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INDEX
Introduction First Java Program Data Types in Java Arrays Class & Object Constructors Static Variables & Static Functions Static Blocks Garbaze Collection Method Overloading Access Specifiers Call by Value and Call by Reference Inner Classes Inheritance Overridden Functions Abstract Functions and Abstract Classes Interfaces Packages Object Class Exception Handling String Class Input & Output Streams Integer Class Multi Threading Synchronization util package Collections
APPLETS & AWT

3 4 9 10 13 14 16 18 19 22 23 24 29 34 37 42 47 51 53 59 64 68 94 95 100 105 113 127 128 128 130 131

JDBC SWINGS Servlets JSP JSTL Java Beans XML RMI EJB CORBA Java Mail JMS Struts JSF JNDI LDAP Web Services ANT Log4J JUnit

163 181 192 205 223

231

:: Applets :: Applet Class Graphic Class Sending Parameters to Applet Drawing Images on the Applet :: AWT :: Placing Components on the Applet Handling Components Layout Management Frames Menus 132 134 142 150 156
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INTRODUCTION
About the Java Technology : Java technology is both a n O b j e c t O r i e nt e d programming language and a platform u se d f o r d ev el o pi n g a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e i n t e r n et . J av a wa s st a r t e d b y t h e f ol l o wi n g 5 p e o p l e : J a m e s G o sl i n g , P a t ri c k N a u g h t o n , Mi k e S h er i d a n , C h ri s W r at h , E d F r a n k T h e se p e o p l e d e si g n e d a l a n g u a g e c a l l e d O A K i n 1 9 7 0 s f o r c o n su m e r e l e c t r o ni c s. B u t O AK wa s f a i l u r e . T h e l a n g u a g e O A K wa s e n h a n c e d wi t h i n t e r ne t su p p o r t a n d r e l e a se d i n t h e m a r k e t i n 1 9 9 5 wi t h t h e n e w n a m e J AV A . I m p o r t an t F e a t u r e s o f J AV A : O b j e ct O r i e nt e d P r o g r am m i n g l a n g u a g e . P r o g r a m m i n g su p p o r t f o r i nt e r n e t . R o b u st p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e . Strongly typed language : W e c a n t a s si g n a v a ri a b l e t o a n o t h e r v a ri a b l e , i f t h e r a n g e f o r t h e ri g h t si d e v a ri a b l e i s l a r g e r t h a n t h e l ef t si d e v a ri a bl e . Ex : i n t i ; char ch; ch = i; / / e rr o r i = ch; // ok A l l o ws u s t o d e si g n a p p l e t s a n d a p p l i c a t i o ns. S u p p o r t n e t wo r k i n g , d i st ri b u t e d p r o g r am m i ng . S u p p o r t s m ul t i m e d i a. P l a t f orm i n d e p e n d e n t . Interpreted Secure Mul ti threaded Dynamic Portable A r c h i t e c t u r e n e u t r al

F e a t u r e s R e m o v e d f r o m C a n d C+ + No No No No No No No No No

M o r e T y p e d ef s, D ef i n e s, o r Pr e p r o c e s so r M o r e S t r u ct u r e s o r U n i o n s Enum s M o r e F u n ct i o n s M o r e M ul t i p l e I n h e r i t a n c e M o r e G ot o S t at em e n t s M o r e O p e r a t o r O v e rl o a d i n g M o r e A u t om at i c C o e r ci o n s : a ssi g n i n g i n t t o f l o a t wi t h o u t t y p e c a st i n g . M o r e P o i nt e r s

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P r o g ra mm i n g i n JA V A
I n j av a t h e p r o g r am s a r e g e n e r a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o 2 c a t e g o r i e s. i . Appli cati ons & i i . A p pl e t s

i . A p p l i c a t i o n : A n a p p l i c a t i o n i s n o r m al p r og r a m t h a t r u n s o n a n i n d i v i d u a l sy st e m . i i . A p p l e t : A n a p pl e t i s a p r o g r am d e si g n e d i n J av a a n d wi l l b e p l a c e d o n t h e se rv e r, t h e a p p l e t wi l l b e d o w n l o a d e d f o rm t h e s e rv e r t o t h e c l i e n t a l o n g wi t h t h e H T M L d o c u m e n t a n d r u n s i n t h e c l i e n t s W E B b r ow se r . i . e . , a n a p p l et wi l l r u n a s a p a r t o f W EB d o c u m e nt . n a p p l e t c a n c o n t a i n c om p o n e n t s l i k e b u t t o n s, c h e c k b o x e s e t c . , A n a p p l e t c a n o p e n c o n n e c t i o n s wi t h n e t wo r k se rv e r s, d a t a b a se se r v e r s e t c, A Differe between Application and Applet : This question can be answered on many levels. Technically an application is a Java class that has a main() method. An applet is a Java class which extends java.applet.Applet. A class which extends java.applet.Applet and also has a main() method is both an application and an applet. More generally and less technically an application is a stand-alone program, normally launched from the command line, and which has more or less unrestricted access to the host system. An applet is a program which is run in the context of an applet viewer or web browser, and which has strictly limited access to the host system. For instance an applet can normally not read or write files on the host system whereas an application normally can.

F i r s t J a va p ro g r am
Example: First.java First Java Program . Out put:

// it displays the text

class First { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("First Java Program"); } }

E:\Core>javac First.java E:\Core>java First

First Java Program

E:\Core>

c o m p il i n g a J A VA p r o gr a m :
D : \ > j av a c F i r st . j av a ( E nt e r )

W h e n ev e r we c o m pi l e a j av a p r o g r am , t h e c o m pi l e r c r e a t e s a n i n t e rm e di a t e f i l e , wh i c h c o n t a i n s t h e b yt e c o d e of t h e p r o g r am .

C r e at e s f i r st . cl a ss Byte code T o r u n , t h e j av a i n t e r p r et e r sh o u l d b e u se d , wh i c h r e a d s t h e i n st r u c t i o n s f r o m t h e b y t e c o d e a n d ex e c u t e s t h em .

D : \ > j av a F i r st

( Enter ) Ex e c u t e s f i r st . cl a ss

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Your first program, First.java, will simply display "First Java Program". To create this program, you will: Create a source file. A source file contains text, written in the Java programming language, that you and other programmers can understand. You can use any text editor to create and edit source files. Compile the source file into a bytecode file. The compiler, javac, takes your source file and translates its text into instructions that the Java Virtual Machine (Java VM) can understand. The compiler converts these instructions into a bytecode file. . Run the program contained in the bytecode file. The Java interpreter installed on your computer implements the Java VM. This interpreter takes your bytecode file and carries out the instructions by translating them into instructions that your computer can understand.

Java Virtual Machine :

A program written in a high-level language cannot be run directly on any computer. First, it has to be translated into machine language. This translation can be done by a program called a compiler. A compiler takes a high-level-language program and translates it into an executable machine-language program. Once the translation is done, the machine-language program can be run any number of times, but of course it can only be run on one type of computer (since each type of computer has its own individual machine language). If the program is to run on another type of computer it has to be re-translated, using a different compiler, into the appropriate machine language. There is an alternative to compiling a high-level language program. Instead of using a compiler, which translates the program all at once, you can use an interpreter, which translates it instruction-by-instruction, as necessary. An interpreter is a program that acts much like a CPU, with a kind of fetch-and-execute cycle. In order to execute a program, the interpreter runs in a loop in which it repeatedly reads one instruction from the program, decides what is necessary to carry out that instruction, and then performs the appropriate machinelanguage commands to do so. Acronym for Java Virtual Machine. An abstract computing machine, or virtual machine, JVM is a platform-independent execution environment that converts Java bytecode into machine language and executes it. Most programming languages compile source code directly into machine code that is designed to run on a specific microprocessor architecture or operating system, such as Windows or UNIX. A JVM -- a machine within a machine -- mimics a real Java processor, enabling Java bytecode to be executed as actions or operating system calls on any processor regardless of the operating system. For example, establishing a socket connection from a workstation to a remote machine involves an operating system call. Since different operating systems handle sockets in different ways, the JVM translates the programming code so that the two machines that may be on different platforms are able to connect. A Java Virtual Machine starts execution by invoking the method main of some specified class, passing it a single argument, which is an array of strings.

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The Java Platform

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. We've already mentioned some of the most popular platforms like Windows 2000, Linux, Solaris, and MacOS. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the operating system and hardware. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that it's a software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms. The Java platform has two components: The Java Virtual Machine (Java VM) The Java Application Programming Interface (Java API) You've already been introduced to the Java VM. It's the base for the Java platform and is ported onto various hardware-based platforms. Java APIs are libraries of compiled code that you can use in your programs. They let you add ready-made and customizable functionality to save you programming time. The Java API is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as packages.

Your Computer System

C o m me n t s i n Ja v a C o d e
C o d e c o m m e n t s a r e pl a c e d i n so u r c e f i l e s t o d e sc r i b e wh a t i s h a p p e n i n g i n t h e c o d e t o so m e o n e wh o m i g h t b e r e a d i n g t h e f i l e , t o c om m e nt - o u t l i n e s o f c o d e t o i so l a t e t h e so u r c e o f a p r o b l em f o r d e b u g g i n g p u r p o se s, o r t o g e n e r a t e A PI d o c um e n t a t i o n . T o t h e se e n d s, t h e J av a l a n g u a g e su p p o r t s t h r e e k i n d s of c om m e n t s: d o u b l e sl a sh e s, C - st y l e , a n d d o c c om m e n t s. D o u b l e S l a sh e s : D o u b l e sl a sh e s ( / / ) a r e u se d i n t h e C + + p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e , a n d t e l l t h e c om p i l e r t o t r e a t ev e ry t hi n g f r om t h e sl a sh e s t o t h e e n d of t h e l i n e a s t ex t . Ex: / / A V e r y Si m pl e Ex am p l e cl a ss

C - S t yl e C o m m e n t s : I n st e a d o f d o u b l e sl a s h e s, y o u c a n u s e C - st y l e c o m m e nt s ( / * * / ) t o e n c l o se o n e o r m o r e l i n e s of c o d e t o b e t r e a t e d a s t e x t . Ex: / * T h e se a r e C - st y l e c om m e nt s* /

D o c C o m m e n t s : T o g e n e r a t e d o c um e n t a t i o n f o r y o u r p r o g r am , u se t h e d o c c o m m e n t s ( / * * * / ) t o e n c l o se l i n e s o f t ex t f o r t h e j av a do c t o o l t o f i n d . T h e j av a d o c t o o l l o c a t e s t h e d o c c o m m e n t s e m b e d d e d i n so u r c e f i l e s a n d u se s t h o se c o m m e n t s t o g e n e r a t e A PI docum entati on. Ex: / * * T hi s c l a ss d i sp l a y s st u d e n t d e t a i l s a t * t h e c o n so l e . */

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Operators in Java :
Assignment Operators : Assignment operator : = +=, -=, *=, /=, %= &=, |=, ^= <<=, >>=, >>>= Arithmetic operation and then assignment: Bitwise operation and then assignment: Shift operations and then assignment: Arithmetic Operators : Addition Division : : + / Subtraction Modulo : : % ++ Post-increment Pre-increment Logical Operators : Logical AND && Boolean Operators : Boolean AND & Comparison Operators : Lessthan < Greaterthan > Lessthan or equalto <= Greaterthan or equalto >= equal to == not equal to != Logical OR || Boolean OR | Multiplication Unary minus and and and Logical NOT ! Boolean NOT ^ : : * - (negation of the value) -Post-decrement Pre-decrement

Increment & Decrement Operators :

Bitwise Operators : Compliment ~ AND & OR | XOR ^ ShiftLeft << ShiftRight-Signed >> ShiftRight-unsigned >>>

Class and Object Operators : Class Test Operator instanceOf Object Cast (X) Class Instantiation new String Concatenation + Class Member Access method invocation . (dot) Array Element Access [] ()

Other Operators ?: Conditional Operator (primitive type) Type Cast

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C o n t ro l St a te me n t s :
S e l e c t i o n St a t em e n t s: if L o o p S t a t em e n t s: while J u m p S t a t em e nt s: break continue return do while for switch

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u si n g b r e a k a s a f o rm of g o t o : S y n t ax : Example : break label; G o to _ b r e a k . j a v a

public class Goto_break { public static void main(String[] args) { boolean t = true; first: { second: { third: { System.out.println("Before break."); // break out of second block if(t) break second; System.out.println("This won't execute"); } System.out.println("This is after second block."); } } } o u tp u t : } Before break.

Note: Although goto is a reserved word, currently the Java language does not support the goto statement. Use labeled breaks instead.

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D a t a ty p e s i n J a va

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Java Primitive Data Types

Type byte short int long float double char boolean Values signed integers signed integers signed integers signed integers IEEE 754 floating point IEEE 754 floating point Unicode character true, false Default 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 \u0000 false Size 8 bits 16 bits 32 bits 64 bits 32 bits 64 bits 16 bits 1 bit used in 32 bit integer Range -128 to 127 - 32768 to 32767 -2147483648 to 2147483647 ( - 2
31

to2

31

1)

-9223372036854775808 to 63 63 9223372036854775807 ( - 2 t o 2 1 ) + / - 1 . 4E - 4 5 t o + / - 3 . 4 0 2 8 2 3 5 E + 3 8 , + / -i n fi n i t y , + / - 0 , N AN + / - 4 . 9E - 3 2 4 t o +/-1.7976931348623157E+308, + / -i n fi n i t y , + / - 0 , N a N \u0000 to \uFFFF NA

Ex:

boolean

b;

b = true; or b = f al se ; if(b==true) i f ( b = = f a l se ) if (b) checks f or if(b==true) int i = 1; i f (i ) i nv al i d , b e c a u se i i s n o t a B o o l e a n d a t at y p e ok i f (i ! = 0 )

KeyWords
abstract catch do final implements native public switch true assert char double finally import new return synchronized try boolean class else float instanceof null short this void break const enum for int package static throw volatile byte continue extends goto interface private strictfp throws while case default false if long protected super transient

Notes: -- The goto keyword is not used. (In modern language design, such jumping between lines of code is considered very bad programming practice.) -- const is also not used. -- assert is a new keyword added with Java 1.4 -- enum is a new keyword added with Java 5.0. Java is case sensitive so in principle you could use these words if you change any character to uppercase. But that's not recommended!

