nonEliner trnsient dynmi simultions pplied to elstiE plsti ukling @steel frmeworksD tnksAD dmging ehviour of reinfored onrete struturl elements @slsD wllsAD unertinties tretmentD seismi response of slidingEtoppling struturesD seismi nerE(eld nonEliner ehviour of unsturted soils for emnkment dms stility nlysesF F F ipiixgiX godeesterD generl puli liensed struturl mehnis (nite element softwreD snternet site X httpXGGwwwFodeE sterForgF
PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE OF RC STRUCTURES: SEISMIC AND MANMADE HAZARDS  ID 1039
M. Sasani, Northeastern University, United States A. Meshkat Dini, Amir Kabir Univ. Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
of Technology, Iran (Islamic

sn this pper some (nite elements re proposed for nlyE sis of ending frme systems sujet to pulse type ground motionsF sn the proess of investigtionsD the e'et of sher ! )exure intertion in em ! olumn elementD in overll ehvior of erthquke resistnt systemD is onsideredF tti nd dynmi nlyses of some exmple systems indite the e0ieny nd ury of the mentioned (nite elementsF
NUMERICALLY ESTIMATED RESPONSE OF TWO DIFFERENTLY DESIGNED DUAL RC SYSTEMS  ID 1058
L. Martinelli, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

rogressive ollpse is de(ned s the spred of n initil lol filure from element to element eventully resulting in the ollpse of n entire struture or disproportiontely lrge prt of it @egi UEHPAF pollowing lol filureD the ility of dmged struture to redistriute nd rry grvity @vertilA lods is the ontrolling ftor in the prevention of struturl ollpseF here is lk of proper understnding of system level ollpse s well s proper nlytil modeling tehniques for use in ollpse nlysis of struturl systemsF winly euse of these resonsD in seismi rehilittion of struturesD piweEQST @PHHHA de(nes nerEollpse eptne riteri t the element levelF uh riteri re signi(ntly more onservtive @n order of mgnitudeA thn those used in other urrent provisions for ssessment of ollpse of strutures sujeted to mnmde hzrds @suh s explosions nd imptsAF yne reson for suh signi(nt di'erene is tht piweEQST neglets potentil development of tenry @le likeA tion in emsF tilizing experimentl results from tests reently rried out y the uthorsD lirted nd veri(ed element models ple of modE eling tenry tion in ems under lrge deformtions re utilized to study ollpse of g strutures sujeted to seismi ground moE tions s well s mnmde hzrdsF he need for improved nlytil modeling suh s proper modeling of )oor systems is demonstrtedF ystem level ollpse nlyses of threeEdimensionl models of g strutures following seismi element filure re rried out nd the results re ompred with those sed on piweEQST riteriF he e'ets of the level of lterl resistne of strutures on resisting mnE mde hzrds re evluted nd disussed nd reommendtions re mdeF egi U @PHHPAF winimum hesign vods for fuildings nd yther truturesD egi tndrdD egiD estonD eF piwe QSTD @PHHHAF restndrd nd gommentry for the eisE mi ehilittion of fuildingsD pederl imergeny wngement egenyD shingtonD hFgF
ASSESSING THE RESPONSE OF STRUCTURAL FRAMES TO PULSE TYPE GROUND MOTIONS  ID 1052

eentlyD hisplement fsed hesign methods hve eE ome possile lterntive to the onept of the fore sed design methodsD generlly dopted in seismi odesF he ssessment of the performne for suh new design methods only through the experimentl testing of rel speimens isD of ourseD not possileF ixperimentl resultsD howeverD re the se on whih numeril modelsD representtive of the strutureD n e ssemledF yne ville nd vlidtedD these numeril models my e employed to sses the performne of the design method t studyF his work is relted to the estimtion of the performne of two di'erently designed dul reinfored onrete systemsX one designed ording to the hisplement fsed hesign method proposed in ID the other ording to iuroodeVF ih system is omposed of frme prt in prllel to oupled sher wllsF he struture omE posed of the two dul systemsD working in prllelD hs een tested with the pseudodynmi tehnique PF trting from numeril model of the glol typeD ssemled using olumn (er elements QD it hs een possile to study the response of two new struturesD eh one entirely omposed only of elements designed ording to the hfh proposl in ID or ording to iuroodeVF ih struture hs een nlyzed for ten di'erent nturl elerogrmsD seleted to hve men pseudoelertion spetrum similr to the iuroodeV oneF he results in terms of glol nd lol dmge indexes re ompredF eferenesX IA FfF ngiotkosD wFxF prdisD e displementEsed seisE mi design proedure for g uildings nd omprison with igVD irthquke ingineering nd truturl hynmisF PA eF golomo etF lFD seudodynmi response of dul g struture with di'erent designsD in roeedings of the IPth iuroE pen gonferene on irthquke ingineeringF QA vF wrtinelliD 4he fehvior of einfored gonrete iers nder trong eismi etions4D IPth orld gonferene on irthquke ingineeringF
A POTENTIAL WELL ANALOGUE OF PLASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE  ID 1061
C. Taylor, University of Bristol, UK M. Adom-Asamoah, Univ of Science and Technology, Ghana N. Alexander, University of Bristol, UK

ELASTO-

he move towrds performne sed engineering pE proh for the seismi design of uildings requires thorough understnding nd e'etive models of the umultion of dmge during the seismi eventF gurrent seismi design pprohes tend to fous on foresting mximum displementsD rther thn umultive dmgeF hese methods re resonly suessful in foresting ollpseD ut their extension to foresting of umultive dmge is prolemti nd requires deeper understnding of the ontrolling in)uenes of key prmetersF he im of this pper is to explore the fundmentl dynmis of rhetypl nonEliner elstoEplsti single degree of freedom systems from the perspetive of the lssil mehnis model of the espe of mss prtile from potentil wellF hompson nd tewrt @PHHQA hve shown the power of this model for understnding the psize of ships in em sesF he pper will show how this model n e extended to nonEliner seismi response of uildings nd therey

386

Poster Presentations
id the explortion nd hrteristion of the key ontrolling pE rmetersF sn prtiulrD it will e shown how the kinemtis of the elstoEplsti potentil well de(nes the eptle performne doE min in the phseEontrol prmeter speF es onsequene it will e rgued tht performne sed design should seek expliitly to ontrol oth veloity nd displementD rther thn just the ltterF forrowing tehniques from the (eld of nonEliner mthemtisD it will e shown how the potentil well model n explin why the time history hrteristis ply suh n importnt role in nonEliner seismi responseF hese tehniques revel the detiled prmeter sensitivities of the system response using tens of thousnds of time history simultionsF he results relte toD nd provide roder ontext forD pulished detiled studies of nonEliner response spetrF
ON THE DIAPHRAGMATIC BEHAVIOUR OF ROOF SYSTEMS  ID 1085
L. Ferrara, Politecnico di Milano, Italy G. Toniolo, Politecnico di Milano, Italy A. Reinhorn, University at Bualo, United States

ES 3a
his pper presents QhEfesEwiEwfD reentlyEenhned version of progrm QhEfesEwiF he QhEfes suite of omE puter progrms ws developed for the nonliner dynmi nlysis of threeEdimensionl seismilly isolted struturesF gple of modeling vrious types of isoltion devies with strong nonlinE eritiesD inluding n element for modeling the newlyEdeveloped upliftErestrining Ep isoltorD QhEfesEwiEwf provides verstile tool for nlysis nd design of omplex strutures with modern isoltion systemsF rogrm QhEfesEwiEwf o'ers the pility to nlyze multiple superstrutures @up to (ve seprte superstruturesA on multiple ses @up to (ve sesA nd the pility to pture the e'ets of lterl lods on ering xil foresD inluding ering upliftF wo exmples of seismilly isolted strutures re used for verifying QhEfesEwiEwf nd demonstrting its pilitiesF he (rst exmple is sevenEstory model struture tht ws tested on the erthquke simultor of the niversity t fu'lo nd ws lso used s veri(tion exmple for progrm ePHHHF he seond exmple is twoEtowerD multiEstory struture with splitElevel seismi isoltion systemF sn oth exmples the nlyzed struture is exited under onditions of ering upliftD thus yielding se of muh interest in verifying the pilities of nlysis softwreF
SEISMIC DYNAMICS OF NON-LINEAR ELASTIC DAMAGE RESISTANT STRUCTURES  ID 1111
O. Oddbjornsson, University of Bristol, UK N. Alexander, University of Bristol, UK R. Sigbjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland C. Taylor, University of Bristol, UK

st is well known s the e'etive response of struture to seismi tions si relies on the diphrgmti ehviour t storey nd roof levelX due to their inEplne sti'ness nd strenght they hve to trnsfer inerti fores to vertil struturl elements nd ensure tht they t together to resist the erthquke indued foresF gover systems in prest rG industril uildings generlly employ prest prestressed roof elementsD often fetured y nonEonventionl rossEsetionl shpeD nd furthermore seprted y interposed skylightsF he diphrgmti ehviour of these roof systems hs to e hene refully hekedD in order to provide relile evlution of seismi tions on the struturesD eFgF through proper vlue of the ehviour ftor qF he new stlin seismi odeD for exmpleD providesD s fr the ehviour ftor q is onernedD di'erent spei(tionsD right sed on the reliility of the diphrgm tion the roof system is le to developF sn this workD strting from referene smple uilding QHmxSHm @two y IS m long nd S IH m spnsAD the prolem hs een nlysedD through modl nlysesD onsidering di'erent roof systems @ elements oth onneted etween themselves nd with interposed skylightsD elements with interposed skylightsA nd investigting the role of di'erent prmeters governing the prolem @em nd roof element spnD type of roof system nd onnetion system etFAF he e0y of proposed simpli(ed design pprohes will e lso hekedF
ANALYTICAL ASPECTS OF SHEAR CORE WALL MODELING IN TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES  ID 1101
M. Tehrani Zadeh, Amir Kabir Univ. of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Meshkat Dini, Amir Kabir Univ. Republic Of ) of Technology, Iran (Islamic

wodeling of ore wll strutures in tll uildings needs to use speil onsidertions in onjuntion with theoretil proeE dures nd engineering pplitions of this lterl lod resistnt systemF gonsidering these spetsD produe some nlytil points of view in the (eld of modeling nd nlysis of sher ore wll system in tll uildingsF his pper dels with the pplition of some (nite elements nd solid wll modelsD used in nlysis of ore wll systems in tll uildingsF purther moreD the ility of the mentioned models for estimting the response of these lterl lod systems re disussedF
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SEISMICALLY ISOLATED STRUCTURES  ID 1110
P. Roussis, University of Cyprus, Cyprus P. Tsopelas, The Catholic University of America, United States M. Constantinou, University at Bualo, United States R. Buchanan, AMEC Oil & Gas, UK

hmge resistnt uilding strutures re of growing interE estF hey exhiit softening nonEliner elsti @s opposed to elstoEplstiA hrteristisD ut with reoverle displementsF he softening elsti ehviour provides degree of resiliene during seismi lodingD ut does not led to signi(nt permnent dmgeF gonsequentlyD the postEerthquke servieility of the uilding is not impiredF ostEtensionedD preEst onrete frmes re typil exmpleF rereD the nonEliner elstiity rises primrily from geometri distortions of the postEtensioning foresF xonEliner elsti strutures hve n importnt di'erene from elstoEplsti strutures in tht ll the strin energy imprted into the struture is reovered on unlodingF his sustntil reoverle strin energy n hve drmti e'et on the system dynmisD leding to hotiEtype motions tht re very sensitive to prmeter vritionsF es onsequeneD design spetr developed for elstoE plsti type strutures re not neessrily suited to the design of nonEliner elsti struturesF e ruil spet of nonEliner elsti system design is the introdution of dditionl dmping mehnisms or devies tht n exert n eptle degree of ontrol over the dynmi performneY ut to hieve this gol it is essentil to hve deep understnding of the fundmentl nd rther omplex nonE liner dynmis issuesF his pper will pply tehniques from the nonEliner mthemtE is (eld to explore the fundmentl dynmis of nonEliner elsti strutures under seismi lodsF ens of thousnds of nonliner responseEhistory nlysesD using rti(il erthquke time series derived from ommon power spetrumD will e used to explore the phseEontrol prmeter spe of the systemF st will e shown how the si struture of this spe n e relted to the fundmentl dmping nd sti'ness prmeters of the strutureD whih re the primry ontrol prmeters ville to the designerF gonlusions will e drwn s to how elstoEplsti sed design pprohes might e dpted etter to nonEliner elsti systemsF
CLOSED-FORM SOLUTIONS FOR RESPONSE OF YIELDING SDOF OSCILLATORS TO SIMPLE PULSES  ID 1125
G. Mylonakis, University of Patras, Greece E. Voyagaki, Consultant, Greece

enlytil

solutions

re

presented

for

the

inelsti

reE

387

ES 3a
sponse of singleEdegreeEof freedom yielding osilltors to simple ground elertion pulsesF hese motions re typil of nerEfult erthquke motions generted y forwrd rupture diretivity nd my in)it dmge in the sene of sustntil struturl strength nd dutilityF pour si pulse wveforms re exminedX @IA tringulrY @PA sinusoidlY @QA exponentilY @RA retngulrF e numeril study is (rst presented of the e'et of osilltor periodD strengthD dmpingD postEyielding sti'ness nd numer of exittion ylesD on inelsti responseF he e'et of highEfrequeny motions @higher hrmonisA tht override tul erthquke pulses is disussedF esults re presented in the form of dimensionless grphs nd regression formuls tht eluidte the slient fetures of the prolemF st is shown tht onventionl E reltions my signi(ntly underestimte dutility demnd imposed y nerEfult motionsF he seond prt of the rtile onentrtes on elstiEperfetly plsti osilltorsF glosedEform solutions re derived for postE yielding response nd ssoited dutility demndF st is shown tht ll three ground motion histories @iFeFD elertionD veloityD nd displementA ontrol osilltor response ! ontrry to the widespred view tht ground veloity is of leding importneF he derived solutions provide insight on the physis of inelsti responseD whih is often osured y the omplexity of numeril lgorithms nd tul erthquke motionsF
SIMPLIFIED STRUCTURAL MODELS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS  ID 1129
A. Aronchik, NBRI-TECHNION, Israel D. Yankelevsky, NBRI-TECHNION, Israel

Poster Presentations
on the expeted elertion levels nd on glol equiliE rium onsidertionsF hese equipments re generlly termed elertionEsensitiveD in ontrst with the driftEsensitive equipments @eFgF plumingA in wht regrds its sensitivity to erthquke e'ets on uildingsF xtionl nd interntionlly pplile stndrds present empirillyEsed expressions to ompute the expeted elertion levels t given storey levelD onsidering the lotion @storey levelA of the equipment nd its frequenyGdmping hrteristisF he presented review nd omprison of these expressions indites some disrepnies nd lk of sound sienti( supportF his pper presents n innovtive lgorithm to estimte the seismi demnds on elertionEsensitive equipments pled in multiEstorey uildingF his lgorithm llows lso for the omputtion of the fores tht develop t the supports nd (xtures of the equipmentF he presented method is sed on the dynmi hrteristis of the uilding @frequenies nd mode shpesAD nd the equipmentD on the mss nd dmping properties of the uilding nd equipmentD nd on the seismi power spetrl densityF his method n lso e used to de(ne the )oor elertion response spetrF e simpli(ed method is lso introdued y tking into ount only the most relevnt virtion mode shpes of the uildingF
DESIGN OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CIVIL STRUCTURES USING EIGENMODE DESIGN CONTROL  ID 1154
P. Rosko, TU Wien, Austria

he prepredness for strong erthquke requires ttention to the entire uilt environmentF ome of the uilt infrstrutures like storge tnks re rther di'erent from the ommon uildingsD to whih muh of the ttention is givenF owerful softwre with options for detiled simultion of liquid ! soil E struture intertionD nd the pilities of dvned struturl nlysis inluding ukling nd postEukling stges etFD re ville for struturl nlysis of liquid storge tnksF hus numeril simultions of liquid storge tnks require high level of expertise nd re time onsumingF he omplexity involved in this detiled nlysis my e redued y using vrious simpli(tionsD depending on the stge of nlysisF ometimesD these simpli(ed models llow fst nd eonomi nlysis tht yields very good preditionsF he simpli(ed methods my e tilored to solve ertin group of prolems @estimte the periods of virtionD totl se overturning moment nd sher foreA or e used together with ommon struturl nlysis softwreF he ltter option opens the option to solve lrge vriety of di'erent prolems with modest requirements of skills nd timeF he rousnerEgloughEeletsos mehnil modelD tht ws introdued into mjor odes nd regultions @eFgF esETSHD egsEQSHD iuroode VAD ould e suessfully implemented in suh odes for simultion of storge tnk struture E liquid intertionF he present pper desries new simpli(ed pproh developed y the uthorsD for strutureEliquid tnk nlysis tht is omposed of simpli(ed struturl models using generlEpurpose (nite element pkge for struturl nlysis nd the rousnerEgloughEeletsos mehnil modelEnlog methodologyF woE dimensionl nd threeE dimensionl prolems were studied with the proposed model nd the otined results were ompred with existing nlytil proeduresF he proposed model results gree well with nlytil ext solutionsF st my e used to e0iently otin the response hrteristis with stisftory preision nd modest input of resou
ALGORITHM FOR THE COMPUTATION OF ACCELERATION DEMANDS ON EQUIPMENTS INSTALLED IN MULTI-STOREY BUILD  ID 1142
D. Melro, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Portugal J. M. Proenca, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Portugal C. Sousa Oliveira, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Portugal

he im of the pper is the optiml model design of erthquke resistnt ivil struturesF o reh the gol we need generlly to minimize the dynmi response of the struture ut the moving of the struture or prts of it in sfe diretion is llowedF sully the following pproh is usedX givil strutures under dynmi loding re preprtory designed on the se of experiene or on the se of simply design rulesF wost of these rules re inluded in odes @eFgF iuroode VAF sn the next step follows the qusistti or dynmi nlysis of the predesigned strutureF he repeted nlysis redesign optimizes the dynmi hrteristis of the modelF sn the pper is proposed the reverse pprohX he dynmi response of the struture is designed in dvneF he theory of modl nlysis is usedF he liner response of the model n e pproximted y the sum of eigenmodesF he importne of higher eigenmodes deresesF ynly the (rst eigenmodes re designedF he struturl dynmi prmeters of eigenmodeEdesign re mss nd sti'ness distriution nd support positioningF he prmeters nd the eigenmodes depend on eh otherF sn the next step the pproprite prmeters re lultedF he exmples using the ove mentioned pprohes of the design re ompredF por ll lultions the progrms ex nd wevef re usedF epplition of the reverse pproh results new struturl pplitionsF
EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF A STEEL STRUCTURE  ID 1161
I. S. Ginju, Technical University of Civil Engineering Buchares, Romania M. Ieremia, Technical University of Civil Engineering Buchares, Romania

he opertion nd integrity of sensitive equipment @eFgF dvned medil dignosis nd therpy equipmentA is dependent

he pper present the erthquke vulnerility ssessE ment of n industril uildingD pled in high rne erthquke re from omniF he site is orresponding to erthquke level sss on wu sleF he fuilding is used for distriution olD nitrogen nd oxygen t R tehnologil levels to furneF he strength struture is mde up of mnyEstored ring steel frmesD eing ssemlied y weldingF he uilding hs R levels of Tm heightD one spn of Tm nd two ys of TmF sn the gleD the uilding hs two onsoles out QFPHm nd IFWSm respetivelyF he uilding is supported y foundtion pltes untill the !PFPHm depth nd y drilling piles of VHHmm dimeter eyond thtF o (nd the erthquke performne of the struture ws the design sed on displement ppliedF he pity spetrum method ws used to (nd the performne point of strutureF wo type

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Poster Presentations
of nlysis ws performedX the modl nlysis nd the pushover nlysisF sn the pushover nlysis the von wises onstitutive lw ws used for modelling of elstoEplsti ehviour of steelF he prmeters of frgility funtions were lirted with the proilisti wonte grlo imultion method in onjuntion with the vtin ryperue mpling tehniF wo rndom input vriles were onsidertedX the oung9s modulus desried y qussin proility distriution with stndrd devition of S7 nd the yield stress rtherized y lognorml proility distriution with stndrd devition of IS7F he result of the nlysis is ertin dmge stte expressed in terms of proilitiesF pinly the informtion out the erthquke vulnerility of struture ws ompred with the results from lssil expertise of the strutureF he pper point out the neessity to perform the vulnerility nlysis in the investigtion of existing uildingF
AN ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR ACCIDENTAL ECCENTRICITY APPLICATIONS IN DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF BUILDINGS  ID 1166
Y. Fahjan, KOERI, Bogazici University, Turkey C. Tuzun, KOERI, Bogazici University, Turkey K. Joseph, Prota Bilgisayar, Turkey

ES 3a
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNELS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC EXCITATION  ID 1187
M. Di Pilato, Politecnico di Milano, Italy F. Perotti, Politecnico di Milano, Italy A. Feriani, University of Brescia, Italy

wost uilding odes require tht identl torsion to e onsidered t eh )oor level of n symmetriEpln uilding in oth equivlent stti lod proedure nd dynmi nlysesF he omputtions of identl torsionl moments in equivlent stti lod proedure re strightforwrd nd lredy implemented in most of uilding nlysis toolsF roweverD the pplition of identl torsion in dynmi nlysis n e performed in one of the following two si pprohesX IA woving the enter of mss y the required mount of eentriity in either diretionF his will led to hnge in glol sti'ness mtrix of the systemD therefore nturl frequenies nd modl prmeters re need to e omputed for eh eentriity sesF PA un stti nlyses onsidering torques t eh story level to pproximte identl torsion for eh eentriity ses then omine the results with the dynmi lod resultsF sn this study n lterntive proedure for the pplition of identl torsion in dynmi nlyses is proposedF he methodology is sed on dynmi modl superposition tehnique y pplying of identl torsion to glol fore vetors relted to eh modl shpesF qlol displement vetors re omputed for eh modl shpeF henD orresponding glol fore vetors n e esily omputed using glol mss mtrixD eigenvlues of the system nd glol displement vetorsF por eh mode shpeD the identl torsionl moments of the glol fore vetor n e updted y required mount of eentriity in either diretionF tti nlysis will e rried out in order to (nd the modi(ed glol modl displement vetors nd the internl fores for eh memers n e omputed for eh modl shpeF he nodl displementsD nd internl fore results n e omined using stndrd modl omintion tehniquesF he proposed proedure n e pplied for uilding with rigid ndGor )exile diphrgms nd suitle to e implemented in uilding nlysis toolsF
STUDY CASE: A MULTISTORY HOTEL BUILDING REHABILITATION  ID 1182
I. Benke, PROIECT S.A., Romania

sn the pper numeril proedure is desried for the dynmi nlysis of seed nhored )oting struturesD with prtiulr referene to the so lled erhimedes fridge solution for deep wter rossingsY ttention is minly devoted to the design solution enompssing slender rs s nhor elementsF por modelling these elements two numeril tools hve een extensively exploredF pirstD the re(nement of geometrilly nonEliner (nite elementD developed in previous workD hs een proposedD iming t etter representtion of the lol trnsverse osilltions of the rF o this purposeD new element oordintes re introduedD relted to higher order hrmoni shpe funtionsF ilement pilities re lso extended to nonEliner modeling of hydrodynmi lods due to stedy urrent nd wind wvesF por omprison purposes di'erent Qh em element ws lso developedD sed on the lssil oErottionl formultionY this llows to ommodte lrge rottionsD y seprting the e'ets of the rigid ody motions from the r deformtionF yrn9s joint orienttion mtrix is used to del with the nonEvetoril hrteristi of (nite rottionsF fothD the former enhned element nd the oErottionl element re implemented in numeril proedure for the dynmi time domin stepEyEstep nlysis of nonEliner disretized systemsY onsistentlyD hydrodynmi nd seismi loding is introdued y generting rti(il timeEhistories of sptilly vrile seismi motion nd wind wvesF en exmple of pplition is shown regrding the ehvior of the dynmi model of sumerged tunnel proposed for the wessin trit rossingF he model is sujeted to n extreme multipleEsupport seismi loding hving qe of HFTR g nd to n extreme wve loding with signi(nt wve height of IT mF he dynmi ehvior in the two loding situtions nd for oth numeril toolsD re illustrted nd ompredD showing interesting fetsD espeilly in terms of intertion etween the tunnel nd nhoring rs osilltionsF
APPLICATION OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS PROCEDURES FOR PREDICTING THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF RC STRUCTURES  ID 1199
P. P. Diotallevi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy L. Landi, DISTART - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Italy

sn omni the strutures re designed to support not only grvity lodsD ut they need to resist lterl fores from erthqukesF sn ovt ity !omni multistory hotel GstruE tureX reinfored onrete olumnsD ierendel ems nd reinfored onrete wllsG where tried out y ig erthquke in RF wrh IWUUF he pper presents seEstudy of the reinforement of struturl elementsF he struture is nlyzed in threeEdimensionl (nite element modelD using the progrm es wF hrough this wy the displement nd the virtion periods of the struture re otinedF ome onlusions re (nlly presentedF

sn the prtil design pplitions the evlution of seisE mi response is usully sed on liner elsti struturl ehviourF rowever this pproh my e not e'etive in limiting the dmge levels of the uildingsF he nonEliner dynmi nlysis is the most rigorous methodD ut it is still too omplex for design useF herefore the pushover nlysis seems to e more rtionl method for estimting the inelsti ehviourF ome prolems hrterize the pushover nlysisF yne of these is the de(nition of proper lterl lod distriutionF st is well known tht the shpe of the lterl lod distriution 'ets signi(ntly the results of the nlysisF sn the lst yers dptive proedures were developed in order to tke ount for the vritions of the lod shpe in the inelsti rngeF hese vritions ould e signi(nt for irregulr uildings in elevtionF his work would give further ontriution to the ssessment of pushover proeduresF e wide numeril investigtion is performed in order to ssess the pility of the pushover proedures reently proposed nd to identify their dvntge nd disdvntgeF ushover proedures s onventionlD modl nd dptive proeduresD re pplied nd ompred with non liner dynmi nlysesF he nlyses re performed onsidering set of g plneEfrme uildings hrterized y high nd low numer of storeys nd y regulr nd irregulr on(gurtionsF he dynmi nlyses re rried out onsidering twenty nturl elertion reordsD seleted within the most frequently used reordsF hese nlyses re repeted onsidering for eh reord y inresing the vlues of seismi intensityF he pushover results re ompred with inrementl dynmi nlyses resultsF he results re exmined in terms of pushover urves nd lso in terms of displementD drift

389

ES 3a
nd dmge pro(les long the heightF
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE DETECTION WITH THE IMPROVED MATRIX TRANSFORMATION METHOD  ID 1223
H. Guerrero, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico J. A. Escobar, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico R. Gomez, Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico

Poster Presentations
F. K. Huang, Tamkang University, Taiwan

e dmge detetion method sed on the trnsformtion mtrix tht opertes on the glol sti'ness mtrix strutureD ondensed on the primry degrees of freedomD is presentedF he method is sed on the ft tht the trnsformtion mtrix for the dmged stte n e initilly estimted from the orresponding to the non dmged stteD y using n itertive proedureF snitillyD the method hs een pplied to uilding modelsF sn these struturl systemsD it is ommon the presene of symmetril struturl elements with sme sti'nessF por the sme dmge mgE nitudeD the symmetril struturl elements shll produe the sme vrition in the ondensed sti'ness mtrixF he detetion of dmE ge in these elements is hieved through n independent element whih is proportionl to the numer of symmetril elementsF fy using this ssumptionD good pproh hs een otined in the estimtion nd loliztion of dmgeF sn this investigtionD neessry re(nement of the solution hs een hieved nd is presentedF xowD it is possile to detet dmE ged struturl elements of the uildingsD nd the mgnitude of this dmge with etter uryF he ojetive of this work will e to present this new formultion pplying it to the study of uilding struturesF
TWO-STEP SEISMIC ANALYSIS STRUCTURES  ID 1230
O. Gurbuz, Bechtel Corp., United States D. Watkins, Bechtel Corp., United States

truture properties my e deteriorted nd degrded with time in n unexpeted wy due to rndomness in the environE ment nd lodings over its lifetimeF sn prtiulrD when struture is exposed to strong erthqukeD the properties of the struture my e hnged nd its ehvior fter n erthquke n e di'erent from tht efore the erthqukeF sn order to relize the dynmi ehvior of struturl systemsD we n determine the dynmi models nd prmeters y system identi(tion tehniquesF sn this studyD the single lyer neurl network is (rst employed to identify the system prmeters of oth the hyp system nd the whyp systemF here re two kinds of erthqukes to e used s the system inputD one is the rti(il erthqukeD nd the other is the rel erthqukeF he ssoited system response is then lulted ssuming the system prmetersF sn ddition to the trditionl th mode lgorithmD the improved th lgorithm is lso used s the trining lgorithmD while performing the single lyer neurl network to the ove identi(tion prolemsF he vlidity nd the e0ieny of the proposed lgorithms re explored y ompring the results of the predited response with the mesured response for oth the hyp system nd the whyp system with or without noise ontmintionF purthermoreD the dvntges of the geneti lgorithm nd the ove single lyer neurl network re omined to yield new identi(tion tehniqueF he network topology is employed to reple the proedure for solving the governing @di'erentilA eqution when qe is used to identify the system prmeters of oth the hyp system nd the whyp system with or without noise ontmintionF he omprison is mde etween the predited elertion nd the mesured one for eh seF
COMPARISON AMONG ASEISMIC DESIGN USING IBC-2003 , EGYPTIAN CODES AND THE GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES  ID 1238
Y. Elhakem, CRI,NWRC, Egypt

OF

COMPLEX

he design of sfety relted reinfored onrete strutures relies on es ode for soilEstruture intertion nlysisF eelertion pro(les nd s re otinedF his is the Ist step of the woEtep eismi enlysis wethodF he Pnd step nlysis is performed using softwre with detiled model for stress nlysis nd in omintion with other lodsF he nlysis uses es seismi responsesD usully elertion pro(les s inputF he Pnd step nlysis is onservtive for onrete memersD ut its dequy for steel strutures ws unertinF he question enters round memer fores tht my e 'eted y the higher modesF hereforeD there is need to demonstrte the dequy of the twoEstep method using struturl models tht ould e 'eted y the higher modesF his pper summrizes n pproh to vlidte the twoEstep seismi nlysis method for two lrge reinfored onrete strutures with steel red frme s the top )oorF he (rst step nlysis ws rried out using orse (nite element mesh for the onreteF e seond model of the onrete struture ws prepred for the seond step nlysisF he steel frme detils were essentilly the sme in oth modelsF he (rst step nlysis ws ompleted using the es omputer ode nd elertion pro(les @nd sA were otined onsidering soil vriilityF es nlysis results were proessed to determine the seleted steel frme memer fores using the trnsfer funtionsF husD urte steel memer fores were otined from the (rst step dynmi nlysisF sing the elertions pro(lesD the detiled (nite element model ws nlyzed sttilly with ePHHHF ell element fores were extrted for designF he memer fores were ompred with those from the es nlysisF gomprison vlidted the memer fores otined from the twoEstep pprohF he results re inluded in the pperF he new method is eing dded to the next version of egiREWVF
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION  ID 1235
G. Wang, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan

eently the snterntionl fuilding gode @sfgEPHHQA hs een relesed in FF in the yer PHHQF elso the winistry of rousing in igypt hs pulished the igyptin gode for lultion of vods nd pores in trutures nd fuildings in the sme yer nd they stopped the distriution of this ode in PHHS to develop itF his ode ontins mjor di'erenes in the methods used for lultion of seismi fores thn the previous igyptin gode pulished in IWWQF elsoD the igyptin soiety for erthquke engineering hs pulished the egultions for irthquke esistnt hesign of fuildings in igyptin IWVV nd the developed seismi mps for igypt in IWWPF his study hs een done to investigte the di'erenes in the design riteri nd the ftors tken into onsidertion in eh odeF hey were ompred to the sfgEPHHQ s n exmple for odes of well developed ountries to investigte the dvntges nd disdvntges of eh ode to help in the future development of the igyptin odeF he ground elertion otined from the previous odes were ompred to the expeted pek ground otined from the geophysil studies using the proilisti hzrd nlysis of potentil ground motion in spei( site in igyptF hi'erent exmples of uildings nd pier of regultor nd ridge struture were solvedF tti nd dynmi nlyses using the igyptin odesD the sfgEPHHQ nd the geophysil study were done using the (nite element method to investigte the e'et of the importnt ftors onsidered y the odesF
VERIFICATION OF THE ASSUMPTION OF UNCORRELATED MOTION COMPONENTS IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS  ID 1258
A. Petrenko, Federation A. Birbraer, Atomenergoproject, Russian Federation St-Petersburg State Technical University, Russian

his pper dels with the veri(tion of the generl sE sumption often used in seismi nlysis of strutures nd omponents of xuler ower lnts @xAF his ssumption sttes tht omponents of seismi ground elertion nd inEstruture response motion re unorreltedF he riterion used

390

Poster Presentations
for onsidering omponents s unorrelted is generlly |rij| ` HFQD where r is the orreltion oe0ient for sptil diretions i nd j in some referene oordinte systemF e modi(ed form of this riterion tht tkes into ount the dependene on referene oordinte system is proposed in this pperF roilisti nlysis of the orretness of the ssumption for ground motion is performed with the help of the new riterion sed on the IHSR reords of erthqukes mde in iuropeF st is demonstrted tht the proilisti estimtion of the reliztion of suh ssumption is not less thn TR7 whih proves its orretnessF he neessity of verifying the ssumption of unorrelted omponents of inEstruture motion ws formultedD for exmpleD y hr F F uennedy in the eginning of the IWVHsF sndeedD ontrry to ground motionD the orreltion etween the omponents of inEstruture motion n e expeted instintivelyF ossile resons of strong orreltion etween motion omponents in strutures re onsidered in the pperF he in)uenes of n erthquke reliztion nd vritions of soil onditions re investigtedF eismi nlyses of two retor uildings nd turine hll of x show generl possiility for strong omponent orreltion to riseF et the sme time further seismi nlyses of the sfety relted equipment of these uildings show possiility of quiring nonEonservtive results @up to UH7 of underestimtionAF he onlusion is tht zone of the uilding with high orreltion oe0ients should e loted where speil nlysis proedure should e performed to void underestimted resultsF
PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF ACCURACY OF STANDARD METHODS OF COMBINING SPATIAL SEISMIC RESPONSES FOR STRUCTURES  ID 1260
A. Petrenko, Federation St-Petersburg State Technical University, Russian

ES 3a
gurrent seismi design odes llow struturl engineers to evlute diretly the performne of strutures through nonliner nlyses of memers nd systemsF uh nlyses re expeted to reprodue the tul ehvior of strutures t di'erent seismi indued displement levelsF his pproh is of prtiulr interest in the evlution of existing struturesD whih in some ses were designed in sene of seismi regultionsF pinite element models of strutures n e uilt using stteEofEtheErt (nite element softwreD inorporting the nonliner ehvior t the mteril levelF his is often hieved through distriuted plstiity models whih implement (er setions for em elementsD nd speil elements for soil modellingF uh progrms llow nlysts to reprodue the e'ets of system omponents nd their intertion with good uEry in most sesF hespite the oneptul simpliity of dynmi erthquke nlysisD seismi design odes nd engineers revel n interest in using simpli(ed nonliner stti proedures @eFgF stti pushover nlysisAF ine the reltive simpliity of onventionl nd multiEmodl pushover proedures hs not een proved yet for ll lsses of strutures nd response prmeEtersD improvements of nonliner stti proedures re urrently under development nd omEprtive evlution of stti nd dynmi nlyses is still neededF en existing uilding @foneEfroD stlyAD dmged in pst erthqukesD hs een modelled using the struturl nlysis softwre frmework ypeneesF he ojetive of this reserh is to evlute the in)uene of eh system omponent @frmeD diphrgmsD in(llsD surrounding soilA on the nonliner seismi responseD nd weighting eh ontriution through nonliner nlyses rried out y dding one system omponent t timeD rnging from the re frme strutureD to the omplete frmeEin(llsEslEsoil systemF he omprtive study of onventionl nd multiEmodl pushover nd time history nlyses is expeted to provide very vlule informtion on oth the nlysis methods nd the e'ets nd reltive importne of the vrious system omponentsF
A STUDY IN COMPARISON OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS SUGGESTED BY TURKISH EARTHQUAKE CODE  ID 1314
A. Dogangun, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey R. Livaoglu, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

eismi quli(tions methods of strutures developed very intensively from round the middle of the enturyF he umultion of reords of rel erthqukes ws the sis for thisF es resultD powerful pprohes were developed y the end of the UHsF hey hve een used widely for nlysis of ivilD industril nd sfety relted struturesF roweverD in the lst twenty or thirty yers slowing down of tivity in tht domin hs een oservedF et the sme time some fundmentl hnges hve hppened in development of omputers nd seismologyF impli(ed models of strutures hve een repled y extremely detiled sptil models with hundreds of thousnds of hypF htses with thousnds of reords of pst erthqukes re now villeF eumulted dt llow verifying the ssumptions mde under limited numer of erthquke reordsD those ssumptions tht form the se of modern theory of seismi engineeringF sully seismi nlysis of xuler ower lnt strutures requires getting mximl totl response @displementD fore etFA omining responses to n exittion in eh sptil diretionF por instneD this is typil proedure for response spetrum methodF qenerllyD two omining results methods re used todyF hese re qure oot of um of qures nd xewmrk9s method or the 4IHHERHERH4 ruleF foth of them suppose unorrelted sptil omponents of n exittionF his pper dels with the proilisti ssessment of the ury of seismi nlysis using suh methodsF his ssessment hs een rried out with the help of IHSR erthqukes reords mde in iurope in the lst thirty yersF wodels of simple strutures @symmetril nd symmetril sptil frmesD pipelineA were usedF foth methods llowed evluting seismi response within S7 of error with proility tht did not exeed PHETH7F st shows the limits of seismi nlysis nd the neessity of development of new methods of omining of sptil responsesF
NONLINEAR SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSES OF EXISTING R/C BUILDING AND EVALUATION OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS CONTRIBUTION  ID 1309
M. Faggella, University of Chieti, Italy J. Conte, UCSD, United States J. I. Restrepo, UCSD, United States E. Spacone, University of Chieti, Italy

he min purpose of this study is to exmine the di'erE enes in results otined y iquivlent eismi vod wethodD wodeEuperposition wethod nd enlysis wethod in ime homin suggested y urkish irthquke godeF wo series of six nd twelve storey uildings re onsidered for this purposeF ih of series hs three uildings whih hve symmetriD semiEsymmetri nd unsymmetril pln geometryF he pinite ilement wethod is used for modeling of uildingsF ePHHH pkge progrm is used to nlysis of seleted uildings sujeted to erthqukeF he results otined y these di'erent methods for the uildings hve een ompred with eh othersF ome reommendtions relted uses of seismi nlysis methods re mde t the end of the studyF
SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF RETROFITTED RC COLUMNS USING AN INELASTIC REPAIR ELEMENT  ID 1334
D. H. Lee, Paichai University, Korea, Republic Of

sn order to evlute the seismi performne of dmged reinfored onrete memersD prtiulrly ridge piersD n inelsti repir element is proposedF he proposed element enles inresed hrteristis due to struturl intervention @iFeFD repir or retro(ttingA to e urtely re)eted to the degrded strength nd sti'ness of the memersF he inelsti repir element hving oth irth nd deth time n freely e tivted within the userEde(ned time intervls during stti nd dynmi timeEhistory nlysisF gomprtive studies re rried out for reinfored onrete ridge olumns tht re repired nd retro(ttedF enlytil preditions inE orporting the developed element show resonle orreltion with experimentl resultsF elso onduted is nonliner timeEhistory nlysis of reinfored onrete ridge under multiple erthqukesF gomprtive nlytil results demonstrte the dequy nd

391

ES 3a
ppliility of the urrent developmentF sn llD it is onluded tht the present element is ple of providing slient fetures for the helthy evlution of seismi performne of reinfored onrete memers eing repired nd retro(ttedD nd hene seismi stility ssessmentF
PERFORMANCE OF TALL BUILDINGS IN NEARFIELD EARTHQUAKES  ID 1338
A. R. Khaloo, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic

Poster Presentations
orreltion is found etween struturl pityD oserved dmge nd erthquke demnd in energeti termsF he vrition of the modl shpesD the fundmentl frequenies nd the e'ets of repirs nd retro(t works re lso oservedF hese results gree well with the spetrl nlysis of the reords performed y previous reserhersF irthquke response simultions re lso performed using the mthemtil models of the uildingF st is oserved tht the doule of the potentil strin energy stored t the minimum nd mximum response points during the erthquke exittions gree well with the the di'erent erthquke levels9 energy inputD whih keeps quite stle nd onstnt no mtter the vrition in the fundmentl frequenies of the uildingF
EVALUATION OF SIMPLIFIED CRITERION OF SOILSTRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS  ID 1356
C. H. Hyun, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, Korea, Republic Of J. M. Kim, Yosu National Univ., Korea, Republic Of W. H. Kim, Yosu National Univ., Korea, Republic Of Y. S. Chung, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, Korea, Republic Of M. S. Kim, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, Korea, Republic Of

Republic Of ) P. Ghaderi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. F. Ghahari, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn nerE(eld erthqukesD high frequenies usully n not e dmped nd onsequently result in high frequeny elE ertionF he propgtion of fult rupture to the reording point with veloity ner sher wve veloity results in pek with lrge mplitude nd short period in the eginning of veloity reordF qenerllyD estimtion methods of strutures pity nd dutility distriution long the height of the struture in this type of motions re di'erent from strutures experiening fr (eld erthqukesF sn this pperD nonliner response of tll uildings is investigted under ner (eld erthqukesF he sn)uene of vritions in pulse period on the performne of the strutures is studiedF elsoD pity of the struture is ompred with the results otined from nonliner stti nlysis using onventionl lod ptternsFeloity response spetrum of these reords hs severl peksF he period of these pek points is lmost equl to pulse period of nerE(eld reordsF efter designing IHD PHD QH nd RH story uildings ording to fgWU onsidering nerE(eld prmetersD more thn PHH nonliner nlysis using ypensees softwre were performed Fhe following onlusions re otined X IEsnrese in story level dereses strength nd sti'nessD however QH nd RH story uildings showed lose strength nd sti'nessF PEgontrry to frE(eld erthqukesD struturl pity otined from nonliner dynmi nlysis is higher thn nonliner stti nlysisF QEsn nerE(eld erthqukesD when struture hs period greter thn pulse periodD it experienes lrge displements nd yields in upper stories due to wve propgtion phenomenD then dutility demnds immigrtes to lower storiesF vower stories should hve higher strength nd sti'ness in order to provide nerly uniform dutility long the uilding heightD in nerE(eld erthqukesF xumer of stories requiring modi(tion inreses with inrese in period of struture
RESPONSE ANALYSES CONSIDERING STRUCTURAL DETERIORATION OF A RC BUILDING USING EARTHQUAKE RECORDS  ID 1342
F. Arrecis, Tohoku University, Japan M. Motosaka, Tohoku University, Japan

his pper evlutes the simpli(ed riterion for determinE ing whether or not soilEstruture intertion @sA nlysis is required for seismi response nlysis of nuler power plnt struturesF st is presried in egi REWV tht (xedEse support my e ssumed in modeling strutures for seismi response nlysis when the frequeny otined ssuming rigid struture supported on soil springs representing the soil supporting medium @iFeFD the intertion frequenyA is more thn twie the dominnt frequeny of (xedEse )exile struture @iFeFD the (xedEse frequenyAF sn this studyD the theoretil reltionship is investigted etween the riterion nd the system frequeny shift of the soilEstruture system reltive to the (xedEse frequenyF he riterion is lso evluted through simple hnd lultions utilizing simpli(ed single degreeEofEfreedom model nd numeril nlysis y esD the omputer ode for s nlysisD for severl exmple strutures inluding existing nuler power plnt strutures nd model struture for lrgeEsle seismi testF st is found tht the riterion of twie the (xedEse frequeny results in IH7 system frequeny shift @while the one of three times the (xedEse frequeny in S7 frequeny shiftA nd in most ses yields sher wve veloity in soil medium of greter thn IIHHmGsD whih is wellEknown riterion for rok site in whih the (xedEse nlysis is llowedF st lso n e seen tht the soil medium with sher wve veloity of IIHHmGs results in lmost PH7 system frequeny shift in some sesD whih my not give onservtive results from the (xedEse nlysis of strutureF
EFFECT OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON INTERSTORY DRIFTS IN A SEVEN STORY RC STRUCTURE  ID 1357
S. S. Ivanovic, Univ. of Southern California, United States

irthquke response orreltion nlyses of nine story reinfored onrete uildingD omprising nonEdmging nd dmging erthquke levelsD re performed foused on the study of the struturl pity nd the erthquke demnd in energeti termsF irthquke oservtion reords otined in the (rst )oorD inside the uildingD during its QT yers of lifespnD re used s the input ground motionsF he orreltion of the output time histories of the ninth )oor with the reords otined in the sme )oor is used to verify the orretness of the mthemtil modelsF he initil mthemtil model of the uilding is ssemled from pity urves of individul struturl elementsD whih re mthemtilly modeled sed on onstrution plns nd mterils spei(tionsF efter eh erthquke response nlysisD new mthemtil model is ssemled ounting for the e'ets of the struturl deteriortion used y eh erthqukeF ushover nlyses of the (rst modl shpes of the uilding re lso performed efore nd fter eh erthquke response nlysisF he energeti pity of the struture is ompred with the energeti demnd of di'erent erthquke levels t their ourrene in timeF qood

entomy of interstory drifts in seven story reinfored onrete struture is investigtedD sed on multiple erthquke reordingsF st is shown tht for urte estimtion of reltive interstory driftsD the ontriution to drifts used y roking during soilEstruture intertion must e sutrted from the reorded dtF nless this roking ontriution is eliminted prior to (tting the response of struturl models to the reorded dt erroneous @non onservtiveA inferenes on overll struturl propertiesD nd in prtiulr on its tul pity to withstnd strong motion dementsD will e inevitleF
MORE ACCURATE SPECIFICATION OF DESIGN DYNAMIC MODELS OF MULTISTORY BUILDINGS  ID 1361
M. Nurakhmet, KazNIISSA, Kazakhstan

ine PHHP dynmi tests of uildings using shkers hve een renewedF wjority uildings of two onstrutive systems

392

Poster Presentations
were exposed to testsF fering onstrutions of the (rst type re the uildings with monolithi ferroEonrete giertless skeleton nd with diphrgms of rigidityD s for the seond type they hve metl skeleton with vertil res nd with monolithi reinfored onrete )oorsF he otined results of tests showD tht vlues of experimentl nd experimentl nd designed periods of virtions do not oinideF e disrepny of designed nd experimentl vlues hve een in)uened y wll (llings nd prtitionsD whih rigidity filed to e tken into ount throughout designingF rving nlyzed results of the periods of )ututions of highErises with the vrious onstrutive shemes reeived y experimentl nd designing methodsD it is possile to mke the following onlusionF por frmed uildings with diphrgms of rigidity nd without themD hving no wll (lling nd prtitions whih in)uene on totl rigidity of skeletonD design nd experimentl vlue of period of virtion pproximtely oinideF es for uildings where wll (lling nd prtitions @mde of rikwork or prest reinfored onrete elementsA whih rigidity 'ets totl rigidity of skeleton nd is not tken into ount in design shemes of uildingsD the vlues of experimentl nd design period of osilltion of uildings do not oinideF es rule design vlues of osilltion periods exeed vlues otined y experiment pree virtion periods otined experimentlly will llow to de(ne more urtely the design dynmi models s well tke into ount the in)uene of nonEonstrutive elements @wll (llingsD prtitionsD etFA nd intertion with foundtion of uildingsF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALLS UNDER BI-DIRECTIONAL EARTHQUAKE EXCITATION  ID 1366
N. Ile, INSA-Lyon, France J. M. Reynouard, INSA-Lyon, France

ES 3a
elthough shells re good onstrutions under in)uene of erthqukeD in)uene of geometril imperfetions on inrese of stress nd strins re lrgeF reformed omprle nlysis of rottionl hyperoli shell with geometril imperfetions nd designed stte of shell shoved tht stress nd strins in shell with geometril imperfetion re up to (ve times lrgerF elso nlysis shoved tht inrese of stress nd strins re not limited to re of geometril imperfetionF enlysis lso shoved tht dynmi response of onstrution under in)uene of erthquke is onsisted from vrious frequenies in very wide rnge whih signi(es investigtion of seismi prmeters of miro lotion of onstrutionF
MODELING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES TO ESTIMATE RESIDUAL DISPLACEMENTS  ID 1370
U. Yazgan, Institute of Structural Engineering, IBK-ETHZ,

Switzerland A. Dazio, Institute of Structural Engineering, IBK-ETHZ, Switzerland

ithin the ig ioleder progrmme shking tle tests on S storey reinfore onrete wll struture hve een performedF he struture is omposed of two prllel wlls linked with perpendiulr one tht hs openingsD nd hs een sized nd detiled following the urrent design prtie in prne tht indues smll mount of reinforementF o investigte the ehviour of the speimenD nd to ssess the vlidity of the numeril toolD QEh re(ned nonEliner nlysis ws ondutedF st is shown tht the re(ned model is le to desrie the glol ehviour of the struture nd qulittively the distriution of dmge t the se of the speimenF fsed on the results otined in this work it ppers possile to use these models to investigte numerilly the ehviour of wider vriety of on(gurtions tht is prtilly impossile to study experimentllyF
INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRICAL IMPERFECTION ON SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF COOLING TOWER  ID 1369
R. Pejovic, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yugoslavia R. Mrdak, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yugoslavia O. Mijuskovic, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yugoslavia

ostEerthquke residul displements of strutures re ritil for the usilityGreprility of strutures whih deformed eyond their elsti limits during n erthqukeF sn light of this ft within the lst dede numer of pprohes hve een proposed to tke into ount these displements in the seismi design nd performne ssessment of struturesF he ppliility of these pprohes strongly relies on the pilities of ville nlysis tools to estimte residul displementsF gommon modeling pprohesD dopted for simulting the seismi responseD were minly proposed for pturing the pek response quntitiesD like displements or foresF roweverD residul displements re typilly more sensitive to the dopted modeling pproh ompred to mximum response quntitiesF gurrent knowledge on the performne of ommon modeling pprohes in terms of estimting the residul displements is rther sreF sn this studyD the in)uene of mjor (niteEelement modeling ssumptions on the residul displement estimtes is investigtedF he response of reinfored onrete frme to set of strong ground motions is simulted with severl (niteEelement modeling pprohesF fsed on the omputed residul displementsD the sensitivity of the results to the dopted temporl nd sptil disretiztion shemes is ssessedF sn)uene of the employed memer nd mteril hysteresis models on the glol residul displements is investigtedF purthermoreD the sensitivity of residul displement estimtes to the utilized dmping models is nlyzedF smportnt issues relted to numeril modeling of strutures for estimting postEerthquke residul displements re identi(edF
EVALUATION OF THE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF A PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF LOW WEIGHT  ID 1395
D. M. Ruiz Valencia, Ponticia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia

he sujet of this pper is reserh on the seismi reE sponse of the reinfored onrete ooling towerD whih is performed with pronouned geometril imperfetions in regrd to the design stteF he sujets of the reserh were the in)uene of the geometril imperfetion on dynmi hrteristis of the ooling tower nd stress strined onditions indued y the e'et of erthqukes inside nd outside of the imperfetion reF he ojetive of the reserh ws to quntify the in)uene of the imperfetion in regrd to the designed stteD to vlue the in)uene of the ground on the seismi response nd to judge the tower stility under the in)uene of erthquke for the proper seismi prmetersF he reserh ws done on the ooling tower of the herml ower lnt in ljevljF he ooling tower ws designed from the ef rottionl hyperoli shellD whih ws supported ginst QP pirs of 44 olumns long the ottom edgeF he tower ws WQFPH m highF st ws performed with signi(nt devition in regrd to the designed stteD in wy tht t the spot level SUFSH devitions from the designed rdius were PFUT m @IQFU 7AF

xer of the US7 of the ttriuted deths to erthqukes in golomiD were used y the ollpse of hevy onstrutionsF ht 9s why it is neessry to study new tehnologil lterntives in struturl systems for houses of one storyD tht re le to support the seismi foresF hese new struturl systems must e resistntD durleD light nd with low ostsF sn golomiD ompny hs developed prefrited sysE tem onformed y selfEsupporting metl pnels insulted with polyurethneF rditionllyD this system hs een used for prtiE tionsF xevertheless the low weight of the polyurethne nd the high resistne of the oworkersElmine of steelD hve suggested tht this system ould e the struturl system of one story housesF por the previous resonsD reserh progrm ws developed in diE verse golomin niversities to evlute the seismi ehvior of the prefrited systemF he experimentl progrm inluded stndrd test for evlute the strength nd dutility of the nelsF everl hrteriztion tests of the polyurethne nd the steel were perE formed @sherD tension nd ompression testsAF everl tests were onduted in order to estlish the strength of the onnetions nd

393

ES 3a
the nhorge systemF pinllyD the pnels were tested s struturl wlls sujeted to in plne lods nd )exurl lodsF edditionllyD three dimensionl (nite element model of one story house ws developed to study the stresses nd displements used y the seismi lods estlished in the golomin ode for erthquke design nd onstrutionF his stresses nd fores were ompred with the ones determined experimentllyF sn greement with the resultsD the struturl system would hve n exellent ehvior to seismi lods due to his low weight nd high resistneF
INELASTIC RESPONSE OF SDOF OSCILLATOR TO COUPLED TILT AND TRANSLATIONAL GROUND MOTION  ID 1418
P. Ceresa, ROSE School, Italy E. Kalkan, University of California Davis Civil and Env. United States V. Graizer, California Geological Survey, United States Eng.,

Poster Presentations
re determined using replement em modelsF he uilding struture with vrying sti'nesses is repled y ontinuous em with uniform sti'nessesD nd its periods of virtion re lulted y pproximte formuls given in the litertureF
FLEXURE-SHEAR FIBRE BEAM-COLUMN ELEMENT FOR MODELLING OF STRUCTURES UNDER SEISMIC LOADING  ID 1425
P. Ceresa, ROSE School, Italy L. Petrini, Politecnico di Milano, Italy R. Pinho, Universit degli Studi di Pavia, Italy

hynmi response of strutures sujeted to erthqukeE indued se exittions re often simpli(ed y ignoring the tilt omponents of ground motionD however lose to the erthquke soureD tilting of the ground surfe my eome signi(ntF fsed on strongEmotion reord t the oim hm ! pper veft eutment otined during the IWWR xorthridge erthquke residul tilt rehed QFI in xRS i diretionD while the dynmi tilt remined higherF his study investigtes the onsequenes of negleting the e'ets of tilt omponent in ground motions on elsti nd inelsti spetrl ordintesF e ompleteEeqution of motion for singleEdegreeEofEfreedom osilltor is developed whih inludes the e'ets of tilt @s the seondry Ehelt e'etA in ddition to inertil fore e'ets due to ngulr nd trnsltion elertionsF he expeted vlues of the lrgest response peks re omputed for the trnsltionl nd for the tilting exittions to investigte the reltive ontriution of eh foring funtionF he oupled tilt nd trnsltionl ground motion response spetrum @g spetrumA is generted onsidering elsti nd inelsti responseF he g spetrum re)ets kinemti hrteristis of the ground motion tht re not identi(le y the trnsltionl ground motion response spetrum loneD therefore emerges s distint intensity mesure of trnsltionl ground motion when it is oupled with signi(nt dynmi tilting of ground surfeF
APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF LATERALTORSIONAL VIBRATION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES WITH DIFFERENT STOREYS  ID 1423
G. Tarjan, Hungary L. Kollar, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Budapest University of Technology and Economics,

hilst urrently existing modelling pprohes of g eE hviour llow resonly urte predition of )exurl responseD the determintion of sher strength nd deformtion response hrteristis is still (eld tht is in very muh need of further developmentF sn prtiulrD the urte simultion of the ehviour of g strutures sujeted to strong ground motion is still hllenging nd opened prolemF eordinglyD while vrious models for prediting sher response under monotoni loding hve een suessfully proposed up to nowD very few re the reported models tht hve demonstrted suessful results under yli lodingF he modi(ed ompression (eld theory @wgpAD proposed y eE hio nd gollins @IWVTAD stnds out s one of those models tht seems to e le of urtely prediting the sher strength of oth reinforedE nd prestressed onrete memers sujeted to monoE toni lodsF sn dditionD during the lst twenty yersD this theory hs een further developed nd upgrdedD with the im of pturing the foreEdeformtion response of g memers under reversed lodE ingF he proedure exhiited very good ury when ompred to experimentl test results on pnels nd sher wllsF he ove seems to indite tht the wgp pproh onstiE tutes n interesting nd pertinent model for erthquke engineering simultionsF he proposed reserh work therefore dels with the pplition of the ompression (eld theory in the nlysis of g frme strutures sujeted to seismi tionF his requiresD for resons of omputtion e0ienyD n innovtive implementtion in emEolumn element typesD s opposed to shell or solid elementsF sn dditionD nd so s to wrrnt dequte uryD with reltively simple lirtion e'ortsD when strutures re pushed well into their nonliner response rngeD di'used plstiity pproh @multiE(re em elementA hs een eqully doptedD using wgp s onstitutive modelF
REALISTIC MODELLING OF THE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF BOX-GIRDER BRIDGES  ID 1446
M. Dr. Empelmann, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany M. Girmscheid, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany D. Dr. Nowak, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany

epproximte virtion nlysis my ply n importnt role in the erly design stge of uilding strutures when the (nl dimensions nd the lotions of the horizontl lodEresisting susystems re not knownD nd lso in their (nl design for the veri(tion of the more sophistited (nite element modelsF yne of the most e'etive pproximte methods is the ontinuum nlysis whih ws pplied suessfully for determining the periods of virtions nd the erthquke indued se sher fores of uildE ing struturesF elmost ll the previous nlyses onsidered identil storeys long the height of the uilding whih is not relisti sE sumption for high rise uildingsD whih require signi(ntly strongerD nd hene sti'er elements t the ottom thn t the topF yur im in this rtile is to give simple ontinuum pprohD whih is pplile for lterlEtorsionl virtion of uildings with di'erent storeysF he uilding struture my e red y n ritrry ominE tion of sher wllsD oupled sher wllsD frmesD trusses nd oresF he rrngement of the horizontl lodEresisting susystems my e symmetril or symmetrilF he sti'nesses of the struture my e uniform or my derese with the heightF wsses of the individul storeys re identilD exept the mss of the top )oorF pirst nd seond periods of virtion of lterlEtorsionl virtion

por the modelling nd the seismi nlysis of ridges difE ferent methods of nlysis re ville nd well known y erthquke engineersF sn onjuntion with tody9s powerful omputer softwre nd hrdwre those methods of nlysis give the designers the opportunity to relistilly model the deformtion nd response ehviour of ridges under seismi tionsF eent design works on mjor ridge projets show tht espeE illy in se of irregulr oxEgirder ridgesD with onsiderle sti'ness di'erene etween djent piersD suh relisti modelling is of gret importne for the determintion of the seismi tionsF por suh ridges the virtion ehviour in trnsverse diretion is hrterised y outEofEphse movements of djent piers resultE ing in twist of the oxEgirdersF he resulting torsion demnd in the oxEgirder is imposed y reltive deformtions etween djent piersF sts size nd mgnitude is funtion of the sti'ness of the whole struturl systemD nd in prtiulr the torqueEtwistEreltionship of the oxEgirder inluding othD tF ennt orsion nd orsionl hisE tortionF hue to onstrution resons ox girders re often designed without ny lssi diphrgm nd with thikened end setion onlyF sn this seD the in)uene of orsionl histortion is signi(nt nd nnot e ignoredF sn tehnil literture the onsidertion of the tul deformtion ehviour of irregulr oxEgirder ridges inludE

394

Poster Presentations
ing oth tF ennt orsion nd orsionl histortionD is ddressed only rrelyF he pper gives n overview on the mehnil relE tionships nd the di'erent lultion methodsF fsed on exmples from reent onstrution projets prmeter studies were performed on oxEgirder systems using di'erent methods of nlysisD (nlly leding to reommendtion of simple nd relisti design pE prohF he full nd relisti onsidertion of the torsionl sti'ness results into etter determintion of the seismi tions nd the referene to onstrution projets shows tht suh onsidertion is essentil for n eonomi designF
MICRO-MESO-MACRO SCALE MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF THE CAMUS I RC SHEAR WALL  ID 1478
D. Coronelli, Dept. of Struct. Engng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy L. Martinelli, Dept. of Struct. Engng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy P. Martinelli, Dept. of Struct. Engng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy M. G. Mulas, Dept. of Struct. Engng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy

ES 3a
reserhD proedure is proposed to inorporte the s e'ets into gpity petrum wethod of egERHD ommon use proedure to determine the struturl performne pointD whih is sed on equivlent lineriztion of nonliner struturl responseF he ury of the proposed proedure with respet to the ext results of nonliner time history nlysis of the oilEtruture system hs een exmined through n extensive prmetri study in di'erent rnges of the struturl nd soil prmetersF he results show tht the ury of the proposed proedure is in the eptle rnge nd it n well predit the tul ehvior of the oilEtruture system in mny rngesF purthermoreD the min e'ets of the soil )exiility on the performne of uildings re otined y ompring the dutility demnd of the oilEtruture models using the proposed proedure to tht of the (xedEse strutureF he results revel tht the se (xity ssumption is not lwys onservtive nd there ould e mny (xedEse systems tht their dutility demnd would inrese y dding the soil eneth their seF
THE EFFECT OF HIGHER MODES IN DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF TALL BUILDINGS  ID 1519
A. F. Gandomzadeh, Khoshnoudian, Amir Amir Kabir Kabir University University of of Technology, Technology, Iran Iran

he fous of the work is on the struturl modelling of one of the two SEstoryD IGQrd sleD Gg sher wlls tested on shking tle for the gew rogrmD nd on the nlysis issues relted to the reprodution of the experimentl resultsF he wll ws designed ording to the prenh ode WP nd is representtive of existing strutures not fully omplying with the requirements of reent seismi odesF he wll ws sujeted to two di'erent elerogrmsD representtive of ner nd fr (eld erthqukes respetivelyD eh of them sled to two di'erent qesY (fth elerogrm used the filure of the wllF hree di'erent levels of re(nements hve een dopted in the struturl disretiztion of the wllD nmely the miroEsle of the (nite element methodD the mesoEsle of (re model for Ih elementsD nd the mroEsle of em spredEplstiity elementF he miro nd mesoEsles re le to follow t lol level the mteril onstitutive reltions in terms of stressEstrinD nd di'er minly for the rihness of the kinemti (eldD quite generl for the miro sle nd tied to geometri hypotheses on the rossEsetion ehviour for the mesoEsle @imoshenko em modelAF he mro sle trks the mteril ehviour in terms of setionl propertyD the momentEurvture reltionD nd relies on )exiility pprohD with less rih kinemti (eldF o reprodue the experimentl results two di'erent numeril pprohes of nlysis hve een doptedX pushEover monotoni nlysis within displementEsed ssessment nd dynmi stepEyEstep nlysisF he pushover nlysis hs een performed t the miro nd meso slesY the meso nd mroEsles hve een dopted for the dynmi nlysesF he omprison of numeril nd experimentl results provides useful inditions out the modelling pprohes to e dopted in prediting the non liner seismi response through simpli(ed nd ext proeduresF
CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD CONSIDERING SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS  ID 1479
M. R. Bayat, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic

(Islamic Republic Of ) (Islamic Republic Of )

yne of the min dvntges of the modl nlysis method is tht it is not neessry to lulte ll virtion modesF sn order to optimize the lultionsD the initil seletion of redued numer of modes y seismi odes for dynmi nlysis hs een de(nedF sn some ses this reommended numer of modes my provide lrge errors in struturl responseF his rtile hs studied the in)uene of higher modes in order to determine the numer of required modes in spetrl nlysis to otin desirle errorF he studies inlude numer of )oorsD the min period of strutureD the period of soil nd lso the spetrum used in spetrl nlysisF hen the srnin prtie ode @PVHHA hs een veri(ed for spetrl dynmi nlysisF por this purpose S to RS stories uildings hve een onsidered nd designed ording to srnin odeF he e'et of some prmeters hs een studied suh s type of struturl systemD the reltive sti'nessD irregulrity in pln nd irregulr distriution of mss in heightF pinlly some formuls hs een suggested for determining the minimum numer of required modes in order to otin less thn S7 nd IH7 error in struture responseF yur results show the vlidtion of suggested formulsF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR BUILDINGS  ID 1520 OF VERTICALLY HYBRID

A. Kheyroddin, Semnan University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Hemmati, Semnan University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Republic Of ) M. A. Ghannad, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he soil 'ets the struturl response in two wysD through the hnge in the freeE(eld motion @usully known s the site e'etA nd due to oilEtruture sntertion @sAF he site e'et hs een inluded in the seismi odes from the most eginningF roweverD the s e'et hs not ttrted muh ttentionF he most signi(nt intervention in this regrd hs een the IWUV inlusion of s in the tenttive provisions of egQEHTD whih is sed on the results of studies on elsti response of soilEstruture systemsF prom nother point of viewD s the urrent seismi design philosophy is sed on nonliner ehvior of uildings during moderte nd strong erthqukesD there is need to investigte the e'et of soil on nonliner response of uildingsF sn this

ryrid uildingsD whih onsist of two di'erent struturl systems in heightD don9t show good seismi responseF se of reinE fored onrete frmes for lower stories nd steel frmes for upper stories is n exmple of hyrid uildings nd nder the erthquke lodsD steel frmes my slip on lower onrete prtsF sn this pper SD IH nd IS story uildings tht hve Fg frmes with sher wlls in lower stories nd steel frmes with rings in upper stories re investigtedF he liner ehvior of these uildings @lterl displementD internl fores in trnsition levelDF F F A is investigted with ief PHHH softwreF woreover ushEover nlysis is done nd pity digrms re presented tooF elso nonliner ehvior of these uildings under the erthquke lods @dutilityD ultimte lterl displementD ultimte strengthD rrngement nd position of plsti hingesD hystersis loop digrmsDF F F A is investigted with ew ipywEQh softwre ording to piweEPUQ nd piweEQSTF enlytil results show tht with using exssyx y etween two di'erent prts of hyrid struturesD the seismi ehvior of these uildings is improvedF rnsition storyD whih is loted in the trnsition levelD is omposite @steelEonrete A story with omposite olumnsD her wlls nd steel ringsF xumer of trnsition )oors is dependent on totl height of hyrid

395

ES 3a
uilding nd pplied lodsF wore detils out this story presented in this pperF he est position of this story is in oneEthird of the height of hyrid uilding from oveF woreover with using trnsition story in hyrid struturesD xil nd sher fores t trnsition level derese nd dutility inresesF ui yhX ryrid uildingsD viner ehviorD xonliner ehviorD rnsition storyD hutilityF

Poster Presentations
FRAGILITY ANALYSIS OF DETERIORATED REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM IN NPP FACILITIES  ID 1576
M. Moosoo Kim, KINS, Korea, Republic Of M. Myungkue Lee, Jeonju University, Korea, Republic Of C. Yunseok Chung, KINS, Korea, Republic Of

SEISMIC BEHAVIOR BUILDINGS  ID 1564

M. Kramar, IKPIR, Slovenia

OF

PRECAST

INDUSTRIAL

M. Fischinger, IKPIR, Slovenia

rest g industril uildings represent frequently used struturl system ll over iuropeF here hs een ertin mistrust regrding the use of suh systems in seismi resF rowever there hs never een enough reserh evidene to estimte seismi vulnerility of suh systemsF his hs een re)eted in igV requirementsD whih di'er lot from one version of the ode to the otherF herefore lrge reserh projet hs een initited to estimte seismi vulnerility of prest industril uildings nd to provide kground of igV requirementsF ixperimentl tests hve een performed within the ige igV Sth prmework projet @oordinted y olitenio di wilnoAF his pper refers predominntly to nlytil simultion of the prt of the tests performed t ive iuropen vortory for truturl essessment in ssprD where series of pseudoEdynmi nd yli tests of two fullEsled prototypesD representtive for stly nd loveni s well s some other gentrl iuropen ountries hve een performedF niversity of vjuljn provided nlytil supportD doumented in this pperF xumeril nlyses were mde with ypenees softwreD using stndrd mro elementsF e(nements of the elements were mde on the sis of the experimentl results nd re(ned pi nlysesF eismi vulnerility of the nlyzed systems ws estimted using simpli(ed proilisti methods nd some reommendtions for igV were formultedF

e etter understnding of the e'et of ging degrdtion on strutures is needed to ensure tht the urrent liensing sis@gvfA is mintined under ll loding onditionsF hereforeD it is reviewed in this pper how the geErelted degrdtion 'ets on the struturl response of onrete elements nd wht is tken into ount in mrgin ssessment onsidering degrdtionF prgility urves of typil em in xs re developed sed on the degree of deteriortion of the memer onsidered nd ompred to investigte its in)uene on ultimte strength of the memersF he models were simulted y vtin ryperEgue @vrgA method onsidering vrious gingErelted deteriortion of g emF prgility urves under vrious ondition sujeted to stti lod re ompredF st is found tht the PH7 loss of top nd ottom steel lower IS7 of the undegrded em strengthF por the em modelsD the frgilities onsidering the horizontl seismi horizontl ttenution re lulted nd ompred y piw nlysis
NONLINEAR STATIC AND NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES IN THE ESTIMATION OF THE MAXIMUM RESPONSES  ID 1578
P. Tehrani, University of Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

FRAGILITY ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE BASE BUILDINGS  ID 1567

T. Naqvi, Aligarh muslim university, India T. K. Datta, Indian Institute of Technology, India G. V. Ramana, Indian Institute of Technology, India

e simpli(ed frgility nlysis of )exile se uilding frmes is presented whih n e esily dopted in prtieF he frgility nlysis nd limited white noise nd white nd response spetrum s inputs to the edrok levelF he orresponding free (eld response spetrums re used for otining the seismi fores on the frmeF sn otining the free (eld response spetrum the e'et of the soil lyer is duly tken into onsidertion y onsidering oth liner nd nonliner properties of the soilF en equivlent lterl lod nlysis is performed to (nd out the seismi response of the struture t vrious setionsF he proility of filure t setion is otined y using plsti nlysis nd the (rst order seond moment theory of reliilityF por determining the proility of filureD the unertinties inluded in the study re those of modeling of the systemD inelsti tionD onentrtion of hingesD erthquke inputD se )exiility etF he sensitivity of the proility of filure to the vrition of some importnt prmeters is onduted through numeril study on twelveEstorey steel uilding frmeF he results of the study indite tht @iA the onsidertion of se )exiility nd nonlinerity of the soil hve onsiderle e'et on the proility of filure of the frmeY nd @iiA in the sene of resonle response spetrum t the edrok levelD the ssumption of white noise t the edrok level provides onservtive estimte of proility of filureF uey wordsX eismi reliilityD frgility nlysisD risk onsistent response spetrum nd )exile se uilding frmeF

sn this studyD the nonliner stti nd nonliner dynmi proedures in the determintion of mximum displements of n existing W story steel struture retro(tted with di'erent methods hve een ompredF hese methods inlude the use of the ifp systemsY g her lls nd use of ssive energy dissiptors suh s metlli ehe dmpersD visous dmpersD visoelsti dmpers nd frition dmpersF ih dmping system hs een modeled for severl dmping rtios nd dmper propertiesF sn nonliner dynmi proedureD the response of the struture to seven sled erthquke reords mthed to the design spetrum hs een otined nd the verge vlue of the responses is used for omprisonF et the sme time in nonliner stti proedureD the mximum displement of the struture in two di'erent lod distriution ptterns nmely uniform nd spetrum ptterns hve een otinedF he results demonstrte tht nonliner stti proedure determines the mximum displement of the struture onservtivelyF rtiulrly with the use of the isous hmpers in the struture di'erene etween the resultsD will eome more pronounedF sn dditionD it seems tht this di'erene inreses when the struture eomes more )exileF
DYNAMIC STRUCTURE-TO-STRUCTURE ACTIONS OF THREE BUILDINGS  ID 1605
N. Deng, Bechtel National Inc., United States F. Ostadan, Bechtel National Inc., United States

INTER-

his pper presents the nlytil results of dynmi strutureEtoEstruture intertions for three uilding ssemly ! e mjor industry proessing uilding @STV ftF y PQV ftFA nd its ontrol nd uxiliry uildingsF ell nlyses were performed for wide rnge of soil pro(les nd in ll three diretionsF he results show tht the strutureEtoEstruture intertion e'ets hve mjor impt on the ehvior of the smller uildings suh tht the results from the omined model in the most ses re the ontrolling resultsF he mgnitude nd mnners of the strutureEtoEstruture intertion re lso disussedF
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING AL- SHOUNA HOSPITAL IN JORDAN (STUDY CASE)  ID 1652
M. Jahmani, Ministry Of Public Works And Housing, Jordan J. Qtaishat, Ministry Of Public Works And Housing, Jordan

396

Poster Presentations
he existing el!houn rospitl is loted ner hed e whih is the lowest point in the world nd lies in seismi zone 4Q4 ording to seismi zone mp of tordnF he struturl system of the hospitl onsists of reinfored onrete ordinry moment resisting frmes @yFwFFpFAwithout sher wllsF he sope of work onsists of three stgesD (rstD site inspetionD seondD struturl nlysis nd veri(tion of resultsD nd thirdD seisE mi strengthening of struture using stti fore proedureD sine the hospitl hs regulr struture with height not exeeding @UmAF sn generl termsD response of regulr strutures to dynmi fores is dominted y the (rst mode of virtionD thereforeD dynmi nlyE sis is not dopted in this shemeD while equivlent stti proedure will e performedF he struturl nlysis of the existing hospitl shows tht it nE not resist the expeted seismi fores for eh frme in oth direE tions nd needs strengthening of the existing frmes y dding new reinfored onrete sher wllsD whih is properlyD the est method of strengthening the existing hospitl nd improving seismi perforE mneF he proposed reinfored onrete wlls re generlly stE in!situF edequte onnetions of the new sher wlls with sls @diphrgmsA nd foundtion re provided ording to tordnin ode requirementsF
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FIXING THE STEEL PLATE WITH BRACES ON BEHAVIOR OF RETROFITTED RC BEAMS  ID 1717
A. Guray, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey S. Filiz, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey E. Ibrahim, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

ES 3a
for seismi energy dissiption hs een de(ned y dvned design nlyses in the theoretil prt of the investigtionsF he multiElevel response of the fvPEqs system in ompline with the input seismi energy provides omplete seismi protetion of struturesD even under the strongest erthquke exittionsF et presentD reserh tivities re ontinued in the frme of QEyer sienti( projet nd will e foused on prtil pplition of the invented fvPEqs ystemF
CASES OF STUDIES ON THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN SWITZERLAND  ID 1830
Y. Belmouden, EPFL, Switzerland

elmost ll reserhers studying in this (eld gree on the signi(nt ontriution of using epoxyEonded ontinuous horizonE tl steel pltes on lod rrying pity of reinfored onrete @gA ems with retngulr rossEsetionF roweverD there is not enough dt ville on the e'et of yEshpe jket t the end of )exurl steel pltes @(xing the steel plte with resA nd there is no onsensus on the ontriution sEshpe jket to this type of ems within the limited ville dtF sn this studyY the use of end nhorge tehnique suh s sEshpe jket is investigted nd hving the di'erent distne of (xing the steel plte with res from midEspn re evlutedF sing the nlytil model hrukerErgerD whih re proven y the experimentl studies nd hnging the distne of (xing the steel plte with res from midEspnD nlytil solutions re providedY then the lodEde)etion urves re ompred nd some omments re mde onF
NEW SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM FOR BUILDINGS  ID 1761
D. Ristic, IZIIS, Macedonia

his work presents preliminry results on the evlution of the seismi pity of existing uildings in witzerlndF gomprtive nlyses of regulr reinfored onrete sher wll nd twoExes symmetriEpln unreinfored msonry @wA existing uildings re presentedF he ltter is modeled s n equivlent frme modelF he onventionl multimodl foreEsed ushEyver9 method is usedF gpity digrms re rried out y the hrinQh softwre using three dimensionl (er em element modelF he numeril results re ompred with simpli(ed nlytil methods nd with existing models suh s iskEi nd rzusF foth torsionl e'et nd higher modes of virtion re tken into ount trough modi(ed lod ptterns in oth prinipl diretions of the uildingsF reliminry onlusions regrding the ppliility of the existing pity digrms proposed y rzus nd iskEi re drwn nd disussedF he numeril results show tht oth rzus nd iskEi pity digrms re vlid for seismi vulnerility ssessment of g sher wll struturesF por the numer of story suElssD the pity digrm given y iskEi doesn9t orrespond to the numeril urve of the onsidered uilding while rzus pity digrm doesF he suElssi(tion in terms of numer of stories should e refully lirtedF wore investigtions re neessry for n ojetive determintion of the ultimte topEdisplementF por the w strutureD the (er model did not onsider oth roking nd sliding ehviorF o the omprison of the iskEi pity digrms show disrepnies in terms of mximl strength nd displementF roweverD the pity digrms with or without torsion e'et desrie di'erent ehviors in oth wek nd strong diretion for eh mode of virtionF his study supports the development of more omplex models with pinite ilement G hisrete ilement omintion nd to nlyse lrge numer of typil uildingsF e prmetri study on the use of the multimodl ushEyver method on torsionlly unlned uildings is in progress
SHEAR STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHORT BEAMS WITH STIRRUPS  ID 1900
A. Guray, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

resented in this pper is newly developed new generl seismi isoltion system for uildings @fvPEqs ystemA with dvned performnes sed on full seismi energy ontrolF his hs een hieved y integrtion of the dvntges of the seismi isoltion system nd the new onept of multiElevel seismi energy sorptionF his new tehnology with qulittively improved seismi protetion of uildings is sed on pplition of own ptent developed in the ourse of the reliztion of the longEterm pilotEinnovtive projet entitled eismilly fe gities of the putureF he fvPEqs system enles pplition of wide rnge of seismi isoltorsF sn dditionD the proposed new multiElevel seismi energy sorer hs extrordinry fetures s to dpting its ehvior to the tul seismi intensity levelF sf there is no erthquke exittionD the energy sorer is not tive nd the ehvior of the struture is the sme s the ehvior of ny trditionlly onstruted uildingF sf n erthquke ours with reltively low to moderte intensityD the seismi energy sorer rets with dequtely inresed energy dissiption levelF his enles omplete protetion of the strutureF pinllyD in se of the most severe erthqukeD the seismi energy sorer rets with its full pity for energy dissiptionF he required pity

sn the design of reinfored onrete @gA short emsD the rh tion on the sher strength eomes more signi(nt s the Gd rtio deresesF sn this studyY new design expressions re proposedD sed on ersln9s rking sher strength of g slender emD tking into ount the rh tion for the design of g short ems with stirrupsF roposed equtions re veri(ed y omprisons to extensive sets of experimentl dt from the litertureD whih hve een otined on short ems with vrious strengths of onreteD stirrups nominl strengthD sher spn to depth rtio nd geometril sizesF he results re ompred with those predited y the egs QIV fuilding gode nd urkish godeF he proposed equtions show good greement with regrd to existing test resultsD wheres the egs fuilding gode nd urkish gode eqution predit sher strength of norml strength onrete ems exessively onservtiveF
AN EVALUATION METHOD FOR PASSIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS SIMULATED BY MAXWELL DAMPING MODELS  ID 2040

397

ES 3f
H. Ishigaki, Nihon University, Japan

Poster Presentations
he msonry sher wlls re the min seismi lodEresisting elements in unreinfored msonry uildingsF he inEplne sher resistne nd the outEofEplne ending pity of the wlls re their min lines of defense ginst the erthquke lodsF he sher nd ending pities of the rik wlls reD on the other hndD dependnt on the ility of the horizontl nd vertil mortr joints to trnsfer the lods through the rik unitsF hen onstruting the rik wllsD in numer of widdle istern nd ist iuropen ountriesD it is ommon prtie to leve the vertil joints etween the rik units without ny mortrF his is done either for rhiteturl purposes or more oftenD to inrese the speed of onstrutionF his prtieD though my not signi(ntly 'et the vertil lodEering pity of the wllsD it drstilly redues oth the inEplne sher nd outEofEplne ending pities of the wlls nd onsequently the seismi strength of the uildingF sn ssessing the sher nd ending pities of rik wll for seismi evlution nd retro(tting of the uildingD it is neessry tht the level to whih the wll strength is redued due to this omission is well estlishedF xo reserh is reported in the literture imed t diretly determining the level to whih the omission of the vertil mortr joints 'ets the strength of the wllF sn the proposed pperD results of numer of tests onduted on smll sle rik wllsD with vertil mortr joints nd without vertil mortr jointsD will e presented nd ompred to otin some insight into the e'ets of vertil mortr joints on the strength of the wllF he experimentl work will then e sustntited y series of numeril studies on the e'ets of vertil joints in the seismi strength pities of smll sle nd full sle rik wllsF
DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC REGIONS OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  ID 85
A. Zolotcov, Moldova, Republic Of

his pper presents performne evlution method for pssive ontrol systems with visous dmper expressed y wxwell modelsF st is very di0ult to estimte simply the mximum seismi response vlue y use of the system property of frequenyE dependenyF sn this studyD eigen vlue prolems with omplex numers re nlyzed for the systemD so s to investigte the dynmi hrteristisF qenerllyD single mssEspring system with wxwell model hs three degrees of freedomF ht isD the three eigen vlues re derivedD in whih the two re onjugte omplex numers  e  nd  eB D nd the other is rel numer  f F end the multiplition etween the onjugte omplex numers mkes the squre vlue of nturl irulr frequeny  p  nd the sum of them derives the vlue of  EPhp D in whih the vrile  h  mens the visous dmping ftorF por onvenientD the eigen vlue of rel numer is repled y the vlue  h9p F he result shows tht wxwell model nd oigt model hve the sme nturl period nd visous dmping ftor for the se tht the vlue h9  eomes igger thn unityF sn ddition to thisD n empiril formul with those prmeters  h D  p  nd  h9  is proposed in order to estimte the mximum seismi response vlues of the systemF
PUSHOVER ANALYSES: SEISMIC RESPONSE EVALUATION OF AN INFILLED FOUR STOREY R.C. BUILDING DAMAGED BY THE 2002 EARTHQUAKE IN MOLISE (ITALY)  ID 2056
T. Albanesi, University of Roma Tre, Italy E. Candigliota, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy

ushover nlyses re tody very populr s simple nd fst tools to ssess seismi response of uildings ut re still prone to ritiismsF wny pprohes re proposed in literture nd some of whih re inluded in godes tooF foth nonEdptive nd dptive pushover nlyses in uniEmodl nd multiEmodl forms re pplied for the seismi response evlution of n in(lled rFF frme uilding in fonefro @woliseD southEstlyAD dmged y seismi events on ytoer QI nd xovemer ID PHHPF he uilding is four storey rFF frme struture with retngulr plnD tileElintel )oors nd stirse in the middle of the long sideF he in(ll pnels re doule disonneted wlls in riks with high hollow perentgeF he distriution of the pnels is quite irregulrX they re often not ligned to the rFF frmes nd t the ground )oor few ys re in(lledF he strutureD uilt t the eginning of the VH9sD is pled in zone tht wsn9t seismi lssi(ed neither when the uilding ws uilt nor when the erthquke ourredF he uilding ws seriously dmged y the seismi eventsX the ground )oor su'ered hevy dmges while the other )oors seem to e in good onditionsF he in(ll pnels present digonl or ross rks ndD sometimesD outEpln upsetting of the externl wllD some emEolumn joints show signi(nt dmges with over expulsionD stirrups opening nd longitudinl r uklingF he Qh mthemtil model dopted for the uilding im to e n exmple of simpli(ed model to e used in urrent design professionl prtieF he min im is to ssess the e'etiveness of pushover nlyses in foresting the rel seismi response of the uildingX the dmge distriutionD the dmge level nd the filure mehnismD evluted vi nonEliner stti nlysesD were ompred ginst the rel dmge senrioF

epuli of woldov is loted in seismi re with the seismiity etween T nd W degrees on wu sleF he epienter of the erthqukes is in the grpthin wountinsD in the omnin region of rneF huring the speilists from the woldovn hesign snstitutes were using oviet onstrution odes for design of msonry uildingsD suh s xi ssEPPEVI tone gonstrutions nd einfored tone gonstrutions nd xi ssEUEVI eismi fuilding gode F he uildings nd edi(es tht were designed nd uilt t tht time ording to the ove mentioned odes were hit y the grpthin erthqukes from IWUUD IWVT nd IWWH without sustinE ing ny serious degrdtionsF gurrentlyD the design of the stonework uildings is sed on woldovn odes xgw pFHQFHP hesign nd lultion of the mE sonry struturesF hese odes were elorted y woldovn sienE tists who onduted vrious experimentl nd theoretil studiesF fsed on these fundmentl studiesD the woldovn ntiseismi engineers developed new onstrutive solutions imed to inrese the height of stonework wlls uildings to up to W storiesF woldov is the only former soviet ountry tht designs nd uilds stonework uildings with suh height in seismi regionsF his report revels the design requirements for the foundtions @footingAD the wlls nd the seismi elts of msonry for uildings with up to W stories loted in woldovn seismi resF hese regions hve seismiity rnge etween T nd W degrees on wu sleF he uthor elieves tht these requirements ould e suessfully pplied in other seismi regions in iuropeF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF IRREGULAR MASONRY WALLS  ID 86
N. Augenti, Universit di Napoli Federico II, Italy

ES 3f: Structural Engineering - Masonry and Timber

Level-1
THE INFLUENCE OF VERTICAL MORTAR JOINTS ON THE SEISMIC STRENGTH OF UNREINFORCED BRICK WALLS  ID 28
M. R. Maheri, Shiraz University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. A. Najafgholipour, Shiraz University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sf the openings of msonry uilding wll re not lignedD the wll is lled irregulrF he stgger of the openings my e vertil or horizontlF foth the irregulrity kinds strongly in)uene the seismi ehviour of msonry wllsD s lerly shown y the dmges of violent erthqukesF ith regrd to struturl nlysis of msonry uildings sujeted to seismi tionsD the uthor set upD few yers goD lulus method through mroEelements prtiulrly simple to e pplied for professionl useF sn the present

398

Poster Presentations
pper the wy the irregulrities 'et the wll seismi ehviour is exminedF sn prtiulrD di'erent modelling pprohes for irregulr wlls @oth vertilly nd horizontllyA re illustrted nd the gined results ompredF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF SANTA MARIA OF BELEM CHURCH  ID 90
J. A. Roque, Institute Polytechnic of Bragana, Portugal D. Oliveira, University of Minho, Portugal P. B. Loureno, University of Minho, Portugal

