Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) : An Overview
Executive Summary
WIRELESS COMPUTING
WIRELESS GROWTH INTERNET GROWTH
RF & DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
MOBILE SOFTWARE
DRIVERS FOR WIRELESS DATA
100 90 80 70 Millions 60 Internet users cellular + PCS subs
USA market
50
40 30 20 10 laptop users annual laptop sales
0 1995
2000
Wireless Data Terminals
Sierra PCMCIA CDPD Modem
Nokia 9110
The new Ericsson R380 phone, which features wireless data functions
Nokia 3G vision
EDGE Technology
Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMA operators Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) air interface and networks Phase 1 (Release99 & 2002 deployment) supports best effort packet data at speeds up to about 384 kbps Phase 2 (Release2000 & 2003 deployment) will add Voice over IP capability
GPRS Airlink
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Same GMSK modulation as GSM 4 channel coding modes Packet-mode supporting up to about 144 kbps Flexible time slot allocation (1-8) Radio resources shared dynamically between speech and data services Independent uplink and downlink resource allocation
EDGE Airlink
Extends GPRS packet data with adaptive modulation/coding 2x spectral efficiency of GPRS for best effort data 8-PSK/GMSK at 271 ksps in 200 KHz RF channels supports 8.2 to 59.2 kbps per time slot Supports peak rates over 384 kbps Requires linear amplifiers with < 3 dB peak to average power ratio using linearized GMSK pulses Initial deployment with less than 2x 1 MHz using 1/3 reuse with EDGE Compact as a complementary data service
GPRS Networks
consists of packet wireless access network and IP-based backbone shares mobility databases with circuit voice services and adds new packet switching nodes (SGSN & GGSN) will support GPRS, EDGE & WCDMA airlinks provides an access to packet data networks Internet X.25 provides services to different mobile classes ranging from 1-slot to 8-slot capable radio resources shared dynamically between speech and data services
EDGE System Performance
Probability throughput < = X per timeslot Probability packet delay < = X
100 90 80 70 % 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0
0 10 X (kb/s) 40 50 60 70 20 30
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 X (msec)
26 users/sector at 3.84 kbps average load per user
EDGE Evolution
Best effort IP packet data on EDGE Voice over IP on EDGE circuit bearers Voice over IP with statistical radio resource multiplexing Network based intelligent resource assignment Smart antennas & adaptive antennas Downlink speeds at several Mbps based on wideband OFDM and/or multiple virtual channels
EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview EDGE history & standards activity The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact Technology Roadmap for Performance Enhancements Conclusions
3G according to ITU
The ITU vision of global wireless access in the 21st century, including mobile and fixed access, IMT is aimed at providing direction to the many related technological developments in this area to assist the convergence of these essentially competing wireless access technologies..
3G Proposals
http://www.itu.int/imt/2-radio-dev/index.html/
IMT-2000: Terrestrial RTT Harmonization
IMT-2000 GOAL
CDMA
TDMA
3GPP2
3GPP
WP-CDMA
cdma2000
Global CDMA I
Global CDMA II
WIMS WCDMA/NA UTRA
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
UWC-136
DECT
USA
Korea
USA
Europe Japan
China
USA
Europe
KEY APPLICATIONS
Current: ~10 kb/s, circuit/packet Fax Short-messaging Being evolved to ~50-100 kb/s peak rate Needed to make wireless data attractive: Web Browsing - downlink bandwidth hungry FTP or Emails with file attachment - both links 3G: Multimedia, mainly packet Wide-area, low mobility, 384 kb/s Wide-area, high mobility, 144 kb/s Indoor, 2 Mb/s Beyond 3G ?