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Arrays

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A n a r r a y i s a c o l l e c t i o n of v al u e s a l l a r e b e l o n g i n g t o t h e sa m e d a t a t y p e a n d r e f e r r e d wi t h t h e sa m e n a m e t o a c c e ss a n y e l e m e n t of a n a r r a y i t s p o si t i o n sh o u l d b e g i v e n wh i c h i s k n o wn a s i n d e x . I n j av a a r r a y i n d ex i n g st a r t s f r om 0 . S y n t ax : Ex: data type int arr[ ]; v a ri a bl e n am e [ ] ;

I n t h e a b ov e st a t em e n t t h e a r r a y wi l l b e c re a t e d wi t h o u t a n y si z e . W e sh o u l d a l l o c at e m em o r y u si n g t h e n e w o p e r a t o r b ef o r e a c c e ssi n g t h e a r r a y . arr = new i nt[5]; arr[0] = 10; arr[1] = 20; i f we d o n t a ssi g n o r r e a d t h e v al u e s f o r r e m ai n i n g l o c a t i o n s, b y d ef a u l t t h e y wi l l b e f i l l e d wi t h 0 s. P i ct o r i al r e p r e se n t a t i o n : arr 10 0 i n t a rr [ ] = n e w i n t [ 5 ] ; i nt [ ]arr = new i nt[5]; length property : E a c h a r r a y c o n t a i n s t he l e n g t h p r o p e r t y , wh i c h c o n t a i n s t h e n o . o f e l em e n t s i n t h e a r r a y . E x : Sy st e m . o u t . p ri n t l n ( a r r . l e n g t h ); / / d i sp l a ys t h e n o . of l o c a t i o n i . e. , 5 f o r t h e a b ov e ex . I n i t i al i z i n g a n a r r a y : W h e n we i n i t i a l i z e an a r r a y a t t h e t i m e of c r e a t i n g t h e a r r a y t h e n e w o p e r a t o r sh o u l d n o t b e g i v e n . / / E x a mp l e : O n e D Ar r I n i . j a v a // initializing the array and display the elements Out put: class OneDArrIni { public static void main(String args[]) { int a[]={10,20,30,40,50},i; for(i=0;i<a.length;i++) System.out.println("value of a["+i+"] is: } } "+a[i]); value of a[0] is: value of a[1] is: value of a[2] is: value of a[3] is: value of a[4] is: 10 20 30 40 50 20 1 2 3 4

10

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/ / E x a mp l e : O n e D Ar r . j a v a // assigning elements into the array and display the elements class OneDArr { public static void main(String args[]) { int a[],i; a=new int[5]; a[0]=10; a[1]=20; for(i=0;i<a.length;i++) { System.out.println("value of a["+i+"] is: } } } T w o D i m e n s io n a l A r r a y s : c o n t a i n t h e sa m e n o . of c o l um n s. int a[ ] [ ] ; / / 3 r o ws / / f or 1 s t r o w 4 c o l s nd // f or 2 row 3 cols rd // f or 3 row 5 cols

Out put: value of a[0] is: value of a[1] is: value of a[2] is: value of a[3] is: value of a[4] is: 10 20 0 0 0

"+a[i]);

I n J av a , i n a 2 - d a r r a y a l l t h e r o w s n e e d n o t

a = new i nt [3] [ ]; a[0] = new i nt [4]; a[1] = new i nt [3]; a[2] = new i nt [5]; a[0][0] = 10; a[0][1] = 20; P i ct o r i al r e p r e se n t a t i o n : a 0 1 2
0,0 1,0 2,0 0,1 1,1 2,1

0,2 1,2 2,2

0,3

2,3

2,4

i n t a[ ] [ ] = n e w i n t [ 3 ] [ 5 ] ; i n t [ ] [ ] a = n e w i n t [ 3] [ 5 ] ;

I n i t i al i z i n g a 2 D A r r a y : / / E x a mp l e : T w o D Aa r r I n i . j a v a // initialize the 2-d array and display the elements in matrix format class TwoDAarrIni { public static void main(String args[]) { int a [ ] [ ] = { { 1, 2, 3, 4}, { 1, 2, 3}, { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
11

} ;
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} }

for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++) { for(int j=0;j<a[i].length;j++) { System.out.print("\t a["+i+"]["+j+"] : "+a[i][j]); } Out put: System.out.println(); } a[0][0] : 1 a[0][1] : 2 a[0][2] : 3 a[0][3] : 4 a[1][0] : 1 a[1][1] : 2 a[2][0] : 1 a[2][1] : 2 a[2][2] : 3

/ / E x a mp l e : T w o D Ar r . j a v a // assigning elements into the array and display the elements class TwoDArr { public static void main(String args[]) { int a[][],i,j,k=1; a=new int[3][]; a[0]=new int[4]; a[1]=new int[2]; a[2]=new int[3]; for(i=0;i<a.length;i++) { for(j=0;j<a[i].length;j++) { a[i][j]=k; k++; } }

Out put: a[0][0] : 1 a[0][1] : 2 a[0][2] : 3 a[0][3] : 4 a[1][0] : 5 a[1][1] : 6 a[2][0] : 7 a[2][1] : 8 a[2][2] : 9

for(i=0;i<a.length;i++) { for(j=0;j<a[i].length;j++) { System.out.print("\t a["+i+"]["+j+"] : "+a[i][j]); } System.out.println(); } } }

a r g s a rr a y :
/ / E x a mp l e :

T h e a r g s a r r a y wh i c h wa s g i v e n i n t h e m ai n ( ) c o n t ai n s a l l t he a r g u m e n t s g i v e n b y t h e u se r a t t h e c om m a nd l i n e . C o m m Ar g s . j a v a

//Give the command ling arguments at the time executing the program and display them class CommArgs { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("Total no. of Argument(s): System.out.println();
12

"+args.length);
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if(args.length<1) { System.out.println("Insufficient Arguments return; } for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++) { System.out.println("args["+i+"]: "+args[i]); } } }

should give min. 1 arg");

Out put: Total no. of Argument(s): 3 args[0]: red args[1]: green args[2]: blue

Defining Classes and Creating Objects C l a s s : A cl a ss i s a c o l l e c t i o n of D a t a m e m b e r s (v a r i a bl e s) t h a t c o n t ai n i nf o rm at i o n

n e c e s sa r y t o r e p r e se n t t h e c l a ss a n d M e t h o d s ( f u n c t i o n s) t h a t p e rf o rm o p e r a t i o n s o n t h e d a t a m em b e r s o f t h e c l a ss. . O n c e a c l a s s i s c r e a t e d , a n y n o . o f i n st a n c e s o f t h e c l a ss c a n b e c r e a t e d i n t h e p r o g r a m . The definition of a class creates a user-defined data type and names the members of the class. It does not allocate memory for any objects of that type! That is done by operator new.

O b j e c t : O bj e c t i s a n i n st a n c e of t h e cl a s s o r a n o b j e c t i s t h e b a si c r u n - t i m e e n t i t y .
// Example: Cl a s s a n d O b j . j a v a

// Define a class and create an instance for the class, and access the member data and member functions of the class through the instance. class Student { int sno; String sname; void assign() { sno=10; sname="Sateesh"; } void display() { System.out.println("\n Student no. : "+sno+"\n Student name: "+sname); } } class ClassandObj { public static void main(String args[]) Out put: { Student s; Student no. : 10 s= new Student(); Student name: Sateesh s.assign(); s.display(); Student t= new Student(); t.assign(); t.display(); } } Student no. : 10 Student name: Sateesh

13

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C O N S TR U C T O R S

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A c o n st r u c t o r i s a sp e c i a l m em b e r f u nc t i o n wh i c h i s c a l l e d a u t om at i c a l l y wh e n e v e r a n i n st a n c e o f t h e c l a ss i s c r e a t e d . T h e n a m e o f t h e c o n st r u c t o r sh o u l d b e e q u a l t o t h e n a m e o f t h e c l a ss. C o n st r u c t o r s a r e g e n e r a l l y u se d f o r i n i t i a l i zi n g t h e v a ri a b l e s of t h e cl a ss. A c o n st r u c t o r m ay o r m a y n o t t a k e a n y a r g um e n t s, b u t a c o n st r u c t o r wi l l n o t r e t u r n a n y v al u e . C o n st r u c t o r s c a n b e ov e r l o a d e d . If a class doesnt have a constructor defined, Java provides a default constructor. Default constructor has no argument. * Initializes all nonstatic members to their defaults. Once class has a user-defined constructor, the default is ignored. * Calling default constructor when user-defined constructor exists results in compiler error. One constructor can be invoked from another via the this or super keyword. Call to other constructor MUST be first line in method.

t h is :

t h i s k e y wo r d , t h e t hi s r ef e r e n c e v a r i a b l e al wa y s r e f e r s t o t h e c u r r e n t cl a ss. I t c a n b e a p p l i e d i n 3 c a t e g o r i e s. i . t o r ef e r t o t h e f u n ct i o n s o f t h e c u r r e n t cl a s s. Ex : i i . t o r ef e r t o t h e v ar i a bl e s o f t h e c u r r e n t cl a s s. Ex : i i i . t o c al l a c o n st r u c t o r f r om a n o t h e r c o n st r u c t o r . Ex : t hi s. d i sp l a y ( ) ; t hi s. sn o t h i s( );

/ / E x a mp l e : //

C o n s t r u c to r 1 . j a v a Ex: this.display( );

i. to refer to the functions of the current class.

class Vals { int x,y; Vals(int p,int q) { x=p; y=q; } // Constructor

void dispx() { System.out.println("\n val of X: "+x); } void dispy() { System.out.println("\n val of Y: "+y); } void dispxy() { this.dispx(); this.dispyx(); } }

// //

or or

dispx(); dispy();

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class Constructor1 { public static void main(String args[]) { Vals s = new Vals(10,20); s.dispxy(); } }

Out put: val of x : 10 val of y : 20

// Example :

Co n s t ru c t o r 2 . j a v a

// ii. to refer to the variables of the current class. & constructor over loading, 1st constructor doesnt contain arguments and 2nd constructor contain two arguments. Ex: this.sno

Overloading Constructors
class Student { int sno; String sname; Student() // 1st constructor , used when no arguments specified { sno=11; sname="Raj"; } Student(int stno,String stname) //2nd constructor,used when arguments specified { this.sno=stno; this.sname=stname; } void accept(int stno, String stname) { this.sno=stno; this.sname=stname; } void display() { System.out.println("\n Student no. : "+sno+"\n Student name: "+sname); } } class Constructor2 { public static void main(String args[]) { Student s = new Student(); //calls the 1st constructor //calls the 2nd constructor Out put: Student no. : 11 Student name: Raj Student no. : 22 Student name: Sanju Student no. : 33 Student name: Sateesh
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Student t= new Student(22,"Sanju"); s.display(); t.display(); s.accept(33,"Sateesh"); s.display(); } }

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/ / E x a mp l e :

C o n s t r u c to r t t o Co n s t ru c t o r . j a v a

// iii. calling a constructor form another constructor : To call a constructor from another constructor the this keyword should be applied in a function type. class Vals { int x,y; Vals(int p,int q) { this.x=p; this.y=q; } Vals() { this(10,20); } void display() { System.out.println("\n Val of X: "+x+"\n Val of Y: "+y); } } class ConstructortoConstructor { public static void main(String args[ ]) { Vals s = new Vals( );

Out put: Val of x : 10 Val of y : 20 Val of x : 50 Val of y : 60

//calls 2nd constructor which calls 1st constructor //calls 1st constructor

Vals t = new Vals(50,60); s.display(); t.display(); } }

S t a t i c me m be r s & S t a ti c me t ho d s
S t a t i c m e m b e r s : W h e n ev e r a v a ri a b l e i s sp e c i f i e d a s st a t i c su c h v a ri a bl e wi l l be c r e a t e d o n l y o n c e i n t h e m e m o r y f o r a l l t h e i n st a n c e s o f t h e c l a ss. A l l t h e i n st a n c e s o f t h e c l a ss wi l l sh a r e t h e sa m e v al u e of t h e st a t i c v a ri a b l e. A st a t i c v a ri a b l e of a cl a ss c a n a l so b e a c c e ssi b l e u si n g t h e n am e of t he c l a ss. Out put: / / E x a m p l e : S t a t i cM e m b e r . j a v a Val of z : 77 class Vals { int x,y; static int z=77; } class StaticMember { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("\n Val of Z: "+Vals.z);
16

Val of z : 99 Val of s.x : 10 Val of s.y : 20 Val of s.z : 99 Val of t.x : 50 Val of t.y : 60 Val of t.z : 99 Val of z : 99
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Vals s = new Vals(); Vals t = new Vals(); s.x=10; s.y=20; s.z=99; t.x=50; t.y=60; System.out.println("\n Val of Z: "+Vals.z); System.out.println("\n Val of s.x : "+s.x+"\n Val of s.y : "+s.y+"\n Val of s.z : "+s.z); System.out.println("\n Val of t.x : "+t.x+"\n Val of t.y : "+t.y+"\n Val of t.z : "+t.z); System.out.println("\n Val of Z: "+Vals.z); } }

S t a t i c m e t h o d s : A st a t i c f u n c t i o n of a c l as s c a n b e a c c e s si b l e u si n g t h e n a m e o f t h e c l a ss a l so . A st a t i c f u n c t i o n c a n a c c e ss o n l y o t h e r st a t i c m em b e r of t h e cl a ss. / / E x a m p l e : StaticMethod. j a v a class Vals { int x,y; static int z=77; void display() { System.out.println("\n Values are: "+x+"\t"+y+"\t"+z); } static void print() { System.out.println("\n Value is } } class StaticMethod { public static void main(String args[]) { Vals.print(); //calling static function using class name i.e., vals Vals s = new Vals(); Vals t = new Vals(); s.x=10; t.x=50; s.y=20; t.y=60; s.z=99; Out put: Value is : 77 Values are : 10 20 Values are : 50 60 Value is : 99 Value is : 99 Value is : 99 99 99

: "+z);

s.display(); t.display(); s.print(); t.print(); Vals.print(); } }

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S t a t i c B lo c k s
I f a cl a ss c o n t a i n s st a t i c b l o ck s a l l su c h b l o c k s wi l l b e e x e c ut e d f i r st wh e n e v e r t h e c l a ss i s l o a d e d . // Example : StaticBlocks.java class StaticBlocks { static { System.out.println("First Static Block"); } public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("In the main program"); } static { System.out.println("Second Static Block"); } } Out put: First Static Block Second Static Block In the main program

Static initializer blocks are used to execute some piece of code before executing any constructor or method while instantiating a class. Static initializer blocks are also typically used to initialize static fields. Example: Class1.java and Class2.java Class1.java public class Class1 { public static void main(String[] args) { Class2 class2obj1 = new Class2(); System.out.println("----------------------"); Class2 class2obj2 = new Class2(); } } Class2.java public class Class2 { Class2() { System.out.println("U r in Constructor"); } static { System.out.println("U r in Static block"); } }

o u tp u t : U r in Static block U r in Constructor ---------------------U r in Constructor

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Garbage Collection

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When an object no longer has any valid references to it, it can no longer be accessed by the program it is useless, and therefore called garbage. Java performs automatic garbage collection periodically, returning an object's memory to the system for future use. This process is called garbage collection. In other languages, the programmer has the responsibility for performing garbage collection

An object is eligible for garbage collection when there are no more references to that object. References that are held in a variable are usually dropped when the variable goes out of scope. Or, you can explicitly drop an object reference by setting the variable to the special value null. Remember that a program can have multiple references to the same object; all references to an object must be dropped before the object is eligible for garbage collection.