ES 3f
he ingin ooden ower in fukyuEemple of hni provineD ghin uilt in IHSTeFhFis one of the most oldest existing wooden tower@n importnt ulturl ssetA in ghinF st ws su'ered mny dmges @inline of the olumnsD settlements Dnd together with the weekend mterils of strutureD espe from ollpse A due to the pst erthqukes nd the rvges of wrsD F st is fed to repir nd reinforementD right nowF his pper shows the dynmi hrteristis of the tower nd the surrounding ground y the mirotremor mesurements nd the numeril nlysesF he min results re otined s followsF @IA wirotremor mesurements on the ground nd the tower wirotremor mesurements were onduted t the RH points on the surfe ground nd QU points eh )oor @groundD IstD PndD QrdD RthD nd SthD )oorsA of the tower through PR hoursF he predominnt frequenies of the ground were otined D PFTrz QFHrzDfor horizontl xEdiretionD PFTrz QFQrz for horizontl iEdiretionD nd PFSrz QFSrz for vertil diretionD respetivelyF he nturl frequenies nd virtion modes of the tower were otinedD IstXHFTVrzD PndXIFVSrzD nd QrdXQFIQrzF @PA eismi response nlysis of the tower he dynmi hrteristis of the wooden tower were investigted numerilly y the (nite element methodF he tower ws modeled y QEdimmensinl em elements with mortise nd jointEuket rhesF he nturl frequeniesD virtion modes of the towerEmodel gree well with the oserved onesF he seismi response nlyses were onduted using this model nd the oserved erthquke t ushi @tpnA with Q di'erent mplitudesD nd estimted the elertionD displement responses struture nd ending moment Dstresses of the timer of struture F prom these dtD the seismi stility of the nient tower ws evlutedF hese results will e vlule for the mintenne nd restortion of the nient wooden struture
ANALYSIS OF THE DEGREE OF INFLUENCE OF DISSIPATIVE AND NON-LINEAR ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF FRAME TYPE TIMBER BUILDINGS ON THEIR SEISMIC STABILITY  ID 390
T. Belash, Petersburg Transport University, Russian Federation J. Ivanova, Petersburg Transport University, Russian Federation

he pper presents n integrted methodology for seismi ehviour hrteriztion of nient msonry strutures of signi(nt heritge importneD inluding possile strengthening mesures towrds the mitigtion of the seismi riskF he proposed methodology is here pplied to n outstnding se study omposed y the nt wri of felm ghurh of the wonstery of ternimosD in visonD ortuglD dting from the ITth entury nd eing one of the most emlemti ortuguese monumentsF he methodology inludes the following min stepsX seismi tion hrteriztionD from the erthquke soure res identi(tion to rti(il genertion of elertion time historiesD using spei( theoretil models nd inluding super(il siteEe'etsY simple numeril modelling for preliminry knowledge on the struturl ehviourY de(nition nd instlltion of stti nd dynmi monitoring systems iming t etter understnding of the stti nd dynmi ehviourY experimentl mehnil hrteriztion of mterils nd struturl elementsY development of dvned numeril models inluding the neessry lirtion ginst experimentl relevnt dtY nonEliner dynmi nlysis of the struture for di'erent erthqukes nd disussion of resultsY seletion of representtive struturl prmeters for dmge evlutionY proposl of set of reommendtions for struturl onservtion ndGor rehilittion purposesF
PERFORMANCE OF URM WALLS STRENGTHENED WITH CFRP UNDER HORIZONTAL CYCLIC LOADING  ID 299
C. To-Nan, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan

sn iwn lots of histori uildings re onstruted y unreinfored msonryF por etter erthquke sfety of these histori uildingsD these wlls usully need to e strengthenedF sn this study D the struturl performne of w wlls strengthened with gp is investigted F here re nine If wll speimens with ITRm in width nd ISUm in height strengthened with gp strip long the two wll digonl nd these wll oundries re tested under horizontlly yli loding whih re ontrolled y reltive displement ngleF prom the test D followings re oservedX@IA he rks of strengthened wlls re found long the lower edge of the digonl strengthened re nd the gp long nother wll digonl re shered o' Fhis mode is di'erent from tht of w wllsF @PA he mximum resisting lod of the speimen strengthened fter dmge is lose to tht of the speimen strengthened prior to the dmgeF rowever D the ultimte reltive displement ngle of speimens strengthened prior to the dmge is muh lrgerF @QA he speimen strengthened with wider gp strip provides higher reltive displement ngle nd etter energyEsorptionF @RA he otined strengthening ene(t of limeEement mortr speimens re more visile thn tht of ement mortr speimensF he result otined in this investigtion give the ses for prtil the onservtion design or struture ssessment of existing msonry histori uildingF ueywordX w D frik wlls D trengthen D p
STUDY ON SEISMIC RESPONSES OF THE YINGXIAN WOODEN TOWER IN SHANXI PROVINCE  ID 375
Y. He, Tokyo Metropolitan Universit, Japan T. Iwatate, Tokyo Metropolitan Universit, Japan X. R. Ge, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China

his report ontins the results of experimentl nd lultionE theoretil investigtions of the frme type uilding opertionF he experimentl investigtions hve een rried out on lrgeEsle models with the ount of vrious struturl solutions of joint onnetionsF he lultions hve een performed for seismi tions to e spei(ed y instrumentl reords of elerogrms orresponding to rel erthqukesF hree lultion model versions hve een onsidered @siY with the vilility of )exile ond in the seY with the vilility of )exile joints in )oorings nd lodEering frmework uprightsAF he lultions hve tken ount of nonEliner elsti nd dissiptive hrteristis of uilding elementsF es result of investigtionsD method hs een elorted for ssessing the seismi stility of frme type timer uildings with the ount of nonEliner elsti nd dissiptive properties of the element mteril for rod lss of seismi tionsF st hs een determined tht in order to redue seismi inertil lods with seismi tions on the wooden onstrutions of frme type uildingD it is neessry to tke into ount the onurrent redution of the whole rigidity of its lodEering struturesD with their deformtion ility eing providedF he prmeters of elsti elements hve een determinedD whih llow to redue y severl times the seismi lod level on the timer uilding type eing under investigtionF
COMPARISON OF SEISMIC CAPACITY OF URM BUILDINGS USING DIFFERENT GUIDELINES AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS  ID 441
F. Alemi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Nateghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

efter reent erthquke of fm in southern provine of uermn in srn in PHHQD nd very poor ehvior of the existing

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w uildings during this mssive erthqukeD generl progrm ws lunhed to investigte nd ssess the pity nd vulnerility of these uildings ginst seismi foresF sn literture three methods hve een used for determining the seismi pity of w uildings nmelyY Asophistited pproh using (nite element nd disrete element methodsD Asimpli(ed pE proh using equivlent frme nd story mehnism methods nd Atrditionl pproh y using lultions of pity resulted from uilding odes nd guidelinesF st worth noting tht ll of the ove mentioned methodsD due to the unertinties in mteril properties re onsidered to e pproximte nlytil pprohesF hereforeD for simpliityD the ltest ode nd stndrds pproh is used more oftenF rowever in doing soD results otined y eh ode di'er from eh otherD sometimes y frF gomprison of resulted pity ypiweEIUV versus gfgEWU results in three times higher vlues for di'erent formulsF sn this studyD guidelines provided y piweEIUVD gfgEWUD piweEQHT nd experimentl results otined y tests onduted in srnD stlyD gnd nd e re ompredF he results of this omprison indite tht in order to orrelte the experimentl nd nlytil resultsD one should pply some orretion ftors to eh of the formuls provided y these guidelinesF his pper will disuss the pprohesD omprison nd suggested orretion ftors eh se seprtelyF ns provided y the ove guidelinesF
MODELING SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RESIDENTIAL WOOD-FRAME CONSTRUCTION IN CANADA  ID 463
T. White, University of British Columbia, Canada C. Ventura, University of British Columbia, Canada G. Taylor, TBG Seismic Consultants Ltd., Canada

Poster Presentations
were designed nd testedF elthough rittle units were mde of rikD dutile units were mde of (er reinfored ement ompositeD speilly produed for llEhsF he seismi performnes of llEfs nd llEhs were ompred with nother typil msonry wll speimen @llEgAD using onventionl riksF elthough llEg filed in sher t smll drift levelD )exurl ehviors were oserved in llEfs nd llEhsF es resultD the lterl strengths of llEfs nd llEhs were muh higher thn tht of llEgF sn llEfsD howeverD the strength degrdtion ws oserved t lrger deformtionF his ws used y lterl fore resisting hrteristis of w wllsD using rittle interloking unitsF yn the ontrryD no degrdtion ws oserved up to IGSH drift level in llEhsF hereforeD it ws experimentlly veri(ed tht w wlls ould e e'etively strengthened using interloking msonry unitsF woreoverD dutile interloking units ould improve the dutility s well s the strength of w wllsF
SEISMIC STRENGTHENING AND REPAIR OF THE SS. PETER AND PAUL CHURCH IN OHRID - CASE STUDY  ID 527
V. Sendova, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia B. Stojanoski, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia R. Salic, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia M. Garevski, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia

yver WS7 of ll residentil uildings in gnd re of woodEfrme onstrutionF he design nd onstrution of woodE frme uildings is governed y the PHHS xtionl fuilding gode of gndF roweverD most residentil woodEfrme onstrution does not hve to e spei(lly designed to resist erthqukesF hile muh of gnd hs little to no seismiityD prts of the est gost of gnd nd the tF vwrene lley hve moderte to high seismi hzrdF he IWWR xorthridge erthquke in gliforni demonstrted tht oth existing nd new woodEfrme uildings do hve signi(nt seismi risk nd when not ddressed n led to the loss of property nd lifeF sn IWWW the niversity of fritish golumi @fgA nd its industry prtners undertook n extensive experimentl progrm fousing on lol woodEfrme onstrution prtiesF he tests inluded stti nd dynmi testing of stuoD plywoodD gypsum nd horizontl ord pnelsD s well s shke tle testing of series of full sle twoEstorey woodEfrme housesF his pper desries the modeling nd vlidtion of set of twoEstorey woodEfrme housesF wodels were uilt for eD nonEliner dynmi nlysis progrm developed s prt of the gii oodEfrme projetD nd piweERRH9s hisplement goe0ient wethodF he models were lirted ginst the stti tests from fgD nd vlidted with the results from the shke tle testingF he outome ws set of performne urves nd minimum strength requirement tles for residentil woodEfrme onstrution with four di'erent types of exterior shething ommonly found on the est gost of gndF he minimum strength tles were sed on seismi provisions of the PHHS xtionl fuilding gode of gndF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF MASONRY USING INTERLOCKING UNITS  ID 508
Y. Sanada, University of Tokyo, Japan Y. Nakamura, Niigata University, Japan N. Yamauchi, University of Tokyo, Japan Y. Nakano, University of Tokyo, Japan

he town of yhrid with its surrounding represents moE si of yrthodox religious strutures whihD ording to their funtion represent not only spiritul ut lso ulturl nd soil medium of modern livingF st is therefore tht further existene nd protetion of these strutures hs een nd is of prtiulr interest for soiety nd sieneF yne of these strutures is the yrthodox hurh of sF eter nd ul in the villge of wesheistD yhrid dting k to the end of the IWth enturyF huring its servieility periodD this hurh hs su'ered visile dmge onentrted in the domes nd the vults s well s in the upper middle prt of the northern fde due to uneven soil settlement whih imposes the need for onsolidtionD repir nd strengthening of the existing strutureF he seleted onept of struturl strengthening nd repir imed t rehing the neessry level of stility under grvity nd seismi lods hs een seleted sed onX @iA revious investigtions @rhiteturl surveyD geomehnil investigtionsD de(nition of the min dynmi hrteristis s well s de(nition of the physil mehnil hrteristis of the uiltEin mterilsAY @iiA eismi sfety design riteri ording to the existing vlid regultionsY @iiiA sss9 reent knowledge nd developed methodology for seismi protetion of ulturlEhistori struturesF truturl strengthening hs een done y inorportion of vertil reinforedEonrete jkets on the externl side of the ering wlls nd horizontl reinforedEonrete elt ourses t the level of the domes s well s y insertion of steel ties eside the existing timer ems nhored into the vertil reinforedEonrete jketsF he seleted onept of struturl strengthening nd repir enles omplete protetion of the lvish freso pintings inside the strutureF he results from the detiled nlysis hve shown tht the repired nd strengthened struture ompletely stis(es the presried sfety requirements nd riteri for suh histori struturesF
SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF VERTICALLY PERFORATED BRICKS  ID 534
E. Fehling, Institute of Structural Engineering, Germany

WALLS

J. Strz, Institute of Structural Engineering, Germany

his pper presents method to improve seismi perforE mne of unreinfored msonry @wA wlls y using interloking msonry unitsF wo new w wll speimensD onsisting of rittle nd dutile interloking units @llEfs nd llEhsD respetivelyAD

he stteEofEtheErt in design of msonry wlls sujeted to lterl lods together with the inresed lods y wind nd erthquke ording to the new genertion of iuropen hesign godes @iuroodesA in mny ses does not llow to prove su0ient ering pity for lod ering msonry strutures s they re uilt until nowF o get etter understnding of the lod ering mehnismsD tests on msonry wlls with relisti dimensions hve een rried outF e min di0ulty of suh tests is to reprodue ll oundry onditions for representtive prt of msonry wllsF o the existing lterl resistne test methods re going to e

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Poster Presentations
evluted nd suitle test setup for hrmonised iuropen stndrdistion is going to e developed within the frme of the iigweiD reserh progrmme funded y the i nd the msonry industryF fy the use of this new test setup severl tests on msonry wlls of di'erent kinds of vertilly perforted riks re going to e rried out under sttiEyli lodingF et thisD the e'et of the perfortion of the riks on the lod ering pity of the wll will e shownF he test results on wlls with di'erent wll lengths nd di'erent vertil loding will e used to ssess the urrent design model nd to identify possile improvementsF
SEISMIC REHABILITATION OF MASONRY SCHOOL BUILDINGS USING A SINGLE LAYER OF REINFORCED SHOTCRETE  ID 535
T. A. Honarbakhsh, Rahnavard, Sarzamin Sarzamin Cosultant Cosultant Engineers, Engineers, Iran Iran (Islamic (Islamic

ES 3f
hepending on the tehniques nd mterilsD msonry strutures n roughly e lssi(ed s doe msonryD stone msonryD dryEstone msonryD sk msonryD rik msonryD nd mixed msonryF gonsequentlyD the form of msonry nd mteril hrteristis ply n importnt role in the seismi performne of these struturesF sn this studyD ompiltion of the reserh on the mteril properties of nient msonry strutures uilt in entoli hs een doneF elthough it is di0ult to form generl judgment on the mehnilD hemil nd physil hrteristis of msonry omponents suh s riksD stones nd mortrsD it my e possile to mke n ttempt to hve n overviewF huring the ompiltion of the ville dtD seEstudies nd historil douments were utilized s well s the dt otined from sienti( reserhesF es the gret proportion of doe msonry strutures hve vnished through the historyD this pper does not inlude doe msonry struturesF
DAMAGE EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION OF THE MONTORIO MEDIEVAL TOWER  ID 677
M. Indirli, ENEA, Italy B. Carpani, ENEA, Italy B. Spadoni, ENEA, Italy

Republic Of ) Republic Of ) M. Kazemi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

wsonry uildings represent the lrgest portion of the shool uildings in srnF ome of these uildings onsist of plin rik msonry wlls on(ned with onrete tie olumns nd ound emsD ut with poor design nd with very poor nd unrelile onstrutionF sn depth seismi evlution of some of the msonry shools in ehrn reveled their need for n extensive rehilittion progrmF wost of the tie olumns nd ound ems lk relile onnetions nd the integrity of entire strutures does not existF fsed on vst study of vrious rehilittion tehniquesD pplition of reinfored shotrete on the only one of two fes of rik msonry ering wllsD found s n e'etive solution for the msonry shool uildingsF he interior fes of exterior ering wlls were used for jketingF imple lultionsD s well s (nite element non liner nlysisD showed tht oneEsided jketing of msonry wllsD with proper onding of msonry to the new reinfored mortr jketD might provide dequte strengthening for the strutureF elsoD the nlysis hs demonstrted the lrge strength pity of wll pnels sujeted to lods in the oth outwrd nd inwrd outEofEplne diretionsF hree msonry shool uildings were rehilittedD during summer holydys of PHHSD using single sided mortr jketD reinfored with welded wire friF tketing ws implemented from the foundtion to the roofF he strengthening ost out PS per ent of the vlue of the similr new shool uildingsF he rik msonry fde nd the rhiteture of shools leftD lmostD unhngedF
AN OVERVIEW ON THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF HISTORICAL STRUCTURES IN SEISMIC REGIONS OF ANATOLIA  ID 553
C. Demir, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey M. Ispir, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey A. Ilki, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey N. Kumbasar, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey S. Akman, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

yn IRth eptemerD PHHQD moderte erthquke @lol time PQXRQY wgnitude wl SFHY wg sntensity ssD fol depth out PH kmA struk the folognese epenninesD with the epienter ner wonghidoro @QH km fr from folognD stlyAF he seismi eventD felt in su0iently lrge reD showed n inhomogeneous dmge distriutionD due oth to site e'ets nd uilding di'erent vulnerilityF sn prtiulrD severl histori onstrutions were sujeted to relevnt dmgeD minly hurhes nd nient monumentsD inluding the ower mtter of this pperD whih is loted t wontorioD not fr from the erthquke epienterF he uthorsD involved in the onEsite givil hefense investigtionsD rried out detiled geometriD struturlD nd dmge survey on the ove mentioned medievl monumentF he nient (veE)oor ower @IH x IH m lrgeAD together with its susequent dditions in histori timesD is still livedEin omplexD priniplly onstruted with sndstone nd river peles msonryF he wll tissue @out I m widthA is generlly enough urteD showing regulr horizontl ourses nd igger squred quoins t the ornersY unfortuntelyD lol defetsD filures nd settlements re somewhere evidentY in dditionD the mortr joints re often degrded nd lking of mintenneF he wooden roof doesn9t show stringEoursesD ut the presene of wooden trusses long the top of the externl wllsF he uilding @delred unsfeA showed hevy nd spred dmge to mny struturl elementsD inluding vertil wlls nd wooden )oorsD with one level of intensity more thn the pttern suggested y mroseismi dtF he pper rries out disussion regrding the seismi input nd its onsequenes on the histori monumentD together with detiled nlysis of the struturl hrteristisF pinllyD the pper lso speks out the postEseismi rehilittion interventionD whih hs to e foreseen omptile with the regol dell9rteD voiding possile on)it etween spei( onservtion riteri nd ntiseismi requirementsF
CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF TENON-MORTISE CONNECTIONS OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER FRAMES OF KOREA  ID 715
S. G. Hong, Seoul National Univ., Korea, Republic Of Y. W. Lee, Kunsan National Univ., Korea, Republic Of J. K. Hwang, Korean National University of Cultural Heritage, Korea, Republic Of N. Kim, Seoul National Univ., Korea, Republic Of S. J. Jung, Hannam, Korea, Republic Of

ristoril strutures should e preserved due to their ulE turl nd historil vlueF en extensive multidisiplinry study is neessry to tke pproprite mesures for the seismi protetion of these struturesF ine historil strutures exhiit vrious hrteristis depending on their onstrution period nd lotionD it is hllenging work for the struturl engineer to sses the seismi sfety nd tke neessry mesures in order to prolong the lifeEspn of these strutures ginst seismi eventsF huring the struturl nlysis of historil struturesD determintion of mteril properties is one of the most importnt stepsD whih will 'et the results of the studyF entoliD whih hs een e'eted y tstrophi erthqukes throughout the historyD hs een inhited y vrious iviliztions suh s rittitesD qreeksD omnsD fyzntinesD eljuks nd yttomnsF ih iviliztion hd developed or dopted diversity of msonry onstrution tehniques nd msonry omponentsF

his pper presents experimentl results of typil tenonE mortise onnetions whih integrtes rhitrves nd olumns in trditionl timer frmes of uoreF e series of qusi stti yli test progrms were performed to investigte initil sti'ness strengthD nd hystereti ehviors of suh onnetions of timer frme in the long diretionF sn order to investigte the rottionl ehvior of tenonEmortise onnetions under onsidertion with intertion of

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ES 3f
)t ems on the top of rhitrvesD di'erent dimensions of mortises nd ering stress mgnitudes from roof grvity lods on pitls were seleted s min vriles in)uening onnetion ehviors in the experimentl progrmF uh vriles represent frition devies of joints dissipting energyF he experimentl results of frme re explined y the supposition of individul onnetion ehviorsF ypil iliner ehviors with the high dmping of onnetions re supposed to ontriute the dutile ehvior of trditionl timer frmes of uoreF ueywordsX rditionl imer prmesD enon nd wortise gonnetionsD usi tti gyli vodD prition heviesD hmping
FULL SCALE SHAKING TABLE TESTS FOR POST AND BEAM STRUCTURE OF WOODEN HOUSES BY E-DEFENSE  ID 733
I. Sakamoto, University of Tokyo, Japan S. Yoshiyuki, Kyoto University, Japan M. Chikahiro, NIED, Japan N. Izumi, NIED, Japan S. Hidemaru, NIED, Japan

Poster Presentations
he urrently reommended odes of prtie re exmined in the light of oserved filure modes nd the importne of outEofEplne filure of msonry wlls is emphsizedF he indequy of the present odes of prtie to meet the outEofEplne )exurl strength requirements is rought outF elterntive method like use of ontinment reinforement for etter erthquke resistne is disussedF
APPLICATION OF SEISMIC ISOLATION AND DEVICES FOR DISSIPATION OF SEISMIC ENERGY TO MASONRY STRUCTURES  ID 924
B. Bulajic, The Highway Institute, Yugoslavia M. Manic, IZIIS, Macedonia S. Djurdjevic, The Higway Institute, Yugoslavia

he onstrution of threeEdimensionl fullEsle erthE quke testing fility nmed iEhefense ws ompleted in wrh PHHSD nd the shking tle tests for wooden house models were onduted using the filityF he purpose of the test ws to investigte the seismi performne of the wooden housesD nd to lrify the e'ets of the seismi resisting methodF hree types of models used in the testX he onventionl tpnese postEndEem type wooden housesD the trditionl wooden housesD nd the wooden house with se isoltion systemF sn the test using onventionl tpnese postEndEem type wooden housesD two wooden houses uilt efore IWVI tpnese fuilding tndrd vw were dismntled nd reonstruted on iEhefenseF yne of the houses ws reinforedD nd the other ws hnged nothingF hese two models were set on iEhefense nd tested simultneouslyF es resultD the model without reinforement ollpsed y the input motion reorded t t ktori sttion in IWWS ryogoEken xmu irthqukeD ut the model with reinforement withstood the motionF he test results lerly showed the dequy of the urrent seismi dignosis nd the reinforement methodF he test for the trditionl wooden houses lso used two types of modelsF yne of the models ws tully uilt in uyotoEity nd reonstruted on iEhefense for this experimentF he other model ws newly uilt wooden houseD whih hs lmost sme pln with moved one ut newly designed wooden frmesF hrough the testD the seismi performne of the trditionl wooden houses ws lri(edF he e'et of seismi resistne method suitle for the trditionl wooden houses ws lso investigtedF sn the test for the wooden house with seEisoltion systemD the performne of se isoltion system for houses under destrutive erthqukes ws investigtedF he e'et nd the limit of the se isoltion system were shown through the testF
BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS  ID 740
K. S. Jagadish, Indian Institute of Science, India S. Raghunath, B.M.S.College of Engineering, India K. S. R. Nanjunda Rao, Indian Institute of Science, India

urpose of this pper is to disuss the pilities of pE plition of some new seismi protetion tehnologies to msonry struturesF epplition of seismi isoltion isD minly due to its ost @ut lso due to the restritions of the most seismi odesAD still limited exlusively to uildings of outstnding ntionl signi(ne @eFgFD old hurhesD historil monumentsD etFAF es fr s devies for dissiption of seismi energy re onernedD oneivle engineering nd eonomil justi(tion of their pplition n e proved only fter detiled experimentl nd nlytil investigtionsD sine only in this mnner it is possile to sertin the extent to whih the prtiulr devie is ple of helping struture to resist erthqukesF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF TRADITIONAL HERITAGE WOOD STRUCTURES IN KOREA  ID 930
N. Kim, Seoul National University, Korea, Republic Of S. G. Hong, Seoul National University, Korea, Republic Of J. K. Hwang, Korean National University of Cultural Heritage, Korea, Republic Of Y. W. Lee, Kunsan National University, Korea, Republic Of S. J. Jung, Hannam University, Korea, Republic Of

wny uore trditionl heritge wood strutures hve shown their exellent struturl performne over more thn RHH yersF eent reserh on the old heritge wood strutures hs foused on the struturl ehvior of trditionl wood strutures of ntionl heritge under erthquke lodings in uoreF e series of experimentl tests were performed on frme with lintel y tenonEmortise joint nd rkets to investigte seismi performne inluding the hrteristis of initil sti'nessD ehvior fter ultimte lodsD nd hystereti ehviorF his pper (rst desries dominnt struturl fetures of uoren trditionl heritge wood struture from the point of erthqukeEresisting viewX struturl omponentsD pln nd on(gurtionD tiers nd struturl tenonEmortise joints nd rketsF elong with these feturesD some experimentl test results re then disussed in terms of foreEdisplement reltionships to provide glol overview of the seismi ehviorF his study is expeted to ddress some prolems due to lk of knowledge out the seismi pity of existing old heritge struture in its struturl ssessmentF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY HOUSES RETROFITTED WITH PP-BAND MESHES EVALUATED WITH SHAKING TABLE TEST  ID 962
J. P. Mayorca Arellano, University of Tokyo, Japan K. Meguro, University of Tokyo, Japan N. Sathiparan, University of Tokyo, Japan R. Guragain, University of Tokyo, Japan N. Nesheli, University of Tokyo, Japan

st is well known tht unreinfored msonry strutures re highly vulnerle to erthquke ground motionsF he msonry strutures in developing ountries re even more vulnerle s they utilize rther wek mortrsF everl odes of prtie hve emerged to improve the seismi resistne of suh struturesF roweverD the prties suggested y the present odes often do not ddress the issues rising out of the filure pttern of msonryF sn this pperD n ttempt is mde to understnd modes of filure of msonry uildingsD when sujeted to strong ground motionsD sed on reports of dmge during pst erthqukesF ome of the trditionl tehniques used to improve seismi resistne of uildings re disussed with referene to modes of filureF he typil frequeny nd mode shpe hrteristis of msonry uildings nd typil strength of msonry elements in developing ountries re disussedF

rumn sulties due to erthqukes re mostly due to struturl ollpse minly tht of unreinfored msonry uildingsF he existing world housing stok is mostly omposed of this type of seismilly vulnerle dwellingsF etro(tting of low erthqukeE resistnt msonry strutures is the key issue to signi(ntly redue sulties in future eventsF sn dditionD it dereses the osts of

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Poster Presentations
resue nd (rst id tivitiesD rule removlD temporry residene uildingD nd permnent residene reonstrution to reEestlish norml dily lifeD ontriuting to the sustinility of the 'eted ountries9 developmentF sn order to e'etively promote seismi retro(ttingD it is essentil to develop inexpensive tehnil solutions whih n e exeuted without highly skilled lorF sn this ontextD the use of polypropylene nd @EndA meshes hs een proposed s fesile optionF hese ndsD ommonly used for pkingD re resistntD inexpensiveD durle nd worldwide villeF he ppliility of End meshes to retro(t unreinfored msonry strutures hs een previously tested under stti lodsF sn this presenttionD the results of IGR sle shking tle tests of unreinfored msonry models without nd with End mesh retro(tting re reportedF nder dynmi loding onditionsD the retro(tted models exhiited exellent performneD showing inresed dutility nd mintining life sfety performne level for shkings of intensity twe TEF es oserved in former stti testsD the models with nd without meshes ehved similrly efore the initil rkingF roweverD the unreinfored speimens ollpsed ruptly fter few rks developedF he retro(tted modelsD on the other hndD exhiited extensive rkingD whih llowed them to dissipte energy through sliding long the rked mortr jointsF he reported shking tle tests orroorted tht End mesh retro(tting n e'etively improve the seismi performne of unreinfored msonry strutures t very 'ordle ostF purthermoreD the intervention hrdly lters the living environment nd therefore is highly eptle y the puliF
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY ASPECT RATIO AND MASONRY BOND ON THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY WALLS  ID 974
M. Tomazevic, Slovenian Nat. Slovenia V. Bosiljkov, Slovenian Nat. Slovenia Bldg. and Civ. Engrg. Institute, Bldg. and Civ. Engrg. Institute,

ES 3f
e new reinforing tehnique onsists of (er reinfored polymers externlly onded to the sides of the wllsF es prt of n on going investigtion the sher ehvior of rik msonry wlls with steel wire s sher reinforement were retro(tted with gron pier fri externlly onded to the surfe of the wllsF e totl of R E IWU y PHH m msonry wlls were sujeted to yliD in plne sher lodsF hree wlls were externlly reinfored in oth sides with ron fri with two di'erent on(gurtions to improve their sher responseX horizontl reinforement nd digonl reinforement @in the shpe of n AF he experimentl results showed tht gron pier fri pplied to the wlls provide less destrutive filure mode nd n inrese of the mximum strengthF he response of the sher wlls with di'erent reinforeE ment on(gurtions ws ompred in terms of strengthD filure mehnismD energy dissiption pityD nd deformtion pityF elso n nlytil model ws ompred to the experimentl resultsF es future work IH E IWU y PHH m msonry wllsD with vrious on(gurtions of exterior fri reinforement @inluding single side reinforementAD will e testedD nd design methodology will e proposedF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF VIMIOSO CHURCH. NUMERICAL VERSUS IN SITU STUDY  ID 1014
B. Silva, FEUP, Portugal A. Costa, UA, Portugal J. Guedes, FEUP, Portugal

he results of experimentl reserh in seismi ehviour of ly hollow unit plin msonry wlls re disussedF he in)uene of geometry spet rtio @height to length rtioA of the wlls s well s the type of msonry ond @(lling of vertil jointsA on the mehnism of seismi ehviour hs een studiedF e series of IR wlls hs een uilt in the lortory y using hollow ly units nd generl purpose mortrF sn the (rst seD the wlls hve een PSH m longD IUS m high nd QH m thik @spet rtio HFUAD wheres in the seond seD the wlls hve een IHH m longD ISH m high nd QH m thik @spet rtio IFSAF ih type of the wlls hs een onstruted y either fully (lled @fxA or not (lled vertil mortr joints @fAF he wlls hve een onstruted on rFF foundtion loks nd tested s vertil ntilevers y sujeting them to ylilly imposed horizontl displements t two di'erent levels of onstnt vertil preompressionF her mode of filure hs een oserved in ll sesD with roking oserved previously in the se of the slender wlls t low level of preompressionF st hs een found tht in the se of oth geometry spet rtios of the wlls the tensile strength theory proposed y urnek nd ovi @IWUHA provides more onsistent results thn the equtions proposed in iuroode TF st hs een lso found tht in the spei( se of the msonry wlls testedD the ehviour of the wlls hs een governed y reltively rittle lol filure of unitsF gonsequentlyD no di'erene in the ehviour of the wlls with (lled nd not (lled vertil joints ould e oservedF edditionl experimentl reserh is needed to provide informtion regrding the use of ungrouted vertil joints in seismi zonesF
EXPERIMENTAL RESPONSE OF REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS RETROFITTED WITH CARBON FIBER FABRICS  ID 975
H. Santa Maria, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile P. Alcaino, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile

he inresing importne given to the onservtion nd rehilittion of monuments supports the signi(nt numer of numeril studies tht hve een performed on stone msonry struturesY in prtiulrD their ehviour under seismi loding is n issue tht should not e negletedF nderstnding how stone msonry strutures ehve under dynmi horizontl lods yields importnt informtion on possile ollpse mehnisms nd dmge progression long the strutureF sn this pperD n old msonry strutureD the imioso ghurhD is nlysed using numeril modelF his hurh sustined importnt dmgeD still visile nowdysD due to previous erthqukesD nmely the IUSS vison erthqukeF yther e'etsD suh s foundtion settlementsD lso ontriuted to the tul stte of the hurhF he struture ws numerilly simulted with the gstQw softwre environmentD using Qh (nite elements nd liner elsti ehviour modelF xturl frequenies were omputed nd ompred to the frequenies determined in situ using seismogrphs pled on the upper surfe of the eiling vults nd on the top of the wllsF his omprison llowed to (t the mehnil properties of the hurh struturl elementsF he lirted numeril model of the hurh ws then sumitted to n rti(illy generted elerogrm mthing the hurh site onditions nd the prole intensity of the IUSS vison erthqukeF esults of the dynmi nlysis re presented nd disussedD nd struturl dmge is ompred to the oserved dmge in the rel strutureD nmely in terms of mximum deformtions nd dmge ptternsF uh studies llow not only for etter knowledge on the struturl ehviour of stone msonry onstrutionsD ut they will lso permit the de(nition of more e'etive retro(tting ndGor strengthening solutionsF
ASSESSMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A MASONRY WALL UNDER HORIZONTAL CYCLIC LOADS  ID 1020
A. Costa, FEUP, Portugal B. Silva, FEUP, Portugal A. Costa, UA, Portugal J. Guedes, FEUP, Portugal A. Arde, FEUP, Portugal

he extensive dmge tht msonry wll uildings hve su'ered during reent erthqukes hs shown the need of new reinforing tehniques for the struturl retro(t of those uildingsF

his pper presents numeril nd experimentl study on the yli ehviour of wll from two )oors house loted t the prish of edro wiguelD rort ounilD pil sslnd of the erhipelgo of ezoresF he wll ws loted on the (rst )oor etween two min doors of the house fdeF st is trditionl twoEsleeve msonry wll (lled with with low ohesion poor mterilD typil of the onstrutions of this erhipelgoF yn

403

ES 3f
the outsideD the wll ws overed with mortrF he wll ws trnsported y se from its originl site to the vortory for eismi nd truturl ingineering of the pulty of ingineering of orto niversity @vii E vortrio de ingenhri smi e istruturl d piAF st ws set on reinfored onrete lok nd highly rigid mixed struture of onrete nd steel ws pled t the top of the wll to llow uniform distriution of the horizontl nd vertil lods pplied during the yli testF efter the (rst experimentD the wll ws reinfored using the sme tehnique used in ezores during the reonstrution progrmmeF et the sme timeD the wll ws simulted numerilly with (nite elements nd di'erent ehviour models for the stonesD the in(ll nd the jointsF he pper desries the experimentl setup nd presents the nlysis nd interprettion of the outome of the lortory testsF st lso desries the numeril model nd ompres the numeril to the experimentl results in order to hek the e0ieny of the model to simulte the ehviour of suh heterogeneous strutureF
SEISMIC ASSESSMENT BUILDINGS  ID 1067
G. Magenes, Dept. Italy A. Penna, EUCENTRE, Italy

Poster Presentations
nd priority list of interventions n e estlishedF his n derese the expeted dmge during n erthqukeF he min onlusion of the pper onsists of the neessity of supervision nd reinforement of severl uildings in rungryF
REHABILITATION AND STRENGTHENING OF ST. EUSTAHIUS CHURCH MASONRY STEEPLE  ID 1119
M. Ulicevic, University of Montenegro, Yugoslavia

OF

EXISTING

MASONRY

Structural Mechanics - University of Pavia,

he new stlin gode for seismi design nd ssessment @ygw QPURGPHHQA provides innovtive riteri for the evlution of existing msonry uildings distinguishing glol response nd lol dmge mehnismsF vol mehnisms re relted to the spei( vulnerility of single struturl elementsX mehnisms inE volving the outEofEplne ehviour of msonry wllsD overturning of slender elements suh s himneys or prpetsD dmge mehnisms in msonry rhes nd vults nd other kind of intertion e'ets in uildings ggregtesD like pounding in the se of unilterl jointsF roedures sed on limit nlysis pprohes n e used in order to ssess the lterl pity nd the seismi vulnerility of these elements to the potentil lol mehnismsF i'etive onnetions etween the di'erent prts of the struture @onnetion etween orthogonl wlls nd etween wlls nd )oorsA n prevent the tivtion of erly lol mehnisms nd llow the msonry uilding to express dynmi glol ehviour governed y the inEplne strength nd sti'ness of wlls nd )oorsF es suggested in the odeD the nonEliner inEplne response of wlls n e modelled y mens of mroEelement strutures @eFgF frmeEtypeA mde of deformle elementsD msonry piers nd spndrel emsD tieErods nd rFF ring emsD whih hve to omply with the ode presriptions in terms of filure modes nd displement limit sttesF trting from the seismi evlution of se study uildingD the whole ssessment proedure is shown nd severl key points re foused on the single stepsD oth regrding lol dmge mehnismsD evluted y mens of liner nd nonEliner kinemtil pprohesD nd glol responseD lulted y nonEliner pushover nlysisF
THE VULNERABILITY STUDY OF STRUCTURES IN HUNGARY  ID 1116
O. Kegyes-Brassai, Budapest University of

his pper dels with the rehilittion nd strengthenE ing of QW m high tF iusthius hurh msonry steeple in fok uotorsk y tht elongs to wontenegrin ulturl heritge uilt in IVth enturyF he pyrmidl ells lodge nd three tons weight tF iusthius sttue on the top of the steeple hve een dmged seriously in yer PHHH y the tion of lightningF roweverD it ws dignosed y re(ned inspetion tht initil dmges ourred previously s the onsequenes of lower nd medium intensities erthqukes tion over pst two enturiesF he steeple msonry struture hs modelled y solid (nite eleE ments nd soilEstruture intertion hs lso inludedF he dynmi response of struture hs nlysed for oth design seismi tion @revert period of RUS yersA nd for the dmge limittion requireE ment @revert period of WS yersAD ording to ig V @ground type gAF sn dditionD timeEhistory piw nlyses rried out for (ve di'erent inputs E reorded nd sled elerogrmsD in order to de(ne the mesure of struture vulnerilityF xonEliner nlysis iFeF hnging in msonry sti'ness nd Ehelt e'ets hve lso onsideredF st is found tht the in)uene of higher modes of osilltions is evident in upper prt of steepleF his on(rms tht initil dmges ould our even under lower seismi tionF elsoD it is emphE sized tht the omposite of input erthquke dt strongly 'ets on dynmi ehvior of this type of strutureF hereforeD su0ient numer of di'erent input dt sets should e pplied in nlysisF sn order to stisfy oth spei( onservtion nd restortion reE quirement nd durility in ggressive mritime limte onditionsD the rehilittion nd strengthening solution is sed on stinless steel tendons uiltEin through rok ells lodge elementsF
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MASONRY MATERIALS IN PAKISTAN  ID 1237
A. Qaisar, NWFP UET, Pakistan N. Akhtar, NWFP UET, Pakistan A. Mazhar, NWFP UET, Pakistan

MASONRY

Technology

and

Economics, Hungary

hetermining the erthquke risk of uilding stoks or setE tlements hs ltely eome prominent issueF eently the new strutures should lso e designed ording to igV in rungryF rungry ounts to the medium hzrdous ountries however it ws not prtie dimensioning ginst erthqukesF woreover the wind lods were igger thn those gined from erthquke lodsF he erthquke lods were underestimtedD so with the new stndrd there is lrge uilding stok tht needs reinforementF his emphsises the importne of ssessment of uilding vulnerilityF he pper presents omprison etween the sher pities of msonry uildings nd the lulted sher fores otined from lods o'ered y igV sed on the ntionl erthquke hzrd mpF @he pek ground elertion is IDIR mGsP in qyrFA his is presented through two exmplesF tress should e lid on preventionF fy ssessing the uildings it n e determined whih re the onstrutions tht need to e reinfored ginst erthqukes

e huge proportionD pproximtely TH7D of the uilding stok in kistn omprises nreinfored frik wsonry @wA uildingsF yf these WH7 re onentrted in ities wheres IH7 lie in villgesF sn the ytoer HV erthquke of kistnD it ws oserved tht these uildings performed exellently well s ompred to stone nd lok msonry uildingsF es prt of this studyD omprehensive testing progrm ws lunhed in the irthquke ingineering genter of the niversity of ingineering nd ehnology eshwr to determine the mehnil properties of mterils used in suh uildings for onwrd evlution of their seismi pityF his pper presents results from round IHHH vrious tests onduted on msonry mterils overing lmost ll types of nreinfored wsonry prtied in kistnF
BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY BUILDINGS STRENGTHENED WITH GFRP GRID BONDED WITH CEMENTITIOUS MATRIX  ID 1280
F. Venuti, CESI S.p.A., Italy G. Bergamo, CESI S.p.A., Italy I. Langone, CESI S.p.A., Italy M. Eusebio, CESI S.p.A., Italy G. Manfredi, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

ithin the frmework of projet iFwFFiFFD foused on the development of innovtive tehniques for seismi upgrde of historil msonry struturesD tests on two tu' msonry model strutures hve een onduted to evlute the e'ets of

404

Poster Presentations
di'erent riteri nd tools for seismi retro(tF hking tle tests were performed on representtive model strutures with the Qh wei shking tle operting t the struturl lortory of gisD eriteD stlyF he two stories tu' msonry tested uilding ws IXP prototype hrterized y inEplne dimensions of PFTHm x PFVSm nd totl height of QFPH mF he threeElef type of msonry is typil of mny strutures in iurope nd in the wediterrnen reF he prototype hs een tested t inresing seismi intensity levels glitriD IWVH until signi(nt level of dmge ws oservedF hen the dmged prototype hs een strengthened nd retested using the sme erthquke to vlidte n innovtive tehnique sed on qp mtrix onded using ementitious mortrF his solution is sed on the onept of the trditionl reinfored plster relized using steel grid pled into onrete lyerF roweverD it ould e severl dvntges relted to the followingX lmost no in)uene on elsti sti'ness due to the smll thikness @iFeFD out IH mmAD ese of instlltionD durilityD omptiility with the msonry sustrteD reversiilityF yn the se of the otined experimentl resultsD the qp grid were instlled on the wek wlls onlyF he elerometer nd displement signls reorded t the monitored points of the sEuilt nd repired prototype hve een nlyzedF xumeril nlyses using di'erent numeril pprohes @piwGhiwA hve een performed to simulte the dynmi ehvior of the prototypeF he otined numeril nd experimentl results hve een relted to the spei( rules suggested y the stlin nd iuropen wsonry fuilding nd eismi godes hw IWVUGWTD igTD ygw QPURD igVF
3D DYNAMIC TESTS ON 2/3 SCALE MASONRY BUILDINGS RETROFITTED WITH DIFFERENT SYSTEMS  ID 1378
M. Dolce, DiSGG, Italy G. De Canio, ENEA, Italy A. Goretti, SSN-DPC, Italy R. Marnetto, TIS SpA, Italy

ES 3f
he methodologies ws elorted for unreinfored mE sonry wllsD sujeted to lterl inEplne foresF he method is suitle for oth new nd existing uildings nd for the retro(ting of the existing msonry uildings in seismi resF hree deformtion stges onsidered reX rkingD yielding in ompression D ultimteF he sher strength is determined t the intersetion of the limit urvesX the urve orresponding to sher filure nd the urve orresponding to filure in ending nd ompression stressF por the si shpes of setions @retngulrD E or sEshpedA simpli(ed methodD dequte to mnul lultionsD ws derivedF por omplex shpes of setionsD the si method is ppliedD whih requires the use of omputer progrmF he method ws pplied in numeril studyD presented in the pperF por three shpes of wllD the reltion etween xil stress nd sher stress ws plotted for three di'erent distriutions of sher stresses ross the )nge in ompressionF
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING STRUCTURES  ID 1387 OF ANCIENT

H. Sesigr, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey O. C. Celik, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey F. Cili, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

rditionl msonry uildings re very ommon in ll the old stlin historil entresF eording to the tul detilingD their vulnerility n e very highD s proven y ll reent stlin erthqukesD even of moderte mgnitudeF he iwe projet @ehnologies for the edution of seismi i'ets on erhiteE turl wnuftsA provided the hne to evlute the dynmi performne of Qh msonry uildingsD seismilly retro(tted with di'erent systemsF wo identil Qh modelsD PXQ sleD were onstrutedF he model dimension were seleted ording to the trditionl prtie of onstrutionD lso onsidering tht the totl weight of the uilding ws limited y the rne pity to PHHuxF he model hs two storiesD externl pln dimension QHHxQSH mD totl height RPH mD thikness of wlls PS mF uf stone msonry wll were onstruted with low qulity mortrF ploor nd roof were mde of wooden ords P m thik on rfters IHxIV mF hoor nd window openings hve wooden lintelsF edditionl msses were pled on )oor nd roof in order to respet the sling lwsF foth models were pled on the shking tle nd sujeted to inresing intensity suitly sled input motionD to simulte the simultneous three omponents of gol(oritoD IWWU mriEwrhe erthqukeF yne of them ws initilly tested in se isolted on(gurtion up to slight dmgeF hen it ws strengthened with the gew systemD onsisting of stinless steel tightening horizontl nd vertil rionF he other model ws (xed t the se nd tested up to nerEfilure onditionsF fesides elerometri nd displement dtD mrosopi oservtion of the response ws systemtilly reorded y digitl mersF sn the pper the min results of the experimentl tests re desried nd the ehviour of the model under the seismi exittion is disussedF gonsidertions on the model filure re lso mdeF
DESIGN METHODOLOGIES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF MASONRY WALLS  ID 1380
R. Popescu, IPCT Structuri, Romania G. Popescu, IPCT Structuri, Romania

sn reent yersD signi(nt developments were reorded in the (eld of repir nd strengthening tehniques of nient ulturl heritge struturesF roweverD trditionl retro(tting tehniques re rther preferred to improve the seismi ehviour of those struturesF his study minly ims to evlute the e'etiveness of seismi retro(tting of histori msonry domes y steel ring pled t their support levelF sn the present rtileD the prolem is onsidered through exmples of rel onservtion ses involving n nient mosque9s domeD he ehi gelei wosqueD SPW yer oldD th9s domeD he leymniye fthD RRW yers old nd n yttomn erhieve fuilding9s roofD RRW yer oldD in sstnulF hese strutures re sujeted to grvity nd seismilly originted fores nd nlyzed with struturl nlysis progrm @ePHHHA using piwF he ehviour of the seleted msonry dome systems efore nd fter the retro(tting is nlyzed nd ompredF elsoD the site oservtions re explined in detilF
PERFORMANCE OF MASONRY STRUCTURES  ID 1392
. Isler, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

sn this pperD the performne of msonry uildings durE ing IWWV edn nd PHHQ fingol @in urkeyA irthqukes re presentedF he moment mgnitudes of these erhhqukes re ourred sD SFW nd TFRD respetivelyF sn these erthqukesD mny uildings were hevily dmged nd some hve totlly ollpsedF he hrteristil dmges re oserved nd their dmge resons re investigtedF feuse of the dmge resons reY iA eprtions in upper tips of orner joints of )t roofD iiAheteriortion in the stone wlls s result of the ly mortr9s loosing its inding properties through the sesonl e'etsD iiiA here re not enough spes etween the orners nd the windowsGdoorsD in this seD the rks resulting in moderte dmge ndGor ollpse in the wllF ivA he log ems whih erings the lnd(ll )t roof rek loose nd the roof ollpsesF vA he dmges re greter in uildings onstruted with only lime mortr insted of lime nd ement mortrF st hs een noted tht nturl stone hs een used for wll mteril nd mud mortr hs een used s inding mteril nd tht lnd(ll )t roof re supported y these stonework wlls in these two storey lol uildings with their lower story eing rnsF nd importnt dmges emerge s result of this depending on the thikness of the wllF IWWV edn nd PHHQ fingol irthqukes hve shown us one ginD tht the indequy of seismi design projet nd pplition long with poor mteril nd workmnshipD re the min resons for the dmges in the msonry uildingsF
CONSOLIDATION OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE OF KHOR RORI (OMAN)  ID 1394

405

ES 3f
M. Sassu, University of Pisa, Italy M. Andreini, University of Pisa, Italy C. Cei, University of Pisa, Italy G. Mariani, University of Pisa, Italy

Poster Presentations
STUDY OF SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION IN THE TRADITIONAL AHMEDABAD HOUSES: QUERY IN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE  ID 1492
N. Akbar, Center for Environmental Planning and Technology, India

he ruins of the nient ity of uhor ori @Rth entury eFhFA in ymn re ounded y wlls of onsiderle thikness @up to R mFAF he wlls9 msonry nd their infrstrutures re mde up of two poorly worked limestone or sndstone externl lyersF sn their entres is disorgnized mixture of unseleted ground mterilsD mostly snd nd lyF here re now lrge setions of the wlls tht show mrked signs of susidene ttriutle to the poor qulity of the inner plster mixtureD exposing them to trnsverse erthquke ollpses nd the e'et of the monsoon sesons due to the lk of topside protetion from the rinF issentilly two types of ollpse hve een enounteredX A expulsion of the outer fings used y the trnsverse pressure exerted y the rndom inner lyEsnd mixtureD due to loss of oE hesion nd meteori wshoutF A expulsion of the outer rik lyers nd the internl mixture of the thiker wllsF sn order tht the struturlly dmged wlls e reuilt in E ordne with xigy guidelinesD intervention should proeed s followsX IE eduing the internl trnsverse lodsD y wy of prtil liE (tion of the inner rndom mixture in order to 'ord it permnent ohesionF PE reventing rin seepge from the top y proteting the upper prt of the wlls through ddition of lyer of poor lime morE tr to form suitle dek to llow rinwter runo'F QE reventing lterl wshout of the internl mixture y seling the intersties eE tween the nonEsqured stone loks with the sme lime mortr used for euti(tionF xumeril evlutions @goulomEwohr modelAD permitted to determine oesion nd internl frition prmeters of the wllsD to extimte the sfety ftor respet to seismi riskF
SHEAR STRENGTH OF TUFF-MASONRY RETROFITTED WITH CFRCM  ID 1437 WALLS

eimX o study trditionl onstrution of ehmedd in order to estlish gpility of strutures to resist erthqukesF he wlled ity old ity of ehmedd whih me into eing on est nk of rmti iverD houses strutures using trditionl tehniques of onstrutionF here re severl lessons to e lernt in the systems of mking the old ityD from pln orgniztion of streets to onstrution of individul housesF hese re the very strutures tht hve survived severl nturl lmities tht devstted newer prts of the ity nd if the indigenous tehniques of uilding re not studied vitl informtion out how to uild in ehmedd would e lostF he grouping of houses into pol is typil of qujrt nd esE peilly of ehmeddF e pol is mde of elementry retngulr units evolved linerly long the street @prllel wll grouping sysE temA with minimum surfe re towrds the streetF hese units re nrrowD deep nd onsist of two odies with ourtyrd in etween nd linked up y pssge wysF he generl rule in mking of these units is tht the rer ody is higher thn the ody looking on to the streetF he wlled ity uildings hve spei( mnner of onstruE tion using rik nd wood pled in dense street formtion giving n opportunity to study struturl systems for erthquke resistne in ehmeddF his struturl ehvior of the pol would help lrify the yet unE ler understnding of struturl systems in trditionl onstrution of ehmeddF he quest of this study is to (nd out whether these trditionl struturl systems provide greter degree of resistne to erthqukesF he idelized modeling of lterntive interprettions of ehvior nd Qh simultion tehniques for nlysisD will lrify the role of di'erent mterils nd their onstrution systems within strutureF
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR WALLS  ID 1500 OF TALL WOOD-FRAME

C. Faella, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy E. Martinelli, Dept. Italy S. Paciello, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy E. Nigro, D.A.P.S., University of Naples Federico II, Italy of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno,

M. Popovski, Forintek Canada Corp., Canada A. Peterson, University of British Columbia, Canada H. Prion, University of British Columbia, Canada

he use of (er reinfored polymers @pA in struturl strengthening represents n e'etive lterntive to trditionl tehniques of struturl retro(ttingF gron nd glss sed omposite mterils re widely used for strengthening g memersY they re usully pplied y mens of orgni dhesives @suh s epoxy resinsAF yn the ontrryD speil ementEsed mortr s mtrix for ron (ers results in good mehnil omptiility with respet to the supportD espeilly in the se of tu'Emsonry struturesF uh solution hs een reently oneived nd is usully nmed gronEpier einfored gement wtrix @gpgwAF his pper is just devoted to n experimentl mpign rried out on tu' msonry wlls strengthened y mens of gpgw to inrese their sher strengthF e series of msonry wlls hve een tested under digonl ompression t the vortory of trutures of the niversity of lernoD ording to the ew iSIWGVI stndrdD to determine the sher strength of tu' msonry wlls efore nd fter the strengthening interventionF nreinfored wlls nd di'erently strengthened ones re tested to quntify the in)uene of vrious solutions on the filure lod nd mehnismF he experimentl work emphsizes thtD euse of the wek mehnil hrteristis of tu' msonryD the ollpse of pnels is usully used y delmintion of support throughout the interfe etween msonry nd mortr mtrixF impli(ed formultions re lso proposed to determine the mximum sher strength of reinfored wllsY their ury is tested in omprison with oth the experimentl dt otined in the mentioned mpign nd ville in the sienti( litertureF

ll woodEfrme wlls up to IH m in height re slowly emerging s vile lterntive to the tiltEup onrete nd msonry oxEtype of nonEresidentil onstrution in xorth emeriF ery little reserh hs een undertken to investigte the seismi performne of tll woodEfrme wllsF gonsequentlyD design methods for suh systems in vrious jurisditions of xorth emeri re either nonEexistent or re extrpolted from those of regulr size sherwlls used mostly in residentil onstrutionF ixperimentl nd nlytil reserh work is therefore needed to quntify the seismi performne of tll wlls nd develop some preliminry design guidelines for suh struturl systemsF he pper summrizes (ndings of joint reserh projet on the seismi performne of tll woodEfrme wllsF esults re presented from series of qusiEstti tests on RFW m y RFW m sherwlls sujeted to xil nd yli lterl lodingF ll wlls with vriety of sti'ness of shethingEtoEstud onnetionsD stud mterilsD stud spingD studEtoEplte onnetionsD shething mterilD nd shething thiknessD were inluded in the test progrmF he in)uene of ll these prmeters on the strengthD sti'nessD nd dutility properties of the tll woodEfrme wlls re disussedF he results of the experimentl progrm hve een used to develop nd verify nlytil models lter used in series of nonEliner dynmi nlyses to further investigte the ehviour of tll wlls under seismi lodsF fsed on the reserh (ndingsD some suggestions for design of tll wlls re proposedF
IMPROVEMENT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR PERFORATED CLAY UNITS IN GERMAN SEISMIC AREAS  ID 1506
U. Meyer, Arge Mauerziegel, Germany

406

Poster Presentations
D. Schermer, Institut fr Massivbau, Germany M. Robach, Institut fr Ziegelforschung, Germany

ES 3f
(rst stepD msonry wlls mde y the superposition of rigid units rrnged together in regulr ptterns re nlysedF henD more omplex ssemly derived from the survey of msonry setions in historil entres re modelledF por eh wllD the lodErottion pity urve nd the orresponding ollpse mehnism re omputed using histint ilement wethodF
SEISMIC RISK MITIGATION OF HISTORICAL MASONRY STRUCTURES  ID 1546
C. Syrmakezis, NTUA, Greece A. Antonopoulos, NTUA, Greece O. Mavrouli, NTUA, Greece

he pper presents (rst results of the iEsponsored reE serh projets iigwi @inhned sfety nd e0ient onstrution of wsonry trutures in iuropeAF he mteril omposition nd the perfortion pttern of typil ly units for lodering wlls were optimisedF he ltertions resulted in signi(nt inrese of the mteril resistneF pirst sher tests on wlls re urrently in progress nd will soon llow n evlution of the in)uene of the ltertions on the sher lodering pity of msonry wlls @whih will e given in the full pperAF he results will form sis for new europen design method for msonry sher wllsF
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON MASONRY ELEMENTS UNDER NORMAL STRESS AND SHEAR  ID 1510
D. Liberatore, DiSGG, Italy G. Spera, DiSGG, Italy C. Tancredi, DiSGG, Italy D. Nigro, DiSGG, Italy

he use of mroEelements for the nlysis of unreinE fored rik msonry strutures under seismi tions requires their preliminry lirtionD sed on miroEmodels ounting for the mehnil properties of riksD mortr nd rikEmortr interfe under norml stress nd sherF o this endD n extensive experimentl investigtion hs een omplishedD onsisting of tests on mortrsD tripletsD ouples nd modulesF wo types of rikD solid nd hollowD nd six types of mortrD inluding ementD limeD limeEndEement nd hydrted lime mortrs hve een testedF wortr speimens underwent threeEpoint ending testD indiret tension tests nd ompression testF e high degree of orreltion ws found etween the strengths oming from the three types of testF ensile strengths in threeEpoint ending nd in indiret tension re equlD on the vergeD to IGR nd IGVD respetivelyD of the ompression strengthF e set of QT tripletsD with di'erent omintions of rik nd mortr typesD underwent ompression testF pilure ourred euse of suEvertil rking of solid riksD or splling of hollow riksF he strength of triplets with solid riks is nerly doule of those with hollow riksF e set of IPH ouples underwent sherEompression testD yielding ohesionD residul frition nd diltny of the rikEmortr interfeF e set of PR modules @smll pnels of size pproximtely RHxRHxIP mQA underwent ompression testsD long the diretions norml nd prllel to ed jointsF he filure in ompression norml to ed joints is similr to tripletsF he strength of the modules with solid riks is more thn doule thn those with hollow riksF he filure in ompression test prllel to ed joints showed reurrent ptternD onsisting of rks in ed joints nd seprtion of the di'erent oursesF
OUT-OF-PLANE CAPACITY OF HISTORICAL MASONRY DEPENDING ON ITS INTERNAL STRUCTURE  ID 1522
C. Baggio, University Roma Tre - Department of Structures, Italy G. De Felice, University Roma Tre - Department of Structures, Italy

he wediterrnen re long with its rihness nd diE versity of historil strutures is hrterized y high seismiityF vol mterils hve minly permitted the onstrution of msonry strutures either mde of nturl or rti(il uilding stonesF wodern intervention requirements inlude funtionl nd struturl spets nd should e in ordne with the si priniples of reversiilityD unotrusiveness nd respet of the originl stte of the strutureF ithin these termsD the pplition of pssive ontrol systems is investigtedD for the rehilittion of msonry struturesF hmper devies n modify positively the struturl response of these historil struturesD under dynmi erthquke lodingD y 'eting their sti'nessD dutility nd overll strengthF por their pplitionD msonry9s high sti'ness nd the susequent need of lrge energy dissiption for smll displements should e onsideredF sn this pperD hieved seismi vulnerility redution is demonstrted though three se studiesF he seismi response of the seleted existing historil msonry strutures is investigtedF xmelyD winretD fyzntine hurh nd urved rh ridge re nlyzedF ell three strutures re representtive of their lssF he winret is very )exile struture due to its gret rtio of the height to the seF elterntivelyD the fyzntine hurh demonstrtes omplex ering system of high overll sti'nessD with lot of rhiteturl prtiulrities @eFgF domesD vultsAF he rh ridge hs totl urve spn of IITDHHm nd height of PHDHHm nd rilwy servie lods re pplied on itF sn ll sesD dmper devies re introdued for the improvement of the seismi performne nd omprtive nlyti results re used to revel the seismi vulnerility redution hievedF eppliility limits re investigted nd reltive onlusions re drwnF
DURABILITY OF MASONRY STRUCTURES UNDER SEISMIC ACTIONS  ID 1573
R. Sofronie, Ecoland, Romania

he outEofEplne seismi ehvior of historil msonry depends on the qulity of msonry workX historil msonry often owes its stility to the skilled rrngement of msonry units ording to the rules of msonry onstrutionF sn the sene of interlokingD the sher fores tht develop during roking motion my led to premture ollpse sine the wll does not ehve monolithilly nd tends to seprte into two fesF sn this se the pityD expressed in terms of sustinle rottionD dereses signi(ntlyF roweverD the qulity of msonry workD whih depends on dimensionD rrngement nd interloking of lok unitsD not on strength prmeterD is not esy to ssessF he im of this work is to evlute the derese of rottion pityD with progressive lk of interlokingF o this endD in

he pper dels with othD originl msonry sed on solid riks with lime mortrs nd modern msonry sed on ored riks with ement mortrsD lso lled msreteF foth types of msonry re mnully produed with the id of grvity nd ehve exellent under grvittionl tionsF hen erthqukes our struturl memers of msonry nd msrete di'erently respondF o (x the ides the prinipl mehnil hrteristis of the two types of msonry re (rst omprtively disussedF he in)uene of seismi tions is lso inluded in disussionF he durility of msonry strutures is regrded s proilisti onept whih de(nes the spn of time whenD under ny stte of lodingD no dmges or fults ourF his is why the pper suggests using for durility the wthemtil heory of eliility wht is in ordne with the provisions of sy IQVPPXPHHIF sn tht se for strutures with norml servie the durility is expressed with the id of wfp s nonliner funtion of the risk indexF fy fousing on seismi risk indies the durility of msonry strutures n e ordingly evlutedF yn the other side with the id of pproprite reliility shemes the proposed pproh of durility is le to desrie the glol ehviour of strutures under di'erent omintions of lodingD the seismi ones inludingF ht mens it hs holisti hrterD nd with the id of reliility shemes the durility of strutures n e ontrolledF hue to the strong pressure of some dvned tehnologies the msonry strutures re now in ritil positionF he purpose of this pper is to o'er new nd prtil tool when the dilemm etween msonry

407

ES 3h
nd msrete in seismi res risesF st my e used either for evlution the seismi risk of existing uildings or for the seismi design of new uildingsF
BEHAVIOUR OF AN UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS OF BAM EARTHQUAKE  ID 1582
K. Pourazin, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Eshghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
DESIGN DETAILING FOR TIMBER STRUCTURES IN SEISMIC ZONES  ID 1691
E. Fournely, LGC-CUST, France T. Lamadon, BUREAU VERITAS, France

eismi ehviour of uildings during pst erthqukes hs shown tht unreinfored msonry uildings re more seismilly vulnerle thn reinfored msonry uildings or msonry uildings with horizontl nd vertil tiesF his pper mkes n e'ort to evlute the e'ets of wlls thikness nd roof ems diretion on seismi ehviour of typil oneEstoryed unreinfored msonry uilding in elsti rngeF por this purposeD multiomponent response spetrum nlysis pprohes like ggQ nd re implementedF wo horizontl omponents of fmEsrn erthquke @heemer PTD PHHQA whih were reorded in the ner (eld re used s seismi inputF fsed on the otined resultsD some guidelines re reommended to redue vulnerility of unreinfored msonry uildingsF
THE CHARACTERISTIC DAMAGES OF MASONRY BUILDINGS AND THEIR RECONSTRUCTION METHODS  ID 1600
M. Hrachya, National Survey for seismic Protection, Armenia

sn erthquke design proessD design detiling is lwys n essentil stepF his spet is muh more importnt for timer strutures due to the ft tht dissiptive zones re loted in jointsF hesign detiling is only evoted in stndrds nd only few douments re ville to present suh detilingF sn prneD epD prenh essoition for irthquke ingineeringD egun three yers go working group tion on this im with wrio qinquinto s nimtorF he result of this q tion is omplete ook on steelD onreteD msonry nd timer uildingsF he ojetive of this pper is to present the glol nd lol nlysis used to de(ne detils integrting erthquke resistnt disposls for di'erent types of timer strutures for iuropen prtise nd stndrdsF hutility lssesD diphrgms nd regulrity riteri re disussedF ixmples of glulm frmesD trditionl rpentry or trussed rfters exhiit this investigtion nd some resultsF
BEHAVIOUR OF UNREINFORCED STRUCTURES  ID 2074
D. Schermer, TU Munich, Germany

MASONRY

ristoril nd prtment houses re widespred in ermeE ni mde of nturl stone c tu'F sn onsequene of the erthquke in IWVVD these uildings got serious dmgesF wost of them hd een reonstruted nd reinforedF e studied the resons nd dmge hrters of stone onstrutions s well s multiple methods of their reinforement nd reonstrutionD whih hd een pplied y di'erent speilistsD onstrutorsF he reonstrution methods of uildings without evqution of inhitnts is lso rought forth in the reportF e de(ned the riteri of reinforement level nd estimte the privileges nd shortomings of eh reonstrution method in tehnilD prtil nd eonomil spetsD on the sis of dynmi hrteristisD mesurement of uildings efore nd fter the reinforementF he tlogue is lredy ompiled for prtil useD where di'erent types of reonstrution methods of msonry uildings re onentrtedF
DRILLING DOFS OF MEMBRANE ELEMENTS IN 2D IN-PLANE ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL STRUCTURES  ID 1655
A. Mena, KOERI, Bogazici University, Turkey Y. M. Fahjan, KOERI, Bogazici University, Turkey

o investigte the ehviour of unreinfored msonry @wA onstrutions under seismi loding fullEsle pseudoEdynmi tests hve een rried outF he tested struture hs een redued to symmetri nd plne QEhyp systemF he tests were rried out just on the relevnt sher wll in the (rst story under omined vertil nd horizontl lodingsF he upper two stories of the struture with the sherEwlls nd their restrint in the onrete sls onsidered numerilly modeled s suEstrutureF sts sti'ness hrteristis in the shpe of nonliner endingE nd sherEsprings were determined within preeding sttiEyli testsF he evlution of the results foused on the sti'ness nd lod redutionF st n e onluded tht unreinfored msonry strutures show signi(ntly etter ehviour under seismi lodings thn determined y urrent odesF

ES 3h: Structural Engineering - Miscellaneous

Level-1

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY AND STEEL ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURES  ID 81
V. Vukasinovic, Energoinvest, Bosnia And Herzegowina G. Necevska-Cvetanovska, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia D. Kozinakov, Mechanical Faculty, Macedonia

wemrne elements with drilling degrees of freedom re of gret prtil interestD sine they provide possiility for onstruting fully omptile model of omplex struturl system in whih they pper omined with em elementsF ine the ddition of drilling rottions to memrne elements hs een di0ult tskD involving omplex formultionD its e'et in the memrne formultion must e ssessedF he memrne element hs gined ury with the ddition of inomptile displement modesD in oth geometrilly liner nd nonliner formultionsF sn this studyD theories of memrne elements for liner nd nonliner nlyses hve een implemented y developing homemde wtv odesF he memrne formultions re employed to ommodte suitle plstiity modelF he plne stress element formultion with inomptile modes is implemented s wellF he e'et of hyps nd inomptile modes in the memrne formultion is investigted through the (nite element modeling of two ross setions of historil struturesF viner nd nonliner stti s well s time history nlyses re rried outF

sn this pper from the nlytil spetD omprtive eE hvior of di'erent luminium lloy nd steel struturl elements nd strutures re tretedX simple emD rhD trussD spe frme struture nd upolD sujeted to stti nd lso to dynmis @erthqukeA lodsF ell ntionl stndrds nd odes limits the mximl de)etions for the elements exposed to ending depending on their spnD nd hving in mind tht luminiums designing proedure strts from the servieility limit sttes due to low modulus of elstiityD for ll elements in this nlysisD strting ondition ws equlity of de)etionsF eluminium is strong nd dutile mteril ut lso lighter ompred to steelD so exited mss during the erthqukes will e onsiderle smller with less indued inerti foresF emong gret numer of results here will e presented just some omprtive digrms of time histories of displementsD veloitiesD elertionsD moments nd xil foresF

408

Poster Presentations
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTIMUM PERFORMANCEBASED SEISMIC DESIGN  ID 100
H. Moghaddam, Republic Of ) I. Hajirasouliha, Republic Of ) Sharif University of Technologh, Iran (Islamic Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic

ES 3h
systemsF gooling systems will e seleted ording to eonomiD tehniqueD possiilityD eology of re nd environmentl rulesF ithout onsidering to thermodynmi in ooling systemsD from the spet of struturl system they re mde in two di'erene shpesX E gonrete shell ooling towers E teel struture ooling towers hese two types of ooling systems re mde in di'erent ountries tht in omprison to eh other hve some dvntges nd disdvntges hoosing to use them re performed y onsidering to eonomiD exeutive tehnil nd ereting tehnologyF eently due to the growth of engineer9s tehnil knowE how in the destrutive e'et of erthquke on the instlltions nd other onstrutions speilly the most importnt ones vife vineD dvntged into development nd enhned the use of light weight strutures in ountries mostly frequented y erthquke like tpnF his hs lso eome sujet of severl disussions in our ountry over hoosing ny of these two elements in the ooling towers of ower lnt projetsF 4srn ower lnt rojets wngement goF@wexeA 4 s the gretest ig ontrtor ompny whih produes therml power plnt in srn nd middle est serh ompletely on oth steel nd onrete options with speil ondition in di'erene site ondition for two omine yle power plnt in uhoy nd wshd ities in srnF his pper tried to generlly disuss the dvntgesD disdvntges nd limittions of ehD to present s si priniple for this omprison etween themF
PROBABILISTIC RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC ISOLATION AND SEISMIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS  ID 257
J. Albert, The B.E. Vedeneev VNIIG, Inc., Russian Federation

his pper presents new method for optimiztion of dynmi response of strutures sujeted to seismi exittionF his method is sed on the onept of uniform distriution of deformtionF sn order to otin the optimum distriution of struturl propertiesD n itertive optimiztion proedure hs een doptedF sn this pprohD the struturl properties re modi(ed so tht ine0ient mteril is grdully shifted from strong to wek res of strutureF his proess is ontinued until stte of uniform deformtion is hievedF st is shown tht in generl for whyp struture there exists spei( pttern for distriution of struturl properties tht results in n optimum seismi performneF st hs een shown tht the seismi performne of suh struture is optimlD nd ehves generlly etter thn those designed y onventionl methodsF he pplition of the proposed method for optimum seismi design of di'erent struturl forms suh s trussElike strutures nd sher uildings is presentedF i'ets of fundmentl periodD trget dutility demndD dmping rtio nd seismi exittions on optimum distriution pttern re investigtedF
VIBRATION BASED SEISMIC DAMAGE RECONSTRUCTION OF A R/C STRUCTURE  ID 127
S. Kokot, Opole University of Technology, Poland Z. Zembaty, Opole University of Technology, Poland

efter strong erthquke it is of gret importne to sses dmges of strutures s fst s possile nd eventully to deide out their future exploittion or repirF ery often suh dmges n not e diretly inspeted nd require inEdiret methods of their ssessment @eFgF strutures overed with rhiteturl elementsD )oors etFAF he so lled truturl relth wonitoring deling with these prolems @see eFgF flges et lF PHHTA it is tully vst (eld of reserh providing in mny ses ner onEline monitoring of struturl dmges usully iming t deteting lolized dmge or dmgesF hese methods however re often not pproprite for reinfored onrete strutures displying distriuted dmges t ny level of seismi lod @see eFgF folton etF l PHHSD emty et lF PHHTAF he purpose of the pper proposed for the Ist igii it is to present method of dmge reonstrution for twoEspn emF he dmges re hrterized y loss of sti'ness distriuted long the em with the it sti'ness redution from out S7 to RH7F sing hrmoni exittions the method mkes it possile not only to detet dmge ut to urtely reonstrut the tul dmge distriution long the emF o it provides prtil mens for postEerthquke dmge ssessmentsF e detiled numeril exmple will e presented during the gonferene eferenes fyvyx FD suyu gFD eu FD grys FD ff xFD wodl property hnges of seismilly dmged onrete ridgeD tournl of fridge ingineeringD egiD vol IHD PHHSD ppFRISERPV feveqieD psixD qiwiD edsFD truturl relth wonitoringD iiD rermes ieneD vondon PHHTD ppFIERPTF iwfe FD uyevus wFD yssv FD hynmi identi(tion of reinfored onrete frme in progressive sttes of dmgeD ingineering truturesD volFPVD noFSD PHHTD ppFTTVETVIF
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL EVALUATION BETWEEN CONCRETE AND STEEL COOLING TOWERS  ID 231
K. Fallahi, MAPNA Co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

here re undnt vrints of seismi isoltion nd seisE mi protetion of ojets of di'erent purpose tht re known todyF hesignEtheoretil investigtions of suh systems in most ses re imed t determining its e'etiveness implying the degree of inertil lods nd ojets deformility loweringF roweverD nother signi(nt ftor of e'etiveness is the sfety of these systemsF sn vrious (elds of industril nd ivil engineering reliility evlution usully rries out through lultions sed on deterministi formultion tht implies vilility of quite determined given dtX tion hrteristisD prmeters of onsidered system nd so onF yn the sis of lultion results the working pity of systems under spei(ed lods n e de(nedF his tehnique hs severl drwksX in the (rst ple it lks quntittive reliility ssessment nd therefore doesn9t llow ompring severl vrints of seismi isoltion nd seismi protetion systemsY in the seond pleD verged empiri oe0ients otined sed on nlysis of ville onEsite dt re used in onsidering of rndomiity of seismi lod nd determining strengthD deformtive nd dissiptive hrteristis of system nd ojet itselfF he present rtile desries reliility evlution proedureD whih is sed upon proilisti pproh nd llows reeiving numeril reliility ssessment of prtilly ny seismi isoltion nd seismi protetion systemsD inluding onsiderly nonliner onesF he proedure is sed upon synthesis of prmetril nd struturl reliility theory of omplex multipleEunit systemsF es n illustrtive exmple there re shown reliility lultion of 4gonstrution E seismilly isolted foundtion4 system with seismi lod given s n elementry funtion with rndom mplitude nd frequenyF
NUMERICAL STUDY OF SINGLE STORY BUILDING CONSTRUCTED USING 3D-PANEL PREFABRICATED SYSTEM UNDER SEISMIC MOTIONS  ID 272
M. Kabir, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

gooling systems re one of the most requirements for inE dustril ountries whih hve power plntsD oil industriesD gsD petrohemil nd proess industryD these systems re very importnt for het system omplements nd proessing spetF xow so mny reserhes round the world serh ll the spets of these

sn this pperD the numeril dynmi ehvior of Qh wll singleEstorey uildingD whih is onstruted y Qh systemD is desriedF Qh wll pnels re used in onstrution of exterior nd interior ering nd nonElod ering wlls nd )oors of uilding of ll types of onstrutionF his system onsists of welded wire spe frme integrted with polystyrene insultion oreF he wll pnel is pled in position nd wythes of onrete re pplied

409

ES 3h
to oth sidesF ll pnel reeives its strength nd rigidity y the digonl ross wires welded to the weldedEwire fri on eh sideF his omintion produes truss ehviorD whih provides rigidity nd sher terms for full omposite ehviorF peeds in onstrutionD weight lightening nd therml insultion re the mrked privileges for uilding uilt up with suh innovtive systemF sn numeril nlysisD the model of the uilding is nlyzed under trditionl ground motions oth in high frequenies nd low frequenies nture in order to verify the sfety of the systemF ex s powerful non liner (nite element softwre is dopted for numeril modeling nd nlysisF hell element is seleted for modeling of Qh pnel in oth system nd omponent levelsF yjetives of the study re to otin seismi performnes of the desried struturl system under dynmi lodingD suh s liner nd nonEliner struturl hrteristisD hystereti ehviorD deformility nd sti'ness degrdtionF fy this studyD struturl responses suh s the seismi dmge mehnis nd the seismi pityD the distriution of erthquke fores re evlutedF sn liner nlysisD the primry frequeniesD virtion modes nd omprison of the results re otinedF elsoD the lterl deformtionsD story driftD torsion of systemD re lulted numerilly in time domin nd re ompred with eh otherF
THE INELASTIC RESPONSE DIFFERENCES OF TWO BUILDINGS DESIGNED WITH DIFFERENT SEISMIC BEHAVIOR FACTORS  ID 615
J. A. Avila, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico E. Morales, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico

Poster Presentations
nonliner link elements @gpA with properties tht represent their mehnil ehvior inluding the possile pounding of hnging elE ements ginst the sing or internl emsF he support struture is modeled using frme elements nd hinges ording to the tul on(gurtion of the tthment of the equipment to the support strutureF he erthquke tion is represented y tul ground motion reords from di'erent sites where rther extensive erthquke inE dued dmge were oservedF hi'erent types of events re onsidE ered @ner fult reordsD sudution zone reordsAF he results of the nlyses for di'erent erthquke ground motions re disussed in terms of overll system ehviorD internl prts ehviorD nd mximum lods ting on the support struture nd the foundtionF he vlues otined from n equivlent stti nlysis re lso ompred in terms of support retions @foundtionsAD vlues of glol fores @se sherA nd displements in some key points of the system @equipmentEsupport strutureAF
VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDINGS USING MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENTS  ID 708
J. Kanai, Akita Prefectural University, Japan K. Tokeshi, Akita Prefectural University, Japan C. Cuadra, Akita Prefectural University, Japan M. Karkee, Akita Prefectural University, Japan

he elsti nd inelsti responses of stepEyEstep dyE nmi nlysis of two reinfored onrete uildings of W nd IU levels @o0esAD loted in the yld vke zoneD designed ording to wexio gity gode with the seismi ehvior ftors @similr to dutility ftorsA a ID PD Q nd R nd the permissile drift of HFHIPD fing importnt erthqukeD with nd without the ville overEresistne e'ets re hekedF por the designsD spetrl modl dynmi nlysis re mdeD sed on the limit sttes of servie nd filure onditionsY for a I nd P the generl requirements of einfored gonrete xorms re used nd for a Q y R the dutile frmes requirements re hekedF por the stepEyEstep inelsti nlysis di'erent typil E elerogrms for soft soil re onsideredF he nonEliner responses in history timeD lol nd glolD without @onventionl designA nd with the overEresistne e'ets re lultedD nd they re ompred ginst the gode dmissile vluesF fy studying the inelsti seismi nlysis for the di'erent kinds of resistnesD with the overEresistne e'ets the responses redue very importntF his isD estimting the inelsti seismi responses with the nominl resistnesD the nonEliner ehvior ould e overEestimted suh glol s lolF
A DETAILED STUDY OF THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF A LARGE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR  ID 704
E. Cruz, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile D. Valdivia, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile

he estimtion of the dynmi hrteristis of one g TEstory uilding using mirotremor mesurements ws performedF he dimensions of the uilding re pproximtely QIm width @x diretionA x TUm length @i diretionAD nd QVm heightF wo horizontl sensors were set in eh of Q oservtion points @one t the middle nd two t the sides long i diretionA on the Ist story nd the Tth storyD respetivelyF imultneous synhronized time mirotremor reords during THHs with IHHrz smpling frequeny were otined t ll oservtion pointsF ynly one ler predominnt frequeny in the pourier mplitude spetrum ws otined in the x diretionD whih would orrespond to its norml modeF roweverD three nd two predominnt frequenies long the i diretion were otined in the pourier mplitude spetrum of the sides nd the middle oservtion pointsD respetivelyF sn se of the pourier spetrum from side oservtion pointsD the three predominnt frequenies would orrespond to the normlD torsionl nd ending modesD s well sD the two predominnt frequenies in the pourier mplitude spetrum of the middle oservtion point would orrespond to the norml nd ending modesF he torsionl nd ending modes usully n not e otined in twoEdimensionl mode nlysisD nd three dimensionl nlysis using (nite element method ws needed to verify the estimted dynmi hrteristis of this uildingF edditionllyD these dynmi ehviors estimted from mirotremor mesurements were veri(ed in one mirovirtion from one ftershok of the PHHR wid xiigt irthqukeD mesured t one of the side oservtion point in the Tth storyF
WAVELET ANALYSIS IN DYNAMIC IDENTIFICATION OF BASE ISOLATED BUILDINGS: APPLICATION TO THE SOLARINO BUILDINGS  ID 774
G. Oliveto, Italy G. Scalia, Italy

he seismi response of lrge eletrostti preipittor otined from model sed on (nite element representtion of the equipment nd the steel support strutureD inluding speil representtion of the interior omponents of the system tht re hnging is rried outF he ehvior of the sing is represented y omintion of frme elements for the ris nd frmes nd 4shell4 elements for the sing itself oth in the longitudinl diretion @irGgs )ow direE tionA nd in the trnsverse diretionF por the internl omponentsD frmes nd shell elements re lso usedD s pproprite to the geometry nd hrteristis of the omponentsF he mss distriuE tions re otined from the geometri desription of the omponents onsidering the di'erent mterilsF edded mss is onsidered to represent the weight of the dust in the olletor pltesF he support onditions of the internl elements re modeled using 4springs4 nd

he wvelet trnsform is tool tht divides dtD funE tions or opertors into di'erent frequeny omponents nd then studies eh omponent with resolution mthed to its sleF porerunners of this tehnique were produed independently in pure mthemtis in IWTRD physis in IWTV nd IWVS nd engineering in IWUU nd IWVTY for referenes to these see huehies @IWWPAF epE plitions to the nlysis of seismi dt were dvoted y worlet @IWVPAD while n erly exmple of wvelet nlysis on uilding se isolted ginst underground ril tr0 exittions is provided y xewlnd @IWWQAF hese dys the tehnique is mthemtilly well estlished nd (nds widespred pplitions in mny (eldsF his pper presents reent work on the dynmi identi(tion using wvelets of the mehnil properties of four storey reinfored onrete uilding seismilly retro(tted y se isoltionD yliveto PHHRD PHHTF efter rie)y introduing wvelet deompositionD the

410

Poster Presentations
pper presents dditionl results to those given y yliveto PHHTF hese inlude struturl dmping evluted from interEstorey driftsD nd drift elertionsD veloities nd displements t the design displement level nd elowF he drifts re lso split into the isoltion mode nd min struturl mode omponentsD showing the reltive importne of eh omponentF st is expeted tht further results will e found efore full pper sumission whih will lso e inludedF s huehies @IWWPAD en vetures on veletsD sewD hildelE phiD ennsylvniF t worlet et l @IWVPAD ve ropgtion nd mpling heoryD qeophysisD RUF h i xewlnd @IWWQAD en sntrodution to ndom irtionsD petrl 8 velet enlysisD vongmnF q yliveto et l @PHHRAD reliminry esults from pullEle pree irtion ests on pourEtorey einfored gonrete fuilding fter eismi ehilittion y fse ssoltionD ts ymposiumD okoE hmD tpnF q yliveto nd q li @PHHTAD preeEirtion ests pollowing eismi etro(tting y fse ssoltion on the olrino fuildingsD VxgiiD n prnisoF
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION BY USING HILBERT TRANSFORM  ID 808
L. L. Hong, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan B. Huang, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

ES 3h
rried out to highlight the reltive importne of erthquke lod in omprision to wve lodingF he result shows tht the seismi response investigtion is quite ruil for the design of hingesD if the tower is loted in seismilly tive zoneF
ENHANCED STIFFNESS-MASS RATIOS METHOD FOR DAMAGE DETECTION IN BUILDINGS WITHOUT BASELINE MODAL INFORMATION  ID 1036
R. Rodrguez, Instituto de Ingeniera-UNAM, Mexico J. A. Escobar, Instituto de Ingeniera-UNAM, Mexico R. Gomez, Instituto de Ingeniera-UNAM, Mexico

sn this pperD the enhned sti'nessEmss rtios methodD iEwwD to lulte the undmged stte of uildings with sher or )exurlEem ehviour is presentedF his method utilizes modl informtion from the dmged stte of the struture nd the (rst storey lterl sti'ness vlue of the struture without dmge to determine its seline modl informtionF sn order to lolize nd lulte dmge mgnitudeD the deterE mined undmged or seline stte of the struture is ompred with the dmged oneF hmge is de(ned in terms of loss of sti'nessF st is demonstrted tht the iEww produes ext results for uildings with onstnt sti'nessEmss rtios distriution t every storeyF everl se studies re presented nd disussed nd the fesiility of the method to detet dmge in uildingsD when seline modl prmeters re not villeD is orroortedF
SOFT COMPUTING BASED RELIABILITY-BASED OPTIMIZATION OF REAL WORLD STRUCTURES UNDER SEISMIC LOADS  ID 1109
Y. Tsompanakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece N. Lagaros, National Technical University, Greece M. Fragiadakis, National Technical University, Greece M. Papadrakakis, National Technical University, Greece

st is importnt to relize the instntneous prmetri inE formtion in liner timeEvrying nd nonliner systems for the struturl helth monitoring purposeF hen rilert trnsform is performed to the equtions of motionD n dditionl set of equtions is otined nd then is omined with the originl equtions to estimte the time histories of dynmi propertiesF he fundmentl ssumption in this method is the slow vrition of dynmi propertiesF everl hyp nd whyp strutures simulting liner timeEinvrintD timeEvrying nd nonliner systems exited y the ground motions of the IWWW ghiEghi erthquke re used to vlidte this prmetri identi(tion tehniqueF por the liner timeEinvrint systemsD it is shown tht the identi(ed prmeters re indeed the sme s the ext ones when the )oor elertionD veloityD nd displement re ll ssumed to e reordedF yne the )oor veloity nd displement re integrted numerilly from the )oor elertion reordD the reltive errors in the sti'ness nd dmping oe0ients re less thn HFI7 nd HFP7D respetivelyF sn generlD the identi(ed prmeters in the strongEmotion stte re most urte mong those in the whole time historyF he sme ury in the identi(ed prmeters is lso oserved for the liner timeEvrying nd nonliner systemsD exept some ruptly enlrged errors ourred in the stte of degrding sti'nessF hose errors ome from the overlpping frequeny ontent of the system prmeters nd the system responses nd ould e redued y other numeril mnipultionF
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF DOUBLE HINGED ARTICULATED LATTICE TOWER  ID 908
N. Islam, Jamia Millia Islamia, India

resent study investigtes the seismi response of doule hinged rtiulted tower vis Evis single hinged rtiulted towerD in the presene of wvesF en rtiilted tower is one of the omplint lttied steel towerD mde up of tuulr pipes equipped with upright uoyny hmers )exiily linked to the se )oor through hingeF eove se wter level it supports dekD for the purpose of vrious opertions in o'shore oil drillingFhe seismi response of the tower hs een rried out in time domin y n spetrl nlysisD the method is sed on the priniple of rndom virtion where seismi exittion is ssumed to e rod nd sttionry proessF using this ssumption the men pek response of the tower is otined from the ground elertion time history of the erthquke proessF he nonEliner eqution of motion is derived y vgrngin pproh nd the solution is otined y newmrk9s f intgrtion shemeFhe response of doule hinged tower re ompred with single hinged towerF e prmetri study is

wodern erthquke engineering design philosophy hs inE trodued the onept of performneEsed design for strutures sujeted to seismi loding onditionsF purthermoreD seismi struturl design requires n e'etive wy to tret the inherent proilisti nture of geometryD mteril properties nd loding onditionsF eliilityEfsed yptimiztion @fyA of strutures is perhps the only vile proedure to ssess whether the struturl design under investigtion meets the required performne trgets with the est possile wy under proilisti viewpointF rowE everD the omputtionl ost for optimizing lrgeEsle struturl systems onsidering unertinties is orders of mgnitude higher thn in the se of onventionl seismi designD espeilly whenD s in the present studyD nonEliner nlysis method is employed in order to evlute the inelsti ehvior of the strutureF sn this pper roust nd e0ient methodology is presented for performing fy of spe steel frmes under seismi lodingF he proposed methodology omines e0ient struturl optimizE tion @using ivolution trtegies @iA optimizerA nd reliility nlysis proedures @employing wonte grlo imultions @wgA inorporting vtin ryperue mplingAF sn order to redue the exessive omputtionl ost nd mke the whole proedure pplile for relElife engineering pplitions ppropritely tilored erti(il xeurl xetworks @exxA is inorported in the proposed methodologyF he use of exx ws motivted y the timeEonsuming repeted nlyses required y the wg in the reliility nlysis phse nd y the i evolutionry optimiztion lgorithm during the optimiztion proessF sn oth ses properly trined exx is used for the fst omputtion of the neessry dtD thus voiding expensive dynmi struturl nlysesF he proposed methodology hs een pplied in sizing struturl optimiztion prolems of lrgeEsle threeEdimensionl steel frmesF
BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH CARBON FIBERS (CFRP)  ID 1191
R. Proao, Earthquake Research Center - CISMID, Peru

