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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

Global energy sources (2002):

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

Renewable energy Use (2001)

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

BIOMASS (?) term used to describe all the organic matter produce by photosynthesis
THE SOURCE SUNLIGHT

THE STORAGE

THE PROCESS

6H2O + 6CO2
Samilajau National Park Sarawak, MALAYSIA

C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

Biomass Resources
World totals Total mass of living matter (including moisture) (billion tonnes) Total mass in land plants (billion tonnes) Total mass in forests (billion tonnes) World population (2002) (billion tonnes) Per capita terrestrial plant biomass (tonnes) Energy stored in terrestrial biomass (EJ) Net annual production of terrestrial biomass (Mt y-1) 2000.0 1800.0 1600.0 6.2 300 .0 25 000.0 400 000.0

World Energy Comparisons Rate of energy storage by land biomass Total primary energy consumption (2002) Biomass energy consumption Food energy consumption
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

EJ y-1 1000 451 56 16

TW 95 14.3 1.6 0.5

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

What Types of Biomass(?)

(1) Energy Plants:

(2) Waste Products:

Wood residues Temperate crop wastes Tropical crop wastes Animal wastes Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Commercial and industrial waste Woods sawdust
HHNK Dr. Nyoman Wistara
UPM Bintulu Campus, Sarawak, MALAYSIA

Woody Plants

Agricultural Crops

Municipal Solid Waste

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Where You Can Find Them (?)

Temperate regions:

Humid Tropical regions: Abundant of wood Crop residues: Straw, vegetable leaves, rice husk, cotton husk, groundnut shells, sugarcane bagasse, sun flower, oil-palm. MSW Animal waste Commercial and industrial residues

Wood Crop residues: Straw Vegetable leaves MSW Animal waste

Arid and semi-arid regions: Very little excess of vegetation for fuel

Agro and food processing residues

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

Bio-energy Cycle:

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http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

Dr. Nyoman Wistara

Bio-energy cycle (local scale):

Traditional extraction categories of biomass-energy: Solid biomass: Trees, crop residues, animal and human waste, household or industrial residues Biogas ; from anaerobic digestion of organic material producing methane

Liquid Biofuels: chemical or physical process producing usable, combustible, liquid fuel (vegetable oils, ethanol)

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

HHNK

Dr. Nyoman Wistara

Carbon cycle (local scale):

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Commercial Carbon Cycle

are finely ground Crops like corn
and separated into their component sugars

that is reabsorbed by the original crops

CO2
which releases carbon dioxide which can be used as an alternative fuel The sugars are distilled to make ethanol

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Biomass Conversion Pathways: (1) Thermal; (2) Biological; (3) Physical

A. Thermal Pathway

THERMAL

DIRECT COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS

DIRECT LIQUEFACTION

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Operating conditions of thermal process:

Thermal Process Combustion Pyrolysis Temp. Atmosphere Products Mean overall Yield ~ 65 % ~ 45 %

> 900C < 500C

O2 (air) Inert gas or Low pressure Inert gas or Low pressure Air or H2O vapour Low pressure

CO2 + H2O + N2 + ashes to be treated char + tars + gas, which proportions are related to the pyrolysis parameters Mainly gas (CO, H2, CH4, C2H4 ) with low quantity of char used Gas (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, N2) + ashes to be treated High viscosity liquid (phenols)

Gasification by Fast pyrolysis Gasification

> 700C

~ 75 %

> 800C

50-60 %

Liquefaction by Fast Pyrolysis Direct Liquefaction

< 550C

~ 75 %

300C- 350C Slurry in water

CO High pressure

High viscosity liquid (phenols) non soluble in water

~ 80 %

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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(1)Direct Combustion:

Where plant fiber is broken down and ignited to generate steam heat
Energy content of : wood: average of 8600 Btu/lb ( 8000 10,000 Btu/lb by species) bark: 10,000 Btu/lb Higher oxygen content, lower heat combustion: Compared energy content between lignin and cellulose Coal: 12,000 13,000 Btu/lb; oil: 18,000 19,900 Btu/lb; natural

CH3

OCH3 OH

gas: 18,550 Btu/lb Advantages of wood (vs. fossil fuel): cleaner energy source less sulfur and ash content), particulate is the only significant pollutant, most manufacturing residuals or mill residues consumed by forest industry Disadvantages : higher moisture, lower density

CH2OH OH O OH OH

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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(2) Pyrolysis:
key reaction of all thermal processes

WOOD

Cutting or Grinding

Drying Pyrolysis

Combustion Gasification

Liquefaction

Heated Wood Charcoal making

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Types of pyrolysis:

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Pyrolysis Mechanism
Char, H2O, CO, CO2 HOLOCELLULOSE Low Temp High Temp. HOLOCELLULOSE Depolymerization Transglycosilation Secondary Degradation

Primary Degradation

Acid, AcetOH, Furfural Lactons, Hydroxyacetaldehyde

Secondary Degradation

Fragmentation Decarbonylation (CO) Dehydration (H2O)

Levoglucosan and sugars Secondary Degradation

High Temp.
LIGNIN Depolymerization Low Temp Char, CO, CO2
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Phenols, Metoxyphenols (guaiacols) Dimethoxyphenols (syringols)