Radio Technology Evolution
High Speed Services
Nominal Rates:
At least 144 kbps macrocell At least 384 kbps outdoor pedestrian At least 2 Mbps indoor => 1-2 Mbps or higher in macrocell
Support emerging IP-based services
Real-time and non real-time
Optimized for packet-switched operation
Support appropriate QoS definitions Data and multimedia services
IMT-2000 Spectrum
WRC 92
50+ MHz x 2 1900 and 2100 MHz
Prospects
Europe - UMTS spectrum similar Japan - yes Asia - mixed but positive US - 1900 spectrum allocated for PCS (requires
spectrum clearing for 3G; WCDMA is not attractive) ~30 MHz at 700 MHz to be auctioned
Technology Evolution to IMT2000 Radio Access
EDGE/GPRS GSM PDC TDMA (IS-136) CDMA (IS-95) TDMA IS-136+ GSM+ GPRS IMT-2000 Systems
New SpectrumSpectrum
Existing
UMTS/ W-CDMA
UWC-136 HS (EDGE)
?
?
CDMA 3G-1X cdma2000
Current Cellular Approaches
Cellular coverage is designed for voice service
Area outage, e.g. < 10% or < 5%. Minimal, but equal, service everywhere.
Cellular systems are designed for voice
20 ms framing structure Strong FEC, interleaving and decoding delays.
Spectral Efficiency
around 0.04-0.07 bps/Hz/sector comparable for TDMA and CDMA
Data Service Approaches
Bursty: Circuit => Packet Need to widen the data pipe:
Multi-bearer: multi-slot, multi-code Enhanced TX rate:
TDMA: Enhanced/adaptive modulation/coding and Incremental Redundancy (Generalized Hybrid Type II ARQ) e.g., EDGE CDMA: Variable processing gain, e.g., WCDMA New systems, e.g., OFDM with dynamic packet assignment
EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview EDGE history & standards activity The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact Technology Roadmap for Performance Enhancements Conclusions
GPRS-136 HS
UWCC sets high speed packet data requirements (Jan 98)
must support 384kbps packet data must be deployed within 1 MHz High spectrum efficiency economy of scale
Results: GPRS-136HS EDGE
History
In June of 1998 UWCC decided to create a standard for TDMA Packet Data based on the GPRS technology This gave the benefit in economies of scale for development and production of both mobile stations and network infrastructure
History...
Another benefit of this choice was that the existing GPRS standard could be use as a baseline, allowing for a standard that could be developed very quickly The decision was connected to the decision to utilize the EDGE structure for the 136HS outdoor component of the UWC-136 3G RTT proposal to ITU The use of EDGE channels for TDMA packet data will be standardized during 1999 and is called GPRS-136HS
GPRS-136HS
UWCC has developed an RTT candidate for IMT2000 called UWC-136 UWC-136 outdoor component allows for a user bit rate of 384 kbps and an initial deployment that does not require clearance of more than 1 MHz of spectrum The work to develop this standard will be done in the UWCC/GTF/PDFG and TIA TR-45.3 and will be using the physical layer and the RLC/MAC layers from EDGE
Global TDMA Convergence
UWC-136 UWCC PDFG EDGE Compact
GSM ETSI SMG2 EDGE Classic
Global EDGE
Global TDMA Convergence
Mobility Gateway
ANSI-136 Network
TCP/IP Network
IW ANSI-41 IW MAP
GSM Network
ANSI-136
EGPRS UWC-136/EDGE
GSM
EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview EDGE history & standards activity The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact Technology Roadmap for Performance Enhancements Conclusions
EDGE modulations
Scheme M CS-9 M CS-8 M CS-7 M CS-6 M CS-5 M CS-4 M CS-3 M CS-2 M CS-1 Modulation 8PSK Maximum rate [kb/s] 59.2 54.4 44.8 29.6 / 27.2 22.4 17.6 14.8 / 13.6 11.2 8.8 Code Rate 1.0 0.92 0.76 0.49 0.37 1.0 0.80 0.66 0.53 Family A A B A B C A B C
GM SK
Multi-mode radio link
Scheme
Modulation
Maximum rate [kb/s] 59.2 54.4 44.8 29.6 / 27.2 22.4 17.6 14.8 / 13.6 11.2 8.8
Code Rate
Header Code Rate 0.36 0.36 0.36 1/3 1/3 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53
Blocks per 20 ms 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Family
M CS-9 M CS-8 M CS-7 M CS-6 M CS-5 M CS-4 M CS-3 M CS-2 M CS-1
8PSK
GM SK
1.0 0.92 0.76 0.49 0.37 1.0 0.80 0.66 0.53
A A B A B C A B C
Payload Format
MCS-3 Fa mily A 37 octets 37 octets MCS-6 MCS-9 MCS-3 34+3 octets Fa mily A padding 34+3 octets 37 octets 37 octets
MCS-6 34 octets 34 octets 34 octets 34 octets
MCS-8
MCS-2 Fa mily B 28 octets 28 octets MCS-5 MCS-7 MCS-1 Fa mily C 22 octets 22 octets 28 octets 28 octets
MCS-4
Example: Family A Coding and puncturing for MCS-9; uncoded 8PSK,two RLC blocks per 20 ms
3 bits USF 45 bits 612 b its TB 612 b its FBI E Data = 592 bits BCS TB
RLC/M AC HCS FBI E Data = 592 bits BCS Hdr.