411

ES 3h
sn response to the growing neessity of repiring or rehE ilittion of reinfored onrete struturesD new tehnologies of struturl reinforement hve een developedF emong those the polymers reinfored with ron (ers of high resistne @gpA re rel lterntive for the industry of onstrutionF he engineers tht ttempt tody the use of gp in ppliE tions of externl reinforement re in the hllenge of the innovtionF et the moment do not exist ler rules for the design of g elements @ems or olumnsA reinfored with gpF he emerin gonrete snstitute @egsA ommittee RRHEp hve developed doument @egs RRHpEWWDIWWWA to provide design reommendtions nd tehnil onE strution of the gp in reinfored onrete elementsD where it is de(ned n expliit methodology for pproprite use of seurity fE torsD low dutilityD nhorgesD dhesiveD etF ith regrd to thisD it is provided some onservtive limits in the design philosophy used nd the vlues of reliility of the mterilF roweverD in seismi zonesD the dutility of struturl reinfored memers nd the ultimte resistne should e lulted in order to know the performne of the struturesF he min ojetive of this doument is to try to desrie the ehvior of the g elements reinfored with gp through the momentEend digrms orresponding to ompound setion @onreteEsteelEgpA sujeted to endingF st is lso shownD the mthemtil formultion to otin these digrmsF
INSTANTANEOUS IDENTIFICATION OF SYSTEMS WITH HYSTERESIS UN-DER SEISMIC LOADING  ID 1261
P. Argoul, LAMI-ENPC, France R. Ceravolo, Politecnico di Torino, Italy G. V. Demarie, Politecnico di Torino, Italy S. Erlicher, LAMI-ENPC, France Italy W. Salvatore, Dept. Italy

Poster Presentations
of Structural Engineering University of Pisa,

huring their lifeyle strutures my undergo tionsD suh s wind or erthqukeD tht n supply the struture with enough energy to tivte pronouned nonEliner ehvEiourF peil signl proessing tools re needed for extrting relile informtions from trnsient response signlsF et this regrdD timeEfrequeny nlysis hs reently o'ered new perspetivesD nd its e0y in nonEliner identi(tion my e enhned y ssigning it role in the frmework of olterr series representtion IF en lterntive pproh is sed on nonEliner utoEregressive modelsF truturl elementsD under seismi lodingD show typil hystereti ehviour tht in this study hs een expressed through modi(ed fouEen models PF glssil methods for the identi(tion of suh models would pursue prmetri pprohF he proposed pperD instedD ttempts to de(ne proper instntneous inditors of hystereti ehvioursF here exists n extensive literture out the tehniques for identifying olterr sysEtems @eFgF see QAD ut most methods require the lultion of higher order sttistil moEmentsX in struturl engineering pplitions it is not possile to otin numer of experiEmentl mesurements lrge enough s neessry to get onsistent estimte of ll the sttisEtil moments neededD espeilly when the dynmi tests re onduted in situF he vilEility of limited numer of experimentl dt n e ovited to ertin extent y tking into ount the lolistion in time of the frequeny ontent of the signlsD through the timeEfrequeny representtion of the signls nd the de(nition of instntneous estimtors of the mehnil properties to e identi(ed IF I qFF hemrieD F gervolo nd eF he tefnoD 4snstntneous sdenti(tion of olynoEmil xonlinerity fsed on olterr eries epresenttionY uey ingineering wterilsD PWQEPWRD ppF UHQEUIHD PHHSF P F uF enD wethods of ndom irtions for snelsti truturesD epplF wehF evF RP@PAD IWVWD QWESPF Q F tF ughD xonliner system theoryF he olterrGiener pprohF PHHP
MATERIALS' VARIABILITY INFLUENCE ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF PARTIAL-STRENGTH COMPOSITE JOINTS  ID 1275
M. Badalassi, Dept. Italy A. Braconi, Dept. of Structural Engineering University of Pisa, of Structural Engineering University of Pisa,

he seismi design of momentEresisting steelEonrete frmes llows the dissiption of seismi energy lolising plstiiztions in the emEtoEolumn jointsD tht should e prtilEstrength regrding ems onurring in the jointD o'ering the ility to dpt seismiEdesign resistne to the expeted demndsF iuropen reserh projets hve een onduted to investigte the ehviour of ompositeD prtilEstrengthD emEtoEolumn joints under seismi tionsD involving the exeution of experimentl tests on sustruE tures nd full sle modelD nd the development of mehnil models to de(ne the seismi ehviour of omposite steelEonrete jointsF esults otined so fr indite tht omponent method proposed y iuroodeR for designing omposite joints under stti tions should e modi(ed to onsider omplex phenomen ourring in suh joints during n erthqukeF purthermoreD dutile ehviour nd dequte rottionl pity required for omposite joints y iuroodeV ould e gurnteed y estlishing strengthE hierrhy mongst the vrious resistnt elements trnsmitting fores from ems to olumnsD so tht the dutile omponents lone govern the joint9s funtioningF sn this perspetiveD mteril resistne vritions ply primry roleX dutile ehviour of joint is in)uened y mterils9 resistneD whih determine the joint omponents9 hierrhyF his pper desries study on the in)uene of mterils strength vriility on dutile performnes of spei( type of omposite jointF o this endD mehnil modelD developed y omponent pprohD is ppliedF wterils9 properties rndomness is onsidered using wontegrlo simultion method optimized with importne smpling tehniqueF he fous is on the e'ets of the overEstrength properties of modern steel nd onrete9s strength vritions on joint ehviourD in terms of dutile or rittle filureF purthermoreD we seek resonle rnge of vriility in mteril resistne tht n gurntees the e0ient seismi ehviour of suh joints @dutile filure nd dequte rottionl pityA to gurntee n overll dutile ehviour for the frmeF
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF SHIELD TRANSVERSE DIRECTION  ID 1359
K. Mizuno, East Japan Railway Company, Japan A. Koizumi, Waseda University, Japan

TUNNEL

IN

his pper desries the dynmi ehvior nd the seisE mi design method of shield tunnel in trnsverse diretion onsidering the e'et of stggered jointed ringsF e series of shking tle model tests nd two kinds of nlyses were rried outF o model the struturl properties of stggered segmentl ringsD the deline in ending rigidity due to the trnsverse joints nd the trnsmission of shering fore due to the irumferentil joints were onsidered in oth the test models nd the nlytil modelsF sn the testsD douleEtrk suwy shield tunnel ws onsidered s prototypeD nd mterils of ground nd tunnel were hosen ording to the similrity lwF sn the nlysesD the dynmi PEh piw nd the stti nlysis sed on seismi deformtion method using emEspring model were employedF o grsp dynmi hrteristis of ground nd tunnelD the numeril simultions y PEh piw were rried outF sn the nlyses using emEspring modelD the time when the mximum reltive displement etween top nd ottom of the tunnel ourred ws fousedF he onlusions from this study re s followsX @IA he shield tunnel hs muh )exiility nd follows the surrounding ground during the erthquke eventF @PA he dynmi PEh piw nlysis explins the dynmi ehvior of the ground in signi(nt uryF roweverD from the viewpoint of the seismi design method of shield tunnelsD this nlytil method should e improved more with regrd to evluting the e'ets of stggered jointed ringsF @QA enlytil results of setionl fores otined from the stti nlysis sed on seismi deformtion method using emEspring model lmost explined the test vluesF ispeillyD the e'et of trnsverse nd irumferentil joints n e evluted su0ientlyF hereforeD this nlytil method n e suggested useful for the seismi design of shield tunnels in trnsverse diretionF

412

Poster Presentations
EFFECTIVE USE OF EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE FOR SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF TORSIONALLY COUPLED BUILDINGS  ID 1548
G. Hegde, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India R. Sinha, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

ES 4
onstruted on ongested site on the nouver wterfrontF he dek struture extends northwrd from the existing shorelineD so tht the north setion of the struture is entirely over wter while the southerly portion of the dek is loted onshore F es most of the re is overlin y lique(le sedimentsD nd old (llsD the seismi design of this struture present unique hllenges to the designerF xonEliner ehviour of the susoilsD vrile support onditions for the piles ross the strutureD nd disontinuities in lterl lod pth from the superstruture to the dek ll ontriute to inresed unertinty with respet to the seismi response of the strutureF his pper presents n overview of the design riteri nd methodology employed in the seismi nlysis nd design of the sustrutureF he seismi nlysis inorported nonEliner (nite di'erene pveg nlysis to ssess soil struture intertionF e nonEliner pile nlysis ws lso employed to develop more urte ssessment of the ehviour of the piles under seismi onE ditionsF hile the design ws predited on limiting deformtions of the struture under the design erthqukeD three dimensionl modl dynmi nlysis ws lso rried out on the sustruture to ensure tht ount ws tken of torsionl e'etsD higher modesD nd the eentriity inherent in these designsF ixtensive ground improvements were lso required to ontrol liqueftion nd to redue deformtions to eptle levelsF
EFFECTS OF REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN MODELING EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY FOR KEY BUILDING TYPES IN ITALY AND CENTRAL EUROPE  ID 2023
A. Baca, Risk Management Solutions, United States P. Seneviratna, Risk Management Solutions, United States C. Williams, Risk Management Solutions, United States T. Onur, Risk Management Solutions, United States M. Nyst, Risk Management Solutions, United States

ystem identi(tion plys n importnt role in helth nd ondition monitoring of uildingsF o identify dmge in struture the frequenies nd other modl prmeters re often lulted from the dynmi mesurementsD nd then n inferene out the dmge is mdeF he modl prmeters n e extrted from the response of struture to free nd fored virtionsF he identi(tion of frequenies nd dmping of torsionlly oupled system is di0ult sine the struturl system possess loselyEsped frequeniesF sn this pperD three mode identi(tion methodsD gomplex ixponentil elgorithmD srhim ime homin wethodD nd iigen eliztion elgorithm re evluted for their e'etiveness in estimting the modl properties of torsionlly oupled uilding sujeted to se exittionsF e new mode shpes interpoltion method is devised to extrt mode shpes of torsionlly oupled system from modl dt of only top nd lowest )oorF he limittions of the ove identi(tion methods re exmined y using exmple multiEstorey torsionlly oupled uildingsF
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN IN SEISMIC AREAS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA  ID 1606
V. Kumar, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

JAMSHEDPUR, IND, India

sndi hs very high frequeny of gret erthqukes @mgnitude greter thn VFHAF woderte erthqukes rete wreness nd led to improvements in onstrution t low humn ostF his hs led to omplene in sndin erthquke preprednessF sndi now hve orders of mgnitudeD higher levels of mnEmde onstrution nd signi(ntly lrger popultion thn wht sndi hd t the time of gret erthqukes of IVWUD IWQR or IWSHY heneD sndi re now more vulnerle to erthquke disstersF sndi hs hd numer of the world9s gretest erthqukes in the lst enturyF sn ftD more thn SH perent re in the ountry is onsidered prone to dmging erthqukesF sndi is prone to dmging erthqukes s lerly illustrted y the uoyn @IWTUAD the vture @IWWQA nd the tlpur @IWWUA erthqukesF his pper ttempts to provide n overll perspetive of pst sndin nd the interesting ehviour of Fg strutures during the smeF he erthquke resistnt design nd onstrution of uilding hs een in tive prtie for the pst three dedesF rene the ehviour of Fg uildings is ritilly dependent on their designD detiling nd onstrutionF he present pper highlights some of the si fetures of uilding dmgeGollpse nd disusses their de(ieniesF he filures with g uildings my e lssi(ed into either the filures due to uilding strutures prtly or wholly nd filures due to soil onditionsF here hs een n indequy on t lest one of the four min ttriutes desired of n seismi uilding suh s good struturl on(gurtionD dequte sti'nessD minimum strength nd good dutilityF irthquke dmge to uildings onsists of the most e'etive lessons on seismi onstrutionF por uildings dtse with di'erent tegories my not e e'etiveD s eh struture is unique nd hs to e onsidered s prolem on its ownF
DESIGN OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE OF THE VANCOUVER CONVENTION CENTRE  ID 1634
J. Robertson, Westmar Consultants Inc., Canada H. Kullman, Westmar Consultants Inc., Canada R. MacPherson, Westmar Consultants Inc., Canada M. Cowdell, Westmar Consultants Inc., Canada

he distriution of seismi hzrd through gentrl iuE rope nd the wediterrnen region vries s gretly s the ulturl nd uilt environmentF st is therefore interesting to ompre the erthquke risk in ountries with historilly low seismiity suh s witzerlnd nd qermny to the more tetonilly tive stlyF eny dmge or loss estimtion study must ount for unique hrteristis in seismi hzrd nd vulnerility t oth the ntionl nd regionl levelsF es prt of modeling erthquke losses throughout stly nd gentrl iuropeD vulnerility reltionships were developed for spei( uilding types nd geogrphi regionsF his study presents the e'ets of regionl uilding inventory nd performne on loss estimtesF gomprisons re mde etween strutures in multiple ountries inluding stlyD qermny nd witzerlnd s well s etween vrying types of onstrution nd oupnyF he soure modeling nd ground motion omponents of this projet re disussed in seprte presenttions @xyst et lFD ynur et lFD PHHTD to e presented in this onfereneAF fuilding dmge hs een estimted with spetrlEresponse sed methodologyF he onluding portion of this study is to lirte modeled losses using dt from histori eventsF por the key vulnerility lsses modeledD there is strong greement etween predited nd tul lossF

ES 4: Design Criteria and Methods, Codes

Level-1
ECONOMY THROUGH PERFORMANCE SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL BUILDING FRAMEWORKS  ID 2
J. Douglas, BRGM, France P. Prasad, IIT, India M. Shrikhande, IIT, India P. Agrawal, IIT, India

he nouver gonvention gentre sustruture onsists of pile supported onrete dekD RSDHHH squre metres in re

he reent pst erthqukesD xorthridge nd uoe re witness tht how the eonomy of the well design steel uildings

413

ES 4
for single performne levels hve the entrl fous of the seismi resistnt design in spite of very high life sfety due to uneptle dmgesF wultiEperformne level seismi design ws strongly relized in immedite prtie euse even the developed eonomy of e nd tpn did not ept suh lrge dmgesF ionomy is the mjor ttriute to e onsidered s one of the seismi design ojetive under the in)uene of the vrying erthquke ground motionsD whih is populrly known s erformneEfsed eismi hesign @fhAF he role of steel frmeworks s relile struturl systems hs een priseworthy during so my erthqukes exept xorthridge nd uoe hene needs more fundmentl reserhes tht the design ojetives of fh my e hievedF his pper onsiders the overll view of eonomy spet of fh in more logil mnner lning funtionlityD sfety nd servieility of steel uilding frmeworksF por suh hievement vrious spets hve een serhed to lolize the sequene of filEsfe design spets so tht the dmge portion my e eonomilly ssessed nd repiredF votions of olumnsD sping etween emsD sher spn depth rtioD type of )oor systemsD types of the struturl systems nd types of the ring systems hve een serhed for developing eonomy for erthquke resistnt prmetersF ome softwre9s hve een used s nd where required for (nding expeted eonomy of the seismi design s the gol of this pperF en emphsis hs een mde for olumn hinging with limited dutility s the mjor onern of limited dmge hene the overll eonomy due to high life yle ost of the steel uilding frmeworks under the ttk of vrying erthquke ground motionsF
DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES WITH SIGNIFICANT HIGHER MODE CONTRIBUTION  ID 37
J. Humar, Carleton University, Canada M. Ghorbanie-Asl, Carleton University, Canada F. Pina, Carleton University, Canada

Poster Presentations
M. S. Kircil, Yildiz Technical Univercity, Turkey M. Eser, Yildiz Technical Univercity, Turkey M. Zorbozan, Yildiz Technical Univercity, Turkey

gpity design proedure is n essentil prt of erthE quke resistnt design of dutile Gg struturesF st is n e'etive tool to keep the potentil dmge under ontrol nd to provide n dequte energy dissipting pity to struturl elementsF eording to mny design odesD sher design of Gg ems re mde sed on the sher demnd orresponding to prole )exurl strength of em setions so tht strength enhnementD used y tul mteril strengthD strin hrdening of reinforing steel nd dditionl ompression reinforement n e onsideredF ell relevnt odes reommend simple methods to estimte the prole )exurl strength of emsF sn this studyD onsidering the unertinty in mteril strength nd relisti mteril modelsD the ury of requirements of iuroode V nd urkish seismi design ode hve een investigtedF he ompressive strength of onreteD the ultimte strin of onreteD the yield strength of reinforing steelD the ultimte strin of reinforement steelD em width nd e'etive depth of em re onsidered s rndom vrilesF vtin hyperue method ws used for the genertion of smple vlues of seleted rndom vrilesF e totl of ISIPH momentEurvture nlyses hve een performedF pinllyD prole )exurl strengths determined with ode provisions re ompred to the mximum moment pities extrted from momentEurvture nlysesF esults show tht ode provisions re not urte enough to tke ll the soure of strength enhnement into onsidertionF sing onstnt ftorD regrdless of tension reinforement rtio nd the rtio etween tension nd ompression reinforementD to estimte the prole )exurl strength of ems is not e'etive enoughF
APPLICATION OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM TO A LARGE HOSPITAL BUILDING  ID 48
L. Di Sarno, University of Sannio, Italy

e prtil method for the displement sed seismi design of uildings where higher modes mke signi(nt ontriuE tion to the response is presentedD with prtiulr referene to the design of reinfored onrete sher wll uildingsF por preliminry designD pproximte estimtes of the yield nd ultimte displements re otinedD the former from simple empirE il reltionsD nd the ltter to stisfy ode spei(ed limitsF he struture is onverted to n equivlent singleEdegreeEofEfreedom sysE tem using n ssumed deformtion shpe tht is representtive of the (rst modeF he required se sher strength of the hyp system is determined from the inelsti demnd spetrum orresponding to the dutility pity or the rtio of the ultimte to the yield disE plementF he struture is designed for the moments produed y the estimted shersF he frequenies nd mode shpes of the struture re now deterE mined nd pushover nlysis is performed using fore distriution tht follows the (rst modeF his gives re(ned estimtes of the yield nd eptle ultimte displementsF he ltter must e seleted so s toX @IA limit nonstruturl dmgeD @PA ensure stility under Ehelt e'etsD nd @QA keep the dutility demnd within dutility pityF e new equivlent hyp system is developed using the (rst mode deformtion shpe nd revised sher strength nd moment reE sistne demnds re lultedF he moment resistne nd displements otined from (rst mode ssumption re expeted to resonle estimtes of the deE mndF roweverD the sher strength demnd is likely to e inurte euse the higher modes mke sustntil ontriution to the se sherF e multiEmode pushover nlysis is therefore rried out to (nd more urte estimtes of the sher demndF st is shown tht drift limits imposed to mitigte nonstruturl dmge nd to void Ehelt instility often govern the design nd the dutility pities spei(ed in the present odes re rrely utilizedF
CRITICAL REVIEW OF CODE PROVISIONS FOR ESTIMATION OF PROBABLE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF R/C BEAMS  ID 43
C. Aydemir, Yildiz Technical Univercity, Turkey

he struturl ontrol of virtions my e hieved y modifying mssesD sti'ness nd dmpingD nd llowing pssive or tive ounter fores to e genertedF snnovtive pssiveD tive ndGor semiEtive protetion strtegies hve een rpidly dopted in esiD iurope nd the D where severl pprohes hve een ssessedD optimized nd used suessfully in prtil pplitionsF he present pper fouses on the pplition of se isoltion @fsA to lrge hospitl to e uilt in xplesD in outh of stlyD in region of medium seismiityF he pln lyout of the uilding is out IRRxIRRm nd the totl height is out PWmF he struturl system utilized for the superstruture is g multiEstorey frmed systemF he ltter exhiits lrge mss eentriity euse of the di'erent height @Q nd V storeysD respetivelyA of the two vEshpe loks of the superstrutureF he fundmentl period of virtion of the (xed se frme is reltively highD iFeF IFPQ seY the horizontl )exiility of the superstruture pprently redues the ene(il e'ets of fsF xeverthelessD the se study demonstrtes tht fs is n e'etive strtegy to improve the seismi performne lso for reltively )exile frmed strutures oth t servieility nd ultimte limit sttesF he isoltion system employed omprises out THH irulrEshped high dmping ruer erings with di'erent dimeters @THHmmD VHHmm nd IHHHmm in dimeterAF he design of the smple fs struture is the (rst pplition of the new ntionl @yrdinnz winisterileA nd iuropen seismi stndrds @igVA for lrge irregulr hospitl uilding in iuropeF erhiteturl nd engineering spetsD inluding oth ivil nd mehnil worksD re disussed in detilsF he solutions dopted for the se study re lso e ompred to design solutions utilised for other similr projets worldEwideF en extensive prmetri nlysis of the struturl system is presented in order to vlidte the design solutions doptedF
BRACING SYSTEMS FOR SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF STEEL FRAMES  ID 49
L. Di Sarno, University of Sannio, Italy

he present nlytil study ssesses the seismi perforE

414

Poster Presentations
mne of steel wps retro(tted with di'erent ring systems suh s ordinry digonl resD unounded res nd megEresF he ltter utilise res onneting two or more storeys nd re loted on the fdes ndGor internl frmesF he reliility of design rules provided in interntionl odes nd reommendtions for gfps is lso reviewedF fene(tsD if nyD of lterntive ring systemsD eFgF unounded nd megEresD re disussedF wedium rise steel wps hve een designed with lterl sti'ness tht does not ful(l the ode drift limittionsF reneD the smple frmes hve een retro(tted with ordinry digonl resD unounded res nd megEresF o provide onsistent omprisonsD the lterntive on(gurtions of rings hve een designed with the sme elsti lterl sti'nessF he seismi performne of suh strutures hs een investigted through inelsti stti @pushoverA nd dynmi @responseEhistoryA nlysesF xerE nd frE(eld reords t di'erent hzrd levels hve een utilised in non liner time history nlyses rried outF he struturl performne hs een ssessed in terms of glol prmetersD eFgF storey shersD system overEstrengthD storey driftsD roof trnsltion dutility nd hystereti energyF he results of the nlyses rried out demonstrte tht strutures with unounded res perform etter thn ordinry digonl res under seismi lodsF igni(nt redution of mximum storey shers nd drifts s well s enhned energy dissiption pity were found for megEresF
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEISMIC ISOLATION CODES WORLDWIDEPART I. DESIGN SPECTRUM  ID 63
D. Feng, Fujita Corp., Japan W. Liu, Guangzhou Univ., China K. Masuda, Fujita Corp., Japan

ES 4
liner nlysis is lso permitted under limited onditionsF he min limittions re summrized s followsF e onstrution site lss is limited to hrd soil onditionsD exept in the stlin odeF he mximum height of the superstruture is limitedD exept in the iwnese odeF sn the tpnese nd ghinese odesD the limittion on the height of the trget uilding is more relxedF hus the trget uildings ple to dopt isoltion tehnologies extended widelyF xo tension is llowed in the isoltion deviesD exept in the e odeF usequentlyD typil IREstory reinfored onrete uildingD isolted with ledEruer erings is nlyzed using eh of the (ve uilding odesF he uilding9s hrteristis suh s weightD heightD hysteresis properties nd soil ondition re (xed in ll sesF he properties of the vf isoltion devies re lso kept onstntD with totl yield fore for the isoltion system of four perent of the totl weightF sn the time history nlysis methodsD ten syntheti ground motions re used whih re (tted to the design spetrum of eh of the (ve odes in the frequeny dominF here re eight rndom phses nd two rel erthquke reord phses otined from the IWRH il gentro x nd IWTV rhinohe x omponentsF he verge response vlues re tken s design vlues to ompre with the results y the equivlent liner nlysis methodF he deformtion of the isoltion level nd the se sher fore oe0ient of the superstruture re ompredF
PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN USING FORCE REDUCTION AND DISPLACEMENT AMPLIFICATION FACTORS FOR RCMRF  ID 68
M. Mahmoudi, Sari Technical College, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

efter the IWWR xorthridge erthqukeD the IWWS ryogokenE xnu erthquke nd the IWWW ghiEghi erthqukeD the numer of seismilly isolted uildings hs inresed rpidlyF yver the sme periodD uilding odes hve een revised nd updted to inlude requirements for design of seismilly isolted uildingsF e test study is presented in order to understnd nd illustrte the di'erenes in the isoltion provisions of the uilding odes of tpnD ghinD the eD stly nd iwnF he onept of the design spetrum in eh ode is summrized (rstF o onsider the seismi region oe0ientsD the trget onstrution sites re ssumed to e in okyoD feijingD vos engelesD otenz nd ipeiD respetivelyF e (xed soil pro(le is ssumed in ll sesD where the verge sher wve veloity within the top QHm is out PHW mGsF he ode spetr with S perent ritil dmping re lulted to ompre the seismi lod level t eh lotionF sn the short period rngeD less thn out HFSsD Dstly is the lrgestF por periods longer thn out HFTsD De nd Dtpn hve pproximtely the sme vlueF feyond out IFPsD Diwn hs the lrgest vlueD due to the ipei sin geologyF he ode spetr with PH perent ritil dmping re ompred ontinullyD whih dominnt the response of seismilly isolted uilding in extreme erthqukesF he inrese in dmping results in Dstly nd De with the lrgest ordintes in the short period rngeD nd Diwn nd Dghin lrgest in the long period rngeF por periods longer thn out QFPsD the Dghin hs the lrgest vlues of ll (ve odesF he response redution ftor due to the dmping ftor nd the deresing rte in the longEperiod spetrum whih re onsidered to e relted with the hrteristis of ground motions re disussed t lstF
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEISMIC ISOLATION CODES WORLDWIDEPART II. RESPONSE ANALYSIS  ID 66
W. Liu, Guangzhou Univ., China D. Feng, Fujita Corp., Japan K. Masuda, Fujita Corp., Japan

pore sed design method will e soon repled y perE formne design method in new seismi odesF sn performne sed designD the hzrd levels nd relevnt eptle dmges re lerly spei(edF truturl nd nonEstruturl performnes re ontrolled y limiting sti'nessD strength nd memers dutility hrteristisF st needs inelsti nlysis to e done on struturl model with primry struturl hrteristis @sti'ness nd strengthA whih re unknown t the eginning of designF sn this pper method will e proposed for determintion of the primry sti'ness nd strength demnds needed for inelsti nlysis for Gg moment resisting frmes using displement mpli(tion ftors @gdA nd fore redution ftors @wA relted to hzrd levelsF st mens tht three fore redution ftors nd three displement mpli(tion ftors re determined nd introdued for minorD moderte nd mjor erthquke levels @or three struturl perforE mnes ontrolsY smmeditely yupny @syAD vife fety @vA nd gollpse revention @gAA for determintion of primry sti'ness nd strength demndsF pore redution ftors depend on fore redution ftor due to dutility @AD overstrength ftor @sA nd sfety ftor @AF hisplement mpli(tion ftors depend on dutility ftor @AD overstrength ftor @sA nd sfety ftor @AF D s nd depend on struturl performne @syD v nd gAF he proedure for determintion of w nd gd ftors will e presented in this pperF he results show tht fore redution ftors @wA nd displement mpli(tion ftors @gdA n e used in performne sed design to determine the primry sti'ness nd strength demndsF ueywordsX performne sed designD fore redution ftorsD displement mpli(tion ftorsD Gg moment resisting frmesD immeditely oupnyD life sfetyD ollpse preventionF
MORE RATIONAL CRITERIA FOR DESIGN EARTHQUAKE FORCES  ID 101
I. Hajirasouliha, Republic Of ) H. Moghaddam, Republic Of ) Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic

pollowing rt ssD the proedures to do response nlysis of seismilly isolted uilding re summrized sed on the uilding odes of tpnD ghinD the eD stly nd iwnF hile dynmi response nlysis method is reommended in ll (ve uilding odesD simpli(ed design proedure sed on equivlent

he preliminry design of most uildings is sed on equivlent stti fores spei(ed y the governing uilding odeF he height wise distriution of these stti fores seems to e sed impliitly on the elsti virtion modesF hereforeD the employment of suh lod pttern in seismi design of norml

415

ES 4
strutures does not gurntee the optimum use of mterilsF his pper presents new method for optimiztion of dynmi response of strutures sujeted to seismi exittionF his method is sed on the onept of uniform distriution of deformtionF sn order to otin the optimum distriution of struturl propertiesD n itertive optimiztion proedure hs een doptedF sn this pprohD the struturl properties re modi(ed so tht ine0ient mteril is grdully shifted from strong to wek res of strutureF his proess is ontinued until stte of uniform deformtion is hievedF st is shown tht the seismi performne of suh struture is optimlD nd ehves generlly etter thn those designed y onventionl methodsF fy onduting this lgorithm on sherEuilding models with vrious dynmi hrteristis sujeted to IS erthquke ground motionsD more dequte lod ptterns re introdued with respet to the period of the struture nd the trget dutility demndF
SEISMIC EVALUATION OF EXISTING STEEL CONCENTRIC BRACING BUILDINGS, BASED ON FEMA 356  ID 115
F. Danesh, K.N.Toosi University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Amiri, K.N.Toosi University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
urve of those existing uildings using three dimensionl nonliner progrm gexx nd xonliner ime ristory enlysis is lso performed using elerogrms of emmouri PHHQ @elgeriA nd il!gentro IWRH @eA for veri(tionF st is shown tht the hpter @QFREeEIA of the eWWGerFPHHQ is too muh disdvntgeous in the restrition of the g frme strutures heightF
A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC DRIFT RESPONSE OF BUILDING STRUCTURES LOCATED IN SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AND NEAR-FAULT REGIONS  ID 141
B. Ozturk, Nigde University, Turkey

sn this pperD seismi ehviour of steel strutures with onentri red frmes @ shpeA is evlutedF por this purposeD three uildings with RD IHD nd IT storey tht were designed y vlid odes in sex @srnin ode of prtieD PVHHA re seletedF e use piwe riteri for this evlutionF QEhimension models of these strutures were nlyzed under the xonliner tti roedureF golumnsD ems nd res were modeled using prmeters for nonliner proedure tht indite in piwe QSTF sn this investigtingD two levels of erthquke hzrd suh s fiEI nd fiEP or wximum onsidered erthquke @wgiA were seletedF sn these nlysisD the e'etive fundmentl period @eAD the response spetrum elertion @AD mny oe0ient like gHDgIDgPDgQ nd then trget displement tht re given y QEIS iqutions in piwe QSTD were lultedF sn dditionD two lod ptterns re used for lterl displement distriutionF he (rst pttern is vertil distriution proportionl to the story sher distriution lulted y omining modl responses from response spetrum nlysis of the uildingF he seond pttern is uniform distriution onsisting of lterl fores t eh level proportionl to the totl mss t eh levelF he ePHHH omputer progrm is used for these nlysesF he nlytil results indite tht in IH nd IT storey uildings in fiEIlevelD in ottom storiesD the olumns tht re rried the dditionl xil fores trnsferring from ring elementsD re foreEontrolled memers nd then re filed efore the ring elements go to inelsti rngeF gompression ring elements in ottom stories in fiEID re lso enle to permit other dutile elements sor energyF
A CRITICAL LOOK ABOUT PENALTY ON THE RESTRICTION OF THE HEIGHT OF RC FRAME STRUCTURE DESIGNED BY ALGERIAN CODE RPA99/VER. 2003 BY USING THE CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD (CSM)  ID 140
F. Bakhti, CGS, Algeria S. A. Zermout, CGS, Algeria M. Inukai, NILIM, Japan Y. Mehani, CGS, Algeria T. Azuhata, NILIM, Japan T. Saito, IISEE, Japan

his study fouses on the development of simple proeE dure for the ssessment of seismi drift response of uilding strutures loted in seismilly tive nd nerEfult regionsF ointing to the displementEsed design pproh whih orreE ltes oserved dmge of struture ording to its drift rtioY the ehvior of the nonliner displement displement response of uilding strutures re investigted on the sis of the ground veloity hngeD hF xonliner displement spetr re de(ned for singleEdegreeEofEfreedom systemsF he study presented minly fouses on wrmr irthquke of eugust IUthFD IWWW nd huze irthquke of xovemer IPthFD IWWWF he e'ets of D hD gy nd g re investigted on the nonliner displement demndY where stnds for the uilding periodD gy is the se sher strength oe0ient nd g is the hrteristi period of the ground motionF
A NEW APPROACH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NONLINEAR DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE SPECTRA IN TURKEY  ID 142
B. Ozturk, Nigde University, Turkey

his study onentrtes on the development of nonlinE er displement response spetr in urkeyF st is sed on the investigtion of the onept of ground veloity hngeD h nd its e'ets on the nonliner displement response of singleEdegreeEofE freedom @hypA systemsF he ground motion dt reorded in urkey during oth wrmr irthquke @eugust IUthFD IWWWA nd huze irthquke @xovemer IPthF D IWWWA provided the sis for this studyF st is oserved tht the inrese in the ground veloity hngeD h inreses the nonliner displement response of the systemF egrding the hisplementEfsed hesign epprohY this sitution refers to inresed dmgeF eordinglyY the results re ompred with respet to the displement response methodology desried y vepge @IWWUAF xonliner displement spetr re de(nedD onsidering the e'ets of se sher strength on the ehvior of hyp systemsF
VERIFICATION OF CODE COMBINATION RULES FOR MAXIMUM COLUMN REINFORCEMENT  ID 174
G. Ozmen, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey E. Orakdogen, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey K. Darilmaz, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

he min sope of this pper is to ritiize the issued of the hpter @QFREeEIA in the eWWGerFPHHQ whih restrit the high of the g frme struturesF por this purposeD seismi performne evlution tehnique y gpity petrum wethod @gwA is pplied to typil g frme uildings designed y elgerin ode eWWGerFPHHQF he tpnese gode fvPHHR is used to evlute the seismi pity of the g frme struturesF ushover nlysis method is dopted in order to otin the performne

sn seismi design of struturesD seismi exittions re usully pplied long two orthogonl xesF roweverD it is well known thtD other ritil ngles of exittion exist whih mximize struturl response for ertin response quntitiesF his ft is demonstrted y nd gg pprohesD whih re developed y severl uthorsF hese pprohes provide sound solutions to determine mximum struturl response for ertin quntitiesD suh s ending momentsD displements etF roweverD he nd gg tehniques fil to furnish the pproprite loding omintion for mximum reinforement for g olumnsD whih re under the e'et of ixil ending momentsF yn the other hndD in ontemporry erthqukeEresistnt design odesD perentge rule for the design of struturl elements re givenF he purpose of this study is to determine the mximum olumn reinforements y mens of prmetri investigtion nd to verify the results

416

Poster Presentations
otined y the perentge ruleF e numer of nonEorthogonl smple strutures re hosen nd sujeted to lterl loding in prmetrilly vried diretionsF wximum reinforement for eh olumn is lulted nd ompred with the results otined y the ode formuleF rious omintion oe0ients re tested nd the results re disussedF st is onluded thtD the perentge rule existing in ertin design odes seems to provide firly stisftory results for prtil purposesF roweverD they my e onsidered s eing slightly on the unsfe sideF
ESTIMATING COMBINATION COEFFICIENTS FOR PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGNING (PBD)  ID 190
O. I. Sakharov, Kuznetsova, Saint-Petersburg Saint-Petersburg Transport Transport University, University, Russian Russian

ES 4
with steel frme is limited orrespondently y IP nd IT storiesF he height of uildings from reinfored onrete onstrutions is permissile to e not more thn W stories t site design seismiity equled W pointsF fuildings of oveEmentioned stories re relted to the ojets of experimentl onstrutionF he order of design nd onstrution of suh uildings is regulted y speil diretives of winstroy of krine
DISPLACEMENT- BASED DESIGN APPROACH FOR DESIGN OF RC FRAME BUILDING STRUCTURES  ID 296
G. Necevska-Cvetanovska, IZIIS, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia R. Petrusevska-Apostolska, IZIIS University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia

Federation Federation A. Uzdin, Saint-Petersburg Transport University, Russian Federation

st is trditionlly onsideredD tht seismi lods hve smll repetility nd re not to e tken into ount together with other lodsF fh rdilly hnges the pproh to seismi lods ountingF fh requires strutures lultion for oth rre strong erthqukes nd for more frequent wek onesF sn the ltter se it is neessry to omine seismi lods with othersD for exmpleD with windD trnsportD ie nd other lodsF hree min gols re onsidered in the pper IF gomintion of seismi nd other lods for single onstrutionF PF gomintion of seismi nd other lods for group of struturesF QF gomintion of seismi nd moile lods for n extended strutureF istimting the ftor of omintions is sed on onstruting equiprole pirs  seismi lod E omined lod F o uild suh pirsD some limiting onditionD for exmpleD rekdown of norml opertion is to e eptedF por this ondition the llowle proility of its ourrene is setF sing this proility set of the ove mentioned equiprole pirs is onsideredF he struture under onsidertion is lulted for eh pir using the given limiting ondition nd the most dngerous pir is to e seleted for designing the strutureF ome exmples of omining the seismi lod with the tempertureD wind nd moile rilwy lods re onsidered in the pperF he temperture lod is tken into ount in estimting the trvel of movle erings of ridgesF ptors of omintions re estimted for designing ig rilwy ridge ross the xevelskoy strit @khlinA nd for ridge ross the river emuEhry in urkmeniF gomintions of wind nd seismi lods re onsidered in designing towers of ellulr ommunition in srkutsk region in ussiF
THE STATE NORMS: CONSTRUCTION IN SEISMIC REGIONS OF UKRAINE  ID 243
Y. Nemchynov, NIISK, Ukraine P. Kryvosheyev, NIISK, Ukraine

eismi design is urrently sed on fore rther thn displementF roweverD the experiene from the reent erthqukes hs shown tht strit pplition of existing seismi design odes enles protetion of humn livesD ut t the sme timeD the strutures my su'er dmge tht is either nonErepirle or too ostly to e repiredF rving in mind tht dmge to strutures is diretly relted to their displement demndD more importne hs een given to disE plementF wodern trends in erthquke engineering show tht there is ommon onsensus tht the new design methodologies should e performneEsedF sn this diretionD the onept of the so lled erformneEfsed eismi ingineeringD @Ef iA proE vides orresponding frmework for development of new trends of seismi designF ithin the frmes of the Ef iD di'erent displementEsed pprohes for engineering evlution nd design hve een proposed y the reserhersF heir fundmentl gol is to otin strutureD whih will reh predetermined displement when sujeted to n erthquke onsistent with the design level eventF e diret displementEsed proedure for seismi design of g uilding strutures will e presented in the pperF his design proedure uses the ustitute truture epproh y whih n inelsti system is modeled s n equivlent elsti system whose sti'ness nd dmping re equivlent to those of n inelsti systemF he sustitute struture hs the sme ultimte fore nd ultimte displement hrteristis s the inelsti strutureF hereforeD the sustitute struture pproh llows n inelsti system to e designed nd nlyzed y using elsti displement response spetrF fsed on the de(ned trget displementD the se sher demnd is lulted nd struturl design to resists this demnd is performedF he next step is pplition of the pity design pproh nd heking of the struturl ehviour y nonliner stti nlysisF he design is orretedD if neessryF
DESIGN OF R.C. BUILDINGS FOR DIFFERENT DUCTILITY CLASSES ACCORDING TO THE NEW EC8  ID 380
M. Hrasnica, Faculty of Civil Engineering University Sarajevo,

he si regultions of the projet of ntionl norms of krine hfx fFIFIEF F F EPHHS gonstrution in seismi regions of krine re sumitted in the pperF he projet ws prepred tking into ount the si regultions of xi ssEUEVIB nd the requirements of ode of iuropen ountries nd xorms of gommonwelth of sndependent ttes @gsA ounties for erthquke engineeringF hevelopment of new mps of generl seismi zoning @qA ws performed y sqh of xtionl edemy of ienes of krine nd grimen edvisory gommittee on eismi rzrd essessment nd irthquke reditionF he set inludes the lot of mpsX IF wps of qX eY fY g for the whole territory of krine on sle IXPSHHHHHF PF hetiled mps of qX eHY eY fY g for territories of e of grime nd ydess region on sle IXIHHHHHHF hesign seismi lods on the strutures should e determined y two methodsX spetrl one nd with using of diret dynmi lultion on erthquke elerogrmsF hiret dynmi lultion method is pplied to uildings nd strutures with fundmentlly new struturl solutionsD nd lso uildings with height more thn SH m nd lrgeEspn strutures with spns more thn QH mF sn regions with high seismiity @V nd W pointsA the height of uildings

Bosnia And Herzegowina S. Medic, Faculty of Civil Engineering University Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegowina N. Begic, Faculty of Civil Engineering University Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegowina

irthquke resistnt onrete uilding should possess enE ergy dissiption pityF his is hieved y dequte resistne nd dutility of struturl elementsF xew drft of igV llows design for low dutility y pplying only the rules of igP for the seismi design situtionF hesign for higher dutility lssesD medium nd high dutilityD omprises pplition of spei( erthquke resistnt provisions of pity design methodF he im is to develop stle energy dissiption mehnism in struture under repeted reversed loding due to erthquke nd to void ny kind of rittle filure in the strutureF hree most implemented struturl types of multistory onrete uildings were nlyzedX dutile wll systemD frme system nd dul system mde of frmes nd wllsF hey were exposed to di'erent levels of seismi lodingD represented y

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qe of HFIHD HFPH nd HFQS gF he uildings were designed for lowD medium nd high dutilityD tking into ount the rules nd reommendtion from igVF hesign results for di'erent dutility lsses nd seismi intensity were ompredF epplying medium nd high dutility gives opportunity to redued se seismi sher signi(ntlyD resulting in onsiderle redution of longitudinl reinforementD espeilly for high dutility lssD ompred to nturl dutility of reinfored onrete strutures designed only ording to igPF roweverD to hieve suitle plsti mehnism nd to void rittle filure in the strutureD gret mount of speil reinforement detils nd vrious requirements hve to e ful(lledF he mount of trnsverse reinforementD uilt in minly due to inresed sher fores nd to ensure lol dutility grows lso signi(ntlyD espeilly for high dutility levelF he longitudinl reinforement in olumns must e inresed to hieve wellEknown prinipleX strong olumnEwek emsD in order to hve desired plsti mehnismF he totl reinforement quntity does not derese in some ses with higher dutility lssesD s expetedF
DIFFERENT METHODS OF ANALYSING MODELS OF THE SAME STRUCTURE USING EC8-1  ID 385
S. Lu, Arsenal Research, Austria R. Flesch, Arsenal Research, Austria

Poster Presentations
dmge reords sed solely on uilding ode provisionsF he proposed method is suessfully pplied to reinfored onrete frme uildingF
ASSESSMENT OF IRREGULAR R/C FRAMES WITH MASONRY INFILL WALLS IN VIEW OF BGSC AND EC8  ID 410
E. Vaseva, CLSMEE-BAS, Bulgaria

his per will desrie n nlysis of S storey reinE fored onrete struture in ording to igVEID where di'erent nlysis methods for the sme struture were used nd ompred to eh other to point out the di'erenesF he struture ws investigted with the following methodsX E QEh pinite ilement nlysisD performed y ex E vumped wss wodel with response spetr nlysis E imple model in E ording to igVEI he nlysis ws performed in ording to igVEID where the results re ompred to eh other nd furthermore the di'erene etween the results will e disussedF his pper will show the dvntge nd disdvntge of the di'erent nlysing methodsD to give n overview nd deision seD how sophistited the model should e hosen for serious erthquke designF
TRANSFORMATION OF VULNERABILITY CURVES BETWEEN REGIONS WITH DIFFERENT ANTISEISMIC CODES  ID 401
N. Nanos, Structural Mechanics, UK A. Elenas, Structural Mechanics & Earthquake Engineering, Greece

sn igV the symmetry nd regulrity of erthquke resisE tnt uildings re reommendedF fut in lot of ses in the design prtie these two requirements nnot e metF sn mny iuropen nd flkn ountries the ommon prtie is to ple msonry in(ll wlls in the frmesF hese elements re usully disregrded in design ording to the existing ntionl odesF he speil rules for tking into ount the presene of in(lls ! regulr nd irregulr re inluded in igVF sn this pper the ehviour of frme with in(ll wlls nd the in)uene of frme irregulrity in elevtion on the seismi response re studiedF ome reommendtions s modi(tion of the ehviour ftor nd some spei( provisions on detiling of the lol regions for uilding with vertil irregulrity re given in igVF imilr provisions re given in fulgrin seismi ode tooF he e'etiveness of these provisions hs to e heked through numer of numeril nd experimentl nlysesF he results from these nlyses re shownF he methodology for modeling nd nlysis of Gg frme strutures with in(ll msonry wlls nd for evlution of the seismi dmge prmeters nd the vulnerility funtions of these types of strutures hs een elortedF he methodology inludes de(nition of dmge indiesD filure riteri nd ssessment of the ehviour oe0ients on the sis of the vulnerility funtionsF imphsis is given to the modeling of in(ll wlls nd the results using the generlized mro models re ompred with these reeived form experimentl testsF prom the reeived results it is evident tht the more importnt prolem onerning the e'ets of in(lls is their distriution nd the ehviour of the frmes re diret funtions of the mximum interstory driftsF sn generl the e'et of the in(lls nnot e negleted in designF
ENDURANCE TIME METHOD: A DYNAMIC PUSHOVER PROCEDURE FOR SEISMIC EVALUATION OF STRUCTURES  ID 443
H. E. Estekanchi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. T. Riahi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Vafai, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

he lk of dequte seismi reords in ountries with limited or inexistent ntiseismi funding llotion poses gret prolem in the development of simultion tools tht ould enle sientists nd ivil uthorities to rete suitle dmge mitigtion progrms using relisti model tht will desrie the onsequenes of mjor seismi exittion on region9s uilding stokF sn ontrstD other ountries with dvned seismi ontent nd mjor ntiseismi funding llotion mnged to rete severl dvned models for post erthquke dmge estimtionF his pper presents mthemtil model tht trnsforms the results sed on egEIQ nd the ntiseismi provisions in order to e omptile with uildings designed using qreek ntiseismi odesF et the eginning we hve spei(ed the most importnt hrteristi prmeters tht de(ne the di'erenes etween the FF nd qreek uilding odes @fg nd ieuAF he next step is the weighting of prmeters in respet with the uilding9s seismi responseF efter onduting n inEdepth omprison of the two odesD third one hs een used s lirtion proedureF por this step the stlin uilding ode @eA ws usedF he hoie ws mde due to the ft tht stly hs rther dequte post erthquke dmge dt logging nd susequently good set of vulnerility urves for vrious types of uildingsF hereforeD strting with the vulnerility urves sed on egEIQ nd y pplying the present methodology vulnerility urves for uildings designed in ordne with the qreek ntiseismi odes n e determinedF he results of the methodology presented re vulnerility urves for regions with d or nonEexistent seismi

e dynmi pushover proedure for seismi evlution of strutures sed on timeEhistory nlysis is presentedF sn this methodD the struture is sujeted to grdully intensifying elerogrm nd its performne is ssessed sed on the mximum time durtion tht it n meet the spei(ed performne ojetivesF he onept of the indurne ime @iA method is somewht nlogous to the exerise test used y rdiologists for ssessing rdiovsulr sttus of hert ptentsF tndrd intensifying elerogrms for i nlysis hve een produed using numeril proedures nd optimiztion tehniquesF he response spetrums of the generted elerogrmsD while remining proportionl to typil ode spei(ed design spetrumD intensify in uniform mnner with timeF por quntittive omprisonsD the elerogrms hve een lirted in suh wy tht their response spetrum for hyp systems rehes the ode spei(ed level t trget time whih hs een set t ten seonds in this studyF sndued elertions nd displements inrese linerly with timeF st hs een shown tht y using the verge of three elerogrmsD eptle onvergene nd ury n een hieved for liner hyp nd whyp systemsF enlysis results for whyp systems re lso shown to e onsistent with modl nlysis resultsF wximum drift nd se sher hve een onsidered s si design riteriF gonsisteny of the results with odi(ed proedures hs een disussedF he use of lterntive design riteri nd

418

Poster Presentations
dmge indexes in determintion of endurne time hs lso een explinedF epplition of the method in the nonliner rnge hs een presented y onsidering simple elsti perfet plsti modelsF otentil of i method s n e'etive nd verstile tool for performne sed seismi nlysis nd design of strutures hs een disussedF hynmi hrteristis of these elerogrms re lso disussed nd ompred with tul erthquke reordsF
NONLINEAR PROCEDURES IN REVISED TURKISH CODE FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AND RETROFIT DESIGN  ID 450
M. N. Aydinoglu, Bogazici University, Turkey

ES 4
optimum equivlent nonEliner hp system is suitle for ll types of @regulr or irregulrA plnr rG systems in order to estimte pproximtely nd quikly the seismi demndsD while the ury of the seismi results is depended on the irregulrity level of the exmined systemF pinllyD numeril exmple of irregulr plnr rG SEstory system is presentedF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS  ID 528
E. Thorhallsson, Reykjavik University, Iceland

he urkish seismi design odeD whih is e'etive sine IWWVD hs een reently revised to inlude new hpter on seismi performne ssessment nd retro(t design of existing uildingsF sn ddition to trditionl strengthEsed proeduresD the new hpter follows the new trend in erthquke engineering prtie nd spei(es methods nd riteri llowing the seismi ssessment to e mde ording to deformtionEsed pprohD whih e'etively involves prtieEoriented nonliner nlysis methodsF rtieEoriented nonliner nlysis proedures ontined in the revised ode inlude singleEmode pushover nlysis methods sed on invrint nd dptive lod ptterns s well s n improved pushover method sed on snrementl esponse petrum enlysis @seA reently developed y the uthorF he ltter is ple of hndling multiEmode e'ets in threeEdimensionl pushover nlysis of struturesF he new hpter on seismi ssessment nd retro(t design follows performneEsed pprohD in whih dutile deformtion demnds nd rittle fore demnds re estimted for multiElevel erthquke tionsF sn this respetD P7 nd SH7 exeedene proilities hve een onsidered in de(ning new erthquke intensity levels in ddition to stndrd IH7 proility of exeedene in SH yersF eismi demnd quntities re then evluted for vrious performne levels in ordne with deformtion nd internl fore pities de(ned in the odeF sn prtiulrD deformtion pities hve een spei(ed for reinfored onrete elements in terms of permissile strin limits of onrete nd reinforing steel t setion levelF rtieEoriented nonliner nlysis proedures ontined in the revised urkish ode @PHHTA re expeted to ttrt onsiderle interest from oth reserh nd engineering ommunities t home nd rod towrds the implementtion of suh proedures not only on existing uildingsD ut t the sme time for the performneEsed design of new strutures in the ner futureF
SEISMIC DEMANDS OF PLANAR R/C USING PUSHOVER ANALYSIS  ID 526 SYSTEMS

his pper disusses how the system thinking onepts n e pplied in performne sed erthquke engineeringF ystem thinking is new type of methodologyF snsted of fousing only on few design steps nd presried design riteri from stndrds s done y onventionl methodsD should the designer tke into onsidertion the whole life yle of the uildingsF fy using system thinking onept in the design projet working methodsF ell deisions in erthquke struturl engineering re sed on lultions nd G or judgement given from designer9s experieneF he wy tht the design proess goes n e illuminte s working in systemti wy with hrd systemsD lulted onlusion nd in soft systemsD onlusions from judgementF he gol in system thinking is to refous the design engineer to tke ll spets of the struture into onsidertionF ht implies the designer to vlute his design ginst other possiilities thought some kind of system hierrhy digrmF erformne sed engineeringD s stted in ision PHHHD does fous on levels on eptle riteri for seismi risk depending on four levels on irthquke reurrene intervlsF ih design level hs it9s own gol for struturl performneD fully opertionlD opertionlD life sfe nd ner ollpse levelF es designing to ful(l so mny performne ojetive might mke the designing pthD too long nd onfusingF he disussions in this pper will fous on how the designer n use system thinking onepts nd softwreEsupported methodology for mnging the performne of seismi design y hierrhill order with performne inditors to lower the omplexity in the design proessF
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF MASONRY BUILDINGS: REMARKS ON CODE PROVISIONS  ID 555
A. Giordano, University of Naples Federico II, Italy M. Guadagnuolo, Second University of Naples, Italy G. Faella, Second University of Naples, Italy

T. Makarios, Engineering Seismology & Earthquake Engineerin, Greece H. Xenidis, A.U.Th, Greece

sn the present rtileD the pushover nlysis orreltedD on the one hndD the optimum equivlent nonEliner singleEdegreeE ofEfreedom @hpA system tht sustitutes to generl multistory plnr reinfored onrete @rGA system nd on the other hnd the known inelsti spetrD is presentedF sn order to estimte seismi demnds t seismi performne levels @minly t life sfety nd ollpse preventionAD the pplition for ury resons of nonEliner response history nlysis @reA is suggestedF roweverD due to high omputtionl osts of reD ivil engineers often prefer to use the stti pushover proedure in order to estimte pproximtely the seismi demnds of generl multistory plne rG frmesF eentlyD the optimum equivlent nonEliner hp system tht is suitle for the pushover nlysis hs een de(nedF lnr multistory rG systemsD whih posses regulrity in elevtionD hve een exmined suessfully using on the one hnd the nonEliner response history nlysis for known orresponding strong ground motions nd on the other hnd the pushover nlysis with the optimum equivlent hp system nd known orresponding inelsti spetrF xowD plnr multistory rG systems with irregulrity in elevtion re exminedF he generl onlusion is thtD the

sntrodution st is well known tht non liner dynmi nlyses of Qh msonry uildings show di0ulties oth for the geometril omplexity nd for the mteril ehviourD so tht re often quite unfesile for most prtil pplitionsF eent reserh works hve suggested tht nonEliner stti nlyses n e e'etively used s method to ssess the struture pity nd to otin n insight into its seismi ehviourF roweverD some issues rise from the ppliility of pushover nlyses to msonry uildingsD espeilly s fr s struturl shemes nd nlysis methods re onernedF woreoverD non liner stti proeduresD s implemented in severl seismi odesD iFeF minly sed on the onept of equivlent hyp systemD re 'eted y some unertintiesF his pper dels with the ove mentioned sujetsF wethodology nd results ome struturl shemes re hosen ording to di'erent geometril hrteristis tht n e onsidered representtive of ordinry tu' msonry uildingsF he non liner stti nlyses re rried out using two di'erent modelling strtegiesX frme msonry nd re(ned (nite element pprohes re usedF he frme modeling of msonry uildings is sed on results of reent reserh works developed y the uthorsF he (nite element modelsD instedD feture non liner onstitutive theory widely used for mterils whose ehviour is governed y rking phenomenF he mteril prmeters hve een lirted ginst lortory tests y the uthors in previous reserh worksF es resultsD stndrd pushover proedure provides the seismi demnd nd the ondition of the struture t demnd point n e kwrds determinedF uh ondition is ompred with the one numerilly omputed y the (nite element pproh t the

419

ES 4
sme deformtionGstrength levelF he omprison provides twofold informtionX the reliility of ode proedure is investigted nd the performne of frme msonry modelling strtegy is veri(edF
ROMANIAN CODE FOR ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS. CONCEPTS AND METHODS  ID 578
T. Postelnicu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania D. Zamrescu, Technical University of Civil Engineering, Romania

Poster Presentations
ome onditions for the ssemling of the urtin wll systems re lso presentedD in riefF
MODIFICATION DISPLACEMENT FACTORS FOR NON LINEAR BEHAVIOR OF SOIL AND STRUCTURE.  ID 635
J. C. Vielma Prez, Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Al-

varado/UPC, Spain W. Lobo Quintero, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela P. Rivero Rivero, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela

he pper presents the veri(tions nd methods proE posed for the next omnin gode for the ssessment of seismi performne of existent uildingsF he omnin eismi hesign gode IHHGIWWPD ws one of the (rst seismi design odes tht inluded provisions regrding the ssessment of the seismi performne of existent struturesF roweverD the proposed method ontined disrepnies nd unertinties s ny other ontemporry methods of tht timeF efter the ourrene of the IWWREIWWS erthqukesD onsistent seismi evlution odes were promptly developed in eD xew elndD tpn nd iuropeF he urrent igVEQ devoted to the ssessment nd retro(t of uildings provides oherent ssessment evlution methodologiesF roweverD some of the proposed priniples nd onepts n rete onfusions nd di0ulties for the prtil pplitionF en issue is the de(nition of the limit sttes nd their ssoited events tht is only prtilly orrelted with the de(nition of the limit sttes for the design of new uildingsF he proposed liner method implementing displementEsed veri(tions is very ttrtive from the theoretil point of view ut some di0ulties my rise for the prtil pplitionF he dvntges o'ered y the elsti nlysis for determintion of the inelsti hord rottionsD over nonliner stti nlysisD re detleF he proposed omnin gode for essessment nd etro(tting of existing strutures follows minly the sme methods s ix IWWVEQ with some djustments onerning the limit sttesD methods of nlysis nd g elements pitiesF wore ttention ws given to the lod pth nd orret struturl lyout rulesF sn order to hek the ix IWWVEQ equtions for the ssessment of the deformtion nd strength pities of ommon g struturl elementsD set of tests for olumns hving reinforement detiling usul to existent omnin uildings ws rried onF he fesiility of the ix IWWVEQ nd the omnin gode methods were investigted for simple frme strutureF
A CODE FOR CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS IN SEISMIC REGIONS  ID 608
I. Vlad, TUCEB, Romania

eentlyD hs eome evident the onveniene of pplying to the performne sed designD whih requires to e le to lulte inelsti displements with uryD in order to pply suitly the di'erent dmge thresholds from ontrolD expressed generlly y mens of the interEstory driftF win design odes oinE ides in reommend the indiret method to lulte the inelsti displementsD this method onsists to lulte these from the mximum prole displements otined from elsti equivlent nlysisD y the mpli(tion with modi(tion ftors sed only in the glol dutility of the strutureD without onsidering relevnt hrteristis reltive to the degrdtion response of the struture nor to the onsidertions of the e'et of nonliner ehvior of difE ferent kind of soilsF sn this work n lterntive method is proposed to lulte of the inelsti displements of uildings designed for three di'erent dutility levelsD mde omptile with the proedure pplied in elsti equivlent nlysis pplying to redution response ftors otined y the onsidertion of nonliner ehvior of soil nd strutureF he displement modi(tion oe0ients hve een determined from sti' soils to soft soilsD nd expressions of gEE type re proposed for four types of struturesX reinfored onrete frmesD reinfored onrete frmes with msonry in(llD steel frmes nd reinfored onrete sher wllsF pinllyD omprtive study is presentedD for the pplition of the displement modi(tion ftors in determintion of the interEstory drifts of uildings of low nd intermedite heightD ginst the presried usul proess in iuroodeEVF
SEISMIC DESIGN METHOD FOR SOFT FIRST STORY RC BUILDING  ID 638
R. Kheir-Eddine, University of Science and Technology of Oran, Algeria K. Koichi, Building Research Institute, Japan T. Masaomi, Nagoya University, Japan K. Hiroto, Building Research Institute, Japan

hespite the ft tht they re not prt of the min strutureD glss nd luminum urtin wll systems re fr from eing seondry in importneF he response of urtin wll depends on the response of the struture to whih it is onnetedY thus it depends not only on the hrteristis of the ground motion tht exites the se of the strutureD ut lso on the dynmi hrteristis of the struture itselfF p to IWWHD uildings with urtin wlls were prtilly sent in omniF odyD glss nd luminum urtin wlls re found in ity enters nd in mny new uildingsF he need for modern uildings led to the sitution in whih the privte investorsD together with ertin utonomous dministrtionsD (nne uildings with lddings eing rried out with di'erent urtin wll systemsF yne single spet hsD unfortuntelyD een ignored y lmost everyodyX the peulir hrteristis of the seismi ground motion in omniF he uthor of this pper ws involved in the design of highErise uilding with urtin wll system in high seismi regionD eing onfronted with n importnt prolemX the lk of legisltion for urtin wll systemsF he pper presents only summry of erthE quke provisions of the gode tht ws elorted for the omnin winistry of uli orksD ording to the requirements of the ulity vw for fuildings ville in omniF hese provisions refer toX the tehnil onditions for resistne nd stility requirementsY the reltion etween the struturl system of the uilding nd its urtin wll systemY the inerti fores e'et tht t on the inEpln urtin wll systemY the seismi tion e'et s result of the imposed deformtions of the urtin wllF

snspetions of erthquke dmge s well s the results of nlytil studies hve shown tht struturl systems with soft (rst story iloti n led to serious prolems during severe erthquke ground shkingF he IWUV wiygiEken irthquke used rittle nd severe dmE ge to olumns of the (rst )oors of g uildingsD whih hd sher wlls exept in the (rst )oorsF his type of dmge ws more noE tied in the IWWS uoe irthqukeF fsed on this ftD design proedure whih does not soft (rst story ollpse ws reommended in the tpnese eismi hesign quidelinesF roweverD soft (rst story ollpse might e dmissile for iloti uildings if the mximum response deformtion ngle of the (rst story n e kept to the level of the mximum response deformtion ngle supposed in em sidewy mehnism uildingsF end sine soft (rst story uildings hve fewer ndGor no sher wlls to sor the energy generted y n erthquke thn those totl ollpse uildingsD thus in order to hold the mximum response deformE tion ngle of soft (rst story uildings to the sme level s tht of totl ollpse uildingsD nd ording to the energy onstnt lwD the horizontl lodErrying pity required in the soft (rst story uildings must e inresed in omprison with totl ollpse uildE ingsF sn this pperD proedure to determine the filure modes of uilding with soft (rst story from the filure modes of olumns nd wlls t the soft story is demonstrtedF his is used to develop design proedure to seure the sfety of those uildings llowing the soft (rst story ollpse mehnismF por this the seismi pity

420

Poster Presentations
nd nonEliner numeril nlyses of typil g uildings of TED IHE nd IR stories with soft (rst story re onduted to derive n expression sed on the energy onstnt lwF
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES  ID 669
M. A. Shayanfar, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Rahili Khorasani, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 4
inelsti fore demnd of ridge strutureF revious reserhers onduted omprehensive sttistil study of onstnt dutility fore redution ftorF roweverD in spite of the importne in seismi designD less ttention hs een pid to lrge dispersion of the fore redution ftors depending on ground motionsF yn the other hndD the lterl displement demnd hs not een tken into ount in the foreEsed seismi designF elthough the exessive nonliner displement response of dek result in the filure of the superstrutures due to the pounding etween the djent deks nd the filure of the restrinersD thus filure hs not een tken into ountF ine the mximum nonliner displement of ridge dek nd the residul displement 'et the retro(t nd the servieility fter n extreme erthqukeD to ontrol the seismi dmge of strutureD n dequte estimtion of lterl displement demnd of the struture tht exhiits nonEliner ehvior is lso requiredF his pper disusses the lterl displement demnd of ridge strutures sed on the nlysis of hyp systemF sn the lst dedesD numer of nerE(eld ground motions hve een reordedF ine the nerE(eld ground motion resulted in the severe dmge to the ridge struturesD the interest of the mehnism of genertion nd the e'et on the seismi response hs peen pidF prom the previous reserhesD the importne of the diretivity of nerE(eld ground motions nd longer period impulsive ground motions re onsideredF e speil emphsis of this pper is the e'et of nerE(eld ground motions on the inelsti fore nd displement demnds of ridge struturesF
REPARABILITY DEMAND SPECTRUM OF R/C BUILDINGS DUE TO THE LIFECYCLE SEISMIC LOSS ESTIMATION  ID 807
N. Takahashi, The University of Tokyo, Japan Y. Nakano, The University of Tokyo, Japan H. Shiohara, The University of Tokyo, Japan

smproper ehvior of designed uildings y mens of trE ditionl odes in reent erthquke rouse the reserhers to pursue more ertin method in uilding designF es result of whihD performneEsed design method hs een widely met welomed nd vrious omplished reserhes hve proved it to e su0ient in seismi response of struturesF husD in the lst two dedesD the issue of energy hs een muh onsidered in erthquke resistnt design of struturesF wny prmeters involved in design nd evlution of strutures hve eome justi(le nd pplile using this tehniqueF roweverD numerous unknowns nd defets re present in energy method whih impedes it from eing presented s preise method in the form of design odeF eording to urrent widespred reserhes whih re eing done on this issue ll over the worldD right future is predited for it nd it is likely tht in ner futureD the urrent priniples nd riteri in odes e repled y priniples nd riteri of inergyF sn this pperD numer of reinfored onrete frmes hve een designed nd evluted ording to energy onept nd performne levelF he ontent of the pper is imed to present omprehensive method in seismi design of g frmes sed on energy nd performne levelF uey wordsX erformneEsed designD g frmesD inergy oneptD hynmi nonliner nlysis
MODAL COMBINATION OF THE MAXIMUM BASE SHEARS IN THE DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE EXCITATION  ID 690
N. Ozhendekci, Yildiz Tech. Unv., Turkey

fy mens of the omintion rules of the modl mxiE mum vlues of the dynmi responseD modl superposition method hs een widely used in the design of struturesF por the omintion of the mximum modl responses whose lgeri signs re not independent suh s olumns where positive )exurl moment is systemtilly ssoited to n xil ompressive stress in mode nd to tensile stress in notherD ep reommends simply superposing themD insted of using the gg ruleF here is similrity etween the olumn exmple of ep reommendtion nd the lultion of the seEolumn sher fores whose diretion is perpendiulr to the erthqukeEexittion diretion for Qh torsionlly oupled uildingsF sn this studyD the reommendtion of ep is dpted for the omintion of these sher foresF he results of the ep reommendtion nd the gg rule re ompred with the results y time history nlyses nd the error vlues of these two rules re lultedF o this imD omputer progrm oded nd prmetri nlyses re performed for QIS oneEstorey uildings @QhypA nd SR (veEstorey uildings under IP historil erthqukesD RRPV nlyses in totlF st is found thtD when gg rule hs high error vlues suh s SHH7D the rule proposed in the ep reommendtion hs the error vlues not muh thn IHH7 in soluteF roweverD when gg rule hs error vlues elow thn IHH7D the rule of ep hs error vlues ner IHH7 ginF
EFFECT OF NEAR-FIELD GROUND MOTIONS ON THE INELASTIC FORCE AND DISPLACEMENT DEMAND OF BRIDGE STRUCTURE  ID 729
G. Watanabe, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan K. Kawashima, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

he performneEsed seismi design proedure hs imed to de(ne nd estimte the multiple type of uilding performne using qunti(ed prmetersF ispeilly the performne of reprility reltes strongly to the qunti(ed prmeter suh s repiring ostsD nd the wellEestlished method for ssessing nd estimting the qunti(ed prmeter is needed t (rstF hough this pproh is very importnt for the improvement of performneEsed seismi design proedureD it my e ine0ient unless the engineer using the proedure is ple of developing preliminry designs tht hve the desired performneF he performneEsed seismi design in the next genertion therefore should ddress the development of design guidne tht ssists the engineer to design the desired performne inluding reprilityF sn this reserhD the ide of the reprility demnd spetrum for Gg uildings is proposedF he reprility demnd spetrum is visulized from the expeted running ost to repir uilding struture dmged y erthqukes through its lifetimeD where the equivlent seismi loss is onverted to the reltion of spetrl se sher oe0ients nd spetrl yield displements y mens of the singleEdegree of freedom nonliner time history nlysisF pinlly the vilility of the proposed method is further investigted its prtil use for the preliminry seismi design in the futureF
APPLICATION OF ENDURANCE TIME METHOD FOR ESTIMATING MAXIMUM DEFORMATION DEMANDS OF STRUCTURES  ID 872
H. Tajmir Riahi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) H. E. Estekanchi, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Vafai, Sharif University of Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn the foreEsed seismi design of ridge struturesD the fore redution ftor hs n importnt role in the determintion of

erformneEsed seismi design methodologies im t ontrolling erthquke dmge to struturl elements nd mny types of nonstruturl elements y limiting lterl deformtions on struturesF vimiting lterl deformtions requires n dequte estimtion of pek lterl deformtion demnds on struturesD prtiulrly when sujeted to severe ground motions in whih

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the struture is likely to undergo inelsti deformtionsF he onept of the indurne ime @iA method is used for suh estimtionF qrdully intensifying elerogrms re reted in mnner tht the liner nd nonliner response spetr of themD while eing proportionl to verge of rel erthqukes spetrD intensi(es in uniform mnner with timeF por rehing this gol reltively lrge numer of erthquke ground motions re used to lulte the liner nd nonliner spetrF hese erthqukes orgnized into di'erent ensemles of ground motionsD representing lrge or smll erthquke mgnitude nd distneD nd di'erent site lssesF xerEfult ground motions re lso inludedF he nonliner spetr re presented for iliner nonEdegrding systems over the omplete rnge of elsti virtion periodF fy inresing the time of intensifying elerogrms their response spetr hnge from smll erthquke mgnitude spetr to lrge erthquke mgnitude spetrF he results of i nlysis re ompred with pproximte methods tht hve een proposed in the pst to estimte the mximum inelsti deformtion demnd on existing struturesF hese pproximte methods inlude oth equivlent lineriztion nd displement modi(tion ftor methodsF elso the results of i nlysis re ompred with ext results from nonliner response history nlysisF irrors nd stndrd errorsD s well s proility of underestimting or overestimting inelsti deformtionsD re presented nd disussedF pinlly pplition of the method in some simple whyp strutures is exminedF esults re ompred with other onventionl methods like stti pushover nd inrementl dynmi nlysisF ueywordsX hynmi pushover nlysisD eismi design riteriD indurne ime wethodD epproximtion methodsD heformtionF
CALCULATION OF FOLDING ANGLE OF RAILWAY VIADUCT ON THE SOFT GROUND WITH NON-FLAT BASE  ID 906
T. Kawanishi, Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan Y. Murono, Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan H. Aoki, JRTT, Japan T. Yamazaki, JRTT, Japan

Poster Presentations
re omputed ording to iuroodes V nd QD respetivelyF he inelsti dynmi method in the time domin is employed with elerogrms tken from rel erthqukes sled so s to e omptile with the elsti design spetrum of iuroode VF he design proedure strts with ssumed memer setionsD ontinues with the ultimte lod rrying pity hekD the servieility hekD the dmge nd the dutility hek nd ends with the djustment of memer sizesF hus it n su0iently pture the limit sttes of displementsD strengthD stility nd dmge of the struture nd its individul memers so tht seprte memer pity heks through the intertion equtions of iuroode Q or the usge of the onservtive nd rude qEftor suggested in iuroode V re not requiredF wo numeril exmples deling with the design of @A spe three storey steel frme with one y in oth horizodl diretions nd @A spe seven storey steel frme with two nd three ys long its two horizodl diretions re presented to illustrte the method nd demonstrte its dvntgesF ueywordsX eismi designY pe steel frmesY pinite element methodY edvned nlysis methodsY snelsti dynmi nlysisY iuroode VY iuroode Q
COMPARISON OF PROBABILISTIC AND DETERMINISTIC ASSESSMENTS FOR EVALUATION OF SEISMIC SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN SLOVAKIA  ID 925
J. Kralik, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia (Slovak

Republic)

sn tpnese seismi design of rilwy struturesD folding ngle of rilwy vidut must e heked in order to seure the running stility of trinsF yn the soft ground with nonE)t seD surfe wves would e generted t sin edge nd propgte in the horizontl diretionF hese wve propgting hrteristis re lled sin e'ets9F he folding nglesD thereforeD re strongly in)uened y the sin e'etsF e onventionl methodD howeverD hsn9t een developed for lulting folding ngles tking into ount those in)uenesF he purpose of this pper is to lrify how the sin e'ets ontrol the folding ngles of rilwy viduts nd to develop method for lulting the ngles onsidering the in)uenesF et (rstD hrteristis of seismi ground ehvior in the outEofEplne diretion re lri(ed y using dynmi piw nlysesF efter thtD seismi deformtions of viduts onstruted on the soft ground with nonE)t se re lultedF he folding ngles re determined y using these seismi deformtionsD nd we investigte how the folding ngles re in)uened y the prmetersD whih is the inlintion of edrokD the thikness of surfe groundD nd the impedne rtio etween surfe ground nd edrokF pinllyD simple method is formulted for lulting folding ngles whih n tke into ount the sin e'etsF he e0ieny of our proposed method is on(rmed y ompring with results from dynmi piw nlysesF
SEISMIC DESIGN OF SPACE STEEL FRAMES USING ADVANCED METHODS OF ANALYSIS  ID 915
D. Beskos, University, Greece A. Vasilopoulos, Greece, Greece

his pper gives the experienes from the seismi nlyE sis of the operted nuler power plnts @xA in lovkiF he erthquke resistne nlysis of x uildings in lovki were sed on the reommends of interntionl orgniztion seie in ienn to get interntionl sfety level of nuler power plntsF wo possiilities for seismi design of operting nuler filitiesD for instneD x strutures nd tehnologiesD we hve ! eismi proilisti risk ssesment @eA nd eismi mrgin ssessment @weAF he e methodology s n integrted proess tht inludes onsidertion of the unertinty nd rndommes of the seismi hzrdD struturl responseD nd mteril pity prmeters to give proilisti ssessment of riskF he we methodology ws designed to demonstrte mrgin over the design erthquke level to guntify plnt sfetyF sn ontrstD the e provides estimtes of seismi risks of ore dmge nd dverse puli helth e'etsF he seismi lod for the x site ws de(ned y pek ground elertion @qeA nd lol seismi spetrum in dependene on mgnitude nd distne from soure zone of erthqukeF he seismi response n e lulted in the frequeny @spetrum response nlysisA or time domin @trnsient nlysisAF he erthquke input is spei(ed in terms of freeE(eld ground motion elerogrms for timeEhistory dynmi nlysesF he foundtion of the retor uilding is emedded into the susoilF his emedment hs generlly two e'ets on the dynmi nlysis of the uildingX o provide input exittions to struturl models for sites with no strong ground motion dtD it is neessry to generte rti(il elerogrmF husD the simulted erthquke reords must hve relisti durtionD frequeny ontentD nd intensityD representing the physil onditions of the siteF sn onsidertion of the works presented y more uthorsD the reommendtions regrding the erthquke nlysis of uildings inluding site e'ets will e desried in pperF
SEISMIC DESIGN OF FLAT-BOTTOM SILOS CONTAINING GRAIN-LIKE MATERIAL  ID 982
F. Aptikaev, Federation G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Russian

e rtionl nd e0ient seismi design methodology for spe steel frmes using dvned methods of nlysis in the frmeE work of iuroodes V nd Q is presentedF his design methodology employs n dvned (nite element method of nlysis tht tkes into ount geometril nd mteril nonElinerities nd memer nd frme imperfetionsF eismi lods nd resistnes @strengthsA

his pper proposes n innovtive methodology for the seismi design of )tEottom silos ontining grnulrD grinElike mterilF sn the generl issues onerning the tions provoked

422

Poster Presentations
y erthquke ground motion on the wlls of )tEottom grin silosD the ssessment of the horizontl tions seems to e of prtiulr interestF p to dteD the horizontl tions due to the seismi event re usully evluted under the hypotheses @iA of sti' ehviour of the silo nd its ontents nd @iiA tht the grin mss orresponding to the whole ontent of the silo exept the se one with n inlintion equl to the internl frition ngle of the grin is lned y the horizontl tions provided y the wlls @supposing tht the seismi fore oming from the se one is lned y frition nd therefore does not push ginst the wllsAF his pper presents nlytil developments devoted to the evlution of the e'etive ehviour of )tEottom silos ontining grinD s sujeted to erthquke inputF he nlyses reported hereD whih re developed y simulting the erthquke ground motion with onstnt vertil nd horizontl elertions @timeEhistory dynmi nlyses re not rried outAD led to the sudivision of the ensiled mteril into three di'erent portions depending on the intertion with the ontinerD y mens of plin dynmi equilirium onsidertions with referene to the ove mentioned elertions @tht tke into onsidertion the spei( mutul tions developing in the ensiled grinAF wo portions push @in di'erent wysA into the silo wllsD while the third one does not push into the silo wllsF he (ndings indite thtD in the se of silos hrterised y spei( @ut usulA heightGdimeter slenderness rtiosD the portion of grin mss tht interts with the silo wlls turns out to e notiely lower thn the totl mss of the grin in the siloF
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR BRACED FRAMES  ID 1053 ECCENTRICALLY

ES 4
ysis proedure in order to tke into ount oth s e'ets nd the input signl hrteristisF xumeril simultions of pushover test nd nonEliner dynmi nlyses of nonEliner oneptul frme struture re performed in order to study the role of severl prmE eters on the struture responseF his prmetri study onerns the mehnil properties of the soil foundtion @eFgF QH nd fundE mentl frequenyA s well s the hrteristis of the input motion @eFgF mplitudeD frequeny ontent nd equivlent numer of ylesAF hus Ph (nite element modelling is rried out using n elstiE plsti model to represent the struture ehviour nd nonEliner elstoplsti model to represent the soil ehviourF he otined responses re ompred with the proedures inluded in some design odes to ount the soilEstruture intertion e'etF
DAMAGE CONTROLLED SEISMIC DESIGN STEEL FRAMED STRUCTURES  ID 1126
G. Hatzigeorgiou, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece D. Beskos, University of Patras, Greece

OF

H. Kber, Technical Univ. of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Romania

ellEdesigned seismi resistnt eentrilly red frmes re on(gured so tht during strong erthqukes plsti deformE tions re onentrted minly in the dissiptive memersD lled linksF o provide thisD the links re sized for ode spei( lterl lods nd ll the other struturl elements @olumnsD res nd em segments outside the dissiptive memersA re designed for n inresed vlue of the lterl lodsF ix eentrilly red frmes were sized ording to the design proedures ontined in four di'erent normsX E eismi rovisions for truturl teel fuildings E esgY wyD PHHP E iuroode VD hesign of trutures for irthquke esistne ! evised pinl hrftY wyD PHHP E glulul elementelor struturle din oel E hesign of truturl teel wemers ! fuhrestD PHHQ E glul des struturues pour leur rsistne ux sismesD xorme iuropene iygyhi V ! hemreD PHHQY @the sme proedures re ontined in gode for eseismi hesign of esidentil fuildingsD egrozootehnil nd sndustril trutures @IHHEWPA ! fuhrestD PHHRAF hynmi nonliner nlyses were performed with eh of the designed struturesF
EFFECTS OF SSI IN THE CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD  ID 1073
E. Saez, Ecole Centrale Paris, France F. Lopez-Caballero, Ecole Centrale Paris, France A. Modaressi, Ecole Centrale Paris, France

e new seismi design philosophy sed on the onept of dmge is presented nd pplied to steel frmed struturesF he proposed diret dmge ontrolled seismi design method qunti(es nd ontrols dmge in diret nd trnsprent mnner muh etter thn ny other of the existing methodsF he method ppropritely omines relisti nonliner stressEstrin reltions for steel with simple expression for dmge to design steel memers or whole steel frmed strutures under seismi loding with the id of the (er em model nd the (nite element methodF foth mteril nd geometri nonlinerities re tken into ount in the formultionF sing this methodD the engineer n either determine the dmge level for given struture nd known lodingD or dimension struture for trget dmge level nd known lodingD or (nlly determine the mximum loding for given struture nd trget dmge levelF he method is illustrted y mens of two exmplesD where the (rst one dels with the design of threeEdimensionl truss strutureD while the seond one with the design of twoEdimensionl steel frmeD oth under seismi lodingF gomprisons with the results of seismi design sed on urrent odes re lso mdeF
DRIFT CONTROL IN THE SEISMIC DESIGN CODES  ID 1160
L. Andrade Insa, ROSE School, Italy A. Muoz Pelez, Ponticia Universidad Catlica del Per, Peru

sn the present erthquke engineering prtieD the pE ity spetrum method is widely used strtegy for seismi performne evlution of existing nd new struturesF his nonEliner stti pproh is sed on well known pproximtions @eFgF onstnt lterl simpli(ed fore distriutionD fundmentl elsti modesD etFAF everl uthors hve reported de(ienies of the generl proedureX inurte deformtion preditions nd no onvergene of itertive proedures given in design odes mong othersF purthermore those de(ieniesD some spets suh s the e'et of the rtio of fundmentl frequeny of input signl nd this one of the struture nd the ltertion of the seismi response of struture due to the )exiility of its soil foundtion @iFeF soilEfoundtion intertion e'etA re usully ignoredF he purpose of this work is to improve the nonEliner stti nlE

irthqukes round the world hve shown the lose reE ltionship etween lterl displements nd struturl nd nonEstruturl dmge in uildingsF his hs motivted tht oth the lultion proedures nd the mximum drift llowle hd to e revised in the seismi design odes of mny ountriesF por tht resonD the ojetive of this work is the study of the sti'ness demnds required in some of the most importnt seismi design odes of the worldD from the point of view of the drift ontrolF his pper presents methodology for evluting how strit re the odes in ontrolling the drift nd omprtive study is rried out etween the urrent odes of eruD ghileD golomiD wexioD urkeyD e @fg nd sfgAnd iygyhi VF st is shown tht the mximum drift llowle for the protetion of group of uildings of similr hrteristis re funtion of the dispersion of the onstrution qulity nd tht it is resonle tht in ountries with gret dispersion in the qulity of onstrution proE eduresD smll limits hve to e dopted to hieve stisftory protetionF st is onluded tht the proedures nd limits for the lultion nd ontrol of the drift re minly sed on the experiene of profesE sionls of eh ountry thn in nlyti nd experimentl reserhF he results of this study showed tht for short periodsD up to HFRS seFD the eruvin ode is the most rigorous in the drift ontrolD for periods etween HFRS to IFPH seF the golomin ode is the most rigorousD the iygyhi V is the most rigorous for periods from IFPH se to IFTH seD nd the ghilen ode together with the iygyhi V re the most rigorous for periods ove IFTH seF

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yn the other hndD mong the less strit odes in the drift ontrol re the emerin sfg nd fgF
PROPORTIONING REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN  ID 1222
L. B. Fargier Gabaldon, Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela

Poster Presentations
di'erent types of (ltersF ixperimentl dt nd theoretil nlyses were usedF e lrge numer of refully seleted seismi reords on well doumented soil onditions @in terms of s pro(leD mehnil nd dynmi soil propertiesD depth of the sement rokA re usedD whih were minly provided from the tpnese strong motion network uikEnet nd the qreek elerometri networkF egrding the theoretil Ih ground response nlysesD the seletion of the soil pro(les ws sed @A on the onsidertion of the si prmeters tht 'et the hrteristis of the seismi response pplying n equivlent liner pproh to model the seismi ehvior of the ground nd @A the tul strtigrphy nd ground properties in rel onditions tht re silly found in qreeeF he disussion minly fouses on the elsti displement spetr of soil lsses f nd g @iuroode VA nd prtly on other soil lsses of the qreek eismi gode @ieuPHHHA nd of igVD inluding the revised provision of igVEhrft RD wy PHHP s well s the proposed new soil lssi(tion nd relted elsti spetr @itilkisD qzepis 8 enstsidisD IQth giiD nouver PHHRAF he im of this pper is @A to highlight the need for systemti reserh on design displement spetrD given the ft tht the suggested spetr in lmost ll the urrent eismi godes di'er onsiderly from tul seismi reords nd @A to propose in preliminry step more relile elsti displement spetrF
EVALUATION OF THE CODE-SPECIFIED DISTRIBUTION FOR BASE SHEAR IN BASE-ISOLATED BUILDINGS  ID 1269
B. Mehrparvar, Tehran Polytechnic, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Khoshnoudian, Tehran Polytechnic, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e simple proedure for proportioning regulr lowErise reE infored onrete uildings to limit the drift rtio is presented in this pperF he proedure llows the designer to provide the uilding with trget period tht will limit the mximum drift demnd expeted during n erthquke event nd is sed on plsti design methodologyF he implementtion of the proedure is simpleD only hesign petrum nd hnd lultor re neededF en exmple tht inludes proportioning (ve story uilding for PFS7 mximum story drift is fully workedF o vlidte the proposed proedure nonliner time history nlysis ws onduted on the proportioned uildingF esults otined from suh nlysis yielded mximum story drifts in the order of PFH7F fsed on these results the proposed proedure seems to e n e'etive tool to proportion regulr lowErise reinfored onrete uildings for hisplement fsedEhesignF
ACCELERATION DEMANDS FOR NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS EXPOSED TO NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS  ID 1248
R. Sankaranarayanan, University of Maryland, United States R. Medina, University of Maryland, United States

his study onsists of the sttistil evlution of )oor response spetr for elsti xon truturl gomponents @xgsA exposed to pulseEtypeD nerEfult ground motionsF he fous is on xgs tht n e modeled s singleEdegreeEofEfreedom systems mounted on regulr momentEresisting uildings undergoing di'erent levels of inelsti deformtionF womentEresisting frmes with periods from HF T sF to QFT sF nd totl heights from II m to TT m re utilizedF he xgs under onsidertion hve smll msses s ompred to the totl mss of the supporting strutureY thusD dynmi intertion e'ets re ignoredF he struturl response used y nerEfult ground motions my e signi(ntly in)uened y the presene of veloity pulse in the fultEnorml omponentF reneD the ground motions used in this study orrespond to fultEnorml omponents tht hve een lssi(ed into di'erent groups sed on the reltionship etween their pulse durtion nd the modl periods of the supporting strutureF esults indite tht urrent seismi ode provisions my underestimte the e'ets of the higher modes of the supporting struture on the pek elertion demnds experiened y xgsF sn generlD for frmes with distriuted inelstiity nd exposed to nonnerEfult ground motionsD there is redution in the elertion response of xgs used y inelsti tion of the supporting strutureF his study demonstrtes tht this redution is not s pronouned for systems sujeted to nerEfult ground motionsF eommendtions re provided to estimte )oor response spetr for the design of xgs mounted on inelsti frme strutures tht re exposed to pulseEtypeD nerEfult ground motionsF
ELASTIC DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE SPECTRA  ID 1252
D. Manou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece D. Raptakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece K. Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

gurrent seismi odes ssume tringulr distriution of se sher for isolted uildings similr to their (xedEse ounterE prtsF sn this pper the vlidity of suh distriution is investigted for isolted strutures hving elstomeri isoltorsF o di'erent models of isoltion systems re seleted tht over wide rnge of elstomeri isoltors with low to high sti'ness nd dmpingF he results of nonEliner timeEhistory nlysis on these models show some onservtism in odeEspei(ed distriution ompred with the oserved distriution of story foresF elso new formul is proposed insted of the tringulr distriution to mke etter estimtion of rel ehviour of seismi isolted uildingsF
SEISMIC DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS IN RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES  ID 1328
A. Mortezaei, Islamic Azad University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Kheyroddin, Semnan University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sn this pperD ertin issues onerning the di0ulties on the estimtion of relile displement response spetr re disE ussedD in view of performne sed designF sn prtiulrD emphsis is given on the uto' of the spetrl vlues orresponding to high frequeny vluesD on the relile estimtion of the design ground displement dg neessry for the omputtion of the normlized response spetrD nd (nlly on the time histories proessing using

he ehvior of the reinfored onrete moment resisting frme strutures in resent erthqukes ll over the world hs highlighted the onsequenes of poor performne of emEolumn jointsF vrge mount of reserh rried out to understnd the omplex mehnisms nd sfe ehvior of emEolumn joints hs gone into ode reommendtionsF his pper presents ritil review of reommendtions of wellEestlished odes regrding design nd detiling spets of emEolumn jointsF he odes of prtie onsidered re egs QIVwEHPD x QIHI nd iuroode V of ix IWWVEIX PHHQF ell three odes im to stisfy the ond nd sher requirements within the jointF st is oserved tht egs QIVwEHP requires smller olumn depth s ompred to the other two odes sed on the nhorge onditionsF x QIHI nd ix IWWVEIX PHHQ onsider the sher stress level to otin the required stirrup reinforement wheres egs QIVwEHP provides stirrup reinforement to otin the xil lod pity of olumn y on(nementF igni(nt ftors in)uening the design of emEolumn joints re identi(ed nd the e'et of their vritions on design prmeters is ompredF he vrition in the requirements of the sher reinforement is sustntil mong the three odesF uey wordsX emEolumn jointD moment resisting frmeD nhorE geD stirrup reinforementF gonttsX mortezeidsemnniuFFir D kheirodindsemnnFFir

424

Poster Presentations
SEISMIC DESIGN OF R.C. SHEAR WALLS STRUCTURES: DISCUSSION ON CODE PROVISIONS AND DUCTILITY DEMANDS  ID 1448
A. Giordano, University of Naples, Italy S. Nardella, Italy G. Faella, University of Aversa, Italy