F i n al i ze r s
J av a al l o ws y o u t o d e f i n e a m e t h o d t ha t i s a u t o m at i c al l y c al l e d b ef o r e o b j e ct i s returned to heap. F i n a l i z e r: M e t h o d t h a t al l o ws r e so u r c e s t o b e f r e e d b e f o r e o bj e c t i s g a r b a g e c o l l e ct e d . v oi d f i n al i z e ( ) { . . . } M u st b e c al l e d f i n a l i z e ( ). F i n al i z e r n o t al l o we d t o h av e a r g um e n t s. I m m e d i at e l y b ef o r e o b j e ct i s g a r b a g e c o l l e c t e d , J av a r u n t i m e wi l l c a l l f i n al i z e ( ) ; F i n al i z e r sh o u l d b e u se d o n l y a s a l a st - d i t c h ef f o r t t o r e c ov e r a sse t s b e f o r e t h e y a r e l o st f o r ev e r . M o st J av a c l a sse s d o n t r e q u i r e a f i n al i z e m et h o d . * J av a s g a r b a g e c o l l e c t i o n m e c h a n i sm t a k es c a r e o f m em o r y l e a k s. * Finalizer is Not a Destructor

Example: Finalizer_Ex1.java class TestClassA { protected void finalize() // override finalization method { System.out.println("Finalizing TestClassA object"); } } class TestClassB { protected void finalize() // override finalization method { System.out.println("Finalizing TestClassB object"); } }

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class Finalizer_Ex1 { //controlling class public static void main(String[] args) { //Guarantee finalization of all objects on exit System.runFinalizersOnExit(true); Output : //Instantiate two objects to be finalized TestClassA objA = new TestClassA(); TestClassB objB = new TestClassB(); System.out.println("Terminating...."); } } Terminating.... Finalizing TestClassB object Finalizing TestClassA object

Forcing Finalization and Garbage Collection : The Java runtime system performs memory management tasks for you. When your program has finished using an object, that is, when there are no more references to an object, the object is finalized and is then garbage collected. These tasks happen asynchronously in the background. However, you can force object finalization and garbage collection using the appropriate method in the System class. Finalizing Objects : Before an object is garbage collected, the Java runtime system gives the object a chance to clean up after itself. This step is known as finalization and is achieved through a call to the object's finalize method. You can force object finalization to occur by calling System's runFinalization method. System.runFinalization(); This method calls the finalize methods on all objects that are waiting to be garbage collected. Running the Garbage Collector : You can ask the garbage collector to run at any time by calling System's gc method: System.gc(); You might want to run the garbage collector to ensure that it runs at the best time for your program rather than when it's most convenient for the runtime system to run it. For example, your program may wish to run the garbage collector right before it enters a compute or memory intensive section of code or when it knows there will be some idle time. Note that the garbage collector requires time to complete its task. The amount of time that gc requires to complete varies depending on certain factors: How big your heap is and how fast your processor is, for example. Your program should only run the garbage collector when doing so will have no performance impact on your program.

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E x a m p l e : GC_Finalizer_Ex.j a v a /** Example shows garbage collector in action, Note that the finalize() method of object GC1 runs without being specifically called and that the id's of garbage collected objects are not always sequential. */ class GC_Finalizer_Ex { public static void main(String[] args) { Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); System.out.println("Available Free Memory: " + rt.freeMemory()); for(int i=0; i<10000; i++ ) { GC1 x = new GC1(i); } System.out.println("Free Memory before call to gc(): System.runFinalization(); System.gc(); System.out.println("Free Memory after call to gc(): } } class GC1 { String str; int id; GC1(int i) { this.str = new String("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"); this.id = i; } protected void finalize() { System.out.println("GC1 object " + id + " has been finalized."); } } Output : Available Free Memory: 1911256 GC1 object 5531 has been finalized. GC1 object 5532 has been finalized. GC1 object 5533 has been finalized. GC1 object 5534 has been finalized. GC1 object 5535 has been finalized. Free Memory before call to gc(): 1222864 GC1 object 9259 has been finalized. GC1 object 9260 has been finalized. So on. . . . " + rt.freeMemory()); " + rt.freeMemory());

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Overloading Methods
D i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s c a n h av e t h e sam e n a m e

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T h e si g n a t u r e of a m et h o d i s t h e m e t h o d s n a m e a n d t h e p a r am e t e r t y p e s ( i n cl u d i n g t h e o r d e r of t h e p a r am et e r s) I n a cl a ss, a l l m et h o d s m u st h av e di f f er e n t si g n a t u r e s E . g. , t h e a b s m e t h o d i n t h e M a t h cl a ss

class Person_name { /* Overloaded Methods */ // fullname: 1 space between first and last names: public String get_fullname() { String fn = "Sateesh"; String ln = "Natchireddy"; String space = ""; int spaces=1; for(int s = 1; s <= spaces; s++) space = space + " "; return fn+space+ln; } // method get_fullname (0 arguments) // fullname: arbitrary # of spaces between first and last names public String get_fullname(int spaces) { String fn = "Sateesh"; String ln = "Natchireddy"; String space = ""; for(int s = 1; s <= spaces; s++) space = space + " "; return fn+space+ln; } // method get_fullname (1 argument)

// fullname: insert middle name public String get_fullname(String middle) { String fn = "Sateesh"; String ln = "Natchireddy"; return fn+" "+middle+" "+ln; } // method get_fullname (1 argument) } public class MethodOverloading_Ex1 { public static void main(String[] args) { Person_name pn = new Person_name();

Output : Test1: Sateesh Natchireddy Test2: Sateesh Natchireddy Test3: Sateesh Kumar Natchireddy

// Determine fullname by three differebnt (and overloaded) methods System.out.println("Test1: " + pn.get_fullname()); System.out.println("Test2: " + pn.get_fullname(2)); System.out.println("Test3: " + pn.get_fullname("Kumar")); } }
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A c c e s s S pe c i fie r s

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I n J av a, we a c c o m p l i sh e n c a p su l a t i o n t h ro u g h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e u se o f v i si bi l i t y m o di f i e r s ( a m o di f i e r i s a J av a r e se rv e d wo r d t h a t sp e c i f i e s p a r t i c ul a r c h a r a c t e ri st i c s o f a m e t h o d o r d a t a v al u e ) . A n a c c e ss sp e c i f i e r (v i si b i l i t y m o d i f i e r s) d ef i n e wh o i s a b l e t o u se t h i s m e t h o d . A c c e ss sp e c i f i e r s c a n b e :

p u b l i c wh e n a n y o n e c a n c a l l t hi s m e t h o d ( p u b l i c m e t h o d s a r e a l so c a l l e d se rv i c e
m et h o d s; A m e t h o d c r e a t e d si m p l y t o a ssi st a se r v i c e m et h o d i s c a l l e d a su p p o r t m et h o d ) .

p r i v a te wh e n o n l y m et h o d s i n t h e sam e cl a s s a r e p e r m i t t e d t o u se t hi s m et h o d . p r o t e ct e d wh e n m e t h o d s i n t h i s c l a s s a n d m e t h o d s i n a n y su b c l a s se s m a y u se t h i s
m et h o d . ( n o th i n g ) wh e n a n y c l a sse s i n t h i s p a r t i cu l a r p a c k a g e o r di r e c t o r y m a y a cc e ss t h i s m et h o d .

Data Scope :
The scope of data is the area in a program in which that data can be used (referenced). Data declared at the class level can be used by all methods in that class. Data declared within a method can only be used in that method.

Data declared within a method is called local data.

R e fe re n ce s :
A n o b j e c t r ef e r e n c e h ol d s t h e m em o r y a d d r e s s o f a n o bj e c t . C l a ssA a = n e w C l a ssA ( ) ; C l a ss b ; F o r o b j e ct r ef er e n c e s, a s si g n m e n t c o p i e s t he m em o r y l o c a t i o n : b = a; T wo o r m o r e r ef e r e n c e s t h a t r ef er t o t h e sa m e o b j e c t a r e c al l e d a l i a se s o f e a c h o t h e r.

Before
a b a

After
b

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c a l l b y v al ue a n d c a ll b y r e fere n ce :

W hi l e se n d i n g a r g u m e n t s t o a f u n ct i o n si m pl e d a t a t y p e s su c h a s i n t , f l oa t e t c . , wi l l b e p a sse d b y v a l u e s. W h e r e as o b j e c t s a r e p a ss e d b y r ef e r e n c e . c al v a l c a l r e f . j a v a

Example : class A { int x,y; }

class B { public static void f1(int x,int y) { // x and y will be received by values x = x+10; y = y+20; // doesn't effect the original values } public static void f1(A a) { // a will be received by reference a.x = a.x + 10; a.y = a.y + 20; // } } class calvalcalref { public static void main(String args[]) { int x=10,y=20; A a = new A(); a.x=10; a.y=20; System.out.println("Before : System.out.println("Before : System.out.println(); B.f1(x,y); B.f1(a); // // sending by values sending by reference "+x+" "+y); "+a.x+" "+a.y); Out put: Before : 10 Before : 10 After : After : 20 20 "+x+" "+y); "+a.x+" "+a.y); will effect the original object in main i.e., ' a '

System.out.println("After : System.out.println("After : } }

10 20 20 40

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The topic of parameter passing in Java seems to cause much confusion. Is it by value, by reference, or both ? Search the Internet or read a few Java books and you will probably get even more confused. You will typically come across a statement that "primitive types are passed by value, but objects are passed by reference". Many people will read such a statement and end up with completely the wrong understanding of what happens. Let me state clearly that: In Java, parameters are always passed by value. Even references to objects are passed by value. Java is pass-by-value, For primitives, you pass a copy of the actual value. For references to objects, you pass a copy of the reference

To understand what this means, you first need to be clear about the distinction between a reference variable and an object. In a Java statement such as Button b = new Button( ); the variable b is not an object, it is simply a reference to an object (hence the term reference variable). Figure 1 illustrates this.

Object button object

Figure 1. Reference variable b refers to a button object. So what happens when we call a method and "pass in an object" ? Well, let's be clear about one thing - we are not passing in an object, rather we are passing in a reference to an object, and it is the reference to an object that gets passed by value. Consider a method declared as public void methodX(Button y) If we call this method passing in a reference to a button object e.g. Button b = new Button( ); methodX(b); then the value of the variable b is passed by value, and the variable y within methodX receives a copy of this value. Variables b and y now have the same value. However, what does it mean to say that two reference variables have the same value ? It means that both variables refer to the same object. This is illustrated in Figure 2. Object
b

button object y

Figure 2. Two different reference variables refer to the one button object. As figure 2 illustrates, an object can have multiple references to it. In this example, we still have just the one object, but it is being referenced by two different variables. So what is the consequence of this ? It means that within methodX you can update the button object via variable y e.g. y.setLabel("new text"); and the calling routine will see the changes (as variable b refers to the same object), but - and this is the important bit if you change the value of the variable y within methodX so that it refers to a different object, then the value of variable b within the calling method remains unchanged, and variable b will still refer to the same button object that it always did.
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For example, if in methodX we had y = new Button("another button"); we get the situation shown in Figure 3.

Object button object

Object button object

Figure 3. The two different variables now reference different objects. With the two variables now referencing different objects, if methodX now updates the button which y now refers to e.g. y.setLabel("xxx"); then the original button object to which b refers to is unaffected by any such changes. You may find that drawing diagrams such as Figures 1 to 3 will help your understanding of what is really happening when you pass parameters into a method in Java. The example code below demonstrates how Java parameter passing works. Example : PassByValue.java import java.awt.*; public class PassByValue { //Demonstrates that Java parameters are always passed by value public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("In main"); //the reference to an object is passed by value Button b = new Button("AAA"); System.out.println("The value of b's label is " + b.getLabel()); methodX(b); System.out.println("Back in main"); System.out.println("The value of b's label is " + b.getLabel()); System.out.println(""); //primitives are passed by value as well int i = 5; System.out.println("The value of i is " + i); methodZ(i); System.out.println("Back in main"); System.out.println("The value of i is " + i); System.exit(0); } //the reference to an object is passed by value public static void methodX(Button y) { System.out.println("In methodX"); System.out.println("The value of y's label is " + y.getLabel());
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//update the button object that both y and b refer to y.setLabel("BBB"); System.out.println("The value of y's label is " + y.getLabel()); //make y reference a different object - doesn't affect variable b y = new Button("CCC"); System.out.println("The value of y's label is " + y.getLabel()); //updating button that y now references has no affect on button referenced by b y.setLabel("DDD"); System.out.println("The value of y's label is " + y.getLabel()); } //primitives are passed by value as well public static void methodZ(int j) { System.out.println("In methodZ"); System.out.println("The value of j is " + j); //change value of j - doesn't affect variable i within main j = 6; System.out.println("The value of j is " + j); } } Output : In main The value of In methodX The value of The value of The value of The value of Back in main The value of The value of In methodZ The value of The value of Back in main The value of b's label is AAA y's y's y's y's label label label label is is is is AAA BBB CCC DDD

b's label is BBB i is 5 j is 5 j is 6 i is 5

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U s i n g O b j ec t s a s P a r a m e te r a n d Re tu r n i n g O b je c t s Example: Use_Obj_as_Param_and_Returning_Obj.java class Interval { // instance variables double min; double max; Interval() { } // empty constructor

Interval(double x,double y) { min = x; max = y; } // constructor that assigns instance variables public Interval addint(Interval b) { double tempmin = min + b.min; double tempmax = max + b.max; return (new Interval(tempmin,tempmax)); } // method addint (add intervals) public void print(String mesg) { System.out.println(mesg+" ["+min+","+max+"]"); } // method print (print interval) } // class Interval public class Use_Obj_as_Param_and_Returning_Obj { public static void main(String args[]) { Interval a = new Interval(1,2); // a = [1,2] Interval b = new Interval(3,4); // b = [3,4] // add a+b 5 different ways // all 5 tests give the same result = [4,6] // test1 Interval t1; t1 = a.addint(b); t1.print("Test1: "); // test2 Interval t2 = a.addint(b); t2.print("Test2: "); // test3 Interval t3 = new Interval(); t3 = a.addint(b); t3.print("Test3: "); // test4 Interval t4 = new Interval(0,0); t4 = a.addint(b); t4.print("Test4: "); // test5 a.addint(b).print("Test5: "); } // method main } // class returning_interval

Output : Test1: Test2: Test3: Test4: Test5: [4.0,6.0] [4.0,6.0] [4.0,6.0] [4.0,6.0] [4.0,6.0]

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I n n e r C l a s se s

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If you've done much Java programming, you might have realized that it's possible to declare classes that are nested within other classes. Nested top-level classes- If you declare a class within a class and specify the static modifier, the compiler treats the class just like any other top-level class. Any class outside the declaring class accesses the nested class with the declaring class name acting similarly to a package. eg, outer.inner. Top-level inner classes implicitly have access only to static variables.There can also be inner interfaces. All of these are of the nested top-level variety. Member classes - Member inner classes are just like other member methods and member variables and access to the member class is restricted, just like methods and variables. This means a public member class acts similarly to a nested top-level class. The primary difference between member classes and nested toplevel classes is that member classes have access to the specific instance of the enclosing class. Local classes - Local classes are like local variables, specific to a block of code. Their visibility is only within the block of their declaration. In order for the class to be useful beyond the declaration block, it would need to implement a more publicly available interface.Because local classes are not members, the modifiers public, protected, private, and static are not usable. Anonymous classes - Anonymous inner classes extend local inner classes one level further. As anonymous classes have no name, you cannot provide a constructor. class Base { void method1() { } void method2() { } } class A // normal class { static class B // static nested class { } class C // inner class { } void f() { class D { } }

// local inner class

void g() { // anonymous class Base bref = new Base() { void method1() { } }; } }
29 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

A nested class that is not declared static is called an inner class. In the example code, B is a nested class, while C is a nested class and an inner class. Named Inner Classes An inner class is a class defined inside another class. An inner class object is scoped not to the outer class, but to the instantiating object. Even if the inner class object is removed from the outer class object that instantiated it, it retains the scoping to its creator. If an object has a reference to another object's ("parent object"'s) inner class object, the inner class object is dealt with by that object as a separate, autonomous object, but in fact, it still has access to the private variables and methods of its parent object. An inner class instantiation always remembers who it's parent object is and if anything changes in the parent object (e.g. one of its property's value changes), that change is reflected in all its inner class instantiations. Inner classes are very useful in factory pattern situations. Example : InnerClass_Ex1.java class class1 { // this value can access in inner classes and sub classes int outer_var1 = 10; void outer_method() { Inner1 inner1obj1 = new Inner1(); inner1obj1.inner1_method(); Inner2 inner2obj1 = new Inner2(); inner2obj1.inner2_method(); } class Inner1 { // variables and methods of this class can access within this class only int inner1_var = 100; void { inner1_method( ) System.out.println("Inner1 class method"); System.out.println("Accessing outer_var1: "+outer_var1); } } class Inner2 { // variables and methods of this class can access within this class only int inner2_var = 200; void inner2_method( ) { System.out.println("Inner2 class method"); System.out.println("Accessing outer_var1: "+outer_var1); } } }