Rate 1/ 3 convolutional coding 36 bits 135 b its puncturing SB = 8 36 bits 124 b its 612 b its P1 1836 bits puncturing
Rate 1/ 3 convolutional coding 1836 bits puncturing
612 b its P2
612 b its P3
612 b its P1
612 b its P2
612 b its P3
1392 bits
Example: Family A... Coding and puncturing for MCS-6; rate 0.49 8PSK, one RLC block per 20 ms
3 bits USF 33 bits
RLC/M AC HCS FBI Hdr.
612 b its E Data = 74 octets = 592 bits BCS TB
Rate 1/ 3 convolutional coding 36 bits 99 bits +1 bit SB = 8 36 bits 100 b its 1836 bits puncturing P1 1248 bits P2 1248 bits
1392 bits
Example: Family A... Coding and puncturing for MCS-3; rate 0.80 GMSK, one RLC block per 20 ms
3 bits USF 36 bits
RLC/M AC HCS FBI Hdr.
316 b its E Data = 37 octets = 296 bits BCS TB
Rate 1/ 3 convolutional coding 12 bits 108 b its puncturing SB = 12 12 bits 68 bits 372 b its P1 948 b its puncturing
372 b its P2
372 b its P3
464 b its
EDGE Link Throughput
GMSK
MCS-9
8-PSK
9
8-PSK
GMSK
MCS-1
Multi-slot Gain
Average User Throughput (kb/s)
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 9
Ave. # of users per sector
single-slot Multi-slot
18
27
36
45
Incremental Redundancy (IR)
Send redundancy only if necessary Generalized Type-II ARQ
Finer granularity of code rate
Example
1st attempt
Data
Parity Transmitter Rate 1 Receiver
2nd attempt
3rd attempt
Rate 1/2
Rate 1/3
State Diagram for IR
Block in error Initial data transmission Block in error
ARQ
Transmit parity or data sub-block
Data Block
Error Detection
Error Detection
No error
No error
Accept data block
Deliver to upper layer
IR Gain
Avg.. throughput vs.. Loading
EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview EDGE history & standards activity The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact Technology Roadmap for Performance Enhancements Conclusions
Network Architecture Example
Wireless Access Network
Core Network (IP based)
Packet Data Network
GSM GPRS EDGE WCDMA
GPRS GPRS+
IP X.25 new protocol ?