ES 4
M. Tehranizadeh, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Khajeh Samani, Amirkabir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

sntrodution pollowing the orienttions of the modern deE sign priniples widely epted in the reserh ommunityD ntionl odes hve implemented requirements imed t ssuring tht seismiEresistnt strutures n keep (xed strength levelD though undergoing severe inelsti deformtions in se of erthquke ourreneF hutility is regrded s the min spet of the struturl ehviourD ndD inheriting the well known riteri of pity designD strit provisions in terms of struturl detils re providedF roweverD few issues rise in se of rFF struturl systems feturing sher wlls nd )t emsF etullyD high dutility demnds re not expeted elsewhere thn t wlls sesF sn the opinion of the uthorsD this my render some ode requirementsD for exmple in terms of trnsverse reinforement t em ends exessively severeD esides di0ult for the exeutorsF his pper dels with the ove mentioned spetsF wethodology nd results es test exmplesD some struturl shemes re hosen feturing rFF sher wlls nd )t emsD whih is reurrent in ordinry uildingsF he reinforement is lulted nd detiled ording to the newly introdued stlin seismi odeF sn order to determine the dutility demndsD pushover nlysis is rried out using di'erent modelling strtegies for the inelsti eE hviourF gonentrted plstiity @plsti hingesA nd di'used plsE tiity @(resA models re usedF he models re urtely lirted using either the provisions of the ode itself or reserh suggestions ommonly regrded s relileF es resultsD the dutility demnds t setion level re determined nd ompredF elso iuroode proviE sions re implemented for dditionl nlysisF gonlusions he nlysis rried out in this pper show tht for rFF uildings with sher wlls nd )t emsD the dutility demnds t em setion level re lwys very lowF por this resonD present ode provisions imed t providing the ems with high dutility do not seem to e justi(leF
APPLICATION OF FEMA 356 TO THE SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN THE UK  ID 1515
S. Gallocher, Halcrow Group Ltd, UK C. Robertson, Halcrow Group Ltd., UK A. Manafpour, Halcrow Group Ltd., UK D. Kourepinis, Halcrow Group Ltd., UK

ssing yers fter pulition of the seond edition of srnin gode of rtie por eismi esistnt hesign of fuildingsD the urge for its revision hs een feltF sn this pperD some modi(E tions of the third edition of the ode suh s sopeD geotehnil provisionsD rhiteturl provisionsD oupny tegoryD vertil omponent nd elertion mpli(tion is reviewedD ome of whih onsist of editoril reti(tions nd some others hold oneptul modi(tionsF e omprison mong the third edition of the odeD the seond edition of stndrd numer PVHHD iuroodeEV elertion mpli(tions nd fgEWU9s spetrl elertion is mdeF
PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN  ID 1545
A. Nazarirad, AmirKabir, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Tehranizadeh, AmirKabir, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

erformne sed design is sujet in erthquke engiE neering whih hs een given more ttention in lst few yers F eent odes of prtie whih re sed on fore re suitle for elsti limit design D ut performne levels whih re eptle in dmge n e desried with displement riteriF herefore displement my e est riteri for de(ning dmge index nd performne se designF sn this study eside disussing out priniple of performne se design the eptne riteriD displement riteriD pity spetrum method nd ll prmeters whih re 'eted on displement re investigtedF erformne level of studies strutures re determined nd the results re ompred with the purpose of srnin ode of prtie @PVHHAF eove proposls for three steel struture uildingsY highD medium nd short with se method 4xonliner dynmi nlysis4 re ontrolled nd the results re ompredF sn onlusionY the e'et of grvity nd lterl lods y nonliner stti nd dynmi nlysis methods hve een studiedF gomprison of displement from these two methods ording to eptne riteriD nd lso eptility of struture performnes whih re designed ording to srnin ode of prtie @PVHHA re presented nd some reommendtions for further studies hve een givenF
COMPARISON OF DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BUILDINGS  ID 1571
U. Akyuz, Middle East Technical University, Turkey E. Acar, Ari Project, Turkey

eismi quli(tion of existing nuler filities is often prolemtiF por exmple in the u one suh strutures were designed to stisfy @nonEseismiA odes of prtieD urrent t the time of onstrutionD nd they re oviously unle to omply retrospetively with the presriptive pity design proedures inorported in modern seismi stndrdsF elthough stisfying n essentilly elsti design sis my e hievle t ertin seismi levelD demonstrtion of n dequte mrgin eyond this needs more fundmentl pproh sed on the priniples of mehnis nd full understnding of the struturl ehviour linked to detilingF erformne sed methods re n ttrtive solution to these types of prolems sine they re nonEpresriptive in terms of the design strength nd detilingD llowing the system response to e signi(ntly enhned y strengthening t omponent level sed on nlysis results tken diretly from the mthemtil modelF his represents signi(nt dvne on onventionl methods tht n led to the unrelisti or indequte ssessment of uildings without the identi(tion of the true filure modesF his pper performs ritique of some of the urrent pprohes pplied in the nuler industry nd onsiders the implitions of dopting methodology sed upon piwe QSTF
A REVIEW OF MODIFICATIONS IN THIRD EDITION OF IRANIAN CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN  ID 1541

eismi isoltion onsists of the instlltion of mehE nismsD whih deouple the strutureD nd its ontentsD from potentilly dmging erthquke indued ground motionsF he isoltor inreses the nturl period of the overll struture nd hene dereses its elertion response to erthqukeEgenerted virtionsF his inrese in periodD together with dmpingD n mrkedly redue the e'et of the erthqukeD so tht less dmging lods nd deformtions re imposed on the struture nd its omponentsF he im of this study is to investigte the e'ets of seismi se isoltion systemsD espeilly ruer eringsD on the response of struturesF he study inludes nlysis of the seismi responses of isolted struturesD whih is oriented to give ler understnding of the e'et of se isoltion on the nture of the strutureF he notes introdue the relted hpters of piwe PUQ nd sfgPHHH regultions for the seismi isolted struturesF hese provisions nd formulsD their similrities nd di'erenesD re presentedF pour di'erent types of uildings re used in the nlysesF hree of them re symmetri uildings with threeD (ve nd eight storiesD nd one is n unsymmetri uilding with (ve storiesF ell strutures re ssumed to e serving s shool uildingsF he isolted uildings re nlyzed y using tti iquivlent vterl poreD esponse petrum nd ime ristory methodsF e ommeril omputer pkgeD nmely ePHHHD is used for Qh nlysis of the struturesF he nlyses of these isolted uildings re done for vrious soil typesF he si motive is to identify the similrities nd di'erenes etween the design ode sfgPHHHD nd

425

ES 6
design spei(tion piwe PUQD nd mke omprison etween them from the design of se isolted strutures point of viewF
RECOMMENDATION FOR RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR (R) OF ELEVATED CONCRETE TANKS  ID 1899
M. Masoudi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Eshghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
M. A. Saadeghvaziri, NJIT, United States

his pper disusses the filure mehnism of elevted onrete tnks with shft nd frme stging @supporting systemA long with seismi ehvior of suh struturesF sn order to modify the urrent odeEsed seismi design methodologyD omputer models hve een estlished to determine the esponse wodi(tion ptors @A of the shft nd frme stging elevted tnksF fy performing liner nd nonliner time history nlyses on these models for W di'erent erthqukesY the e'ets of multi omponent erthqukesD )uidEstruture intertion nd EheltY on the inelsti ehvior of them hve een determinedF fsed on these resultsD @A ftors for shft nd frme stging elevted onrete tnks with regrds to the seismiity of the siteD hve een reommendedF

his pper presents seismi performne of eletri suE sttion trnsformersD nd disusses dvntges nd onsidertions in the use of seEisoltion s vile hzrd mitigtion optionF usttion trnsformers nd ushings re the most ritil elements within the power delivery system nd their performnes during pst erthqukes in the nd rod hve not een stisftoryF pinite element nlyses indite tht intertion etween these two ritil elements hs signi(nt e'et on seismi vulnerility of susttionsF sn light of dynmi hrteristis of these equipmentD seEisoltion n e very e'etively in mitigting this dverse intertionF purthermoreD due to highEinerti redutionD seEisoltion n lso hve ene(il e'ets on longEterm longevity of trnsformers nd on foundtion performne during seismi eventsF vrger displement demnd nd upliftD howeverD re issues tht must e onsidered in pplition of seEisoltionF hrough n tul se study @RQQFQ we trnsformer in highEvoltge susttionA design onepts will e investigted tht will demonstrte lrger displement n e ommodtedY nd tht onsidering trnsformer geometryD pek ground elertionD mount of inerti redution nd isoltor9s frition oe0ient for this trnsformer uplift is not n issueF
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRICAL NETWORK AND POWER LIFE LINE  ID 229

ES 6: Lifeline Systems
Level-1
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF SOUTH WESTERN OF IRAN  ID 184
G. Ghodrati Amiri, Iran University of Science & Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Kaveh, Iran University of Science & Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. A. Razavian Amrei, Iran University of Science & Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

K. Fallahi, MAPNA Co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

his pper presents proilisti seismi hzrd ssessE ment of region in south western of srnD inluding fushehrD forzjnD qenveh portD nd igh portF wo mps hve een prepred to indite the erthquke hzrd of this region nd its viinity in the form of isoEelertion ontour linesF hey disply the proilisti estimte of ek qround eelertion @qeA over edrok for the return periods of RUS nd WSH yersF outh western prt of srn plys n importnt role in eonomy of srn nd the region under study ontins three oil (eldsD oil pipe linesD importnt (shing nd ommeril ports nd nuler power sttionF wny destrutive erthqukes hppened in srn in the lst enturiesF he oldest one hppened in the IHh entury ehF e olleted tlogueD ontining oth historil nd instrumentl events nd overing the period from the IHth entury eh to PHHP is then usedF eismi soures re modeled nd reurrene reltionship is estlishedF por this purpose the method proposed y uijko PHHH ws employed onsidering unertinty in mgnitude nd inomplete erthquke tlogueF he lultions were performed using the logi tree method nd three weighted ttenution reltionshipsY mzi IWWWD HFRD emrseys 8fommer IWWID HFQSD nd rm 8 rulov IWWTD HFPSF eismi hzrd ssessment is then rried out for IUBIP grid points using issu sssF pinllyD two seismi hzrd mps of the studied re sed on ek qround eelertion @qeA over edrok for IH7 proility of exeedene in two life yles of SH nd IHH yers re presentedF he results showed tht the qe rnges from HFHV@gA to HFQV@gA for return period of RUS yers nd from HFIH@gA to HFRR@gA for return period of WSH yersF ine oil industries nd ommeril port ply signi(nt role in eonomy of srnD risk of future erthqukes will e very signi(ntF
ADVANTAGES AND CONSIDERATIONS IN APPLICATION OF BASE-ISOLATION TO SUBSTATION TRANSFORMERS  ID 214

ixtensive reserh works towrd the pereption of ntuE rl events nd phenomenD hs een resulted in the reognition of these destrutive nturl foresF xturl events suh s ploodD irthquke nd their disstrous onsequenes hve estlished new sienti( (eld s lled hisster wngement ieneF xowdys the future horizons re further nd more promising in the omprison with the pstD nd possily for this reson humn enthusism for hllenging the unknown fores hve inresed signi(ntlyF sn spite of improving the siene 8 tehniques in the di'erent (eldsD humn siene n not detet the ext time of ourring suh events FhereforeD it is neessry to e equipped ginst the unforeseen eventsF yurrene of disstrous events nd risis hs speil stnd in eletril energy prodution industryF srn due to its lotion is severely exposed to the nturl phenomen suh s )oodsD stormsD erthqukes etFFD so for this resonD keeping nd mintining the stle )ow of vitl energy in ny form suh s the eletriity is prominent onernF snresing demnd for energy espeilly in the (eld of eletriity t di'erent periods nd in prtiulr se of disster with respet to the huge mount of pitl investment requires speil ttention nd mngement t the time of disster nd risisF his reserh is onentrted on the study out priniples of the hisster wngementD in ording to the onditions previling for prodution of eletril energyD trnsmission networks nd their relted orgniztionF st lso suggests speil ord nd rrngement for estlishment the disster mngementF
EXISTING POWER GENERATION AND NETWORK FACILITIES IMPROVEMENT AGAINST SEISMIC DAMAGE  ID 234
K. Fallahi, MAPNA Co., Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

tiliztion of hydruli potentil energy nd therml enE ergy y onstrution of power plnts whih re generlly situted t some remote lotions nd re fr from onsumption portsD neessite the estlishment of trnsmission system @linesA nd susttionsF hue to vstness of regions nd existene of di'erent onditions ttriuted to the groundD the outrek of vrious inidentsD suh s erthquke is proleF elthough the dmges D in)ited upon power utility system re not signi(ntD ut interruption in prodution of eletril energy nd trnsmission of this energy t ny moment nd profound investments D requires speil ttention to oserve the ehvior nd responses of urrent seismi foresF he experiene of pst erthqukes shows

426

Poster Presentations
thtD lthough dmges of the iletril network instlltion re very extensive in length nd reD they re infrequentF fut the signi(ne of these instlltions mkes their protetion nd stility more importntF gonerning the importne of utiliztion of energyD improving the urrent situtionD inresing the sfety level for vilility of eletril equipment nd future projetsD it is neessry to tke some proedures into onsidertion to prevent or lessen the destrutive onsequenes of erthqukesF eording to the investigtion out pst erthqukes nd the trnsmission lines ondition in our ountryD some of them will proly hve onsiderle dmgesF ine erthquke is unpreventleD the neessity of relileD fst nd simple method to retro(t of the existing instlltions is oviousF hereforeD pinding prtil retro(tting methods for vulnerle instlltions nd preventing them from further dmges y improving design methods is of speil signi(neF his reserh work onentrte on the study out seismi retro(t plnning methodsD seismi upgrding design for power network filities sed on the foreseen seismi risk ssessment of eletril power genertion nd distriution systemsF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SOIL-PIPELINE INTERACTION DUE TO LARGE GROUND DEFORMATION  ID 381
E. Faccioli, Dept. Structural Eng., Politecnico di Milano, Italy S. Takashi, Tokyo Gas Co., ltd, Japan

ES 6
ording to interntionl referenes in reltion to this sujetF
EARTHQUAKE MAGNIFICATION FACTORS FOR 4-LEGGED SELF-SUPPORTING TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS  ID 411
S. R. Massah, Iran University of Science & technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. A. Barkhordari, Iran University of Science & technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) G. Ghodrati Amiri, Iran University of Science & technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

irthqukeEindued ermnent qround heformtion @qhA n signi(ntly 'et underground lifelinesD suh s uried gs nd wter pipelinesF o ssess the integrity of the pipelines ginst suh ground movementsD it is importnt to quntittively evlute the intertion etween the pipelines nd the surrounding soilF he soilEpipeline intertion spei(ed in the mjor seismi design guidelines for pipelines hs iliner foreEdisplement reltionship urveF he tul experimentl results onduted y rutmnn nd y9ourkeD howeverD showed tht the fore grdully deresed when the reltive displement etween soil nd pipe is HFIm in the se of dense snd for k(llF hereforeD it is expeted tht the soilEpipe intertion is muh smller in the se of lrge ground deformtionF sn this studyD fullEsle experiments were onduted to evlute the soilEpipeline intertion in the se of lrge ground deformtionF he IHHEmmEdimeter pipe ws instlled nd k(lled in test omprtment whih hd inside dimensions of QFSm y PFHm y IFRm depthF he test pipe ws instlled t HFTm depth from the ground surfeF he soilEpipeline intertion ws mesured up to RHHmm reltive displement etween soil nd test pipeF purthermoreD (nite element nlyses were onduted to investigte the deformtion ehvior of uried pipelinesD RHHEmmEdimeter pipeline with WHEdegreeD ginst lrge ground deformtion using the otined experimentl dtF
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL IRANIAN GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF POWER NETWORK INSTALLATIONS  ID 405
B. Esmailzadeh Hakimi, Nirou research Institute, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Aghababai, Electric Power Research Center, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Taheri Moghadam, Electric Power Research Center, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

hue to the rpid dvnes nd developments in teleomE munition industryD worldwideD the thorough nd proper investigtion into the seismi ehvior of teleommunition towers hs proven to e the most essentilF he reserhers in their studies hve onsidered the e'ets of erthquke indued lods mostly on the trussed steel towers of tringulr ross setionsF he min ojetive of this pper is to otin some pproximte reltions tht ould help the designer in evluting the seismi response of RElegged selfEsupporting teleommunition towers y determining their orresponding ground motion se sher nd vertil mpli(tion ftorsF por this purposeD eight of the existing teleommunition towers in srn re onsidered for modl superposition nlysis under the e'et of ten strongEmotion erthquke elerogrmsF foth longitudinl nd vertil omponents of erthquke reords hve een tken into ountF o otin reltions tht would over vst rnge of erthquke zoningD the reords re seleted suh tht oth nerE(eld nd frE(eld e'ets re inluded in the nlysisF he suggested reltions re presented s funtions of the tower9s lrgest )exurl period or lrgest xil period of virtionD nd n e pplied y designers to only pproximte the dynmi fores in suh strutures under seismi lodingsF ueywordsX RElegged teleommunitions towersD mpli(tion ftorsD se sherD vertil retion gonttsX msshdiustFFir D rkhordridiustFFir D ghoE drtidiustFFir
SISROUTE: EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO GENERATION SYSTEM ALONG ROADS (GLOBAL CONCEPT AND HAZARD ASSESSMENT)  ID 516
A. M. Duval, CETE Mditerrane, France

elthough there is gret ttrtion for truturl nd irthquke ingineers to follow nlytil nd sophistited methods to ssess seismi vulnerility of strutures nd equipment ut these lose their mening in the shdow of lrge level of vrition of erthquke hrteristis nd e'etsF herefore methods sed on pst oservtions of filure modes my e followed etter regrding omplexity of industril instlltionsF sn this pper it is imed to present the proesses of development of xtionl srnin quidelines for eismi ulnerility essessment of ower xetwork snstlltions with regrd to seismi sfety requirements of eonomil nd soiologil sitution of srn nd

syi is tool developed for the prenh winistry of rnsporttionsF st is designed to roughly ssess rod filure due to erthqukeF reprtion of seismi risis y lol rod mngers is lso imedF he onept developed onsists in linkingD for eh rodD element vulnerility vlues together with hzrd vluesD in order to produe for given senrioD risk vlues reltive to rod filure possiilitiesF ht re involved in dynmi geogrphil informtique systemF syi onept hd to overpss two ntgonisti spei(tions of liner infrstruture senrioX the sle of survey should e lrge enough to e eonomi nd simpleD ut very smll element n e responsile for rod filure FFF rzrd is expressed in term of mximum elertion of soil @emxAD strting point of the risk nlysisF he preprtion of the system for eh rod onsists in integrting onstnt hzrd dt onerning site e'et nd indued phenomenF e mirozontion is relized using prenh uilding ode soil lssi(tionF en mpli(tion ftor for emx is pplied to tke into ount site e'etF e simple proedure is estlished to evlute indued phenomen possiilities for eh reF gritil vlues of emxD tht n trigger di'erent indued phenomen re ssessedF he other prts of the system preprtion @desried in P other ppersA onsist in ssessment of the di'erent vulnerility vlues for virtions @emxAD liqueftion nd lndslides for ll rod elementsF hen senrio is genertedD emx is evluted ll long the rod ording to one of the three ptternsX prenh seismi zontionD proilisti zontion or ny erthquke de(ned y its lotion nd mgnitudeF por eh element of the rodD hzrd vlues re ssessed @emxD liqueftionD lndslideA nd omined with the orresponding vulnerility vluesF esulting risk vlues represent rod filure possiilitiesF

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ES 6
wps re produedD pointing out rod filure possiilities nd uses for this senrioF
EARTHQUAKE INDUCED PEAK GROUND STRAINS IN THE PRESENCE OF STRONG LATERAL SOIL HETEROGENEITIES  ID 550
L. Scandella, Politecnico di Milano, Italy R. Paolucci, Politecnico di Milano, Italy D. Dojcinovski, Institute of Earth. of Earth.

Poster Presentations
impulsive pressure distriutions depend on the veloity of the tnk wll nd re expressed s pourier seriesF he integrl eqution is solved y suessive pproximtionF he hieved results re ompred with those of piniteEilementEglultionsF
ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL DAMAGE AND FUNCTIONING OF HIGHWAY SYSTEMS IN EARTHQUAKE CONDITIONS  ID 833
Eng.&Engineering Seism., Eng.&Engineering Seism.,

sn the sene of erthquke indued permnent displeE ments nd deformtionsD the seismi response of uried struturesD suh s tunnels or pipelinesD minly depends on the mplitude of trnsient strins indued in the groundF rnsient strins nd urvtures re result of inoherentD or out of phse ground motion long their lengthD so tht longitudinl deformtions my dominte under seismi tion rther thn sher strinsF ine diret mesure of strins is not generlly villeD simpli(ed formuls relting pek ground strin to pek ground veloity re typilly usedF imple solutions for free (eld ground strins s result of D D nd yleigh wves re villeD ut they re vlid only for homogeneous soil propertiesD so tht their use my e questionleD espeilly when the uried struture rosses strong lterl soil heterogeneitiesF e propose in this ontriution simpli(ed formul relting longitudinl pek ground strin to pek ground veloityD tht tkes into ount the verge sher wve veloity of soilD the impedne ontrst of sediments nd rokD the verge dipping ngle of the edrok nd the reltive position of the site with respet to the soilErok interfe t the surfeF por this purpose set of prmetri Ph nlyses were performedD sed oth on theoretil losedEform solutions nd on numeril simultions with spetrl element odeF he proposed formul is vlidted ginst Ph numeril solutions otined for representtive geologil rossEsetions in gtni nd hesslonikiD to sses its pility to pture the sptil vriility of pek ground strinsD espeilly lose to the soilErok interfeF
SIMPLIFIED MODELLING OF CONTINUOUS BURIED PIPELINES SUBJECT TO EARTHQUAKE FAULT RUPTURE  ID 559
R. Paolucci, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Macedonia V. Mihailov, Institute Macedonia

he strong erthqukes tht ourred in the pst unE doutedly pointed out the importnt role of the rod network in elimintion of the onsequenes of ourred erthqukes nd normliztion of the living onditionsF he dmges to the rod network omponents @ridgesD tunnelsD retining wlls etFA n indue disruption of the tr0 )ow nd disturne of the rod funtioning in the most ritil moments immeditely fter n erthqukeF prom these resonsD the investigtions in the (eld of erthquke engineering re direted towrd @IA investigtion of dmge to rod systemsD @PA nlysis of disturne of funtions nd @QA methods for mitigtion of the onsequenes sed on exploring the nture nd the resons for ourrene of erthqukes s well s the struturl elements of the rod systemsF he purpose of this is improvement of the funtioning of the rod network omposed of numer of filities 'eting the performnes of the entire systemF he ojetive of this pper is to drw generl onlusions on the ehviour of the rod systemsD iFeFD de(ne the glol dmgeD the seismi performnes nd the funtioning of these systems in erthquke onditions sed on investigtions relted to nlysis of seismi hzrd nd riskD vulnerility of strutures nd their importneF o tht e'etD ertin models from the theory of proility nd seismi senrios hve een used to simulte the erthquke e'etF hue to the pronouned sptil hrter of the rod systems in the nlysis of the glol dmge nd funtioning of the rod systemD the qs tehnology hs een usedF he results from these investigtions re presented through onrete se of the rod network in wedoni ! ountry with reltively frequent seismi tivityF
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF BURIED LIFELINES EXPOSED TO EARTHQUAKE MOTION  ID 936
R. Borsutzky, Institute of Applied Mechanics, TU Braunschweig, Germany L. Lehmann, Institute of Applied Mechanics, TU Braunschweig, Germany

efter surveying the existing engineering methods for the seismi nlysis of ontinous uried pieplines sujet to fultingD minly restrited to strikeEslip onditionsD novel simple pproh is presented to shed further light on the prolemD nd possily to e pplied to more generl fulting stylesD suh s norml nd reverseF he method is sed on the minimiztion of the totl dissipted energy during fultingD tking into ount the si ftors tht 'et the prolemD nmelyX A the pipe yielding under xil nd ending lodD through the formtion of plsti hinges nd xil slipY A the longitudinl frition ross the pipeEsoil oundryY A the lterl resistne of soilF he dvntges nd drwks of the proposed method re highlighted through omprehensive omprison with previous pprohes nd simpli(ed formulsD s well s (nite element lultionsF rmetri nlyses re lso provided to ssess the reltive in)uene of the vrious prmeters tht 'et the prolemD s well s some exmples of vulnerility funtions useful for simpli(ed evlutions of dmge to pipelines during lrge erthqukesF
ANALYSIS OF LIQUID STORAGE TANKS USING AN INTEGRAL EQUATION APPROACH  ID 629
J. Habenberger, Bauhaus-University, Germany

he urrent proposl of iuroode VD prt R lims the onsidertion of the )exileD impulsive pressure omponent in the nlysis of liquid storge tnksF sn this pper n integrl eqution pproh is used to lulte the modl deomposition of the shellE liquidEsystemF he kernel of the integrl eqution is represented y the qreen9s funtion of the ylindril shellF st is derived from the generl solution of the ylindril shell given y plueggeF he

sn seismiEprone res the erthquke resistne of lifeE lines plys role of prtiulr importne for ivilistionF eismi used filure of lifelines nD eFgFD result in destrutive (res @uoeD IWWSA or led to epidemis @il lvdorD PHHIAF hereforeD it is neessry to exmine the dynmi ehviour of lifelines ext s possile to void disstrous filuresF sn the proposed pper two step methodology is presented to nlyse the trnsient response of underground lifelines exposed to seismi wve propgtion e'etsF he investigtion of the dynmi ehviour of lifelines is sed on threeEdimensionl numeril model ontining the pipeline s well s the surrounding soilF feE use of the generlly reltively smll extensions of exmined doE mins in engineering soilEstruture intertion nlyses the seismi wve propgtion inside the domin is often negletedF vooking spei(lly t wve propgtion phenomen this negligene is not dE visle for strutures with lrge extensionsD like uried lifelinesF he presented methodology is sed on the homin edution wethod nd ontins two stepsF sn the (rst step lrge sle nlysis is performed where the seismi soure nd the entire wve propgtion pth to the nlysed pipeline is tken into ountF he omputE tion of the omplete seismi wve (eld is omplished y qreen9s funtionsF sn the seond step only the ner (eld of the pipeline is exmined nd exited y fores equivlent to the seismi soureF he method used here is hyrid pinite ilement @piA E led foundE

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Poster Presentations
ry pinite ilement @fpiA sheme in timeEdominF fy the use of pis the ner (eld n e modelled in detilD while the desription of the hlfEspe through fpis represents n e0ient wy to ful(l ommerfeld9s rdition onditionF he presented method enles relisti nlysis of the dynmi ehviour of uried lifelines nd provides sis for their sve nd relile designF
EMERGENCY OPERATION AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN TAIWAN FROM CHI-CHI EARTHQUAKE  ID 965
B. J. Shih, National Science & Technology Center for Disas, Taiwan W. S. Li, National Science & Technology Center for Disas, Taiwan

ES 6
used to ompre Gkm for wve propgtion with ground strins for rittle nd dutile pipesF he results were ompred with proposed reltionships in reD eve @PHHIAD s well s reent reltion derived from y9ourke 8 heyoe @PHHRA for ground strinsF gomprisons etween di'erent experimentl nd other empiril frgility urves re disussedF he work presented herein is one of the (rst ttempts in iurope to estlish frgility urves for pipelines sed on iuropen distintive hrteristis of oth ground motion nd pipelinesF
EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS  ID 1089
S. Stiros, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Patras, Greece V. Kontogianni, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Patras, Greece P. Psimoulis, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Patras, Greece S. Pytharouli, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Patras, Greece

sn IWWW the ghiEghi irthquke @wvaUFQAD the most devstting one during the PHth entury ourred in iwnF feside the deth toll over PDSHH nd 6IHFU illion diret property lossD the infrstruture9s destrution suh s lifeline systems hd rought mjor impt on livelihood nd eonomi tivityF eording to the surveyed dt nnouned y iwn governmentD the ghiEghi irthquke used lots of dmges in the wter supply filities nd pipelines inluding s followingsX hih ung hm9s prtil filure y the tremendous fult9s liftingD whih dmged the tp wter intke for ihung ereY the destrution of pirst pengyun ter uri(tion lnt used the disruption of wter supply for out UHHDHHH households in the ihung muniipl reY the distriution pipeline networks in severely disstrous re su'ered huge dmges due to the exessive ground movement nd dislotionF hereforeD the methodologies to minimize the dmge of wter supply systems fter mjor seismi event re ruil for the generl puli9s dily lives nd the unEinterrupted produtions of industriesF es onsequeneD the higher seismi design stndrd for the wter plnts nd pipelinesD the more e'etive tehniques for erthquke loss estimtion t erly stge nd the etter ountermesures in dvne re the gols tht we hve to develop for the future hzrd mitigtionF his pper (rst fouses on the erthquke dmge nd the emergeny opertion for wter supply systems experiening ghiEghi irthquke nd then presents qsEsed senrio simultionF he suggested strtegies nd ountermesures for the wter supply systems sed on senrio nlysis nd the experiene of the pst events will lso e disussed s lesson lerned from the ghiEghi irthqukeF
FRAGILITY CURVES FOR BURIED PIPELINES  ID 994
M. Alexoudi, AUTh, Greece K. Kakderi, AUTh, Greece K. Pitilakis, AUTh, Greece

xumerous PHth entury erthqukes hve used proE lems to teleommunitions @GgAD minly due to filure of Gg lesD ut their e'ets were rther limited to smll res inside the meizoseisml zonesF sn the lst IH yersD howeverD numer of seismi events used serious prolems to GgD the pttern nd role of whih hve eome muh more omplited nd importntD respetivelyD ompred to the sitution PHEQH yers goF sn the frmework of rojet sponsored y the qreek eretrit for eserh nd ehnologyD nd in oopertion with the qreek xtionl Gg yrgniztion @yi eAD we investigted the impts of erthqukes on the Gg networks nd their orresponding vulnerilityF he preliminry results of our study re (rstD tht reent nd future erthqukes 'et Gg in muh roder regions thn in the pstF end seondD Gg networks re not 'eted only y the primry e'ets of erthqukes @mostly le filure or tower ollpseAD ut lso their indiretD or dominoEtype e'etsX overloding of networksD even orting the possiility of yEpss pths nd leding to lkoutsD lol strong motions interrupting power supplyD limittions in the servieility of the networkD etF
SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS OF A LIFELINE SYSTEM SUBJECTED TO PERMANENT GROUND DEFORMATIONS  ID 1114
J. Facciorusso, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Firenze, Italy T. Crespellani, Dept. of Civil Eng., University of Firenze, Italy S. Renzi, Technical University "Carolo-Wilhelmina", Germany

everl empiril reltions were developed in the lst yers to desrie pipeline dmge from wve propgtion ndGor permnent ground deformtionF he mjority of existing frgility urves is sed on dt provided minly from e nd tpn erthqukes tht orrelte dmge with repir rteGkm @GumAF sn generlD Gkm is onneted in terms of pek ground veloity @qAD pek ground elertions @qeAD permnent ground displement @qhA nd rrer with ground strinsF rowever lthough in iurope severl erthqukes hd ourredD lifelines dmge dtses re very poor if nonEexistingF eentlyD vefks erthquke @qreeeD wsaTFRD IREVEPHHQAD provided detiled well doumented pipeline dmge dtseF everl empiril reltions for wve propgtion nd permnent ground deformtion were used nd ompred with oserved nd reorded pipeline dmgesF he im of the pper is to evlute empiril dt of pipeline dmges from vefks erthquke in qreee in order to improve existing frgility urves for dutile nd rittle pipelinesF q nd qh vlues hve een estimted using ville reords during the erthquke nd numeril ground response nlysisF he sptil distriution of strong motion prmeters nd ground strins ws lulted using detiled nd pproprite to the spei( site onditionsD Ih iv site e'et nlysisF q nd qh vlues were ompred with reorded dmges in terms of epir tioF gorreltion etween estimted q nd ground strins ws lso

huring erthqukes wter filities founded on soil deE posits re sujeted to displements nd di'erentil movements indued y seismi wves pssge @rnsient qround heformtionsA or fult upgrdingD soil liqueftionD densi(tionD slope instilities @ermnent qround heformtionsAF yservtions on seismi performne of wter systems demonstrted tht soil di'erentil settlements nd movements re the min use of dmge for wter pipelines nd tht there is level of soil displements ove whih the indued ground movements n use serious prolems to the wter system e0ienyF sn the present study seismi risk nlysis of the wter fility system of the wuniiplity of imini @stlyA hs een rried out y onsidering permnent ground deformtions e'ets on the lifeline systemF efter preliminry investigtionD it ws demonstrted tht ground settlements used y exess wter pore pressures dissiption in sturted soils nd volume hnges in unsturted soils re the most prole use of dmge for the onsidered fility systemF e proedure for ssessing wter fility seismi vulnerility due to ground settlements is illustrtedF he methodologyD relying on performneEsed design priniplesD onsists of the following min stepsX IAseletion of design erthqukes orresponding to rre mximum nd more prole eventsY PAssessment of wter fility requirements in terms of llowle dmge levels nd soil deformtions during the seleted seismi eventsY QAestimtion of ground movements nd displements Y RAevlution of seismi e'ets of ground deformtions on wter lines in terms of indued stresses nd strinsY SAomprison etween wter filities requirements nd settlementE indued e'ets on the wter linesF qround settlements were estimted using proedure suggested

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ES 6
y oshimine nd sshihr for sturted soils nd proedure relised y rdel for unsturted soilsF tress nd strins indued y permnent ground deformtions on wter pipelines were lulted y mens of the viu nd y9ourke methodF
TOOLS TO DEVELOP CONTINGENCY PLANS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE - THE MEXICO CITY'S WATER SYSTEM CASE  ID 1169
O. A. Pineda Porras, Institute of Engineering, Mexico

Poster Presentations
vifelines re omplex systemsY eh system9s o nd post seismi performne nd funtionlity re determined y the seismi hzrdD vulnerility nd intronnetedness of its elementsD nd interonnetedness with other externl systemsF vifelines interdependenies re lssi(ed into di'erent typesD long with the proposed methodologies for their simultionF orts re prt of the trnsporttion networkY thus their opertion in normlD risis nd reovery period is in)uened y other lifeline systemsD s they re omposed of di'erent struturl nd non struturl omponents onentrted in limited reF untifying the degree of lifeline dependenes n led to more rigorous ssessment of pre nd post erthquke port risk mitigtion tionsF he im of this reserh is to propose dequte interdependeny indies etween lifeline systems sed on n 4inputEoutput model4D in normlD risis nd reovery periodF his model omprises linerD deterministiD equilirium pproh nd frmework ple of desriing the degree of interonnetednessF he ort of hessloniki in qreee is used s n exmpleF st is ssumed tht the level of eonomi dependeny is the sme s the level of physil dependenyF vifeline intertions re estimted sed on onsumption dt on monetry termsF he ltter refer to the onsumption of system9s produt from other lifeline systems @iFeF power supply to pumpsA within the port9s territoryF snterdependeny indies re lulted sed on nnul devitions of onsumptionsF hese vritions during monthly periods re supposed to re)et preD oEseismi nd post seismi lifeline synergiesF he results show tht seismi risk of lifelines is inresed during the reovery period when intertions re onsideredF sn risis periodD their in)uene depends on the spei( system nd hzrd ttriutesF istimtion of interdepenE deny lifeline mtries during di'erent periods ontriutes to the estlishment of n optimum reovery strtegy nd e0ient seismi risk mitigtion prioritiesF
GAS PIPE DAMAGES AND LESSONS LEARNED IN THE 2004 MID NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE  ID 1293
Y. Shimizu, Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., Japan F. Yamazaki, Chiba University, Japan R. Isoyama, Japan Engineering Company, Japan H. Shinkai, Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., Japan

he min ojetive of this pper is to present group of useful tools to develop ontingeny plns fter n erthqukeD for the wexio gity9s rimry ter ystem @wgAF hese tools onsist onX IA the study of the reltionship dmgeEintensity for the wgY PA omprison of the dmge rtios for di'erent pipe dimetersY QA the nlysis of the in)uene of ground susideneD typil in the lley of wexioD in the IWVS dmge senrioY RA seismi mirozontionY SA the estimtion of the possile servieility indexes of the wg fter future erthqukesY nd (nllyD TA the omputtion of the possile numer of pipe repirs due to future i( ostl erthqukesF st is expeted tht these resultsD long with new seismi design riteriD re employed in the mitigtion of the seismi impt nd the development of ontingeny plns due to future erthqukesF
EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGIES FOR THE DESIGN OF BURIED STEEL PIPELINES CROSSING ACTIVE SEISMIC FAULTS  ID 1242
G. Bouckovalas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Kouretzis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece V. Zania, National Technical University of Athens, Greece E. Gavrielatou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

trin nlysis of uried steel pipelines due to the perE mnent displement indued from the rupture of n tive seismi fult rossing their route is proly the most ritil spet of their seismi designF he methodologies employed for suh nlyses n e lssi(ed into four tegoriesX nonEliner (nite element nlyses with shell elementsD with em elementsD or with rod elementsD s well s simpli(ed nlytil methodologiesD with the one proposed y uennedy et lF @IWUUA eing the most widely usedF he omputtionl ost s well s the ury of the results vries widely mong the di'erent methodologies thusD their rnge of use is key issue tht hs not een systemtilly investigted so frF pollowing rief overview of the forementioned methodologiesD ll four of them re employed in series of omprtive nlyses for typil highEpressure nturl gs pipelineD onstruted in sndE(lled trenhF he routing of the pipeline is ssumed to ross perpendiulrly the tre of strikeEslipD norml nd reverse fultsD with mximum expeted displement rnging form HFR to PFRmF prom the omprison of the resultsD onsidering the nlyses with shell elements to e the enhmrk solutionD it emerges thtX Ehe methodology proposed y uennedy et lF provides firly urte results only for lrgeD iFeF over IFPmD strikeEslip nd norml fult displementsD when strins in more thn SH7 of the re of the rossEsetion exeed the yield limitF gontrriwiseD it fils to predit the response in the se of reverse fultsF Eenlyses with rod elements provide results similr to those of the uennedy et lF methodologyD s the ending sti'ness of the pipeline is negletedF Eenlyses with em element re urte only for smll fult displementsD when the pipeline steel remins in the elsti rngeD wheres for lrger fult displementsD strins re overestimtedF
AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO LIFELINES INTERDEPENDENCIES FOR SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS THESSALONIKI'S PORT  ID 1243
K. Kakderi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece M. Alexoudi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece K. Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

he PHHR wid xiigt irthquke @TFV twe wgnitudeA ourred on ytF PQrdD PHHR t xiigtEken loted in the enter prt of teexF he mximum oserved s vlues nd qe re ISS uine nd IUHH ql respetively nd lots of dmges were found espeilly in lifeline networks suh s wter supplyD eletriity nd ity gs networks nd servie suspension ws onduted for these lifeline systemsF o ope with erthquke relted seondry disstersD the ity gs distriutors mde deision to shut o' gs supply immeditely fter the erthquke nd gs supply ws interrupted t STVHH householdsF etullyD hundreds of dmges were oserved in srewed joint steel pipes whih re usully used in low pressure ity gs networks in tpn ut quik deision on gs supply shutEo' resulted in no gs lekge relted seondry ident over this reF remendous e'orts y tqe @tpn qs essoitionA gs distriutors were mde for restortion of gs supply in hrd hit res ut it took QV dys for full restortionF he use of slow restortion ws investigted therefter nd ountermesures ginst it were set up nowD whih re desried in this report in detilF
AN INVESTIGATION OF SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT IN LIFELINES, SPECIAL VIEW OF INTERCITY ROAD NETWORKS  ID 1339
F. Yaghoobi Vayeghan, Transportation Research Institute (TRI), Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Hosseini, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Firoozi Nezamabadi, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

es srn is loted in the high seismi reD ssessment of seismi risk in lifelinesD prtiulrly trnsporttion networksD is neessryF snterity rod networksD s prt of trnsporttion networksD not only is one of the most importnt ftors of sustinE

430

Poster Presentations
le development in ountriesD ut lso will e used for emergeny mngement purposes fter nturl hzrdsD like erthqukeD )oodD hurrine nd snow vlnheF sn this pperD t (rstD some reserhes out seismi risk ssessment of lifelinesD like power nd wter trnsmission systems nd lso teleommunition networksD presentsY then seismi risk ssessment in interity rod networks ! similrities nd di'erenes E will e disussedF pinllyD y ompring etween interity rod networks nd the other lifelinesD some si strtegies of risk mngement for interity rod networksD espeilly in srnD will e reommend to e used y government nd deision mkersF
A RESEARCH ON THE SEISMIC RELIABILITY EVALUATION ALGORITHM FOR LARGE SCALE LIFELINE NETWORKS  ID 1354
J. Li, Tongji University, China Y. Qian, Tongji University, China W. Liu, Tongji University, China

ES 6
numeril results leds to onlusions onerning the vlidity of the ssumptions of the existing nlytil methodsD whih re proved in ertin ses to e inpplileF sn ontrstD the proposed methodology ppers to e strong lterntive to pinite ilement nlysesD providing results tht di'erentite no more thn IH7 from the numeril onesD for the whole possile rnge of fult displementsF sts reltively simple lultion proedure n e esily progrmmed nd ould lso e integrted in guidelines for the design of uried steel pipelinesF
EFFECT OF GROUND MOTION AND DAMAGE CORRELATION IN TRANSPORTATION NETWORK RISK ASSESSMENT  ID 1481
R. Lee, Stanford University, United States A. S. Kiremidjian, Stanford University, United States

ith the rpid development of modern itiesD their deE pendenes on the lifeline systems suh s the wter supply systemsD the gs supply networksD inrese grdullyF he postEerthquke properties of lifeline engineering systems my diretly determine the reovery of dily life s well s the e0ieny of (ghting the seondry disstersF o ensure the sfety of lifeline systems su'ering erthqukeD it is of gret neessity to nlyze their seismi reliilitiesF es well knownD eismi reliility nlysis of lrge sle lifeline networks is typil xErrd9 prolem nd it hs een n importnt sujet of onsiderle reserhesF emong those pprohesD the miniml pthEsed eursive heomposition elgorithm developed reently is one of the most e0ient methodsF st n e0iently derese the omputtion omplexity nd is senior to other lgorithm in (nding reliility of lrge sle networksF roweverD detiled investigtions hve shown tht it my e inpplile to network whose omponents hve very low reliilityF sn this pperD y omining the reursive deomposition priniple nd miniml ut serhing methodD new lgorithm nmed s the miniml utEsed eursive heomposition elgorithm is proposed nd suessfully put into the reliility nlysis of lrge sle lifeline network systems under strong erthqukeF st is found tht the lgorithm presented in the pper n rpidly get the results for the networks with the omponents of lower reliility indexF e seismi reliility nlysis of rel lrge networkD henyng ity9s gs supply networkD is performed using the presented lgorithmF
STRESS ANALYSIS OF BURIED STEEL PIPELINES CROSSING ACTIVE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS  ID 1454
D. Karamitros, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Bouckovalas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece G. Kouretzis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

he performne of trnsporttion network systems folE lowing n erthquke is ritil for emergeny response nd eonomi reovery of the regionF isk ssessment studies performed to dte hve inluded the losses from dmge to ritil omponents of the trnsporttion systemD suh s ridgesD tunnels nd rodedsD nd losses from losure of links of the system due to filure or extensive dmge to these omponentsF vink losures result in tr0 time delys nd in lost trips whih dd to the losses from the overll systemF sn previous trnsporttion network loss estimtion studies the orreltion of ground motion nd dmge to ridges hs een ignoredF sn this pperD the orreltion of ground motion nd ridge dmE ge is modeled nd inluded in the overll risk ssessment of trnsE porttion network risk ssessment formultionF wo pprohes re presented in the risk formultionF he (rst is nlytil nd the seond uses wonte grlo simultion pprohF he wonte grlo simultion pproh uses n e0ient lgorithm to enle pplition to lrge trnsporttion networksF eres of orreltion in)uene re onsidered for the ground motion orreltion resulting in omputE tionl omplexityF he e'et of these orreltions is investigted s funtion of the size of the network nd is found tht the unertinty in loss estimtes signi(ntly inrese with these orreltions inludedF purthermoreD the unertinty inreses with inresed network sizeF hese results re otined from pplitions to smple networks in the n prniso fy egionF
SEISMIC DAMAGE WORKS  ID 1527 ANALYSIS OF WATER NET-

M. Hooshmandzadeh, Islamic Azad University of Shushtar Branch, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ixisting nlytil methods for the stress nlysis of uried steel pipelines rossing tive strikeEslip fults re sed on rther rude simpli(tions tht limit their ppliility nd myD in some sesD led to nonEonservtive resultsF e new nlytil methodology is presented hereinD tking into ount the pipeline ending sti'ness nd the soilEpipeline intertion in oth xil nd trnsverse diretionsF he method employs omintion of emEonEelstiEfoundtion nd elsti em theory for the lultion of ending strinsF qeometri nonElinerity due to seondEorder e'ets is indiretly tken into ount in the lultionsD while the tul distriution of stresses in the pipeline9s rossEsetion is onsidered for the lultion of the design xilD ending nd mximum strinsF he e'et of the nonEliner ehviour of the pipeline steel is implemented on the essentilly elsti em nlysis with the id of n itertive proedure for lulting the sent oung9s modulusD while onsidering iliner mteril stressEstrin lwF esults of the proposed methodology re evluted ginst the results of series of enhmrk QEh nonEliner numeril nlyses with the pinite ilement wethod nd ompred to those of existing methodologiesF he omprison etween the nlytil nd the

sn this pper the response of wter pipelines ginsterthquke nd seismi hzrds re studiedF es pipeline psses from wide res D it my e 'eted y mny seismi hzrdsF hese hzrds re suh s ground ruptureD fult movement Dlndslides nd lrge deformtion due to liqueftionF fsed on the pst experienes Ddmges to the wter pipeline re lssi(ed nd illustrtedF his lssi(tion is sed on the dmgesof the pipe odyDjoints Dfilities nd servieilityF ine the uried pipes re pled in loose groundsDtheir seismi response hrteristis re di'erent from uildindg or uried foundtionsFi'etive ftors of seismi ehviors of uried pipes re ground hrteristisD erthquke hrteristi nd pipe struture onditionF he response of pipes during erthqukeD reltion etween dmge nd ground response suh s nonuniform settlements nd liqueftion re lssi(edF he methods of settlement lultion nd nlytil models of piper response re lso disussedF et the end D the ltest results otined from pst erthqukes re lssi(edF
ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC RELIABILITY OF NETWORKS WITH SPATIALLY CORRELATED COMPONENTS  ID 1553
S. Selcuk-Kestel, Illinois State University, United States M. S. Yucemen, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

431

ES 8 & ES 7
vifelinesD suh s gs nd wter distriution systemsD highwys re idelized s equivlent networks with the seismi pity of their elements eing rndom nd sptilly orreltedF sn the studies onduted y eluk nd uemen @IWWWD PHHHAD the e'et of sptil orreltion ws onsidered only within elements nd the sptil orreltion mong di'erent omponents is ignoredF he sptil orreltion etween ny two elements of the system will e deying funtion of the verge distne seprting them nd is expeted to depend on the orreltion struture of the seismi pity nd demndF his study ims t improving the previous studies of the uthors @eluk nd uemenD IWWWD PHHHA y inorporting the sptil orreE ltion mong the di'erent elements of the networkF he orreltion mtrix ssoited with the elements of the network is determined nd the reliility ounds for rel life pplitions re lulted under the ssumption of sptil orreltion mong the di'erent elements of the networkF he omprison of reliility ounds lulted for the se studies will enle the deisionEmker to evlute the impt of the position of omponent to n tive seismi soure nd its neighoring omponents in the networkF hereforeD the orreltion oe0ient mtrix for pirs of omponents in the network will e the determinnt of the reliility of the whole systemF he stohsti model for the orreltion oe0ients sed on the rndom distnes will e n importnt tool of (nding n optimum lotion to relote new omponent in the network fter destrutive ollpseF eferenes IF elukD eFF nd uemenD wF FD IWWWF eliility of vifeline xetworks under eismi rzrdD eliility ingineering 8 ystem fetyD TSD ppF PIQEPPUF PF elukD eFF nd uemenD wD FD PHHHF eliility of vifeline xetworks with wultiple oures under eismi rzrdD xturl rzrdsD PID ppFIEIVF

Poster Presentations
ES 8 & ES 7: Earthquake Engineering Practice (Recent Projects) and Architectural Aspects, Nonstructural Components and Contents (Joint Session)
Level-1
PARAMETRIC SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE FOR DAMAGE DETECTION OF MULTISTOREYED SHEAR BUILDING  ID 61
A. Dutta, Indian Institute of Technology, India S. K. Deb, Indian Institute of Technology, India M. Medhi, Indian Institute of Technology, India

he present work utilizes system identi(tion tehnique for dmge detetion of sher uildingD wherein rmetri tte pe modeling hs een doptedF he ojetive is to identify dmge through detetion of sti'ness hnges in multistoreyed sher uildingF gonsidering )oor elertion response dt from di'erent )oor levels of numerilly simulted uilding in oth undmged nd dmged stte s output nd erthquke ground motion dt s inputD prmetri system identi(tion using tte pe wodel of the struture hs een rried outF he extrted modl mtrix for the entire struture hs een utilized for the evlution of struturl sti'ness mtrix using lest squre tehniqueF husD y pplying this strtegy to oth undmged nd dmged )oor elertion response dtD the identi(tion of the dmge lotion s well s the evlution of extent of dmge ould e very e0iently rried out through the omprison of struturl sti'ness mtries otined orresponding to oth the sesF righly urte vlues of sti'ness of the struture ould e evluted orresponding to oth undmged s well s dmged sttes of strutureF purtherD in se of limited vilility of sensors long the height of multiEstorey uildingD the methodology ould yield very urte informtion relted to struturl sti'nessF he proedure is diretly useful to e pplied for the rel time struture sujeted to erthquke exittion nd struturl dmges n e very e0iently identi(ed y olleting elertion response dt from some sensors loted t di'erent )oor levelsF he rolzer9s griteri ould e used to overome the prolem of limited numer of sensors for the extrtion of full modl mtrix of strutureF
SEISMIC INVESTIGATION SITING PROCESS FOR A CERCLA WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY  ID 69
T. Schacher, EPFL (to be conrmed), Switzerland J. Beavers, University of Tennessee, United States

A LOSS ANALYSIS METHOD AND EVALUATION FOR CORRELATED BRIDGES IN A TRANSPORTATION NETWORK  ID 1663
R. Lee, Stanford University, United States A. S. Kiremidjian, Stanford University, United States

his study fouses on unertinty spei(tion in diret loss estimtion for sptilly distriuted trnsporttion networkF sn prtiulrD the e'et of ground motion nd dmge orreltion in the ggregte loss distriution is ddressedF e sensitivity of the loss distriution to dmge orreltion under the ssumption of n equiEorrelted ground motion rndom (eld is onsideredF he loss distriution my e solved nlytilly under the ssumption of independene y the onvolution of individul loss proility distriution funtions @pdfAF hependene in loss distriutionsD s result of orreltion e'ets in ground motion nd dmge rndom vrilesD my e treted in like mnner fter trnsformtions to unorrelted rndom vrilesF he form of the loss distriution is investigted vi wonte grlo simultion when there is dependene in ground motion nd in dmge nd when the dmge ftor nd replement ost of individul ridges re introdued s further soures of unertinty to lossF woreoverD the importne of inorporting orreltion e'ets is emphsized y oserved hnges to system reliilityF ystem filure for smple network is estimted through (rst order reliility @pywA methodF he sensitivity of system reliility to inresing levels of ground motion nd dmge orreltion is reported for smple pplitionF

his pper presents rief overview of the seismi invesE tigtion for siting potentil gomprehensive invironmentl esponseD gompenstion nd viility et @gigveA ste hisE posl pility ner the xew wdrid eismi one in the sntrplte egion of the nited ttesF he uthor ws onsultnt to the nited ttes heprtment of inergy for siting nd developing the seismi riteri for the ste hisposl pility to e used for inde(nite storge of the remnnts of future demolition of the urnium enrihment plnt ner duh uentukyF he site ws loted IHH km from the epienter of the perury UD IVIP erthqukeD one of three potentilly gret erthqukes tht ourred heemer ITD IVII to perury UD IVIPF he re is the highest seismilly tive region in the nited ttes est of the oky wountinsF he nited ttes invironmentl rotetion egeny9s @ieA seismi design requirements for wste disposl filities re they e designed for n erthquke ground motion tht hs PDSHH return period nd the foot print extremities of the fility must e TI meE ters from the lotion of roloene fultF fsed on the nited ttes qeologil urveyD the seismi hzrd ground motion for the proposed site ws estlished t PFSSg t fGg oundry onditionF istlishing the seismi hzrd inluded projet tem ssessment to provide nswers to the followingX @IA ss there evidene of pleoliqueftion t or ner the sitecY @PA ss there pleoseismi evidene of lol strong ground motioncY @QA ss there potentil for

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Poster Presentations
future liqueftion t the sitecY @RA ss there evidene of roloene displement of fults t the sitecY @SA ere there fults underlying the sitecY @TA ht is the pek ground elertion design vlue t the sitecY nd @UA ht re the hrteristis for the design ground motionc
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF NON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN A THERMAL POWER PLANT  ID 209
F. Nateghi-A., IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Rezaie, ERC-TEHRAN, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ES 8 & ES 7
fe the hllenge given y sfety stndrd requirementsF he projet will ontriute to the doumenttion of the reinfored onrete housing uildings of the wodern wovementD y nlysing the distriution of this uilding typeD with omprtive studies regrding the di'erenes in the rhiteturl lnguge dopted for s well s hnges indued y preservtion requirements on uildings of this type in res of highGlow seismiityD nd their determinnt ftors @erthquke hzrdD urn development poliiesAY existing ttempts nd distriution determined need for seismi rehilittionY the time when this type of onstrution rehed the respetive ountriesD nd the susequent reltionship to odes nd the erthqukes 'etingY the suitility of ertin methods for uildings situted in di'erent rnges of ulturl vlueF e uildingtypologil study ws performedD nd riteri in order to filitte the dilogue mong the tors in ssessment developedF yut of those investigted so frD omniD qreeeD ortuglD loveniD pin nd stly re regions prone to erthqukesD to vrile extentD nd some shred ommon housing typology in the erly th enturyF wultidisiplinry reserh interferenes reX soiologyGrhitetureD tehnologyGrhiteturlGeonomiD geophysilGurnistiD struturlGtehnologyGrhitetureF esults from previous reserh will )ow into the projet trnsdisiplinrilyF he projet ddresses the wy how to enhne the eptne for mesures towrds redution of seismi riskF ossiilities of dilogue with itizens re investigted in the reserh on prtiiptive spets in deision mkingD using the method of doumenttion of exmples of est prtieF his projet is funded s wrie gurie sntrEiuropen pellowship y the iuropen gommissionD ontrt nrF wispEgEPHHSEHHWUTSF
SEISMIC EVALUATION AND RETROFIT OF REFINERY HEATERS  ID 492
H. Kazem, NIOEC, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

xon truturl elements suh s mehnilD eletril nd rhiteturl elements lwys posses serious dmge potentils during erthqukesF hegree of dmge imposed y the non struturl elements is not usully mesured y the physil dmges usedD ut more so y the mount of the eonomil nd funtionl disruptions reted in uilt environmentF his phenomenon is enhned where the funtionl performne riteri used for the spei( site should e of higher stndrdsD mening for exmple the immedite use onditionsF sn order to ount for this sort of possile interruptions nd pln for the worst se senrio during n erthquke in therml power plnt in srnD study ws rried out to evlute the seismi vulnerility sttus of the mehnilD eletril nd rhiteturl omponents of the min ontrol uilding in this power plntF vevel one nd two ssessment methodsD nmelyY rpid nd detiled evlE utions were usedF wo min douments onsidered for this study were the wggi mnul nd piweEQIH evlution formsF ome modi(tions were lso performed to lirte the proedures to loE l onditionsF rmeters suh s nhorgeD lod pthD intertionD support onditionsD pounding impt nd virtion isoltor onerns were mong other ftors investigtedF he method used nd results otined whih re lssi(ed into four hzrd levels meningD very highD highD intermedite nd low will e presented in this pperF
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF INTERCONNECTED EQUIPMENTS ALLOWED TO UP-LIFT  ID 261
M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) V. Sharif, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Eshghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

his pper provides frgility nlysis of interonneted lokEtype equipments whih exist in most industril omplexes nd their responses re of mjor interest in seismi vulnerility nlysis of industril equipmentsF flokEype equipment under erthquke lods n e modeled s rigid lok resting on supporting sisF gonsidering the ft tht most of the equipments re interonnetedD rther thn stnding loneD it is neessry to inlude interonnetion e'ets in response of ll equipmentsF e new mthemtil model whih overs vrious type of roking motion nd upElift hs een developed with the onsidertion of its geometril nonlinerity euse of lrge deformtion of loksD s well s rigid ndGor )exile se onditionF he pper lso provides the numeril results of the equipment ehvior for vrious erthquke inputsF he results show the importne of the interonnetions onsidertion of the lokEtype equipments in the response ehviorF
CHALLENGES TO HISTORIC REINFORCED CONCRETE HOUSING ARCHITECTURE IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS OF EUROPE  ID 457
M. Bostenaru Dan, ROSE School, Italy R. Pinho, Universit degli Studi di Pavia, Italy

hesign onept nd onstrution proedures of re(nery instlltion similr to other engineering systems re going to improve nd on the other hnd mny di'erent prmeters suh s environmentl situtionsD mintenne sitution nd their losses during its tivities my dmge the proess tivitiesF sn this se the vulnerility of re(nery equipments tht re designed ording to the existing odesD re very importntF reters in the re(neries re the most importnt equipment tht onverts rude oil to re(ning oilF sn the re(neriesD equipment suh s heters is mde of three omponents suh s pipesD min odies nd stkF snside the heter the het trnsferred to the pipesF ine the heters hve speil geometries nd should hve resistne ginst erthqukeD therefore speil omputer lultions nd softwre suh s ex progrm is used nd with the ids of (nl resultsD the dmge mehnism of the heters n e preditedF he most importnt of filure modes of heters in the pst erthqukes re filure due to supporting struturesD overturningD inomplete stilityD insu0ient of erth onnetionsD insu0ient of olts t the onnetion to the foundtion nd wekness in foundtion nd soil eneth itF por determining the rel ehvior of hetersD typil rel heter in one of the re(neries @heter xoFUHIA with its inside temperture QWV g onsidered s se studyF he heter is mde of two stks with its height of SWFT meterD whih is tthed to the min supporting strutureF e lterl ring system is onsidered for the heterF he results otined from stti nlysisD modl nlysis nd site spetrum nlysis denotes tht the displementD sliding nd overturning of the heter is in good onditionsD utD stresses in the wll nd foundtion is overstressed nd the strengthening methods should e usedF pinllyD retro(t lultions nd design detil hve een presentedF
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HOLY VIRGIN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN SKOPJE  ID 529
M. Garevski, Institute of Earthquake Eng. Macedonia V. Sendova, Institute of Earthquake Eng. Macedonia B. Stojanoski, Institute of Earthquake Eng. and Eng. Seismology, and Eng. Seismology, and Eng. Seismology,

ustinility issues hve formed the puli ide tht kind of forti(tion leding to intensive development of towns inside n re delimitted within the surrounding nture is neessryF hile in the mjority of ses this mens upgrding existing uildings to hnged living stndrdsD erthquke prone ountries

433

ES 8 & ES 7
Macedonia

Poster Presentations
e monumentl IHHEyerEold multiEstory rik msonry syngogue in n prniso ws thretened with losure due to nonEompline with n nreinfored wsonry fuilding yrdinneF he yrdinne required demonstrting tht the uilding would protet life sfety in the event of mjor erthquke or upgrding the uilding to do soD despite the historil reord showing tht the uilding survived the qret IWHT irthquke with little dmgeF he minor dmge tht did our is still visile tody s the histori (nishes hve remined intt sine tht erthqukeF he struture onsists primrily of thikD rik msonry perimeE ter wllsD wood frmed diphrgms with digonl nd stright shethingD nd riveted struturl steel trusses nd olumns tht support the domes over the min snturyF he struture ws sujeted to liner dynmi nd nonliner stti nlyses to enhE mrk its ehvior during the IWHT erthqukeD to etter understnd its vulnerilities in the event of potentilly stronger shkingD nd to develop seismi improvements tht preserve its orntely detiled stone nd pinted plster (nishesF he most pproprite struturl solution onsistent with preE serving the histori fri tkes dvntge of the dynmi seprtion etween the modes predominted y inEplne nd outEofEplne wll shkingF he outEofEplne wll modes hve long periods nd hve low modl mss prtiiptionF he solution onsisted of omintion of intervention tehniquesD eh developed to minimize disturne to the nonstruturl (nishesD yet retin the originl dynmi hrteristisF hese interventions inlude system of tension ties in the tti tht interonnets the four perimeter wllsD yet irumvents the domed snturyY enterEored reinforement of the msonry wllsY nd (erEwrpF he tension ties ontin superEelsti nitinol wires nd were designed to e lightweightD esy to instllD nd to prevent the wlls from flling outwrd while mintining the inherent )exiility of the system tht enled the struture to survive the IWHT erthqukeF
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON THE SEISMIC SAFEGUARD OF ART OBJECTS  ID 857
M. Monaco, Faculty of Architecture Second University Naples, Italy M. Guadagnuolo, Faculty of Architecture Second University Naples, Italy M. Landol, Faculty of Architecture Second University Naples, Italy

he orthodox thedrl hurh of the roly irgin dting k to IVQS whih ws uilt y the most eminent wedonin nd flkn uilder endrej hmjnov ws put on (re in IWRQ nd lter it ws torn to the groundF yn the inititive of the estlished ford for ennovtion of this hurh nd due to the importne tht it hs ever hd for the itizens of kopjeD the kopje wetropolitn9s esidene pssed resolution on the reonstrution of the hurh of the roly irgin in PHHQF fsed on the dopted pperne of the renewed hurhD sssD kopje elorted the min projet on the reonstrution of the hurh ontining de(nition of the prinipl struturl systemD de(nition of the foundtion onditions over the existing foundtion nd their onsolidtion s well s detiled stti nd dynmi nlysisF he reonstrution of the hurh is eing done with onsidertion of its uthenti pperneD its previous lotion nd over the existing uthenti foundtionF he min spei(ity of the struturl system rising from the priorities regrding the pperne of the hurh on one hnd nd its seismi sfety on the other is the solution of the threeElyered ering fde mssive wllsF yn the inner sideD these re onstruted of solid riks in ement lime mortrD while on the externl sideD these re onstruted of rushed nd hewn stone in ement lime mortrF sn the middle prtD ontinuous reinfored onrete wll is envisgedF he performed detiled nlysis hs led to the generl onlusion tht suh designed struture of the hurh of the roly irgin ompletely stis(es the presried requirements nd riteri for suh type of strutures of speil importneF et the lst ymposium of the wedonin essoition of truturl ingineers this projet ws prolimed the est hievement in the (eld of design in epuli of wedoni in PHHRF
SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF A LOW RISE STEEL FRAMED SCHOOL  ID 588
H. Kazem, IAU, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Nateghi-A., IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

ith the knowledge of onstnt tret of mjor erthqukes nd espeilly the ltest drmti nd tstrophi erthquke of southern ity of fm in srn in PHHQD multi !disiplinry progrm ws lunhed in srn to ssess the seismi vulnerility of importnt uildings nd possily o'er ost !e'etive strengthening solutions for the ones in need F sn this progrmD noted emphsis ws pled on shoolsD due to very poor ehvior of shools during fm erthqukeF his pper is to present the methodology used to hieve the ojetives of the projet y onsidering qulittive nd quntittive proeduresF e generl evlution form ws designed for sreening onsidertionsD di'erent setions of the shoolF truture ws then opened nd s uilt drwings ws estlishedF xh tests were used nd some mteril tests lso were onduted to ount for the possile di'erenes with the originl design prmetersF fsed on tht Qh model ws onstruted nd liner nd stti nonliner nlysis ws performedF fsed on the nlysisD ritil dmge indexes nd envelope of ritil lods were determinedF pon wek !link identi(tionD ost e'etive shemes were proposed for strengthening onsidertionsF fefore nd fter retro(tting pplitionD ehvior ws lulted for eh shemes onsideredF fsed on the est performne y the spei( sheme onsideredD the (nl upgrding methodology ws deidedF sn this pper lsoD methodology nd detils utilized for upgrdingF e low rise steel frmed shool in ehrnD srn will e disussedF
SEISMIC EVALUATION AND STRENGTHENING OF AN HISTORIC SYNAGOGUE USING TRADITIONAL AND INNOVATIVE METHODS AND MATERIALS  ID 701
T. Paret, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., United States S. Freeman, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., United States G. Searer, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., United States M. Hachem, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., United States U. Gilmartin, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., United States

he prolem of reduing the seismi risk for rt ojetsD tht isD the ojets generlly ontined within wuseumsD is of gret interestF he (rst studies were performed in tpn nd were suessively orgnized in generl frmework y reserh progrm performed t outhern gliforni niversity nd sponsored y the qetty wuseum t wliuD gliforniF sn these ppers nd in the following stlin studiesD the theoretil models for the prolem re sed on the dynmi ehviour of rigid loks nd hve een deeply developedF nfortuntelyD euse of the gret lk of experimentl dtD determinnt prmeters for the hrteriztion of the prolem @like the frition etween two superimposed loks or etween the rt ojet nd the support plneA re often ssumed without referene to lortory testsF his pper presents the results of reserh progrm ontining the experimentl determintion of the frition oe0ient etween the rt ojet nd the support @y mens of testing pprtus d ho relizedA together with dynmi tests performed on simple shped ojets mde of di'erent mterilsF he dynmi tests were performed using n unidiretionl shking tle nd di'erent supporting surfesD so tht he in)uene of di'erent frition oe0ients hve een nlyzedF
SEISMIC DESIGN ALLOWING FOUNDATION UPLIFT (ROCKING) - A CASE STUDY  ID 1143
E. Ko, Arup, United States C. Field, Arup, United States

his pper o'ers omprehensive overview of the seismi design riteri nd pproh eing employed in the onstrution of the new gliforni edemy of ienes @geA fuilding in n prnisoD gliforniF he new ge will inorporte three new QEstory uildingsY one existing PEstory uildingY nd n ixhiit

434

Poster Presentations
ereD whih inludes two lrge spheres housing the lnetrium nd the inforestF he pizz )oor sl is fully ontiguous nd interonnets the four uildingsF he entire struture will e enlosed y green undulting grssEovered roofF yne ompletedD the QUHDHHH squre foot ge uilding will e the only museum in the to house plnetriumD quriumD rinforest nd reserh filities under one roofF e stndrd ode pproh required the use of ground nhors to prevent the uilding from overturning during seismi eventF his pper detils the methods used y erup engineers to vlidte the removl of suh nhors nd llowing the uilding to rok during seismi eventF sing fundmentl design priniplsD it ws determined tht the undulting roofD supported y the four min uilding omponentsD would remin stle when sujet to erthquke foresF xonEliner dynmi time history nlyses were employed to prove tht the glol ehvior of the uilding ws not signi(ntly 'eted y permitting limited uplift of the foundtionF he pper further disusses the performne ene(ts of dopting this innovtive pproh nd the signi(nt redution in foundtion osts whih resulted from the elimintion of ground nhorsF
SAFEGUARDING ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: ANCIENT ANTISEISMIC TECHNIQUES NEW APPROACH  ID 1386
B. Carpani, ENEA, Italy M. Indirli, ENEA, Italy

STS E1 & SS 6
with liner elsti strutures without tking into onsidertion the ft tht most of the strutures to whih nonEstruturl elements re tthed re designed to yield under the e'ets of strong erthqukeF es pointed out in the literture the nonEliner ehvior of the lod ering struture my signi(ntly 'et the nonEstruturl elementsF sn the study summrized in the pper for seleted whyp struturesD iFeF QEstory to IVEstory generi frmes omposed of elsti olumns nd iliner elstiEplsti springs t their ornersD nd nonEstruturl elements modeled s hyp osilE ltors with liner nd elstiEplsti spring propertiesD intertion nd detuning e'ets used inelsti mteril ehvior etween oth sustrutures re worked out in detilF higrms exhiiting the pek displement s well the VR perentile displement history of the min struture nd the nonEstruturl system re presented s funtion of the initil period of the nonEstruturl element for severl ground motion intensitiesF hese digrms re derived from set of numeril studies involving RH ground motionsF he ground motions re sled to the fundmentl period of the primry strutureF esults of this study re vlid only for nonEdeteriorting hystereti systemsD iFeF systems in whih strength deteriortion due to exessive deformtions or yli loding is not onsideredF

fegurding erhiteturl erheologil reritge @eerA in res sujeted to erthqukes is hrd prolem to feD oth for the di0ulty to de(ne pproprite intervention strtegiesD nd the huge mount of vlule eer strutures to e improvedF iven if eer needs high protetion level from erthqukesD in order to hnd down it to posterityD spei( onservtion riteri often on)it with modern ntiseismi requirementsF enother keynote regrds seismi hzrd de(nitionF sf frequent moderte seismi events use severe dmgeD rre strong erthqukes n indue omplete disruptionF gonsequentlyD proilisti pproh identifying the seismi input ould turn out indequteD while deterministi senrios tke into ount erthqukes with high return periodsF xowdysD it is ommonly epted tht ntiseismi omptile interventions must (rstly mth onservtion riteri s fr s possileD ringing eer monuments to their previous stilityD respeting originl struture without hnging the overll stti nd dynmi ehviourF sn ftD nlyzing postEerthquke dmge ptternsD severl historil onstrutionsD if well done @iFeF onstruted pplying the regol dell9rteA nd kept in good mintenneD n support seismi lods with resonle dmgeF henD improving tehnologies n e ppliedD if ongruent with the ove mentioned rulesF woreoverD euse eer hrteristis @mteril propertiesD onstrution spetsD stte of integrityA re frequently not very well knownD seismi rehilittion lwys needs preliminry urte nlysesD iming t fousing the nient uilders lexionD identifying onstrution typologies nd tehniques with ntiseismi e'etivenessD due to the seulr intertion etween environmentl nd nthropi ftorsF oD investigtions sed on erhiteturl erheology @uilding study through the reding of its time strti(tionsA nd erheosismology @onstrution seismi historyA re therefore neessryF he pper shows exmples of eer monuments relized with systems inorporting originl histori ntiseismi tehniquesD often inluding modern engineering priniplesF eismi input de(nition nd improvement strtegies re lso disussedF
VIBRATION PRONE NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IN ELASTIC-PLASTIC BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC EXCITATION  ID 1624
C. Adam, Vienna University of Technology, Austria

STS E1 & SS 6: The Last Mile, Implementation of Risk Mitigation Measures in Europe
Level-1
ACTIVITIES INITIATED BY BUET-VPI LINKAGE PROJECT ON SEISMIC VULNERABILITY IN BANGLADESH  ID 84
M. Ansary, BUET, Bangladesh A. Azad, BUET, Bangladesh F. Krimgold, VPI, United States S. Rahman, VPI, United States

xonEstruturl elements denote those omponents of uilding tht re not prt of the min struturl system ut my lso e sujeted to seismi exittionF st is widely reognized tht dmge of nonEstruturl omponents my seriously impir uilding9s funtionF he mjority of the reserh is onerned

rn development hs een progressing rpidly in fngldesh without the development of proper disster prevention systems ginst potentil erthqukesF filhm et lF hs pointed out tht the zone my e seismi gp tht is umulting stressD nd tht huge erthquke ould our somedy when the stress is relievedF st is urgently neessry to prepre omprehensive erthquke disster prevention plnF he urrent projet is eshD fngldesh inititive to redue vulnerilities of ommunities in some of the most hzrd prone ities of fngldesh @hhkD ylhetD ghittgongAF he rojet @PHHREPHHVA ims to rete wreness through lol level to ntionl levelD enle them to minimize losses to development gins nd to redue their vulnerility to nturl disstersF he mjor onerns of the inititives re ssessing the humn resoure pity regrding erthquke issuesD vulnerility nlysis of uildingsD dissemintion of erthquke wreness t lol ommunities etF he projet reE lies upon ommunity sed pproh to erthquke disster mnE gementD nd seeks to uild pities of ommunitiesD government funtionries t ll levelsD nd other stkeEholders in disster mnE gementD t ll levelsD in n orgnised mnnerF his projet ims to ssess the pities of ommunities nd lol dministrtion t urn level in fngldeshF he projet would demonstrte suitle model to minstrem the erthquke risk mngement inititives t ll levels nd help to redue erthquke risk in the most erthqukeEprone urn res in fngldeshF rn lnning snstitutions nd other relevnt genies in the seleted ities would e diretly involved in the plnning proess to ensure sustinility of these inititivesF his projet will work losely with relevnt orgniztions nd institutions t the xtionl nd vol levelsF verning from this inititive will e fed into the development of gommunity fsed hisster isk wngement ln t vol levels nd will help to minstrem trining in erthquke dissterF

435

STS E5
PROPOSAL FOR SAFER BUILDINGS AND HOUSING AGAINST EARTHQUAKE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES : LEARNING FROM NORTHERN PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE 2005  ID 266
T. Narafu, Building Research Institute, Japan, Japan M. Inukai, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Man, Japan

Poster Presentations
SEISMIC BUILDING MONITORING OF MULTISTORY RC STRUCTURES IN TURKEY - A CONTRIBUTION TO THE SERAMAR PROJECT  ID 2049
J. Schwarz, Bauhaus-Universitt, Germany D. H. Lang, Bauhaus-Universitt, Germany L. Abrahamczyk, Bauhaus-Universitt, Germany W. Bolleter, SYSCOM Instruments SA, Switzerland C. Savary, SYSCOM Instruments SA, Switzerland M. Bike, Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkey M. C. Genes, Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkey S. Kain, Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkey

e experiened nother trgi seismi event in kistn on ytF VD PHHSD whih used sulties of more thn UQDHHH nd n enormous numer of the injuredF st reminded us gin the huge risk of dmges y lrgeEsle erthqukes espeilly in developing ountriesF s prtiipted in survey tem dispthed y tpnese qovernment immeditely fter the event nd rried out onEsite survey on dmges of uildings nd housing in flkotD wnsehrD eotd nd sslmd nd interviews in the ministries relevnt to fuilding godes suh s winistry of rousing nd orks @wyrAD winistry of invironment @wyiAD gpitl hevelopment euthority @gheAD qeologil urvey of kistn @qAnd othersF s lerned tht vulnerilities of uilding nd housing ome from vrious spets suh s tehnil spets of fuilding godesD inomplete enforement oth in dministrtive nd prtieD insu0ient dissemintion of seismi tehnologies to soietiesD poor qulity of onstrution work like low qulity mterilsD lk of qulity ontrolD poor skills of lors nd onvined tht omprehensive pproh@not only tehnil ut lso soilD eonomil nd ulturl spetsA is required to mitigte dmges of uildings nd housing nd lso tht nother di'erent pproh for nonEengineered housing should e explored sine forml regultory institutions like uilding odes do not funtion well in this (eldF his pper reports the dmges of uilding nd housingD nlysis on themD fuilding godes nd the enforement in kistn sed on the results of the onEsite survey nd proposes omprehensive strtegies for sfer uilding nd housingD whih re expeted to e inputs for disussions on one of the most keen issues for sfer living environment in developing ountries mong reserhersD people in prtieD dministrtionD donor ommunities nd people in relevnt (eldsF
OUTCOME OF SEISMIC MICROZONATION MAPS FOR THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS  ID 541
F. Widmer, Federal oce for the environnement, Switzerland O. Lateltin, Federal oce for the environnement, Switzerland J. D. Rouiller, Cantonal administration, Switzerland

eismi mirozontion ims to tke into ount the importnt in)uene of lol geology nd topogrphy in the determintion of the seismi soliittions for the design of struturesF sn the pplition of uilding odesD this spet is usully overed y ssigning soil lss nd orresponding ode de(ned response spetrum to the uilding lotionF he new wiss uilding ode se PTI orresponds to simpli(ed nd dpted version of iuroode V for witzerlndF wo di'erent types or levels of mirozontion re used in witzerlndX the (rst level @lled  mirozontion ording to se PTI A is sed on the seismi zontion mp of witzerlnd oupled with stndrdized mps of foundtion soil lsses s de(ned in the uilding ode se PTIF he seond level @ spetrl mirozontion A requires inEdepth quntittive investigtions of soil properties s well s wve propgtion simultionsF hey re usully only performed for high risk potentil setors or ojetsF hese studies provide site spei( elsti response spetrD whih re then used y the engineers in lieu of the ode spetrF sn witzerlndD mny soil mps hve een estlished sine PHHPF heses mps re represented t sle of IXPS9HHHF epproximtely RH mps hve now een produedD nd PH new mps re plnned until PHIHD in order to over VH7 of the wiss popultionF hese mps of foundtion soil lsses re puli nd n e used for the seismi design of new onstrutionsD s well s for the evlution of the seismi sfety of existing uildingsF everl ntonl dministrtive proedures integrte these mps in the proess of the veri(tion of the seismi design of new uildings for the delivery of onstrution permitsD or in the seismi veri(tion of high risk existing ojetsF hese mps n e intertively displyed on spei( esiteD nd therefore rought to wide puliF

eent dmging erthqukes in urkey hve shownD tht not only the wrmr region round the megity sstnul is exposed to high seismi riskF ine most of the interntionl mirozontion projets re onentrted on the wrmr regionD there is n urgent need to enter on lterntive highEseismiity regionsD suh s the outhEentolin provine rtyF sn fll PHHRD the urkishEqermnEurkish joint projet iewe @eismi isk essessment nd witigtion in the entkyEwrsEegionA strted in the provine pitl entkyD n nient ity of ISHDHHH inhitnts in the southernmost tip of urkeyF tudging y historil preedeneD mjor erthqukes on this rnh of the hed eEist entolin fult system hve rel potentil for ourrene in the ityF he min ojetive of the projetD whih is prtly sponsored y the wiss egeny for hevelopment nd goopertion @hgA is the thorough mirozontion of n urn re in the forefront of dmging seismi eventF herey the ssessment of seismi hzrd nd the identi(tion of the lol uilding stok9s vulnerility is onduted in order to propose strtegies for risk mitigtionF sn this ontextD the instrumentl investigtion of uildings eing representtive for the respetive settlement re eomes n essentil prt of the projetF fsed on di'erent seletion riteriD three multistory g strutures were hosen nd equipped with eismi fuilding wonitoring ystems @fwA generously provided y gyw snstruments eF e fw onsists of four trixil strongEmotion elerometers @type wPHHPCAD of whih three instruments re instlled t di'erent )oor levels nd one t the outside of the uilding @freeE(eldEsttionAF he mjor tsk of the longEterm instrumenttion is to otin relisti dt on the struturl response due to erthquke shkingD nd thus to identify wek points of the struturl systemD to elorte the struturl vulnerilityD nd to llow lirtion of the nlytil uilding models s well s nonliner nlysis methodsF

STS E5: Eurocode 8 : How to Apply ?