30

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SATEESH N

class class2 extends class1 { void class2_method() { System.out.println("class2 method "); System.out.println("Accessing outer_var1 of class1: "+outer_var1); } Output: } class2 method public class InnerClass_Ex2 Accessing outer_var1 of class1: { Inner1 class method public static void main(String[] args) Accessing outer_var1: 10 { Inner2 class method class2 obj = new class2(); Accessing outer_var1: 10 obj.class2_method(); // obj.outer_method(); /* that inturn calls inner1_method(), inner2_method() methods */ // obj.inner1_method(); /* Error,The method inner1_method is undefined for type class2 */

10

class1 obj2 = new class1(); obj2.outer_method(); } }

Anonymous Inner Classes Anonymous inner class: An inner class with no name. Example: actionPerformed events utilize the Observer-Observable pattern -- An instance of the observer is added to the observable. JBuilder creates an anonymous inner class to give to the button as its ActionListener. Anonymous inner classes are very similar to named inner classes: Anonymous inner classes can override methods of the superclass. Anonymous inner classes are scoped inside the private scoping of the outer class. They can access the internal (private) properties and methods of the outer class. References to an inner class can be passed to other objects. Note that it still retains its scoping. But there are some important differences: Anonymous inner classes must use the no parameter constructor of the superclass. Since an object made from the inner class has a "life" independent of its outer class object, there is a problem with accessing local variables, especially method input paramenters. Two ways to pass initializing parameters to an inner class: Initialize a property that the inner class then uses -- properties have the cross-method-call persistence that local variables lack. Make the local variable "final" -- compiler will automatically transfer the value to a more persistent portion of the computer memory. Disadvantage: the value cannot be changed. Usages: Very useful for controlled access to the innards of another class. Very useful when you only want one instance of a special class.
31 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

One key idea is that an anonymous class has no name. An anonymous class is a subclass of an existing class (Base in this example) or an implementation of an interface. Because an anonymous class has no name, it cannot have an explicit constructor. Neither can an anonymous class be referred to outside its declaring expression, except indirectly through a superclass or interface object reference. Anonymous classes are never static, never abstract, and always final. Also, each declaration of an anonymous class is unique. For example, the following code declares two distinct anonymous classes: Base bref1 = new Base( ) { void method1() { } }; Base bref2 = new Base( ) { void method1() { } }; Each anonymous class is declared within an expression.

Nested Classes Inner Classes An inner class is a type of nested class that is not explicitly or implicitly declared static.
Inner class types

Local inner class.

o o o o

A local class is a nested class that is not a member of any class and that has a name. Every local class declaration statement is contained by a block. The scope of a local class declared in a block is within the rest of the block. Local class defined in a method has access to final method variables and also to the outer class's member variables. Anonymous inner class does not have name. It can extend a class or implement an interface but cannot do both at the same time. (For example, an anonymous inner class cannot say extends and implements at the same time.) The definition, construction and first use of such class is at same place. Programmer cannot define specific constructor for anonymous class but he/she can pass arguments (to call implicit constructor of its super class.) An anonymous class is never abstract. An anonymous class is always an inner class; it is never static. An anonymous class is always implicitly final. Anonymous class defined in a method has access to final method variables and also to the outer class's member variables.
32 SATEESH N

Anonymous inner class.

o o

o o o o

SATEESH N

Non-static member class.

o o o o

A member class is a inner class whose declaration is directly enclosed in another class or interface declaration. Member inner class can be public, private, protected or default/friendly. Non-static member inner class has access to member variables of the outer class. Non-static member inner class can be instantiated on the instance of the outer class.

Static nested classes.

Nested class can also be static. It has access to only static member variables of the outer class. Static nested class may be instantiated/accessed without the instance of the outer class. It is accessed just like any other static member variable of a class. For example, instance method accessTest() of public static nested class "Inner" can be invoked as...

33

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I N H ER I T A N C E

SATEESH N

I n h e r i t a n c e i s t h e p r o c e s s o f c r e a t i n g n e w c l a s se s f r om ex i st i n g c l a sse s. T h e c l a ss wh i c h i s b e i n g i n h e ri t e d i s k n o wn a s su p e r c l a s s a n d t h e c l a s s w h i c h i n h e ri t s t h e o t h e r c l a s s i s k n o wn a s su b c l a ss . T o i n h e r i t a c l a ss i n t o a n o t h e r c l a s s, t h e k e y wo r d e x t e n d s sh o u l d b e u se d . c l a ss A { } c l a ss B ex t e n d s A { } J av a su p p o r t s m ul t i l ev e l I n h e ri t a n c e b u t d o e s n o t su p p o r t m u l t i pl e I n h e r i t a n c e . A B C E x a m p l e : I n h e r i t en c e . j a v a class common { int no; String name; } class student extends common { int tfee; void accept() { no=10; name="Sateesh"; tfee=5000; } void display() { System.out.println("\n Student No. : "+no+"\n Student Name: "+name+"\n Total Fee :"+tfee); } } class customer extends common { int qty; float price,totbil; void accept() { no=101; name="Raj"; item="SAMSUNG key board"; qty=2; price=150; totbil=price*qty; }
34 SATEESH N

A su p e r c l a s s

B su b c l a ss

A M ul t i l ev el I n h e r i t a n c e su p p o r t e d b y J av a C

B M u l t i pl e I n h e ri t a n c e n o t su p p o r t e d b y J av a

String item;

SATEESH N

void display() { System.out.println("\n Customer No. Item purchased: "+item+"\n Quantity Total Bill : "+totbil); } } class Inheritence { public static void main(String args[]) { student s = new student(); customer c = new customer(); s.accept(); c.accept(); s.display(); c.display(); } }

: "+no+"\n Customer name : "+name+"\n : "+qty+"\n Price : "+price+"\n

Out put: Student No. : 10 Student Name: Sateesh Total Fee :5000 Customer No. : Customer name : Item purchased: Quantity : Price : Total Bill : 101 Raj SAMSUNG key board 2 150.0 300.0

C o n s t r u c to r s i n th e c a s e o f I n h e r i t a n c e : W h e n ev e r a su b c l a ss o b j e c t i s c r e a t e d t h e su p e r c l a s s c o n st r u c t o r wi l l b e c a l l e d f i r st a n d t h e n t h e su b c l a s s c o n st r u c t o r . I f t h e r e a r e m o r e t h a n o n e su p e r c l a s se s c o n st r u c t o r s wi l l b e c al l e d i n t h e o r d e r of I n h e r i t a n c e . Ex: c l a ss A { } c l a ss B ex t e n d s A { Ex ec u t i o n t a k e s p l a c e f r om b ot t om t o t o p } c l a ss C e x t e n d s B { }

S u p er k e y wo r d :

T h e t h i s r e f e r e n c e v a ri a b l e al wa y s r e f e r s t o t h e c u r r e n t c l a ss . A n d t h e su p e r r e f e r e n c e v a r i a bl e a l wa y s r e f e r s t o t h e i m m e di a t e su p e r c l a s s. T h e su p e r k e y wo r d c a n b e a p p l i e d i n 3 c a t e go r i e s. i. ii. iii. T o r ef e r t o t h e v a ri a b l e s of t h e su p e r c l a ss. T o r ef e r t o t h e m e t h o d s of t h e su p e r c l a ss. T o c al l a su p e r c l a ss c o n st r u c t o r f r om t h e su b c l a ss c o n st r u c t o r s.

35

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SATEESH N

E x a m p l e : C o n s t r c t o r s _ I n h e r i t e n c e. j a v a / / Pr o g r am f o r i . T o r ef e r t o t h e v a r i a bl e s o f t h e su p e r cl a ss. i i . T o r ef e r t o t h e m et h o d s o f t he su p e r c l a ss. class A { int x;

// variable

void display() // method { System.out.println("x Value of Class A is: "+x); } } class B extends A { int x; B(int a,int b) { super.x=a; this.x=b; } void display() { super.display(); //calls display() of class A System.out.println("x Value of Class B is: "+x); } } class C o n st r c t o r s_ I n h e r i t e n c e { public static void main(String args[]) { B b = new B(10,20); b.display(); } } Out put: x Value of Class A is: 10 x Value of Class B is: 20

Example :

Co n s t r u c t o rT O Co n s t ru c t o r _ I n h e r i t e n c e . j a v a

/ / Pr o g r am f o r i i i . T o c al l a su p e r c l a ss c o n st r u c t o r f r om t h e su b c l a ss c o n st r u c t o r s. class A { int x,y; A(int x,int y) { this.x=x; this.y=y; } } class B extends A { int z; B(int a,int b,int c) // constructor of class B { super(a,b); // sends the 1st 2 arguments to the super class constructor this.z=c; }
36 SATEESH N

// constructor of

class A

SATEESH N

void display() { System.out.println("Values are: "+x+" } } class C o n st r u c t o r T O C o n st r u c t o r _ I n h e r e i t e nc e {

"+y+"

"+z);

Out put:

Values are: 10 20 30 public static void main(String args[]) { B b = new B(10,20,30); // calls B's constructor which calls A's constructor b.display(); }

NOTE:

C a l l i n g a s u p e r c l a s s c o n st r u c t o r f r om t h e su b c l a s s c o n st r u c t o r u si n g t h e su p e r i n a f u n ct i o n st yl e m u st b e t h e f i r st st a t e m e nt i n t h e su b c l a ss c o n st r u c t o r . Ex : B ( ) { su p e r ( ) ; t h i s. z= c ; }

O v e r ri d d e n Me t ho d s
W h e n ev e r a f u n ct i o n of su p e r c l a ss a l so d e f i n e d i n t h e su b c l a s s, t h e n t h e f u n ct i o n i s k n o wn a s o v e r ri d d e n . Ex: c l a ss A { void f 1( ) { } } c l a ss B ex t e n d s A { v oi d f 1 ( ) / / ov e r ri d d e n { } }

I n J av a a r e f e r e n c e v a r i a bl e of su p e r c l a s s c a n r e f e r t o a n i n st a n c e o f c l a ss a n d i s a b l e t o c al l t h e ov e r ri d d e n f u n ct i o n. Ex: A a = new A( ); B b = new B( ); a . f 1 ( ); b . f 1 ( ); A r; / / r i s r ef e r e n c e v a r i a bl e of su p e r c l as s A

37 SATEESH N

su b

SATEESH N

a r = a; r r . f 1 ( ); r = b; r r . f 1 ( ); / / c al l s b. f 1 ( ) ; / / c al l s a . f 1 ( ); b

D y n a mi c M e th o d D i s p a t ch :
S y s t e m . i n . r e a d ( ) : R e a d s a c h a r a c t e r f ro m t h e k e y b o a r d a n d r e t u r n s t h e A S C I I v al u e of t h a t c h a r a c t e r. Ex: i n t c h = S y st em . i n . r e a d ( ); S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( c h ) ;

E x a m p l e : D y n a mi c M e t h o d Di s p a t c h . j a v a / / w. a . p t o a c c e p t a c h oi c e f r om t h e u se r , i f t h e c h o i c e i s 1 a c c e p t a n d d i sp l a y st u d e n t d e t a i l s, i f t h e c h o i c e i s 2 a c c e p t a n d di sp l a y c u st o m e r d e t a i l s. class common { void accept() { } void display() { } } class student extends common { int sno; String sname; int tfee; void accept() // over ridden function { sno=10; sname="Sateesh"; tfee=1500; } void display() // over ridden function { System.out.println("Student Details : "+sno+" } } class customer extends common { int cno; String cname,product; void accept() { cno=20; cname="Raj"; product = "Mouse"; qty=2; rate=150; }

"+sname);

int qty,rate; function

// over ridden

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SATEESH N

void display() // over ridden function { System.out.println("Customer Details: "+cno+" "+cname+" "+product+" "+qty+" "+rate); } } class D y n a m i c M et h o d D i sp a t c h { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { char ch; common r; System.out.println("Enter 1: Student ch = (char) System.in.read(); if(ch=='1') r = new student(); else r = new customer(); r.accept(); r.display(); } } 2: Customer\n "); Out put: Enter 1: Student 2: Customer 1 Student Details : 10 Sateesh Out put: Enter 1: Student 2: Customer 2 Customer Details: 20 Raj Mouse 2 150

Example : Inheritence_Ex1.java class common { void accept( ) { System.out.println("method accept() in class common"); } } class student extends common { void display() { System.out.println("method display() in class student"); } } public class Inheritence_Ex1 Output : { Throgh object "r" public static void main(String[] args) method accept() in class common { Throgh object "obj" common r = new common(); method accept() in class common System.out.println("Throgh object \"r\""); method display() in class student Throgh object "r2" r.accept();
method accept() in abstract class common

student obj = new student(); System.out.println("Throgh object obj.accept(); obj.display(); common r2; System.out.println("Throgh object r2 = new student();

\"obj\"");

\"r2\"");

r2.accept(); //r2.display(); // Error, the method display() is undefined for type common } }
39 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

N o t e : I n t h e a b ov e ex am pl e t h e di sp l a y ( ) m e t h o d m u st b e d e c l a r e d i n su p e r c l a ss c o m m o n t o a cc e ss t h e d i sp l a y ( ) m et h o d i n t h e su b c l a s s, t h r o u g h r ef e r e n c e v a ri a b l e r 2 . Example : Inheritence_Ex2.java class common { void accept( ) { System.out.println("method accept() in class common"); } void display() { System.out.println("method display() in class common"); } } class student extends common { void accept( ) { System.out.println("method accept() in class studnet"); } void display() { System.out.println("method display() in class student"); } } Output : public class Inheritence_Ex2 Through object "r" method accept() in class common { method display() in class common public static void main(String[] args) Through object "obj" { method accept() in class studnet common r = new common(); method display() in class student System.out.println("Throgh object \"r\""); Through object "r2" r.accept(); method accept() in class studnet r.display(); method display() in class student student obj = new student(); System.out.println("Throgh object obj.accept(); obj.display(); common r2; System.out.println("Throgh object r2 = new student(); r2.accept(); r2.display(); } } \"obj\"");

\"r2\"");

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SATEESH N

F in a l k e y wo r d :
a n d c l a sse s.

T h e f i n al k e y wo r d c a n b e sp e c i f i e d f or t h e v a ri a bl e s, m et h o d s

F o r t h e v ar i a bl e s : W h e n ev e r a v a ri a bl e i s sp e c i f i e d a s f i n a l , su c h v a ri a b l e b e c om e s a c o n st a n t . Ex: f i n al i n t M A X = 1 0 0 ; MA X = 5 0 ; // E rr o r , c a n t m o di f y t h e v al u e

For the methods : Ex:

A f i n a l m e t h o d c a n t b e ov er r i d d e n .

c l a ss A { f i n al v o i d f 1( ) { } } c l a ss B ex t e n d s A { f i n al v o i d f 1( ) { } }

/ / E r r o r c a n t ov e r ri d e f i n al m et h o d

F o r t h e c l a sse s : Ex:

A f i n a l cl a ss c a n t b e e x t e n d e d .

f i n al c l a ss A { } c l a ss B e x t e n d s A { }

/ / E r r o r , c a n t ov er r i d e ex t e n d f i n a l c l a ss.