Deployment Scenario
Edge SGSN WCDMA SGSN BG GPRS backbone SGSN Edge GPRS backbone GGSN
BG
GGSN
GGSN
Interoperator GPRS
GGSN
router router Public Internet router Backbone server
GPRS-136 Architecture
ANSI-41 HLR/AC N C-D E ANSI-41 Serving MSC/VLR ANSI-41 GatewayMSC/VLR Gs' Q ANSI-41 MC/OTAF M SME
C-D
Gr
GPRS HLR Gc
Gb' TE R MT Um' BS Gn SGSN Gn Gp
GGSN Gf Gi EIR
PDN
TE
SGSN
GGSN Other PLMN
Signalling Interface Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
Protocol Stack:
Transmission Plane
Application
IP / X.25
SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF MS Um RLC Relay BSSGP Relay SNDCP GTP LLC BSSGP Network Service L1bis Gb SGSN UDP / TCP IP L2 L1 Gn
IP / X.25
GTP UDP / TCP IP L2 L1 GGSN Gi
Network Service GSM RF L1bis BSS
MAC
GTP SNDCP BSSGP LLC RLC
GPRS Tunneling Protocol Sub-network Dependent Convergence Protocol Base Station System GPRS Protocol Logical Link Control Radio Link Control
GSM Architecture
GPRS Architecture
Example for packet routing in GPRS
Example of GPRS Internet Connection
EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview EDGE history & standards activity The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact Technology Roadmap for Performance Enhancements Conclusions
Compact versus Classic
Fundamental difference is the frequency reuse and minimum startup spectrum: Compact (1/3 and 2x 600 kHz) and for Classic (4/12 and 2x 2.4 MHz) Classic is specified by ETSI SMG2 Compact is specified by the PDFG of the UWCC Compact achieves 4/12 reuse on control channels by combining 4/4 time reuse with 1/3 space reuse Compact achieves 2x spectral efficiency of Classic on traffic channels by combining 1/3 reuse with partial loading
Carriers,Frames,Timeslots & Channels for Classic & Compact
A GSM carriers time is divided into frames A frame is divided into 8 timeslots and each is designated a timeslot number, TN0 TN7 All timeslots of a carriers timeslot number are considered a single physical channel Control/Traffic logical channels map to parts of the physical channels
GSM Carriers and TDMA Frames for Classic and Compact
1/3 Frequency Re-use (EDGE Compact)
3 x 200 kHz carrier, reused in every site <1MHz x 2 initial deployment 3 sectors per site
Control Channels for Compact
4/99,UWCC.GTF.PDFG: agreed on a time-reuse solution to provide control channels with good reliability
F3 T im e G r ou p 3 F2 T im e G r ou p 4 F3 T im e G r ou p 1 F2 T im e G r ou p 2 F3 T im e G r ou p 3
F1 T im e G r ou p 4
F3 T im e G r ou p 2
F2 T im e G r ou p 1
F1 T im e G r ou p 2
F2 T im e G r ou p 4
F1 T im e G r ou p 3
F3 T im e G r ou p 4
F2 T im e G r ou p 3
F1 T im e G r ou p 4
F1 T im e G r ou p 2
F3 T im e G r ou p 1
F2 T im e G r ou p 2
F1 T im e G r ou p 1
F3 T im e G r ou p 2
F2 T im e G r ou p 1
F2 T im e G r ou p 3
F1 T im e G r ou p 4
F3 T im e G r ou p 3
F2 T im e G r ou p 4
F1 T im e G r ou p 3
F3 T im e G r ou p 4
F3 T im e G r ou p 2
F2 T im e G r ou p 1
F1 T im e G r ou p 2
F3 T im e G r ou p 1
F2 T im e G r ou p 2
F3 T im e G r ou p 4
F2 T im e G r ou p 3
F1 T im e G r ou p 4
F3 T im e G r ou p 2
Reuse in Time for Compact
TN0 TN1 TN2 TN3 TN4 TN5 TN6 TN7
(OFF)
Traffic Control Traffic Traffic
(OFF)
Traffic
(OFF)
Reuse
in time occurs over TN1, 3, 5 and 7 Control channel reuse is in space and time Traffic channel reuse is in space only
Compact Prerequisites
Base Station Frame Synchronization - so that all base stations can be switched on/off synchronously to achieve reuse in time Modified air-interface protocols - to be able to handle the resulting discontinuous nature of transmissions
Control/Traffic Channel Reuse for Compact
Reuse for control and reuse for traffic channels are independent of each other The actual reuse employed - for traffic or control - is operator controlled and limited only by the available spectrum Typically, 4/12 is used for control and 1/3 for traffic. However, other combinations are also possible subject to performance requirements, environment and spectrum availability.