Level-1
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COUPLED SYSTEMS CONSIDERING DUCTILITY EFFECTS IN ACCORDANCE  ID 852
J. R. Kralik, Tnes, Slovak Slovak University University of of Technology, Technology, Slovakia Slovakia (Slovak (Slovak

Republic) Republic)

his pper presents results of experimentl nd numeril nlysis of seismi resistne of reinfored onrete oupling system onsidering the plsti pity in ordne of stndrd requirements x ix IWWVD rix IWWV @PHHQA nd norm fRHIS @PHHPAF he plsti pity of the struture n e estlished y prmeter q in the se of the spetrl nlysis to determine the seismi responseF he experiene from dynmi nlysis of originl nd upgrded hospitl struture in ordne with stndrd requirements is presented in this pperF hynmi prmeters of the uilding struture re heked y experiment nd

436

Poster Presentations
the lultion model is modi(ed on the sis of the experimentF he new seismiEresistnt onstrution stndrds rix IWWV @PHHQA nd x ix IWWV enle to onsider the seismi lod e'et to strutures with regrd to their prtil dmgeD eventully ollpseF ith respet to omputtionl nd eonomil omplexity there ws method estlishedD whih permits to trnsform nonliner dynmi lultion to liner dominF hutility ftor is well desried in stndrdsD lthough nonessentil ignorne of physil kground ould tend to inorret results nd performne errors @plesh IWWQAF snorret nd unsuitle interprettion n our espeilly when hyrid struturl systemsD irregulr geometry shpes nd msses re onsideredF he frmework of the hospitl fility onsists of the omintion of frmesD sher wlls nd ore wll systemF xonliner nlyses of wlls oupled with frmes were relized y softwre lled gegu under system exF ptors of the ehviorD desried in reent stndrdsD re in se of some irregulr strutures unsuitly de(nedF he performne of those vlues would result into inorret onlusionsD s the rtile9s shownF he nonliner nlysisD of the Ph ritil sustrutures @wllD frmeD ore wllDFFA sujeted to the qusi lodD presents the eptle urte view of its resistneF
REAL EARTHQUAKE TIME HISTORIES SCALING TO SATISFY THE EUROCODE 8 SELECTION CRITERIA  ID 1842
Z. Ozdemir, KOERI-Bogazici University, Turkey Y. M. Fahjan, KOERI-Bogazici University, Turkey

STS E9
sn this pperD newly developed tehnique is employed for evlution of rking strength of in(lled frmes nd ompred with some experimentl resultsF he method uses the results of liner (nite element nlysis nd goulom filure prmetersY frition oe0ient nd ohesion of mortr jointsF he method n either tke into ount the e'et of reinforement in the rking strengthF woreover some experimentl tests hve een performed to vlidte the proposed method nd it ws shown tht the method n estimte the rking strength of in(lled frmes urtelyF wo di'erent frmes were used in experimentl tests whih were (lled with msonry or onrete in(llsF he frmes re sled models of the lowest storey of respetively tll uildings nd four to (ve storey uildingsF he (rst one hs simple onnetions of em to olumn nd the seond hs rigid onnetionsF ueywordsX wsonryD in(llD rking strengthD (nite elementD experimentl tests

EFFECT OF MASONRY INFILL WALLS ON LATERAL BEHAVIOR OF BUILDINGS  ID 494

A. Ugurhan, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Y. Ahmet, Middle East Technical University, Turkey O. Mehmet Selim, MNG Construction, Turkey

THE

hue to rpid developments in struturl nlysis nd omputtionl filitiesD timeEhistory nlysis is eoming more ommon in seismi nlysis nd design of struturesF he ruil issues of suh nlysis re the seletion nd sling of elertion time histories to stisfy design response spetrum t spei( siteF sn litertureD there re three soures of elertion time historiesX design response spetrum omptile rti(il reordsD syntheti reords otined from seismologil models nd elerogrms reorded in rel erthqukesF hue to the inrese of ville strong ground motion dtseD using nd sling rel reorded elerogrms is eoming one of the most ontemporry reserh issues in this (eldF iuroode V permits using of reorded elerogrms for erthE quke time history nlysisF e minimum of Q elerogrms should e used where the men of the zero period spetrl response elE ertion vlues should not e smller thn the vlue of gF for the site in questionF he men vlues of S7 dmping elsti spetrumD lulted from ll time historiesD should not e less thn WH7 of the orresponding vlues of the ode elsti response spetrum t periods rnge etween HDPI nd PID where I is the fundmentl period of the strutureF sn iuroode VD the shpe of horizontl elsE ti response spetrum is de(ned y four rnhes using the vlues of the periods fD g nd h whih tke vrying vlues for the (ve lol site lsses eD fD gD hD nd i nd two rnges of erthquke mgnitudesF sn this studyD time domin sling proedure is utilized to sle the ville rel reords in existing dtse to mth the proposed elsti design spetrum given in the iuroode V for di'erent seismi regions nd soil typesF he est (tted ground motion time histories re seleted nd lssi(ed tken into ount the erthquke mgnitudeD fol mehnismD site onditions nd fult to site distneF

sn most of the reinfored onrete uildingsD hollow mE sonry in(ll wlls re used s nonEstruturl prtition wllsF ine they re used s nonEstruturl memerD during design stgeD their ontriution to overll uilding ehvior is not onsideredF yservtions mde fter mjor ertqukes in urkey reveled tht these nonEstruturl elements hd ene(il e'ets on the lterl pity of the uildingF sn this studyD the ontriuiton of hollow msonry in(ll wlls to the lterl ehvior of reinfored onrete uildings is investigtedF por this purposeD three nd six story symmetri uildings re modeled s re nd in(lled frmesF rmeters tht re investigted re olumn reD in(ll wll reD distriution of msonry in(ll wlls throughout the storyF o determine the e'et of eh prmeterD glol drift rtios re omputed nd ompredF

RESIDUAL SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RC FRAMES WITH UNREINFORCED BLOCK WALL BASED ON CRACK WIDTHS  ID 748
H. Choi, The University of Tokyo, Japan Y. Nakano, The University of Tokyo, Japan N. Takahashi, The University of Tokyo, Japan

STS E9: Analysis and Design of RC Frames with Masonry Inlls

Level-1
CRACKING STRENGTH OF INFILLED FRAMES AND BOND BEAM DESIGNING METHOD  ID 26
H. Moghadam, Sharif Univ., Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Mohammadi, Sharif Univ., Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

efter n erthqukeD the mjor onerns to dmged uildings re their sfetyGrisk to ftershoksD quntittive dmge ssessment to evlute their residul seismi pity nd to identify neessry tions on the dmged uildingsF ostEevent dmge evlution is therefore essentil for quik reovery of dmged ommunity s well s preEevent seismi evlution nd strengthening of vulnerle uildingsF pew investigtions on msonry wllsD howeverD hve een mde to quntittively identify their dmge level nd riteri to judge neessry tions for their ontinued useD repir nd rehilittionF sn this studyD onrete lok @gfA in(lled reinfored onrete frmes for shool uildings in uoreD where gf wlls re typilly unreinforedD re experimentlly investigted to develop preE nd postEerthquke seismi evlution methodF sn the testsD fullEsleD oneEyD singleEstory speimens hving di'erent xil lods in olumns nd di'erent opening on(gurtions in wlls re tested under yli lodingD nd the ontriution of gf wlls to overll ehviors nd rk ptterns nd widths in wlls nd frmes whih my e of gret signi(ne for postEevent ssessment re refully oservedF sn this pperD the simpli(ed model to estimte residul deformtion from residul rk width in olumns nd gf wlls is proposedD nd the reltionship etween seismi pity redution ftor nd residul rk width @or dmge levelA is disussedF

437

STS E9
AN INVESTIGATION ON DUCTILITY OF RC FRAME IN FILLED WITH UN-REINFORCED MASONRY WALL SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC LOADING  ID 767
M. Z. Kabir, AmirKAbir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) R. Shahmoradi, AmirKAbir University, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

Poster Presentations
H. Varum, University of Aveiro, Portugal

nEreinfored msonry wlls @wA re widely used in developing ountry in uildings due to short time nd low ost of onstrutionF sn widdle istD w wlls re used s oth ering nd nonElod ering struturl elementsF he seond usge is onerned with using them s in(ll in steel nd reinfored onrete @gA frmed uildingsF roweverD experienes from the pst erthqukes oviously show tht sti'nessD dutility nd other hrteristis of these frmes hve een drmtilly hnged fter dding of suh in(llF sn order to study the e'et of w in(ll in g frme two re frmes re onstruted with sme geometryD using similr mterilsF henD one of them is in (lled using onventionl rik nd mortl without ny dditionl reinE forementF he pproh of qusiEstti yli loding is employed using horizontl tutors to speimensF yut of plne movements is prohiited using lterl supportF hisplements in vertil nd horizontl re mesured y vh equipmentsF he filure mehnism of oth speimens is desried in detilsF he evlution of strength nd sti'ness degrdtion of systems is presented sed on envelope foreEdisplement urve of tul speimen under yli lodsF esults of the urrent study re shown in the form of dutility ftorsD hysteresis loops nd lodEdisplement envelope urvesF huring the testD in(ll nd frme re performed seprtelyF rimrilyD there is n inresed sti'ness due to in(llD howeverD fter some digonl rksD the wll looses its sti'nessD s resultD the lod rrying pity of omined system is onsiderle delinedD nd (nlly the envelope urve of the system rehes to the lotion where the mximum point of lodEde)etion urve for re frme is otinedF
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF AAC INFILLED RC FRAMES  ID 1070
A. Penna, EUCENTRE, Italy F. Dacarro, EUCENTRE, Italy G. M. Calvi, EUCENTRE, Italy

eismi nlysis of g strutures requires relisti nd simple nlytil modelsF sn this pper re presented two models proposed nd implemented in the progrm yexvD to represent the g uildings ehviour under erthquke lodingF he (rst model represents the in)uene of in(ll wlls in the glol uilding responseD nd the seond model represents the nonEliner sher ehviour of g elementsF he msonry in(ll wlls re ommonly used s nonEstruturl omponentsF st is highly reognized tht the response of g uildings to erthquke lods n e sustntilly 'eted y the in)uene of in(ll wllsF st is presented n improved numeril model for the msonry in(ll wllsF he proposed nonEliner model is n upgrde of the ommonly used equivlent iEdigonl ompression strut modelF he response of g elements to erthquke lods n e ontrolled y ending or sher ehviourD depending on the geometril hrteristis of the elementsF he originl version of the yexv progrm ws le to represent the nonEliner ending ehviourF o represent the sher ehviourD in elements where the sher is not negligileD it ws developed nd implemented in the yexv nonEliner modelF pinllyD in this pper re presented nd disussed the results of series of lirtion nlyses sed on tests on fullEsle speimensF
IS ADDING HIGH STRENGTH INFILL WALLS TO THE NON DUCTILE RC FRAMES AN EFFECTIVE RETROFITTING TECHNIQUE?  ID 1179
E. Yuksel, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey C. Nur, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

hue to their exellent regulrityD lightness nd insultion propertiesD utolved erted onrete msonry loks re widely used in onstrutionsD oth for struturl nd nonEstruturl elementsX in spite of generl lk of knowledge out their seismi performneD they re very ommon even in seismi resD suh s stly nd other iuropen ountriesF e omplete set of experimentl tivities hs een rried out t igixi nd niversity of vi vortories in order to ssess the seismi pity of eeg msonry in(lled rFF frmesX tests on mterilsD loksD smll suEssemlges nd wllets hve een performed preliminrilyF pull sle tests of oneEstorey singleEy in(lled rFF frmes @designed ording to igVA hve een performedX severl reinforement solutions for the in(ll msonry hve een tested nd ompred oth for yli qusiEstti inEplne response nd outEofEplne ehviour of inEplne dmged in(ll wllsF ixperimentl results show interesting pplitions for eeg msonry for in(ll pnelsX high deformility nd low weight of the mteril led to otin di'erent performne in omprison with stronger msonry typologiesD oth regrding the pnel dmge nd the intertion with the rFF frmeF he di'erent reinforement solutions hve een ompred in terms of expeted seismi response @deformtion pityD energy dissiptionA nd (nl dmge pttern nd some onlusions hve een derived from the oserved performnesF xumeril simultions of the experimentl response llow to extend the results otined in the performed tests to ssess whole uilding seismi performneF
NUMERICAL MODELS FOR SIMULATION OF THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF RC STRUCTURES  ID 1082
H. Rodrigues, University of Aveiro, Portugal A. Costa, University of Aveiro, Portugal

wsonry in(lls hve usully een used in uilding type strutures for rhiteturl resonsF hey hve een normlly onsidered s nonEstruturl elements nd their presene hs een ignored y engineersF he performne of the struture n e gretly improved y the inrese of strength rising from the msonry in(llsF he inrese in strength lso ompnies the inrese of the initil sti'ness of the struture whih my results inresing of the inerti foresF hue to existene of in(ll wllsD it is dissipted onsiderle mount of input energyF he min ojetive of this study is to investigte the e'etiveness of dding high strength in(ll wlls to the g frmes to upgrde their erthquke performneF por this purposeD QEy nd SEstorey reinfored onrete frme tht represents existing non dutile g frme type strutures in urkey is nlyzed prmetrillyF he performne of the struture for di'erent strengths of in(ll wlls is ssessed using nonliner timeEhistory nlysisF he shegPh twoE dimensionl inelsti (nite element progrm is hosen to perform these nlysesF he results of these nlyses will e ompred to evlute the e'et of in(ll strength on the response of non dutile g frmes nd the e'etiveness of high strength in(ll wlls for retro(tting of g frmes will e ritiizedF
RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS USING MASONRY INFILL WALLS  ID 1374
S. Nishikawa, Cabinet Oce Disaster Management, Japan A. Goyal, I.I.T. Bombay, India

he ollpse of numer of lowEstrength reinfored onE rete @gA uildings hving softEstorey t the ground )oor during reent erthqukes is de(nitely mtter of onern for the onstruE tion industryF wost of these uildings hd g moment resisting frme resting on shllow isolted footingsD hving unEreinfored rik in(ll pnels only ove the ground )oor level resulting in softEstorey t the ground )oorF wost of these uildings were designed only for grvity lods nd were de(ient in lterl lod resisting pity nd dutility pity ftorF sn this pperD it hs een demonstrted through nlysis of typil fourEstorey uilding tht ddition of properly designed new msonry in(ll wlls in soft storeyD nd strengthening of in(ll wlls t other storeys provides the simplest nd ostEe'etive lterntive for retro(tting of suh uildingsF por the exmple uildingD extensive nonEdestrutive

438

Poster Presentations
tests were ondued to estlish mteril propertiesF he properties of in(ll wlls used in mthemtil model were ssessed sed on lortory test resultsF he numeril results re presented for rel uilding eing retro(tted using in(ll wlls to show tht @IA in(llEwlls protet the olumns y shring lterl foresD @PA in(llEwlls sor signi(nt mount of energy through dmgeD nd in(llEwlls provide n lternte grvity lod rrying systemF he ultimte ollpse of retro(tted uilding is preeded y lrge driftF st hs een demonstrted in the pper tht repeted nlyses re neessry to (nd the optimum lotions of new in(ll wllsD nd detiled engineering is required for proper lod trnsferF
3D NONLINEAR RESPONSE SIMULATIONS OF BAM TELEPHONE CENTER RC BUILDING TO THE 2003 BAM EARTHQUAKE  ID 1528
M. Hooshmandzadeh, Islamic Azad University of Shushtar Branch, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

STS E10
model ould overestimte struturl pity nd sher vlues in olumns otined with threeEstrut model re more relisti thn single strut model onesF

STS E10: By How Much Does the Natural Frequency of Structures Decrease During Seismic Response ?
Level-1
LOW AMPLITUDE VERSUS HIGH AMPLITUDE MOTIONS IN FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS  ID 884
A. Jalali, University of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) M. Razeghi, University of Tabriz, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

fm telephone enter uildingD with nonsymmetril reinfored onrete moment resisting frme strutureD is loted out IFS km northest of the PHHQ fm erthquke strong motion sttionF fsed on the postEerthquke dmge ssessment resultsD lmost no nonliner residul deformtions or rks were oserved on the struturl elements of the uildingF roweverD ssuming the designed se sher oe0ient of the strutureD nonliner responses were expeted for the uilding due to the erthqukeF reneD in order to otin n nlytil nswer for the liner performne of the uildingD threeE dimensionl nonliner time history nlyses were rried out for the uildingD sujeted to the xorthEouth nd istEest reorded strong motionsF he response simultions were implemented in di'erent tegories for the re frme nd the in(lled frmeF en pproh ws developed for modeling msonry in(ll wlls with or without openingsF he results of the nlyses were ompred with the oserved dmges nd residul rks on the msonry in(ll wllsF esonle orreltions were otined etween the nlytil results nd the oserved onesF st might e onluded tht existene of the msonry in(ll wlls is the min reson for the liner responses of fm telephone enter uildingD during the erthqukeF
A THREE-STRUT MODEL REFINEMENT FOR INFILLED FRAME ANALYSIS  ID 1609
S. Biondi, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy E. Candigliota, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy C. Nuti, Dis Structure Department Third University of Rome, Italy

ixperimentl results on speimens nd ehviour of rel strutures sujet to erthquke show lerly tht the intertion etween rFF frmes nd in(lling pnels n determine stress onentrtion nd frgile filure in the strutureF her stress onE entrtion n hppen in olumns not only for prtiulr geometri dispositions ut lso for frme to in(lling pnel intertionF uh phenomen hve to e onsidered in non liner nlysis of the strutureF ytherwise if the simpli(ed model of equivlent strut is usedD it is noted ler disordne etween the experimentl nd theoretil results with respet to stress distriution in rFF elementsD prtiulrly in lterl olumnsF e simple sheme of n equivlent three digonl struts insted of the trditionl single one is presentedF st seems to e le to give good levels of ury in non liner (eldF he min spets in the model re position @tht in)uenes the stress level in rFF elementsA nd dimension @tht in)uenes the glol system sti'nessA of the equivlent strutsF sn order to vlidte this modelD n experimentl test progrm t gie truturl vortory is een rried out while stti tests re in progress t euthors lortoriesF xumeril nlyses on multiEstorey nd multiEy frmes re rrying outF griteri to evlute strut mehnil hrteristis from mteril orthotropi strength prmeter s well s to estlish the position nd dimensions of the struts in the frme re givenF sing the proposed threeEstrut model etter de(nition of sher distriution in rFF frme elements n e otined in omprison to single strut modelF rtiulrly if the pek strength level for in(lled frme is ssumed s servieility limit stteD in this rnge the single strut

he srnin ode hs dopted the period formuls onE tined in the IWWU fg @uniform fuilding godeD IWWUA whih were derived lrgely sed on periods of uildings mesured from their motions reorded during the IWUI n pernndo erthqukeF feuse of drsti di'erenes etween uildings in srn nd nited ttes of emeri in terms of mteril nd type of uildings nd lso workmnshipD suitility of suh empiril formuls is quesE tionleF he ojetive of this investigtion is to develop improved empiril formuls to estimte fundmentl virtion period of reinforedEonrete@GgAD steel momentEresisting frme@wpA nd dul system uildings for use in equivlent lterl fore nlysis spei(ed in uilding odesD whih is developed sed on our own uilding dt in srnF sn this reserh the results of mient virtion mesurements on QH reinfored onrete uildings nd QH steel strutures loted t ehrn nd riz hve een presentedF emient virtion mesurements hve een onduted on uildings designed ording to srnin odeD nd the results of suh mesurements hve een ompred with ode formulsF he results show tht in ll ses the fundmentl periods predited from mient virtion mesurements fll elow those otined from empiril formuls of the odeD s if the ode predited periods t s upper limit for test resultsF sn order to (nd resonle reltion etween fundmentl periods otined from low nd high mplitude motionsD extensive study of reorded ground motions on di'erent uildings during erthqukes hve een ondutedF e hve used reords from min shoksD preEshoks nd fterEshoks of ertin erthqukesF sn seleting the reordsD we exluded the reords tht hve driven the uildings into their nonliner ehviorF emplitude dependeny of virtion properties of uildings hs een disussedD nd reommendtions for dopting new empiril formuls sed on the results of mient virtion tests hve een mde for srnin odeF
DYNAMIC AUSCULTATION OF BUILDINGS AND SEISMIC INTEGRITY THRESHOLD ASSESSMENT  ID 1002
S. Hans, ENTPE, France C. Boutin, ENTPE, France E. Ibraim, University Walk, UK P. Roussillon, BRGM, France

eent results of in situ mesurements nd their interest for seismi ssessment of existing uildings re presented nd nlyzedF he methodology is exposed on three stepsF pirst n experimentl progrm ws performed in order to justify the use of virtion dt olleted in situ for identifying the tul dynmi ehviour of usul intt uildings uilt ording to the ommon prtiseF he response to mient virtionsD hrmoni exittion nd shok loding is reorded on intt uildings ut lso fter their struture or their viinity ws modi(edF king dvntge of the demolitionD the tests enle to determine the tul in)uene of the light work elementsD full prest fde pnelsD ering msonry wllsD nd the presene of neighouring joined uildingsF hese experiments relized on seven rel uildings show tht

439

STS E10
informtion gthered from mient mesurements provide relile nd e0ient dt of rel interest for ler understnding of the tul uilding ehviourF eond it is shown tht the experimentl modl hrteristis otined on regulr onrete uildings re desried suessfully y suited lssil or unommon ontinuous em modelling onsistent with the internl strutureF sn given diretion of motion the key identi(tion prmeter of the relevnt modelling is the frequeny distriution of the two @or threeA (rst eigenfrequeniesF hirdD the dvntge of integrting these previous developments in the vulnerility ssessment is presented nd disussedF ghoosing the mximum tensile strin of onrete s dmge riterion for key struturl elementsD mximum level of the ground elertion @in regultion meningD s WPA n e determinedF his soElled eismi sntegrity hreshold is diretly relted to the onset of struturl dmgesF his new pproh is illustrted y using the in situ reords of one of studied uildingsF his work underlines the dvntges of using mient virtions survey for the vulnerility ssessment of existing uildingsF
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN 8-STOREY BUILDING ESTIMATED FROM STRONG MOTION RECORDS  ID 1005
T. Kashima, Building Research Institute, Japan

Poster Presentations
numer of lower intensity eventsAD it will our erly on in the response to exittion nd therefter the sti'ness will redue rpidly leding to the loss of the tension sti'ening e'et of the onreteF husD the relile sti'ness of the memers of n existing g frme n only e on(dently tken s the yield sti'nessF he unErked nd yield period of new nd existing iuropen reinfored onrete uildings of vrying height oth with nd without in(ll pnels is nlytilly lulted herein using oth eigenvlue nd pushover nlysesF he results re ompred with the urrent iuropen odeEsed formul @iFeF IagtrQGRA nd proposls to updte this eqution for design nd ssessmentD respetivelyD re presentedF
MONITORING THE DYNAMICS OF A CONCRETE BUILDING ENDURING EARTHQUAKE AND WIND EXCITATION  ID 1207
J. Snbjornsson, University of Icland, Iceland O. Thorarinsson, University of Iceland, Iceland A. Carr, University of Canterbury, New Zealand R. Sigbjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland

nderstnding of dynmi hrteristis of uilding strutures is key issue in the seismi design tehnologyF prom this point of viewD fuilding eserh snstitute @fsAD tpnD hs een operting the strong motion network for uildings sine IWSUF he fs nnex uilding is one of the sttions of the fs strong motion network nd is densely instrumented with PP elerometersF sn this pperD vrition of dynmi hrteristis of the nnex uilding is disussed through nlyses using strong motion reordsF heresing of fundmentl nturl frequenies of the nnex uilding with the pssge of time is reognized from the optimizing nlysis of ISV strong motion reords using singleEdegreeEofEfreedom systemF IT strong motion reords with reltively ig displements re seleted in order to exmine suh phenomen in detilF he ivolution trtegies @iA lgorithm is pplied to the optimizing nlysis using multiEstorey swyEroking modelF he i is powerful prolemEsolving tool sed on nturl evolutionF fuilding sti'nessD roking sti'nessD swying sti'ness nd uilding modl dmping rtio re estimted for eh strong motion reord using the i lgorithmF he roking sti'nessD the swying sti'ness nd the modl dmping rtio of the uilding show stle ehvior with the pssge of timeF gonsequentlyD it is on(rmed tht the deresing of the nturl frequenies is used y the softening of the uilding sti'nessF
SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATION OF PERIOD OF VIBRATION OF EXISTING BUILDINGS  ID 1122
H. Crowley, ROSE School, Italy R. Pinho, University of Pavia, Italy

irthquke nd wind indued elertion dt hs een systemtilly olleted in IREstory reinfored stEinEple onrete uilding over period of IR yersF he uilding hs een sujeted to repeted erthquke nd wind indued exittionF he erthquke dtse for the uilding presently ontins 1 reords from over IHH events rnging from mgnitude P 1 to T 2 2 with elertion mplitudes of up to PP7 gF he wind dt tlogue is lrger ut generlly ontins lower mplitude dtF he geometry of the uilding is rther omplexD s the )oor plns vryD hnging vertillyF he instrumenttion is loted t three levelsX the sementD the Vth )oor nd the IRth )oorF he reorded elertion dt is used for system identi(tion of the uildingF he im isD to use system identi(tion tehniques nd the ville reordings to ssess the si dynmi properties of the uildingD iFeF the nturl frequenies nd ritil dmping rtios for the min modes of virtionF purthermoreD to exmine the vriility of the system prmeters nd their dependene on the exittion onditionsF pinllyD to hek if ny hnges in struturl ehviour n e oserved throughout the oservtion periodF he results serve oth s seline for dmge identi(tion s well s lirtion dt for further struturl modelling of the uildingsF ghnges in the system prmeters re oservedD whih pprently depend oth on time s well s exittion levelF e slow inrese in )exiility is oserved during the whole oservtion periodD in ddition to n instntneous derese in nturl frequenies fter eh erthqukeF he pronouned derese in nturl frequenies fter the igger erthqukes is followed y reovery period where the nturl frequenies inrese slowly nd tend towrds the initil9 onesF he instntneous9 derese in nturl frequenies is ompnied y inrese in orresponding ritil dmping rtiosD whih support the interprettion of wek nonEliner ehviourF
IN SITU EXPERIMENT AND MODELLING OF RCSTRUCTURE USING AMBIENT VIBRATION AND TIMOSHENKO BEAM  ID 1246
C. Michel, LGIT, France S. Hans, ENTPE, France P. Gueguen, LGIT, France C. Boutin, ENTPE, France

gurrentlyD seismi design of new iuropen uildings folE lows foreEsed pprohD whilst the ssessment of existing uildings is moving towrds displementEsed philosophyF sn foreEsed designD onservtive estimtes of the period of virtion should e produed suh tht the se sher fore will e onservtively predited from n elertion spetrumD nd thus the use of gross setion @unErkedA sti'ness is perhps eptleF xeverthelessD the formul given in the urrent version of igV hs een developed using glifornin uilding stok sed on the ssumptions tht the se sher is proportionl to IGPGQ nd the deformtions re ontrolled y the drift limitEstteF his formul should idelly e lirted to iuropen uilding hrteristis nd igV design spetr propertiesF por ssessment of uildingsD the use of the unErked sti'ness in the determintion of the period is ertinly inpproprite onsidering rking of ritil elements suh s ems generlly ours under grvity loding loneF roweverD if rking is not found to hve ourred efore the design seismi level of exittion @onsidered unlikely s this level of exittion would with ll proility hve een preeded y

eentlyD severl experiments were reported using miE ent virtion surveys in uildings to estimte the modl prmeters of uildingsF heir modl properties re full of relevnt informtion onerning its dynmi ehviour in its elsti dominF he min sope of this pper is to determine relevntD though simpleD em modelling whose vlidity ould e esily heked with experimentl dtF sn this studyD we reorded mient virtions in the sle erte PV stories uilding of qrenole @prneAF his uilding hs een seleted euse of the vertil struturl homogeneity @PV identil storiesAF pirstD set of reordings ws done using IV hnnels digitl quisition system @gityhrkA onneted to T Qg vennrtz Ss sensorsF e used the prequeny homin heomposition @phhA tehnique to extrt the modl prmeters of this uildingF eondD

440

Poster Presentations
it is shown in the following tht the experimentl qusiEelsti ehviour of suh struture n e redued to the ehviour of vertil ontinuous imoshenko emF e prmetri study of this em shows tht ijetive reltion exists etween the em prmeters nd its eigenfrequenies distriutionF gonsequentlyD the imoshenko em prmeters n e estimted from the experimentl sequene of eigenfrequeniesF rving the em prmeters lirted y the in situ dtD the reliility of the modelling is heked y omplementry omprisonsF por this purposeD the mode shpes nd eigenfrequenies of higher modes re lulted nd ompred to the experimentl dtF e very good greement is lso otinedF sn dditionD the em model integrtes in very syntheti wy the essentil prmeters of the dynmi ehviourF
REAL-TIME STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING INCORPORATING SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS  ID 1271
S. Soyoz, UC Irvine, United States M. Q. Feng, UC Irvine, United States E. Safak, USGS, United States

STS E10
ytF PQD PHHRD the wid xiigt refeture irthquke ws ourredF et two oservtion sites y twe nd xsih in yjiy ity xiigt prefetureD the exessive elertion reords were otined y min shok nd prinipl ftershoksF he ftershoks oservtion using prototype mesuring system ws onduted t two reinfored onrete uildings djent to these twe nd xsih9 oservtion sitesF hrough these severl kinds of oservtionsD the derese of mplitude t foundtion level to djent ground surfe is reognizedF ht ould e onsidered the e'ets of kinemti soil struture intertionF
VARIATIONS OF APPARENT BUILDING FREQUENCIES - LESSONS FROM FULL-SCALE EARTHQUAKE OBSERVATIONS  ID 1547
M. Todorovska, University of Southern California, United States M. Trifunac, University of Southern California, United States T. Y. Hao, University of Southern California, United States

wodl prmeters re often used for the purpose of struturl helth monitoring @rwA nd dmge detetionF roweverD environE mentl onditions ndD more importntlyD soilEstruture intertion @sA n lso use hnges in modl prmetersF o rtionl wy is to onstrut dtse of the modl prmeters under di'erent environmentl onditions nd erthquke exittionsD so tht their e'et n e exluded when evluting struturl dmgeF he uthors hve instrumented the glsP uildingD fourEstory reinfored onrete strutureD loted on the g srvine gmpus with RQ elerometersF ht mkes this uilding speil is tht these sensors re not only instlled on the uilding strutureD ut lso in the free (eldD nd deep onto the rok lyer of the soil foundtionD mking it possile to exmine the sF trting from xovemerD PHHR when this uilding ws new nd unoupiedD mient virtion of the uilding hs een regulrly mesured nd the dynmi hrteristis of the struture identi(ed to develop dtseF ithin one yerD two moderte erthqukes were lso reordedF st ws oserved tht the modl prmeters oE tined during the erthquke exittions di'er from those otined under mient virtionsF he hnge ws found to e minly due to the sF o frD the s hs not een tken into onsidertion in the urrent struturl helth monitoring reserhD whih my reE sult in erroneous resultsF he disovery mde in this reserh will ontriute to the development of relisti frmework for helth monitoring of relElife ivil engineering strutures y inorporting s with monitoringF el time dt nd urrent sttus regrding the rw of glEsP n e found onX httpXGGmfengFengFuiFeduGwripengG eserhtivitiesGhelthmonitoringG wveformPFhtml
A STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION ON BUILDINGS BASED ON STRONG-MOTION OBSERVATIONS  ID 1367
S. Koyama, Building Research Institute, Japan

esults re presented on the vritions of the system freE queny of more thn PH instrumented uildings in the vos engeles reD exposed to multiple erthquke shkingD oth wek nd strongF ell uildings reorded the IWWR xorthridge erthquke @wa TFUA nd some of its ftershoksD nd mny lso the IWUI n pernndo erthquke @w a TFTAD oth of whih used extensive dmge in the metropolitn reF por eh eventD the instntneous system frequeny ws estimted nd plotted versus time nd versus the instntneous mplitude of responseF his mde it possile to study its vritions during prtiulr erthqukeD nd from one erthquke to notherF he system frequenies oserved during mient virtionsD ville for some of the uildingsD were higher thn those oserved during strong shkingF he system frequenies were the lowest during the IWWR xorthridge nd IWUI n pernndo erthqukesD suggesting system softening during strong shkingD nd inresed during the ftershoksD suggesting system reoveryF he oserved temporry hnges were typilly up to out PH7F his reovery ws interpreted to e due to dynmi omption of the soil during the @wekA ftershok shkingF he temporry hnges of the uilding pprent frequenies were interpreted to e mostly due to hnges in the soilF esults re lso presented on the instntneous system frequeny in n instrumented uilding severely dmged y n erthquke nd lter demolishedF he initil oserved dereses of out PV7 for x nd PR7 for i motionsD re not elieved to e due to dmgeD sed on nlysis of drifts nd deteted novelties in the reorded response using wveletsF he susequent deresesD of out RR7 for x nd PI7 for i motionsD re ttriuted to dmgeF xer the end of shkingD inreses of out QS7 for the x nd QT7 for i motions were oservedD suggesting system hrdeningF
FREQUENCY AND DAMPING SHIFT DUE TO A DAMAGING EARTHQUAKE: THE CASE OF MOLISE (2002) ITALY  ID 1848
M. Mucciarelli, DiSGG - Universit della Basilicata, Italy M. Dolce, DiSGG - Universit della Basilicata, Italy M. R. Gallipoli, DiSGG - Universit della Basilicata, Italy A. Masi, DiSGG - Universit della Basilicata, Italy F. C. Ponzo, DiSGG - Universit della Basilicata, Italy M. Vona, DiSGG - Universit della Basilicata, Italy

sn order to proeed with the rtionliztion of the seismi design tehnologyD it is neessry to understnd the hrteristis of erthquke ground motions nd the erthquke response ehvior of uilding during erthqukeF fuilding eserh snstitute hs instlled strong motion oservtion instruments for SH yersF he prototype mesuring system usully onsists of oth on the top nd in the foundtion of the uilding nd djent ground surfeF sn severl uildingsD dditionl sensor with prototype system re onduted to get muh more informtion out the erthquke response ehvior of uilding during erthqukeF ispeillyD in se of nnex uilding of fsD the mpli(tion proess y the surfe lyers of ground nd the threeEdimensionl ehvior of the uilding re reorded using TT omponents y PP triExil sensors pled in nd round the uilding simultneouslyF he mirotremors oservtions re lso onduted to get the resonne hrteristis of uilding nd soil struture intertion in smll mplitudeF yn

huring the PHHP seismi sequene in wolise @stlyAD the town of fonefro su'ered moderte dmge @sa ss wg A exept for two reinfored onrete uildingsF hese uildings re loted on soft sedimentsD lose to eh other nd very similr in design nd onstrutionF he min di'erene is the heightX the most dmged one @iuropen wroseismi le dmge RA hs four storiesD wheres the less dmged @iw dmge PA hs three storiesF he w SFR shok on QI ytoer dmged oth of themF he seond shok on I xovemer @w SFQA inresed the dmge on the fourEstory uildingD just while SEminF seismi reording ws tkenF e nlysed the reorded dt using four di'erent tehniquesX shortEtime pourier trnsform @pAD wvelet trnsform @AD horizontlEto vertil spetrl rtio @rAD nd horizontlEtoEvertil moving window rtio @rwAF ell the

441

STS E11
results gree upon the estimte of the min uilding frequeny efore the seond shok nd upon the shift of frequeny due to dmgeF ell the fundmentl frequenies @preED duringED nd postEdmgeA re in the rnge PFS!IFPS rzF huring the quke there is redution of frequeny of out RH7D prtly restored fter the odF he dmping inreses of ftor PFS during the dmging phseF sn the frmework of n interntionl enhmrk projet @fyfEgodeA we performed numeril nlyses to try reproduing the oserved uilding ehviourF he glol properties nd their vrition were mthed y pushover nlysisD while for modeling the onset nd lolistion of dmge it ws neessry to mke some ssumption onerning the distriution of onrete mehnil propertiesF
CHANGING NATURAL FREQUENCIES IN STRUCTURES : THE CASE OF MILLIKAN LIBRARY  ID 1918
J. Clinton, ETH, Switzerland T. Heaton, Caltech, United States C. Bradford, Caltech, United States

Poster Presentations
prmeters suh sX dynmi properties of the strutures @nturl frequeniesD mode shpes nd dmpingAD ontinuity of the sti'ness long the strutureD seismi input @frequeny ontent nd mpliE tudes of motionAD resonnt e'etD soilEstruture intertion etF ell oveEmentioned prmeters ndGor prtiulr onesD ould provoke slight or signi(nt derese of nturl frequeny of the strutureF his phenomenon ould e investigted y mking oservtion on fullEsle struture @during erthqukeD fored virtion test with di'erent loding fore s well s y performing ontrolled explosion test with di'erent intensityA or y mking shking tle test on redued sle modelsF sss experiene in testing models within the period of IWVQEPHHTD o'ers mny dt regrding this phenomenon for oth (eld nd lortory mesurementsF sn this pperD the experiene from shking tle test of model of mixed reinfored onreteEmsonry uilding in sle IGQD s well s of model of IHS storey g hotel uilding in sle IGRH will e presentedF

he W story reinfored onrete willikn virry uilding on the mpus of gltehD geD eD is one of the most well studied strutures in the worldF ine its onstrution in IWTUD it hs een permnently instrumentedD with yerly fored virtion mesurementsF st hs survived @nd reordedA numerous reltively strong motions from moderte lol events @the IWUI wTFT n pernndoD IWVU wTFI hittier xrrowsD IWWI wSFV ierr wdre nd IWWR wTFU xorthridge events ll produed elertions in exess of QHHmGsGs t the roofAF ine PHHID the outhern gliforni eismi xetwork hs een rhiving ontinuous PHsps trixil dt from the Wth )oorF e QT hnnel triggered rry hs een operting sine IWWVF he struturl system hs su'ered permnent fll in nturl frequeny of PP7 in the fundmentl mode sine IWTVD used primrily y the strong motionsF huring eh strong motion eventD the nturl frequenies temporrily drop y out PH7 efore reovering most of the lost sti'nessF hese hnges hve ourred without ny mjor evidene of struturl dmgeF he ontinuous dt dditionlly suggests there re mesurle hnges of the nturl frequeniesD out PES7D t vrious timeslesD pprently in response to hnges in wether onditions @ler orreltions re oserved with tempertureD wind nd rinAD nd uilding usge @suh s weekends nd eveningsF when the elevtors re not used frequentlyD or when lirry spe is given over to o0e speAF he mehnism produing these hnges is not knownD nd my indeed e di'erent for strong motion nd mient virtionsF otentil mehnisms for the temporry nd permnent drops during strong shking inlude the degrdtion of nonEstruturl elements in the superstrutureY roking filitted y horizontl rks in the inner sher wlls t the sementY nd nonEliner softening or omption of the soil underneth the uildingF
COMPARISON OF PERIODS OF BUILDINGS DUE TO STRONG AND WEAK MOTION  ID 2062
M. Celebi, U. S. Geological Survey, United States

STS E11: Petrochemical Facilities and Large LNG Storage Tanks

Level-1
SEISMIC RETROFIT OF 153 GAS STATIONS IN CITY OF TEHRAN  ID 114
F. Nateghielahi, AZAD U. SOUTH, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Foroughi, ERC-TEHRAN, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

srn is ountry with high seismiity while ehrnD the pitl ity is loted on the highest seismi zone of the ntion nd lso is home to more thn IH million peopleF here exist ISQ gs sttions throughout the metropolitn whih re onstruted to old uilding odes with little or no ttention to seismi onsidertionsF sn this study whih ws supported y the ntionl oil ompnyD (rst site investigtion of eh sttion ws rried out reting generl seismi hzrd mpF e detiled review of the existing drwings nd reting e fuilt drwings y opening di'erent setions of the sttions nd ontrsting ginst the originl drwings were then estlishedF efter ompleting the s uilt drwingsD series of qulitittive nd quntittive investigtions sed on struturl nd (nite element nlysis ws performed resulting in wek link identi(tions for two performne levels nmelyY life sfety nd immidite useF fsed on nlytil investigtionsD deemEtoEomply strengthening detils nd drwings were onstrutedF his proedure ws repeted for the min uildingD shed strutureD piping nd tnksD pumps nd mehnil unitsF his pper will provide detils in regrds to the nlytil investigtionsD (ndings nd retro(ting tehniques whih were used to hieve the gols of the projetF
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE SEISMIC EVALUATION OF R/C STRUCTURES IN PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS  ID 123
F. Nateghi-A., IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Rezaie, ERC-Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

esults re presented for the periods of (ve fullEsle uildings instrumented y the FF qeologil urveyD deterE mined from reorded response to wek @mient noise or smller erthqukesAD nd stronger erthquke shkingF he results show tht the uilding periods n vry signi(ntly s funtion of the mplitudes of the responseD from few perent up to IHH7F
BY HOW MUCH DOES THE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF STRUCTURES DECREASE DURING SEISMIC RESPONSE?- IZIIS EXPERIENCE FROM SHAKING TABLE TEST OF REDUCED SCALE MODEL  ID 2067
L. Tashkov, Institute of earthquake Engineering-IZIIS, Macedonia L. Krstevska, Institute of earthquake Engineering-IZIIS, Macedonia

he seismi response of the struture depends on severl

sn this pper the seismi evlution of reinfored onrete strutures in petrohemil filities under sever onditions suh s high pressureD high temperture nd orrosive environment is studiedF hese strutures were designed nd onstruted during IWUTEUVF he evlution proedure is silly performed in two phses nmelyY A qulittive nd A quntittive methodsF sn the qulittive evlutionD ll possile doumenttions inluding drwingsD spei(tionsD struturl lultionsD new dditions nd test results were studiedF golleted dt then ws summrized in n evlution heklistF hen the needed requirements did not meet the spei(ed entriesD more detiled nd quntittive nlysis were performed nd utilized in this studyF untittive nd numeril study ws performed using (nite element modeling under sever loding omintionsF fsed on the results of this evlutionD some importnt g strutures in this plnt were highly

442

Poster Presentations
vulnerle to seismi fores whih required immedite ttentionF he methodology used nd results otined n e generlized nd dpted for similr filitiesF his pper will present detilsD proedure nd onlusions otinedF
EVALUATION OF SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF EXISTING UN-ANCHORED TANKS USING NUMERICAL ANALYSIS  ID 325
M. Seyed Razzaghi, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) S. Eshghi, IIEES, Iraq V. Rebecchi, CESI, Italy

STS E11
his pper desries the results of prmetri numeril nlyses onduted on simpli(ed rousner model of two typil vique(ed xturl qs tnksD of IHHDHHH nd THDHHH ui meters pity respetivelyF he sope of sid nlyses ws to study the struturl response of vxq tnks equipped with di'erent types of seismi isoltion systemsD iFeF high dmping ruer eringsD led ruer eringsD nd low dmping ruer erings omined with nonEliner )uid visous dmpersF he min vrile prmeter ws elsti or postEelsti sti'ness @depending on the type of seismi isoltion system onsideredA whih leds to di'erent vlues for the e'etive fundmentl periodF he e'etive equivlent visous dmping vrition rnges from IH to RH 7F xonEliner timeEhistory nlyses were rried outF he seismi input ws n elerogrm omptile with igVEoil g spetrumD with qeaHFRgF por high dmping ruer eringsD oth the equivlent liner nd nonEliner onstitutive models were used so s to ompre results nd provide guidelines for modelling designF he ene(ts of seismi isoltion with ny type of seismi isoltion system were mply demonstrtedF he study ws rried out within the frmework of the igEfunded sxhir projetF
A COMPARISON STUDY ON SEISMIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR SPHERICAL LIQUID STORAGE TANKS  ID 1136
J. Drosos, University of Patras, Greece S. Tsinopoulos, University of Patras, Greece D. Karabalis, University of Patras, Greece

hmge to onEgrde ylindril liquid storge tnks due to the pst erthqukes suh s szmitD urkey erthquke @IWWWA showed tht these strutures re seismilly vulnerleF he dynmi ehvior of ylindril steel tnks n e 'eted y severl prmeters suh s heightEtoEdimeter @rGhA rtioD the elevtion of liquid tleD nd the spei(tions of the ground motionF he se nhorge hs gret role in seismi response of onEground ylindril tnksF wny of the unEnhored tnks my experiene se uplift during the mjor seismi eventsY menwhile the response of the tnk my strongly 'eted y the se upliftF he ojetive of this study is to investigte the e'et of the spet rtio nd the volume of ontined liquid on seismi vulnerility of unEnhored ylindril liquid storge tnksF sn this study numeril nlysis rried out to investigte the nonliner ehvior of the existing tnks of vrious spet rtios @rGhaHFRD HFSD HFTA nd vrious liquid tle levels @PH7D SH7D TH7D VH7 fullA due to the strong ground motions nd the se upliftD xil ompression nd hoop stresses were estimted for eh se nd the results were ompred to the ode provisionsF he results of this study shows tht the se uplift nd the xil ompression stress nd the hoop stresses of the wll of unEnhored tnks @espeilly in tller tnksA my e strongly 'eted y vrition of the volume of the ontined liquidF hus the level of liquid tle hs gret e'et on seismi vulnerility of unEnhored storge tnksF
SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF STEEL STRUCTURES IN A PETROCHEMICAL PLANT  ID 335
A. Rezaei Tabrizi, ERC, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Nateghi-A., IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

smportne of industril filities nd their vulnerility to erthquke motions hve een shown in just out ny erthquke throughout the worldF srn eing mjor oil produing ountry with sustntil mount of investments pled on the produtionD storgeD proessing nd the trnsporttion of this nturl produeD from one sideD nd the high seismiity of srn from other sideD hs mde the seismi vulnerility ssessment of these filities priority numer one for the government o0ilsF sn doing soD mjor projet ws lunhed in order to investigte the urrent sttus of existing struture in hirz etrohemil filitiesF his pper is to present the methodology used nd results otined for this prtiulr steel strutures whih indeed re not only vulnerle to erthqukes ut lso hve een exposed to sever orrosion nd high temperture environmentF reening ws performed using egEIR nd nlysis ws onsidered y utilizing the egi stndrds s well s srninEPVHH seismi uilding odeF ite investigtion nd seismi hzrd study ws done for the omplex nd sed on tht RUS return period erthquke ws used for the spetrl nlysisF hemnds to pity rtios were lulted for the memers of the strutures nd the following riteri were used to lssify the dmge lssi(tionF he riteri isY hGg `IFI sfeD IFI`hGg`IFP vulnerle nd hGgbIFP very vulnerleF gorrosion on struturl steel memer ws onsider y using xh tests nd ounted s redution in memer sizesF
PARAMETRIC ANALYSES FOR THE SEISMIC ISOLATION OF LNG TANKS  ID 1046
G. Bergamo, CESI, Italy M. G. Castellano, FIP Industriale, Italy F. Gatti, CESI, Italy

e numeril study on the dynmi ehvior of typil spheril liquid storge tnkD equipped with vrious seismi protetion systemsD is presentedF pive di'erent ntiEseismi devies re investigtedY nonliner visous dmpersD ukling restrined res nd frition devies @pssive energy dissiptionA nd led ore nd high dmping ruer erings @se isoltionAF he numeril nlysis is performed y mens of detiled (nite element modelD tking into ount the ext geometry of the steel tnkD the )uidEstruture intertion e'ets for n ritrry level of (llingD the soilEstruture intertion s well s the nonElinerities introdued y the dissiptive ring systemsF epresenttive results for se sher foresD vertil displements of the )uid ontent nd displements t hrteristi lotions of the spheril tnk re presented nd ompred to those orresponding to tnk with onventionl ring systemF he reserh hs een performed in the frmework of the projet sxhir @hevelopment of sxnovtive hivies for eismi rotetion of eroremil pilitiesAD supported y the invironment nd ustinle hevelopment rogrmme of the iuropen gommission eserh hiretorte qenerl @gontrt iqIEgEPHHPEHHHTSAF
EFFECT OF FILLED LIQUID ON DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF LIQUID STORAGE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING  ID 1358
P. Bhuvaneshwari, Anna University, India S. Elangovan, Anna University, India P. Chellapandi, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India

qround supported liquid storge strutures re of di'erE ent shpes suh s retngulrD ylindrilD spherilD onil nd with geometry s rod or tll depending on their requirementsF he storge struture9s dynmi responses re lrgely 'eted y the inner (lled liquid propertiesF irthquke response of liquid storge strutures re signi(ntly in)uened y the intertion etween the inner (lled liquid nd ontinersF his phenomenon referred s )uidEstruture intertion inludes sloshing ehvior of (lled liquid nd dynmi ehvior of ontinerF rior to the study on seismi responsesD the ontiners of di'erent shpe nd geometry re sujeted to free virtionF heoretil knowledge on free virtion of oupled )uidEstruture system is utilized for developing numeril model to study )uidEstruture intertion e'ets in liquid storge struturesD using generl purpose ode exF pree virtion nlysis results in oth struturl virtionl modes nd

443

SC-A 1
low frequeny sloshing modesF he fundmentl period of sloshing is fr longer ompred to tht of struture nd this ssures for deoupling etween liquid sloshing modes nd struture virtion modesF ine the depth of (lled liquid ply signi(nt role in in)uening the eigen frequenyD depth of (lled liquid re vried in steps of HFPSh where h9 is the depth of the ontinerF he vrition in the (rst mode frequenyD mximum sloshing mplitudeD mximum struturl deformtions for di'erent depths of liquid re studied for retngulrD onil nd ylindril ontinersF efter deiding the ritil depth of liquidD eh ontiner is (lled to the ritil depth nd time history nlysis is performed for xE omponent of ilentro erthquke reord to trk the responses of the strutures in time dominF he similr ontiners in empty ondition re sujeted to sme seismi lodingF gomprison of results shows tht the (lled liquid hs enhning e'et on struturl responsesD nmely displementsD stressesD strinsD retion fores nd momentsF
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF LARGE CYLINDRICAL TANKS FOR OIL STORAGE WITH FLEXIBLE WALLS  ID 1411
S. Mukat, IITR, India H. A. Sanchez Sanchez, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico C. Cortes Salas, Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Mexico

Poster Presentations
fsinF he seismogeneti res re onentrted in three frture systems hving xIHEQHiD xQHETH nd xUHEIHHi diretionsF hese fults hs high tivity miroerthqukes with hypoenters shllower thn PH kmF outhern pin is the region with the highest hzrd level in pin due to it is loted in the intertion zone etween the iurosin nd efrin pltesF portuntelyD the mjority of erthquke mgnitudes re less thn SFHF roweverD tstrophi erthqukes ourred in the pst with intensities @wu sleA rnging from s to X er erthqukes @IRHT nd ISIVA used lots of dmges in this townY elmer ig erthquke @ISPPAD destroyed uildings like the elz @er stle uilt out WSS F with more thn RQHHH mP of extensionA nd the thedrlF he endlusin IVVR irthquke ws the most importnt event in this re nd serious dmges were found in ities fr wy the epienter zoneF yne of the most importnt erthqukes of entury s ws the one of the IQ of tnury of IVHR loted in the ostl ity of wotrilY this erthquke so hs not een studied s others due to the proximity in time with other hppened the PS of eugust of the sme yer in the ner lolity of hls killing QHH people while the erthquke from wotril only used two ded ones ording to onsists in the nlyzed doumenttionF st hs ompiled undnt historil informtion of the time nd lter times inluding ts of the ity ounilD regionl nd ntionl periodi mgzines nd newsppers nd thenD n intensity mps hs een onstruted for the zone of dmgesF sn dditionD the mgnitude of the erthquke hs een onsidered from the nlysis of intensitiesF
THE 1518 VERA (SPAIN) EARTHQUAKE  ID 917
F. Vidal, Andalusian Institute of Geophysics, Spain M. Espinar, Andalusian Institute of Geophysics, Spain E. Ocaa, Andalusian Institute of Geophysics, Spain

sn wexioD iwi mnge di'erent terminls of storge of oil in ll our ountryF hereforeD struturl integrity of the oveground storge tnks must e refully ssessedF elso the growing need to stisfy the ntionl oil industry hs in the lst yers required the evlution nd retro(t of the existing struturesD in ddition to rete new oil terminls for distriution nd oil produtsF es onsequeneD some storge tnks hve een pled in high seismi risk resF gonsequentlyD this reserh hs foused on the ehvior nd responseD under seismi onditionsD of lredy existing steel storge tnks of lrge pityD of SHH nd PHH thousnds rrelsD loted in high risk zonesF prom the revision of nlysis nd design riteri onerned with thin wlls struturesD it hs een proposed proedure sed on numeri modeling where the mehnil hrteristis of the mterils nd the rel geometril hve een onsideredF gonerning the rel geometril mesures we found tht geometril imperfetions in the tnk wll do modify stility nd response of the sme strutureF he piw hs een used to rry out suh nlysisF xumeri nlysis hve een used in di'erent onditionsX empty tnks virtionD full tnks where )uidEstruture intertion is onsidered to the se of )exile wllsD rel nd syntheti seismi reords of sudution originted in the wexin i( yen s well s norml filuresD hve een usedF hese reords re used s seismi exittion t the se of the strutures in order to tke into ount the pressure distriution of the liquidF eserh results hve een ompred to reommended odes nd regultions suh s esETSHD esETSQD nd to the seismi tion to whih the strutures re undertken toF pinllyD the results will e used to determine new lines to design nd revision the steel storge tnks in the regultions environment in our ountryF

he xovemer WD ISIV er @outhestern pinA erthE quke destroyed ompletely the town of erD tht hd to e reuilt in nery siteF he ISIV nd IRHT er erthqukes @the seond one ws less destrutiveA re nlysed using RI historil douments otined from the erhives of erD elmeriD v elhmrD the xtionl virry of wdrid nd the erhive of imnsF his nlysis revels importnt spets of town nd villge urnismD mteril hrteristis nd onstrution tehniques of wllsD hurhesD housesD isternsD etF ell this informtion is useful to nlyze vulnerility nd seismi dmge in uildingsF he most 'eted villge ws erD whih ws devsttedD inluding the most resistnt uildingsD @s the fortress nd the ity wllsAF wojr ollpsed prtilly nd the others uildings were seriously dmgedF sts fortress hd similr dmge tht er oneD where ig filures nd prtil ollpses were loted in more thn forty ples on itF imilr dmge thn er ourred in the town of guevsF purthermoreD six vigilne towers in the ost were pulled downD like the one in qrruhF he estimted iw intensity vlues reX s degree @due to topogrphil e'etsA in erD sss degree in wojrD qrruhD nd guevsF hmges relted to other villges reported in the historil douments res less urte to ssess their intensitiesF xumer of deths ws quite lrgeX ISH in er @more thn PH7A nd IS in wojrF sn er prtilly ll inhitnts were injured @exept for T or U peopleA nd most of them in wojr
HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES DAMAGE AT SS. SALVATORE FORTRESS (SAN RAINERI PENINSULA, MESSINA, SOUTH ITALY): FIRST RESULTS AND GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS  ID 1847
C. Bottari, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

SC-A 1: Archaeological and Historical Studies on the Earthquakes of the Past Centuries
Level 2
THE M=6.2 EARTHQUAKE OF JANUARY 13 (1804) IN MOTRIL (SPAIN)  ID 91
A. Posadas, Applied Physics, Spain F. Vidal, Andalusian Institute of Geophysics, Spain M. Navarro, Applied Physics, Spain

A. Bottari, Osservatorio Sismologico Di.C.T.A., Italy P. Carveni, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Italy

he re under study is situted in the south prt of the feti gordillers @outhern pinAD just in the order of qrnd

F lvtore fortress is mgni(ent engevin uilding uilt t the eginning of the ITth entury nd pled in n nieri peninsulF he fortress inludes inside medievl towerF he strtegi lotion of these uildingsD internl to the hrour militry zoneD preluded for long time the possiility to investigte themF eent geophysil investigtions rried out on the perimeter

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Poster Presentations
wlls of the fortress nd on the foundtion soilsD pointed out seismi dmge nd soils susidene whih n e orrelted with georheologil hrteristis of the siteF sn entiquity the fortress ws 'eted y numerous phses of destrutions nd reonstrutions whih n e ssigned to either nthropi uses or seismi shkings or remodelling to follow militry needsF hue to the lk of trustworthy dt on the type of dmge the fortress su'eredD we foused on the mroseismi study of the strongest erthqukes whih hevily dmged the trits of wessinF he modelling shows the erthqukes tht hve more stressed n ineri peninsul nd prtiulrly the fortressF he di'erentil settlement of the foundtion soils produed di'erene in level of the originl topogrphi surfe on whih the medievl tower nd the fortress lenD s well s rks long the externl wlls whih re proly used y the slip of the fult tht rosses n nieri peninsul soilsF o verify whether the oserved dmge is orrelted with the tivity of this fultD detiled morphotetoni study of the hrour of wessin ws rried outF he investigtionD supported lso y geognosti orings nd geophysil surveyD indites tht n nieri peninsul onstitutes the emergent portion of sumrine horstF uh horst is ounded y tive fults orthogonlly oriented to ostline tht ut the xxiE en helon fults system whih lowers the hills of wtF eloritni towrd the se nd thus modelling the ostline of the townF
ESTIMATING MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY FROM DOCUMENTARY SOURCES USING FUZZY SETS  ID 1871
D. Tripone, Dip. di Fisica - Universit di Bologna, Italy G. Vannucci, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy P. Gasperini, Dip. di Fisica - Universit di Bologna, Italy G. Ferrari, SGA Storia Geosica Ambiente, Italy

SC-A 1
reognized ner the dmged wter system we interpret the dmge to hve een used y seismogeni lndslideF e lulte the ritil elertion for lndslide triggering from the ftor of sfety pF he resulting high vlues of p @b PA require strong horizontl elertion to indue slopeEinstilityD inditing tht the slope is generlly stle nd tht strong erthquke is needed in order to use filureF e use the xewmrk displement @hxA method following tison et lF @PHHHA empiril equtionX log hx a IFSPIlog s IFWWQlog e IFSRT sf hxaIH m is the filure riterionD nd given tht the eries intensity s in the region @ion et lF PHHRA isX log s a IFPww PFPlog RFW we n lulte the mgnitude w s funtion of distne @A from the soureF he results show tht n ww b TFV erthquke within SH km from the site triggered the lndslideF erheologil (ndings indite tht the site ws ndoned in the lte Vth genturyD therefore the ndidte erthqukes re the URWD IPHP nd IUSW eh erthqukesF essuming tht the destrution fored the ndonment we suggest tht the dmge ws used y the URW eh erthqukeF B xF ehsler is now t the niversity of outhern gliforniF
COMBINING GEOLOGICAL, ENGINEERING, AND PALAEO- AND ARCHAEO-SEISMIC STUDIES IN ISRAEL  ID 1904
S. Marco, The Department of Geophysics, Tel Aviv University, Israel

eismi intensity of historil erthqukes is usully sE sessed from doumentry soures y the expert evlution of the orrespondene of reported e'ets with the desriptions of the dopted mroseismi sleF his proess involves numer of sujetive ssumptionsD not lwys expliitly sttedD tht sometimes my ring di'erent experts to disrepnt outomesF e lredy proposed deision mking methodD sed on the fuzzy set theory nd omputerEided proedures tht n e suessfully used to ojetively ssign mroseismi intensityF his pproh is strutured in three min stepsX IA the retion nd omputer oding of dtset of e'ets for eh lolityD PA the formultion of set of rules to equte formlly distint mroseismi desriptions tully orresponding to the sme e'et QA the pplition of deisionl lgorithm to ssign the intensityF he (rst two steps hve now een improved nd mde friendlierD with respet to previous worksD y the use of wEixel mros for dt olletion nd mngementF e lso pplied nd ompred di'erent deision lgorithms nd defuzzy(tion methods using the dt of some erthqukes of lst entury in stlyF yur nlysis highlighted strong e'ets well orrelted with spei( intensity degree for ll the nlyzed erthqukes nd other wek e'ets whih ssoition with the intensity degrees depends on the onsidered erthqukeF
ESTIMATING LOCATION AND SIZE OF HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES BY GEO-ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF UM-EL-KANATIR, DEAD SEA FAULT  ID 1889
N. Wechsler, Tel Aviv University, Israel O. Katz, Geological Survey of Israel, Israel S. Marco, Tel Aviv University, Israel

sn order to otin relile estimtes of the rupture loE tions nd other erthquke hrteristis we review historil ountsD perform onEfult nd o'Efult pleoseismi nd rheE ologil studiesD nd nlyze dmge in nient uildings using the hhe odeF e hve reovered the rupture lotions of the erthqukes of tnury URWD wy IPHPD nd ytoer IUSW nd nlyzed dmge of severl othersF essuming the sme reliility for other historil ses we estimte the lotions of the known strong erthqukes of the lst two millenni in ssrelD sed on historil textsF fering in mind the unertinties ssoited with the interprettion of historil ountsD we disern distint shortElived ptterns of erthquke ourreneF yne exmple is n lmost periodi reurrene of lrge erthqukes etween the hed e nd the e of qlilee strting with the QI fg erthquke nd ontinuing with the eh QTQD URWD nd IHQRF wo smller erthqukes of ISRT nd IWPU followedD ltogether exhiiting men reurrene intervl of QWHVH yersF his pttern is not oserved elsewhere long the hed e pultF enother oserved pttern is sequene of northEtoEsouth progressive filures tht ourred one in VSWD WWID IHQQD nd IHTV nd gin in IIUHD IPHPD nd IPWQF xo similr ptterns re oserved efore or fter these two seriesF he qusiEperiodi nd sequentil filure ptterns pper to lst only short periods of the order of severl dedes to few enturiesF yur interprettion lso shows tht it hs now een eight enturies sine most of the hed e pult plte mrgin in ssrel sustined signi(nt ruptureF e onspiuous seismi gp is notied in the northern tordn lley nd possily lso in the erv lleyD where informtion my su'er from inomplete reportingF
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE FROM EARTHQUAKES IN THE 2ND-9TH CENTURY AT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF AILA ON THE DEAD SEA TRANSFORM IN AQABA, JORDAN  ID 1921
T. Niemi, University of Missouri, United States R. Thomas, University of Southampton, UK S. T. Parker, North Carolina State University, United States

e nlyze n rheologil site of m el untirD whih ws dmged y seismogeni lndslideF e use the lndslide mehniE l hrter to onstrin historil seismiEelertion long the hpF m el untir is fyzntine @Tth enturyA rheologil site IH km est of the h in northern ssrelF sts lotion on the slope of nyon nd the mrly edrok mke it suseptile to lndslidesF he exvtions reveled typil erthqukeEindued dmge in the rheologil struturesD inluding displed wter troughD ut no signi(nt geologil fult is foundF feuse lndslide topogrphy is

he nient ruins of the ity of eq re loted t the hed of the qulf of eq long the seismillyEtiveD hed e trnsform fult in southern tordnF hetiled rheologil exvtionD rhiteturl surveyingD nd geologi mpping were onduted long tive fults tht ut through Pnd to Wth entury deposits t the rheologil site of eilF trtigrphi evidene for groundErupturing erthqukes nd the ssoited struturl ollpseD dmgeD nd repir were doumented for multiphse mudrik omplexF prtures in the wlls nd orner joins hd opened up sometime in ntiquity nd hd een pthed y oles nd peles in mtrix of mud pled into the (ssuresF hese

445

SC-B 1
repirs hve retivted in lter erthqukes nd pper tody s open rks long the mrgins of the repirF sntense ground shking nd susidene of the struture ross the tive fult hs lso used frturing nd lolized struturl ollpse of the uildingF xorthestEsouthwest direted tension due to susidene long the fult hs lso reted northwestEtrending extensionl frtures nd digonl rksF he southwest side of the struture is uilt ross tive fult strnds nd provide piering lines to mesure oseismi slipF y'sets rnging from IP to SR m reord predomintely dip slipF yur dt indite tht there hve een seven erthqukes tht hve disrupted the rheologil deposits sine the seond entury eFhF sed on evidene of fultingF ege onstrints on the timing of these seismi events re provided y ermiD oinD nd rtift identi(tionF wjor seismi tivity is present t our site in the RthD UthD nd sometime fter the Wth enturiesF hese dt suggest tht historil erthquke tlogues re inomplete with regrd to some of the less dmging erthqukes tht hve 'eted southern tordn ut my hve plyed signi(nt role in the ulturl history nd present dy seismi hzrds of the regionF
THE ELEMENTARY CELL OF THE HISTORICALSEISMOLOGICAL ARCHIVE  ID 1953
P. Albini, INGV, Italy P. Migliavacca, INGV, Italy A. Rovida, INGV, Italy M. Stucchi, INGV, Italy

Poster Presentations
xorthern hessly long the southern order of vte uternry grenF sn prtiulrD morphotetoniD geophysil nd minly pleoseismologil investigtions lerly doumented the ourE rene of moderteEtoEstrong erthqukes during roloene timeF he seismotetoni ehviour of these tive strutures is hrterised y reurrene intervls of few thousnds of yersD though oth instrumentl nd reent historil dt suggest seismi quieseneD t lest during the lst RES enturiesF he present reserhD sed on n rheoseismologil pprohD is devoted to improve our knowledge on the pst erthqukesD whih ourred in the reF es se studyD we seleted the qret hetre of vrissD originlly uilt t the eginning of the Qrd entury fgF ristoril nd rheologil investigtions doumented deep reEhndling nd retro(tting of the monument during the PndEIst entury fg likely impelled y the ourrene of destrutive erthqukeF roweverD the reent exvtion of the thetre highlighted the ourrene of importnt struturl dmges lso 'eting the renewed uilding nd likely due to seismi ground elertionsF roly the most importnt nd more impressive dmges re represented y the displement nd rottion of some of the loks of the wlls nd the rupture of some of the loksF sn order to infer the pek ground elertion t the siteD we rried out numeril modelling of the sene uildingF e numeril model hs een set upD with the im to simulte the seismilly indued inEplne slidingF he seismi tion ssumed for the nlysis hs een generted ording to model of fult ruptureD wve propgtion nd wve (ltering in the surfe lyersF he results of the numeril modelling re similr for the di'erent wlls nd on(rm the ourrene of importnt sliding e'ets long ed joints of the two upper orner setors of the wllsF

eording to the modern stndrdD historilEseismologil dt re proessed in terms of mroseismi intensity nd loted in time nd speY the elementry ell of the mroseismi intensity dtse is the intensity dtpointF hese ells re roust enough to llow seismologists nd engineers to uild upon themY erthquke prmeters n e determined using formlised proeduresD reltionships with shking prmeters n e estlishedF he most importnt point is thtD when the power is swithed o' nd then turned on next morningD or next monthD dt re still thereD there is no need to rememer why on erth tht lotionD or tht sizeD ws ssessedF futD from whtD nd howD those intensity dt points were derivedc ould we ssess the sme intensity vlueD or ssoite tht historil reord to the sme lotionD or timeD to whih we ! or someone else ! ssoited it lst timec rere we re in trouleF wodern historil seismologil studies give referenesY they onsist of volumesD or prt of themF wny studies give the texts used for ssessing intensityY ut in mny sesD referenes nd texts re mnyD for the sme lolityGerthqukeF sn some sesD things re suh tht one would ssign extly the sme intensity nd refer it to the sme lolityY in some other ses one would proly hnge his mindF wodern mroseismi investigtionD either performed in the (eld or y mens of questionniresD usully leves elementry ellsD in terms of formsF elthough not lwys very detiledD they represent the piee of informtion upon whih the intensity dtpoint is uiltF sn this pper we propose form imed to mke expliitD nd to preserve for the futureD the si informtionD the onsidertions nd the proedures used to give irth to every single intensity dtpointD tht is the ssessment of lotionD time nd intensity of the erthquke e'etF
ARCHAEOSEISMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE GREAT THEATRE OF LARISSA (THESSALY, GREECE)  ID 2058
R. Caputo, University of Basilicata, Italy D. Liberatore, University of Basilicata, Italy K. G. Hinzen, Cologne University, Germany M. Mucciarelli, University of Basilicata, Italy G. Spera, University of Basilicata, Italy P. Sarubbi, University of Basilicata, Italy A. Tziafalias, Dept. Greece B. Helly, Maison de l'Orient Mditerranen "Jean-Pouilloux", France S. Schreiber, Cologne University, Germany of Prehistorical and Classical Antiquities,

SC-B 1: Theory of Wave Propagation and New Techniques of Data Processing

Level 2
ARRAY ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKES IN PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON. NEW INSIGHT ON THE ERROR ESTIMATE AND PROBABILISTIC SOURCE LOCATION  ID 1675
M. La Rocca, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy D. Galluzzo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy S. Malone, University of Washington, United States W. McCausland, University of Washington, United States G. Saccorotti, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy M. Ciampi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy E. Del Pezzo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia -OV, Italy

vrissD the third mjor town of qreeeD is loted in

everl tens of lol nd regionl erthqukes reorded y three seismi rrys in uget ound re hve een nlyzed using rry nd polriztion methodsF e pplied the ero vg grossEgorreltion thnique to estimte pprent veloity nd propgtion diretion of the orrelted signlsD nd the ovrine mtrix method to estimte polriztion properties of the wve(eldF esults of rry nlysis for oth nd wves hve een ompred with the expeted kzimuth nd slowness omputed from the hypoenters oordintesF gomprison of kzimuth nd slowness shows very good greement for the most of nlyzed eventsF ynly in few ses the di'erenes exeed IS degrees in kzimuth or HFHR sGkm in slownessF ttistil nlysis of the results gives sigmf a IH nd sigmf a V s stndrd devitions for the kzimuth nd sigm a HFHPI sGkm nd sigm a HFHQQ sGkm for the slowness resultsD for nd phses respetivelyF hese vlues re onsistent with the theoretil reltion mong slownessD kzimuth nd their unertintiesF heoretil rry response spetr hve een omputed y the nlysis of the sme signl rriving t the sme time t ny

446

Poster Presentations
sttions of the rryF sndividul distriutions of kzimuth nd slowness di'erenes t eh rry re onsistent with the expeted results inferred y the theoretil rry responsesF heoretil errors on kzimuth nd pprent veloity s funtions of the signl slowness hve een omputedF he omprison of stndrd devitions sigm a HFHPI sGkm nd sigm a HFHQQ sGkmD ssoited with the verge slowness H a HFIPV sGkm nd H a HFPPR sGkm estimted y the nd wves distriutionsD shows very good greement with the theoretil error preditionF pinllyD the orreltion rnge round the mximum of the slowness spetr in whih the true solution is inluded hs een estimted for eh rry t given frequenyF
DISCRIMINATION OF LOCAL EVENTS IN THE NORTHERN DEAD SEA FAULT REGION USING PATTERN RECOGNITION SCHEMES  ID 1704
S. Barzilai, NDC, Israel G. H. Wust-Bloch, Tel Aviv University, Israel Y. Ben-Horin, NDC, Israel Z. Ben-Avraham, Tel Aviv University, Israel

SC-B 1
he summed seismogrms exhiit very ler onverted wveD whih is ovious minly on the vertil omponent efore diret onsetF he time di'erene etween the onverted nd diret wves vries signi(ntly for the individul ifxi sttionsF ht is interpreted s n inlined veloity interfe t the depth of severl kilometresF e lso summed the seismogrms with time delys orresponding to the Ewve propgting downwrdsF sn this seD signl to noise rtio ws further improved y mens of the nonEliner (lteringF sn this wy re)etions from woho were identi(ed nd the depth of the woho ws estimted t PW kmF
STRATIFIED S-VELOCITY ESTIMATION FROM PWAVE APPARENT INCIDENCE ANGLES  ID 1757
L. Svenningsen, University of Aarhus, Denmark B. Holm Jacobsen, University of Aarhus, Denmark

he identi(tion of 4mn mde4 signls is essentil for the prodution of relile seismi tlogs for hzrd ssessment purposes nd supports the veri(tion tsks of the 4gomprehensive xuler est fn rety4 @gfAF por regionl eventsD trditionl disrimintion methods rely on phseGspetrl rtios or velogrms with spei( nd (ltersF he pproh followed here to disrimE inte wek seismi events t lol distnes relies on rodnd selfEdptive (lters @onogrmsAD whih permit omplete nlysis of the full signl energyD nd on pttern reognition methodD using yxyhi softwre @toswigD IWWWAF he method ws tested in the northern hed e fult region euse is hs tive lol miroseismiity nd frequent lsting tivity t severl qurriesF e tlog of over IHH events @erthqukesD explosions nd possile explosionsA generted within QH km rdius from wwes rry @wweHEvertil hnnelA ws designed for the nlysis @tnury PHHR to tnury PHHTAF flst events re from six tive qurries with omplete zimuthl overgeF yne single w @mster ptternA ws seleted for eh qurryF hespite the vriility of nturl seismiityD it ws lso possile to selet single representtive w for wek erthqukesF he initil results show tht pth depenE deny is negligile ut disrimintion performne remins distne sensitiveF sing emidIH w s single disrimintor gives UR7 suessful reognition for the lst eventsF irthqukeIQ gve WS7 suessful reognition for nturl seismiityF he remining S7 gve no identi(tionF xo mislssi(tion ws (nedF purther testing showed tht disrimintion performne ould e further improved y pplying w setsX sing oth emidIH nd qolniIR w9s gve WS7 suessful reognition for the lst eventsF e higher reognition rte n e otined y using multiple w9sF reliminry results show high performne vriility when trnsporting w from horizontl to vertil tresF ynEgoing tsks del with the development of horizontlEvertil disrimintion shemes nd further optimizing distne roustness for wF
CONVERTED AND REFLECTED WAVES FROM LOCAL EARTHQUAKES  ID 1753
J. Malek, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic J. Horalek, Institute of Geophysics AS CR, Czech Republic

he motion of the free surfe due to n inident wveE front de(nes n pprent inidene ngle whih di'ers from the wve9s rel inidene ngleF his e'et is used y the interferene of re)eted E nd Ewves t the free surfeF por Ewve inident in hlfspe the free surfe e'et depends only on the EveloityF es result the Eveloity of the hlfspe n e lulted given the slowness of the Ewve nd it9s pprent inidene ngle s oserved on the surfeF hen the susurfe is strti(ed the pprent inidene ngle vries with the frequeny ontent of the inoming signlF e present simple nd e0ient method for estimting pprE ent inidene ngles nd thus pprent Eveloities s funtion of the upper frequenyF hese estimtes re est performed on E reeiver funtionsF e lso present n e0ient pproximte inversion tehnique to onvert pprent Eveloity estimtes from funtion of frequeny to funtion of depthF yur syntheti tests on(rm tht the pprent Eveloity estimte for the high frequenies is most sensitive to the lyers lose to the surfeD wheres estimtes for suessive lower frequenies hs inE resing sensitivity to deeper lyersF e test this new method on dt from three di'erent permnent rodnd sttionsX flk porest yservtory @fpyA nd prstenE feldruk @pA oth in qermnyD nd ummit @wqA situted entrlly on the thik greenlndi ie sheetF he resulting Eveloity models expose lerly the expeted di'erenes etween the sttion lotions @iFeF di'erent sedimentGie thiknesses nd woho depthsAF e elieve tht the suggested tehnique is n ttrtive supplement to the portfolio of existing tehniques pplied s stndrd to high qulity three omponent rod nd teleseismi dtF
SPECTRAL ELEMENT MOMENT TENSOR INVERSION OF REGIONAL WAVEFORMS IN THE ALPINEAPENNINIC AREA  ID 1845
D. Stich, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy S. Pondrelli, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Morelli, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

vol erthqukes in the est fohemi swrm region re unique soure of wvesD whih n e used for struturl studiesF e hve studied seismogrms from lol erthqukes reorded t sttions of the lol network ifxi during erthquke swrm in the yer PHHHF o this purpose out TH erthqukes with similr fol mehnisms were seletedF rypoentre of ll the erthqukes re loted on the sme fult plne inside the squre of out VHH x VHHmF foth End Ewve onsets were used for preise reltive loliztion using the doule di'erene lgorithmF hus we rehed the reltive lotion ury of PHm in oth epientre oordintes nd depthF he seismogrms were summed with time delys orresponding to the diret wve propgting upwrdsF

eismi wve propgtion through the elpineEepennini re is onditioned y relevnt lterl vriility in erth strutureD inluding lrge vritions of rustl thiknessD nd deep sediment sins in the forelnds of mountin eltsF egionl seismi moment tensor inversionD howeverD is still sed on signi(ntly simpli(ed erth modelsF sn this wyD inversion remins restrited to reltively longEperiod nd of oserved wveformsD whih is less sensitive to heterogeneity in strutureF rereD we onsider seismi wve propgtion in Qh heterogeneous lithospheri modelD to otin etter preision in prediting the intermedite period wve(eldF e synthesize n priori erth model for the elpineEepennini regionD nd use the spetrl element method for numeril simultion of the wve(eld out to IHHH km epientrl distneF imultions re omputed on IHH pu luster of vinux gsF e show snpshots of forwrd simultions to illustrte the e'et of lterl heterogeneity on wve propgtionF por the inverse prolemD we ompute prhet derivtives of wveforms with respet to the six independent moment tensor elementsD t severl tril depthsD from the lol

447

SC-C 0
strin tensors otined from reiprol single fore simultions for swithed soure nd reeiver geometriesF e pply Qh moment tensor inversion to six reent moderte erthqukes @mgnitude SA from northern stlyD prne nd loveniD nd their respetive ftershoks @mgnitudes b QFSAF e show how we n usully mth oserved wveforms in rod period nd from IHH s to IS sF he resolution of depthD fult ngle prmeters nd nonEdouleEouple omponents improves signi(ntly for shorter periodsD leding to etter onstrined soure estimtes for the moderte erthqukesF elsoD we oserve etter qulity of reorded ftershok wveforms in shorter period ndD inditing the potentil of Qh inversion in extending moment tensor tlogues to smll regionl erthqukes in struturlly heterogeneous environmentsF
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN THE SAXOTHURINGIAN AND MOLDANUBIAN UNITS STUDIED BY THE SURFACE WAVE METHOD  ID 1851
P. Kolinsky, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic J. Malek, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics AS CR, Czech Republic

Poster Presentations
A NEW TWO STEP CORRELATION BASED TECHNIQUE FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF SEISMIC EVENTS  ID 1986
V. Pikoulis, Dept of Computer Engineering and Informatics, Greece E. Psarakis, Dept of Computer Engineering and Informatics, Greece E. Sokos, Laboratory of Seismology, Greece

e pro(le of four rodnd seismi sttions is used to study the trnsition zone etween the xothuringin nd woldnuE in units @gzeh epuliAF he pro(le is out IPH km long nd its diretion is iExF foth erthqukes from i @qreeeD urkey nd srnA nd x @wexioD glforniA were reorded with ler surfe wve groupsF imeEfrequeny nlysis nd multiple (lter tehnique were pplied to otin dispersion urvesF he phse veloities of fundmentl modes of yleigh nd vove wves long the pro(le were determined nd inverted to otin the Ewve seismi veloity in the grustF he results re ompred with Ewve veloity model otined during refrtion experiments nd with results of the reeiver funtion methodsF
A COMPARISON OF SCHEMES  ID 1867 TRAVELTIME MODELING

he grouping of seismi events tht hve similr hrE teristis onstitutes hllenging prolemD whih is of gret importne in seismotetoni studies involving event relotion nd in utomti lssi(tion prolemsF hue to numer of resonsD suh s the speil nture of the reorded signls s the superposition of D nd surfe wves nd their di'erent energies9 sleD the unertinty in the detetion of nd rrivl timesD the speil mening of the form of the E wve od in deiding the similrity of eventsD solving suh prolem is not n esy tskF he key point in solving the prolemD is the use of n pproprite mesure tht will e ple tking into ount ll the fore mentioned prtiulritiesD rising in the prolemF woreoverD the invrine of the similrity mesure to oth sle nd dEo'set distortions s well s its pility in produing frtionl ury in trnsltion prmeterD re two desired fetures in this lss of prolemsF sn this workD we propose new two step proedure tht results in roust lssi(tion tehniqueF yur lssi(tion uses orreltion sed mesure whih is nonliner funtion of the trnsltion prmeter nd inorportes most of the desired requirementsF eording to the proposed tehnique well de(ned optimiztion prolem is solved for the optiml lignment of the pro(lesD in the (rst stepD nd the onstrutionD in smple y smple sisD of the ross E orreltion funtion of the two pro(lesD in the seond oneF yur deision is then sed on the sttistil properties of this funtionF reliminry simultion results from the pplition of the proposed tehniqueD in numer of enhmrk seismologil dt setsD revel tht the proposed tehnique outperforms well known orreltion sed tehniquesF

F. Louis, University of Athens, Greece K. Makropoulos, University of Athens, Greece

SC-C 0: Physics of the Earthquake Sources (Open Session  Posters Only)

Level 2

he proess of seismi modelling is signi(nt tsk in proedures like migrtionD tomogrphy nd erthquke relotionF he urte knowledge of ry pths nd the preision of (rst rrivl trvel times hve diret e'et on the ove proessesF he performne of vriety of trvel time modelling shemes is evluted using numeril simultionsF he methods testedD re mostly hosen sine they re implemented in mny inversion nd imging lgorithmsF he ility of eh sheme to predit trvel times is tested t the ses of simple two dimensionl Ewve veloity prmeteriztionsF he methods onsidered inludeX n eikonl solver @ph pprohAD shortest pth method @wAD nd two point ry tring tehnique @AF untittive omprisons mong the forwrd modeling pprohes re sed on the dt mis(tD g timeD numer of model prmeters nd the veloity ontrstF hen homogeneous model is utilized the ph solver is giving results within tolerne in opposition to the nd w shemes where the time error is lowerF hen the model prmeteriztion is (nerD ph remins the most e0ient in omputer time ut still su'ers in the error distriutionF sn two lyer se the error from ph lultions is inresing when the veloity ontrst is highF e drop in the mis(t is oserved in the fr (eld nd the method is still omputtionlly fsterF w lultions re independent from the model wheres the error is mostly relted to the numer of possile routesF he pproh performs etter in smooth veloity distriutions nd the time mis(t is strongly ssoited with the distne from the soureF eguxyvihqwix he present study ws funded through the progrm iieiu ss in the frmework of the projet seuvisy E upport of niversity eserh qroups with US7 from iuropen oil punds nd PS7 from xtionl pundsD ontrt xoF UHGQGUIIWF

SOURCE PARAMETERS OF THE 2004 KALININIGRAD EARTHQUAKES  ID 604

B. Domanski, Institute of Geophysics, Poland

en nlysis of soure prmeters of the two unexpeted erthqukes from the uliningrd @ussiA re is presentedF he erthqukes ourred on the PI eptemer PHHR t IIXHSXHI nd IQXQPXQI gD respetivelyF he (rst event ws loted t the ltitude of ltaSRFWPR deg x nd the longitude of lonaPHFIPH deg iD with depth of daIT kmD nd the seond event ws loted t of ltaSRFVUT deg xD lonaPHFIPH deg i nd daPH kmF woment mgnitude of oth erthqukes ws quite similrD equl to SFI nd SFPD respetivelyF he vlues of mgnitude reported y vrious seisE mi orgniztionsD howeverD di'ered signi(ntlyF his disrepny ould e explined y the highEfrequeny motion oserved on the vertil omponents of wveforms t some seismi sttionsF hese sttions re situted long the diretion spei(ed y twoD opposite with respet to the soureD sttionsX fvi in weden nd in olndF he highEfrequeny omponents re hrterized y TEV rz motion for the (rst event nd y PER rz motion for the seond eventD distintly visile on the spetrogrms of ground veloity nd ground displementF he vlues of mgnitude lulted t suh sttions from Ewve mplitudes or from seismi spetr re lerly overestimted nd re lose to TF por the nlysis of spetrl nd soure prmetersD thereforeD reful seletion of seismi reords ws neessryF

448

Poster Presentations
THE PECULIARITIES IN THE SEISMIC REGIME AT DIFFERENT THERMODYNAMIC CONDITIONS: NEW CORRELATIONS  ID 1041
M. Rodkin, Geophysical Centre RAS, Russian Federation

SC-C 0
good zimuthl overge reorded y the ss qlol eismi xetworkF wo suevents were neessry to explin the oserved seismi reords with totl seismi moment of woaIDVPeCPU dynFm nd soD whih gives moment mgnitude ww of UFSF he mjor energy relese ws found to e during the (rst suevent with seismi moment of woaIDIHeCPU dynFmF e lso were solved the ig ftershok @wTFQA whih is took ple nerly the min eventF we hve o'ered the (rst step of our resultsF
USING THE RECURRENT METHOD FOR SEISMOLOGY PROBLEMS  ID 1622
D. Malytskyy, CB IGPH NASU, Ukraine R. Pak, CB IGPH NASU, Ukraine O. Mujla, CB IGPH NASU, Ukraine

o investigte the hnge in the seismi regime t di'erE ent thermodynmi onditions few unused erlier prmeters @the di'erene in the origin time nd depth of the erthquke determined s the hypoentre prmeters nd s the seismi moment solutionD nd the mGmw rtio vlueA were used in omintion with the routinely used ones @the hnge in the erthqukes density with depthD nd the pprent stress nd EvluesAF he dditionl new prmeters give possiility to hrterise the diretion of spred of the erthquke filure nd the reltive ontriution of the highE nd lower frequeny modes in seismi rditionF he prmeters vlues were verged in the depth intervls su0ient to otin their roust estimtesF he tendenies in hnge of the prmeters with depthD nd the interreltions etween di'erent prmeters were nlysedF e numer of orreltions etween the prmeters exmined were reveledF ome of the orreltions testify for the ontriution of the deep )uid in the erthquke origin nd in filure development oth for the ses of the rustl nd mntle erthqukesF he spei( fetures in the deep seismi regime oinident with the depth of the min phse trnsformtions were reveled lsoF he orreltions otined nd their interprettion re disussedF
KALININGRAD SEPTEMBER 21, 2004 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOTECTONICS  ID 1521
B. Assinovskaya, Russian Federation Central astronomical observatory at Pulkovo,

tudying spetrl nd dynmi prmeters of erthquke soures is n essentil ondition to solve mny prolems of seismologyF hysil properties of medium s funtion of stress must e studied in order to understnd physil proesses run ner the soure e method of solving diret prolems is proposed nd presented in the form of reurrent reltionshipsF he equtions otined re suitle for numeril lultionsF e otin the ext solution for free surfe displements generted from point soure in lyered mediumF sn generl erthquke soures re introdued y seismi moment tensorF e use the fessel ! vple trnsform for displement potentils from whih the displements follow y sptil di'erentitionF he omponents of the seismi moment tensor re funtion of timeF st should e noted tht wve (eld vlues on free surfe re otined s strit reurrent nlytil reltionsF
SOURCE PARAMETERS OF LOW MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES OF VRANCEA REGION (ROMANIA)  ID 1647
L. A. Ardeleanu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

he prolem is wht frture zone ws responsile for uliningrd erthqukes eptemer PI PHHR ourrenec he mroseismi nd instrumentl erthquke lotion dt di'er essentillyF snstrumentllyD oth events seem to onnet with the regolj iE direted norml frture zoneF fut fol mehnism solutions show minly strikeEslip type deformtions long possile xEi or xE fult plnesF wroseismillyD the (rst event ourred o'shore to the west from tntrnyF here re some evidenes tht the seond soure ws loted RET km to the north from the (rst oneF he study of geologil nd geophysil dt llowed supposing of xEi diretion dislotion zone t distne of QES km o'shore tht strethes long the estern side of the qdnsk depressionF etoni tivity of this fult is on(rmed y existene of numerous vlleys thik with uternry sedimentsF he western polish side of the depression is formed y whole system of tive xE dislotionsF fesidesD the uliningrd erthquke hs feture tht distinguishes it from pennosndin type eventsF he ltter usully our under omprtively low rust temperture onditions when het )ow mounts not more QHERH mGmPF fut het )ow rehes UH mGmP nd even WH mGmP within the southEestern flti ost nd the xemn frture zone respetivelyF he het nomly here is onneted with n re of prtil melting in the low rustF here is dt of het erthquke preursorF sn ftD hot wter ppered in well t vesnoy on uurh pit in winter PHHPF efter erthquke het tivity showed itself in the form of gret stem rejetion through wek ground zone t omnovoF he temperture vlues exeed RHH g t depth of PH km round the soure rust tht prevents deep loted erthquke ourreneF
SOURCE PROCESS OF THE 8 OCTOBER 2005, PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE FROM TELESEISMIC OBSERVATION  ID 1575
S. Ozcelik, Istanbul University, Turkey H. Alp, Istanbul University, Turkey A. Pinar, Istanbul University, Turkey

he seismi moment tensor for set of smll erthqukes with lol mgnitudes etween PFR nd QFVD loted in the rust @hypoenter depth in the rnge U to QW kmA t the ending of the istern grpthinsD is determined y high frequeny wveform modelingF yserved dt re short period veloity seismogrmsD vertil omponentD reorded t epientrl distnes up to ISH kmF ine the omplexity of the oserved wveforms mkes di0ult the identi(tion of individul phsesD method sed on the synthesis of the omplete wve(eld is used in the forwrd modelingX the qreen9s funtions re omputed y multimodl summtion in lyered nelsti mediF e mjor drwk of this pproh is the oversimpli(tion of the medium strutureD rther omplex in the study reF e modeled grossly the lterl vritions y using spei( IEh pproximtion for eh soureEsttion pthF he seismi moment tensor nd its reliility re estimted following ootstrpElike proedureX set of solutions of the inverse prolem re determined using di'erent susets of the omplete dt setD then the onsistent individul solutions re vergedF he distriution of the prinipl xes from individul susets provides lso n estimte of the on(dene of the verge fult plne solutionF he fol mehnisms retrieved indite dominnt strikeEslip fulting for ll the investigted eventsF he orienttion of the eptly onstrined prinipl xes points out omplex deformtion (eld in the rust in the rne regionF
IDENTIFICATION OF THE FAULT PLANE AND A SIMPLE 3D VISUALIZATION TOOL  ID 1685
P. Adamova, Charles University, Faculty of Math. and Phys., Czech Republic J. Zahradnik, Charles University, Faculty of Math. Czech Republic and Phys.,

yn V ytoerD PHHS ig size erthquke hit in northern kistnD hene we investigte the soure rupture proess of this eventD kistnD wwaUFS erthquke through inversion of teleseismi rodnd ody wvesF he soure rupture proess is exmined using nd r omponents oserved t epientrl distnes etween QH nd WH degrees were used for inversion with

uik identi(tion of the fult plne plys vitl role in severl seismologil pplitionsD suh sX @iA omputer simuE lted shke mps for postEerthquke emergenyD @iiA goulom stress

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lultions to ssess regions of inresed ftershok proilitiesD etF etions like tht nnot e postponed until mpping the fult plne with ftershoksF portuntelyD redily ville fter wbS event re the hypoentre position @rAD entroid position @gA nd the moment tensorD hene two nodl plnes @xID xP pssing through gAF his ontriution emphsizes usefulness of their omined useF yviouslyD r should lie in xI or xP ndD thereforeD should help in distinguishing whih of the nodl plnes is the fult plneF es ruleD this trivil ide is ignoredD or t lest not mssively usedF st is euse of inuries in the mentioned prmeters nd due to lk of simple Qh visuliztionF hus we suggest the following innovtionF pirstD r nd g hve to e retrieved in the sme rustl modelF eondD vrying free prmeters of the two inverse prolems should provide the unertinty estimteF hirdD mutul geometril on(gurtion of rD gD nd xID P @nd their unertintiesA should e refully nlyzedD using simple Qh nimtionF e propose nimtion sed on free softwre @qnuplotAY dt preprtion is tsk of minuteF pinllyD in fvorle sesD hypoenter ppers on @or loser toA one of the nodl plnesD thus inditing the fult plneF eri(tion is done y forwrd wve(eld simultion for simple (niteEextent soure modelF wethod hs een pplied to severl wbS erthqukes in western qreeeD inluding the wTFU gyther event of tnury VD PHHT in southern eegen eF
MOMENT TENSOR INVERSION OF POSSIBLY MULTIPLE EVENTS AT REGIONAL DISTANCES  ID 1731
P. Adamova, Charles University, Faculty of Math. and Phys., Czech Republic J. Zahradnik, Charles University, Faculty of Math. Czech Republic G. Stavrakakis, National Observatory of Athens, Inst. of Geodyn., Greece and Phys.,

Poster Presentations
mesurements from IH to ISH se period otined on the newly retrieved dt were omined with existing dt provided y the niversity of golordoF sing these dtD we onstruted new Qh sher veloity model of rust nd upper mntle eneth the iuropen ertiD whih provides higher resolution nd ury thn previous modelsF he new model revels sustntil vritions in sher veloities in the upper mntle ross the regionF yf prtiulr note re lri(ed imges of the mntle expression of the ontinentEoen trnsition in the xorwegin e nd deep high wve speed lithospheri root eneth the istern frents eF gurrentlyD the dt set is eing extended southwrds to over minlnd ndinvi nd leding to Qh model of the rust nd upper mntle for xorwy nd djent resF
NON-DC MECHANISMS OF MICROEARTHQUAKES INDUCED DURING THE 2000 INJECTION EXPERIMENT AT THE KTB SITE, GERMANY  ID 1765
V. Vavrycuk, Geophysical Institute, Czech Republic M. Bohnho, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany Z. Jechumtalova, Geophysical Institute, Czech Republic P. Kolar, Geophysical Institute, Czech Republic J. Sileny, Geophysical Institute, Czech Republic

woment tensor inversion of possily multiple events is studiedF ell experiments re performed with new ode syveD sed on timeEdomin itertive deonvolution of multiple pointE soure sueventsF st is extension of uikuhi nd unmori @IWWIA for omplete wveform inversion of regionl dt @hrdnk et lFD PHHSAF he inversion is tested nd pplied to three seleted wS events from western qreeeX on the islnd vefkd @n ftershok of eugust IRD PHHQAD ner the town em(lohi @heemer QID PHHPA nd ner the town rtholomio @heemer PD PHHPAF righ nonEsher gvh omponent ws reported y mjor genies for two of the events @em(lohi nd rtholomioAF foth these erthqukes hve een interpreted s doule eventsF wethodil lessons emerging from the pplitions re formultedF
SURFACE WAVE TOMOGRAPHY OF THE EUROPEAN ARCTIC  ID 1744
J. Schweitzer, NORSAR, Norway C. Weidle, University of Oslo, Norway A. Levshin, University of Colorado, United States N. Maercklin, NORSAR, Norway N. Shapiro, Institut de Physique du Globe, France M. Ritzwoller, University of Colorado, United States

woment tensors of miroerthqukes indued during the PHHH injetion experiment t the uf deep drilling orehole t depth level of SFR km re studiedF e fmily of QU most relile moment tensors ontins signi(nt nonEdouleEouple @nonEhgA omponentsF he hg is on verge TH7 nd the nonEhg is RH7F he nonEhg omponents ontin oth the isotropi @syA nd ompensted liner vetor dipole @gvhA omponentsF he men vlue of sy is IFS7D the men vlue of gvh is ESFU7F he predominntly negtive gvh omponents re inonsistent with the onept of the nonEhg mehnisms s result of tensile fulting due to )uid injetion into the rokF he nonEhg omponents hve proly three other mjor originsX rndom numeril errors produed y the moment tensor inversion due to noise nd limittions of input dtD systemti errors produed y mismodeling of the medium when lulting the qreen funtionsD nd nisotropy in the fol reF enisotropy is very likely origin of nonEhg omponentsD euse rther strong seismi nisotropy hs een oserved t the uf site with strength up to PH7 for wvesD nd ttriuted to folited rystlline roks omposed of gneiss nd mphioliteF e hve employed the nonEhg omponents for estimting n optimum orienttion of nisotropy in the fol reF he optimum orienttion of the symmetry plne of nisotropy is nerly vertil with strike of xQQSo EQRHo iF his strike oinides well with strikes typil for mny mjor lithologil units nd fults in the reF
RUPTURE PROCESS OF THE M7.6 KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE OF 8 OCTOBER 2005 FROM TELESEISMIC WAVEFORM ANALYSIS  ID 1804
J. Borges, Centro de Geofsica de vora, Portugal M. Bezzeghoud, Centro de Geofsica de vora, Portugal B. Caldeira, Centro de Geofsica de vora, Portugal

ixisting glol nd regionl tomogrphi models hve limited resolution in the iuropen erti due to the smll numer of seismi sttionsD reltively low regionl seismiityD nd poor knowledge of the rustl strutureF huring the lst dedesD new seismi sttions were permnently ortemporrily instlled in nd round this regionF o improve the surfe wve dt set in the regionD we extensively serhed for rodnd dt from sttions in the re from the eginning of the IWUHs until PHHS nd were le to retrieve surfe wve oservtions from the dt rhives t xyeD the niversites of fergen nd relsinkiD the uol iene genter in eptityD the qeologil urvey of henmrk nd qreenlndD nd from ss nd qiypyxF eentlyD new rustl model of the frents e nd surrounding res hd een derived in joint xorweginEemerin projetF his detiled informtion on rustl thikness nd sedimentry sins helps to onstrin the tomogrphi inversion of the upper mntle veloity struture sed on surfe wve dtF yleigh nd vove wve group veloity

yn turdy ytoer VD PHHS t HQXSHXQV @gA mgE nitude UFT @qA erthquke struk kistn nd prts of sndi nd efghnistn nd st ws felt in mjor itiesD inluding sslmd nd vhoreD nd sndi9s pitl of xew helhiF sts epienter is out WH km northEnorthest of kistn9s pitlD sslmdF et lest VHDHHH people ws killedD more thn UHDHHH injured nd extensive dmge in north kistnD in prtiulrD the re of wuz'rdD ushmirD where entire villges hd een destroyedF he erthquke ourred long the ollision oundry etween sndin nd iursin pltes nd this proess of ontinentEontinent ollision originte importnt seismi nd instrumentl events in the reD suh s the ISSS ushmir erthquke @wbVA nd the IWHS ungr erthquke @wsaUFVAF sn this work we desrie the rupture proess of the kistn erthquke estimted from teleseismi rodEnd wveformF e (nite fult inverse method hs een used to rry out the slip distriution on the fultF por the inversion