Note:

A b st r a c t f i n al i s n o t al l o we d .

41

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A b s t r a c t me t ho d s a n d A b s t ra c t c la s s e s

SATEESH N

W h e n ev e r a f u n ct i o n of su p e r c l a ss i s u se d o n l y f o r t h e p ol ym o r p h i sm a n d i s n o t c o n t a i n i n g a n y st a t em e n t s t h e n t h a t f u n c t i o n c a n b e sp e c i f i e d a s a b st r a c t b y p r e f i x i ng t h e f u n c t i o n d e cl a r a t i o n wi t h k e y wo r d a b s t r a c t . W h e n ev e r a cl a ss c o n t a i n s a t l e a st o n e a b st r a c t f u n ct i o n t h e n t h e cl a ss sh o u l d a l so b e sp e c i f i e d a s a b st r a c t . Ex: abstract c l a ss c om m o n { abstract void a c c e p t ( ) ; abstract void d i sp l a y ( ); }

W h e n ev e r a c l a ss e x t e n d s a n a b st r a c t c l a ss t h e n t h e c l a ss sh o u l d c o m p u l so r i l y ov e r ri d e al l t h e a b st r a c t m e t h o d s o f t h e su p e r c l a ss. Ex: class student extends { void accept( ) { } } common

T h e a b ov e ex am p l e g e n e r a t e s E r r o r i n c om pl e t e ov e r ri di n g . Ex: class student extends { void accept( ) { } void display( ) { } } common

T h e a b ov e e x am pl e d o e s n o t g e n e r a t e a n y e r r o r s, b e c a u s e a l l t h e f u n ct i o n s o f c l a ss c o m m o n a r e ov e rr i di n g i n cl a ss st u d e n t . T h e r e c a n t b e a n y i n st a n c e s o f a n a b st r a c t c l a ss. H o w ev e r , r ef e r e n c e v a ri a b l e s o f t h e a b st r a c t c l a sse s a r e a l l o we d i n t h e pr o g r a m . c o m m o n r; r = new c om m o n ( ) ; r = new st u d e n t ( ) ; // ok / / E r r o r c a n t i n st a n t i a t e a b st r a c t cl a ss / / o k , st u d e n t i s n o t ab st r a c t

E x a m p l e : AbstractClass_Ex1.java abstract class abstractclass { abstract void f1(); abstract void f2(); } class Hi extends abstractclass { void f1() { System.out.println("Hi"); }
42 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

void f2() { System.out.println("Hello"); } } class AbstractClass_Ex1 { public static void main(String args[]) { Hi h = new Hi(); h.f1(); h.f2(); abstractclass obj; obj = new Hi(); obj.f1(); obj.f1(); } } A n a b st r a c t cl a ss c a n c o n t a i n a b st r a c t as w e l l a s n o n - a b st r a c t m e t h o d s. Example: Abstract_abstmeth_nonabstmeth.java common void void accept( ); display( ); // abstract method // abstract method

Output: Hi Hello Hi Hello

abstract class { abstract abstract void { } void { } }

f1( )

// non abstract method

System.out.println("HI"); f2( ) // non abstract method

class student extends common { void accept( ) { System.out.println("Hello"); } void display( ) { } } class Abstract_abstmeth_nonabstmeth { public static void main(String args[]) { common r; r = new student ( ); // calls // student accept( );

Output: Hello HI

r.accept( ); r.f1( ); } }

calls non-abstract method f1( ) from the common class

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SATEESH N

A cl a ss c a n b e sp e c i f i e d a s a b st r a c t ev e n i t i s n o t c o n t a i ni n g a n y a b st r a c t m e t h o d s we c a n t c r e a t e i n st a n c e s o f i t s su b c l a s se s i f t h e y a r e n o t a b st r a c t . E x a m p l e : AbstractClass_nonabstmeth.java abstract class common { void accept() { System.out.println("Hello"); } void display() { } } class student extends common { void display() { System.out.println("HI"); } } Output: public class AbstractClass_nonabstmeth Hello { HI public static void main(String[] args) { // common obj = new common(); // Error, the type common can not be instantiated common obj = new student(); obj.accept(); obj.display(); } } How to Use an Abstract Class and Define Its Abstract Methods at Instantiation : Suppose you have an abstract class MyAbstractClass with an abstract method do( ) : abstract class MyAbstractClass { abstract void do( ) ; } Of course, some classes inheriting from MyAbstractClass can be redefined with the 'do' method. However, it may be convenient sometime to simply redefine the abstract method at the instantiation of its abstract class. This only requires the following lines: MyAbstractClass myClass = new MyAbstractClass( ) { void do( ) { // Redefine here the abstract method } }; Redefining abstract methods at instantiation is particularly useful if the code in the method is rather short and creating subclasses would be useless or too heavy.

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SATEESH N

E x a m p l e : AbstractClass_Ex2.java abstract class abstclass1 { public abstract void add(int a,int b); } abstract class abstclass2 extends abstclass1 { public abstract void sub(int a,int b); } class abstclass3 extends abstclass1 { int a,b; abstclass3() { this.a=0; this.b=0; } // overridden method public void add(int a,int b) { System.out.println(a+b); } // new method public void sub(int a,int b) { System.out.println(a-b); } } class abstclass4 extends abstclass2 { int a,b; abstclass4() { this.a=0; this.b=0; } // overridden method public void add(int a,int b) { System.out.println(a+b); } // overridden method public void sub(int a,int b) { System.out.println(a-b); } } public class AbstractClass_Ex2 { public static void main(String[] args) { abstclass1 obj = new abstclass1() { public void add(int a,int b) { System.out.println((a+b)); }
45 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

// defining a new method public void sub(int a,int b) { System.out.println((a-b)); } }; // calling abstractclass1 methods obj.add(20,30); //obj.sub(20,30); // can't call sub() method, bcoz not declared in abstract //class abstractclass1 abstclass2 obj1 = new abstclass2() { public void add(int a,int b) { System.out.println((a+b)); } public void sub(int a,int b) { System.out.println((a-b)); } }; // calling abstractclass2 methods obj1.add(20,30); obj1.sub(20,30);

out put : 50 50 -10 45 20 45 20

abstclass3 st3 = new abstclass3(); st3.add(10,35); // calling overridden method st3.sub(50,30); // calling newly defined method in abstractclass3 abstclass4 st4 = new abstclass4(); st4.add(10,35); // calling overridden method st4.sub(50,30); // calling overridden method } }

46

SATEESH N

I n t e r fa ce s

SATEESH N

A n i n t e rf a c e i s a c o l l e c t i o n o f si g n a t u r e s o f f u n ct i o n s a n d f i n a l v a ri a b l e s. O n c e a n i n t e rf a c e i s c r e a t e d a c l a s s c a n i m p l em e n t t h e i n t e rf a c e. W h e n ev e r a c l a ss i m pl em e n t s t h e i n t e rf a c e, t h e c l a ss sh o u l d ov e r ri d e al l t h e m et h o d s o f i nt e rf a c e . Example : Interface_Ex1.java interface common { void accept(); void display(); } class student implements common { int sno; String sname; int tfee; output : Enter 1: Student 2: Customer 1 Student Details : 10 Sateesh 1500

public void accept()//overridden function { sno=10; output : sname="Sateesh"; tfee=1500; Enter 1: Student 2: Customer } 2 public void display()//overridden function Customer Details: 20 Raj product2 150 { System.out.println("Student Details : "+sno+" "+sname+" "+tfee); } } class customer implements common { int cno; String cname,product;

int qty,rate;

public void accept() // overridden function { cno=20; cname="Raj"; product="Mouse"; qty=2; rate=150; } public void display() // overridden function { System.out.println("Customer Details: "+cno+" "+cname+" "+"product"+qty+" "+rate); } } class I n t e rf a c e _ Ex 1 { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { char ch; common r; System.out.println("Enter 1: Student ch = (char) System.in.read(); if(ch=='1') r = new student(); else r = new customer(); r.accept(); r.display(); } }
47 SATEESH N

2: Customer\n ");

SATEESH N

M u l ti p l e i m p l e m e n t s : A c l a ss c a n i m pl e m e n t a n y n um b e r of i nt e rf a c e s su c h c l a s s sh o u l d ov e r ri d e a l l t h e m e t h o d s i n a l l t h e i n t e rf a c e s. Ex: interface A { void f1( ); } interface B { void f2( ); } class { C implements A,B

public void f1( ) { System.out.println("Hi"); } public void f2( ) { System.out.println("Hello"); } } class Interface_MultipleInheritence { public static void main(String args[]) { //A a = new A( ); // Error, the type cannot be instantiated //B b = new B( ); //Error, the type cannot be instantiated C c = new C( ); c.f1( ); c.f2( ); A a; a=c; a.f1(); B b; b=c; b.f2(); } } // OK

Output : Hi Hello Hi Hello

Extended Interfaces : A n i n t e rf a c e c a n e x t e n d e d a n o t h e r i n t e r f a c e u si n g t h e k e y wo r d e x t e n d s . W h e n ev e r a cl a ss i m p l e m e n t s t h e l a st i n t e rf a c e t h e cl a ss sh o u l d ov e r ri d e al l t h e m et h o d s i n t h e i n t e rf a c e c ha i n . Ex: interface A { void f1( ); } interface B extends { void f2( ); } A

48

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

class C implements B { public void f1( ) { System.out.println("Hi"); } public void f2( ) { System.out.println("Hello"); } } class Interface_extend_Interface { public static void main(String args[]) { //A a = new A( ); // Error, the type cannot be instantiated //B b = new B( ); //Error, the type cannot be instantiated C c = new C( ); c.f1( ); c.f2( ); A a; a=c; a.f1(); B b; b=c; b.f2(); } } // OK

Output : Hi Hello Hi Hello

P a r t i a l i m p l e m en t s : W h e n ev e r a cl a ss i m p l em e n t s a n i n t e rf a c e , b ut d o e s n o t ov e r ri d e a l l t h e m e t h o d s o f t h e i n t e rf a c e su c h c l a ss sh o u l d b e s p e c i f i e d a s a b st r a c t . W e sh o u l d c r e a t e a n o t h e r c l a ss t h a t e x t e n d s t h e a b st r a c t c l a ss a n d sh o u l d o v e r ri d e t he l ef t ov e r m e t h o d s. Ex : interface A { void f1( ); void f2( ); } abstract class B implements A { public void f1( ) { System.out.println("Hi"); } } class { C extends B

public void f2( ) { System.out.println("Hello"); } }

49 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

class Interface_Abstract { public static void main(String args[]) { //A a = new A( ); // Error, the type cannot be instantiated //B b = new B( ); //Error, the type cannot be instantiated C c = new C( ); c.f1( ); c.f2( ); A a; a=c; a.f1(); B b; b=c; b.f2(); } } // OK

Output : Hi Hello Hi Hello

Interface vs. Abstract Class

difference between an interface and an abstract class : Within the confines of Java syntax, an interface is a type that only defines abstract methods and constant ( finbal ) members. In a more general sense, an interface is an abstract class that defines no implementation. Neither an interface nor an abstract class can be directly instantiated. However, an abstract class may define non-constant members and non-abstract methods. An abstract class is often used to define the common set of features required of its implementing subclasses, including data structures and method implementations. An interface is used to define only the methods and constants that are to be shared by its implementers. You may implement an interface using the implements keyword and extend an abstract class using the extends keyword. When you implement an interface, you must provide the code for all of the methods in the interface. When you extend an abstract class, you inherit all of the implemented methods and only need to implement those that were left undefined (abstract). 1 . A n a b st r a c t c l a ss c a n c o n t a i n a b st r a c t as w e l l a s n o n - a b st r a c t m e t h o d s. H o wev e r an i n t e rf a c e c o n t a i n s o n l y t h e si g n a t u r e s of t he f u n c t i o n s. 2 . A c l a ss c a n e x t e n d s o n l y o n e c l a ss. H o w ev e r a c l a ss c a n i m p l em e n t a n y n um b e r o f i n t e rf a c e s. C L AS S P AT H : T h e cl a ss p a t h i s a n e nv i ro n m e n t v a ri a bl e se t i n t h e o p e r a t i n g sy st e m wh i c h c o n t a i n s a c o l l e c t i o n of su b d i r e c t o ri e s wh e r e e a c h s u c h d i r e c t o r y c a n c o n t ai n a n y n u m b e r o f cl a ss f i l e s. O n c e t h e c l a ss p a t h i s se we a r e a b l e t o a c c e s s t h e c l a s se s i n t h e su b d i r e c t o r i e s f r om a n y l o c a t i o n i n t he sy st e m . D : \ > S E T C L A S S PA T H= d : \ sam p a c k D ; f : \ sam pa c k F ; V e r i f y i n g t h e cl a ssp a t h : D: \ > e c h o % cl as sp a t h %

T o a d d i n g a n e w su b d i r e c t o r y t o p r ev i o u s su b d i r e c t o ri e s. D : / > S E T C L A S S PA T H= % cl a ssp a t h % ; E : \ > sa m p a c kE ; D : / > e c h o % c l a ssp a t h % T h e cl a ssp a t h i s a n e nv i r o nm e n t v a ri a b l e wh i c h wi l l b e r em ov e d o n c e t h e c o m m a n d p r om p t i s cl o se d .

50 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

P A C KA G ES

A p a c k a g e i s a c ol l e c t i o n of cl a sse s t h a t c a n b e i m p o rt e d i nt o o t h e r p r o g r a m s. A p a c k a g e wo r k s si m i l a r t o a l i b r a r y wh i c h i s a c o l l e c t i o n of c l a sse s. T h e s e c l a sse s c a n b e i m p o r t e d a n d u se d i n o t h e r J av a p r o g r am s. T o c r e a t e a p a c k a g e a s u b d i r e c t o r y i s r e q u i r e d . T h e n a m e o f t h e p a c k a g e wi l l b e t h e n a m e of t h e su b d i r e c t o r y . T o m a k e a c l a ss b e l o n g i n g t o a p a c k a g e , t h e p a c k a g e n a m e sh o u l d b e sp e c i f i e d a s t h e f i r st st a t em e n t i n t h e p r o g r am . Ex: d:\> sa m p a c k D p1 A . j av a B . j av a

f:\> sa m p a c k F p2 C . j av a D . j av a

e:\> core p a c k . j av a / / c o n t a i n s m ai n ( ), i m p or t s A , B, C , D

W e sh o u l d se t t h e cl a ssp a t h b e f o r e c om pi l i n g t h e p a c k a g e s. j av a D : \ > S E T C L A S S PA T H= % cl a ssp a t h % ; d : \ sa m p a c k D ; f : \ sa m p a c k F ; // filename : package p1; public class A { public void display() { System.out.println("Display } } // filename : package p1; public class B { public void display() { System.out.println("Display from B"); } }
51 SATEESH N

A.java

// placed in d:\sampackD\p1\A.java

from

A");

B.java

// placed in d:\sampackD\p1\B.java

SATEESH N

// filename :

C.java

// placed in f:\sampackF\p2\C.java package p2; public class C { public void display() { System.out.println("Display from C"); } } // filename : D.java

// placed in f:\sampackF\p2\D.java package p2; public class D { public void display() { System.out.println("Display from D"); } }

// //

filename : pack.java this class contains the main( ) , this can be placed any where // import the selected class // import all the classes

import p1.A; import p1.B; import p2.*;

class pack { public static void main(String args[]) { A a = new A(); B b = new B(); C c = new C(); D d = new D(); a.display(); b.display(); c.display(); d.display(); } }

Out put: Display Display Display Display from from from from A B C D

52

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

T h e f ol l o wi n g a r e t h e l i st of som e p r e d e f i n e d p a c k a g e s wh i c h wi l l b e i n st a l l ed wi t h J D K . j av a . l a n g : T h i s p a c k a g e c o n t ai n s t h e i m p o rt a n t cl a sse s l i k e sy st e m , st r i n g , i nt e g e r , o bj e c t et c . , t h i s pa c k a g e wi l l b e i m p o r t e d i n t o ev e ry j av a p r o g r am b y d ef a ul t . : C o n t a i n s cl a sse s f o r I / P an d O / P. : AW T st a n d s f o r A b st r a c t W i n d o ws T o o l ki t , c o n t ai n s c l a sse s f o r G UI . : F o r n et wo r k i n g . : C o n t ai n s c l a sse s f o r m a n a g i n g d a t a b a se t r a n sa c t i o n s. : C o n t ai n s c l a sse s f o r m a n g e i n g d a t e s, c o l l e ct i o n s e t c . ,

j av a . i o j av a . a wt j av a . n e t j av a . sq l j av a . u t i l

j av a . a p p l et : F o r a p p l et m a n a g em e n t .