Control Channel Performance
Prob. (BLER > =X) (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3/9 reuse
4/12 reuse
X (%)
EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview EDGE history & standards activity The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact Technology Roadmap for Performance Enhancements Conclusions
Performance Enhancements for EDGE
Link Improvement: Terminal diversity and interference suppression Base smart antennas Base and terminal diversity: MIMO Transmit diversity: e.g., S-T codes Medium Access Control: Mode 0 Time-slot management (Dynamic Packet Assignment)
Improvement by Terminal Diversity and Interference Suppression for Compact: User Experience
Prob. (throughput <=X) (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Prob. (Delay < =X) (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 No Div. 10 Simple Div. Int. Sup. 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 X (msec) X (kb/s)
26 users/sector (medium load)
Improvement by Terminal Diversity and Interference Suppression for Compact: System Implication
Bps/Hz/site (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2000 0 100 200 300 400 500 8000 6000 4000
Ave. User Packet Delay (msec)
10000
Throughput per site (kb/s)
Ave. # of users per sector
Improvement by Downlink Smart Antenna for Compact: User Experience
Prob. (throughput <=X) (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
Baseline Smart Antenna
Prob. (Delay < =X) (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 X (msec)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 X (kb/s)
26 users/sector (medium load) 4 beams/sector; fixed
Improvement by Downlink Smart Antenna for Compact: System Implication
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
Bps/Hz/site (%)
Ave. User Packet Delay (msec)
10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 100 200 300 400 500
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Throughput per site (kb/s)
Ave. # of users per sector
4 beams/sector; fixed
Mode 0
No transmission mode: Mode 0
Delay assigning resource to a user if its channel quality is not good Cutoff Threshold to delay transmissions
Features
Reduce unnecessary retransmissions Control traffic load Improve spectrum efficiency
Improvement by Mode-0for Compact: User Experience
Prob. (Delay < =X) (%) Prob. (throughput <=X) (%) 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 w/o Mode-0 20 20 with Mode-0 10 10 0 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 X (msec) X (kb/s)
26 users/sector (medium load)
Improvement by Mode-0: System Implication
Bps/Hz/site (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Ave. User Packet Delay (msec)
10000
Without Mode-0
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 100
With Mode-0
200
300
400
500
Ave. # of users per sector
Throughput per site (kb/s)
Interference Management (Averaging vs. Avoidance)
Efficiency: IS-136
(3 Sectors/cell)
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
4%; IS-95 4 to 7%; GSM 4%
TDMA with Dynamic Assignment can achieve better efficiency than CDMA!
Efficiency
SNR (dB) Synch CDMA Dynamic Power Channel Allocation Algor 1 Dynamic Power Channel Allocation Algor 2 Dynamic Channel Allocation Algor 1 Results are from G. J. Pottie, System Design Choices in Personal Communications, IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, Oct. 1995, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 50-67.
Measurement-Based Dynamic Packet Assignment
RPA: random packet assignment LI-DPA: least interference based dynamic packet assignment
240
280
320
15%-30% gain in capacity Implementation requirements SINR measurements at terminal Low latency signaling channel over the air
EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview EDGE history & standards activity The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact Technology Roadmap for Performance Enhancements Conclusions
Conclusions
EDGE is a 3G technology offering a common migration path and convergence for GSM and TDMA operators EDGE Compact can be deployed with < 2x 1 MHz of spectrum EDGE supports IP packet data at peak rates > 384 kbps Voice over IP is planned for EDGE R2000 standards
Conclusions, cont.
Link adaptation and Incremental Redundancy improve wireless data throughput High rates @ good SIR, smoothly adapting to low rates Less redundancy transmitted if not needed Tight reuse (1/3) improves spectrum efficiency Soft capacity with partial loading Also good for initial startup with small spectrum Uses time reuse with synchronized base stations to address common control channel performance issues Possible Enhancements: PHY: Diversity & Interference Suppression, smart antennas, MIMO... MAC: Intelligent channel assignment