450

Poster Presentations
we seleted nd nlysed PV vertil rodEnd wvefromsF hey were ndpssed etween HFHHP!HFS rzD nd onverted to ground displement with smpling rte of I rzF pult orienttion nd its dimensions re (xed on the sis of gw inversion results nd the ftershoks distriutionF esults indite reverse fulting on xGi striking fult with dipEslip motion nd ilterl rupture propgtion @vraPFU kmGsAF ell seismi moment ws relesed on single sperity with very lrge slip ner the surfeF he proess hs durtion of RHs nd the seismi moment otined is PFUxIHPHxm @wwaUFTAF gonttsX jorgesduevorFpt
SEISMIC MOMENT TENSOR FROM REGIONAL RECORDS: FAULT PLANE SOLUTION VS. NONDOUBLE-COUPLE MECHANISM DISTORTION  ID 1806
J. Sileny, Geophys. Inst. Czech Acad. Sci., Czech Republic Z. Jechumtalova, Geophys. Inst. Czech Acad. Sci., Czech Republic

SC-C 0
y ompensted ompressive dipoleD whih my e ssoited to nerly vertil dipEslip long fult in the roof of vityF sts lotion on the mrgin of wide pillr supports the interprettionF elterntivelyD for P events downwrd single fore mthes the dt s wellD ut the events re too strong for vity ollpseF
TENSILE SOURCE COMPONENTS OF SWARM EVENTS IN WEST BOHEMIA, CENTRAL EUROPE, IN 2000 RETRIEVED BY CONSIDERING SEISMIC ANISOTROPY  ID 1808
D. Roessler, University of Potsdam, Germany F. Krueger, University of Potsdam, Germany G. Ruempker, University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany

egionl moment tensors @wAD routinely determined for moderte erthqukes y severl geniesD hve the pity to desrie generl dipole soureF eprt from the douleEouple @hgAD equivlent to sher slip long plnr fult in n isotropi mediumD more omplex types of fulting expressed in nonEhg soure omponents re inluded s wellF elterntivelyD nonEhg mehnism n e onsequene of sher slip emedded in n nisotropi mediumF esolution of ws is silly limited y qulity of the dt nd suess in onstrution of the qreen9s funtionF he ltter point demnds for good model of the rustD whih is however rrely ville in su0ient detilF e suggest jkEknife estimte of the error in the w retrievlD whih in numeril tests ppers to e more pproprite nd useful thn the error onstruted y perturing the prmeters of the modelF he hg nd nonEhg prt of the w is 'eted di'erently y noise ontmintion of regionl seismogrms nd y mismodeling of the rustF he hg omponent of the soureD iFeF sher slip trditionlly ntiipted s n erthquke mehnismD is firly roustF his mens tht the si informtion on the mehnism of tetoni erthquke ! the fult plne solution @pA ! is mostly orretF yn the other hndD the nonEhg soure omponents re lrgely vulnerle to oth noise ontmintion nd the erth rust mismodelingF es suhD they re very unrelile if retrieved from regionl reordsF
SEISMIC SOURCE MECHANISM - RESOLUTION OF DC AND EXTRA-DC COMPONENTS  ID 1807
J. Sileny, Geophysical Institute, Czech Acad. Sci., Czech Republic A. Milev, CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, South Africa

enisotropi elsti properties use spurious nonEdouleE ouple moment tensor omponents of erthqukesF es result moment tensors of erthqukes in nisotropi roks my e di0ult to interpret in terms of possile volumetri hngesD iFeF the opening or losing of rk during fultingF elthough ommonly oserved in mny regions of the erthD seismi nisotropy is usully negleted during soure retrievl of erthqukesF e use n inversion lgorithm for the determintion of properties of seismi point soures in inhomogeneous nisotropi medi sed on ryEtheory omputtionsF ogether with the moment tensor we diretly invert for the geometry of dislotion point souresF prom the soure geometry we derive the ngle etween the slip diretion nd the fult norml to desrie tensile soure omponentsF he lgorithm is pplied to IIP mjor swrm erthqukes @wlbaIFUA from est fohemi @gentrl iuropeA tht ourred during the lst intense swrm episode in PHHHF por soure retrievlD we use dense seismi network dt s well s di'erent inhomoE geneous nisotropi nd isotropi veloity modelsF he otined fult orienttions dominntly show olique norml fulting on steep xorthEouth trending fultF hepthEdependent dip vrition oursF por more thn TH7 of the events we (nd tensile omponents inditing volume inrese during rupturingF he lrgest tensile omponents re oserved during the erliest swrm phses nd greter depth depthF elthough the strike of the priniple stress xes is onsistent with the stress (eld in gentrl iuropeD depth dependene in plunge of the nd the xes is oservedF hepths of hnges in soure properties oinide with model oundries oserved from seismi veloity nd grvity modelling t out VFR km nd WFS kmF yur results support oservtions of event triggering due to pore pressure vritions y migrtion of overEpressurised mgmti )uids from reservoir elow the erthquke foiF
COMPARISON OF THE 1997 AND 2000 SWARMS IN WEST BOHEMIA (CENTRAL EUROPE) FROM VIEWPOINT OF THE LOCATION, SPACE-TIME ENERGY RELEASE AND SOURCE MECHANISMS  ID 1875
J. Horalek, Republic T. Fischer, Republic J. Sileny, Geophysical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic Geophysical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Czech Geophysical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Czech

rditionl ssumption out seismi soure s douE le ouple @hgA n represent serious limittion for desriing mehnisms of mining indued seismi eventsF sn mining onditions more generl proess thn sher slip n our due to stress onentrtion on minedEout resF e ssume oth nonEhg omponents of the moment tensor @dipolesAD nd single foreF yn the S seismi events reorded t deep level gold mine in outh efriD we demonstrted tht wveform modeling is not suessful enough due to poor informtion out the mediumF snversion of mplitudes of diret nd wves is more prospetive thnks to their smller sensitivity to detils of the medium nd possiility to orret them for ry ending nd sher wve splitting prior to the inversionF woreoverD we re le to estimte the error of the resulting mehnism due to neglet of ry endingF ell S events proessed disply extrEhg mehnisms whih re signi(nt t WS7 onsidering the mismodeling of the rokEmss y homogeneous isotropi mediumF he mehnisms re mostly in greement with the sitution in the mineF yne of them is suEvertil pressure single dipole omplemented y n implosionD whih is the ody fore equivlent of ollpsing horizontl rk or urst of pillr supporting the roof of minedEout vityF wo others re lose to pressure single oupleD tooF ell of them re loted on the pillrsF yne of the events is mostly hg ompnied

yne of pprent geodynmi fetures of the western prt of the fohemin wssif is periodilly reourring intrplte erthquke swrmsD mostly of mgnitude wv < QFS t fol depths elow R kmF he xov uostel @xuA fol zone domintes the reent seismiityF he xu zone shows distint plnr hrterY most of erthquke foi re loted t depths etween T nd II km t steeply dipping min fult plne @wpAF wo reent lrger swrmsD whih ourred there in tnury IWWU @nerly THH wv QFH eventsA nd in eptemer to heemer PHHH @out PH HHH wv QFR eventsAD were loted out I km prtF foth swrms evined strong time nd spe lusteringD iFeF short interEevent times nd nrrow fol volumesF xeverthelessD the swrms mnifest numerous signi(nt dissimilrities tht imply their di'erent evolutionF he PHHHEswrm onsisting of nine distintly seprted phses ws wholly loted t the wpD wheres tht of IWWU ws of the twoEphse hrter nd took ple in the twoErm luster

451

SC-C 1
loted ross the wpF oure mehnisms @in the moment tensor desriptionA lso notiely di'erF hose of the PHHH swrm re ognte nd show olique norml or strikeEslip fultingD wheres during the IWWUEswrm two di'erent mehnisms ourredX olique norml fulting with pure douleEouple soure @during the Ist swrm phseA nd olique thrust fulting with nonEdouleEouple soure @during the Pnd swrm phseAF pe nd time distriution of the onseutive PHHHEswrm events indites relevne of triggering e'et of the prior erthquke upon susequent events tht mkes for the selfEorgniztion of the swrm tivityD while the speEtime development of the IWWUEswrm is inditive of presene of the highEpressured rustl )uidsD whih ould ring the fult lose to its ritil stte nd thus filitted origintion of the olique thrustD nonEhg events in the Pnd phse of the swrmF
REGIONAL MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTIONS IN THE GULF OF SIGACIK -NE AEGEAN REGION- NEW FINDINGS FOR THE GULBAHCE FAULT  ID 1962
N. Meral Ozel, Kandilli Obs.&ERI Bogazici Univ., Turkey M. Yilmazer, Kandilli Obs.&ERI Bogazici Univ., Turkey A. Berberoglu, Kandilli Observatory & ERI, Bogazici Univ., Turkey

Poster Presentations
loted using the msterEevent method with ury etter thn ISHmF oure mehnisms in the full moment tensor desription @wA were retrieved for more thn TH eventsF e employed singleEsoureD soluteEmoment tensor inversionD whih inverts odyEwve pek mplitudes using syntheti qreen funtions @qpsAF o void di0ulties with the Ewve mplitudes due to postEritil inidene we inverted only diret E nd rEwve mplitudesF he fult plne ws divided into segments of RHHm x RHHmF por eh segment we lulted respetive qps nd retrieved ws of t lest two eventsF he solutions prove tht syntheti mplitudes (t those extrted from seismogrms very wellD prtiulrly the Ewve mplitudesF xumerous ws exhiit signi(nt of douleEouple omponentsD minly ompensted linerEvetor dipoleF pe nd time distriution of the ws signi(es in ft senrio of the swrm evolutionF purthermoreD onsiderle nd Ewve mplitudes llowed us to test stility of the w solutionD prtiulrly of nonEdouleEouple omponentsF he im of this ontriution is @IA to demonstrte fulting proesses ting during the swrmD prtiulrly progressive propgtion of the ruptureD nd @PA to point out uses tht n yield (titious nonEdouleEouple prts in ws even though w of the rel nd syntheti mplitude di'erenesD s mesure the of the suessfulness of the w solutionD is su0iently smllF

e hve pplied regionl moment tensor inversion to reE gionl wveforms of reent erthqukes from the xi eegen egion nd otined fult mehnism solutions for thirtyEeight eventsF he erthqukes sequene in the igikExi eegen egion @wlaSFUD SFV nd SFWA nd their ftershoks ourring within the period IU ytoer to QH xovemerD PHHS were reorded y reently instlled rod nd seismi sttions of undilli nd enled the nlysis of their fult mehnismsF he nlysis of these regionl erthqukes provides useful informtion to etter hrterize the geology nd seismotetonis of the qulhe fultF st should e noted tht most of the moderteEsize erthqukes reorded in this region did not rupture the surfeD thusD their soure mehnisms solutions provide essentil informtion for the ssoition of the tivity with mpped fults nd possily help identi(tion of unknown prmeters of qulhe fultsF he egionl woment ensor @wA inversion ws performed in three frequeny ndsD whih depend on the mgnitude of the eventY rnging from periods IHEQH se for QFT`w`RFSD through PHESH se for RFS`w`S nd PHEIHH se for wbSD up to the window SHEPHH se for the lrgest events ourring in the regionF yne of the nodl plnes is striking xEi nd the other shows estEnorthest strike with norml mehnismsF his erthquke tivity ws oserved in the southern mrgin of the qulhe fultD round igik y in region onsidered to e under xE extension s response to the westwrd motion of entolin lokF wjority of the events of this sequene show strike slip with n olique omponentF he oserved solutionsD showing xiE oriented strikeEslip fultingD re in greement with the thymetri nd the multiEhnnel seismi surveys onduted in this regionF he QV @wbQFRA ftershoks ourring in this region lso show exellent linetion long xiE trend whih grees well with the strikeEslip fol mehnisms determined y this studyF
THE 2000-EARTHQUAKE SWARM IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE BOHEMIAN MASSIF (CENTRAL EUROPE): DOUBLE COUPLE VS. NON-DOUBLECOUPLE EVENTS  ID 2034
J. Horalek, Republic J. Silen, Geophysical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Czech Czech Republic Z. Hudov, Republic Geophysical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Czech

SC-C 1: Earthquake Source Complexity: From Geology Through Kinematic and Dynamic Models to Realistic Ground Motion Simulations
Level 2
PREDICTION OF NEAR-FIELD STRONG GROUND MOTIONS FOR A SCENARIO EARTHQUAKE ON AN ACTIVE FAULT  ID 19
W. Haiyun, Harbin Institute of Technology, China

e method to predit nerEfult strong ground motions for senrio erthquke on n tive fult ws proposedF pirstlyD mroEsoure prmeters hrterized the entire soure reD iFeF glol soure prmetersD suh s fult lengthD fult widthD rupture reD verge slip on the fult plneD were estimted y seismogeology surveyD seismiity nd seismi sling lwsF eondlyD slip distriution hrterized fult heterogeneity or roughnessD iFeF lol soure prmetersD were reprodued y hyrid slip modelF vstlyD the (nite fult soure model predited y mentionedEove ws omined with stohstilly syntheti tehnique of ground motion using dynmi orner frequeny sed on seismologyF eelertion time histories on the three sttions during IWWR xorthridge erthquke were preditedD end omprison etween predited nd reorded elertion time histories show tht the method is dole nd ppliedF
COSEISMIC DEFORMATION OF THE AL-HOCEIMA 2004/02/24 EARTHQUAKE FROM INSAR, GPS, SPOT AND FIELD DATA  ID 900
A. Tahayt, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Morocco

eriodilly reourring intrplte erthquke swrmsD mostly of mgnitude wv < QFSD re one of the geodynmi fetures of the western prt of the fohemin wssifF he lst swrmD whih ourred there etween eugust nd heemer PHHHD onsisted of out PH HHH wv QFR eventsF ell the foi were loted t irulr fult plne of Q km dimeter t depths etween UFS nd IHFS kmD nd showed pronouned migrtion long the fult plneF he swrm ws reorded y S to IT well distriuted lol sttions nd

eF hytD uF vF peiglD eF pdilD iF ferthierD pF qomezD F wouritD fF frooksD hF ernntD vF horthD vF iverD F ghevrotD tF wF hvilD hF fen riD wF erroukh D F eilingerD nd tF n der oerd yn PR perury PHHRD mgnitude TFR erthquke struk the elEroeim region @worooA using TPW ftlitiesF his erthqukeD like similr event in IWWRD is the result of the ongoingD olique ollision etween efri nd iursiF he omplexity of the ollision proess in this region is illustrted y the ourrene of extensionD roughly in the sme diretion s the efriEiursi onvergeneD olique strikeEslip fulting onshore nd within the elorn eF he lotionD fol mehnismD nd ftershoks

452

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of these events n help to de(ne the present dy kinemtis of this omplex plte oundry zoneF rereD we omine the dt from three urte stellite geodeti systems @ixseD q nd yA to study the elEroeim event nd its ftershoksF wo interferogrms generted from desending nd sending ixse stellite rdr imges reord two omponents of the oseismi displement (eldF sn ddition we mesured oEseismi displement vetors t severl q sitesF he orreltion of two PFS meter resolution yES imges shows tht the horizontl slip long the surfe rupture due to this erthquke must e smller thn the mesurement unertintyD of the order of hlf meterF elthough some minor surfe rkings were oserved in the (eldD their smll vertil throw @deimeterAD lk of horizontl throwD short length @ P kmA nd vlleyEprllel strike suggest tht they re seondry feturesF fy omining these dt with elsti dislotion modelsD we onsider the two possile rupture plnes tht strike xxiE nd xEiiF yur interprettion suggests tht the ollisionl strins in the southern prt of the oundry zone re mostly ommodted in the northern if wountins nd the elorn miroplteF
RUPTURE ANALYSIS OF DECEMBER 10, 2003 CHENGKUNG, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE (MW 6.5) BASED ON TELESEISMIC AND STRONG-MOTION DATA SETS  ID 1742
G. Orgulu, Bosphorous Univ., Kandilli Observatory and E.R.I., Turkey S. Yolsal, Istanbul Technical Univ., Department of Geophysics, Turkey T. Taymaz, Istanbul Technical Univ., Department of Geophysics, Turkey M. Aktar, Turkey B. S. Huang, Academia Sinica, Institute of Earth Sciences, Taiwan Bosphorous Univ., Kandilli Observatory and E.R.I.,

SC-C 1
strike hnges in kilometreEsle n rupture in individul erthqukes with meters of o'setF wodels of strike slip fults without nd with end were investigted numerilly with the threeEdimensionl distint element ode QhigF etoni lodingD stress umultionD susequent filure with stress trnsferD nd the reurrene of these proesses were simultedF e wohrEgoulom slip model with stikEslip ehviour ws used for the loded fult segmentsF epeted filure proesses re simulted sine n instntneous heling proess ws introduedF he loded segments themselves were emedded in sliding fult surroundingF he generted erthquke sequenes possess the hrteristi fetures of rel erthquke tloguesD suh s mgnitudeEfrequeny distriuE tions ording to the qutenergEihter lwD signi(ntly vrying temporl ourrene of min eventsD nd foreshokEftershok distriutionsF he sptioEtemporl distriution of lrge events were espeilly nlysedF he simulted erthquke sequenes were used to lulte the longEterm timeEdependent proility of the next lrge erthquke on the distint fult segmentsF he distriution of the interEevent times were (tted to severl wellEknown sttistiEl distriutionsF he di'erenes of these (ts re disussed with respet to the distint distriutionsF purtherD the possiility of sding @iFeF the rupture of fol segments immeditely one fter the otherA is investigtedF
THE SAORGE-TAGGIA LINE, WESTERN LIGURIA (ITALY): MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF A COMPLEX FAULT SYSTEM  ID 1827
C. Turino, Universit degli Studi di Genova, Italy D. Scadi, Universit degli Studi di Genova, Italy E. Eva, INGV, Italy S. Solarino, INGV, Italy

ith di'erent dt sets of teleseismi nd strongEmotion we nlyze slip distriution of ghengkung erthquke @ww TFSD feA tht ourred on IH heemer PHHQ @HRXQVXIQFSD gA ner ostl town of ghengkung in estern iwnF he epienter is loted t PQFHTT x nd IPIFQWV i with soure depth of IV km @gfAF he erthquke ruptured ghihshng fult whih is thrust fult trending in xxi diretion nd dipping to southestF his informtion of the sul fult is inferred from (eld oservtions of numerous rks or (ssures ner the surfe tre of the ghihshng fultF his fulting drws ttention of erthquke sientists due to its position s prt of plte oundry etween the hilippine e nd iursin pltes nd due to its seismotetoni ehvior reveling with reepF et the sme time this event hs nother striking feture due to fnEshped pttern of oEseismi displements sine its fol mehnism solution indites lmost pure thrust fultingF he fult plne tht we envisged for this event is de(ned with strike of PQD dip of RP nd n verge rke of US sed on fol mehnism solutions reported y di'erent genies @rD q nd feAF reliminry slip models produed for teleseismi dt onsisting of QS rodnd sttions indite tht the rupture mehnism for this event ppers with two slip pthesF reviling slip pth nuleted ner the erthquke hypoenter nd then propgted to the prt of the rupture plneF he seond pth is lso ppering t prtD ut t shllower depth reltive to the (rst pthF his result my nswer questions like why mximum groundEmotion displements re oserved t some strongEmotion sttions to the southwest of the erthquke epienterc purther (ndings of slip models nd rupture mehnisms will lso e disussedF
RUPTURE AT STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS - RESULTS OF NUMERICAL MODELLING AT PLANAR AND INCLINED FAULT SEGMENTS  ID 1769
H. Schelle, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany G. Grnthal, GeoforschungsZentrumPotsdam, Germany

sn this ontriution we show s studies sed on omE ined seismologil nd geologil investigtions result in etter knowledge of seismogeni struture nd give hints on its mehnism of ruptureF he orge ! ggi lineD western viguriD is system of strike slip fults with x ! i orienttionF st extends from the ost inwrd up to northern limit D the freilEospelEwono fultD xiE strike slip strutureF he struture shows remrkle geologil omplexity nd di'use seismiity whih on(rms its tive hrterF sn the pstD some signi(nt erthqukes were lter ssoited to the orgeEggi systemD using growing interest on the struture leding to seismi monitoring performed on oth sides of the prenhEstlin orderF uh onentrtion of seismi sttions enles to revelD reord nd lolize erthqukes with very low mgnitude threshold nd with error in the determintion of hypoentrl prmeters extremely ontinedF his enles the idel onditions for the pplition of detiled seismologil investigtionsF e presentD in preliminry formD the omined results of tehniques to determine shpe nd deep extension of seismi linetions @seismi tomogrphyAD the preise position of hypoenters nd the fult mehnismsF hey suggest tht the strike slip nture of the struture is not eqully spred ut turns to more trnstensive omponent in the northern prt of the systemY the seismiity is less evident in the south termintion of the fultD ut it my e msked y nthropi tivities nd sedimentry thiknessF pinllyD omprison etween historil nd urrent seismi tivity seems to evidene tht the fult lterntes period of low mgnitudeD frequent events with medium to strongD isolted episodesF he likely intertion with the surrounding nd utting linetions mkes hypothesis on the nture of this kind of energy relese unertinF
IMAGING OF SEISMIC RUPTURE PROCESS OF THE CYTHERA M6.7 EARTHQUAKE (JANUARY 8, 2006): INVERSION FROM THE RELATIVE SOURCE TIME FUNCTIONS.  ID 1877
V. Plicka, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathemati, Czech Republic

trikeEslip fults re ommonly hrterized y hnges in strike nd dip on vriety of slesF sn prtiulr fults with

yn tnury VD PHHT t IIXQR g strong erthquke of TFU mgnitude ourred ner the islnd of uythirD out PHHkm south of ethensF he shoks hve een felt in regionsD fr from

453

SC-C 2
the epientre @stlyD grotiD fosniErerzogovinD wltD igypt nd ssrelAD fortuntely there were no reports of injuriesF yur interest is to desrieD very fstD the si hrteristis of the (nite extent fultF lip pth method @lle nd fouhonD PHHRA is very powerful nd fst method to (nd the seondEorder kinemti prmeters of the soureF he soure model of the erthquke is desried y I or P slip pthes @ellipsesA with onstnt vlue of the slip for eh pthF his simpli(tion keeps the physil mening of the extended soure nd moreoverD mkes soure inversion more roustD euse few prmeters re serhed @slip vlueD the position nd size of the ellipsesD rupture veloityAF wo individul soure pulses of pprent soure time funtions @psA otined y empiril qreen9s funtion methodD lerly inditeD tht soure is omplexD with two min speritiesF ps were used s input dt in nonEliner inversion y neighorhood lgorithm @mridgeD IWWWAF he results on(rm tht the fult is omposed from two sperities with verge slip of P metresF he regionl rodEnd wveform dt of the minshok nd ftershok from (ve sttions re otined from interntionl dt enter qiyryxF
A NEW KINEMATIC SOURCE INVERSION SCHEME  ID 1878
J. Burjanek, Charles University, Faculty of Math. & Phys., Czech Republic J. Zahradnik, Charles University, Faculty of Math. & Phys., Czech Republic

Poster Presentations
sf geology is involved in the genertion of speritiesD this employs long term stedy stte onditions nd yield the hypothesis tht they might e ple to survive severl seismi ylesF

SC-C 2: Recent Developments in Theoretical and Numerical Earthquake Source Dynamics: New Horizons to Predict Seismic Radiation and Near-Field Ground Motions
Level 2
THE CHAOS THEORY IN FRACTAL GENERATION OF SYNTHETIC EARTHQUAKES  ID 671
R. Magaa, Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico A. Hermosillo, Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico M. Romo, Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico M. Prez, ENEP, Aragn, Mexico

e present kinemti (nite extent soure inversion shemeD introduing n innovtive prmetriztion of the prolemF rtiulrlyD we ssume sptil slip distriution omposed of overlpping Ph qussin funtions on regulr gridF emporl evolution of slip is desried with presried slip veloity funtionD with free rupture veloity nd rise time prmetersF pixing the vlues of rupture veloity nd rise time for whole fult mkes the prolem liner in stti slipF he inversion lgorithm works s followsF et (rst we (x rise time nd rupture veloity nd lulte seismogrms for eh qussin funtion seprtelyF hen liner inversion is performed to get optiml weights @amplitudesA of these qussin funtionsF uh proedure is done for numer of rupture veloities nd rise timesD optiml vlues of these re otined y simple grid serhF vP norm is used s n ojetive funtionF he liner inversion for stti slip is done with positivity onstrintD so lled 9udrti progrmming9 ws pplied to solve suh prolemF yur method ene(ts from simpliity of liner prolems nd fvourle spetrl properties of qussin funtionF he ltter prevent from employment of rti(il smoothing opertorsF hus diret insight into spetrl properties of the stti slip distriution of rel erthqukes is otinedF he method hs pssed suessfully 9flind test for kinemti soure inversion9 within i sgi projet nd hs een further pplied to the PHHH wTFT estern ottoriD tpnD erthqukeF
POST SEISMIC MULTIPARAMETER STUDIES TO IDENTIFY SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURES IN FAULT PLANE AREAS  ID 1902
M. Sobiesiak, GFZ, Germany

sn this work the reltion mong the nonEliner dynmi ehvior of omplex systems nd the lgorithms for frtl genertion of syntheti erthqukes is nlyzedF ht is to sy the reltionship mong the lgorithms generted y mens of frtl proedures nd the nonEliner sets of equtions @tht model the virtion of the terrestril rkAD is settledD where it is tke into ount the geometri hrteristis of the present strtigrphy in siteD s well s of the mehnil ehvior of the present mterilsF o with thtD the frtl lgorithms re sed on the physil hrteristis of the modeled systemF iverything will e neessry to understnd the ehvior oserved in di'erent sitesD onsidering the site geologyF sn synthesis the ontent of this work onsist on the followingX A onepts of the hos theoryD A di'erent systems where it is pplied @physilD iologilD etAD A deterministis mthemtil models tht revel hoti ehviorD dA reltionship with the frtl lgorithms tht provide grphi representtionsD eA its implitions in the interprettion of rel elerogrmsD nd fA its reltionship with the previous works of the uthors @out n neuroEfrtl lgorithm for erthquke simultionAF
SOURCE TOMOGRAPHY OF MINING-INDUCED SEISMIC EVENTS AT "RUDNA" COPPER MINE  ID 1641
G. Kwiatek, Institute of Geophysics, PAS, Poland W. Debski, Institute of Geophysics, PAS, Poland

wultiprmeter studies of ftershok sequenes n onE strin the heterogeneous struture of tive fults nd heneD help to identify seismogeni strutures @speritiesAin fult plne resF e used the sptil distriution of the seismi Evlue in omE intion with teleseismi soure time funtions to identify res of lrgest oseismi moment releseD stress drop nd slip nd estimted the respetive vlues for these soure prmetersF ositive orreltions to other geophysil prmeters like isostti residul nomliesD rdited seismi energy or the sptil distriuE tion of seismi veloities were le to support lotion nd extent of the seismogeni feturesF sn the se studies whih will e presentedD strikingly good orreE ltions to geologi nd tetoni settings ould e foundF his onsisE teny etween res of high moment relese for exmple nd hnges in mteril properties long the fult plneD helped to otin new ides out the nture of seismogeni struturesF

he kinemti rupture proess of the threeD smllD miningE indued seismi events @ww PFWEQFHAD whih ourred t 4udn4 nd 4olkowieEieroszowie4 opper mine in olnd re studied in detilsF eismogrms of seleted events were reorded y the set of over TH vertilD shortEperiod seismometersD loted within distne up to ISkm from the epienterD minly t the exploittion levelF snversion of reorded seismogrms for the rupture slip history ws rried out in two stepsF pirstlyD the reltive soureEtime funE tions @pA were lulted for eh sttion using the empiril qreen9s funtion tehniqueF he pseudoEspetrl pproximtion of the sought ps y the (nite sum of qussin kernel funtions with vrile mgnitudes nd time shiftD s well s the dptive simulted nneling optimiztion ws used in order to improve the stility of the deonvolution proedureF xextD the p funtions were inverted for the kinemtiD speEtime history of the ruptureD using the lssil simulted nneling optimiztion shemeF he sptil orienttion of the rupture plnes were determined y the moment tensor inversion nd the result of the spetrl nlysis were tken s the priori onstrints of the soure sizes @IHHm x IHHmAF por the tomogrphy purpose the ruptured prt of the fult plnes were divided into PS or RW ! equlEsize pthesD depending on resolution of the dt nd dditionl sptil resolution testsF he rskellElike soure model with unilterlly propgtingD onstnt rupture veloity rupture ws ssumed s the priori modelF et oth inversion stges the inversion unertinties were estimted

454

Poster Presentations
y mens of the wrkov ghin wonte grlo smpling tehniqueF he otined results indite sptioEtemporl omplexity of mine indued seismi events moment releseF
DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF A DIPPING FAULT USING A 3D FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD WITH NONUNIFORM GRID SPACING  ID 1783
Z. Wenbo, Lab of Computational Geodynamics, GUCAS, China I. Tomotaka, DPRI,Kyoto Univ., Japan I. Kojiro, DPRI,Kyoto Univ., Japan

SC-E 6
trnsform for displement potentils from whih the displements follow y sptil di'erentitionF he omponents of the seismi moment tensor re funtion of timeF st should e noted tht wve (eld vlues on free surfe re otined s strit reurrent nlytil reltionsF

SC-E 6: Earthquake Physics - Field and Laboratory Study

Level 2
MAPS OF ALLOCATED ZONES OF TIDAL EARTHQUAKES IN KAMCHATKA (RUSSIA)  ID 730
V. Y. Saltykov, Kugaenko, Kamchatkan Kamchatkan Branch, Branch, Geophysical Geophysical Survey, Survey, RAS, RAS,

e propose method to nlyze dynmi rupture proesses of erthqukes with dipping fultD using Qh (niteEdi'erene @phA method with nonuniform grid spingF his pproh does not require ligning the fult plne to the ph grid for implementtion of the ph methodF st n e used to del with relistilly omplex fult geometry modelF e vlidte our method y studying two dynmi soure prolems tht hve een nlyzed y wdrig et lF @IWWVAF yne is the instntneous rupture of irulr fult emedded in homogeneous elsti mediumY the other is the spontneous rupture of retngulr fult whih strts from lol irulr sperity on the fult plneF yur numeril results for di'erent dipping fults re similr with those otined y wdrig et lF @IWWVA using horizontl fult plne model in full speD thusD vlidting our method for dipping fult modelsF e pply the proposed pproh to nlyze the dynmi soure proess of the PHHQ okhiEykiD tpnD erthqukeF he fult model of this erthquke is dipping fult with dip ngle out IVEdegreeF e reuild the dynmi rupture proess of this event nd simulte the ner soure strong ground motions sed on the dynmi soure modelF
SIMILARITY CHARACTERIZATION OF SHORTTERM AFTERSHOCKS GENERATED BY THE FEBRUARY 11TH 2004, NORTHERN DEAD SEA (ML 5.1) EARTHQUAKE.  ID 1796
G. H. Wust-Bloch, Tel Aviv University, Israel M. Joswig, Universitt Stuttgart, Germany

Russian Federation Russian Federation

pive hours fter the perury IIth PHHRD xorthern hed e irthquke @wv SFIAD nnoseismi monitoring @toswigD PHHSY httpXGGwwwFgeophysFuniEstuttgrtFdeGsssHSFhtmlA ws pplied to reord series of ftershoksF ithin IU hoursD series of TI ftershoks @EPFH ` wv ` PFRA were loted nd seleted for similrity hrteriztionF he nonErndom sttisti distriution of these events shows spei( propgtion pttern wherey the eight strongest @wv b IFSA events re eh followed y series of deyingEmgnitude eventsF ivent series were hrterized y similrity nlysis sed on wveformsF ih series shows high similrity ut wveforms di'er from series to seriesF wster event relotion provides relted sptil lusteringF
USING THE RECURRENT METHOD FOR SEISMOLOGY PROBLEMS  ID 1823
D. Malytskyy, Carpathian Branch of Subbotin Institute of Geophys, Ukraine R. Pak, Ukraine O. Mujla, Carpathian Branch of Subbotin Institute of Geophys, Ukraine Carpathian Branch of Subbotin Institute of Geophys,

e think tht the irth tides n not indue the erthE qukes themselvesD ut ones n exert trigger in)uene on future soure formed y more powerful tetoni proessesF hen this in)uene n e mnifested during long time of lrge erthquke preprtion @ltykov et lFD PHHRAD nd smll erthqukes of this re will eome n ojet of the tidl in)ueneF xoteX these smll erthqukes re not foreshoksD this is kground seismiityF he tehnique nd the results of the serh of suh e'ets re presentedF he in)uene of the irth tides upon erthqukes with mgnitude wbPFS is investigtedF roposed tehnique of detetion of tidl e'ets in seismiity llows (nding in time nd spe nomlous zones orresponding to in)uene of seprte tidl wves or tidl wve groupsF he sttistil signi(ne of the nomlies is tested y method wonteEgrloF his tehnique ws pproved on the tlogue of the umhtkn erthqukes IWTPEPHHSF he mps of tidl erthqukes zones designed for whole umhtkn seismotive re during di'erent time intervl from Iyer to RH yers re presentedF st is shown tht for short time intervl @Q yersD PHHQEPHHSA tidl zones re lose to soures of lrge erthquke with mgnitude waTFUETFW @PHHQD tunFITY PHHQD heFSY PHHRD tunFIHAF ome modern zones hving high sttistil signi(ne n not e onneted with lrge erthqukesD ut they re lose to reD whih mrked y di'erent sientists s lrge erthquke preprtion reF por long intervl @RH yersA zones orresponding to di'erent tidl wves in)uene hve di'erent tendenies in the sptil groupingF st is suggested tht this di'erene n e explined y seletivity of trigger e'et in erthqukes for di'erent tidl wvesD whih is onneted with vritions in stress stte of the mediumF his reserh is supported y pf qrnt HSEHSETRPUTF
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CHUYA EARTHQUAKE (2003 SEPTEMBER, M=7.3) AFTERSHOCK PROCESS BY FOCAL MECHANISMS  ID 1226
E. Leskova, Institute of Geophysics SB RAS, Russian Federation A. Emanov, Institute of Geophysics SB RAS, Russian Federation S. Goldin, Institute of Geophysics SB RAS, Russian Federation

tudying spetrl nd dynmi prmeters of erthquke soures is n essentil ondition to solve mny prolems of seismologyF hysil properties of medium s funtion of stress must e studied in order to understnd physil proesses run ner the soure e method of solving diret prolems is proposed nd presented in the form of reurrent reltionshipsF he equtions otined re suitle for numeril lultionsF e otin the ext solution for free surfe displements generted from point soure in lyered mediumF sn generl erthquke soures re introdued y seismi moment tensorF e use the fessel ! vple

irthqukes lotions methods used in eltiEyn region till now re designed for sre network of regionl oservtionsF he deployment of denser network of the elti seismologil test site mde it possile to use other methods llowing more urte solutions from lol dtF ghuy irthquke @qorny eltyD ussiD PU eptemer PHHQD waUFQA ourred in the entre of elty seismologil test siteF sing the seismologil dt of elty seismologil test site nd epientrl (eld studies we ttempt to mke more detiled struture of ghuy irthquke ftershok proessF sn this work we present nlysis results of fol mehnism tlog of ghuy irthquke ftershoksF enlysis ws mde t fol mehnisms ttitude position nd t prmeters of prinipl stress xesF st is showed tht long the fult line of everoEghuiskiy mountin rnge the fol mehnisms demonstrte n lmost horizontl shiftD while they hnge on the ends of the

455

SC-F 0
seismi tivtion zone nd the vertil omponent of this shift eomes essentilF referred orienttion of prinipl stress xes ws disoveredX it is sumeridionl to pressure xes nd it is sultitudinl to tension xesF
SPATIO-TEMPORAL FEATURES OF SEISMICITY OF THE ALTAI-SAYAN REGION  ID 1231
A. Emanov, Geophysical Survey SB RAS, Russian Federation A. Emanov, Institute of Geophisics SB RAS, Russian Federation A. Filina, Geophysical Survey SB RAS, Russian Federation E. Leskova, Institute of Geophisics SB RAS, Russian Federation Y. Kolesnikov, Institute of Geophisics SB RAS, Russian Federation

Poster Presentations
deteted suEprllel xEi linementsF uurysky frture zone nd xEi sher zone re the min lokEforming strutures in western prt of ghuysky depressionF egionl ontemporry formed lok struture ontrols spe distriution of erthqukes genertion zonesF gomprison of the distriution of linement zones with seismi tomogrphy results shows tht the linements re tred to the depth of IWEPS km nd their position oinides with the oundries of loks with shrp veloity vritionsF

eismiity of the eltiEyn wountin egion is nE lyzed long with the relief nd tive fultsF st is found tht in the most tetonilly tive struture seismiity ours during the whole yer nd its pttern is stle from yer to yerF qeologil strutures re hierrhilly orgnized y the rte of seismi eventsF he lrgest erthqukes in the region orrelte with ertin strutures where tive lowEenergy erthqukes ourF sn the seismi mode we distinguish kground seismiity nd multiple seismi tivtionF fkground seismiity tht might pper t (rst glne to e hoti is lolized with time ording with to the lok struture of eltiEyn wountin egionF he omintion of elevted rok msses nd depressions mkes up ellulr struture tht o'ers resistne to ollision with the tungrin fsinF fkground seismiity is onentrted minly in the mountin hins round depressionsF eismi tivtion is onsidered s nonsttionry mode of one or other geologil strutureF etivtion is losely relted to the lrgest erthqukesY for the most prt it proeeds s n ftershok proessF trong tivtion of the elti nd yn strutures hs spei( senrios of its developmentF etivtion tht hs egun t the fusingol erthqukeD heemer PUD IWWI @waTFSA nd ontinues to dte hs very distintive hrterF his event n e relted to the interfe etween the eltiEyn region nd fikl rift zoneD where ollision pushes the depressionD while rifting tends to ter it prtF he opposition of the two fores gives rise to intermittent nd long seismi tivtionF
ANALYSIS OF THE STRESS STATE OF THE CHUYSKY 2003 EARTHQUAKE ZONE FROM SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY AND SPACE PHOTOLINEAMENTS DATA  ID 1726
I. Sanina, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation O. Usoltseva, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation G. Ivanchenko, Institute of Geospheres Dynamics, Russian Federation A. Emanov, Institute of Geophysics, Russian Federation

SC-F 0: Engineering Seismology (Open Session  Posters Only)

Level 2
DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY IN CHINA  ID 182
Y. Hu, Institute of Geophysics, China

sn ghinD erthquke engineering nd engineering seisE mology strted in the middle of IWSHs nd the min hievements in the (eld of engineering seismology re presented in this pper in six setions s followsF IF ingineers working in the (eld of engineering seismology re not stis(ed with the term erthquke mgnitudeD ut prefer the ground motion prmetersF he term erthquke intensity hs een used in ghin efore PHHHD nd our urrent zontion mps re in terms of ground motion prmetersF yne in e'etive pek elertion Gg nd the other in term of e'etive pek veloity v or the hrteristi period ga P vGF PF qround motion simulted to mth given response spetrum is required in ghin in the nlysis of nuler power plnts or other importnt struturesF e method hs een given to generte time histories to mth given spetrum with errors muh less thn tht llowed in the urrent seismi design odeF QF yur PHHH ground motion zontion mps onsider some sturted design elertion t short periods ner epientrl regionsD ut the longer period spetr keep on inresing with oth mgnitude nd distneF RF nertinty in seismi regionliztion is onsidered in the PHHH zontion mpsF SF wo kinds of site e'ets were onsidered in the IWTR model ode in ghinX the ground filure of wek sites nd the modi(tion of the design ground motion y inresing those omponents loser to the nturl periods of virtion of the soft siteF his onsidertion in seismi design ode is the erly one in the worldD roughly QH yers efore the tpn ode nd e odeF
SEISMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BUILDING STOCK IN PONTA DELGADA : A FIRST ATTEMPT  ID 323
P. Silvestre, Centro de Geofsica da Univ. de Lisboa, Portugal P. Teves-Costa, Centro de Geofsica da Univ. de Lisboa, Portugal

yne of the reent onepts of erthqukes mehnisms @FFqoldinA ssumes tht the erthquke preprtion proess is the result of stress hnges in lrge volume of geophysil medi surrounding the fousD while instility develops lolly in restrited reF o verify this hypotesisD joint nlysis of tomogrphy nd spe photolinement dt ws rried out in the zone of the ghuyskyD PUFHWFHQD erthqukeD for the period efore nd fter the eventF he epientrl zone of the ghuysky erthquke is situted in the southern prt of the ussin eltyF he density of utomtilly deteted y vie progrm smll photolinements of ExE diretion ws nlyzed for ghuysky depression regionF he density distriution is well struturedF vol mximums re onneted with elongted liner zones prtly inluded in regionl uurysky sher zoneF wost intensive lol mxim re onneted with the frture zones jointsF ummry density speE(eld of nd xE diretion photolinements is formed y linements of thrust nd sherEthrust kinemtis minlyF hese linements re elongted generlly orthogonl to min tension regionl stress diE retionF e detet ghgnEsunsky lok of high density of nd xE diretions y smll utomtilly deteted photolinementsF he re of newlyEformed frtures ghuysky erthquke is pled on the order prt of ghgnEsunsky lokF his re is ut in its estern prt from ghuysky depression y the set of utomtilly

he ezores rhipelgo is loted ner the triple point of the emerin plteD the iursin plte nd the efrin plteD in the xorth etlnti yenF hue to this prtiulr lotion it is the ortuguese region whih presents the higher level of seismi hzrdF sn the im of the reserh projet gywsgy @gontriution to eismi isk witigtion for ont helgdD engr do rerosmo nd rort ownsAD mient virtion mesurements were performed on IU uildings in the town of ont helgdF he studied uildings n e divided in two min tegoriesD ording to the mterils used for their onstrutionX msonry nd reinfored onreteF sn generlD these uildings re not isoltedD ut re prt of lokF he numer of stories of the studied uildings vries from P to PIF he dt ws proessed in ordne with the methodology proposed y xkmur @IWVWY PHHHAD using the tesme progrm @esmeD HQ emD PHHQA to lulte the rGD iG nd xG spetrl rtiosD nd lso using the qeopsy softwre to nlyse the individul spetr nd to lulte the dmpingF he fundmentl frequenies of the uildingsD in the trnsverse @iA nd longitudinl @xA diretionsD were determinedF hese vlues vry etween IFR rz nd UFV rzY the dmping vries from IFH7

456

Poster Presentations
nd SFT7F st ws oserved thtD in generlD the nturl frequeny nd the dmping derese s the numer of stories inresesF he nturl frequeny of the ground ws lso lultedD in order to hek potentil resonne e'etsF pollowing the methodology developed in iskEiD with some dpttionD we estimted the vulnerility urves for the di'erent studied typologiesF his is still tenttive methodology nd other proedures will e developedD in the im of the gywsgy projetD to etter hrterize the uilding seismi ehviour of ont helgdF
COMPARISON OF TWO ARRAY TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE SOIL STRUCTURE FROM MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENTS  ID 341
M. Rodriguez, Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico F. J. Chavez-Garcia, Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM, Mexico

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were ontinuously mintined from eptemer VD PHHR till wrh PRD PHHSF his llowed for suessful registrtion of the rne zone erthqukes diretly t the ghx siteF he reords of the rne nd other strong teleseismi erthqukes were used for preise determining of design elerogrms nd response spetr simulting the e'et of mximl design erthquke from the rne zone t the ghx site y ounting for lowEfrequeny e'etD whih ws erlier impossile euse the lk of ojetive dtF
STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC HAZARD FOR STABLE CONTINENTAL REGIONS USING EXTREMAL MIXTURE DISTRIBUTION  ID 432
K. Jaiswal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India R. Sinha, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

redition of site e'ets during erthqukes requires the determintion of the site trnsfer funtionD or of its susoil strutureD from whih theoretil trnsfer funtion my e omputedF e numer of tehniques hve een devised to this endF he more populr ones re those sed on mirotremor reordsD due to the fility nd low ost of the mesurements involvedD nd euse it does not require seismi souresD impossile to use in some environmentsF huring the lst dedeD the min tehnique used hs een tht of rG spetrl rtios of noise mesurements mde with only one sttionD whih provides n estimte of the site trnsfer funtionF roweverD the strong limittions of this tehnique hve spurred the explortion of other methodsF wo of them re ewiD proposed y vouie @PHHIAD nd egD proposed long time go y eki @IWSUAF fothD eg nd ewiD llow to otin phse veloity dispersion urve from rry mirotremor mesurementsD from whih veloity pro(le my e derived y inversionF eent results @ghvezEqri et lFD PHHSA hve shown tht it is possile to use eg without the geometril restrition on the shpe of the rry @ording to eki it should e irleAF sn this pperD we present omprison etween the results otined y eg nd ewi t few sites in the stte of golimD wexioF et two of the sites we re le to ompre the results with veloity pro(les mesured in oreholes using suspended logF yur results llow to infer some rules to know when eg or ewi n e usefulD nd wht re those prmeters tht need to e onsidered refully efore mking ny mesurementF yne interesting point is tht the two methods n e used with the sme dtsetD therey dupliting the vlue of eh mesurementF
SEISMIC HAZARD UKRAINE  ID 357 OF THE CHNPP SITE IN

he pplition of (nite mixture distriution in sttistiE l nlysis is frequently proposed s omintion of two normlD lognormlD or exponentil distriutions for mixed dt smplesF he theory of extremes hs een pplied suessfully in the pst for modeling the ourrene of mximum mgnitude erthqukes within ertin geogrphi region over presried period of pst seismi tivityF he theory works on the ssumption tht oservtions follow either qumel ype s or ype sss distriutions stisfying prtiulr degree of on(dene level in the form of goodness of (t testF he dvntge of the method lies in the ft tht it uses extreme events @lrgestA of de(nite time intervl @iFeF sy monthly or yerlyA tht re widely felt nd well tloguedF his pper proposes n lterntive pproh sed on (niteE mixture distriutions wherey more relisti predition of low proE le events n e mde whih re of high engineering importneF he onept nd si reltionships de(ning mixture distriutions nd the ppliility hs een disussedF heoretil nd nlytil groundwork for the pplition of (nite mixture symptoti distriE ution onsisting of ype ss nd ype sss distriution is developedF he model is pplied to nnul mximum erthquke mgnitude ourrene in eninsulr region of sndi iFeFD etween IHEPT x nd TVEWH i with the tlog dt spnning over the period IVRIEPHHPF he results re expressed in terms of exeedene proilities nd return period for vrious design levelF st hs een onluded from the investigtions tht unertinty in prediting low prole events n e redued to lrge extent y modeling the mgnitude ourrene of region with more re(ned mixture modelsF he sttistil pproh proposed in this pper is useful in the se of seismi hzrd ssessment for regions with low to moderte seismiity nd hving smllEreorded tlog dtF
IMPACT OF EPISTEMIC UNCERTAINTY ON SEISMIC HAZARD ESTIMATES  ID 560
R. M. Musson, BGS, UK

A. Kendzera, Institute of Geophysics of National Academy of Sci, Ukraine V. Omelchenko, Institute of Geophysics of National Academy of Sci, Ukraine

he study of seismi hzrd in krine in long time ws linked only to the territories loted in the so lled seismilly tivted res on(ned to the orders of tetoni pltesD mountins nd sumontne troughF fut on the istEiuropen grton @iiA the origins of erthqukes re oserved prtilly everywhereF yn the pltform prt of krine only few pereptile lol erthE qukes re knownF heir origins were loted within the erth9s rustF es result the seismi e'ets hd lol hrterF et the lst ernopil erthquke in some pitl strutures the rks with few entimetres width ws pperedF uh phenomen on(rm ommon rule in oediene to whihX the shllow erthqukes on pltforms n use destrutive e'ets even t the low vlues of mgnitude @w RDSAF sn this onnetionD t estimtion of seismi sitution of the lrge industril ojets loted on the iigD it9s not impossile to not tke into ount the potentil dnger from lol powerful seismi events nd strong surust erthqukes from rne zoneF he purpose of report is to develop IHDHHHEyer generl response spetr for siteEspei( soil onditions for the ghernoyl xew fe gon(nement rojet in the krineF ith this purpose seismi sttion equipped with widend devies qurlp ws instlled lose to the helterF edditionl (eld mesurements

ipistemi unertinty in seismi hzrd is de(ned s unE ertinty out things tht hve true vlue whih is unknownD ontrsted with letory unertintyD whih is the unertinty out things tht re unknowleD euse they pertin to rndom proessesF yne n imgine sitution where one hs to estimte the numer tht will e rolled on n unknown numer of dieF he person rolling the die knows the numer of dieD ut for the estimtor this is epistemi unertintyF sf the estimtor were le to (nd out the numer of dieD this epistemi unertinty would e removedD ut the tul numer to e rolled ould still not e predited euse of the irreduile letory nture of die throwsF istimting fully the epistemi unertinty in seismi hzrd model is onsidered to e importnt in order to express the unertinty in the (nl hzrd results @typilly s suite of perentile hzrd urvesAF fut wht e'et does epistemi unertinty hve on the tul vlue of the hzrd results ! spei(lly the vlue tht will e rried through into the design proessc otentillyD epistemi unertinty ould e symmetril out the est estimte vlue in suh wy tht the overll impt is smllF ome typil ses re exminedF

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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ITALIAN SEISMIC HAZARD MAP (PRSTN04) AND ALTERNATIVE PSHA ESTIMATES  ID 595
M. Mucciarelli, University of Basilicata, Italy D. Albarello, University of Siena, Italy V. D'Amico, University of Siena, Italy

Poster Presentations
lotion of senrios otined y disggregtion in wE@EAE D sving omputtionl e'ortsF QF eismi hzrd of most ortuguese winlnd ounties is dominted y the seismiity loted o'shoreD southwest of F iente peF
ON THE IMPACT OF THE BINNING STRATEGY ON MACROSEISMIC MAGNITUDE-DEPTH-IO ESTIMATES  ID 625
D. Baumont, IRSN, France O. Scotti, IRSN, France

e seismi hzrd mp @xHRA hs een reently proE dued s se for the seismi zoning of the stlin muniiplitiesF xHR is lulted over regulr grid for the whole territory of stly nd mpped s mximum elertion @emxA with (xed proility of ourrene in given periodF e ompre this mp with n lterntive oneD produed using the site intensity pproh estimting @smxAF e estimted the mximum sntensity @smxA with (xed proility of ourrene in given period for the sites with more thn S intensity vlues orresponding to doumented lol e'ets during pst erthqukesF he omprison etween the two pprohes is performed with non Eprmetri tehniques tht require only very resonle ssumptionX the reltionship etween emx nd smx is monotonilly inresingD with no onstrint out its funtionl shpeD nd gives n equivlent elertion from intensity eintF e de(ne normlised vrile of hzrd vrition raemxG@emxEeintAD tht shows no orreltion with emx or with the numer of site felt intensitiesF he most striking result is the mpping of r on the stlin territory onsidering the seismogeni zoning used y xHRF ell the sites outside seismogeni zones show high negtive vluesF ite inside seismogeni zones hve ll the sme sign for the sme zoneD with positive mxim in the zones with highest seismiity rtesF hree possile explntion re exminedX IA the tlogue used for xHR is not oissoninD nd this dversely 'et the gornellEwquire methodY PA he mjority of seismogeni zones does not stisfy the fender riterion to void numeril instility in seismi hzrd ssessment y stndrd omputtionl odes @eFgFD eisiskAY QA eismogeni zones hve too high vriility of seismi tivity rtesD deriving from the sene of ojetive riteri in their designF
SEISMIC HAZARD DISAGGREGATION STUDIES. APPLICATION TO MAINLAND PORTUGAL  ID 623
M. L. Sousa, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal A. Campos Costa, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal

ttement of the rolemX irthquke senrios re used in di'erent domins of tivities likeX @iA ivil protetion disster preprednessD @iiA omputing overll seismi losses for portfolio of ssetsD or @iiiA evluting time histories nd durtion of ground motion to e used in seismi design nd retro(ttingF roweverD the hoie of n erthquke event is often sed on deterministi ritrry ssumptionsD for instnesD the worst historil event reported in the region under nlysisF urposeX he purpose of this work is to overome the disdE vntges of deterministi pprohD hoosing senrio ground motionD for eh of the PUV winlnd ortuguese ountiesD sed on proilisti seismi hzrd disggregtion nlysisF wethodsX roilisti seismi hzrd for winlnd ortugl is reevluted in order to perform hzrd deggregtion nlysisF roilisti seismi hzrd ws disggregted onsidering di'erent spes of rndom vrilesF hey were nlyzedX @iA univrite onE ditionl hzrd distriutions in w @mgnitudeAD @soureEtoEsite distneA nd @devition of ground motion to medin vlue preE dited y ttenution lwAD @iiA ivrite onditionl hzrd distriE utions in wE nd in E @seismi soure ltitude nd longitudeA nd @iiiA multivrite onditionl hzrd distriutions in wEE nd wE@EAE F epplition nd resultsX wodl vlues of the ove mentioned distriutions were omputed for eh ounty of winlnd ortuglF hose vlues orrespond to seismi senrios tht dominte the hzE rd for eh siteF hen modl seismi hzrd senrios re sustiE tuted in the ttenution lw they reprodue the trget onditionl hzrd level with mximum reltive error of PDV7F gonlusionsX IF rzrd modl senrios reprodue hzrd mps with gret uryF PF rzrd senrios otined y geogrphi hzrd disggregtionD in ED lso reprodue the

wroseismi dt re used to ompute the density proE ility funtion for mgnitudeEdepthEnd so solutions relted to modelling unertintiesF his lultion relies on the derivtion of empiril ttenution reltionships lirted on di'erent sets of events @US wlD SS wsD IQ wwA ssuming tht regionl tendenies re negligile nd tht ttenution n e modelled through log@hypoentrl distneA formultionF sing the twenty est reorded events overing the prenh territoryD we show (rstD tht pprent hnges in ttenution slopes re due to lk of ompleteness in the dt setD t lrge distnesD nd to n erroneous depth estimteD t short distnesF eondlyD the omputed intensity ttenutions strongly depend on the inning strtegy pplied @intensity or distne inningAF epprent slopes of intensity inned dt @EQFQS HFIHA re systemtilly steeper thn the ones derived on distne inned dt @EPFUR HFIHAF hrough n nlysis of syntheti intensity distriutionsD we show tht the lol vriility of the intensity ssignments nd their sptil distriutions t lrge distnes is the slope estimtes sed on intensity inningF fy pplying sptil (lter to the oserved intensity ssignmentsD it ws possile to reonile the slopes derived using the two strtegiesF e lso show tht the omputtion of isoseismls my e equivlent to pply sptil (lterD depending on the sheme usedF hese (ndings suggest tht the di'erene of slope results derived for other ountries @stlyD eD uD x iuropeA my e ontrolled to lrge extent y the hoie of their inning strtegy rther thn di'erenes in the physil hrteristis of eh ountryF pinllyD for eh inning strtegyD vrious dt seletion nd minimistion shemes were used to explore the unertinty domin of the ttenution oe0ients nd ompute the mgnitudeEdepthEso proility density funtionF reliminry results indite tht the di'erent inning strtegies led to similr predited mroseismi mgnitudes ut di'er on the depth nd so estimtesF
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS USING MAPPING TECHNIQUES AND EPICENTER DENSITY FUNCTIONS  ID 644
J. Habenberger, Bauhaus-Uni, Germany

sn regions with low or moderte seismiity it is di0ult to hieve oth n ext desription of mgnitude reurrene reltion nd detiled determintion of sptil seismiityF purE thermore the derivtion of regionlistion models is in)uened y sujetivenessF sn the pper new zoneless pproh is proposed for proilisti seismi hzrd nlysisF ptil distriutions of the prmeters of the qutenergEihterEreltion re given y pplying oronoi digrms nd mpping tehniques to the historil erthquke tlogueF erti(il erthquke tlogues re derived from the zoneless model nd pplied to proilisti seismi hzrd nlysisF he results re ompred to those of ommon regionlistion methodsF
EARTHQUAKE AND MICROTREMOR SITE RESPONSE AT INTERNET ACCELEROGRAPH SITES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA  ID 693
S. Molnar, University of Victoria, Canada A. Rosenberger, Natural Resources Canada, Canada S. Dosso, University of Victoria, Canada J. Cassidy, Natural Resources Canada, Canada

458

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sn PHHP the qeologil urvey of gnd egn the proE ess of repling stndElone instruments in its existing strong motion network ross southwestern fritish golumi with snternet eelerogrph @seA instruments tht ommunite in ner relEtime over the snternetF he instrument stores dt in its ring u'erD irrespetive of whether n event is deteted or notD nd the dt n e diretly retrieved over the snternet t ny timeF hese new fetures of the strongEmotion instrument network hve provided over ISH lowElevel @IFR7 g mximumA ground motion reordings ross southwestern fritish golumi from (ve erthqukesD rnging in mgnitude from wv QFT to wv TFIF e exmine the pek ground elertion nd veloity reorded from these (ve erthqukes ompred with numerilly determined ttenution reltionships for the gsdi region of southwestern fritish golumi nd northwestern shingtonF e lso investigte the site response of our se sttions y ompring the verge mirotremor horizontlEtoEvertil spetrl rtio with the horizontlEtoEvertil spetrl rtios from these (ve erthqukesF
DEVELOPING THE UHS FOR NEW SITE OF ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY (IAU) - SOUTH TEHRAN BRANCH - IN IRAN  ID 910
M. Firoozi Nezamabadi, Islamic Azad University (IAU)-South

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response is pplied for soure modeling s slip funtion with the wP spetrl hrteristisF hen the soure rupture growth proess of lrge event is modeled s sum of suh slip funtions with the rupture events ourring in ompline with degree of the irregulr heterogeneity on the entire fult plneF he re(ned soil sediment struture model for soureEsite pth is presented s multiElyered hlfEspe tht onsists of surfe soil lyer overlying semiEin(nite rndom mediumF he possile envelope funtions for the mxim nd spetrl hrteristis of erthquke responses of struture system hve een evluted t the severl sites using the ove ground motion modelF es these envelope funtions re)et the vrition of the soil groundD the soureEsite distneD the soureEsite geometryD the rtio of epientrl distne to fol depthD nd the diretivity e'ets in the soure rditionD they will e useful for the resonle seismi design of struturl systemF

SEISMIC HAZARD AND SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ARABIAN GULF REGION  ID 1167
N. Peiris, Arup, UK M. Free, Arup, UK Z. Lubkowski, Arup, UK A. Hussein, Arup, United States

Tehran Branch, Iran (Islamic Republic Of ) F. Yaghoobi Vayeghan, Transportation Research Institute (TRI), Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e site investigtion s well s eismi rzrd enlysis @reA hs een rried out for new site of n importnt university in northEest of ehrn @pitl of srnAF he im hs een estimting the level of seismi hzrd for the site nd developing the niform rzrd petr @rA for horizontl s well s vertil omponent to design its uildings ginst seismi ground motion more preiselyF et (rstD it ws tried to reognize ll the tive fults round the siteF eondlyD y using the pproprite ttenution lwsD the qe vlues on the site were estimtedF hese vlues otined for the site vry etween HFHWTg nd HFQUUg @horizontlA nd HFHWPg nd HFPIPg @vertilA for IH7 nd HFISTg nd HFUHUg @horizontlA nd HFISPg nd HFRPPg @vertilA for P7 proility of exeedene in SH yers ground motions depending on the pplied ttenution lws suh s emrseysD emrseys nd fommer nd re nd eshtinyF he qe for vertil nd horizontl omponent using re nd eshtiny ttenution reltionship otined HFPIPg for IH7 nd HFRPPg for P7 nd HFPVWg for IH7 nd HFSUSg for P7 exeedene in SH yers ground motion respetivelyF he rtio of vertil to horizontl omponent @GrA is HFURF his study hs shown tht Gr inreses due to ner fult e'etF pinllyD the rD whih re more relile for design purposesD were onstruted for the P7 nd IH7 proility of exeedene in SH yers ground motionsF
EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE VARIATION RANGE BASED ON THEORETICAL GROUND MOTION MODEL  ID 943
H. Dohi, NTT Facilities Inc., Japan S. Matsuda, Kansai University, Japan M. Kawano, (Belonged to) Kyoto University, Japan K. Asano, Kansai University, Japan

his pper presents the results of regionl seismi hzE rd ssessment undertken for the erin qulf egionF he re studied extends from IH x to QS x nd QS i to TS iF his re inludes numer of mjor regionl tetoni fetures inluding the gros nd wkrn regions to the north nd estD the hed e nd ed e to the west nd the qulf of eden nd ywen prture one to the south nd southestD with the stle ontinentl erin lte in the entre of the reF en erthquke tlogue hs een ompiled nd ritilly reviewed for this re nd seismi soure zones nd their ssoited mgnitude reurrene prmeters de(nedF ettenution reltionships hve een seleted sed on the tetoni hrter of the soure zonesF he unertinty in eh element of the ssessment hs inluded in the ssessment using logi tree methodologyF he seismi hzrd results re presented in the form of seismi zontion mps for the ersin qulf region nd uniform hzrd response spetr for seleted ities inD trD the nited er imirtes nd ymnF he pper lso desries how these results might e used for seismi design purposesF

PROPOSAL OF AN ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIP OF HOUSNER SPECTRUM INTENSITY IN EUROPE  ID 1193

J. E. Martinez-Rueda, University of Brighton, UK

vrge erthqukes hve frequently ourred ner urn re nd rought out enormous dmge to strutures nd filitiesF he hrteristis of erthquke ground motion re desried strongly y not only the site mpli(tion ut lso the soure dynmisF herefore it is n importnt prolem to predit the vrition rnge of the mximum responses of struturl systems due to the hrteristis of ground motionF sn this studyD to desrie theoretilly the vrition rnge of mximum struturl responses during erthqukeD the predition model of erthquke ground motion hs een presented on the sis of the wve propgtion theory nd soure kinemtisF sn this modeling of ground motionD the rupture proess on fult plne for unit event is idelized s n impulse response of elsti memrneF his dynmi

he evolution of ttenution reltionships is n interestE ing spet of ingineering eismology tht hs tken long nd fruitful rodF eently @PHHSAD n elorte ttenution model for iurope @referred here s the eh modelA hs een proposed y emrseysD houglsD rm nd mithF he model estimtes the ttenution of spetrl elertion s funtion of moment mgnitudeD soureEtoEsite distneD fulting mehnism nd lol site onditionsF yn the other hndD pst studies hve shown tht good orreltion exists etween spetrum intensity @sA nd dutility demndF his indites tht s n e used s n ojetive mesure of instrumentl intensity for erthquke ground motion s e0ient erthqukeEresistnt strutures re expeted to ehve inelstilly under the design erthqukeF fsed on prmetri study using the eh model this pper proposes semiempiril model to estimte rousner petrum sntensity @srA in iuropeF eordinglyD the proposed model estimtes the ttenution of sr s funtion of the sme prmeters of the eh modelF gomprisons etween oserved nd estimted sr vlues re ritilly nlysed nd the potentil pplition of the proposed model for elerogrm sling nd vulnerility nlysis is highlighted

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MAPPING OF CRUSTAL STRAIN RATE TENSOR FOR ICELAND WITH APPLICATIONS TO SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT  ID 1211
R. Sigbjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland T. Sigurdsson, National Land Survey of Iceland, Iceland J. T. Snaebjornsson, University of Iceland, Iceland G. Valsson, National Land Survey of Iceland, Iceland

Poster Presentations
he oserved distriution of mroseismi intensity shows strong zimuthl dependeneD with high intensity level in IHxIH kmP re loted to the epientre nd rther lrge dispersion of vlues @rnging from to ssEsssA in the (rst IH km epientrl distneF king into ount the high vulnerility of the dmged strutures nd the fetures of the geologil formtionsD we tried to explin the oserved dmge distriution in terms of (nite fult properties of the soureD despite the moderte mgnitude of the eventF o this imD we hypothesised fult geometry from seismotetoni onsidertions nd we simulted the event y high frequeny simultion tehnique @heterministi tohsti wethodD hwAF he syntheti ground motion prmeters re onverted into intensity vlues y empiril reltionships nd lol geologil onditions re onsidered to explin some disrepnies etween simulted nd oserved intensitiesF st ws possile to dequtely reprodue oth the oserved distriution of mroseismi intensity nd the ground motion reorded y n elerometri sttion loted t out IH km epientrl distneF
SEISMOTECTONIC MODELING FOR SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS OF VARDAR ZONE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA  ID 1389
B. Dimiskovska, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia V. Mihailov, IZIIS-Skopje, Macedonia

he ojetive of this pper is to present the (ndings of rustl strin rte nlysis for selnd ndD furthermoreD to demonE strte its potentil pplitions in seismi hzrd ssessmentF he rustl strin rtes re derived using surfe mesurements pplying the glol positioning system @qAF he q mesurements pplied re disussed nd the derived verge veloity (eld for n eleven yer periodD from IWWQ to PHHRD is presentedF he de(nition of strin rte tensor nd spin @vortiityA tensor is outlined nd the results of the numeril nlysis presentedF his inludes disussion on omptiility nd its implitions for the properties of the derived strin rte (eldF he tensor rte (eld is displyed on mps showing norml nd sher strin rte (eldD long with prinipl strin rte (eld nd dilttion rte (eld s well s the vortiity (eldF e speil ttention is given to mesurement unertinties nd the results of unertinty nlysis used to vlidte the mps nd ssess their reliilityF he derived tensor (elds re disussed nd interpreted in reltion to the present dy view on the tetonism of selndF purthermoreD they re ompred with erthquke tivity s well s pulished erthquke hzrd mps for selndF pinllyD the potentil pplition of the mpped tensor rte (eld in seismi hzrd ssessment is outlined nd demonstrtedF his indites tht the pulished hzrd mps for selnd n e enhnedD espeilly in res with low seismiity where instrumentl erthquke dt re sprse nd informtion on histori erthqukes is missingF
SHAKE MAPS OF NONLINEAR SPECTRAL ORDINATES FOR ROMANIAN EARTHQUAKES  ID 1257
I. G. Craifaleanu, National Institute for Building Research, INCERC,

INCERC, Romania D. Lungu, Romania I. S. Borcia, National Institute for Building Research, INCERC, Romania National Institute for Building Research,

he strt presents the results of n extensive studyD performed on strong erthqukes @moment mgnitude lrger thn TFHA reorded in omni in the lst QH yersF he study involved mpping of pek ground motion ordintesD s well s of liner nd nonliner spetrl ordintesD for seismi events reorded in IWVTD IWWH nd PHHRF sn the (rst prt of the studyD shke mps were generted for pek ground elertionD veloity nd displementD e'etive pek ground elertion nd veloity nd for the orner period of response spetrD F he seond prt foused on the development nd nlysis of shke mps for liner elertion nd displement spetr whileD in the third prt of the studyD shke mps were generted for nonlinerD onstnt dutilityD elertion nd displement spetrF
DAMAGE DISTRIBUTION AND SEISMOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE NOVEMBER 2004, SALO' (NORTHERN ITALY) EARTHQUAKE  ID 1371
V. Pessina, INGV, Italy G. Franceschina, INGV, Italy P. Vannoli, INGV, Italy L. Luzi, INGV, Italy F. Pacor, INGV, Italy

he investigtions of seismiityD tetonis nd geology of the territory of the epuli of wedoni tht hve een performed so fr hve pointed out the diret reltionship etween the erthquke ourrene nd tetoni proessesF o de(ne seismogene soure nd erthquke ourreneD it is neessry to know the geologil evolution of the terrin prtiulrly in ontemporry onditionsF sn the investigted reD the erthqukes hve exlusively een of tetoni origin wherefore the gretest ttention hs een pid to the tivity of the fult strutures in the rdr zoneD the orreltion etween the epienters of ourred erthqukes nd the geologil medi through whih the seismi wves propgteF he seismotetoni mp of the rdr zone lerly shows tht the strething diretion of the fult strutures orreltes with the epienters of ourred erthqukesF he seismiity model formulted on the sis of dt from the seismologil nd seismotetoni investigtions of the region hs een the strting point in de(ning the seismi hzrdF wo pprohes hve een proposed for de(nition of seismi model to e used in de(ning the seismi hzrdF e omprison etween these models hs lso een mdeF
GROUND MOTION PATTERN OF THE OCTOBER 27, 2004 INTERMEDIATE DEPTH VRANCEA EARTHQUAKE  ID 1407
K. P. Bonjer, Geophysical Institute University of Karlsruhe,

Germany C. Ionescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania V. Sokolov, Geophysical Institute University of Karlsruhe, Germany M. Radulian, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania B. Grecu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania M. Popa, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania E. Popescu, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

he est side of lke of qrdD in xorthern stlyD ws struk y wlaSFP erthquke on xovemer PRD PHHRF he felt re is rther lrge @from enie to wilnA nd the dmged re onsists of TT muniiplitiesD with numer of homeless of out PPHH nd estimted diret dmges of PIS millions of eurosF wost of the dmged strutures re old msonry uildings nd hurhesD while there were lmost no dmge to reinfored onrete struturesF

he ytoer PUD PHHR erthquke ourred in the northE estern end of the rne seismi regionF his region is entered in the iEgrpthins nd is on(ned to n re of out PH x TH kmPF ek nd strong erthqukes our t depths etween TH nd IVH km on two prllelD lmost vertil plnesD whih re seprted y less thn IH kmF toint rypoenter hetermintions lote the erthquke t depth of IHH km in the more northern trending plne of the kground tivityF he fult plne solution @PPS GVH GWS A shows nerly pure thrust mehnismD whih is typil for the strong rne intermedite depth erthqukesF he ytoer PU erthquke ws high stress drop event @IHHEPHHwpA with moment mgnitude of wwaTF st ws the strongest eventD whih ourred fter the wy IWWH erthquke sequene with the two min shoks of wwaTFW nd TFRF e mximum elertion of PTS mGsP ws reorded y the uP strong motion networkD

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Poster Presentations
operted jointly y the gollortive eserh genter RTI trong irthqukes9 of urlsruhe niversity nd the xtionl snstitute for irth hysisD fuhrestF elthough the gretest reorded elertion ws lose to the pek elertions of the strong nd dmging rne events of IWUUD IWVT nd IWWHD the mximum intensityD lulted on the sis of the pourier emplitude petrD ws only TFSF his explins why no signi(nt dmge ws registeredF he gret numer of onEsle oservtions gives the hne to ontrol mroseismi oservtions with instrumentlly reorded ground motionsF sn this ontriutionD we use the 9q gommunity snternet sntensity wp9 for the omprisonF
DECONVOLUTION OF SEISMIC DATA USING PARTIAL TOTAL LEAST SQUARES  ID 1433
A. Chanerley, University of East London, UK N. Alexander, University of Bristol, UK

SC-F 0
er IWD IWVS erthqukes in wexio gityD were used in order to otin proper vulnerility funtions for msonry nd reinfored onrete uildingsF he vlues for the dmge proility mtries @hwA proposed in the iuropen wro eismi le @iwWVA were used without further modi(tion for msonry struturesY however for onrete strutures with more thn T storeys hw nd vulnerility funtions from iwWV sle re rther di'erentD this unique di'erene is due to the extreme response mpli(tion tht uildingsD with HFS to PFS se of periodD experiened in the IWSU nd IWVS erthqukesF wirozontion of the studied zone hs een hieved using ek qround eelertions @qeAD ek petrl eelertions @eAD nd wximum hutility hemnds @whhA distriutionsD from severl pst reorded erthqukes with w b UFH nd with di'erent seismi origin @tnury IWWUD epril IWVWD tune IWWWD nd eptemer IWWWAD therefore ssoEintensity mps re drwn showing the intensity vrition within the studied zone for given dmge senrioF
SPATIAL VARIATION ISTANBUL  ID 1633
E. Harmandar, Inst., Turkey E. Durukal, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey M. Erdik, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst., Turkey O. Ozel, Turkey Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst.,

he rtil otl vest qures @vA I P is vriE tion on the otl lest qures @vA V whih ssumes tht ll the mesurents on oth sides of ex a re noisyF he v ssumes tht some of the dt is known extlyD wheres other prts of the dt re produes from noisy mesurementsF issentilly the prolem is still (nding the solution of ex a y forming the omined mtrix g a e in order to redue the rnk of gF roweverD the rnk is redued y modifying only some of the rowsGolumns of the mtrix gF he seismi dt used for the nlysis is hosen s fr s possile suh tht instrument prmeters were retined in the heder (les of the seismi reord TDUF hese inlude dt from the weEI rry in iwn whih provide some detils of the ntiElis (lter usedF por other digitl reords whih didn9t give detils of ny ntiElis (lterD these were inferred from the smpling rteD on the ssumption tht n ntiElis with utEo' t hlf the smpling rteD would hve een usedF he v ws pplied to the seismi dt fter wvlet deE noiseing nd orreting for selineD ut without ny frequeny seE letive (lteringF ueywordsX gorretionD (lterD seismiD wveletD deEnoisingD reursiveD lest squresD ndEpssD (lteringD (lterD inverse (lterD onvolveD deEonvolve
MITIGATION OF THE SEISMIC HAZARD AND RISK IN MONTREAL  ID 1453
P. Rosset, c/o University McGill, Canada A. De La Puente, University McGill, Canada L. Chouinard, McGill, Canada

OF

GROUND

MOTION

IN

Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research

wontrel is rnked seond in gnd in terms of seismi risk fter nouverF en exhustive nlysis of seismi hzrd ws oupled to struturl vulnerility ssessments to provide the ivil protetion geny nd stkeholders with mps nd senrios for seismi mitigtion nd preprdnessF wirozontion mps inluding liqueftion potentil re used to identify uildingsD ridges nd lifelines vulnerility for vrious levels of ground motionsF he ojetive of this pper is to outline results tht hve een otined to dte in the seismi hzrd projet nd how the informtion hs een used for emergeny preprednessF ynEgoing projets to supplement urrent informtion re lso outlinedF
A REVIEW OF SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT IN MEXICO CITY, FROM LARGE SUBDUCTION EARTHQUAKES  ID 1466
A. Gomez Bernal, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico H. Juarez Garcia, University of British Columbia, Canada

he sptil vrition of erthquke ground motions n our s onsequene of sooure propertiesD wve propgtion through di'erent erth strtD soil medi nd topogrphi fetures nd serves to quntify the mplitude nd phse di'erenes of ground motion over distne or reF he sptil vrition of erthquke ground motion hs n importnt e'et on the response of liner lifelines suh s ridgesD pipelinesD ommunition systemsD nd should preferly e ounted for in their designF sn this studyD sptil vrition of strongEground motion in sstnul from two erthqukes reorded y the sstnul irthquke pid esponse nd irly rning ystem @siA is nlyzedF he (rst event @wv RFQA took ple on ITFHSFPHHR o' the lov ost in the istern wrmr e lose to the entrne of the szmit fyF he seond one @wv RFHA ourred on PWFHWFPHHR to the south of the rine islnds lose to sstnulF he sptil vrine of motion within the network is investigted y the nlysis of the intrEevent vrition of pek horizontl elertions @reA nd pseudo spetrl veloities @AD s well s y ohereny nlysisF he intrevent sptil vriility of re9s is exmined y the re rtio of two sttions s funtion of seprtion distne over frequeny rnge of HFP to PS rzF he nlysis is repeted using rtios of 9s of sttionEpirs lulted s the verge of 9s etween HFP nd IFH s periods for SEperent ritil dmpingD nd plotted ginst sttionEseprtion distneF he results re preliminry in the sense tht so fr two events were reorded y the lrger numer of sttions in the si his work forms the skeleton of n utomted system to uniformly lulte the vrine of reorded motionsF st is expeted tht the results otined will stilize nd eome more relile s the numer of reorded events inreseF
AMBIENT VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS IN LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA  ID 1654
P. Zupancic, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia B. Sket Motnikar, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia A. Gosar, Slovenia Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia,

sn this pper one of the ojetives is to otin detiled mps of the expeted distriution of dmge uildingsD for given erthquke senrioF esults from the dmge estimtion of one of the most vulnerle zones in wexio gityX helegion guhutemoD re shownF hmge sttisti surveys fter the tuly UD IWSUD nd the eptemE

sn the frme of the xey ! iene for ee projet essessment of eismi ite empli(tion nd eismi fuilding ulnerility in the p of wedoniD groti nd loveniD we performed mient virtion survey of vjuljnD the pitl of

461

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loveniF he gol of this projet is to equip prtner ountries with the stteEofEtheErt seismi noise @mient virtionA mesurE ingGproessing instrumenttionD whih will enle to hrterise the dynmi ehviour of lrge sets of soil deposits nd uildingsF he im is lso to perform very detiled mirozontion of urn res y overlying soil frequeny mp with uilding frequeny mp nd to identify the lotions of potentil soilEstruture resonne tht ould inrese the dmge in the reF vjuljn sin is region of inresed seismi hzrd nd t the sme time the most densely populted re in loveniF he strongest erthquke in the history of the ity ourred in IVWS @waTFID sHasssEs wuAF e performed freeE(eld mesurements in PHH x PHH m grid nd mesurements in pproximtely IHH uildings @residentilD elementry shools nd helth entresAF sn uildingsD mesurements were performed t ll )oorsF por the purpose of orgnising nd presenting the olleted informtion we prepred the (eldEquestionnire nd set up dtse whih inludes ll importnt informtion out the surveyed uilding @eFgF ddressD heightD geD onstrution mterilD mesured fundmentl frequeny of the uilding in oth diretions nd of ner freeE(eldAF o otin fundmentl frequeny of uildingsD the dt were nlyzed using power spetrD horizontl to vertil spetrl rtio @rA nd stndrd spetrl rtio @AF o otin fundmentl frequeny of soilD the dt were proessed using r nd the results were ompred to the estimted thikness of the sedimentry over of the sinF gse studies of some hrteristil prts of vjuljn re presentedF
NEW GENERATION OF PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF GERMANY  ID 1696
G. Grnthal, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany C. Bosse, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany D. Stromeyer, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany R. Wahlstrm, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany Italy

Poster Presentations
G. Zonno, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy M. Garcia-Fernandez, Inst. de Cincies de la Terra Jaume Almera, Spain

wost of the seismi hzrd studies of the xorthern enE den regionD iFeF golomi nd iudorD re prt of wider regionl studies overing the whole of outh emeri @eFgF giis IWWTD svyy IWWWAF ixisting ntionl hzrd mps for iudor nd golomi normlly do not inlude informtion out the input dt nd prmeters used to generte themF e hve produed seismi hzrd mps of the enden region north of ltitude T using rel soure zones nd timeEindependent re pprohF fsed on the erthquke tlogue nd the rel soure model of the svyy projet we hve de(ned n intermedite nd lrge sle soure zontion y omining the informtion from seismiityD geology nd tetonisD trying to etter modelling oth the sudution nd the rustl souresF rzrd omputtions hve een rried out using the gss ode @welendez nd yrdzD PHHIAD whih llows for inlined seismi souresD nd is therefore useful in modelling the geometry of sudution zonesF he qulity of the tlogue lotions nd the limited knowledge on the geometry of the suduting sl does not llow for n urte ssoition of intermedite nd deep events with wellEde(ned struture t depthF he rustl soures re lso prtilly 'eted y these unertintiesF elterntive pprohes to the soure model hve een testedD inluding zoneEfree9 model nd omintion of rel soures nd smoothed seismiity to model respetively the shllow @rustl nd interfeA nd the intrEsl eventsF he di'erent results hve een exmined nd the limits nd points of strength of the di'erent pprohes re disussedF
DEFINING THE EARTHQUAKE GIVEN SITE  ID 1737
L. Timiovska, IZIIS, Macedonia

EFFECTS

AT

roilisti eismi rzrd essessment @reA isD in ontrry to deterministi methodsD widely onsidered the most redile method to lulte the erthquke hzrdF st is key element in seismi risk lultion nd thus n importnt tool in the mitigtion of the e'ets from future erthqukesF sts results require updtes when novel dt nd improved sienti( insights eome villeF qermnyD lthough ountry of low to moderte seismiityD is exposed to onsiderle seismi risk due to the omined e'et of the high degree of industriliztionD infrstruture nd high popultionF he popultion density is espeilly high in severl of the most erthquke prone resF snnovtions implemented in the present study re muh improvedD ww sed erthquke tlogue for qermny nd the surrounding reD new ground motion reltionsD with regrd tken to the fulting styleD new lrgeE nd smllEsle seismi soure zone modelsD nd new methods to lulte the mximum expeted mgnitude nd the fol depth distriutionF helustering nd ompleteness lgorithms for the tlogue entries re spei(edF wodern re s pplied here inludes the unertinties in ll input elementsF foth the letory unertintyD desriing the intrinsi vriility of nture whih nnot e redued with dditionl or more urte dtD nd the epistemi unertintyD the result of inurte or inomplete informtion whih n e redued when dditionl oservtionsD etter models or inresed sienti( knowledge eome villeD re onsideredF he use of the logi tree tehnique filittes the inorportion of rnge of relisti vluesD funtions or models for eh input prmeterF gonsequentlyD the resulting hzrd is expressed in terms of frtiles for the proility of exeeding vrious ground motion vluesF wps of expeted spetrl elertions nd intensities re produedF elthough the generl ptterns resemle those of previous mpsD there re ovious hnges in some resF
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS OF NORTHERN ANDES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT APPROACHES  ID 1729
E. Fiorini, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Tibaldi, Dipartimento Scienze Geologiche Uni Milano-Bicocca,

he determintion of the sptil distriution of the relesed energy from the fous to given point is known s n ttenution prolemF he min tsk eing to determine the size of given prmeter de(ning the erthquke e'ets t given site@intensityD mximl elertionD veloity or displeemntA s funtion of the prmeters desriing the size of erthquke@mgnitudeD epientrl intensityD seismi momentAD the distne nd the soil onditionsF por eh of erthquke inluded in this nlysis the distne from the epienter to eh point of ertin intensity hve een mesured nd represent the si dtF
OBSERVATIONS FROM REGRESSIONS ON GROUND MOTION DATA FROM BRITAIN AND NORTHWESTERN EUROPE  ID 1741
S. Sargeant, British Geological Survey, UK R. Musson, British Geological Survey, UK

egressions were rried out on two pek ground elerE tion dtsetsF he (rst dtset ontins oservtions from u erthqukes rnging from !HFU to SFI wv reorded over distnes of IERRI kmF he seond ontins dt from erthqukes of similr mgnitude @IFWESFW wvA ompiled y pree et lF @IWWVA for northEwestern iuropeF sndividul regressions on these dtsets suggest tht ttenution in these two regions is similrF sn light of thisD the dtsets were omined nd further regressions rried outF e ompred these results with the reltions of emrseys et lF @IWWTAD whih re sed on dt from lrger erthqukes nd whih hve een pplied in u hzrd ssessmentsF et mgnitudes less thn round RFW wvD our reltion estimtes relisti ground motions wheres those lulted using emrseys et lF @IWWTA re signi(ntly higherF et SFS wv nd oveD our reltion predits unrelistilly high elertions @up to three times higher thn those estimted using emrseys et lFD IWWTAF roweverD etween RFWESFH wvD the two reltions oinide for distnes of SH km or lessF his result implies tht there is some e'et of mgnitude tht neither reltion ounts forF por the relisti predition of ground motion for the entire rnge of mgnitudesD hyrid pproh my

462

Poster Presentations
e neessryF
EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOS SOFIA  ID 1763 FOR THE CITY OF
D. Slejko, OGS, Italy A. Rebez, OGS, Italy M. Santulin, OGS, Italy