Object Class

: I t i s d e f i n e d i n j av a . l a n g p a c k a g e . W h e n ev er we c r e a t e a c l a s s wh i c h d o e s n o t i n h e r i t a n y o t h e r cl a ss b y d e f a u l t i n h e r i t s t h e o b j e c t cl a ss i . e . , o b j ec t c l a ss i s t h e su p e r c l a ss f o r a l l t h e cl a sse s. I n J av a o n l y t h e O bj e c t c l a ss wi l l n o t h av e a su p e r c l a ss. F o r a l l t h e r em a i ni n g cl a sse s t h e O b j e ct cl a ss b e c o m e s t h e su p e r c l a ss. class O bj e c t { } class A { } class B extends A { }

Ex:

O b j e ct A B

O b j e ct cl a ss i s c o n t a i n i n g t h e f ol l o wi n g m e t h o d s : p u b l i c i n h a sh C o d e ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e u n i q u e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n f o r e a c h i n st a n c e of t h e c l a ss. 2000 S Ex: st u d e n t s = new st u d e n t ( ); 10 Sateesh 2000 k = s; K

2000
b o o l e a n e q u a l s( o b j e c t o b j ) : C om p a r e s t h e h a sh c o d e s o f b ot h t h e o bj e c t s a n d r e t u r n s t r u e i f b o t h a r e e q u a l , o t h e r wi se f al se . 3000 t Ex: st u d e n t t = new st u d e n t ( ) ; 20 Sanju

3000

s ! = t;

53

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

S t ri n g t o S t ri n g ( ) : n a m e of t h e c l a ss.

R e t u r n s t h e h a sh c o d e i n t h e h e x a d e c i m al f o rm a t p r ef i x e d wi t h

E x a m p l e : ObjClas_hashcode_equals . j a v a class student { int sno=10; }

String sname="Sateesh";

class ObjClas_hashcode_equals { public static void main(String args[]) { student s = new student(); student t = new student(); student r = s; System.out.println("S Hash code: System.out.println("T Hash code: System.out.println("R Hash code: System.out.println(); if(s.equals(t)) System.out.println("S and T are equal"); else System.out.println("S and T are not equal"); if(s.equals(r)) System.out.println("S and R are equal"); else System.out.println("S and R are not equal"); System.out.println(); System.out.println(s.toString()); System.out.println(t.toString()); System.out.println(r.toString()); System.out.println(); System.out.println(s); System.out.println(t); System.out.println(r); } } // calls System.out.println(s.toString()); Out put: S Hash code: T Hash code: R Hash code: 3541984 4565111 3541984 "+s.hashCode()); "+t.hashCode()); "+r.hashCode());

S and T are not equal S and R are equal student@360be0 student@45a877 student@360be0 student@360be0 student@45a877 student@360be0

T h e t o St r i n g f u n c t i o n c a n b e ov e r ri d d e n i n a n y c l a ss t o r i d d e n a n y u sef u l i nf o rm at i o n .

54

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

E x a m p l e : Objclass_toString. j a v a class student { int sno; String sname; int tfee; student(int sno, String sname, int tfee) { this.sno = sno; this.sname = sname; this.tfee = tfee; } public String toString() { String str = sno+" return str; } } class Objclass_toString { public static void main(String args[]) { student s = new student(10,"Sateesh",1500); student t = new student(20,"Sanju",1000); student r = new student(30,"Raj ",1200); System.out.println(s); System.out.println(t); System.out.println(r); } } // calls s.toString() Out put: 10 20 30 Sateesh 1500 Sanju 1000 Raj 1200 //overridden "+sname+" "+tfee;

Cloning :
Sometimes it is necessary to copy objects so that we can manipulate the data within it without destroying the original object. Thus after editing the object (e.g., file or record) we still be able to cancel and revert back to a saved version. In JAVA, copying of objects is called cloning. In fact, the copy( ) method is called clone( ) in JAVA. So, to clone in JAVA means to make a local copy of an object. JAVA has a clone( ) method which can be used for copying any object. There are two basic kinds of copying strategies: shallow copying and deep copying. Shallow Copying : In order to use this method, we simply have to implement the Cloneable interface in our class: class Student implements Cloneable { - - - - } Since clone( ) is a general method, it has a return type of Object. So we need to type-cast the result. The clone( ) method is declared in Object to throw the CloneNotSupportedException, so we need to handle this error.

55

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

The clone( ) method is declared in Object as protected. So by default, we can only use the clone( ) method in its own class or one of its superclasses. If we want to make a publicly available clone( ) method, we have to write our own (more later). Oddly enough, most classes in the standard JAVA library are not Cloneable. If you try to clone a noncloneable object (such as an Integer object), then you'll get a compile error. The basic clone( ) method in Object checks if the class (subclass) is cloneable. If not, it throws a CloneNotSupportedException. This form of cloning is called a shallow copy. Here, the object is cloned but the objects within it are not (i.e. shared with the original). What does that mean ? Well if the copied object contains inner parts, these inner parts are still shared !!! So we may not really have a completely separated copy. Hence, the elements of the original are shared with the copy. It is a little bit like two people having different straws but sharing the same contents of a drink. A clone( ) method MUST: have a return type of Object take no parameters call super.clone(); handle or throw a CloneNotSupportedException

Here is what the clone( ) method for Student may look like:: public Object clone() { try { return super.clone(); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e ) { throw new Error("This should never happen!"); } }

Example : Shallow_clone_Ex1.java class Marks { int datacommunications; int networks; int cryptography; void accept(int dc, int net,int cryp) { datacommunications = dc; networks = net; cryptography = cryp; } void display() { System.out.println("Marks:: "); System.out.println("DataCommunications: "+datacommunications); System.out.println("NetWorks : "+networks); System.out.println("CryptoGraphy : "+cryptography); } }
56 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

class Student implements Cloneable { int sno=50; String sname = "SATEESH"; Marks m = new Marks(); { // worked as consturctor sno = 100; sname = "sateesh"; } public Object clone() { try { return super.clone(); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e ) { throw new Error("This should never happen!"); } } } public class Shallow_clone_Ex1 //implements Cloneable { public static void main(String [] args) { Student obj_one = new Student (); System.out.println("Before clone Contents in obj_one: "); System.out.println("sno: "+obj_one.sno+" "+"Name: "+obj_one.sname); obj_one.m.accept(40,38,46); obj_one.m.display(); // copying contents of obj_one into obj_two Student obj_two = (Student)obj_one.clone(); System.out.println("After System.out.println("sno: obj_one.m.display(); System.out.println("After System.out.println("sno: obj_two.m.display(); clone Contents in obj_one: "+obj_one.sno+" "+"Name: clone Contents in obj_two: "+obj_two.sno+" "+"Name: "); "+obj_one.sname); "); "+obj_two.sname);

System.out.println("Modifying obj_two..... "); obj_two.sno = 200; obj_two.sname = "Kumar"; obj_one.m.accept(44,44,44); System.out.println("Modified obj_two. "); // Values of Inner Object " m " of class Marks gets change in both objects // obj_one and obj_two, because they share same memory locations. System.out.println("After modified obj_two Contents in obj_one: "); System.out.println("sno: obj_one.m.display(); "+obj_one.sno+" "+"Name: "+obj_one.sname);

System.out.println("After modified obj_two Contents in obj_two: "); System.out.println("sno: "+obj_two.sno+" "+"Name: "+obj_two.sname); obj_one.m.display(); } }
57 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

Output : Before clone Contents in obj_one: sno: 100 Name: sateesh Marks:: DataCommunications : 40 NetWorks : 38 CryptoGraphy : 46 After clone Contents in obj_one: sno: 100 Name: sateesh Marks:: DataCommunications : 40 NetWorks : 38 CryptoGraphy : 46 After clone Contents in obj_two: sno: 100 Name: sateesh Marks:: DataCommunications : 40 NetWorks : 38 CryptoGraphy : 46 cont. . . Modifying obj_two..... Modified obj_two. After modified obj_two Contents in obj_one: sno: 100 Name: sateesh Marks:: DataCommunications : 44 NetWorks : 44 CryptoGraphy : 44 After modified obj_two Contents in obj_two: sno: 200 Name: Kumar Marks:: DataCommunications : 44 NetWorks : 44 CryptoGraphy : 44

Deep Copying : A Deep Copy attempts to make a completely separate copy of an object by copying its internal parts as well.

There are some problems when doing a deep copy of a composite object: You must assume that the elements of the composite object have clone() methods that also do a deep copy of their components , and so on ... Essentially, you must control all of the code in all of the classes, or at least know enough about the classes to be sure that their deep copies are performed properly.

Example : Deep_clone_Ex1.java

copy constructors and static factory methods provide an alternative to clone, and are much easier to implement Copy constructors : provide an attractive alternative to the rather pathological clone method are easily implemented simply extract the argument's data, and forward to a regular constructor are unnecessary for immutable objects

58

SATEESH N

Ex c e p t io n H an d l in g

SATEESH N

A n Ex c e p t i o n i s a n e r r o r t h a t o c c u r s i n t h e r u n t i m e of a p r o g r a m (i . e . , a n ex c e p t i o n i s a R u n t i m e e r r o r ) . I n t h e p r o g r am m i n g l a n g u a g e wh i c h d o e s n o t s u p p o r t e x c e p t i o n h a n d l i n g , e r r or s a r e t o b e c h e c k e d m a n u a l l y u si n g e r r or c o d e s a n d e r r o r m e ssa g e s. I n j av a w h e n e v e r a n ex c e p t i o n o c c u r s, a n o b j e c t r e p r e se n t i n g t h a t e x c e p t i o n wi l l b e c r e a t e d a n d wi l l b e t h r o wn . A n e x c e p t i o n m u st b e h a n d l e d u si n g t h e j av a ex c e p t i o n h a n d l i n g ke y wo r d s. T h e r e a r e 5 k e y wo r d s : 1. try, 2. catch, 3 . t h ro w , 4. f i n al l y , 5 . th r o w s .

All the statements that are to be executed should be given in a try block . Whenever an exception occurs an object representing that exception will created and will be thrown. A thrown exception must be caught using catch block . Each catch can handle one type of exception. Here's the general form of these statements: try { statement(s) } catch (exceptiontype name) { statement(s) } finally { statement(s) } E x a m p l e : TryCatch. j a v a class TryCatch { static int arr[]={10,20,30}; public static void main(String args[]) { display(2); // to display the 3rd element display(1); display(5); display(0); } static void display(int n) { try { System.out.println("Value is : "+arr[n]); } catch(ArithmeticException ex) { System.out.println("Arithmetic Error"); } catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { System.out.println("Invalid element no."); } catch(ArrayStoreException ex) { System.out.println("Invalid array"); } } }
59

Out put: Value is : 30 Value is : 20 Invalid element no. Value is : 10

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

Exceptions are of two types: Compiler-enforced exceptions, or checked exceptions : Checked exception are those which the Java compiler forces you to catch. e.g. IOExceptions are checked Exceptions. Runtime exceptions, or unchecked exceptions : Runtime exceptions are those exceptions that are thrown at runtime because of either wrong input data or because of wrong business logic etc. These are not checked by the compiler at compile time. Difference between Error and Excepiton : An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. These JVM errors and you can not repair them at runtime. While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will take place if you try using a null reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving user a feedback for entering proper values etc.). There are two ways to handle exceptions, 1. By wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the exceptions. and 2. List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the method hadle those exceptions. L i s t o f p r e d e fi n ed E x c e p ti o n s : I n j av a a l l t h e e x c e p t i o n n am e s o r c l a s se s t h e f o l l o wi n g a r e t h e g e n e r a l e x c e p t i o n s t h a t a r e av ai l a b l e i n t h e j av a . l a n g p a c k a g e . 1 . A ri t hm et i c Ex c e p t i o n : T hi s e x c e p t i o n o cc u r s w h e n e v e r a d iv i si o n b y 0 ( z e r o ) o c c u r s i n t h e p r og r a m .

2 . A r r a y I n d ex O u t O f B o u n d sE x c e p t i o n : T r yi n g t o a c c e ss a n e l e m e n t f r om a n a r r a y b e y on d t h e a r r a y si z e . 3 . A rr a y S t o r e Ex c e p t i o n : I nv al i d a ssi g n m e n t t o a n el em e n t i n a a r r a y . 4 . Cl a ssN o t F o u n d E x c e p t i o n : T h e sp e c i f i ed c l a ss i s n o t av ai l a b l e i n t h e r u n t i m e . 5 . Cl a ssC a st E x c e p t i o n : I nv al i d t y p e c a st i n g .

6 . N ul l P o i n t e rEx c e p t i o n : I nv al i d u se o f NU L L r e f e r e n c e v ar i a bl e . 7 . N um b e r F o rm a t Ex c e p t i o n : I nv al i d c o n v e r si o n f r om st ri n g d a t a t o n um e ri c d a t a .