Carbonyl compounds, Furans, Phenols CO, CO2

Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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(3) Gasification
Air (0.3); O2 (0.3) Steam

Producer Gas (mol%)

CO H2 CH4 CO2 N2 24 13 3 8 52

Synthesis Gas (mol%) CO H2 CH4 C2H2 CO2 N2 39 20 17 6 18 0

Fuel Gases

Gede Pangrango National Park, WestJava, INDONESIA

(tars & particulate)

(tars & particulate)

Heat
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Main Reactions: Wood (Pyrolysis) C slightly endothermic C + O2 CO2 (H0= -391,6 kJ mol-1) exothermic

C + H2O CO+H2 (H0 = + 131,79 kJ mol-1) endothermic

C + CO2 2 CO (H0 = + 179,3 kJ mol-1) endothermic CO + H2O CO2 + H2 (H0 = - 47,49 kJ mol-1) slightly exothermic

C + 2H2 CH4 (H0= - 22 kJ mol-1) slightly exothermic

With the operating parameters (Pressure, Temperature) it is possible to select a gas containing more Syngas (CO+H2) or more synthetic natural gas [SNG] (CH4)

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Updraft Gasification

Simple, reliable Commercial history High tars Close coupled combustion

C + CO2 = 2CO

C + H2O = CO + H2
C + O2 = CO2

4H + O2 = 2 H2O

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Downdraft Gasification:

Requires low moisture (<20%) Lowest Tar Can use gas in engines (after conditioning)

C + O2 = CO2
4H + O2 = 2H2O C + CO2 = 2CO

C + H2O = CO + H2

HHNK

Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Fluidized Bed Gasifier

Entrained Flow Gasification

Highest throughput Fuel flexible Tolerates moisture Complex operation

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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(4) Liquefaction: (Thermochemical Liquefaction)

Basis of the method: a high-pressure and high-temperature treatment of wood chips in the presence hydrogen gas or syngas to produce an oil instead of a gas. Wood liquefaction via fast pyrolysis Catalytic Conversion to Hydrogen (optional) Liquids Power Generation or Chemical Separation

BIOMASS

PYROLYSIS 550 oC No O2

Vapors

COMBUSTION

Char Heat

CONDENSATION

Gasses (H2, CO, CH4, C2H2, C2H4)

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

B. Biological Pathway
BIOLOGICAL

PRETREATMENT

A/D

FERMENTATION

ETHANOL

CH4

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Saccharification Fermentation Biomass Lignocellulosic Waste

Acid Hydrolysis

Cellulose and Hemicelluloses

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Sugars

Fermentation SSF

Lignin to variety of chemicals.

Acid hydrolysis of cellulose 90 % of pure glucose:

Bioethanol

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O

Acid

nC6H10O6

Hydrolysis of hemicellulose mixture of sugars : Glucose, galactose, mannose yeast fermentable Xylose and arabinose non-yeast-fermentable
HHNK Dr. Nyoman Wistara 25

Potential of total reducing sugar yield:

Average 65 70 % Fermentable sugar: Hardwood 50 % Softwood 58% Hydrolysis condition variations in the ratio and yields of various sugars:
Their different rate of formation by hydrolysis Their different rates of decomposition Two general methods of holocellulose hydrolysis: By strong acid 70 72 % H2SO4 or 40 45 % hydrochloric acid By dilute acids 0.5 2.0 % H2SO4.

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Strong Acid Hydrolysis:

Strong Acid

Holocellulose

Swollen cellulose Soluble pentosans

Soluble polysaccharides

Simple sugars

Dilute Acid Hydrolysis:

Insoluble stable cellulose Soluble hemicellulose intermediates Pentose sugars

Dilute Acid

Holocellulose

(1)

(2)

Oligosaccharides (cellulose intermediates)

(3)

(1) Rapid and occurs under mild condition hydrolyzing mainly hemicelluloses (2) Slow, proceed as a first order reaction limiting reaction (3) Rapid
HHNK Dr. Nyoman Wistara

Hexose sugars Pentose sugars

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Bergius process (strong acid process):

40% HCl (cold)

wood shredder

dryer

saccharification diffuser

HCl and water

spray drier
evaporator

Sugar solution alcohol fermentation

sugars solution acid

lignin briquettes

Mother liquor
water + HCl
dry raw sugar
solid raw sugar (oligosaccharide)

recrystalization

hydrolizes

low pressure evaporator

filter

dust colector

Mother liquor

centrifuge

Water and HCl (to bring to 20% sugars and 2% HCl at 125 oC)
HHNK Dr. Nyoman Wistara

raw sugar crystals

Glucose (white edible product)

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0.5 % H2SO4
Ethanol from wood (Madison Wood Sugar Percolation Process

steam to 140 C
wood waste

lignin (burn)
sugar solution yeast

fermentation tank

Distillation column

ethanol water

ethanol

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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PHYSICAL

HYDROLYSIS (HEAT AND PRESSURE)

LIQUIDS

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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(3) Thermal Decomposition

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Dr. Nyoman Wistara

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