SC-F 0
PSHA FOR NORTH-EASTERN ITALY  ID 1832

D. Solakov, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria S. Simeonova, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria

he ity of o( tht is the min dministrtive enter in fulgriD with the densest popultion is exposed to high seismi riskF he erthqukes tht minly in)uene the hzrd in o( originte either ner the town or re used y regionl seismi souresF he seismogeni fetures of the re of out PHH km round the ity of o( were nlyzed onsidering seismiityD neotetonis nd geologil developmentF he ground shking senrios for the o( muniipl re were generted using oth deterministi nd proilisti pprohF e relile geotehnil zontion of the ity of o( ws inorported in the erthquke senrios genertionF he proilisti seismi hzrd ssessment in terms of pek ground elertion nd response spetrl elE ertions for di'erent vlues of the virtion period is performedF he re is sed on simpli(ed seismogeni modelD whih is derived from seismi zoning of fulgriF e showD using wonte grlo pprohD tht unertinties in seismi input hve reltively little e'et on the re outputD espeilly when ompred with unertinties ssoited with the ttenution reltionshipF foth deterministi nd onstnt hzrd ground motion senrio re produedD onsisting of mps showing response spetrl ordintes t seleted virtion periods over the urn reF hese senrios my e e0iently used s si input for developing reltively detiled erthquke dmge senrios for the ity of o(F he mteril presented is the outome of prt of fulgrin work rried out in the isk i rojet @PHHIEPHHRA funded y he iuropen ionomi gommission in the frmework of the pifth eserh nd ehnologil hevelopment rogrm inergyD invironment nd ustinle hevelopmentF
HAZARD MAPS FOR PORTUGAL: SENSITIVITY TO SEISMIC ZONATION AND ATTENUATION MODELS  ID 1802
S. Vilanova, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal J. Fonseca, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal

he logi tree pproh hs een used to ompute roust seismi hzrd estimtes for northEestern stly @priuli E enezi qiuli nd estern eneto regionsAF hese hzrd estimtes were plnned to e used for the expeted dmge ssessment t regionl sleF sn order to quntify the epistemi unertintiesD the logi tree pproh hs een followedF yur logi tree onsists of SR rnhes for rok nd soft soil onditionsX three seismogeni zontionsD representing vrious levels of our seismotetoni knowledgeD three methods for the seismiity rte omputtionD three sttistil pprohes for the mximum mgnitude estimtionD nd two qe ttenution reltions of di'erent sptil relevne @stlinD iuropenA were usedF por sti' soil onditionsD n dditionl ttenution reltion of regionl ppliility ws onsidered with n enlrgement of the logi tree to VI rnhesF he regionl hzrd ssessment ws done ording to stndrd proilisti pproh for severl return periodsX IVW runs were proessed in totlF he hzrd estimtes oming from ll rnhesD ontriute to the (nl ggregte seismi hzrd mpF wo res @entrl priuli nd the re round ittorio enetoA show the highest hzrd in these mpsF ell results were stored nd elorted y qs systemD whih llowed us to produe the (nl soil hzrd mpF he omputed qe with return period of RUS yers in ittorio eneto @sti' soil onditionsA is HFQV gD onsidering the letory vriilityY it eomes HFSI g when the epistemi unertinties re ddedF por dmge ssessment purposesD n dditionl hzrd mp in terms of mroseismi intensity hs een otined trnsforming the qe estimtes into intensity y reltion lirted on the dt of the IWUT priuli erthqukeF he intensity hzrd mp shows similr fetures s those of the hzrd mp in terms of qe with the mximum vlues long the northern glimento river vlleyF
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD IN A LOW SEISMICITY COUNTRY (FRANCE): CAN THE OBSERVATIONS FROM THE STRONG-GROUND MOTION ARRAY BE USED TO VALIDATE THE ESTIMATES ?  ID 1886
C. Beauval, IRD-Geosciences Azur, France P. Y. Bard, LGIT, France P. Gueguen, LGIT, France

winlnd ortugl is loted in the viinity of the ezoresE qirltr plte oundryD under the in)uene of the ontinentl onvergene etween seri nd the efrin lteD nd its hzrd hs ontriutions from oth interplte nd intrplte seismiityF he di'use hrter of the ezoresEqirltr oundry ist of the qorringe fnk @long IPA leds to signi(nt intrplte deformtion in res of lolized weker lithosphereF revious work on seismi hzrd ssessment for ortugl foused on the seismi tlogue inputD nmely the ompletness nlysisD the onversion of mgnitudes nd the estimtion of reurrene lwsF wuh e'ort ws dedited to this spei( node of the logi tree nlysis euse it represents the only regionl inputD sine no ground motion models re ville for the regionF o hrterize the ttenution we used ground motion models for stle nd tive ontinentl regionsD weigted ording to the (t to qeEonverted mroseismi dtF his proedure ws dopted given the srity of ground motion dt for engineeringErelevnt mgnitudes nd distnes nd the ft tht di'erent types of rust my e involved in the seismi ttenutionF sn this work we present new hzrd mps for seri emphsizing the disussion on how the seismi zontion 'ets oth the hzrd pttern nd the hzrd solute vluesF he results indite tht the hzrd for elgrve is lowered when this zone is inluded on the southern tive tetoni regionF srrespetive of the hosen zontionD we otin the mximum regionl hzrd t the gus lley regionF his ontrsts with other studies tht used dEho ttenution lws derived from intensities nd gve the regionl mximum in the elgrveF his my e the result of is introdued y intensities estimted for the IUSS erthqukeF

roilisti hzrd estimtes hve reently een the sujet of intense detes in prneF sndeedD rther di'erent estimtions reE sulted from studies led y vrious institutionsGuniversities @eutrn el lF IWWVD wihh PHHPD wrin et lF PHHRD feuvl PHHQAF he question of using oservtions to vlidteGinvlidte estimtions is thus eoming of ruil interestF essuming oissonin ourrene for erthqukesD proilisti hzrd methodologies im t omputing rtes of exeedne of given ground motion levels t the sites of interestF husD nturl wy of testing the proilisti method would e to ompre estimted rtes nd oserved onesF roweverD we show tht in lowEseismiity regions suh s prneD this omprison nnot e done for the elertion levels of interest in the uilding odes @orresponding to return periods of hundreds to thousnds yersAF yservtion periods re too short with respet to the frequeny of these groundEmotionsF imultion of oissonin ourrenes demonstrte tht ompring oserved rtes with lulted ones leds to erroneous onlusions if too low frequenies of ourrene re onsideredF he minimum oservtion time windows for omputing sttistilly signi(nt men rtes re estimtedF yservtions t the sttions of the prenh strong motion e rry indite tht elertion levels for whih the omprison is meningful re fr elow levels of interest for engineering purposesF yne my however expet meningful omprisonD under some spei( onditionsX when hzrd studies re performed with ttenution reltionships tht re vlid over wide mgnitude nd distne rngeD nd smll minimum mgnitude vluesD nd when sensitive elerometri sttions re used providing reordings muh elow the old 4HFHI g4 threshold @down to IHER or t lest IHEQ gAF

463

SC-F 1
HAZARD DISAGGREGATION: THE IMPORTANCE OF MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES  ID 1972
M. Pagani, IDPA-CNR, Italy A. Marcellini, IDPA-CNR, Italy

Poster Presentations
qunti(ed through the genertion of syntheti frtl seismiity distriutionsF he impt qunti(es the devition of the 4true4 hzrd vlues from the uniform hzrd estimteF esults show tht the sptil uniform distriution leds glolly to n overEestimtion of proilisti hzrd vluesF gorreltions etween hEvlues nd impts re derivedD so tht in rel ses unertinty ounds on hzrd n e dedued from hEvlue estimtesF

roilisti seismi hzrd disggregtion n e nowE dys fundmentl tool for kEnlysis of lulted hzrd vlues nd more generlly for the seletion of hzrdErepresenttive time historiesF he ommon proedure to selet representtive timeEhistories usully relies on the mgnitude @mAD distne @rA nd epsilon @eA triple giving the lrgest ontriution to the disggregted hzrdF sn this workD in ddition to the lssilly disggregted vrilesD we disuss on ontriutions to hzrd due to single nd multiple ourrenes using new proilisti seismi hzrd disE ggregtion tehniqueF e disuss the results of this disggregtion tehnique using three soure models owing to intermedite nd high seismiity resF yur (ndingsD onsidering the ground motion prmeter @qeA with IH7 nd P7 proility of eing exeeded in SH yersD show lrger importne of interEevent ground motion vriility in the gridded seismiity soure model in respet of the fult soure model where intrEevent vriility seems more ritil for the hrteriztion of the hzrdF
IS THE VS30 A RELIABLE MEASURE OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION ?  ID 1993
C. Eva, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy R. De Ferrari, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy S. Barani, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy G. Ferretti, Dip.Te.Ris.-University of Genoa, Italy

SC-F 1: Approaches to Model Seismic Scenarios

Level 2
STOCHASTIC MODELING OF PORTUGAL LAND GROUND MOTIONS  ID 1032
A. Carvalho, LNEC, Portugal A. Campos Costa, LNEC, Portugal C. Sousa Oliveira, IST, Portugal

MAIN-

he veloity of wves verged on the (rst QH metersD sQHD of soil olumn represents n usul ftor for lssifying soils in di'erent ground types @eFgD stlin uilding odeD the iuroode VA eh of whih is hrterized y spei( elsti response spetrumF sn this work dtse of more thn SH oreholes nd relted downholesD whih hve een olleted for some muniiplities in wolise egion @outhern stlyAD re used to ompre the sQH vlues nd the mpli(tion ftors @pAD estimted for eh mesurement pointD in order to ssess the reliility nd the ury of soil lssi(tions sed on sQH vluesF he mpli(tion ftors re estimted on the sis of Ih numeril simultionsD re rried out to evlute the mpli(tion funtionD ep@fAD t eh siteF por this purposeD suite of rel elerogrms @seismi inputAD seleted fter the disggregtion of seismi hzrdD is driven through model of the soil olumnF empli(tion ftors re estimted s the rtio etween spetrl intensity of output @soil surfe pseudoEveloity response spetrumA nd input @pseudoEveloity response spetrum t edrok levelAF sQH vlues re relted to oth p vluesD omputed for di'erent frequeny rngesD nd impedne ontrstsF he results show tht the use of sQH my led to inurte soil lssi(tions ndD thereforeD to overestimtes or underestimtes of the ground response of siteF esonne frequenies nd mpli(tion levels should e onsidered for soil lssi(tions nd for the evlution of the seismi response in order to redue the is due to the use of sQH onlyF
OVER-ESTIMATION OF PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD DUE TO THE SPATIAL UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMICITY  ID 2020
C. Beauval, IRD-Geosciences Azur, France S. Hainzl, Potsdam University, Germany F. Scherbaum, Potsdam University, Germany

reditions of strong motion in ortugl mke the use of wellEfounded physil models impertiveF his work uses nonEsttionry stohsti seismologil modelD sed on rndom virtion theoryD for lulting response spetr nd synthesizing strong ground motion elertion reords for ortugl winlndF feuse of the lk of relile dt nd the unertinties on the seismotetoniD very few studies for ortugl onerning soure nd pth e'ets hve een undertookF e sed some of our model prmeters from dt from intrplte erthqukes in ontinentl regionsD like ist xorth emeriD whose response spetr hve often een onsidered to e representtive of intrplte onditions round the worldF wodi(tions re then mde to (t the reorded ground motion in ortugl winlndF he vlidtion nd omprison re entirely in terms of S7 dmped pseudo solute response spetr for elertionD he dtset used inludes horizontl omponents of ground elertion reords @wRFH to SFQ nd distnes from QH to QHH kmA otined y the portuguese digitl elerogrphi networkD on hrd sitesF his lirted model ws used s the sis for hrteriztion of stronger erthqukes onsidering (nite fult rupture modeled s sum of numer of point soures distriuted sptilly nd temporllyF esponse petr re omputed for reords simulted t mny zimuthsD for wide rnge of mgnitudes nd distnesD for rok sitesF he stohsti groundEmotions reltions were otined using ttenution prmeters sed on regionl dt nd so provide sound sis for estimtion of ground motions of ortugl winlndF
MODELING THE 1980 IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE BY STOCHASTIC SIMULATION. COMPARISON OF THE SEISMIC SCENARIOS USING FINITE-FAULT SIMULATION METHODS  ID 1694
G. Zonno, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Carvalho, Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil - LNEC, Portugal

sn order to ompute proilisti seismi hzrdD seismi soures must e hrterizedF sn lowEseismiity regionsD seismiity is rther di'use nd fults re di0ult to identifyD thus lrge eril soure zones re mostly usedF he seismiity is supposed to e uniformly distriuted inside eh eril soure zoneF sn this studyD the impt of this hypothesis on the proilisti hzrd is

o de(ne more urtely the ner (eld nd the diretivE ity e'etD di'erent methodologies of (niteEfult modelling hve een used to desrie the ehviour of ground shking sed on deterministiD stohsti nd hyrid stohstiEdeterministi pprohes s in the frmework of the ongoing iuropen projet 4vivy ! isk witigtion for irthqukes nd vndslides4F sn this studyD we simulte nd ompre seismi senrios otined from the omplex soure hrteristi of the IWVH srpini erthqukeD w TFWD outhern stlyD using two (niteEfult numeril pprohes inluding the dynmi orner frequeny pproh of wotzedin nd etkinson PHHSF he pproh sw grvlho et lFD PHHR is nonEsttionry stohsti simultion method tht synthesizes the ground motion due to n extended soure y mens of n pproprite numer of suEsouresD rditing s omegEsqure point souresF hi'erently from isw wotzedin nd etkinsonD PHHSD sw voids the omputtion of elertion time series

464

Poster Presentations
representing the ontriution of eh suEfultD ut synthesizes the ground motion due to the entire fult from the ower petrl hensity puntion @hpA rdited y eh suEfultD using the rndom virtion theory nd the extreme vlues sttistisF sn dditionD sw llows multiple rupture using severl segments of fultsF isw ode ws hnged to inluded multiple ruptureF he shking senrios re omputed in terms of esponse eelertion petr @eAD time seriesD pek ground elertion @qeA nd pek ground veloity @qA t edrok levelF oure nd pth propgtion prmeters tken from other studies were tested nd the omputed shking senrios re ompred to elertion reords from severl sttions of stlyF esults re here presented in terms of qe mps for south stlyF
SIMULATING EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOS IN THE EUROPEAN PROJECT LESSLOSS: THE CASE OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF LISBON (MAL)  ID 1700
G. Zonno, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Akinci, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy G. Cultrera, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy G. Franceschina, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy F. Pacor, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy V. Pessina, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy M. Cocco, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy A. Carvalho, Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil  LNEC, Portugal E. Coelho, Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil  LNEC, Portugal A. Campos Costa, Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil  LNEC, Portugal

SC-F 1
disputle mong sientists nd engineersF por exmpleD the prolem of whih prmetrs for predition of ground motion should e mpped is still disputleF xmelyD the mps of mximl ground elertion nd veloity re of little use for the geotehnil engineers who ompute potentil soil filuresF hese re of more use for the struturl engineers who need input seismi prmetersF he proposed engineering proedures should yield results with su0ient ury of evlution of the ground motion with ertin return periodF he ojetive of this engineering proedure is to use histori dt s well s geologil ones if villeF he prolem of e'et of the lol soil medium upon the size of the ground motion hs een known for mny yersF sn solving this prolemD physilEmehnil models re estlished y use of empiril dtF his prolem hs een solved worldwide prtily deterministilly nd prolistillyD ut not in omprtive wyF wore preielyD the interprettion of the mroseismi dt in respet to their pplition in zoning requires their trnsformtion in the (eld of seismi e'ets nd evlution of the intensity of the shok t ertin site or some spei( prt of the siteF wroseismiity remins the most e0ient wy of estimting the reliility in evlution of the seismi hzrd otined through di'erent methodsF yn the other hndD the nysis of the seismi hzrd through oth pprohes would enle evlution of the future erthquke potentil of ertin regionD whih is of speil onern in ntiipting mesures for protetion of the uildings nd the humn potentilF
GIS-BASED GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE VEGA BAJA (SE SPAIN) AND ITS APPLICATION TO SEISMIC MICROZONATION STUDIES  ID 1776
A. Ribo, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera CSIC, Spain M. J. Jimenez, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera CSIC, Spain M. Garcia-Fernandez, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera CSIC, Spain F. Meroni, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy S. Molina, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Spain

sn the frmework of the ongoing iuropen projet vivy ! isk witigtion for irthqukes nd vndslides two suEprojets re devoted to erthquke disster senrio preditions nd loss modeling for urn res nd infrstruturesF his pper is deling with the suEprojet IHD IHD sk rogrmme enrio erthquke de(nitions for three itiesF piniteEfult seismologil models re proposed to ompute the erthquke senrios for three urn res ! sstnul @urkeyAD vison @ortuglA nd hessloniki @qreeeAF por eh se studyD ground motion senrios re developed for the most prole two events with di'erent return periodsD lotions nd mgnitudes derived from historil nd geologil dtF sn this studyD we simulte the elerometri time series nd response spetr for high frequeny ground motion in the ity of vison nd surrounding ounties @wetropolitn ere of visonAD using two possile erthquke modelsX the inlnd soure re of vower gus lleyD w SFU @RFUA nd hypothesis of the o'shore soure re of the IUSS visonD w UFTF he nonEsttionry stohsti method sw @grvlho et lF PHHRA nd new hyrid stohstiEdeterministi pprohD hw @or et lFD PHHSA re used in order to evlute the ground shking nd to hrterize its sptil vriilityF hen the site e'ets re evluted y mens of n equivlent stohsti nonEliner oneEdimensionl ground response nlysis of strti(ed soil pro(le units properly designedF esults re here presented in terms of qe mpsD for o'shore nd inlnd senriosF he men nd worst shking senrios for the wetropolitn ere of vison hve een delineted t the edrokF vol e'ets mplify the syntheti qe vlues y pproximtely ftor of PF his mens tht qe vlues omputed for edrok in vison ity n inrese from HFIPg up to HFPSg nd up to HFSg in surroundingsD for the inlnd senrioD nd from HFHRSg up to HFHWHg for wUFT o'shore senrioF
PAST AND PRESENT OF MACROSEISMICITY INVESTIGATIONS  ID 1736
L. Timiovska, IZIIS, Macedonia

e geologilD geotehnilD nd geophysil hrterizE tion of the eg fj del egur region is een onduted s prt of the pnish funded projet isePF he min gol of iseP is to develop prototype of n integrted tool to mp seismi hzrd senrios t regionl nd lol slesF voted i serin eninsulD in the low egur iverD the eg fj n e onsidered t present s moderte erthquke tivity region lthough numer of destrutive erthqukes hve ourred in the pstF foth the very reent rpid growth of urn developments together with the spei( peulirities of soil ondition in the re hve gretly inresed seismi riskF e use digitl geologil rtogrphy nd surfe geology toE gether with geotehnil dt @IUH oreholes of whih IQH inorpoE rte in situ nd lortory testsA s olleted from puli nd privte soures nd omplemented with dt in the ville litertureF wo (eld surveys of mient noise reordings were onduted for Ewve veloity pro(ling nd rorizontlEtoEvertil spetr rtios @rA nlysisF qeologilD geotehnil nd geophysil geoEreferened dt nd informtion re merged in ommon reltionl dtse fully omE ptile with qs toolsD whih enles to hve omplete dt ontrol y mens of logil reltionshipsF fsed on this omprehensive geoEdtse ompiled for the reD the nlysis of site e'ets inluding ground motion mpli(tion nd liqueftion potentil for di'erent senrio erthqukes is rried outF
GROUND MOTION SCENARIOS FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS: THE CASE OF THESSALONIKI, GREECE  ID 1817
G. Ameri, INGV, Italy G. Cultrera, INGV, Italy G. Franceschina, INGV, Italy F. Pacor, INGV, Italy A. Akinci, INGV, Italy

he design of struture in seismilly tive regions is sed on foresting of ground motion due to erthqukesF elthough for the lst dedeD mny investigtors hve found wys of omputing ground motionD mny qustions hve remined

465

SC-F 5
A. M. Lombardi, INGV, Italy V. Pessina, INGV, Italy G. Zonno, INGV, Italy M. Cocco, INGV, Italy

Poster Presentations

ithin the frmework of the iuropen integrted projet 4vivy ! isk witigtion for irthqukes nd vndslides4D two suEprojets re devoted to erthquke disster senrio preditions nd loss modelling for urn res nd infrstruturesF he overll im is to provide strong qunti(ed sttements to support deisionEmking for seismi risk mitigtion strtegiesF e present the ground motion senrios estimted for the ity of hesslonikiD qreeeD in the frequeny nd of engineering interest @up to PH rzAF e dopted (nite fult methods to simulte elertionGveloityGdisplement time seriesF wo tehniques were usedX the deterministiEstohsti simultion tehniqueD hw @or et lFD PHHSA for the high frequenies @fbHFSEIrzA nd gywx @pudih 8 uD PHHPA t low frequenies @f`PFS rzAF o lirte some kinemti prmeters of the rupture proess nd the rustl veloity model we simulted the PH tune IWUV hessloniki erthquke @wwaTFSA nd we ompred the results with the elerometri reord of the event t the hessloniki ityEhotel sttionF yn the sis of reent seismotetoni studies four fults hve een reognized s possile tive soures in the re ner hessloniki with moment mgnitude from SFW to TFSF e generted ground motion time series on regulr grid overing the urn reD for totl numer of eight senriosF he qe in the urn reD vries from HFHT E HFT g depending on the seleted senrioF he syntheti results hve een then ompred with di'erent ground motion preditive equtions for pek vlues nd response spetr S7 dmpedF he simulted elertion nd veloity peks re inside the men I stndrd devition predited y the ttenution reltionshipsF roweverD the simulted peks of displement n not e ompred with the ttenution reltion due to the lk of high qulity empiril dtY moreover the synthetis present more omplited fetures relted to the in)uene of rdition pttern distriutionF
THE ATTENUATION OF SEISMIC INTENSITY IN ITALY: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL BACKGROUNDS  ID 1856
C. Pasolini, Dip. di Fisica, Univ. di Bologna, Italy P. Gasperini, Dip. di Fisica, Univ. di Bologna, Italy D. Albarello, Dip. Sc. della Terra, Univ. di Siena, Italy B. Lolli, Dip. di Fisica, Univ. di Bologna, Italy V. D'Amico, Dip. Sc. della Terra, Univ. di Siena, Italy

SC-F 5: Seismic Hazard and Risk due to Induced Seismicity

Level 2
SEISMIC MONITORING OF AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY AT OLKILUOTO, FINLAND  ID 41
J. Saari, Enprima Ltd, Finland

he islnd of ylkiluotoD in the western ost of pinlndD hs een seleted s the site for the (nl disposl fility of spent nuler fuelF e pinnish expert orgnistionD osiv runs there seismi network of eight seismi sttionsF ell sensors re t the surfe of the islnd surrounding the preliminry lotion of the (nl disposl filityF osiv strted to onstrut n underground hrteristion fE ility in ylkiluotoD in PHHRF his fility will e used to quire detiled informtion out the edrok in ylkiluotoD to e utilised in the plnning of the (nl disposl filityF he onstrution of the tul (nl disposl fility is sheduled to strt in the PHIHsD nd the (nl disposl of spent nuler fuel n e strted in PHPHF he miroerthquke mesurements in ylkiluoto im for etter understnding of the strutureD ehviour nd longEterm stility of the edrokF he ove mentioned onstrution works will hnge the hrteristis @eFgF the stress (eldA of the virgin edrokF hose hnges will produe miroerthqukesF he oserved seismi events give n opportunity to pproximte in wht extent nd where the edrok is disturedF sdenti(tion of tive frture zones is n essentil element in omprehensive study of potentil hzrds relted to the spent nuE ler fuelF he zones of wekness djust relesing stresses nd strins of the rok mss s well s they re the min pths of hydruli )ow in the edrokF he movements ourring on these zones umulte during the lifespn of the repository nd possily n use hnges in the stilityD stress (eld nd groundwter onditions of the rok mssF he interprettion n ring out informtion tht will e used for model lirtion nd even further use hnges to (nl disposl fility lyoutF sn this presenttionD the seismi monitoring projet nd preliminry results re introduedF
THE STUDY OF INDUCED SEISMICITY IN AREA OF AZAT DAM IN ARMENIA  ID 531 THE

e ritilly nlyzed the results of previous studies on seismi intensity ttenution in stly performed y some of usF elthough no mistkes were mde in suh worksD we demonstrte here tht they do not reprodue the rel ehvior of seismi intensity with distne from the soure due to the indequy of some of the ssumption mdeF e lso propose some reipes tht n e useful to otin unised estimtes of the ttenution properties nd lso signi(ntly improve the goodness of (t with dtX IA sntensity dt loted t distnes from the soure for whih n intensity vlue elow the limit of di'use pereptiility @out sA is expeted mkes the resulting ttenution funtion to overestimte intensity t lrge distnesF husD for n unised estimteD suh dt hve to e exluded from omputtionsF PA ipientrl intensities so reported y the stlin tlog @omputed s the mximum oserved one or little less when site mpli(tion ws supposed to ourA overestimtes the intensity predited y ttenution lws t the epienter of out one intensity degree on verge nd then need to e reomputed onsistentlyF QA e possile wy to mke epientrl intensity onsistent with the intensity expeted t the epienter is to de(ne it s soasvEg@hACg@hvA where g@xA is the funtionl representing the distne dependene of seismi intensityD h the soure depthD sv nd hv respetively the verges of the oserved intensities nd the epientrl distnesD omputed over ll intensity dt of eh erthqukeF he pplition of these reipes to the sme dtset used in previous studies dereses the model residul men squre of more thn QH7F

V. Hayrapeyan, National Survey for Seismic Protection, Armenia V. Khondkaryan, National Survey for Seismic Protection, Armenia

he seismiity of the re of reservoir @ r a PHkmA ws studied in ermeni9s seismotive region hving n im to disover the possile sptil nd temporl hnges of kground seismiityF he existene of dense nd sensitive seismi network llows to lote the epienters of reltively wek erthqukes @ IFV `w` PFSA tht ourred in the re under studyF his is the ttempt to revel peulirities of kground seismiity nd orreltion tht my exists etween the seismiity nd the hnges of wter level in reservoirF yn the ses of histogrm nlyze of wek erthqukes quntity it ws onluded the dependene of re9s seismiity on reservoir9s levelF
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM MINING TREMORS  ID 665
K. Kuzniar, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Poland E. Maciag, Cracow University of Technology, Poland T. Tatara, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

sn olndD in vegniEqlogow gopper(eld @vqgA mining rokursts exite tremors hrterized y energies run to IiIH t nd surfe virtions whih intensity reh even HFQg @g E elertion of grvityAF

466

Poster Presentations
wining exploittion is minly rried out under urnized rE es nd hevily popultedD soD the prolem of ting mining ! reE lted surfe virtions is prtiulrly importntF he omprison of ground mining ! relted virtions with erthquke ones will e preE sentedF fuildings in vqg hve not een designed for seismi foresF eelertion response spetr re pplied to hrterize surfe viE rtions nd n e used in design proedure of new strutures s well s for estimtion of hrmfulness of virtions for rel uildingsF st only refers to elsti response spetr ! ompF iuroode VD eE use in vqg severl the most intensive events my yerly ourF he elerogrms quired in seismi sttions pled in vqg hve een pplied to prepre elertion response spetrF hey hve een lulted on the sis of ground nd sement virtions of low riseD S nd IP storey uildingsF he spetr were worked out with the frtion of ritil dmpingF imilrities nd di'erenes etween the response spetr from ground nd sement virtions re shownF he seond ones re more useful for estimtion of mining tremors hrmfulness to tul uildingsF he response spetr from ground virtions were omE pred with elsti response spetrum given in iuroode VF erti(il xeurl xetworks were pplied to determine the reltion etween ove mentioned response spetrF sn order to design pproprite neurl networks the suEpiture ide from piture trnsmission ws lso dptedF he response spetrum from the virtions reorded on the ground ws neurlly mpped into the orresponding vlue of response spetrum from the virtions reorded t the sme time on the uilding sement levelF
INDUCED SEISMICITY WITHIN EXPLOITED HYDROTHERMAL FIELDS IN KAMCHATKA (RUSSIA)  ID 734
Y. Kugaenko, Kamchatkan Branch, Geophysical Survey, RAS, T. Chelidze, Institute of Geophysics, Georgia O. Lursmanashvili, Institute of Geophysics, Georgia Z. Javakhishvili, Institute of Geophysics, Georgia M. Devidze, Institute of Geophysics, Georgia T. Khutsishvili, Institute of Geophysics, Georgia

SC-F 5

Russian Federation

rydrotherml (elds suitle for eletri power produE tionD re loted in the res of high geodynmiD volni nd seismi tivityF vevel of seismi hzrd nd risk in these res n inrese unpreditly due to mnEmde tivity y geotherml energy extrtionF sn given report dt out seismiity in res of highEtemperture exploited uzhetsky nd wutnovsky hydrotherml (elds @umhtkA re shownF hree geotherml power plnts @uzhetskyD II wD erkhneEwutnovskyD IP w nd wutnovskyD SH wA egn to work here in IWTUD IWWW nd PHHP ordinglyF fy dt of umhtkn regionl seismi network it ws shown tht fter the exploittion strtD shllow erthqukes were registered diretly from exploited zonesF fut erlier it ws presumed tht lol seismiity is sent in these resF ome of erthqukes in uzhetsky hydrotherml (eld were sensile without dmge of uildings nd wellsF qround motions hd intensity out TF etiviztion egn T yers fter exploittion strtF st is (rst exmple of indued seismiity pperne in hydrotherml (eld in ussiF sn wutnovsky hydrotherml (eld (rst erthqukes from exE ploited re were reorded y umhtkn regionl seismi network in IWWTF sntensive deposit exploittion hnges reservoir pressureY prmeters nd stte of hydroterms nd internl onditions of upper rust nd it n e the reson of induted seismiityF sn the report some phenomen onneted with wutnovsky geotherml (eld exploittion re presentF st is seismi eventsD temporl hnges of wells prmetersD hydrotherml explosion nd pperne of new surfe hydrotherml mnifesttionF por estimtion of dditionl seismi hzrd used y industril tivity it is neessry to ollet nd summrize informtion out seismi tiviztions in hydrotherml (elds y worldwide dtF st n inlude the desription of hydrotherml (eldD indued seismisity prmetersD exmples of seismi reordsF reliminry struture of dtse is shown in presenttionF reviously it is dvisly to enlist the support y snterntionl qeotherml essoition for this prolem solvingF
FIELD DATA AND LABORATORY MODEL ON CONTROLLING INFLUENCE OF WATER LEVEL PERIODIC VARIATIONS IN A LARGE DAM  ID 934
T. Matcharashvili, Institute of Geophysics, Georgia

e present n evidene for reservoirEindued ontrolling in)uene of wter level periodi hnges in inguri high dm reservoir @loted in western qeorgiA on regionl seismi tivityF sn the present reserh the dt sets of wter level dily vritions in the inguri high dm reservoir nd the seismi dt sets reorded y the lol network hve een nlysedF woreover lortory ousti emission dt otined during stikEslip experiments with superimposed wek periodi perturtions hve een lso een investigted s model of nturl seismiityF wethods of linerD nonliner nd phse synhroniztion nlysis hve een used to (eld nd lortory dt in order to otin quntittive ssessment of possile ontroling in)uene of externl periodi in)uene on investigted rel nd model dt systemsF st is shown tht under the in)uene of lrge wter reservoirD regionl seismi tivity inreses ording to the wellEknown onepts of reservoirEindued seismiityF snitillyD reservoirEindued inrese in regionl seismi tivity is oservedD ut when the vrition of the wter level in the reservoir eomes periodiD the relesed energy vlue essentilly deresesF sing ove mentioned methods s well s reurrene quntititive nlysis @eA pproh on lortory dt sets it ws shown tht under wek externl periodi in)uene mplitude nd temporl distriutions of ousti events my e ontrolledF xmely depending on hrter of externl in)uene su0ient derese of mplitudes nd time intervl of ousti signl might e kept in lower rnge ompring to sitution without externl in)ueneF hynmil hnges relevnt to inrese of regulrity of osti emission proess under peridi in)uene is evidentF eording to our results we onlude tht derese in dily seismi energy relese round inguri high dm during wter level periodi vrition my e ssumed s ontrol of seismi tivity imposed y wek periodi hnges of wter level in the reservoirF
EVIDENCE FOR REAL-TIME CORRELATION OF MINING ACTIVITY AND INDUCED EARTHQUAKES IN PARNASSOS MINE (GREECE)  ID 1625
V. Chrisanthi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece C. Papazachos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece D. Vamvakaris, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece I. Dimitriadis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece A. Karamesinis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

e study of the miroerthquke tivity oserved t the uniniErnssos mines hs performed in order to determine the origin of the severl 4unknown4 shoks oserved t the re of the mineF reliminry nlysis of reordings indited tht the shoks were of tetoni originF e portle network of three elerogrphs @loted inside the mineEno solute timeA nd (ve threeEomponent digitl seismogrphs @loted in surfe lotions on top of the mineEsolute timeA were instlled for period of nine monthsF he nlysis of impulsiveD high frequeny @bPH rzAD short durtion @PEQ seA reordingsD showed tht the oserved seismiity is of very lol sleD loted t spei( setion of the mineF he miroseismi tivity exhiited very strong timeEorreltion with the exploittion levelD s this is reveled from the very signi(nt vrition of the erthquke rte of ourrene fter the strt of the opertion of the mineD s well s the ler oupling on the rte of miroerthquke ourrene with the rte of mining explosionsF he fol mehnisms of the ruptures nd the lol stress (eld were evluted using the (rst rrivls of the Ewves long with the G spetrl rtiosF he fol mehnisms re ll of thrust typeD inditing reverse ruptures used y ompressionl stress (eld with iiE diretionF his (eld is lmost perpendiulr to the strike of the lol old synlineEntilineD where the mine deposit is lotedY hene it n e sfely ssumed tht is the 4remnnt4 stress (eld tht reted this ompressionl megEstrutureF he determined ruptures re in exellent greement with the min tetoni disontinuities mpped inside the mineF e typil dynmi stress drop of IHEPH rs ws lso lulted for the iggest events

467

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@w IFHA whih is reltevely omprmple with the typil expeted vlue of the men e'etive isotropi stress @ SH rsAF
MINING INDUCED SEISMICITY AND ROCK-MASS VELOCITY HETEROGENEITIES  ID 1664
W. Debski, Institute of Geophysics PAS, Poland

Poster Presentations
o study energy distriution of strong shoksD the seismi tlogue ontining IUDTHV events of energy not less thn IHH kt registered during the period IWVUEPHHR ws usedF he theory of extreme vlues n e pplied to seismi event tloguesD whih re often inompleteD espeilly t the lowEenergy rngeF eording to qumel there re only three distriutions symptotilly onvergent to the ext distriution of extremesF enlysis of the dt set showed tht the empiril umultive distriutions ould e (tted y qumel9s ss distriutionsX irlier studies of energy distriutionD whih were done using less numerous tlogueD showed the threshold energy of highEenergy mode pproximtely etween I wt nd IH wtF he etter ury of the present study llowed to estlish the energy limit out VHDHHH tF he similr nlysisD rried out for wek events reorded in mine operting in the most seismilly tive suunit of the gfD showed tht their energy distriution ould lso e pproximted y qumel9s ss distriution with threshold energy eing out IHH tF his suggests tht mehnisms generting wek nd strong events re similr ut they t in di'erent slesF st seemsD thtD the model ssuming two di'erent wekly interting seismi proesses might e pplied for the gfF
HOW TO MODEL SEISMIC LOADS FROM ROCKBURST INDUCED GROUND MOTION  ID 1799
Z. Zembaty, Opole University of Technology, Poland

wining indued seismiity tends to luster in oth spe nd timeF hile the temporl lustering n e onneted to mining tivity the question of sptil lustering is more omplitedF sn this se there re two ftors tht hve to e tken into ountD nmely the mining tivity nd rokEmss heterogeneitiesF sn this ontriution n ttempt is tken to relte the indued seismiity to the rok mss heterogeneities s mesured y pssive seismi tomogrphyF o mke this nlysis s roust s possile the dvned tomogrphy imging sed on the wonte grlo smpling tehnique is usedF he preliminry nlysis of the seismiity from the udn opper mine @olndA does not show simple reltionF hile two lrge seismi lusters ourred in n re of high veloity grdients we lso notied the seismi tivity in the region of n inresed veloityF his preliminry oservtion hs still to e on(rmed y more detiled nlysisF
SEISMICITY IN NW-GERMANY: INDUCED BY GASEXPLOITATION OR NATURAL TECTONIC ORIGIN  ID 1697
K. Klinge, BGR / SZGRF, Germany K. Stammler, BGR / SZGRF, Germany T. Dahm, University, Germany F. Krueger, University, Germany R. Kind, GFZ, Germany T. Plenesch, BGR / SZGRF, Germany K. Wylegalla, GFZ, Germany

he gentrl eismologil yservtory qrefenerg @E qpAD prt of the pederl snstitute of qeosienes nd esoures @fqAD is the dt entre for the qermn permnent digitl rodE nd sttionsF st9s min tsk is the oservtion nd interprettion of lolD regionl nd glol seismiityF ithin the lst ten yers we oserved n inresing numer of moderte mgnitude erthqukes in previously seismi region in the xEqermn sedimentry sinF ispeillyD the ytoer PHD PHHRD ww a RFR erthquke ws studied in more detil nd possile reltionship etween this eventD the tetoni setting nd the lol gs exploittion ws investigtedF e determined the soure prmeters y di'erent wveform inversions nd modelling pprohesF he event ourred within few kilometres from mjor gs prodution (elds nd the soure depth of the min shok ws onstrined etween S nd U kmF he instrumentlly determined soure depth nd the omprison with triggered seismiity in the xorthern xetherlnds gs (elds suggests tht this event my e relted to lol gs reoveryF
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMIC EVENTS FROM THE UPPER SILESIAN COAL BASIN, POLAND  ID 1797
A. F. Idziak, University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Poland J. Hollek-Idziak, University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Poland L. Rudzinski, Inst. of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sci., Poland

heep mining often tkes ple ner or elow hited rE esF he rokursts generte then surfe ground motion similr to smll erthqukes using dmges to uildings nd equipment @eFgF unoll IWWPAF he reserh on the nture of surfe e'ets from rokursts in the opper sin vqyw in olnd reveled two hrteristi ptterns of the generted surfe ground motion @emty PHHRAX ivents of type whih our quite often @return period QET monthsAD with very short durtion @IEPsA nd high frequeny spetrl ontentD similr to surfe lst e'etsF ivents of type ss ourring rther rrely @eFgF one in SEIH yersAD with longer durtion nd low frequeny ontent similr to smllD shllow erthqukesF his lssi(tionD sed on the surfe ground motion hrteristisD is similr to the one proposed erlier y tonston @IWWPA whih took into ount the seismologil nd tehnologil rokurst desriptionF ih type of the ground motion uses di'erent struturl e'ets nd requires di'erent pproh in mitigting the resulting dmgesF e detiled nlysis of ground motion prmeters ssessed from extended network of surfe elerometers will e the sujet of the presenttion plnned for the igii PHHT gonfereneF st will summrize oth erlier reserh y the uthor @emty PHHRA nd will present new results regrding modeling these e'ets for the design of strutures in the viinity of minesF eferenes tohnston tFgFD okursts from glol perspetiveD inX sndued eismiityD edited y unoll FD flkemD otterdmD frook(eldD IWWPD ppFTQEUV unoll FD editorD sndued eismiityD flkemD otterdmD frook(eldD IWWP emtyD FD ourst indued ground motion ! omprtive studyD oil hynmis 8 irthquke ingineeringD PR D PHHRD ppFIIEPQ
EARTHQUAKES IN NORTHERN GERMANY: TECTONIC AND INDUCED  ID 1834
G. Leydecker, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany D. Kaiser, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany H. Busche, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany T. Schmitt, Fed. Inst. f. Geosci. and Nat. Resources, Germany

wost seismi events oserved in olish prt of the pper ilesin gol fsin hve seismi energy etween IHH t nd IH qt ek events re indued y mining tivity nd they our ner exvtionsF he strong events result from mutul intertions mong mining nd tetoni stressesF st is possile to onstrut theoretil distriutions for lowEenergy events nd stronger events seprtely ut there is no wy to pproximte otined dt y unimodl distriution in the wide energy intervlF he im of the present work ws to pproximte the high E energy mode of seismi events ourring in the gf y theoretil distriutionF

he seismiity of the lowlnds in xorthern qermny is very lowF prom the history sine the yer VHHD no dmging erthquke is known thereF he erthqukes in this region re of di'erent originX tetoni eventsD nturl ollpses elow slt domesD indued events in ol mining re nd in onnetion with the prodution of nturl gsF he erthqukes of tetoni origin re rre nd only few re oE servedF he susidene events in the ity of rmurg re onneted with slt domeD whose top in depth of VH m rehes into the groundwter stremF he erthqukes in the ol mining re must e seen s onsequene of lol stress (eld hnges used y minE

468

Poster Presentations
ing proessesF sn the lowlnds of xorthern qermny lot of gs nd some oil (elds re under produtionF he gs deposits re of di'erent sizes nd in di'erent depthsD from PFS km to S km with thikness of HFS to I kmF he gs extrtion strongly redues the internl fores nd it my ome to sudden dislotion of the overlying strtum or inside the gs reservoirF he erthqukes re of norml fultingD s fult plne solutions showF hue to their shllow depthsD lso smll events of mgnitude wv P to Q re felt stronglyD ompnied with loud sounds in the epientrl reF por exmpleD the erthquke in PHHP south of fremen with wv a PFQ nd epientrl intensity of iw ws felt S km round the epientreF he only explntion for this is shllow fol depth nd n indued event relted to the gs prodution out of depth of Q kmF por some eventsD the origin if tetoni or indued is not lerF his is of prtiulr importne for the lrgest event @wvaRFSA tht ourred in PHHR ner otenurg @mmeAF
HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION IN ROCK REMOVAL BLASTS ON SITE OF CERNAVODA LOCK OF DANUBE-BLACK SEA CANAL  ID 1839
A. Pantea, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. Constantin, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania V. Marza, University of Brasilia, Brazil

SC-F 5
within Qh reservoirGmine modelF he vrious event ttriutes n e oded in sizeD olorD shpe nd trnspreny nd movies improve the understnding of the timeEdependeny of the miroerthqukesD sptil migrtionD systemti mgnitude hngesD etF sn the mining industryD suh seismi monitoring systems re wellEestlished @in some ountries even lwEenforedA nd they re used for the purpose of hzrd mitigtion nd prodution opE timiztionF e present n exmple of miroerthquke monitoring in n oilE(eld nd in n tive ore mineF he sptioEtemporl event distriution s well s the size of the events provide relevnt insights out the prodution relted seismi tivityF

HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION IN ROCK REMOVAL BLASTS AT ARNOTA (ROMANIA) LIMESTONE QUARRY  ID 1841
A. Pantea, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. Constantin, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania V. Marza, University of Brasilia, Brazil

ixplosion tehnologies hve een used to ler roks for uilding the hnueEflk e nlD espeilly the gernvod lokF o pve the wy for using suh tehnologiesD reserh hd to e rried out to ensure ntiseismi protetion of vitl systems nd uildings either existing or under onstrution in proximity of the nlF he min gol of the reserh ws to ssess the hzrd nd ut down the seismi risk entiled y rok removl lstsF he studies were imed t providing ntiseismi protetion of the exposed prts of the highwyD emnkmentD rilrodsD overhed power linesD etFD nd t ontrolling nd mitigting lst e'ets on the (nl wlls of the exvtion y minimizing the re where the rek ours nd rdil rks re generted @nteD IWUTY nte 8 wrzD IWUTAF woreoverD the lst tehnology used for digging the site of gernvod lok posed the thret tht nks might rumle nd rsh on the rilrod or tht rilrod emnkment might ollpseF here ws lso the dnger of omrdment9 s lst gs pressure ould hve projeted roks into the irD whih ould hve shelled the rilrod emnkmentD power lines or trins stnding or rolling in the reF he resulting seismi dt onsisted of seismogrms whih were proessed to provide the min dynmi prmeters of seismi osilltions @displementsD veloitiesD frequeniesD etFA rising in the ground s result of lstsF
MONITORING OF INDUCED MICROEARTHQUAKES FOR IMPROVED SEISMIC RISK ESTIMATES  ID 1840
V. Oye, NORSAR, Norway M. Roth, NORSAR, Norway C. Lindholm, NORSAR, Norway

e reserh ws onduted to ensure ntiseismi proteE tion of the uilding struture nd rhitetoni elements nd murls t ernot wonsteryD historil nd religious monumentF entiseismi protetion ws sed on hzrd ssessment nd seismi risk redution in the irumstnes of rok removl lsts t limestone qurry ner the monsteryF o ensure ntiseismi proE tetion of vrious strutures @y preventing potentil deteriortionA nd minimize dmge limsD espeilly in hevily populted resD mining usinesses n ut seismi osilltions used y rok removl lsts down to dmitted vluesF o this endD vrious sfety limits hve een set for the mximum displement nd osilltion frequeny of ground prtileF he instrumentl seismi dt resulting from the ernot reserh onsisted of seismogrms on whih the three seismi movement omponents hd een reordedF e proessing of these dt supplied the min dynmi prmeters @displementsD veloitiesD frequeniesD etFA of the lstEused seismi osilltions rising in the groundF

NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF THE PROBABILISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MINING INDUCED SEISMIC SOURCES FROM THE UPPER SILESIAN COAL BASIN, IN POLAND  ID 1883
S. Lasocki, AGH, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Env. Prot., Poland B. Orlecka-Sikora, AGH, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Env. Prot., Poland

he ourrene of miroerthqukes in hydroron reserE voirsD geotherml energy sites nd mining res is often relted to humn tivitiesF rodution s well s gs nd )uid injetion for prodution stimultion re mesures tht in)uene the stte of stress in the reservoir nd my result in stress redistriution in terms of miroerthqukesF vikewiseD stress hnges due to exvtions during mining indue miroerthqukesF ithin the lst six yersD xye hs developed softwre for utomti event detetionD loliztion nd determintion of miE roerthquke soure prmeters like eFgF seismi momentD orner frequenyD rdited seismi energy nd stress dropF he si proE essing routines inlude event ssoitionD E nd Ewve onset time pikingD polriztion nlysis nd loliztion methods for homogeE neous s well s for Qh veloity modelsF he proessing results re stored in dtse from whih ulletins n e produedF o get etter understnding of the seismi tivity in the investigtion reD we inluded n intertive Qh visuliztion of the miroerthqukes

he pper ilesin gol fsin @gfA in olnd is n re of high level of mining indued seismi tivityF he nlysis of seismi tlogues from the ol mines loted in gf showed tht seismi events form QS speEtime zones of seismiityF ih of the zones is hrterized y its own seismi potentilF his potentil is represented y proility distriution funtions of mgnitudeD out of whih the umultive distriution funtion @ghpA is of primry importne in hzrd studiesF he mgnitude distriution of mining indued events is multimodl therefore the ghp ws estimted y modelEfreeD nonprmetri estimtorF he WS perEent on(dene intervls of ghp were lulted using resmpling methods sed lgorithmD the iterted is orreted nd elerted method @iterted fg methodAF por the seismi zones hrterized y the highest potentil to generte strong events the on(dene intervls of other proilisti desriptors of the seismi souresD vizF the exeedne proility of given mgnitude in spei(ed time period h nd the men return period of events of given mgnitude were estimtedF wpping of the estimtes of the upper limit of mgnitude for the prtiulr seismi zones provided useful informtion regrding distriution of the seismi potentil over the gf reF he potentil is high in entrl elt whih intersets the re from x to i nd dereses towrds oth mrgins of this eltF

469

SC-G 0
ATTENUATION RELATION FOR PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION AND SPECTRAL AMPLITUDES OF GROUND MOTION CAUSED BY MINING INDUCED SEISMIC EVENTS  ID 1937
D. Olszewska, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland S. Lasocki, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Poster Presentations
nd importnt issues re pointed outF he survey (eld methodology @methodology of dt olletionA urrently in use is presented sed on prtil exmplesF yur experiene proves tht seismologistsD erthquke engineers nd geologists omplement eh other in the mroseismi (eld temsF ome exmples of the fst dt olletion nd ssessment nd the reinterprettion of the mroseismi dt nd reproessing informtion re presentedF wost prtil issues out the use for the purposes of seismi hzrd ssessment of the di'erent strutures hve een illustrtedF
POST- EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY INSPECTIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING SAFETY  ID 1236
S. Anagnostopoulos, University of Patras, Greece M. Moretti, University of Thessaly, Greece

iqutions for prediting the horizontl pek ground E elertion nd spetrl mplitudes of ground motion used y mining indued events from vegni qlogow gopper histrit in olnd re presentedF nderground exploittion of the opper ore deposit in this re is ompnied y intensive seismi tivityF he seismi soures our t shllow depthsD thereforeD despite the events re wekD their ground e'ets n e signi(nt nd dmgingF qround motions of the pek elertion exeeding HFI re not exeptionl in the urnized prts of this reF e nlyzed elertion signls from IR reording sttionsF he signls were prmeterized y the horizontl pek ground elertion of ground motion nd lrger of two horizontl omponents of S7 dmped elertion response spetr for periods from HFI to I sF he (nl ttenution reltions were tested sttistilly nd on(dene intervls for predition were lso determinedF

SC-G 0: Rapid Intervention Field Investigation Teams (Open Session  Posters Only)
Level 2
FIELD SURVEYS IN ITALY: THE QUEST EXPERIENCE  ID 88
A. Tertulliani, INGV, Italy Quest Team, INGV, Italy

he ronym i hides the sentene uik irthE quke urvey emD n ide risen fter the IWWU mriEwrhe seismi sequeneD nd slowly eome projet in the (rst yers of the new millenniumF he strting im ws to ssemle 4stlin mroseismi people4 in unique tsk fore thtD in se of signi(nt erthqukesD ould e orgnized nd redy to go in short spn of timeF yf ourseD it ws not esy to get the greement of di'erent people with their experienes nd methodologyD ut some result hs een yieldedF xow i is lmost entirely formed y sxq personnelD with the exeption of some people oming from niversity of fsilit nd stlin givil rotetion heprtmentF eout twenty people lterntively prtiipte to the surveysD in dependene of the erthquke sizeD the epientrl lotion nd the personl vililityF yur retion timeD for stlin erthqukes @lerted y w from sxq utomti lotion systemAD is very fstX in out two hours we re le to orgnize the preliminry surveyF sn the period PHHPEPHHS uest onduted V reonnissne surveys for @lukilyA moderte eventsF huring the survey the (eld tems re oordinted y entrl ureu tht updtes the intensity mp in rel timeD keeps ontts with uthorities nd dissemintes @if it is possileA the dt y internetF vst experiene of uest ws iyPHHSD n interntionl trining opertion of simulted erthquke in iilyD during whih uest heked its oordintion nd ommunition systemF
TRACES THROUGH THE MACROSEISMIC EXPERIENCE IN BULGARIA  ID 584
R. Glavcheva, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria S. Dimova, JRC, Italy B. Ranguelov, Geophysical Institute, Bulgaria N. Cecic, ARSO, Slovenia

sn this pper the key tehnil nd orgniztionl issues ssoited with postEerthquke emergeny inspetions of uilding dmgeD ssessment of their sfety nd emergeny interventions re presented nd reommendtions re mde sed on extensive experiene from pst erthqukesF fety nd usility riteri re estlished nd orreltions with vrious dmge sttes re givenD long with detiled rules of dmge ssessment for reinfored onrete nd msonry uildingsF he dmge sttes of vrious struturl s well s nonEstruturl elements re desried nd qunti(ed nd rules re provided for ssessing the overll sfety of uilding sed on the severity nd extent of dmge of its elementsF ell the neessry informtion for rehing ojetive dmge nd uilding sfety ssessments s well s other pertinent dt is reorded in refully detiled hmge snspetion pormD whih is si tool for the engineers ! inspetorsF yrgniztionlD logistil nd legl issues tht my rise in suh opertions re lso presented nd pertinent reommendtions re mdeF he proedures nd tools given herein im t providing the frmework for orgnizing suh opertions e'etively nd ringing them to suessful ompletion under the onditions of emergeny reted y the erthqukeF he key ojetives re to sve humn life (rst nd property seond nd to minimize the numer of homeless y providing the ssurne people need for the sfe reEouption nd use of their homes nd work plesF
FITESC BLOG  ID 1658
I. Cecic, ARSO, Slovenia

psig @pield snvestigtion em of igA opened log @(tesFlogFhrA in eptemer PHHSD providing new possiility for fst exhnge of intensity dt fter strong nd dmging event in iurope nd the wediterrnnen regionF ody @epril PHHTA the log onsists of IU entriesD giving informtion out V erthqukes @S in PHHS nd Q in PHHTAF he entries re either (rst ville press reports out the sitution in the epientrl reD or @s in the se of V tn PHHTD uythirD qreee erthqukeA preliminry intensity estimtions olleted in di'erent ountries for prtiulr eventF e pper out explosions is posted s wellF es the log server experiened some prolems reentlyD it is plnned to move the log on nother server in the following monthsF
A GIS UTILITY FOR MANAGING MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY DATA  ID 1932
R. Azzaro, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

FIELD

S. D'Amico, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy T. Tuv, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

his study rie)y reviews the pproh of orgnizing mroseismi investigtion in fulgri in the ourse of timeD fter the ntionl seismologil servie hs een estlishedF he presentEdy mroseismi prtie is tred long its omplete pth

yne of the prolems in mroseismi surveying is the mngement of olleted dt during (eld tivitiesF fsing on the potentil of qs toolsD we ompiled wpfsi progrm for wpsnfo R tht quikly nd esily genertes intensity tles nd relted mpsF he tool uses geogrphi diretory ontining ll the stlin settlements @itiesD townsD villges nd other lolitiesAD so tht the user hooses the lolity from the mp viewD exluding ny possiility of errors due to the oinidene of nmesD nd ssigns the intensity vlueF he userD y the 4visul4 insertion

470

Poster Presentations
of the site intensityD is le to mke mroseismi (eld mp in nerErel time s the (eld tems send their dtF hen the mp is ompletedD the progrm utomtilly runs odi(ed routines to lulte the min prmeters of the erthquke @mroseismi epientreD fult dimensionD etFAF hen it retes the tles with the reords formtted to updte the dtse of the mroseismi oservtions nd the ssoited prmetri tlogueF he routine is totlly integrted in the wpsnfo environment nd my e used in mps ontining other geogrphi informtion generlly used y qs softwreF his utility my e useful tool not only for new mroseismi investigtions ut lso for reviews of historil erthqukesF

SS 3
with the mgneti fores etween the mgnet nd iron powdersF st is pplile not only in reording orits of reltive displementD ut lso for the estimtion of seismi intensityF fsed on the onE sidertion of response spetrum hrteristis of the motionD the methodology for determining set of onentri irles to evlute the seismi intensity y the orit ws proposed in the pperF he development of this simple seismogrph my ssist hildren to hve n interest on erthqukesF purthermore this simple method n e widely instlled even in the developing ountries due to its hepnessD nd seismi network n e onstrutedF
EDUCATION AND INFORMATION AS TOOL FOR RISK MITIGATION: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EOLIAN VISITORS CENTRES  ID 1396
R. Nave, INGV OV, Italy C. Piccione, INGV, Italy

SC-G 2: Recent Macroseismic Field Surveys

Level 2
THE REVALUATION OF THE MACROSEISMIC EFFECTS OF MARCH 4, 1977 MAJOR VRANCEA EARTHQUAKE.  ID 1946
A. Pantea, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania A. Constantin, National Institute for Earth Physics, Romania

sn the pst time the mroseismi intensity ws n imE portnt prmeter for the quti(tion of the omnin territory seismi tivityF he strongest nd the est knownD from the point of view of the mroseismi e'etsD is the wrh RD IWUU erthquke @wq a UFP nd smx a sAD ourred in rne seismogeni zoneF he erthquke ws multiple eventD onsisting of foreshok nd t lest Q min shoksF he third min shok whih ws the strongest one of the erthqukeD ourred IW se fter nd t horizontl distne of TP km from the foreshokF he min purpose of reevlution of the mroseismi e'ets of the wrh RD IWUU mjor erthqukeD isD on the one hndD to eliminte the existing suspiions regrding the verity of evluting the mroseismi e'ets y the romnin seismologists t tht timeD ndD on the other hndD to tke out some of the unertinties tht hve ppered during the proess of evlutionD proessing nd interprettion of the mroseismi dtF

tromoli nd ulnoX two opertionl entres of the xtionl snstitute of qeophysis nd olnology @sxqA involved in edutionl tivity on volni risk sine mny yersF his tivity hs two imsX E to inform thousnds people tht eh yer visit the iolin sslnds ttrted y the two tive volnoesY E to provide resident ommunities with orret informtion useful to lern how to live with n tive volnoF idutionl nd outreh tivity rried out y the tromoli nd ulno sxq entres is the most e0ient nswer to the huge informtion request oth y tourists nd resident peopleF fesides the possiility to (nd edutionl nd informtionl mteril on the two volnoes lso on multimedi supportD the sxq entres give the opportunity to lern more on how the permnent monitoring system works nd how dt reorded re trnsmitted nd elorted in rel timeF he output of the edutionl pth set up in the two entresD is the improving of visitors wreness of the rel hzrd nd risk linked to the two volnoesD nd their present stteF ell tht output will promote onsious more suitle ehviour oth in fing the exursion to the rterD nd in ontriuting to risk mitigtion lso in se of emergenyF ht pulished reently y egionl ourism egeny of the iolin sslnds on(rm the gret inresing of visitors during the summer monthsX eh yer n verge of PHFHHH people lim to ulno rterD nd out IQFHHH re interested in (eld exursions to the tromoli summit rtersD ompnied y expert guides for sfety resonF he visitors dt nlysis shows lso the inresing shools for the edutionl tivity rried out in the two sxq entresD often inserted in the forml lerning tivity s n osion to go into irth iene themesF
LEST WE FORGET. A PRELIMINARY MAP OF THE COLLECTIVE EARTHQUAKE RITUALS OF ITALY  ID 1410
V. Castelli, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

SS 3: Education and Outreach for Risk Reduction

Level 2
DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE SEISMOGRAPH FOR EDUCATION OF DISASTER PREVENTION  ID 1218
T. Sawamatsu, Hiroshima University, Japan K. Ichii, Hiroshima University, Japan T. Tanaka, Musashino Institute of Technology, Japan T. Tsuchida, Hiroshima University, Japan

irthqukes re one of the mjor nturl dissters whih use disstrous onsequenes on humn lifeD propertyD nd infrsE trutureF elthough the ourrene of these erthqukeEindued dissters n not e prevented ompletelyD the extent of dmge n e lessened through proper wreness progrmmes for peopleF por the implementtion of the progrmmesD it is importnt nd e'etive to ondut disster prevention progrmmes t shool levelsF ingineers nd reserhers should e involved in these progrms sine they hve knowledge on the mehnisms of these disstersF e pendulum type seismogrph tht someone n mke esily nd heply y ville mteril in kithen ws developed for wreness progmmmesF e mgnet ws instlled in the seismogrph s the weight of the pendulumF he orit of reltive displement etween ground nd the weight y n erthquke motion n e reorded

per nd the need for ressurne E feelings s old s huE mnkind E (nd ulturl expression in ountless visile wysX eliefs nd ehviour ptternsD rules nd ritulsD good nd d hitsF roweverD there is lso n invisile 4nonEwy4 to express themD y dismissing from the mind nd forgetting s soon s possile whtever it ws tht mde us frid nd needing ressurneF sn the se of ommunities living in 4erthquke ountry4 this kind of retion does seems preditleD indeed lmost n oligted oneX how ould people go on living in ples tht were repetedly nd trgilly 'eted y seismi disstersD unless y getting used quikly to forget the worst of their pst su'eringsc fut is the tendeny to remove nd forget n hereditry trit of humnkindD or the results of spei( stimuli @more likely to our in some soil environments thn in othersAc he trditionl populr ulture of stlyD s outlined y the preliminry results of survey of olletive rituls onneted with erthqukesD ppers to hve een muh keener on rememering pst dissters thn on removing their memoryX so keenD in ftD tht it still does preserve the memory of erthqukes tht no seismi tlogue hs reorded so frF he edutionl vlue nd potentil uses of this ptrimony of shred memories re very interesting indeedF

471

SS 3
DEVELOPMENT OF A DISASTER RESPONSE EXERCISE SYSTEM  ID 1488
Y. Hada, NIED, Japan Y. Kawata, DRI, Japan K. Sakamoto, Institute of Disaster Policy & Information Soc, Japan

Poster Presentations
N. Germenis, Lab of Seismology, Greece

inhning the pility of prtil disster response for st' of disster redution divisions in lol government hs eome signi(nt issueF es the solution for itD disster response exerises @roleEplying exerisesA hve egun to ttrt notieF rowever severl demerits of the method re reported s followsF st is di0ult to mnge informtion mong plyers nd ontrollersD to keep logs of exerisesD nd to nlyze result of exerisesF sn dditionD it needs muh time to prepre exerisesF e therefore hve developed of disster response exerise system for improving ove pointsF nlike most or the ville tehniques tht sed on the nlogue wy using situtionGinquiry pplition rdsD fsimile or telephonesD the system is sed on the internet tehnologyF his pper introdues fetures nd funtions of the system nd our developed senrios for instlling in the systemF he system is omposed of server omputer for mnger of exerises nd lient omputers for ontrollers nd plyersF he system is n intertive tehnique sed on the wirosoft internet tehnology @etive ever geAF ynly snternet ixplore pplition is required in eh lient omputer to ess the internet ndGor intrnetF purthermoreD the e'etiveness is exmined on trining of the disster response exerise system for lol government personnel of disster redution divisionsF prom the results of the studyD the developed system is expeted to hve e0ient prtil use nd e'etiveness for the ssistnt system of disster response exerisesF
"LE VALAIS BOUGE !" (VALAIS MOVES !) A PUBLIC EXHIBITION ON EARTHQUAKES IN THE VALAIS ALPINE VALLEY  ID 1621
J. D. Rouiller, CREALP, Switzerland C. Lacave, Rsonance Ingnieurs-Conseils SA, Switzerland

he themti network 4igeldos4D dels with erthquke risk redution through edution tivities t seondry shool levelF st is ollortion etween niversity of trs @eismoE logil vortoryD sndustril ystems snstituteA nd hiretorte of eondry idution of wessini refeture @y0e of invironE mentl idutionAF e tem of tehersD reserhers nd engineers re involvedD trying to (ll the gp of erthquke preprednessD in high shoolsF en shools re prtiipting in the networkD loted t estern qreee @wessini E eloponneseAD the region with the highest seismi hzrd in iuropeF e spei( urriulum hs een drwn nd is rried out through PH edutionl tivitiesD n independent projet for eh shool of the networkD s well s y the reording of the seismi tivity through the edutionl seismogrphs4D whih hve een instlled in the shools nd were designed nd ssemledD spei(lly for the needs of the networkF he spei( ims of the network reX to inform nd rise the wreness of the students to teh them how to ret to exite the interest of the lol ommunity to trnsfer the spei( knowledge from shools to fmilies (nllyD through the oveD to rise the level of erthquke wreness of the ommunities he network n run t two levelsD othD ntionl nd interE ntionlD in the (rst the students through the speil edutionl tivitiesD t s 4rel4 seismologists reordingD proessing dt nd informing the shool ommunity nd the lol soiety out the results of their reserhF sn n interntionl levelD the network spires to ooperte with shoolsD institutes nd other networks from ll over the worldD y exhnging methods nd experieneFhrough this networkD we hope tht students will understnd tht seismi tivity is nturl phenomenon for their region nd they will lern how to protet their life nd the ommunityD from thisF
LET'S GO VISIT CITTA' DI CASTELLO IN 1789  ID 1969
V. Castelli, INGV, Italy R. Camassi, INGV, Italy E. Ercolani, INGV, Italy L. Postpischl, INGV, Italy

lis is the most erthquke prone region in witzerE lndD nd is furthermore hrterised y strong Ph site e'etsF ywing to the exhiition 4ve lis ouge 34 the whole popultionD nd espeilly shoolsD will hve the opportunity to get to know the destrutive e'ets tht mjor erthquke ould hve on the lis uilt environmentF e speil weight will e given to site e'ets in Ph lpine vlleys nd to si priniples mking it possile to gurntee the seismi sfety of uildingsF his exhiition will (rst of ll e edutionlF e visiting pth will e retedD presenting suessively the soure of erthqukesD their e'ets nd mesures tht n e tken to redue their e'etsF king ple during the RUth lis nnul fir @ISH9HHH visitorsAD in ytoer PHHTD this exhiition will ertinly e the min ttrtionD thnks to the presene of lrge puli shking tleD for the (rst time in witzerlndF his erthquke 4simultor4D with surfe of IP mPD llows ten persons to experieneD in very relisti wyD mgnitude T erthquke in lssroomF eople will e le to lern nd prtie the right ehviour to dopt in se of n erthqukeF uli onferenes will lso e givenD presenting the results of the snterreg sssEf iuropen projet lled ismovlp @eismi hzrd nd lpine vlley response nlysisAD with speil ent on the lis regionF ivery shool in lis will reeive doumenttionD inviting the tehers to progrm visit to the exhiition next ytoerF ehers nd hildrenD nd lso the rest of the popultionD will so hve the opportunity to lern out erthqukes nd the wy to ret in se of suh n eventF
EARTHQUAKES AND SCHOOL COMMUNITY - THEMATIC NETWORK EGELADOS  ID 1916
G. Fermeli, Pedagogical Institute, Greece S. Alexandropoulou, Environmental Education in Messinia Prefecture, Greece E. Sokos, Lab of Seismology, Greece P. Foundas, Industrial Systems Institute, Greece

yn eptemer QHD IUVW strong erthquke took ple in the upper rehs of the ier plinD etween gitt di gstello @mriA nd nsepolro @usnyAF everl of the villges sttered through the plin nd the nery hills su'ered very high dmgeD with mny sulties @TH only in the hmlet of eliAF gitt di gstello nd nsepolro E whose uildings hd lredy een shken y the ggli erthquke of Q tune IUVI E were lso gretly dmgedF e welth of ontemporry douments desriing the e'ets of the IUVW erthquke is villeD inludingD for gitt di gstello itselfD houseEtoEhouse dmge surveyF fy georeferening the survey dt on ontemporry mp it hs een possile to mth mny of the uildings mentioned in the survey with their tul ounterprts in presentEdy gitt di gstelloF his pper proposes virtul explortion of gitt di gstello s it ws t the time of the IUVW erthqukeX n intertive journey through time nd spe expressly designed for seondry shool students llows to explore severl themti levels to disover the town s it ws in IUVWD the historil evidene of the erthquke e'ets on the lol uildings nd peopleD in order to gin knowledge of wht ould hppen tody should n erthquke of the sme kind our in gitt di gstelloF
EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOS SHAKE TABLE  ID 2022 FOR EDUCATIONAL

V. Kouskouna, University of Athens, Greece D. Diagourtas, University of Athens, Greece N. Galanos, University of Athens, Greece K. Makropoulos, University of Athens, Greece

ithin the edutionl entre iswyyvs @ethensD qreeeA one re is dedited to the erthquke simultionD where n edutionl shke tle @TmQmA hs een instlledF he re hs een trnsformed into kithenD where the visitor n

472

Poster Presentations
experiene the erthquke nd its e'etsF king into ount the seismiity of qreeeD three most prole senrios of erthquke shking were hosenD suitly modi(ed so s not to rete negtive retions from people utely sensitive to this phenomenon nd to gurntee the sfety of the visitorsF he ove senrios n e generlly desried s followsX E lrgeD widely felt distnt eventX uythirD VtnPHHT E lrge lol eventX rnith @ethensA UepIWWW nd E minor felt eventX ftershok of the rnith erthquke huring the tests rried out in the eginning of the pilot phseD the three input elerogrms orresponding to the ove three events were lso reorded y n elerogrphF he reords provided informtion onerning the neessry (ltering tht should e pplied in order to produe the level of input elertion nd frequeny ontent tht rtionlly represent the desired degree of shkingF

SS 3

473

SS 3

Poster Presentations

474

Author's Index

ezri orgheh ihsnD QTH edll tml eFD IWQD QVP edelhkim eydiD ISP edyklykov ekymekD QVH eiri thromi eminD QHR eirov ustmD QTT eou ilenen umlD ISHD PST erhmzyk vFD RQT erhmzyk vrsD ITRD QQW erhmson xormnD ID QD IID ISTD IUUD QPW etout edesslmD ISQ eu ilExder imnD ISH er imreD RPS edm ghristophD RQS edmov etrD RRWD RSH ednur uleymnD IVPD PISD QTU edird wF roseinD PQT edomEesmoh wrkD QVT efshin rssnD PSQ eghi elirezD RPU egili prnesoD IQQD QQQ egostino svnD IPID PUR egrwl nkjD RIQ eguilr enonD QTI eguilrEllez wF erturoD QT ehmd uhilD IVQ ehmet kutD RQU ehorner vudwigD PUS ekr xzimD RHT ekri ezD PQT eks fulentD IWRD PPT ekguzel mutD SV ekhilesh urjnD QRR ekhtr xeemD IUUD RHR ekini eyigeD RTS ekkr innD RID UPD ITWD PUV ekkose wehmetD QTU ekmn uheylD RHI eksinenko tynD IPSD QIQ ektr wustfD PID RSQ ekyol irdlD PRP ekyuz gurhnD RPS elErdid reqD ISHD QIS elEximry rnnD ISHD QIS elEzjeen w(qD PTS elron tohnD ISS elsset ierreEtenD IHR elnesi ommsoD PPQD PTRD QWV elrello hrioD ITD IPRD IQQD ISID QHID QQQD RSVD RTT elert tuliyD RHW elini olD RRT elot imil plorinD IRD QVI elino loD RHQ ellEqr prnisoD QPS elntr veonrdoD QU elz sileD QQS elik rknD QQV eloer ergioD PPH eldm quillermoD PWT elde elexndruD ITD PIUD QHHD QHQ eldersons preddyD IHPD IIPD PVQ elemi prmrzD QWW elessio qiulinD PUTD PWH elexnder xiholsD QVTD QVUD RTI

elexndropoulos uFD QW elexndropoulou tvroulD RUP elexe oxnD PQU elexoudi wriD UWD RPWD RQH eli ilhi rmidD QPS elipour ezdehD ITH ellegretti svoD PUHD PVS ellmnn elexnderD IRP ellotey xiiD QSW elmzn tose vuisD PHI elp rknD PTWD QQHD RRW elprone lvoD PUT elsleh rssnD QTP eltn welikeD PSV elvrez fotero tun gmiloD IVQ elvrez tose he tesusD IVQ elvrezEuio oniD QHH elves weireles relenD PSU elves uloD VD ITQ emmi wskzuD QRR emnti el(oD IRW emris elejndroD SV emeri qrieleD RTS emiri pshdD RIT emiri hhinD QTUD QUU empuero tenEulD IHW emrt edelEderD PVR emstein ilkeD PUS engnostides qeorgeD QP engnostopoulos tvrosD VQD VSD QIHD RUH ennyin sgorD ITQ enstsidis enstsiosD QTV enzhgn njmniD QPQ enderson ikD PS endrde sns vuisD RPQ endre qeorgD PW endreini wroD RHT endrinopoulos uonstntinosD QQ engel tun loD TV engelov horD PTUD QIR ennk dshiD PWV ensl etillD PPD IQI ensry wehediD RQS entonini wihelD U entonioli endreD IRI entoniou teliosD PPUD PSUD QUT entonopoulos ethnssiosD RHU entonovsky qlin xFD QIU entonui odolfoD SS entonyn elvroD QQV envr uyevD PSP enwr rerryl FD QRT eohi rideoD IHD IIH eoki rifumiD RPP eoki etsuhikoD UU eomr sen frhimD QPT eono wtsuoD PSU epriio engelD RT epostolidis shlisD IU eptikev pelixD ITQD IUSD RPP erlouei emirD QRV eri pumitkD QST ermul ntigoD IRS ersh yri ershD PIU ersh ndieh ershD ITVD IUT

475

Author's Index
erhulet lphD IP erdelenu vuminit engelD ISUD PVUD RRW erde entnioD URD VWD IVSD PPHD RHQ ergoul ierreD QSD RIP ergyriou xikolosD RQ eris quillermoD PPH erii linD UU erig oshikiD QU erion gristinD IQPD QHQD QSRD QSS ermiglito elertoD QH eronhik erdyD QVV erreis prnisoD QWP erroyo wtus oertoD UQD IRV ersln quryD IVVD QUP erunsis ghkrortyD ITW erzumnyn leriD QQV esno ekihiroD ITW esno uoihiD QRW esno uoihiroD QUVD RSW esgrin fehrouzD QVS esheghn wostfD PQT eshimev wrtD ISW eshimyev wrtD ITI eshtri tfri wohmmdD ITWD PWTD QPI esimkopoulos eristidisD UI espinwll wureenD PUU essimki hominiD PI essinovsky felD RRW etev qlinD IPSD QIQ etkn uuvvetD IHTD PUSD QHU etnd e sD IWU etes evketD RU ethntopoulou esiminD QVQ etkinson wrtinD IPV etsushi toD PPU eurm hnielD QSQ euersh vutzD QT eugenti xiolD QWV euglier oloD IUV eupetit wihelD QQW every rmishD PUV evil torge eFD RIH eviles vopez tvierD RR evirmtruit edyD PPW evoss elerto wriD PSU ey fF yzerD UP eyl eF qustvoD IHVD PSVD PSWD PTQ eydn ymerD IQWD PSP eydemir gemD RIR eydin irsinD QUI eydinoglu wF xuryD RHD RIW eyrni wF wetinD IWT eysenur sluD PPH ezd eulD RQS ezrkht elirezD QUU ezer usimzdeD PPH eziminejd erminD PTH ezuht tsuyD RIT ezzro 'eleD IQVD IRWD ISID RUH fkhshi eliD TID UQ fkhti pridD RIT fkre F FD PHI fl shsn inginD UQD QHW fl endreiD QIT fli endreD PR fldui prnesoD SS fliv prnesoD ITD QHID QQQ fllrin hominiqueD PUP flling xielsD PVW fluthi ivgeniD IVI fohu oD QHP frdrn hork wjidD IWU frni imoneD PPD IVHD QQID RTR frzz pustoD QQI frno wri er(nD QID WVD ISID QSH frt r elexD RQD RRD PHPD PRH frto wiheleD RS frd ierreEvesD ITD IUD WQD QPWD RTQ frghin wjidD IVHD IVI frgi uhosroD ITU frgi uhosrowD QTR fri oyD IQH frkhordri wF eFD RPU frl qiovnniD QR frn grlD QPU frooh poriD IRV frrgn zielD PPH frre qiovnniD WV frter prnesD SS frtolozzi pederioD IVVD IWV frzili hmulikD RRU fskouts sonnisD PWT fssnou wriD IV fstmi wortezD UV fsu fiswjitD SRD TH ftll tosepD IHR!IHTD PVT fumont hvidD IUPD RSV fy himingD PWI fyt wohmmd ezD QWS fyliss tmesD IUU fyrk yguzhnD PPI fyrktr elemdrD RUD IVPD PISD QTU fyrktrli hy FD PRD PWU fzliu yliviD PWW fzn inriqueD QUT fzeos xikitsD PPV fzir wohmmd rsnD QUH fzir wohmmd rssnD QIU fzzurro oloD PPD IUI feuvl gelineD WTD RTQD RTR fevers tmesD RQP fegi xedzdD RIU fehm wihelD IIP fehrvesh eledinD PPS fejihund wyshreeD IISD IIU fekkouhe edelmlekD QUV fekler peyznurD PVS felsh tinD QWW felzougui wohmedD IQTD PQQD PRV feldjoudi rmoudD ISP felleri endreD SP felmouden oussefD QWU felyev iheslvD PPP felyev itheslvD PHV fenEevrhm viD IHID RRU fenErorin ohiD RRU fenventEgliment emdeoD UPD PQUD PQV fenettos ghristoforosD IHU fenetti hontellD QQU fenhllou rdjD PUP fenito felnD ISPD PSQ fenki xssimD QIT fenke sstvnD QVW fenni tefnoD PHT

fzde xigyrD PWP fzde yktyD PWP f eigilD IRQD QQUD RIQ fhmn oertD IRS fino pederiD QRID QSH fdl tosD IHPD IIPD PWI fdlssi wssimoD RIP fdoux wrD PPR fe ungjinD PPI fggio grloD RHU fgheri rmidD IST fhr mdneD QTV fheioglu eF erefD IWT firro ogerioD WHD PIR

476

Author's Index
fenour hjillliD UD ISH fensii whmoudD PQU fento itD RHD PSU fenzzeghoud wourdD PUU fereroglu elevD PTSD PVSD RSP fergmo qiuliD STD WRD PHRD RHRD RRQ fergeEhierry gtherineD IUP fermn te'rey FD PIPD PPS fernl sselD QPP fernrd ermelleD V fernrd slD IUP fernrdi prizioD PVS fernrdie verineD QID IIH fernrdini elertoD W fernrdini pilippoD WU ferrill tohnD IHD PUV fertogg wrtinD IRPD IRR ferton tefnoD PHS fertrnd itienneD PIH ferzhinsky uriyD ITQ feskos himitriD UID RPPD RPQ fespev eliD PPI fesstrshnov ldimirD ISV fetsumiy oshifumiD IVP feyer utrinD SV fezzeghoud wourdD IQ fezzeghoud wurdD RSH fhkuni ghndrD PQW fhrdwj wunish uFD PHP fhrgv rdeepD IVW fhskrro eddeplli D IWW fhtthry uhmoyD QP fhuvneshwri D RRQ finhini wrelloD RP fino prnesD WWD IPQ fielk tooD ISD QUT fike wFD RQT fimshs wrtinD VW findi hinoD IPD ISD IPTD IQWD IVHD QHI finii frisD SHD PTQ fiondi mueleD PPQD RQW firrer edolfD QWH fird tulietD QH firgoren qulumD IUWD QIS firo lhnD PPP fish hilippeD SID UH fiskinis hionysiosD VV fiswjit fsuD ITW fitri ednndD QPP fjrnson tefnD PRR flke homsD PSP flkeorough onyD RPD THD WH flndonErie grlosD QUT flzquez felD QPR floh toD PQW flondet wrilD PVD QRR foio wuzioD IQW foduroglu rsnD QUI fogdnou silikiD ITT fohnho' wroD RSH fojrquez idnD TSD QUV fokov itorD PWS folleter FD RQT folton wilireD PUU fommer tulinD PD IID IPD QHD IQHD IRPD IRRD ISSD ISVD ITWD PWT fonin qiussepeD QIH fondo ennD PVW fonettEhz irdo venD PPV fonill pinD IQ fonill vuis pinD QQR fonjer ulusEeterD IHD ISUD RTH fonnet quyD QS fonnet ulD TH fonnin tenD IQUD QHU fono endreD IHQ foore hvidD IT footh hvidD IIQ footh idmundD VHD ISS fori son orinD ITPD PPHD RTH forges tosD IQD RSH foroshek uenD RQD RRD PHPD PIW forst hietmrD IRT forsutzky oertD RSD RPV foso welinD TR fse wrenD QRH fose rtim niD PTHD QUR fosiljkov ltkoD RHQ fosse ghristinD RTP fossu myD PTUD QQW fostenru hn wriD PID RQQ fotero idurdoD PIT fottri entonioD RRR fottri grlD RRR fouhon wihelD IPH foukovls qeorgeD IUD QQD QSUD RQHD RQI foughh wohmed lhD PUP fouhdd ouefD IQRD QIQD QIT foukhemh hrD QUP foukours uonstntinosD PVH foukri wehdiD PQU fourhl xouredineD QUP fournt iviD PVU fourdeu glineD QSH fouskov elenD PUPD PVV fousslis relenD IWSD PRH foutin gludeD TTD IHHD RQWD RRH fozinovski ivkoD PRR fozorgni ousefD TID ITU fozzno prnesD QHI froni eurelioD RIP frdford gseD RRP frgto ier vuigiD PVHD QRH frmerini prizioD PR frn etrD PRT frno wiguelD UR frsini plminiD IRV frunmiller tohenD PUID PUPD PVW frvo vierD PHR fretoten wihiD QQP fretshneider trgD IUS frinker uneD PIQ friole ierreD QIR fro hnielD QS froderik frin wFD THD TR fromley ghrisD IQH fronshteyn dimD QTU frowitt ghrisD PI froz wilnD PWS fruoleri hnieleD U frkl iwldD IIPD PVU fruneu wihelD RQD TRD PIPD PPS fu hvid FD QP fuhnn endyD TQ fuhnn oertD QVU fuhheister tulineD QTD PWU fuehler wihel wxD QR fuforn ilisD PTTD PUHD PUU fugevskiy elexeyD ISV fulji forkoD ISTD RHP fuli wldenD IVQ fulugn yzgeD QSV fungum rilmrD IPD QH furtti xiolD QVS furdin xinD ISV furjnek tnD RSR fursi yresteD WH furton ulD VID IIWD IPHD IRTD IUUD PWWD QIP fushe rolgerD ISUD RTV futtigieg tphneD QT fuzzini hvideD SI

477

Author's Index
fyrne eterD QRV fystriky irikD PVP gelik yguz gemD PIPD RHS gelik yzn gemD PRS gervolo osrioD IVTD RIP geres olD QWR gesrio olD QQI gesnk tnD PST getineli erknD PQT geyhn mutD QQH ght wohmedD PSQ ghert enneD IIQ ghi tuinEpuD QSP ghi oD IUU ghinni emitD QUS ghlioris gonstntinD PHW ghlju immnuelD IUVD QPW ghmers tonthnD PST ghn eF rF gFD IVVD IVWD IWT ghndrdhr qF FD QTQ ghnerley endrewD RTI ghng ghngEghingD PHU ghng reuiEungD PSW ghng wunEukD IWT ghng huennEihD QUQ ghng EingD PPP ghng uEenD IUH gho huErsienD Q ghrde ylivierD QIR ghrlmous tefnosD QRW ghrlty tenD IQH ghssikos enstsiosD IWSD PRH ghtelin tenEvuD PIQD QUR ghtzidimitriou ngiotisD PTU ghudt hierryD SS ghuvel hnileD SI ghvez wrioD QIP ghvezEqri prniso tFD ITTD IUWD RSU ghzels tenEvouisD QTD QSW ghelidze mzD RTU ghellpndi D RRQ ghelli fdiD ISW ghen gFEgD IIV ghen rouqunD QTU ghen tinD PPU ghen tingjyD IHP ghen henEwingD Q ghen F FD QUI ghen unD IIP ghenf xwelD QSW gheng eiEghoungD PPP ghepkuns vuD QHU gherepntsev elexnderD PWR ghernivski ldimirD PVV ghernyh ylegD PUH ghes elexndruEfsrD SQ ghes fsrD IQP ghesi gludioD UQ ghevrot estienD PP ghiEghih uo erryD QTP ghiEghi ghenD PIP ghirotto entoD PIV ghikhiro winowD RHP ghinEung ghengD PII ghiou F gFD PQQ ghiou wEtengD IVVD PIQ ghir entigoniD PUW ghirs tvrosD RT ghiroiu vuinD IRQ ghiu rungEghieD IR ghoi roD RQU ghoi teEryoukD QVI ghoi tinEroD IWS ghopr enilD VR ghouinrd vuD RTI ghow F uFD PQQ ghowdhury esdulD QUV

grer idurdoD QIP ge prnesoD WD WV gigli wroD IHQ!IHSD PVT gdet rloseD QPW ghis vierD UPD PQUD PQV gi gD IRT gldo vuisD SV glis iriD QIR glrsu ilenD QHQD QSS glini lrieD QQR gldeir fentoD IQD RSH glin elexndruD PQU glin gtlinD PQU glvi qin wiheleD RD VUD WID WQD RQV gmho idurdoD PVT gmssi omnoD WTD IQVD IRVD IRWD RUP gmeleek hierryD PWI gmpell uennethD IID IRRD ITU gmpos gost elfredoD QVD SSD SUD SWD IRTD PIID PIRD PITD PIWD RSVD RTRD RTS gns tose entonioD PIPD QIT gnolt furu fFD IWI gndeis uloD PITD PIW gndigliot ilenD PIWD PPQD QWVD RQW gnnt endreD PUT gputo irdoD RRT gr prizioD QHI gr wihelD VD IHRD PUQ grone sreneD TI grone er(nD WV grdensEoto wrtinD ITT grdon ymr hD IRSD PRHD QHW gridys nogiotisD WH grniel oertoD PUTD QQI grpni frunoD RHID RQS grr etholD RPD QVRD RRH grreo wrth vilinD PRH grrilho pernndoD ITQ grtier tphneD IRV grvlho elexndrD RTRD RTS grveni ietroD RRR gsgli xiolD IQQ gsrotti ghirD VU gsone wssimilinoD IRW gselles tose yriolD PIP gselles yriolD QIT gsert errigoD IPUD PVP gssidy tohnD RSV gssinis oertoD PVW gstell rervD PW gstellni elertoD SH gstellno wri qriellD SSD WRD PHSD QRPD RRQ gstelli ivinD WTD WUD RUID RUP gstiglioni grloD SV gstro gu wilgroD QTI gstro tose wiguelD UH gstro ulD IP gtln erielD UPD PQUD PQV gtni endreD PUT gterino xiolD PQV gthomen xiulinD PUP gttri erenD TID UR gusevi wehmedD IVQ gusse wthieuD IUV guzzi grloD IPSD QPP geotti erioD TQ gei snD IQVD RUH gei xinD RUH gei ghirD RHT gelei wehmetD TTD WQD RRP gelertion PHHH 8 elp PHHP orking qroups erryD IIP

478

Author's Index
ghowdhury oinD QRU ghrisnthi entouziD RTU ghristodoulou uostsD RW ghristophersen ennemrieD IIW ghristopoulos gonstntinD TVD IWWD PQH ghristoskov vudmilD PVI ghung vF vFD PQQ ghung oungEooD IWS ghung unEukD QTHD QWP ghungErsien hihD PIP gimpi wurizioD RRT ginetti pinD IRI gili peridunD RHS gimellro qin oloD PHI gio)n grmenD QQP gipir endrejD PVP girs tordiD QPP gitk ekin yzgurD QVI giuguden ioriD QQP giupl wihel enD SS gizmr henD IVR glpes tumeD PIPD QIT glvero hnielD QQT glemente oloD PIT glinton tohnD QRHD RRP glouteu hidierD QRD QSI goo wssimoD IRID RTSD RTT goelho imD QVD QWD SSD SUD PIID PIRD PITD PIWD RTS golkoglu hideD PUV gols fstienD PSD QPP golto qin oloD PIV goleuEtustin vudvinD IRV gole tephenD IIWD IRT gole teveD VI golomge isirD IRU gomrtin grigD IRS gomesure hidierD WP gomodini prizioD RHD TW gonde loD QPW gonstntin engelD IRHD PUPD RTWD RUI gonstntinou wihelD QVU gonte toelD RSD WID QWI gonvertito inenzoD QQT goppersmith uevinD IIR goroeuf hmienD IPV gordo qustvoD WW goriglino wirkoD QR gornell gF ellinD ITR gornou gileD ITD QPW goronelli hrioD QWS gorreig entoniD PUWD PVH gortes ls grlosD RRR gosenz idordoD RD PQV gosso izinoD QRID QSH gost elexndreD RHQ gost enlD SD URD UUD VVD VWD IVSD PPHD PRHD PRQD PTRD RHQD RQV gost qiovnniD IHD IQD QQQD QRH gost tose FD PIQ gostnzo entonioD IUT gotofn hrgosD RWD PIW gottineu vouisEwrieD QT gotton prieD IPD IQD PPD IUV gowdell wihelD RIQ griflenu solndEqrielD RTH grespellni eresD QSD RPW grespo wriD WQ grewe edmD RUD WHD PIID QTS grido hvidD QID VW groi qiorgioD P growley relenD TVD WQD IRRD QHWD RRH gruz irnestoD PHTD RIH gruz rugoD IUW gs( oertD PVU gsk felD RUD PPQ gu qeorgiD PU gudr grlosD TPD RIH gultrer qiovnnD IUTD RTS gurdelli l yFD SQ gurti imnuelD VID PQW gusno olD QPR gushing endrewD VH

h9elem izioD IUV h9emrisi engeloD IWID IWRD IWSD PQVD PRSD PTI h9emio lvtoreD ISID RUH h9emio erD IPRD IQQD ISID QHID QQQD RSVD RTT hrro pilippoD WID RQV hhlEtensen rineD PVRD PVV hhm orstenD IQHD RTV hitoh uyoheiD QSR hlguer vuisD IIH hll9er endreD ISW hmodr wityD QTS hn slnD IPS hnhiv elexndruD QQP hnesh pkhreddinD IVWD QUQD RIT hng uD SR hngmun opnD PRWD PSR hniel quillumeD IPH hnieli wosheD PQW hniell endyD QTS hrre qeorgesD QU hrilmz uutluD RIT hs ndipD S hsklki ilenD IIQD IRHD IRI htt ushr uFD IVQD PHPD PHQD QWT hvrn eliD QURD QUU hvi henisD QID VW hvidovii itorD PWD IWHD PQR hvil tose wFD PTTD PUU hvis tohnD PRQ hwson eterD PUU hy teven wFD IIH hzio elessndroD PRD SID SVD VWD QWQ he gnio qerrdoD RHS he pelie qinmroD TID RHU he perrri oertoD QQID RTR he suliis wssimilinoD SP he v gruz ervioD QUW he v uente elejndroD RTI he vutour yliverD QUP he wrtini olo wroD QID QSH he oek quidoD USD QIVD QUT he nto homenioD PRQD PSW he tefno wrioD VSD IWID IWRD PQWD PRSD PTI he jl untiD QUQD RQP heski ojiehD PUHD RSRD RTV hege rervD TP hegrnde qeertD USD QIVD QUT hehghni enni whdiD PPW heihmnn xiholsD IIPD PUI!PUQ hel ezzo idordoD WWD IHID IPQD QPRD RRT hel in inrioD QQI helple ernuldD IWPD PIT helgdo edroD SD VUD VWD IVSD PPHD PTR helgdo imundoD SD UUD VVD VWD IVSD PPHD PRHD PTR helise endreD QQQD QRH hellvlle elertoD PHS helmotte trikD QQU helnvz eliD IVS hemrie qiomo FD IVTD RIP hemetriu orinD IRD PIUD PPHD QHQD QVI hemir gemD IWHD RHI hemirioglu wineD IQI heng xnD QWT henizlioglu eli eynelD PUV heodtis qeorgeD QIH hermhi eliD ISP herl hidD QUV