8 . Ex c e p t i o n : Ex c e p t i o n i s t h e su p e r c l a ss f o r al l t h e ex c e p t i o n s. T hi s c l a ss c a n b e u se d t o h a n d l e a l l t h e u n sp e c i f i e d ex c e p t i o n s i n t h e p r o g r am . T h r o w i n g a n E x c e p ti o n : W e c a n a l so t h r o w s a n e x c e p t i o n u si n g t h e t h r o w k ey wo r d . W e c a n t h r o w a p r e d e f i n e d ex c e p t i o n o r a n u se r d e f i n e d e x c e pt i o n . W e g e n e r al l y t h r o w e x c e p t i o n s wh e n e v e r a c o n d i t i o n i s no t sa t i sf i e d et c . ,

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E x a m p l e : TryThrowCatch.java // T h i s p r o g r a m t h r o ws a p r e d e f i n e d ex c e p t i on a n d su c h e x c e p t i o n wi l l b e h a n d l e d in the m ain( ) . class TryThrowCatch { static void f1(int n) { if(n == 0) throw new ArithmeticException(); else if( n < 0 ) throw new NegativeArraySizeException(); else System.out.println("OK"); } public static void main(String args[]) { try Out put: { f1(2); OK f1(5); OK f1(0); Arithmetic Error Occured } catch(ArithmeticException ex) { System.out.println("Arithmetic Error Occured"); } catch(NegativeArraySizeException ex) { System.out.println("Invalid size for Array"); } } } i n s t a n c eo f k e y wo r d : t h e g i v e n o bj e c t . T h i s o p e r a t o r i s u se d f o r i d e n t i f yi n g t h e t y p e of t h e cl a ss f o r

E x a m p l e : i n s t a n c eo f K W . j a v a class instanceofKW { static void f1(int n) { if(n == 0) throw new ArithmeticException(); else if( n < 0 ) throw new NegativeArraySizeException(); else System.out.println("OK"); } public static void main(String args[]) { try Out put: { OK f1(2); OK f1(5); Arithmetic Error Occured f1(0); } catch(Exception ex) {
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if(ex instanceof ArithmeticException) System.out.println("Arithmetic Error Occured"); else if(ex instanceof NegativeArraySizeException) System.out.println("Invalid Array size"); } } } f i n a l l y bl o c k : T h e f i n al l y b l o ck c a n b e gi v e n i m m e di a t el y af t e r t h e t r y b l o c k o r af t e r a l l t h e c a t c h b l o c k s. T h e f i n al l y b l o c k i s a l wa y s e x e c u t e d wh e t h e r o r n o t a n e x c e p t i on i s t h r o wn i n t h e p r o g r am . Ex: try( ) { } f i n al l y( ) { } try( ) { } catch( ) { } catch( ) { } f i n al l y( ) { } t h r o w s k e y wo r d : W h e n ev e r f u n ct i o n sh o u l d b e p l a c e d i n a t r y t h e c o r r e sp o n d i n g E x c e p t i o n . I f sp e c i f y t h a t ex c e p t i o n n am e u si n g Ex: a f u n c t i on i s s u p p o se d t o t h r o w a n e x c e p t i o n t h e b l o c k at t h e t i m e of c al l i n g i t a n d we sh o u l d h a n d l e d o e sn t r e q u i r e d t o h a n d l e t h e e x c e p t i o n we c a n t h e t h r ow s k e y w o r d .

---cl a ss d i sp l a y { p u b l i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St ri n g a r g s[ ] ) t h r o ws E x c e p t i o n ---}

The throws Clause The throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException clause in the method header tells the compiler that we know this exception may occur and if it does, the exception should be thrown to the caller of this method instead of crashing the program. The throws clause is placed after the parameter list and before the opening brace of the method. If more than one type of checked exception needs to be declared, separate the class names with commas. If an exception is always handled using the throws clause, then eventually the exception will propagate all the way back to the main method of the application. If the main method throws the exception and the exception actually occurs while the program is running, then the program will crash. T h r o w i n g a n u s e r d e f i n e d e x c e p t i o n : T o c r e a t e a n u se r e x c e p t i o n , c r e a t e a c l a ss t h a t ex t e n d s t h e ex c e p t i o n cl a ss. T h e ex c ep t i o n cl a ss e x t e n d s t h e t h r o wa b l e c l a ss. T h r o wa b l e Exception U se r D e f i n e d Ex c e p t i o n A n i n st a n c e of t h e u se r e x c e p t i o n c a n b e t hr o wn u si n g t h e t h r o w k e y wo r d .
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Example : UserDefException.java / / I n t h e f ol l o wi n g p r o g r a m t h e f u n ct i o n f 1 ( ) t a k e s a n i n t e g e r a r g um e n t a n d t h r o w s e i t h e r m y ex c e p t i o n 1 o r m y ex c e p t i o n 2 d e p e nd i n g o n v a ri o u s c o n d i t i o n s. class MyException1 extends Exception { String msg; MyException1() { msg = "First Exception Occured"; } public String toString() { return msg; } } class MyException2 extends Exception { String msg; MyException2() { msg = "Second Exception Occured"; } public String toString() { return msg; } } class UserDefException { static void f1(int n) throws MyException1,MyException2 { if(n==0) throw new MyException1(); else if(n<0) throw new MyException2(); else System.out.println("OK"); } public static void main(String args[]) { try Out put: { OK f1(3); OK f1(2); Second Exception Occured f1(-2); } catch(MyException1 ex) { System.out.println(ex); // calls ex.toString() } catch(MyException2 ex) { System.out.println(ex); // calls ex.toString() } } }
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S t r in g Ha n d l in g
String Class : T h e S t r i n g c l a ss i s u se d f o r m a n a g i n g st r i n g d a t a . I t i s c o n t a i n i n g c o n st r u c t o r s a n d m e t h o d s t o d e a l wi t h t h e st r i n g d a t a. C o n s t r u c to r s : S t ri n g ( ) : C r e a t e s a st r i n g wi t h o u t a n y d a t a . S t ri n g ( c h a r a r r [ ] ) : C r e a t e s a st r i n g wi t h ch a r a c t e r s i n t h e gi v e n a r r a y. Ex: c h a r a rr [ ] = { a , b , c } ; St r i n g st r = n e w S t r i n g ( a r r ); arr st r a b c

abc

S t ri n g ( S t ri n g st r ) : C r e a t e s a st ri n g f r om a n o t h e r st r i n g . Methods : i n t l e n g t h ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e l e n g t h of t h e st r i n g . c h a r c h a r A t ( i nt i n d e x ) : R e t u r n s t h e c h a r ac t e r a t t h e sp e c i f i e d i n d ex . Ex: S t ri n g st r = T e st i n g ; S y st e m . o u t . p ri n t l n ( st r . l e n g t h ( ) ); 7 S y st e m . o u t . p ri n t l n ( st r . c h a r A t ( 3 ) ) ; t B o o l e a n e q u a l s( S t r i n g s2 ) : I f t h e c u r r e n t st r i n g i s s1 , s1 wi l l b e c o m p a r e d wi t h s2 a n d r e t u r n s t r u e i f b o t h a r e e q u a l , o t h e r wi se f al se . Ex: S t ri n g s1 = a b c ; S t ri n g s2 = n e w S t ri n g ( a b c ) ; S t ri n g s3 = s1 ; i f ( s1 = = s2 ) i f ( s1 = = s3 ) true i f ( s3 = = s1 ) i f ( s1 . e q u a l s( s2 ) t r u e i f ( s1 . e q u a l s( s3 ) ) t r u e i f ( s2 . e q u a l s( s3 ) ) t r u e b o o l e a n e q u a l sI g n o r e C a s e ( se n si t i v e n e ss. String s2 ) : Com pares the st r i n g s wi t h o u t case f al se , b e c a u se = = o p e ra t o r c om p a r e s wi t h t h e r ef e r e n c e s i . e , h a sh c o d e s

i n t c om p a r e T o ( S t r i n g s2 ) : I f c u r r e n t st r i n g i s s1 , s 1 wi l l c om p a r e wi t h s2 a n d r e t u r n s a v al u e f r om t h e f ol l o wi n g t a bl e . return value < 0 > 0 = 0 if s1 < s1 s1 > s2 s1 . e q u a l s( s2 ) = = t r u e

c o m p a ri si o n d e p e n d i n g o n A S CI I v al u e s. S t ri n g t o U p p e r C a se ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e st r i n g t o t h e u p p e r c a se .
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N o t e : I n a n y of t h e st r i n g f u n c t i o n s t h e so u r c e wi l l n o t b e m o d i f i e d. O n l y t h e r e t u rn v al u e c o t ai n s t h e m o d i f i e d d a t a . Ex: S t ri n g st 1 = H e l l o ; S t ri n g st 2 = st 1 . t o U p p e r C a se ( ) ; S y st e m . o u t . p ri n t l n ( st 1 ) ; S y st e m . o u t . p ri n t l n ( st 2 ) ; H el l o HE L L O N o c h a n g e i n so u r c e M o d i f i e d v al u e

S t ri n g t o L o we r C a se ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e st ri n g t o t h e l o we r c a se . S t ri n g t ri m ( ) : R em ov e s t h e l e a d i n g a n d t r ai l i n g sp a c e s. Ex: st 1 = abc xyz ; st 2 = st 1 . t ri m ( ) ; abc

xyz

b o o l e a n st a r t sW i t h ( St ri n g st ) : b o o l e a n e n d sW i t h ( S t ri n g st ) : Ex:

C om p a r e s t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d e n d i n g p o r t i o n s of t h e S t ri n g .

St ri n g st = T hi s i s t o t e st ; i f ( st . st a r t sW i t h ( T hi s ) ) i f ( st . e n d sW i t h ( T e st ) ) Both are true.

S t ri n g su b st r i n g ( i n t st a r t I n d e x , i nt e n d I n d e x ) : st a r t i n d ex t o e n d i n d e x - 1 .

Ex t r a ct s a p o r t i o n o f t h e st r i n g f r om

S t ri n g su b st r i n g ( i n t st a r t I n d ex ) : Ex t r a c t s f r om st a r t i n d ex t o e n d i n g of t h e st r i n g . i n t i n d ex O f ( ) : Ex : public class ReverseTester { public static String reverse( String data ) { String rev = new String(); for ( int j=data.length()-1; j >= 0; j-- ) rev += data.charAt(j); return rev; } public static void main ( String[] args ) { System.out.println( reverse( "Hello" ) ); } } /* When the input is "Hello" six Strings are constructed (including the first, empty String) because each time the following statement executes, a new String is created: rev += data.charAt(j); As the statement starts to execute, rev refers to a String. The concatenation operator "+" creates a new String with one more character on the end. The new String reference is assigned to rev (the old String is now garbage).
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This is fine for programs that do a moderate amount of character manipulation. But such abundant construction of objects will slow down a program that does a great deal of character manipulation. Such programs are word processors, compilers, assemblers, data base programs, and many others. */

S t ri n g B uf f er : d by app en di n g a c h ar a r r ay, a e r m a ni pul at i on. C o n str u c to r s :

A S t ri ng B uf f er o b j e ct h ol ds a S t ri n g of c h ara c t e r s t h a t c a n b e c ha n g e c ha r ac t er s at t he end a n d by i nse r t i ng c har a c t er s. Ho wev er , unl i k e S t ri n gB uf f er c om e s wi t h m a ny m et h od s c o nv eni e nt f or c h a r a c t A St ri ng Buf f er aut om ati cal l y g r ows i n l eng t h as n e ed ed.

p u bl i c St ri n gBuf f er () p u bl i c St ri n gBuf f er (i nt c ap aci t y ):

c r e at e an em pt y St ri n gB uf f er c r e at e a St ri n gB uf f e r wi t h i ni t i al r oom f o r c ap aci t y c ha ra ct er s

p u bl i c St ri n gBuf f er (S tri ng st )

c r e at e a St ri n gB uf f e r c ont ai ni n g t he c h ar acte r s f rom st

U su al l y, i f p r og r am ex ec ut i o n sp e e d i s a c o nc er n, y o u sh o ul d dec l ar e a S t ri ngB uf f er t o be j ust som ewha t l ar ger t han y ou m i ght need . T hi s d oe sn ' t waste m uc h sp a c e a nd put s f e w d em a nd s o n t he r u n-t ime sy st em . A s wi t h a rr ay s, St ri n gB uf f er i nd ex es st art a t 0 an d g o u p t o l en gt h- 1. Som e S t ri n gBuf f er m et h od s ar e:

M e th o d s : S t ri n gBuf f er ap pe nd ( c ha r c ) : A p pe nd c t o t h e e nd of t h e St ri n gBuf f er

S t ri n gBuf f er ap pe nd ( i nt i ) : Co nv ert i t o c har ac t er s, t h en ap pe nd t hem t o t h e e n d of t h e St ri n gB uf f er , sam e f o r ot h er prim i t iv e d at a t y pe s. S t ri n gBuf f er ap pe nd ( St ri n g s ) : S t ri n g Buf f er. i nt ca paci t y () : A p pe nd t h e c h ar act er s i n s t o t h e e nd of t he

R et u rn t h e c ur re nt ca pa cit y (c ap aci t y wi ll gro w a s n e ed ed ).

c h ar c har At ( i nt i nd ex ) : G et t he c ha r act er a t i nd ex . S t ri n gBuf f er i n se rt ( i nt i nd ex , c ha r c ) : I nse rt ch ar act er c at i n dex ( ol d c ha ra ct er s m ov e ov er t o m ak e r oom ). S t ri n gBuf f er i n se rt ( i nt i nd ex , St ri ng st ): I n sert c h ar act er s f r om st st art i ng at po si ti o n i . S t ri n gBuf f er i nse r t ( i nt i nd ex , i nt i ) : a t i nd ex , sam e f or ot her d at a t y p es i nt l e ngt h( ) : StringBuffer reverse() : Conv er t i t o c har ac t er s, t hen i nser t t hem st ar t i ng

R et u rn t h e n um b er of c har ac t er s. R ev erse t he or de r of t he c h ar act er s. S e t t h e c har ac t er at i n dex t o c.

v oi d se t C ha rAt ( i nt i nd ex , c h ar c ) : S t ri n g t o St ri ng () :

R et u rn a St ri n g o bj ect c ont ai ni n g t he c ha ra ct e r s i n t h e St ri n gBuf f er.

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// In this version of reverse(), only two new objects are created: the StringBuffer and the String object that is returned to the caller. public class ReverseTester_St_Buf { public static String reverse( String data ) { StringBuffer temp = new StringBuffer(); for ( int j=data.length()-1; j >= 0; j-- ) temp.append( data.charAt(j) ); return temp.toString(); } public static void main ( String[] args ) { System.out.println( reverse( "Hello" ) ); } }

Data Conversions : public class DataTypeConverter { public static void main(String artgs[]) { // Converting int to string int my_int = 3; // approach 1 String my_str = Integer.toString(my_int); System.out.println("int to String (1): "+my_str); // approach 2 String my_str2 = ""+my_int; System.out.println("int to String (2): "+my_str2); // Converting string to int String str; str = "25"; // approach 1 int i =Integer.parseInt(str); System.out.println("String to int (1): // approach 2 i = Integer.valueOf(str).intValue(); System.out.println("String to int (2):

"+i); o u tp u t : "+i); int to int to String String String String String String (1): String (2): to int (1): to int (2): to long : to float : to double : 3 3 25 25 25 25.6 25.6

// Converting string to long long l = Long.valueOf(str).longValue(); System.out.println("String to long : "+l); // Converting string to float str = "25.6"; float f = Float.valueOf(str).floatValue(); System.out.println("String to float : "+f); // Converting string to double double d = Double.valueOf(str).doubleValue(); System.out.println("String to double : "+d); } }
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IO Management
What is a a stream? Java programs perform I/O operations through streams. A stream is a sequence of data that flow from a source to destination. i.e., producing or consuming the information. A stream is linked to a physical device by the java I/O system. The physical device may be keyboard, memory, disk file, network socket or console.

Input to a java program : A java program can consume input from a key board, memory, a disk file or a network socket. To bring in information, a program opens a stream on an information source (a file, memory, a socket) and reads the information sequentially, as shown here:

Output from a java program : A java program can produce output on a console, memory, a disk file or a network socket. Similarly, a program can send information to an external destination by opening a stream to a destination and writing the information out sequentially, like this:

No matter where the data is coming from or going to and no matter what its type, the algorithms for sequentially reading and writing data are basically the same :

Reading

Writing

--> open a stream --> open a stream --> while more information --> while more information read information write information --> close the stream --> close the stream All of the streams--readers, writers, input streams, and output streams--are automatically opened when created. You can close any stream explicitly by calling its close method. Or the garbage collector can implicitly close it, which occurs when the object is no longer referenced.

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There are two kinds of streams :

Byte Streams and Character Streams.