479

Author's Index
herendiev elexndrD IPV herkx prnoisD QT hesmort odrigueD IWPD PIT hesrohes eginldD IVTD PTR hevux wylneD ITP heves qeorgesD UI hevidze wrinD RTU hewe wihelD PUV hewey tmesD ITQ heylmi erdeshirD PQI hhrmendr uumr ndeyD PQR hi frtolomeo oloD QRH hi gpu qiuseppeD VI hi ge wuroD QQI hi qiomo homenioD IUV hi qiovmttist itD PUID PUQ hi qiulio qiuseppeD QHI hi squle qiomoD R hi ilto wrigrziD QVW hi riso gludioD IW hi rno vuigiD PHVD RIR hi tefno 'eleD PVQ higourts himitriosD IUD RUP hikoginni qeorgiD IRH hz elexisD TS hz tordiD PTV hzEvpez yrlndoD UID PSV hzEodrguez tF erhmD QT hik grD RU hiehl oisD IIPD PVQ hietz wttD PRQ hihoru vuizD PRQ hilip ulD IUQ himiskovsk fiserkD PTSD RTH himitridis sordnisD RTU himitriou etrosD QPS himitriu etrosD IWD ISID QQP himitrov viliD PVI himov ilviD RUH hinesh ghndnD QRS hiotllevi ier oloD RPD IWVD PHSD PHUD QVW hivy gD QPQ hjfour wustphD QUV hjellit rmouD ISPD ISQ hjurdjevi loodnD RHP hmitrovsky vuovD QSI ho n ghuongD PVW hodo etsuhiroD IRP hogngun edemD QPVD QWI hohi riroshiD RSW hoi wreysuD PPU hojinovski hrgiD QTWD RPV hole wuroD TD UHD UTD ITID RHSD RRI holsek wtjzD UQD WP homnski foguslwD PUHD RRV homingues gost tFlFD PSU hominique slD PT hong eiminD IRR horn filgeD IWR horth vouisD IQH hosso tnD RSV host fernrdD IPW houdoumis sonnisD QUU houdoumis xikolosD QUUD QVQ hougls tohnD RD IHD IPVD RIQ hovgn ldimirD QTV hrF horgrten rnsEilhelmD IVU hrF impelmnn wrtinD TTD IVUD QWR hrF vue tnD QTD PWU hrF xowk hminD TTD QWR hrgomir gludiuD PQU hrosos tohnD RRQ hrosos sileiosD QPTD QSV hrouet tphneD PP hu ongfengD SR hun ioninD TD RS huensEysorio veonrdoD IVT huerrst relmutD PRWD PSR huji frunoD STD QVH hulger urkoglu rndnD QQS humnoglu eF eydinD RUD IVPD QTU huni vszloD RT hunnd prnoisD WQ hurnte entonioD PHR hur qiorgioD QRH hurukl iserD IHUD IPSD IQID IRSD IRUD QHRD QIHD RTI hutkiewiz wiejD IWW hutt enjnD RQP huvl enneEwrieD VWD PIHD RPU huverny fliseD USD VQD QHPD QQUD QRQ hyer glireD IRQ hymiotisEellington ghristinD IWS

iF isteknhi romyoonD RIVD RPI irle ulD IQT idltmnesh hmnD PQU idip uemlD QIT igger lterD WT ihret hominikD QQPD QQQ iisenerg toD ITQD PHV iisner veoD IPP ikiz srhimD QUP il xggr reshmD QUD QSW il xggr wF reshmD IUU ilEfki ten wrD QQW ilngovn D RRQ ilshvili wikheilD IPVD IPWD QQW ilshvili wishD ISI ileftheridou enstsiD PRP ilens enxgorsD ITTD RIV ilgry wohmedD ISHD PST ilghzouli ehmed FD THD TRD UH ilhkem sserD QWH ilkholy idD PQH illingwood frue FD PRS ilmelde edlD QIR ilndy wohmedD SH ilnshi emrD TUD IWI imni vn uFD QTH imnov elekseyD IPQD RSSD RST imnov elexndrD RST imolo entonioD IUT inhe uxndr qrielD IRD QVI indo shiroD PSP inesu fogdnEhumitruD PWQ inesu humitruD PWQ inglnd tunD IRQ inglekirk oertD SS inomoto khisD VID PSID QPS inomoto uukiD PR inriquez loD PHT iryr uorelD PU irerik wF eltugD UPD PQR irolni imnuelD RUP irdik wustfD ID IHUD IPSD IQID IRSD IRUD QHRD QIHD QQVD RTI irdurn imrhD IUU irliher ilvnoD RIP irtelev ylgD ITQD IUS iski pumiyD SI isor elertoD QPP isor tos elertoD QWHD RII isorEnhez tos elertoD PIU iso0er ndrD QTD QSW iser wuerrD RIR ishghi ssnD WSD IRUD PPRD QUWD RHVD RPTD RQQD RRQ iskndri qhdi wortezD PSS ismeili wehdiD ITHD PQP ismili ymD QVI ismilzdeh rkimi fkD QRQD RPU

480

Author's Index
ispinr wnuelD RRR ispinoz portuntoD PRU istev vuisD IUSD PSV iuseio wrinD STD SWD RHR iv gludioD PPD IIID QPPD QQID QSHD RTR iv ilenD RSQ iyidogn rlukD IIRD IPVD QTS pisher omsD IPPD PUPD RSI pishinger wtejD SQD SSD QWT plentje hilD QRU plesh inerD SWD RIV plet torgeD PTV plrezEvpez tulioD QPUD QVR poerster ivelyneD QI pokefs ennD IIQD IQQD IQW!IRI poli domirD PTID QUW polles wurizioD TQ ponse tooD IUWD QHRD RTQ porootn prrokhD VS poroozn oozehD IUQ poroughi eliD RRP poshi irdoD PSS pouf eminD U pounds nyiotisD RUP pournely iriD RHV prgidkis wihlisD RPD PSUD RII prneshin qinlorenzoD IPD ISD IUTD RTHD RTS prnhin oloD PRID QSI prnhioni qiorgioD WH prni oertoD RID UP prnis ymonD IRP prno quillermoD QIH prnklin odrigoD QIT prtelli wurizioD WH prehet tulienD IHRD PUQ pree wtthewD RSW preemn igmundD RQR pregonese oertoD WH preund priedemnnD IPPD PWP priedemnn enzelD IUI priedmnn rrryD PWS prishkneht gorineD QQI pritshe tefnD U progneux wihelD PUQ prolov xinD IQUD QHU pronter nitD PTTD PTV prumento rD UR pu ingD RI puk denekD IHV puentes tunD PPH pujimoto uzuoD QIV pujit omomiD PHH pukuhr keshiD SHD PPU pukumoto hunihiD QPS pukushim wskiD PPU pukushim ei9ihiroD QHD IRTD QIH pukushim suhiroD QIW pukushim oshimitsuD ITW pukuym uoruD QHT puller ueithD UH punki xokiD PHH purlnetto ileonorD QQQ purukw eikoD IVP purumur kshiD IUW purut omokiD PHI puruto kshiD QHT pushimi winoruD QVI

proino qiovnniD UTD PRV per ikhrdD PVV per wihelD PRD PWU pris iriD QQI pioli izioD PQD UVD IPSD ITSD RPU piorusso tohnnD QSD RPW pdlti ierlertoD ITI pell giroD PRQD PRUD PSWD RHT pell qiuseppeD RIWD RPS penz viiD IISD IIW pggell wroD QWI ph hontD ID U!WD IVD PID WTD IPTD IQUD QHHD QPW ph irihD IPT phjn sinD QQVD QVW phjn sin wFD RHVD RQU pizin wrjnD QII pjfr eterD UQD VRD WP pkher eliD QSU plhi elirezD QHR plo ilv wri tooD QVD SSD PIRD PIT pllhi umrnD RHWD RPT plus qyrgyD IIP pmili weredehD IUW pnsik msD IIP pnourki xikiD QQ prhni elirezD IHV prhi thromi rdiD QTH prhmnd fkD TW przmnd elirezD IST prdin tfrzdehD QTH prdis wihelD VTD VVD WP prgier qldon vuis fFD RPR primehr enusD QRQ prsi wohmed xoussiD PIQD PRV prsi wohmmed xFD PQQD QUR pshinguer qerldD QPVD QQV ptemi eghd whmoudD QIU pederii finD QRID QSH pehler wikeD IQH pehling ikkehrdD RHH peltrin qluoD TH peng heminD RIS peng wri FD PPQD RRI penton glrkD PWT perentinou wriD QRW perini ennD QVW perlito heleD IQTD QQU permeli qeorgiD RUP perruti frrD RID UPD QVS perrioli wssimilinoD PSUD PSV perrr viertoD RRD SUD QVU perrri qrzinoD IHQ!IHSD PVTD RRS perreir wni eFD PT perrer sgnioD ITSD IUT perretti qrieleD ISD IVHD QPPD QQID RTR pest qetnoD IW phgtong isteD PQS pield grolineD PSWD RQR pigini 'eleD PQ piguers rD PTVD QPPD QQT pilin elinD RST piliz evukD QWU pingenov ylegD QRU pinzzi hnielD PQ piorini imiliD RTP piroozi xezmdi wrymD PRSD RQHD RSW

qstrov srinD PUR qdz erD PSP qldini prizioD WVD ISP qlnis ydysseusD PTU qlnos xikolosD RUP qlso elessndroD PRD UH qlinEwerino tun toseD PUVD PVQ qlk eleksndrD QPI qllrt tosepD PTV qllzzi rD QH qllipoli wri osriD IHID IQID RRI qllipoli osri wFD IPTD QHI qllitre itienneD PQR

481

Author's Index
qlloher F gFD QUI qlloher tewrtD RPS qllovi prntisekD IUT qlluzzo hniloD IHID IPQD QPRD RRT qluppo oloD IQW qmurtzev xinD PUH qnpthy qpD QIS qndomzdeh eliD QWS qngl qeorgD WT qrs prnisoD PHW qr eliiD PUT qr entonioD QPS qr hnielD ITT qr prnesD QIT qri elez tulioD ISI qri irdoD QQT qri ilviD PP qr lery edroD PHW qriEpernndez wrinoD IRWD QHRD RTPD RTS qrEwyordomo tulinD ISPD PSQ qrErez timeD UI qrEodrguez wF toseD ISP qrevski wihilD QITD QTSD RHHD RQQ qrnier tquesD QTD QSW qsprEisrino torge wFD ISPD PSQ qsprini qidD SD UWD VTD ISUD PHRD PRID PTPD RPP qsperini oloD IPRD PUQD RRSD RTT qtmiri fehroozD QTR qtti prizioD WRD RRQ qudiosi qermnD PWH qvrieltou iviD RQH qzets qeorgeD PD QPTD QSRD QSSD QSV qe iu unD QWW qeddm ijy uumrD QUQ qentios grlosD PHW qenes wF gFD RQT qentili tefniD PVH qeorgrkos ngiotisD QSS qeorgesu imilEeverD PUD QRP qepp end efps orking qroups erryD ITH qerrdi plviD QID QSH qermenis xikolosD RUP qernigon vurentD IIQ qernigon trikD IVU qerolymos xikolosD QPTD QSRD QSV qerolymos xikosD QSS qerstenerger wttD IIVD IIW qhoussi tmshidD TU qhderi eymnD QWP qhemin wohsenD QTT qh'ri whmoudD PPS qh'ri oussefD PPS qhforyEeshtiny wohsenD TD IRUD IWWD QIHD QUUD QUWD RPTD RQQ qhhri F pridD ITHD QWP qhhremni whmoudD QRUD QSQD QTP qhlndrzdeh esD PRVD PSID QPVD QRUD QRVD QSQD QTP qhli(n roumnD PSS qhnri idollhD QSSD QTV qhnnd wohmmd eliD TID TWD ITHD QWS qhnnd einD QTV qhri o(neD ISQ qhri eliD PST qhsemi rdiD ITU qhssemi rdiD ISV qhssemieh wehdiD PHP qhymghmin wohmmd ezD IUQ qhymghmin wohmmdrezD IS qhersi eurelioD TR qhesquiere prnisD IRS qhi luD PUD SQ qhorh ehmedD SD SHD ISS qhodrti emiri qFD RPU qhodrti emiri qholmrezD ISSD PPWD PQQD RPT qhorni rosseinD QTR qhornieEesl wohmmdD RIR qhosh eprn heyD SR qinnkou emliD QSR qinnitss FD QW qirdini homenioD IVD PUPD PVW qirlelis ghristosD VQ qiller dimD IPS qilmrtin nD RQR qimenoExieves inrnD PVQ qinerEgturl toseD PUV qinju sonEilviuD QVV qiordno eldoD RIWD RPS qiordno vuD IVT qiouvnelli qeorgiD IRW qiovinzzi oniD WD PRD QVD PRR qirud ittorioD QPP qirgin uonurlpD QUR qirmsheid wihelD QWR qisler wonikD VD WD WT qitis leriD IPV qittermn e(mD PVR qiulini qinniD TP qiunhi grloD IRI qjorgjiev sgorD QTS qlgovsky yheslvD QRU qlvtovi frnislvD PSI qlvhev uminD RUH qlimsdl ylfestD QH qodole xD IUQ qoded tinD PUHD QQT qodey tphnieD PTU qodoldze eD IPVD IPWD PWUD QQW qodzikovsky ennD ISV qoggins tmieD THD TR qolr eliD IUP qols ghristinD PUS qoldin ergeyD RSS qomez fernl elonsoD RTI qomez gper eF entonioD RD ISI qomez gonsueloD PRU qomez wnuelD IRW qomez wrtnez oertoD PIU qomez oertoD QWHD RII qonzlez wrtD QPPD QQU qoodno frryD SQ qopl wdhushiD QHU qoretti egostinoD TD RHS qorstein wrinD IPSD ISHD QIQ qosr endrejD PPSD RTI qospodinov hrgomirD IIV qoto riroyukiD IHW qoto ozoD QHT qottshmmer illenD IPRD QRH qoul vierD PSD PTT qouteek pemkeD IPW qovoni eldinoD IPUD QRH qoyl elokD RQV qrd wrekD IIPD IIQ qrdin phelD IQ qrizer ldimirD QWR qrnet wihelD QQR qrsso tenEoertD IQH qreu fogdnD IUVD RTH qregersen orenD PVR qregori qiovnni FD QHV qregoriou ssilisD WR qreifenhgen ghristinD PPR qrendene wnuelD PPQ qrest tefnoD PUT qrey wtthewD RP qriesser vothrD PWP qrigore edrinD QQT qrigorin ermD IHW qrimz tefnoD QQI qroy tenEhilippeD IV qrollimund flzD IRPD IRR

482

Author's Index
qroshev wikhilD QTU qrnthl qottfriedD WD IQQD IQSD QIID RSQD RTP qsell hnielD TH qu unD RS qu iomingD QW qudgnuolo writeresD RIWD RQR qurnieri ierpoloD QI qutteri wrigiovnnD IRR qudmundsson eriD VP qudmundsson ylfurD PVRD PVV quedes tooD UUD PRHD RHQ queguen hilippeD PPD WQD PIVD QHPD QPWD RRHD RTQ quemhe emineD ISPD ISQ querreiro vuisD SRD UR querrero retorD QWH quglielmino prnesoD IRW quillier fertrndD PIQD QUR quin tyntD QII quly pF qultenD UQD IWTD QHW qler udirD PSV quli vurD QIR quljs sviD TW quny wF elimD RHD PQR qundes fkir elinD USD QIVD QUT qundogdu yguzD IIRD PTWD QQH quney henizD QUI qnther irwinD QHI qupt iny uumrD S qurgin meshD RHP qury erslnD QWU quruz yrhnD QWH qusev elexnderD II quterh elexnderD IIP quyonvrh inentD UI qvishini elexeiD QHT rssn ehmed proukD TU rt oshiyD QSPD QSV rtmi wohmmd ezD ITWD PWTD QPI rtym uenD QQI rttingh irnD IIS rtzithnsiou enstsiD UW rtzidimitriou ngiotisD QPS rtzigeorgiou qeorgeD RPQ rtzigogos wriD UW ruser prnzD IIQ rvenith rnsEflderD PID IPTD QHHD QSH rvir tosefD PUI rvskov tensD PUS rymihi hisukeD QVP ryshi rruoD PQQ ryshi suhiroD VQ ryshikw oshiroD IVP ryrpeyn rsikD RTT re ongD QWW reton omD PUD IHVD RRP regde qneshD RIQ regedus indreD IIPD PVU relly frunoD RRT remlth qldstonD PHT remmti eliD QWS renriet tenEierreD PWI rerk hvorkD IIUD PUHD PVS rerk wrijnD PUHD PVS rermosillo ermndoD RSR rernndezEylzrn tosD QPP rerold ghristinD QHP rerriz wiguelD ITT rerrer irdoD PIW ridemru himizuD RHP riley oD IVH rinzen ulusEqFD RRT riro uiyoshiD IWPD QRQ riroto utoD RPH rite woniqueD PTR rloupis qeorgeD PTV ro xrenmndulD IUH roetzl reinzD QQP ro'meister fennoD TS rofstetter miD IHID IPTD PVR rollekEsdzik tdwigD RTV rollidy tF FD IIV rolm tosen foD RRU rolt snD IPV rolzer homsD QQW ronrkhsh FD RHI rond uoruD TQ rond suyoshiD QST rong viEvingD RII rong ungEqulD PTPD RHID RHP rooshmndzdeh wohmmdD PQID RQID RQW rorlek tosefD PUPD PVVD RRUD RSID RSP rori xorioD PHH rorie ueiD PQQD QHS roriuhi higekiD QRI rosseini whmoodD PUD ITHD IWTD PQPD PRSD RQH rosseinzdeh xghdliD VPD WR rousemn qregD PVU rovhnnisyn rykD PWR rovhnnisyn rrhyD RQ rrhy wurdynD RHV rrsni wustfD RIU rristovski iktorD STD PIID PISD QUW rruov vlD PWI rruesov ivD PSSD QSQ rsieh hngErsienD PPP rsu ghoEghunD SP rsu rsiehEvungD PPQ ru tinfuD IIP ru F D QHP ru uxinD RST

r ehyuD PTP rk reinD IPW renerger toergD RPVD RSV rhem whmoudD RQR rd sunoriD QRRD QRSD RUP rdvi uouroshD IST reri F wohsenD QRD QV rge wrtinD IHVD PVP rgos vijmD IIT rinzl estinD IIWD IPPD RTR run qilertD QI riyun ngD RSP rjirsoulih smnD TSD RHWD RIS rjnl oltnD IIPD PVU rktnir efrukD PIS rlin emir wFD RUD QVH rlkitis qeorgeD ST rll visD QPQD QQRD QQU rlldorsson fenediktD IID IUQD IURD IUT rmd wsnoriD IQWD PSP rmurger onldD IRS rmmerl ghristD WU rmzehloo rosseinD IUP rn ng hnD IVW rnilr fukD QIH rned ederrhmneD ISP rned id eliD ISP rnk infriedD PTTD PUUD PVRD PVV rnnih hieterD QQPD QQQD QRH rns tephneD RQWD RRH ro zongEingD RRI rr tquesD PV rritz grl fFD QH rrmndr iruD IPSD RTI rrn( wimouD PUU rrris tmesD PUU rrtzell tephenD IP rrutyunyn ryknushD PUS

483

Author's Index
ruo yviedo hnielD QQR rung frryD RII rung forEhouhD RSQ rung ghinEghiD IVVD PIQ rung puEuuoD QRWD QWH ruer qerhrdD QRD QQPD QQQ rudov uznD PVVD RSP ruggenerger eterD IPT rumr tgmohnD RIR rurk wilnD PV rurter ndrD QQI rurukw xouoD IIU rusen tephnD IIPD PUI russein eshrfD RSW russein reshmD ISHD PST ruthings vwreneD PWU ruth ylfD THD IWH rwng ryunEtongD IWT rwng tongEuookD RHID RHP ryun ghngErunD QWP swshit uzuyoshiD TQ swtte FD QWW syengr F xFD ITR syisn eepD QIV szdkhh sminD PU szumi xkmurD RHP szzuddin fssm eFD UH

si usumuD QSS snovii wihilD PTH srr vuisD QUV srhim ikizD QWU srim irdinD RQW shii uojiD RUI shinose oshiktsuD PSU sdzik edm pilipD RTV semur rirokzuD PIU seremi wireD QVV servolino sunioD RD UTD ITRD PQVD QQT sgrshi ekirD PIU sglesis egrer unD IRV sked kkiD IW skemoto oshikzuD PRW skut iisukeD PSR skutm hinyD QVI sle xiolsD QWQ slki elperD PUD IWHD RHI smmur oshinriD IWQ smni eedD VQ smoto wsjiroD PWW sngki tunEshiD PRW sndirli wurizioD RHID RQS sndrsenn husynthnD QHU sndridson xielsD VP snel wehmetD UT snfnti mueleD RVD UHD PHSD PIV snoue xorioD PHH snuki wizuoD RITD RQT sognson vidiD PWR sonesu gonstntinD QQTD RTH sonesu qrielD PU srikur uojiroD IIHD IUH srizrry tnirD PTD QQTD QQU srshd ehmdD IUU sskovi tjnD SQD PSV sshid iisukeD QIW sshigki ridenoriD QWV sshihr tunpeiD IWP ssiiko ivgeniiD QQS sslm xzrulD RII ssler zknD RHS ssmel idurdoD IUS ssoym yojiD QIWD RQH sspir wedineD RHI stlino prnesoD PWS stoh uzuyD QST stskov sgorD ITID PPI svnhenko qlinD RST svni snesD PUH svnov tnnD QWW svnovi njD D QWP

tEhin ghngD PIPD QRP tosen fo rolmD IHID PVW tfri wohmmd uzemD QPRD QPS tfrinEwrzouni serD QSTD QUH tfrieh emir rFD TW tfrzdeh prdinD QTH tgdish uup rinivsroD RHP thngir elm wdFD QST thnkhh roseinD ITH thmni wunD QWT times tulio gsrD PHT tiswl uishorD IRPD PWWD RSU tkosdttir teinunn FD PVR tlli edolrhimD IWQD QTWD RQW tllin wehdiD PQQ tmli xvidD QUS tmes grigD SQ tng oung unD QSQ tngid F FD IWW!PHI tnkovi rdjnD QVS tnkowski oertD TID ISV tnsky tromirD IHPD PUQD PURD PVU tquet ylivierD PUT tr tosD PSD PTT tr tose wFD IVUD PHH tr wnuelD IVQD IVU trernprsert ittipongD QUT tureguiEislv edroD PUV tvheri rssnD QHR tvkhishvili urD IPVD IPWD ISID QQWD RTU tved wohmmdD VI ty u D PHT ten enEuD IUHD QPR tehumtlov uznD IPPD RSHD RSI tenEghien unD QRP tenny rhD PW teong ro woonD PPR teremi forisD RT ting vixinD PQR tie qunzhouD RT timnez eigilD QHH timenez wriD ISH timenez wriEtoseD IRWD QHRD RTS timnez e wF istherD ISP tohnsson trgenD Q tordn homs rFD IIW torgensen homs wFD PVR toseph uuinD QVW toswig wnfredD IHVD PVPD RSS tovnovi wrijD RUD PII turez qri rugonD RTI turez tesus ymundoD PRU tuhs wrtinD SUD PHQ tuhsov imiliD PVD SUD PIR tung ungEtinD RHID RHP turukovski himitrD UW

uir wohmmdD SUD RHW uir wohmmd FD RQV uiri hnmD QVH uin FD RQT uds uoryD PTQ ufk rtislvD SU ugw koD IRD IUH

484

Author's Index
uhhleh uhledD ISH uhn hnielD PUT uiser hiethelmD IHRD ISUD RTV ujit ukihideD IVP ujiwr uouihiD WI ujiwr oruD QHQ ukderi ulliopiD RPWD RQH ukumoto higeruD QHT ul denekD PSSD PTTD QPHD QSQ ulft hognD PVS ulndrov eridinD QVH ulntri efshinD PIU ulenderli yznD IPV ulisperi hespoinD PTV ulkn irolD QWR ullioudkis wnosD QUU ulmnovih wihelD IPSD QIQ ulogers sonnisD PUS umlin wohsenD QPRD QPS umr riroshiD VQ uminosono kshiD PUD PRID QHQ umiym wkotoD IU umrniEwoghddm fkD PHU uni tuniD RIH untni wmoruD QIV unemoto uiyoEymiD RW unev entonetD IQID IQSD QTW ung homsD IVW unno ridetoD TP uno eijiD QSV unte eterD SS upln rsnD PRP uppos endresD TD VUD PTPD PTR uptn ehmetD PRR upustin xnli uFD QIU ur wehmetD PVS urlis himitrisD UID VQD WRD RRQ urulut vsD PTWD QQH urdogn prukD SWD PIV urkosts ghristosD RWD PTR urkosts ssiliosD IIVD PUV urkosts ssilisD PVU urmnos ghristosD PUV urmnos pyrosD RW urmesinis ethnsiosD RTU urmitros himitriosD RQI urmuk imreD IWH urntoni pillits FD QQW urpinr erknD PWT urvsilis heodoreD PPV urynnis ghrisD PHW ursi erni umyrD PPP urimi uinD UQ urimi wsoudD QV urimpour prd wehrnD QST urkee wdnD TPD RIH urlis himitrisD IPI urtl ssmil nderD PSV use kshiD WS ushe( erminD QURD QUU ushim oshihideD SPD QHQD RRH usprek vdislvD PWS ussrs sonnisD IIID PUV ustli hilippD WD IQU utd oshiyukiD QST uto hisukeD RWD PPU uto wshiroD QVP utz ydedD RRS uushik urenderD IVW uvnd eliD PSID QPV uveh endishehD RPT uviris qeorgeD WUD IIID PUI uwkmi ridejiD PSWD QQP uwmt higeyD PHH uwnishi omohiroD RPP uwno wshiroD RSW uwse riroshiD PHD IUHD QVI uwshim uzuhikoD RVD STD VVD IVRD RPI uwt oshikiD RUP uy wirnD QRP uzz slkerD PTP uzem rosseinD RQQD RQR uzemi wFtFD RHI uzuni hinyD QPT uzuo uongiD PSH ue ioEyunD RV uee eongEroonD IVW uegyesEfrssi yrsolyD PPQD RHR ueller ndyD IIPD PVU uelly revorD PST uendzer elexnderD RSU uerlnd qstD USD IRPD IRR ueyhni eliD IWV ueyvni elirezD PPSD QUQ uhikin veonidD PVQ uhjeh mni eliD PQID RPS uhloo eli ezD QVPD QWP uhm wrD IU uhn ehn eFD IVQ uhreov endreyD QPQ uhswneh ednnD ISHD QIS uhshee rmidrezD QRQ uheirEiddine mdneD PRWD PSHD RPH uherroui ezizD ISP uheyroddin eliD QWSD RPR uhlghtyn venD PHQ uhojsteh eliD PSS uhondkryn leriD RTT uhosh qhl ermnD QR uhoshmdi ershD IWT uhoshnoudin prmrzD QUSD QWSD RPR uhosrvi rorrD QVP uhosrvifr ershD TI uhutsishvili eD RTU uhwj ezm eFD IIT uinoush ezD ITI uiou ederrhmneD PIQ uijko endrzejD IISD IIU uiku riroyukiD QQ uili mi eFD WS uim hehyunD PPQ uim ryungEtoonD PQH uim teEwinD QWP uim tiEryunD IWT uim tinkooD PPS uim woonEooD QWP uim xmheeD RHID RHP uim oo slD QST uim onEreeD QWP uim ongD QUV uimiro weguroD PSH uind portuntD PQS uind inerD IQHD RTV uing endrewD QII uirtzi enstsiD IHUD QPS uiril wurt erdrD PQPD RIR uiremidjin enne FD RQID RQP uirts immnuilD QRS uiryu toshiD QTH uishimoto shizoD IWP uissling idurdD IIPD PVQD PVW uitgw oshikzuD SP uithr keshiD IVP uitur wsruD QHTD QTI uiyono tunjiD PSP ulri tphnieD QPU ulimis xikolosD QTV ulinge ulusD IQHD PVID QHVD RTV ulose ghristinD IPW uloukins nosD QP

485

Author's Index
ulyhko wrkD ITQD QRQ unejzlik tromirD PTTD QPH uo iriD PSWD RQR uo eongEryunD IWS uer relmuthD PPVD RPQ uodm riroyukiD PSP uodm xorikoD QHTD QTQ uoihi uusunokiD RPH uoizumi etsushiD RIP uojiro srikurD RSS uokinou ileniD PVU uokkinou ileniD PTV uokot ewerynD RHW uolr tnkoD PVI uolr etrD RSH uolesnikov uriD RST uolev xikolinD IQID IQSD IUQD QTWD QVQ uolinsky etrD RRV uollr vszloD RTD QWR uollis sileiosD T uolligri wriD IIQ ulz ihrfriedD US uomiy uzuhitoD QTQ uomodromos etrosD RRD PHRD QVQD QVR uongi uzuoD QD QPD IQWD PSHD PSSD QRU uondrtiev ylegD PWR uonstntinou uonstntinosD PVH uontoginni illyD SWD RPW uorinek oertD PSSD QSQ uorrt srhimD ISHD PST uorts vukszD PWP uoshiym uenjiD PSHD PSQ uostov wrinD IQID IQSD IUQD QTWD QVQ uotnidis ghristosD QUU uotsoglou enstsiosD VV uottke elertD QIW uottnuer velD IHV uouhi uen9ihiD IQS uourepinis himitriosD RPS uouretzis qeorgeD RQHD RQI uourkoulis llisD QSSD QSV uourouzidis woisikisD PUS uourtidis ldimirosD RTD PIH uouskoun silikiD VRD IRWD RUP uoutsoukos ilisD PVH uovs ettil gsD IIPD PVU uoym hinD QHHD RRI uozinkov himitrD RHV urlik turjD PSTD RPPD RQT urmr wihD QWT urwinkler relmutD VR urimgold predD RQS uristek tozefD IHH urstevsk vidijD PIID PIRD PISD RRP urueger prnkD IQHD PVWD RSID RTV uryvosheyev etroD RIU utenidou ylgEtonD IU uung t D PWD IWU uui tnD TP uuon iotrD QSR uudo uzuyoshiD ISD ITD ITV uuendig ghristophD PPP uugenko uliD PWQD RSSD RTU uuli igemerdievD PTW uullmn rrldD RIQ uumr ijyD QSW uumr irendrD RIQ uumsr xhitD IWHD RHI uundk edD QQS uunnth shiD IUU uuntiywihi uittiskD RS uuoEghing viuD PIR uurit etsushiD IRU uuse wsumitsuD PR uusumstuti hyhD PTH uuwt sukoD UVD QRS uuznetsov sgorD WW uuznetsov snnD IVHD RIU uuznir urystynD RTT uvrn ormodD IHP uvsh itorD IWSD PRH uwitek qrzegorzD RSR uwieien erkdiuszD TP uwon yhEungD IVT uyrikides xiholsD PRPD PRQD PRU

v helf ntoD IPID PUR v o wrioD IHID IPQD RRT vk eterD WTD PVP v ierreD PQR vve gorinneD QISD QISD RUP vdjinovi hjordjeD PTID QUW vfuente wrinelD PHW vgros xikosD RII vgomrsino ergioD WD PRD QVD TID UHD URD PQWD PRR vhen fhiD QPT vi grloD QRD IHHD ISWD QSI vi oD QII vmdon hierryD RHV vmert tromeD WT vmmli umelD QIR vn vierD QIT vndi vuD RPD IWVD PHSD PHUD QVW vnd eudengo vurD QRI vndol( wiheleD RQR vng hF rFD RQT vng hominik rFD QQW vnghmmer oisD QQW vngone ssidoroD STD RHR vnzo qiuseppeD IVD IUI voumi xsserD QIQD QITD QTV vpin ldimirD ISW vrionov leryD IQUD QHU vrsen ine fFD PVR vsoki tnislwD IIWD IPWD QHHD RTWD RUH vteltin ylivierD VQD QHPD QQUD RQT vtendresse inentD IVR vu foy F FD PWQ vu hvid FD PPP vudrin prdriD QS vuriol wro ioD TQ vvn yrenD SR vzres pernndoD QTI vzridis heoD QUH vzo ekevskiD PTT ve frun fenoitD QPP ve woult elinD PIW vednik wrketD PSSD QSQ vee ho ryungD QWI vee teEroonD IWS vee tungEoonD IWT vee tunhoD PPS vee viEryungD IVW vee eneeD RQID RQP vee zuEingD RV vee oungEookD RHID RHP vefevre quyD PHD QTI vehmnn vutzD RSD RPV veiovih idwrdD PRP veiowitz idwrdD PW veipold wthisD ITR vekidis ssilisD RWD PTR vekk hespinD VQ vemeille prnisD QIS vemme elertoD VI venhrdt olfgng eFD PUI veon oertoD PTR veonrd qideonD QIV veone vuD PW

486

Author's Index
vermo tvierD QPP veskov ikterinD IPQD RSSD RST vestuzzi ierinoD THD ITPD PPRD PPTD PQID PQP vevshin entoliD RSH vevthith sevolodD IWSD PRH vevy oert rFD SR veydeker qnterD ISUD RTV vi heyuD QUD QTU vi ruiD SR vi tieD RQI vi vimingD QSP vi inD IVH vi onghunD QTT vi eiEenD RVD RPW vi huzhenD RW vidopoulou uleonikiD IIQ viertore homenioD RHUD RRT viertore vurD IWI vie tnEirikD PUS vimktnyu uhrtD RS vimongelli wri inD PHV vin finEiD PPQ vin ghiEghngD PHU vin uuoEnD PQD IQT vindholm gonrdD PQD QHD QPWD RTW viou uhEehnD IVVD PIQ viu ghihEenD UU viu ghungEeD PII viu qeeEuD UU viu engEghengD QQR viu enghengD IP viu eiD RQI viu engungD RIS viu henD IWH vivoglu mznD QPVD QWI vixin tingD IQT vosio homenioD PWH voo uintero illimD PSHD RPH voh ghinErsiungD QD QPR vohwijrn rwuttiD PRWD PSR volli frrD IPRD PUQD RTT vomrdi enn wriD RTT vomrdi henisD PVW vomrdo ennD TR vomidze qeorgeD QIP vomnitz ginnD IHH vopes wrioD RH vpezEelmns prnesD QUW vpezEfrrz erturoD PPT vopezEgllero pernndoD IWD QRD QIWD RPQ vopezEqri hiegoD PHI vpezEvpez elfonsoD PPT vpezEvpez hgoertoD PPT vpezEuerol usnD QPR vorenzo wrtinD QQI vos iimertD TT voudj miD QTV vouis pilipposD IIID RRV voukopoulos ngiotisD QQW voureno ulo fFD QWW vvholt pinnD QH vu vynEwnD SP vu uikiD SWD RIV vu ilinD VS vu ongD QW vukowski ygmuntD TD RSD VHD RSW vuntoni entonioD PR vurelli wtteoD RHD TW vus groD PQT vuo tF inriqueD WI vun hvidD QTI vunek frrD QSQ vunkov frrD PSS vund fjornD IIT vungu hnD IQPD QHQD QRHD RTH vuo ifengD PUU vupoi elessioD PRI vupoi qiorgioD PRI vursmnshvili ytrD RTU vutikov elexndreD PWV vuzi vuiD IPD ISD RTH vuzn prnisoD QPS vyonEgen releneD PVU vyuushin elexeyD IPID IPP

wFghrghi ehmd ezD QRV w ingD PTQ wlek hhrokhD PRT w tiriD IWV wu elertD QPPD QQT wi monD IHRD IHTD PUWD PVHD PVT wig idwrdD RTT wkie uevinD VU wherson ynD RIQ wdni minD IHT wdrig ulD ID IIH wddloni qiuseppeD R wdhvi vth qD QSS wdii gludiD QSD QPU wehling hilD IIW wed wskiD QQV wed oshiroD ITSD QIW werklin xilsD RSH wg oertoD RSR wgenes quidoD PD VID RHR wggns endresD III wgonette qeorges iFD WH whdvin esD ITVD IUWD QIQ whdyir wehrddD PWV wheri whmoud FD QWV wheshwri fF uFD QTH whin tephenD SW whmoudi wussD RIS whss edelhkimD QIR whul yliverD IRS wi F wrtinD IHUD IHWD IRR wistrello wrinoD PWH wjer irnestD IQH wkrios rintfyllosD RWD PTRD RIW wki xorioD PQQ wki keshiD SVD IWT wkr uonstntiD QTW wkris tnnisD IIQ wkris tohnD PTVD QHH wkropoulos uonstntinosD IUD PUWD RUP wkropoulos uostsD WUD IIID PUID PUVD RRV wlgnini vuD IHI wlngone squleD PSU wlvolt hnieleD SD ISU wldondo ispernzD PRU wlek tiriD IPQD PWSD RRUD RRV wleki esD WQ wlesi wrjnD VR wlhotr rveenD WSD IQQ wlisn etrD QQI wlishewsky eter qFD IHH wll ujnD QU wlone teveD IHID RRT wlovihko elexeyD PUR wlytskyy hmytroD RRWD RSS wnfpour eliD RPS wnfpour eli ezD PSQD QUI wndr elertoD PHR wndresu xeuliD QPT wneplli wllikhrjun oD PHQ wnfredi qetnoD UTD PQVD QQTD RHR wngigli lvtoreD IRW wngini wuroD PP wni wiodrgD ISTD RHP

487

Author's Index
wnos qeorgeD RTD PHVD PIH wnou himitrD RPR wnov utrinD PUU wntlk prntisekD IHV wnui ennD QH wr eptimiusD VP wrnte wr iugeniD QVR wrshi imdD PRQ wrellini elertoD RTR wrhnd ierreD QID VW wro hmulikD RRS wreft wohmmd deghD PPP wrgris fsilD ISID PUW wrgryn osD PTSD QPH wrini qiorgioD RHT wrin ylvieD QQW wrini elessndrD IWQ wrino idordo wiheleD TR wrkus wihelD QRH wrkusi njeznD PUH wrmurenu elexndruD QQPD QQT wrmurenu qheorgeD QRH wrmurenu qheorgheD QPTD QQPD QQT wrnetto oertoD RHS wrques wrioD SD VUD PTR wrr prizioD PVP wrriott hionD RVD IVV wrsn hvidD IPH wrti toquinD WQ wrtinelli inzoD PRQD PSWD RHT wrtinelli vuD QVTD QWS wrtinelli oloD QWS wrtnez elertoD QTI wrtinez quillermoD PIP wrtinez vierD PRH wrtnezEhz tos tFD ISP wrtinezEued tF inriqueD IURD IWSD RSW wrtinezEolres tose wFD QHR wrtino lvtoreD QHI wrtynov ylegD QPI wrtynov wrinD QPI wrui hmjnD VR wruym oshihisD QHS wrz sileD RTW wrzohi rnerD IIS wrzorti imoneD IUV wrzouk smmD ISH wsktsu wiygimD PRW wsnori rmdD PRWD PSH wsomi eshigwrD RPH wstsuki oshiyukiD ITS wsidri irgilioD V wsi engeloD PTD VPD ITID RRI wsi orking qroup erryD PVW wsini entoD IUP wsnvi wohmmdEezD VQ wsoudi wostfD RPT wss wroD IUV wssh eed ezD RPU wssimilino qiorgioD QQT wsud ueijiD RIS wsud toshiD QQV wt e loD RQD RRD PHP wthrshvili eimurzD RTU wtsud swreD QPS wtsud toshiD RSW wtsuo ridenoriD PHD IWP wtsuok wsshiD IPUD QHS wtsuok oshinoriD SI wtter plvioD QIP wvitun ynurD QSV wvlynov xdirD PQQD QSP wvrouli ylgD RHU wyorl tunD QIU wyor erellno tulis olD RHP wzetEoux qillesD PTUD QQW wzhr eliD RHR wzov issD IRH wzz pioD PHID PHP wguslnd endyD IHID RRT wgloskey tohnD IISD IIVD IRI wehler einhrdD QIH weddne xssimD QUV wedeot enzoD UH wedhi wnD RQP wedi endD RIU wedin irdoD RPR weer uviyd hhileepD QUR wegwti uusnowidjjD IUI wegnounif edlltifD QUV weguro uimiroD RHP wehni ouefD RIT wehdizd leie hhD PPR wehmet elim yzturkD RQU wehrprvr fehnmD QUSD RPR weidow reinD PUS weirov tinD IHI weji toquinD IVQ wekenev fktyekD QVH wekhrushev hmitryD PUR wele qiulinD PUTD PWH weletti grloD RD IISD ISID QIR welis xiolosD PVH welkov hmitryD QPQ welkumyn wikyelD RQD PHH welro hinisD QVV wen endresD RHV wendes h ilv tos entnioD UT wendes vus eF wFD QWD SUD PII wendes uloD PIQD QUH wendesEitor vus eFD IQQ wendez fogrdD QIU wendez fogrtD PIT wendis ishmilD ISV wengEing siD PIP wenihetti wroD QHI wenun ghrlesD RI werl yzel xurnD PTSD PVSD RSP werino mon wriD RV weroni prizioD RTS wert sldikoD IWR weshkt hini efshinD QVTD QVU wetelli qiovnniD QVH wetin esliD RI wetrikov velD IPV wetters idmundD RU weyer doD ITPD RHT wezEpjrdo uristel gFD IHH wezzi wroD RHD TWD VHD IWS wezzin wuroD PRT wihel glotireD PIVD RRH wihel gyrilleD PQR wihelini elertoD IHQ wiov ldoD RU widorikw urohD QIV wigliv olD RRT wiguel veti pF pFD SRD IHW wihilov ldimirD QTWD RPVD RTH wihljevi tdrnkD PSI wijuskovi ylgD QWQ wikme ekihikoD PRI wikst tohimD IPRD IUI wiln qiulinoD QHI wilno qirolmoD PUQD PUS wilev elexnderD RSI wilkereit eginD QHI willn wiguelD QTT wilutinovi ornD PQD IQRD PPSD PRID QQSD QRS windkis qeorgeD IIQ winmoto kshiD QRQ

488

Author's Index
winkin slyD IVI wirnd idurdoD QD VT wirevsk ioetD QTU wirghderi soolD PPW wirghderi soulD PPW wirghderi eyed soolD ITH wirghderi eyed soulD PPTD PQID PQP wirz uinD IVS witoulis tergiosD IVT wittz vierD USD PQV wiw higeruD IWD PSP wiyjim wsktsuD PRWD QHTD QTI wiyke riroeD IIHD ITV wiykoshi uenD QPQ wiyno wihioD PSR wiyr uoihiroD PU wizuno uoihiroD RIP wizut oshihikoD QRW wntsknyn wntsknD PHQ wozo eterD IHH wodressi erezouD QRD QIWD RPQ wodressi rormozD QID IIHD IPV woden gludioD PPQ wodonesi heliD IRV woghdm eF FD VSD PTH woghdm rssnD RQU woghddm rssnD TSD IWUD RHWD RIS wogi ridenoriD QQP wohmmdi wjidD RQU wohmmed etef FD IWQ wohrrm ehmed wFD QQT wohindr keshD IRP wohri oshiyukiD QS woinfr eli eFD PSI woisidi wrgritD PTVD QHH wol ilenD SUD TVD VS wols qilertD PSD QQRD QQU woldovn edrinEeptimiuD PWSD PWU woldovn srenEedelinD IUUD IUVD PWQD PWSD PWUD PWWD QTW wolin pF tvierD WH wolin sndirD WW wolin ergioD PQD QPWD RTS wolinElios ergioD PUVD PVQ wollioli prizioD IUID IUP wolnr heriD RSV womsour rmidiD PUV won visD IIT wonhesi qinrloD QHI wono wihelD RQR wonjemiExejd oheilD PHU wontldo lentinD RD ISP wonteiro wfldD RH wonteiro irdoD SD VUD PTR wontserrt wsesD PT woosoo uim woonsooD QWT wordi wohmmdrezD QTT wordi hghghi leD PPW worles irnestoD RIH worles toseD IHT wors olD IS wortto vuD IQD QRH worelli endreD RRU woreno elvro wD QHW woretti wrinD RUH wori hinihiroD PSTD QPTD QSW worison eF gFD QUI woroni yfeliD PIW worsy smD PQH wortezei elirezD RPR wortimer o(D PWP woshons sonnisD VU wosegrd ulusD PVV woshe hnieliD U wot he pFD PT wothri F erdvnD PHP wotmed minD QQD PRV wotmedi wehrtshD IWV wotvlli wsoudD THD IWHD PPTD PQID PQP wotohru tinguujiD QSU wotoki uentroD IUPD PST wotosk wstoD QQVD QWP wourit ou(kD VID PSI wourd herif ehmedD TU wousvi ishkiki eyed irhimD TI wousvi wehdiD ITW wousvi hhrmD VQ wouzkis rrrisD WH wrdk divojeD QWQ wuirelli wroD PHD PTD IHID IPTD IQID ITID QHHD QHID RRID RRTD RSV wujl yrestD RRWD RSS wukt hrmD RRR wukhdze emuriD IRH wukherjee whuD QRT wukherjee udiptD QRT wuls wri qriellD PQHD QWS wumldze eD IIPD IPVD QQW wunhen ott iFD QTQD QTR wnih tohnnes ghristinD IQP wuoz holoresD PUH wuoz elez elejndroD RPQ wurli urishn eD QSS wurt ekirD QHT wurtly umhyekovD PTWD QHU wurtore wroD TR wurym pumiD PPU wuriEil hvidD PITD QPP wurono oshitkD IWQD QTHD QVQD RPP wurphy trikD ISP wushio qemmD PWH wusson ogerD RTP wusson oger wwD WD QHWD RSU wutsuyoshi riroshiD SVD IWT wwfy emnD IWI wylonkis qeorgeD QPD VQD IVSD QVU wyungkue vee wyungkueD QWT

xF ehri wsoudD QUW xer tourD QPT xderzdeh ehmdD IHTD PSI xdim prrokhD QH xdji edelmousourD PUU xeem uhn ekhtrD VI xgshim iisukeD QIW xgshim pumioD PSR xgt eijiD IVR xgy qorD PPQ xhum erelmnD ISH xiieri eliD ITU xili wounirD ISH xjfgholipour wF eFD QWV xj( F whmoodD PQT xkmur usumuD QPH xkmur ukikoD RWD RHH xkno oshikiD RHHD RPID RQU xkshim wsyoshiD WI xkshim dyoshiD QRT xlnt uleymnD IISD IRI xnjo uF FD IIV xnjund o uenkere urynryn oD RHP xnos xikosD ITTD RIV xpoleoni uintilioD PRU xpoli ennlisD PRU xppi osD PUT xqvi ssumD QWT xrfu tsuoD RQT xrdell tefnoD RPS xrdi ennD IHS xrit ekirD ITV xriyuki oshifumiD IWPD QRQ

489

Author's Index
xso qiuseppeD IQQ xsseiri smdD PW xsser miD ISU xssersdi uirshD IRUD QIH xteghi priorzD IVID PSID QWW xteghiEeF priorzD IWVD PPWD PQSD QIUD RQQD RQRD RRPD RRQ xteghielhi priorzD QQSD RRP xvrro grlosD WW xvrro wnuelD VID PSID PUID QPSD RRR xvrro ymrD PHH xve osellD RUI xyeri hhinD IVHD IVID QUR xzrird ershD RPS xegu gristinD QSS xeil ehourD PRW xedet orunliD TU xeevskEgvetnovsk qolukD IWHD RHVD RIU xegishi rirokiD PT xegro oloD SUD TVD VSD PSW xejime usukeD PH xemtolhi ezD QQS xemhynov uriyD RIU xesheli xsrollhzdehD RHP xesterkin wrgritD PUH xeuhuser fettinD QRW xeulihedl eloisD PQP xeves xunoD UR xevsky xinD PWU xguyen F fFD IVVD IVWD IWT xiknm ehmdD IHD ITR xiole wrilenD PQU xielsen wogens eterD PSU xielsen tefnD QQR xielson fryntD IVT xiemi inD WVD RRS xigro homenioD RHU xigro imidioD PRQD PSWD RHT xikolintg sriniD PTV xikolov vetlnD PVID PVQ xikoolintg sriniD PTV xio wuroD IHVD PSV xishikw toruD QHD RQV xishimoto toshiD IW xishimoto sushiD IVP xiu hiweiD QTT xiyzov hjfrD QRV xizi engelD IVR xizomov tkhongirD QVR xojim xouotoD PRD UVD QRT xoorzd eliD PWVD QTT xoorzd esdollhD ITW xoorzd essdollhD ITUD PWV xormn tmesD RU xouri qholm ezD IUQ xouri qholmrezD IS xouri rmidrezD QSU xovotny wiroslvD PWI xovotny yldrihD IPQD PURD PVU xoyn elli emD IWR xunnin ioonD PRWD PSR xunes too gFD PT xur geydD RQV xurkhmet wkishD QWP xuti gmilloD PPQD PRVD PTRD RQW xyst wrleenD IQRD IRQD QIPD QPQD RIQ yhi uenihiD QVI yhki tunD QRQ yhkur riroshiD QHS yhmhi tsuoD QVD IHV yhmur etsuyD IWU yhno oshiteruD IWP yhno ukiD ITW yhori wihihiroD ITS yhrnerger wtthisD ITD PVR yht uoheiD QIH yht utkD QRT yjghi woinD TH ykd xorioD QRT ykw szuruD QHH ykzki uenjiD P lfsson monD IRD IURD QPU ylfsson imonD IID IUR yliveir grlosD IRD IUW yliveir grlos FD PTD IRT yliveir gristinD SR yliveir hnielD QWW yliveir rgioD QUH yliver grmeD WTD PTTD PTV yliveto qiuseppeD RIH yller w ergioD RQD RRD PHPD PRH ylszewsk horotD RUH yltenu ulD IQP ylumev tjnD PQD QRS ymrov tsulnD ITI ymelhenko itorD RSU ymenzetter iotrD QUP ymnes tevenD WQ ynh tephenD PUT nem qktrkD RH yno wsyukiD SI ynur unD IQRD IRQD QHWD QIPD QPQD QQRD QQUD RIQ youhi ishiD ITW yprsl svoD IHID IPSD IPTD PVP yrkdogen inginD QURD RIT yrdz wrioD IHVD QHWD QPU yrdz wrio qD IRS yrehio frrD PWH yreskovi tsnD PVU yrfnoginnki uterinD IIQD IPID IQQD IRI yrgulu qonD RSQ yrlndi mueleD PHU yrlekEikor fetD QHHD RTW yros iugenD PVT yshim wsmiD WS ysinov ldimirD QQQ ysmnshin slhnD QQH ystdn prhngD QWT yth edrienD IPRD IUI ytsuk risnoriD IVP yttemller vrsD III yuillon quyD PWS yuyed werzoukD PUP yvndoEhelley ifrnD QPP yyrzo er gludioD TUD PIH yye olkerD RTW yzki tunD PSR zy perhnD IRS yzkkloglu ogyD IWU yzey wF gemD QIV yzn hF wehmetD PIS yzelik mznD SH yzelik erknD PTWD RRW yzep perhtD QQHD QRV yzdemir uhlD RQU yzel yguzD IPSD QHRD QISD RTI yzhendeki hevrimD UI yzhendeki xuriD UID RPI yzmen qunyD QURD RIT yzturk eF ferD UI yzturk fkiD QURD RIT

y9eilly frin wD IIQD PVW ytes teveD IQH y ilenD VID PSID PUPD QPSD RRR yddjornsson ylfurD QVU y0r ronD UU ygw riroshiD IUH ygw tunjiD TP yguz erminD QUW

490

Author's Index
P
iello ergioD RHT or prnesD IPD ISD IQWD IUTD RTHD RTS dgett tmieD IVT gni wroD RTR gliroli elessndroD IV gnoni qinluD QH hor turijD PVI k uslnD RRWD RSS l umruD SW lios loD WW lzzo frunoD SP lermo elessndroD RRD RVD SVD TQD IVVD QVR lmieri prnesoD QQQ lomo frrD IHSD IHTD PVSD PVT mpnin tefnoD RPD RVD SVD TQD TVD IVVD PRRD QVR ngiotou wriosD SS niotu gristinD PWSD PWU netsos ngiotisD RWD IVT nou eretiD QPS ntzopoulou tvroulD STD VVD PIQD QVQ nte eurelinD IRHD PUPD RTWD RUI ntosti hnielD QID QSH nykpo hioonD TW nz qiulino pFD IQD WWD IIUD QHR olui oertoD PQD UVD IUID QPPD RPV p pilomenD IQTD IQV pdimitriou ehillesD IUD QQ pdimitriou ilefteriD PVU pdimitriou ileftheriD IIVD IIWD PUV pdimitriou uostsD RW pdimitriou nyotisD PUI pdokotsolis qeorgiosD IRW pdopoulos qeorgeD PWT pdopoulos qersimosD IPID IRI pdopoulos qerssimosD IIQD IQQD IQWD IRH pdopoulos slisD PTVD QQH pdopoulou enthiD QTP pdrkkis wnolisD PSUD RII pgeorgiou epostolosD IUQD IUT pgeorgiou ophiD WU pionnou ghristosD RD IPUD ISID PSR ploizou voizosD RRD QVQD QVR pntonopoulos uonstntinosD QP prp qrieleD QHV pstergiou nosD SSD PRQ pzhos gonstntinosD PTUD RTU pzhos gostsD IHHD QPS pzhos gostsD QQH ppin tkD T rskev hemelinD VU rdui elertoD RHD TW ret erreneD RQR risi wri eFD UQ rk ueun foD QST rk eong ongD QST rker F homsD RRS rodi oniD PR roli tefnoD IHID IPTD IPUD QHI solini ghirD IPRD RTT ssmore ulD PVQ tn homenioD WWD PUR tn qiuseppeD IPID PUR thk tyntD IUQ tisson vurentD PHR todi F gFD IVW ulett wrgheritD TQ ulotto grloD PTQ ultre trikD IVU vel gonstntinD PIS vel wihiD PIS vese elertoD WID PIUD PIV vievi fozidrD PSI vlenko ylgD IUHD QPHD QPI vlenov itorD ITQ vlov itorD II yen hierryD PIH zdirkov tnD PTTD PUI zos entonioD PTTD PUUD QQT eker elinD QPW ekley hniel trFD QSR egon ierreD WP eiris xvinD RSD VHD QRWD RSW ejovi denkoD QWQ eker ueremD PPVD PRR eker ynderD IWH ekevski vzoD PUUD PVP elli prizioD PP ellissier inentD QRQ enelis qregoryD PTP enn endreD UHD VID PQTD RHRD RQV eppoloni ilviD VI equegnt gtherineD QHP ere xrisoD QIP erelmn xhumD IPTD IVI eresn entonellD WWD IIU eretokin ergeyD QHV erez erturoD QPU rez wreloD RSR erez oh vuis idurdoD RR erezEqri egD QIT rezEuiz elfonsoD QPS ermn osenneD IIR erotti pederioD QVW eru sztokD VR eruzz vurD IRW eruzzi oertoD TH esresi hminoD PVHD QRH essin erD RTHD RTSD RTT eterson enthonyD RHT etrenko endreyD QWHD QWI etrini vorenzD QWR etrosino imonD QPR etrovski tkimD PQW etrovski omislvD PQW etrow endrewD QTP etrusevskEepostolsk oertD IWHD RIU ettenti prnoD IIHD IPQD IQW etti vuigiD SP etting hidierD TV etting trgD IH etukhin entolyD IRD IUHD QPQ ('ner edrinD PUP fylEvng uerstinD USD PQS hni uumr vnkD QTS hos wriosD PHRD QVR itnesi elessioD IRI izz wurizioD TP iione gterinD RUI ihl ihrdD PUS iozzi wtteoD ITD QHID QQQ iedr miroD QTI ietr hrioD PPU ikoulis sileiosD RRV ilkouts uyprosD SSD PRPD PRQD PRU in preddyD RIR inr eliD RRW int omssoD QHR ined orrs ymr endreyD RQH inho uiD RID TVD UPD VUD WQD IRPD PPUD PSUD QHWD QUTD QWRD RQQD RRH insky ldimirD PVRD QQQD QRI into erturD WP into olo imilioD PRID QSI irentis ethnsiosD IIQ irli wyrtoD PUW irlis irmisD PUW irmoz ekrD QUQ irrott gludiD QI isrenko ldilenD QHT itilkis himitrisD QR

491

Author's Index
itilkis uyrizisD IUD RQD UWD PHVD QRSD RPRD RPWD RQH izz engelo qiuseppeD IQT lint eni ytiliD IUUD IUVD PWS lene(sh homsD PWHD QHVD RTV lik ldimirD IHPD PUQD PURD PVVD RSQ lumier endrD TP odest tefnoD VID IQWD PQW oggi melD QRID QSH ogginti elessndroD WR ogod idurdD PUR ohl urelD IWV oit xtliD ITVD QHHD QHQ olt ekeriyD PQP olese wriD UTD PRV olitopoulos sonnisD VHD PHR olom lrihD PI olyrpou nyiotisD RRD QVQD QVR ondrelli ilviD RRU onomrev elexnderD IPPD PWQ onton pustoD QRH onzo pelie grloD RRI op yvidiuD PQU op wihelD IIUD IUUD IUVD RTH op iorelD RWD PIW opesu imiliD IUUD IUVD PWWD QTWD RTH opesu qheorgheD RHS opesu odiD RHS opovski wrjnD RHT oro prnesoD PRT orrsEorino ooD QPR osds entonioD PUID QHHD RRR osolieri wurizioD QHV ostelniu udorD PTID RPH ostpishl vuD WTD RUP ourzin uhshirD RHV ourmohmmd rsnD IWVD IWW ourndf rghi wehdiD IVI ourseyyed fehnzD QRQ ousse quillumeD IQ rksh hmsherD QSPD QSW rsd rhldD RIQ rsd F uFD QTQ rseed uF sFD IWR reisig wtthisD RT resti heorD PTW retorin elexndrinD PRI revost tenD QTT riestley ueithD PVV riestley xigelD ID SVD TVD VTD IVQ riolo inrioD QPU rion relmutD RHT roo irdoD RII roen torge wFD PT roen torge wiguelD SVD QVV rot endreD ST roulx tenD QU roulx trikD IVU rovidkis gostsD PIQD QIHD QUT srkis immnouilD RRV simoulis nosD SWD RPW uglisi woniD QVR ujdes vluisD QIT ulido xelsonD IHTD IIHD QHU untel iriD QQI urru qeorgeD IIT uri ijyD QSP utermn veonidD QRQ ythrouli tellD SWD RPW uest em erryD RUH uevl ten gludeD PIH uevl tenEgludeD WH uitorino inentD PQD ITQ

isr eliD RHR in tidongD PWR in okunD RQI tisht tmlD QWT ugliro inrioD TQ

inowitz xitznD QIV onovih wihelD IVI kwitz prnkD QSQ dovnovi lviD PVP dulin wireD IIUD IUUD IUVD PWWD QPTD RTH (ein ejmnD PPWD PQH ghu rsd fettdpur urishnswmyD PHRD PTI ghuknth F F qFD ITR ghunth eshgiriD RHP gueneu prdriD IWPD PIT hie eli ezD IVS hhl wuhsin ilieD PHD QTID QTR hili uhorsni wjidD RPI himin wohmmdD PSS himzdeh ofooei pyzD PHU hmn ifurD RQS hnm wohsenD QQU hnvrd eFD RHI jrthnm D QIS jeev thmnthnD QSI jeshwr o xndmuriD PWQ kievi ornD UW mn qF FD QQHD QTQD QWT mnhrl rdeep uumrD S mundo peliitD PHR nguelov foykoD IIVD IQVD RUH ptkis himitriosD IUD RPR shke wthisD IQUD QHW sulo elessndroD PRT thje illenD QIV tzinger uludiD QRW ult qrrdD QT vut gelineD IIQ yhni wohmmdD QU zvin emrei eyed eliD ISSD RPT zeghi whmoudD RQW zinkov ylegD PPP zmkhh ershD QPRD QPS edmn eter D IIQD PVW elfonzo oertoD PRU eehi lterD RRQ eez elessndroD ISID ITID RTQ estok hnielD QR eddy qF FD PHI edondo istherD WT edondo torgeD QVR einhorn endreiD RQD PTHD PTPD QVU eisner qeorgyD PWR eithermn oertD V ems edelkderD PRV enult hilippeD RT enzi tefnoD RPW esemini oniD QVD URD IQW estrepo tos sFD PD SSD WID QWI estrepoEelez vuis pernndoD PRS evnsiddpp uFD QTQ eyes qrielD WW eyesElzr elfredoD PPT eyesElzr elfredoD PPT eynders idwinD QUT eynourd tenEwrieD QWQ ezei eliD QIU ezei rizi eliD PQSD RRQ ezie eliD RQQD RRP hodes hvidD IIV io elexnderD RTS ihwlski ndr wFD IHID IPHD IPTD QHI ier torge hFD SRD IHW ierEwelis entoniD WT

492

Author's Index
iggio ennD PWS imi edelkrimD PUV inldis hrioD TTD PIT ingdl prodeD IHP ipperger tohnnesD IHW ippmnn horotheeD V isti hniloD RUD QWU itzwoller wihelD RSH iusetti wrelloD QQI iv oloD SPD IWQD QVH ivellino tefnoD QHI iver tun vuzD PHT iver vuisD IHR ivero ivero edroD PSHD RPH iznihenko yxnD PUH izzno qinvittorioD UPD PRU oh wihelD ITPD RHU oerts olndD IIT oertson golinD RPS oertson tohnD RIQ oid prnoisD IPV o entoniD PTD WT o ereD PIP oh triioD VWD IVSD PPH okenshu qerldD QRS odkin wikhilD QHTD RRW odrigues rugoD PRQD RQV odrigues itorinoD VWD IVSD PPH odriguez wrtinD QTI odriguez wiguelD RSU odrguez mssD RII oessler hirkD RSI ogers qrryD PS ogozhin iugeniD QHU ogozhin iugeniyD ITQ ogozhin ivgenyD PWR ojhn ghrisD QQW ojs tulioD TP okneddin ueivnD QST ollins uyleD QSS omnelli pioD IQD QHR omo vierD SD UUD PRH omeo oerto FD PRU omeu xriD PT omo wiguelD PPD PITD QIUD RSR oque too elmendrD QWW osErerrnz tulioD PUV osenerger endresD PSD RSV osko eterD QVV osset hilippeD RTI ossetto izinD QW ossi ier oloD TR osso wihelD WW ot wriD PQT oten hnielD IV oth prnkD IPH oth wihelD RTW otondi entD IPHD IPR otwin srinD WWD IIU oui wohmedD PTU ouiller tenEhnielD RQTD RUP oulle egtheD PID QPP oumelioti feiriD QPS oumelioti (riD IVT oussillon ierreD TTD IHHD QQUD RQW oussis nyiotisD QVU ovelli entonioD PVPD QHI oversi wono gmillD PVT ovid endreD RRT ovithis immnuilD QRS oy xthlieD IVU ozhkov wikhilD PVQ uek fohuslvD PVQ uio idurdD IRW udz ergeD PPP udzinski vukszD RTV uempker qeorgD RSI uettener irikD QIP uiz tvierD IUP uiz tulin pelix hnielD IVP uiz wrioD PTV uiz oniD TS uiz leni hniel wuriioD PPID QWQ undle tF fFD IIV usso qetnoD TQ utenerg evigdorD PTH uzek fohuslvD PWI

mD RPD TV deghvziri wF elD RPT ri touniD RTT tioglu wurtD IWUD PRTD PTR ghin rosseinD QUP tino irdoD QTS eri elirezD QTV ett pioD IPD PRD IQT i hontoD IVT orotti qilertoD IHID QPRD RRT doughi rndi wjidD PTR droldini eliD QPR ez istenD RPQ fdoust tvdD IVHD IVID QTU fk irdlD QPQD RRI fr whmoudD SD ISS 'rin minD QTP ( wohmmdD QQH hz ygrD IWT id fdrneD QPT id wged wourdD TU ifoldini prnkD QHR isho wotooD QVP ito ikiD RIT itoh wstoD QTI jjdi elehshem eyed wsoudD IWV kmoto ssoD RHP kmoto uoihiD RUP kt riroysuD RW kellrki himitrD ST kellriou wihilD QRW kellriou xikolosD IRW khrov ylegD QRPD RIU kks qeorgiosD IRW lh ilErdidy oussef lhD IUSD PTW lehi ehmdD RU lgdo odrguez elertoD UQ li dmilD RHH lonikios homsD RW lts ssilisD PTV ltykov dimD PWQD RSS lvneshi oloD QIH lvtore lterD RIP lymov ulrD QTT mel grmelindD VP nd sushiD RHH nm tfriD QTH nhez nhez retor eFD RRR nhezEgrrtl grlos FD IUT nhezEmrez erhm oertoD PIU nders ihrdD IRQ ndhs grmenD TQ ndi roreD ITPD ITQD PIS ndron henisD PWWD QRH ndu slieD PTT ngriotis immnouilD PVH nin srinD PUHD RST nkrnrynn gunthD RPR nli fnuD IHU nri ssilD PWT nt wri rernnD RHQ

493

Author's Index
ntEgruz ndrD QHW ntrsiero qiuseppeD VP ntini ilviD PRVD PTR ntos wiguelD VWD PPH ntulin wroD ISID ITID PWSD RTQ rfrz wehdiD IVW rgoni odolfoD IHH rgent usnneD IIID RTP rgsyn vilitD PTS riyr yzgurD QSI rkr juD QSP rm fiswjitD IPU rm rdD QRUD QTT rrzin wuriioD PIW rui ietroD RRT sd hujiD IWP si utsuhikoD PRI ski pumioD ITS ski xofumiD QHT ski kmituD QSR sni wehrddD QVT ssu wuroD RHT thiprn xvrtnrjhD RHP tish ndeyD PQR to rirokiD QIV to shiroD QIH to wsyoshiD QSD WI to dnouD QVQ vry gFD RQT vih entoliyD ISV vidis tvros eFD QSQ voi wroD RID UPD QVS vvidis elekosD QQH vvidis elexndrosD IWD ISID QPS wd umioD IHWD QIWD QPH wd sutomuD QPH wmtsu oshikzuD RUI (di hvideD IIID RSQ li qiovnniD RIH ndell vurD UVD IUID RPV rsi wugnozz qrieleD QHI rf vuinoD WW rlt edrinD PRP rr hvidD VH sserr qiuseppeD IUI wthorn ghrlesD QQW hher omD RQP hefer homsD ISU hlher rns udolfD QII helle rolgerD RSQ hellenerg endresD SW henk ldimrD IHVD PUSD QHS henkov denkD IHVD PUSD QHS hepers infriedD QSQ herum prnkD IPD IQD IIWD PVRD RTR herer imr tFD IUSD QPVD QQV hermer hetle'D ITPD RHUD RHV hlupp entoineD V hmid quentherD QIT hmitt qnterD IQPD QRH hmitt trieD VW hmitt imoD ISUD RTV horlemmer hnijelD IIW hreier tephnD RRT hukin uriD PUH hwrz tFD RQT hwrz tohenD TTD ITRD PUSD QQW hwrz tephnD PW hwrzEnetti qrielD V hweitzer tohnnesD IHPD PVWD RSH ini ergioD TT ordilis immnuelD PTU otti yonD RSV erer qryD RQR edn ylivierD PTD QQU edghi wrymD QIQ egl hnD PW eidEursi whmoodD QRV eki wtsutroD PIS ekiguhi rrukoD IS eluk oprkD QSU elukEuestel evtpD RQI eliverstov dimD IVI emlt tenEprnoisD IU emmne pethiD ISP en pnD ISS endov eronikD PIRD RHHD RQQ enevirtn snD PSD IRQD QQUD RIQ eo uzuohD IUP eo uyung fumD QST eplved toseD PIW ernExiole ldD VP erpetsidki eFD PUQ errno tenEtquesD IPV ert uhtD PPH esetyn urinD IQID IRS esigr rlukD RHS esov ltkoD QQD PSP etpong xwrtD PRW eung run uimD PPR evern oyD VW evuk pilizD QUP extos enstsiosD TD RQD RTD VU eyed zzghi wehrnD WSD RRQ guzzo lvtoreD SP guerso homenioD QRID QSH hestri uhosrowD QII hfei msri fehrouzD PPTD PQID PQP h(ee eliD PRV hh fimlD IVW hh xikhilD IVW hhmordi ezD RQV hhpsndzdeh wjidD IHU hhrour ssmD QTHD QTQ hkhnovih elexndrD PPI hkhov iugeni FD QIU hlouf pthllD PQS hnker hyD IRID PWI hnnon trik wD IIQ hpir eviD ISHD PUU hpiro xikoliD RSH hrif hidD RQQ hriful sslm wohmmdD TQ hrm wuktD IP hrm meshD IVW hynfr wohsen eliD QVID RPI hen tyD PPT hengEruoo xi onyD QTP hermn emenD ITQ hestoperov qermnD ITQD IVI heu wwEhyongD PIQ hi ghunxingD PUU higki omokoD PSR hih fnEtwuD RVD RPW hih wingErsingD PHQ hikt utsukiD QTQ himizu yoD QIW himizu oshihisD RQH hinki rjimeD RQH hiohr ritoshiD RPI hirvnd whmoud FD PQI hoji uzukiD PPU holn tml wFD PUR holpnev weirmD PPI home xileshD IRR hooshtri ehmdD QUP hrikhnde wnishD ITVD RIQ hrimli whendr uumrD SQ hulmn ergeiD QRU igtulin itorD QHV

494

Author's Index
ihien ilsD PWI idoti feniminoD IRV ieh uerryD IRI igjornsson D IQSD RTH igjrnsson gnrD IRD QPU igjornsson gnrD IID IURD QUHD QVUD RRH igismondo rD PRV igmund ldimirD TWD PRT igtryggsdottir pjol qudrunD VPD PRR igurdsson hD RTH ilen tnD RSP ileny tnD RSHD RSI ilv frunoD RHQ ilv edroD PIQ ilvestre uloD RST ilvestri prnesoD IUT ilvestri tefnoD SD UWD VTD ISUD PHRD PRID PTPD RPP imd yunsukeD QSR imenov tellD ISU imeonov tellD PVID RTQ imi wilnD IRQD QRI imonElero tosD RV imoni qiomoD QPU imonov uonstntinD QHV ini eterD PVHD PVI ingh rF xFD PWI ingh hri urishnD ITT ingh F FD PWI inh ejy uumrD PRVD PTHD QRI inh viD PWWD RIQD RSU ir ghristopheD V irkelis qeorgeD PHW irovih vivioD IIHD IPQD IQW ismos emD IHQ ithrm FgD QPQ krltoudis endresD IHHD PUW ket wotnikr frrD PPSD RTI kethley ghristopherD VH lve gmeliD PQU leemn einoudD PUW lejko hrioD ISID ITID RTQ limni edensserD QIQ limni edennsserD QIT medile elessndrD QI merzini ghirD UV mirnov iheslvD IWW mirnov ldimirD PHVD PWP!PWR mit trikD QQU mith iun qF gFD IIW molk enselmD IQR myrou ileniD QUT myth endrewD QIH nejornsson tF hFD RTH njornsson tonsD IURD QUHD RRH nidrig edrinoD PVH oih wohmedD IRV ohn eidD PPW ohninejd qholmrezD ITUD PQT oiesik wonikD RSR oolev qenndyD IPI oddu ierluigiD IQTD QQU ofronie miroD PVD RHU okolov ldimirD IHD IUID QPRD QRHD RTH okos ifthimiosD IHPD PUQD PVPD RRVD RUP olkov himhoD ISUD PVID RTQ olkov himoD PVQ olrino tefnoD IIID PVWD QSHD RSQ oldtov vuidmilD QVH ollogou ierreD PHRD PIH olomi uyrikosD PVR oltni emirD PHT oltniEprd rdiD VQ omerville ulD IUH oneji fF fFD PHH ore tefnoD QUP ory endrewD IRQ rensen wthildeD PUS rensen wthilde fFD IHTD QHU ornette hidierD PWS orrentino vuigiD UD IUP otlny emerD PHS otom wshiroD QRR ouid edulfthD IWPD PIT oulis sileiosD RT oulloumi ulineD IW oupios ntelisD PTVD QHH ouriu ennieD PP ous sssmD RW ous wF vFD PTD IRT ous wri vusD RSV ous yliveir grlosD QVVD RTR oyluk uurtulusD IVP oyoz erdrD RRI pek etrD PTT pone inrioD RSD IWQD QWI pdoni frunoD RHI pllross hnieleD ISD PPD IQWD IVHD QQI pene oinD PWD IRP per qiuseppeD RHUD RRT pernz ilenD T perner flnkD QRH pik elesD PWI pin qerrdoD PHR pyridopoulou wryD PUW t'ord eterD IH tmtide gristin ulD PU tmtopoulos gonstntineD IV tmtovsk neznD ITSD QTS tmmler ulusD IQHD PVID RTV trovoit ylegD PUR trovojt ylegD QHU tthis tirosD QHS tthopoulos uyrikosD VS tvrkkis qeorgeD PURD PUSD PVHD RSH tey ndyD IISD IIVD IRI tez iotrD TP tefnov himitrD IQID IQSD QTWD QVQ tefnsson fjornD QUH tefnsson gnrD IIT teinerg hvidD QIV teiner frinD IPT tejskl ldimirD IPQD PWS tempniewski vothrD IQPD IQSD QII tepnov dimD IVI tepnov ldimirD ISV tephenson illimD UV tewrt tonthnD IUI tih hnielD IHTD PVTD RRU tiros tthisD SWD WUD RPW tojdinovi fozidrD UUD VUD PPW tojnoski flgojeD RHHD RQQ tojmnovsk wrtD STD QUW torhk hmitryD PUU toten hvidD WH trsser pleurD II troi gludioD ISWD PQT trognov vetlnD PWQ trollo engeloD IPTD QHI tromeyer hietrihD RTP turt qrhmD PVU tuhi wssimilinoD RD WD ISID RRT tuder tostD QPW tupzzini wroD IWD IUI trz tohenD RHH uuoglu rlukD RHD UR uehiro oshioD PWV uems xokiD QSRD QST uetnov ilenD PVV uetomi swoD QIWD QRS ugito wstD PR

495

Author's Index
uhdol eterD IHD IQD QQQD QRH ullivn wurD QHW umnov prnjoD PVU ummers ulD WR un upingD SHD IWPD PPU ung enEeiD PHQ usgn eresD PTD QPPD QQU uvilov ellD ISV uzuki rirokoD QS uzuki nshiroD PQQD QUV uzuki keysuD QRRD QRS uzuki omojiD PSP uzuki suyukiD IVP vnr tnD PUI venningsen vsseD RRU vrek ldimirD PHR win homs wFD TTD ITR yngros gostisD IVS yntzirm hespinD STD PIQD QVQ yrmkezis gostsD RHU ehrni deh wohsenD QVU ehrnizdeh wohsenD PQID QQHD RPS emelkovsk frtiD PIID PIS eng tiwenD IHP eng sungEtenD QSP ernEqilmore emdorD TS erenzi qloriD QUP eresi qirolmoD PIT ertullini endreD IQVD RUH esfmrim olomonD PRT etsuro ynoD PPU evesEgost ulD PVTD RST eymur ferrkD QSV eymur ug inrD SWD PIV ez himitrD IQH ezn emihD UQD QRP hemistokleous wriD UW heodoulidis xikosD QQH heodulidis xikosD IWD ISID IVTD QPSD QQP hermou qeorgiD STD PIQ hiult ghristinD QID VW hiruvengdm FD IWR homs ossD RRS horrinsson ydinnD RRH horel vuD QTD QSW horhllsson iythorD RIW houvenot prnoisD PUQ impo uristyD QHH ildi elessndroD RTP iir imoD IIQ ik heodorD QTP imhenko sgorD QIP imiovsk venkD RTPD RTS nes doslvD RQT ingting iri eugustusD PSW inti tefnoD QH irsit ioonD IVR irelli hnielD WH oExn ghenD QWW oit etsuoD QSS odorovsk wriD PPPD RRI okeshi uenD TPD RIH okimtsu uohjiD QS oksoz x(D IQH olone smmoltD UP omssoli inrioD RHD TW omzevi wihD RHQ ommsi oloD IV omohis rmmotoD IVR omotk swtD RSS onini oertoD QH oniolo qindomenioD QVU onoo wsruD QTI onuk qokeD PP oprk elukD UV orin hheddinD PPW rk sstvnD IIP orrelv hnielD PV orres tun loD PRU oseky endrejD QIT ouret tenEierreD SI ourtois tenEwrD IVU owshirporn eernnD QII owht skuoD QQD PRVD QST oyosw suoD QST rnos wrkosD IIV rend(loski qornD PQD PPSD PRID QQSD QRS rint'ylidis etrosD IW rifun wihiloD PPPD RRI ringli qiovnniD IPI ripone hnieleD RRS risto qustvoD SV rometti omsoD SD UWD VTD ISUD PHRD PIUD PIVD PRID PTPD RPP rulli ssellD PRT si uehEghyunD PPP

F ihi roseinD RIV tei FhFD PRV uhi higekoD IRQ dshi knoD IIU fzzoli ximD QIU frout limD QUP hyt edelilhD RSP heri fehhni eli eFD TI heri woghdm ezdehD RPU herzdeh ezD QSI hghighi rosseinD QPD PSHD PSS iki itoD PSH jmir ihi roseinD RPI kd hiroD UVD QRS khshi xoriyukiD RPID RQU khshi oshimsD IUH khshi oshiyukiD IT kshi wedD IIU kshi knoueD RPU kyuki ryshiD PQV keuhi ekihiroD PWP keuhi skuoD QHT keuhi kshiD SH keysu uzukiD PV lgnov uostD PSP m vuz elimD PRP mte toshiD QST mur uzuoD VQ n hingD QTT nk toshiD PQQ nk suyoshiD RUI nredi ghirD RHU ngnelli wroD IWID IWRD PQWD PRSD PTI niym risshiD IUV rusi qrieleD IHQD IHS rjn qriellD QWR rque xiolD PVD QRR rrg wrtD PUT shkov vjuomirD PIID PISD RRP si szidorD PVHD PVI skin feyzD PSTD PSV skin pilizD UV skin uivnD SWD PIV skov vjuomirD PIR tr deuszD QSRD RTT teym wsruD QTH uer pioD PTQ yln erzuD QHV ylor golinD PRQD QTSD QUHD QVTD QVU ylor qrhmD PQUD RHH ymz unyD RSQ ehsiriwn ingsornD PQS ehrni ymD PRTD QWT

496

Author's Index
sherrig trieD IRR selentis qEeFD PUQ sereteli xinoD IRH sige wezD ISP sinopoulos tephnosD WRD RRQ so F uFD PTH sompnkis innisD QPD RII sopels ngiotisD QVU suhid kshiD QSVD RUI suhiy oshiyukiD QHS sujihr ysmuD QPH sukhr uohD QQV suno eijiD IS surugi wstoD IR u tinD QTU uev hnnD QQH uldhr inD SV umy hognD SQ urotte hF vFD IIV urino ghirD RSQ uv izinD ISID RUH uzun guneytD QVW ygunov ergeyD IQSD QII ypin elexnderD QUS ziflis ethnsiosD RRT rpsuo enttiD IWI rum rumertoD UTD PRQD RQV sev ilenD IQID IQSD RIV silkou uterinD IRW sile elkzD ITS silopoulos elexndrosD RPP sseghi ekrD IVID PTQ upoti tniD PWS vryuk lvD RSH eg hnielD QPP elso rimo vFD QIP elsquez toseD PVD QRR elzquezEhims tun sgnioD PPT elkov wiodrgD PIR enktnthn xtrjnD PWQ entur grlosD IVSD PQUD PSSD RHH entur quidoD PUQ enuti peliiD STD RHR er fetsyD QPUD QVR erderme qerrdo wrioD UTD PRV ergs tumeD PTV erm elokD QUR in hrrenD TR in fptist wri enD PIQ iente omeuD UT idl prnisoD VID PSID PUPD QPSD RRR idl ylvinD PIH idrih entoD PVI ielm rez tun grlosD PSHD RPH igh qergoD RT il tosepD PUWD PVH il ou xelsonD VWD IVSD PPH ilnov usnD IUWD RTQ ilrdo qiuseppeD PUT illseor entonioD PTV illelEergn ergioD PPT ishl hrmD QTS ld sonD PISD RPH ld wirelExusiD PIS ldn ftoD IQW ogel homsD US ogt udolfD US oldoire prnoisD QVS ollmer hnielD PVR olosov ergeiD PUH on wroD PTD VPD ITID RRI oroiev siliyD QRP oss eterD PVR oulgris xiholsD WUD PUW outetki wristellD PIQ outss xikolosD IRW owles qrhmD IPV oygki iliD QVU re wrinD SU un elessndroD QPU uini wilutinD RU uksinovi enerD RHV ulno elfonsoD PHID PHP

er zgrD IRU himur roD QSR isik xurD PVV kn irenD IQI dhykumr D PHT ds egustnD PTTD PUU glde erntzD PTT gurhn ekyuzD RQU lievi wldenD RHR rl herinD QSI smi sutomuD PTQ soltsev ylgD RST stundg ferkD IIRD IPV v qiuseppinD PRT ztegui wylettD QVR zdin elexnderD QRPD QSID RIU zunoglu imurD QP

renu duD SQD IQPD PISD PRID QHQ ri prnoD IQD QHR fei minD QSS fi eolhssnD RIVD RPI lee eliD WR ldeenito qloD RT ldivi hniD RIH lente wroD SHD TSD PPU llintos pilipposD PTVD PVUD QQH llintos pilliposD QHH lmundsson iggert ilergD PRR lori endreD IQ lsmis elexndrosD QQD QSU lsson qFD RTH mvkris homenikosD RTU mvtsikos himitriosD QWD RP n her oerd trmeD IHR n ik orildD IPW n tiphout homsD IPI nini wnuelD IUI nnoli olD RTH nnuhi qiovnniD QPU nnui qinfrnoD PUQD RRS nzi svoD PRV rznshvili ytriD IRH rnov qeorgiD IQID QTW rnov qeorgyD IQS rgs tulioD PV

d ekirD RW hlstrm utgerD IQQD IQSD QIID RTP instein wxD PPI kmtsu uzueD IPU ld hvidD PQD IQTD ITQ lter wroD PVP lther wrusD PWH ng qreD QRWD QWH ng rioD QU ng tinD SP ng terEpuD PHU ng uehiD IVH ng uungEtuinD PPP ng ongjingD IHI ng hingEtungD PPP

497

Author's Index
ng D IRT ng iEtenD UU son tF gFD IWR tne qkuhoD RPI tkins herrikD QWH tsonEvmprey tennieD IST etherill qremeD IPH eer fenediktD IVU eer pelixD TH er oltnD PVI ehsler xetD RRS ei tinwuD QW eidle ghristinD RSH en uuoEvingD IUH en uuoEvingD IUI en engpingD QHP enEghun rungD PIR eno hngD RSS eng uen umD QVR enk homsD VU enzel priedemnnD IPRD IQPD QRH enzel relmutD QPVD QRT enzhong hiD QHP erner teD IRT esolowsky wihelD IVU eston entoniEtneD QIP hite imothyD PQUD RHH hittker endrewD IRS idmer plorinD RQT idodo idodoD QUS iejz welD PTWD PUH ielnd wrtinD PD QU iemer tefnD PUD IIWD IPI ienroer rolgerD QR ight tmes uFD IWI ijetunge tnk tFD IRI ijeyewikrem enil gFD IHV ilkinson enD IVH illford wihelD TD RS illims ghesleyD IQRD IRQD QIPD QPQD RIQ illims wrtin FD RPD THD WH ilson tohnD IVU indeler honD QQU inkler iorD PS irgin ermndD IV hlier ineD PUP orden frueD PQ u finD PHW u ingweiD QSP ustEfloh qilles rillelD PVPD RRUD RSS uttke prnkD IHH ylegll uurtD IQHD RTV yss wxD PS mzki kyukiD RPP mn vuis iD IRS ng unEenD PPP nkelevsky hvidD PWD UUD QVV rdimi xesrinD PIVD PPV shiro rrumiD QHD IRTD QIH sreini shrD IWQ sud usumuD QQ suko ynoD PRW tutuk kuyD RW zdni ezdD IHD ITR zgn fukD PRD QWQ eh eongEueD PQQ elles edel urimD ISQ elles edelkrimD ISPD QIR enier imrhD PUV epes rugoD WW ilmz getinD VH ilmz yzturk xznD IIS ilmz lihD PRP ilmz eynepD IUU ilmzer wehmetD RSP in D IRT ogi riroyukiD QHS olsl edD RSQ ong eg veeD PPR ongsiriwith hyoD PRWD PSR oseph qF fFD QQH oshid wshoD QTI oshid xozomuD QPH oshimi wsyukiD IS oshito xkshimD QSU oshiyuki uzukiD RHP oung tohnD PVQ oung tulieD QTT oungs oertD IIR ousefzdeh wikilD IVHD IVI ousefzdh wikilD QTUD QUU ozo qotoD PV rysmendi umhyekovD PRTD QHU ue erkn iyD PIV uemen wF emihD IISD IRQD RQI udkhin pelix xFD QIU uhEehn viuD PIR uksel irnD SWD PIVD PTPD RQV uksel uleymn fhdirD SID QVH un qunjinD TU unseok ghung ghungD QWT

tzin ileniD QUT enidis rritonD RIW inghu huiD IQT iohu ongD QHP u engD IIWD IRTD PWW

ghmei mnD IHD ITR ghooi yeghn priorzD PRSD RQHD RSW kut ehmetD RID PQTD PTPD PTQD QUW md ekirD QUV md riroyukiD QHT mmoto hunrokuD PT mmoto khiroD QPS mmoto oshihumiD ITS mnk rirokiD ITD PHD IUPD QPS mshit xorihikoD QSV muhi xruhitoD RHH mzki pumioD IQSD QHSD RQH

lishvili ldislvD UD PWU relli vuiD WW frni rmidD ITU feirkos ethnsiosD QTI ferni rmidD ITW (rov srenD PSP ghw edelD IIT hlten olfhrdD QUS hrdnik tiriD IHPD IPSD PUQD PURD PVPD RRWD RSHD RSR hrei eyed eliD PQU hri wehdiD PQU ieno entonD ITSD QQS j foguslwD TP kirov ylimjonD PQQ mni eliD QUH mni xtshD PWV m s(geneiD IRW melli glrD IW mrno elessndrD PQH m(resu hnD PTID RPH ni vuD PPQ ni rvrD RQH nioni pilippoD QH nini elessndroD QHV njnizdeh hidD PPR

498

Author's Index
non oloD TP ppone elD PUI rfshn eliD IWH re wehdiD ISVD ITUD PSHD QIQ rein przinD VR rif rlilD QRV rni okoD STD QVH slvsky uliD IPSD IPTD ISHD IVID QIQD QQQ vl lvdorD IVQ vylov elexeyD IIR inden endresD PQSD QIP ednk tnD PVQ elloum rmmoudD PSQ emty igniewD RHWD RTV endgui hjwedD QUV eris ghristosD QW ermout id ehmedD QURD RIT erzour eliD PSQ evnik tkD SQ hng tinD ITW hng hongjieD PWI ho tohnD ITW ho vnhoD QTT hou pu vinD PHU hou ingD VS hunusov oleuyD ISW ifyr wnsureD PHS imkov veonidD PVQ ivi wldenD PVI iyeifr wnsourD WQD IWWD PHT oin yheslvD WW olezzi prnesD IS olfghri wohmmd FD IRR olfghri wohmmd ezD IRU ollo eldoD QQT olotov entolieD QWV onno qetnoD IPQD IPRD RTPD RTR!RTT ont hnieleD TP orozn wustfD RIR shu tohenD IQSD QII uro qiulioD WD WVD IQV ulini hvidD QRH upni olonD PPSD PVHD RTI wiky eterD USD PQS yh enitD PUH

499