The java.io package contains a collection of stream classes ( InputStream and OutputStream classes, Reader and Writer classes ) that support these algorithms for reading and writing. To use these classes, a program needs to import the java.io package. Character Streams versus Byte Streams Prior to JDK 1.1, the input and output classes (mostly found in the java.io package) only supported 8bit byte streams. The concept of 16-bit Unicode character streams was introduced in JDK 1.1. While byte streams were supported via the java.io.InputStream and java.io.OutputStream classes and their subclasses, character streams are implemented by the java.io.Reader and java.io.Writer classes and their subclasses. Most of the functionality available for byte streams is also provided for character streams. The methods for character streams generally accept parameters of data type char parameters, while byte streams, you guessed it, work with byte data types. The names of the methods in both sets of classes are almost identical except for the suffix, that is, character-stream classes end with the suffix Reader or Writer and bytestream classes end with the suffix InputStream and OutputStream. For example, to read files using character streams, you would use the java.io.FileReader class; for reading it using byte streams you would use java.io.FileInputStream. Unless you are working with binary data, such as image and sound files, you should use readers and writers (character streams) to read and write information for the following reasons: They can handle any character in the Unicode character set (while the byte streams are limited to ISOLatin-1 8-bit bytes). They are easier to internationalize because they are not dependent upon a specific character encoding. They use buffering techniques internally and are therefore potentially much more efficient than byte streams. Bridging the Gap Between Byte and Character Streams To bridge the gap between the byte and character stream classes, JDK 1.1 and JDK 1.2 provide the java.io.InputStreamReader and java.io.OutputStreamWriter classes. The only purpose of these classes is to convert byte data into character-based data according to a specified (or the platform default) encoding. For example, the static data member "in" in the "System" class is essentially a handle to the Standard Input (stdin) device. If you want to wrap this inside the java.io.BufferedReader class that works with character-streams, you use InputStreamReader class as follows: BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); character Streams : Reader and Writer are the abstract parent classes for character-stream based classes in the java.io package. As discussed above, Reader classes are used to read 16-bit character streams and Writer classes are used to write to 16-bit character streams. The following figure shows the class hierarchies for the Reader and Writer classes.

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byte Streams : To read and write 8-bit bytes, programs should use the byte streams, descendants of InputStream and OutputStream. InputStream and OutputStream provide the API and partial implementation for input streams (streams that read 8-bit bytes) and output streams (streams that write 8-bit bytes). These streams are typically used to read and write binary data such as images and sounds. Two of the byte stream classes, ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream, are used for object serialization.

The following figure shows the class hierarchies for the InputStream and OutputStream classes.

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Using the Streams The following table lists java.io's streams and describes what they do. Note that many times, java.io contains character streams and byte streams that perform the same type of I/O but for different data types.

I/O Streams
Type of I/O Streams Description

CharArrayReader Use these streams to read from and write to memory. You create CharArrayWriter these streams on an existing array and then use the read and ByteArrayInputStream write methods to read from or write to the array. ByteArrayOutputStream
Memory

Pipe

Use StringReader to read characters from a String in memory. Use StringWriter to write to a String. StringWriter collects the StringReader characters written to it in a StringBuffer, which can then be StringWriter converted to a String. StringBufferInputStream StringBufferInputStream is similar to StringReader, except that it reads bytes from a StringBuffer. PipedReader Implement the input and output components of a pipe. Pipes are PipedWriter used to channel the output from one thread into the input of PipedInputStream another. PipedOutputStream FileReader FileWriter FileInputStream FileOutputStream
N/A Collectively called file streams, these streams are used to read from or write to a file on the native file system.

File

Concatenation

SequenceInputStream
N/A

Concatenates multiple input streams into one input stream.

Object Serialization

ObjectInputStream ObjectOutputStream N/A DataInputStream DataOutputStream

Used to serialize objects.

Data Conversion

Read or write primitive data types in a machine-independent format.

Counting

LineNumberReader Keeps track of line numbers while reading. LineNumberInputStream PushbackReader PushbackInputStream PrintWriter PrintStream BufferedReader BufferedWriter BufferedInputStream BufferedOutputStream FilterReader FilterWriter FilterInputStream FilterOutputStream
These input streams each have a pushback buffer. When reading data from a stream, it is sometimes useful to peek at the next few bytes or characters in the stream to decide what to do next. Contain convenient printing methods. These are the easiest streams to write to, so you will often see other writable streams wrapped in one of these. Buffer data while reading or writing, thereby reducing the number of accesses required on the original data source. Buffered streams are typically more efficient than similar nonbuffered streams and are often used with other streams. These abstract classes define the interface for filter streams, which filter data as it's being read or written.

Peeking Ahead

Printing

Buffering

Filtering

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Converting between Bytes and Characters

InputStreamReader OutputStreamWriter

A reader and writer pair that forms the bridge between byte streams and character streams. An InputStreamReader reads bytes from an InputStream and converts them to characters, using the default character encoding or a character encoding specified by name. An OutputStreamWriter converts characters to bytes, using the default character encoding or a character encoding specified by name and then writes those bytes to an OutputStream. You can get the name of the default character encoding by calling System.getProperty("file.encoding").

StreamTokenizer : A class used to parse the input streams called StreamTokenizer. Note that the StreamTokenizer class is NOT a subclass of InputStream. used to parse the stream of input. StreamTokenizer is a utility class

F i l e : Files and directories are accessed and manipulated through the java.io.File class. Note: the File class does not provide for I/O. Rather it is often used in the arguments for the file I/O class methods. C o n s t ru c t o r : F i l e ( S t ri n g p a t h n am e ) : The file instance can be created with a path name. Allows separate specification of the path and the file name.

File(String parent,String child) : Methods :

l o n g l e n g t h ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e l e n g t h of t h e f i l e. I t r et u r n s 0 i f f i l e i s n o t av ai l a bl e . b o ol e a n i sD i r e ct o r y ( ) : R eturns true if the File object refers to a directory. It returns false if it refers to a regular file or if no file with the given name exists.. b o ol e a n i sF i l e ( ) : R e t u r n s t r u e i f t h e g i v en p a t h r e p r e se n t s a f i l e o t h e r wi se f al se . b o ol e a n d e l e t e ( ) : D el e t e s t h e f i l e o r d i r e ct o r y , i f i t e x i st s.

b o ol e a n e x i st s( ) : R eturns true if the file named by the File object already exists. You could use this method if you wanted to avoid overwriting the contents of an existing file when you create a new FileWriter. b o ol e a n l i st ( ) : If the File object refers to a directory, this function returns an array of type String[] containing the names of the files in this directory. Otherwise, it returns null.

boolean canRead( ) : Method asks if the file is readable. boolean setReadOnly( ) : Makes the file property to read only. Example : f i l el e n . j a v a

/ / t o f i n d t h e l e n g t h of t h e f i l e import java.io.*; class FileLength { public static void main(String args[]) {

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try { String fname = "d://sateesh_inputfile.java"; File f = new File(fname); System.out.println( fname +" file size: "+f.length()); } catch(Exception ex) { if(ex instanceof FileNotFoundException) { System.out.println("File not found, give existing filename"); } } Out put: d://sateesh_inputfile.java file size: 13662

} }

ByteArrayInputStream : A ByteArrayInputStream is a stream whose data comes from a byte array. None of the methods of this class throw an IOException because the data comes from an array instead of an actual I/O device. This class does not support the ability to mark a position in the stream. A call to reset(), however, does position the stream at the beginning of the byte array. The position of the end of the stream depends on the constructor used. Consturctors : ByteArrayInputStream(byte[] buffer) : array. This constructor is used, the end of the stream is the end of the byte

ByteArrayInputStream(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length): stream is reached at the index given by offset+length.

This constructor is used, the end of the

ByteArrayOutputStream : This class implements an output stream in which the data is written into a byte array. The buffer automatically grows as data is written to it. Constructors : public ByteArrayOutputStream( ) : Creates a new byte array output stream.

public ByteArrayOutputStream(int size) : Creates a new byte array output stream. The buffer capacity is initially 32 bytes, though its size increases if necessary. Example: import import import import ByteArrayIOStreams.java

java.lang.System; java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; java.io.IOException;

public class ByteArrayIOStreams { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { ByteArrayOutputStream outStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); String s = "This is a test."; for(int i=0;i<s.length();++i) outStream.write(s.charAt(i));
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OutPut : System.out.println("outstream: " + outStream); System.out.println("size: " + outStream.size()); outstream: This is a test. size: 15 ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(outStream.toByteArray()); inStream has 15 available bytes 15 bytes were read They are: This is a test. int inBytes = inStream.available(); System.out.println("inStream has " + inBytes + " available bytes");

byte inBuf[] = new byte[inBytes]; int bytesRead = inStream.read(inBuf, 0, inBytes); System.out.println(bytesRead + " bytes were read" ); System.out.println("They are: " + new String(inBuf)); } }

CharArrayReader : The CharArrayReader class represents a stream whose data comes from a character array. This class is similar to ByteArrayInputStream, but it deals with a Java character stream rather than a byte stream. Furthermore, this class supports marking a position in the stream, which ByteArrayInputStream does not. The position of the end of the stream depends on the constructor used. Consutrctors : public CharArrayReader(char[] buf) : character array. This constructor is used, the end of the stream is the end of the

public CharArrayReader(char[] buf, int offset, int length) : stream is reached at the index given by offset+length.

This

constructor is used, the end of the

CharArrayWriter : The CharArrayWriter class represents a stream whose data is written to an internal character array. This class is similar to ByteArrayOutputStream, but it operates on an array of Java characters instead of a byte array. The data from a CharArrayWriter can be sent to another Writer using the writeTo( ) method. A copy of the array can be obtained using the toCharArray() method. Constructors: public CharArrayWriter( ) : This constructor creates a CharArrayWriter with an internal buffer that has a default size of 32 characters. The buffer grows automatically as data is written to the stream. public CharArrayWriter(int initialSize) : This constructor creates a CharArrayWriter with an internal buffer that has a size of initialSize characters. The buffer grows automatically as data is written to the stream. Example: CharArrayIOReadWrite.java import import import import java.lang.System; java.io.CharArrayReader; java.io.CharArrayWriter; java.io.IOException;

public class CharArrayIOReadWrite { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { CharArrayWriter out = new CharArrayWriter();
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String s = "This is a test."; for(int i=0;i<s.length();++i) out.write(s.charAt(i)); System.out.println("outstream: "+out); System.out.println("size: "+out.size()); CharArrayReader in; in = new CharArrayReader(out.toCharArray());

output :
int ch=0; StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(""); while((ch = in.read()) != -1) sb.append((char) ch); s = sb.toString(); System.out.println(s.length()+" characters were read"); System.out.println("They are: "+s); } } outstream: This is a test. size: 15 15 characters were read They are: This is a test.

StringReader : The StringReader class is useful when you want to read data in a String as if it were coming from a stream, such as a file, pipe, or socket. For example, suppose you create a parser that expects to read tokens from a stream. But you want to provide a method that also parses a big string. You can easily add one using StringReader. Constructors : public StringReader(String s) : This constructor creates a StringReader that uses the given String as its data source. The data is not copied, so changes made to the String affect the data that the StringReader returns. Methods : read( ) : This method returns the next character from the string. The method cannot block. ready( ) : If there is any data left to be read from the string, this method returns true. StringWriter : The StringWriter class is useful if you want to capture the output of something that normally sends output to a stream, such as a file or the console. A PrintWriter wrapped around a StringWriter competes with StringBuffer as the easiest way to construct large strings piece by piece. While using a StringBuffer is more efficient, PrintWriter provides more functionality than the normal append() method used by StringBuffer. Constructors : public StringWriter( ) : This constructor creates a StringWriter with an internal buffer that has a default size of 16 characters. The buffer grows automatically as data is written to the stream. Public StringWriter( int initialSize ) : This constructor creates a StringWriter with an internal buffer that has a size of initialSize characters. The buffer grows automatically as data is written to the stream. Methods : public void write(int c) : expanded. This method writes the given value into the internal buffer. If the buffer is full, it is

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public void write(String str) : This method copies the characters of str into this object's internal buffer. If the internal buffer is full, it is expanded. public StringBuffer getBuffer( ) : This method returns a reference to the StringBuffer object that is used in this StringWriter. Example : StringReadWrite.java import import import import java.lang.System; java.io.StringReader; java.io.StringWriter; java.io.IOException;

public class StringReadWrite { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { StringWriter outStream = new StringWriter(); String s = "This is a test."; for(int i=0;i<s.length();++i) outStream.write(s.charAt(i)); System.out.println("outstream: "+outStream); System.out.println("size: "+outStream.toString().length()); StringReader inStream = new StringReader(outStream.toString()); int ch=0; StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(""); while((ch = inStream.read()) != -1) sb.append((char) ch); s = sb.toString();

Output :

outstream: This is a test. size: 15 15 characters were read System.out.println(s.length()+" characters were read"); They are: This is a test. System.out.println("They are: "+s); } }

F i l eI n p u tS t r e a m : T hi s c l a ss i s u se d f o r o p e n i n g a f i l e i n t h e i n p u t m o d e a n d a l l o w s u s t o r e a d t h e c o n t e n t s of t h e f i l e . C o n s t r u c to r : F i l e I n p u t St r e am ( St ri n g f i l e n a m e ) t h r o ws F i l e N o t F o u n d E x c e pt i o n : Opens the giv en f i l e i n t h e i n p u t m o d e . I f t hi s f i l e c a n t b e o p e n e d t h e F i l e N o t F o u n d Ex c e p t i o n wi l l be t h r o wn . Methods : i n t r e a d ( ) t h r o ws I O Ex c e p t i o n : R e a d s a c h a r a c t e r f r om t h e f i l e a n d r e t u r n s t h e A S C I I v al u e of t h a t c h a r a c t e r . I t r e t u r n s 1 o r EO F . v oi d cl o se ( ) t h r o ws I O Ex c e p t i o n : Cl o se s t h e o p e n e d f i l e.

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F i l eO u t p u t S t r e a m : data into the file. C o n s t r u c to r :

Opens a f ile

i n t h e o u t p u t m o d e , wh i c h a l l o ws u s t o wr i t e t h e

F i l e O ut p u t S t r e am ( S t ri n g f i l e n am e ) t h r o ws I O E x c e pt i o n : This constructor FileOutputStream that sends its output to the file named by the specified String. F i l e O ut p u t S t r e am ( F i l e f i l e o b j e c t ) t h r o ws I O Ex c e p t i o n : This FileOutputStream that sends its output to the file represented by the specified File. Methods: constructor

creates

creates

void write( int val ) throw IOException : This method writes a byte containing the low-order eight bits of the given value to the output stream. write( ) : Takes an ASCII value and writes the given character into the file. void close( ) throws IOException : This method closes this file output stream and releases any resources used by it. E x a m p l e : FileIP_OPStreams.j a v a / / T h i s p r o g r a m t a k e s a f i l e n a m e , o p e n s t h a t f i l e a n d d i sp l a y s t h e c o n t e n t s o f f i l e o n c o n so l e . import java.io.*; class FileIP_OPStreams { public static void main(String args[]) { try { String in_fname = "d://sateesh_inputfile.txt"; String out_fname = "d://sateesh_outputfile.txt"; FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(in_fname); FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(out_fname); int ch = fin.read(); // to read 1st character Out put: This sample file is created for testing io streams. fileinputstreamreader, fileoutputstreamreader, bufferedreader etc.,

while(ch != -1) // while(ch != EOF) { // Displaying on console System.out.print( (char) ch); // Wrinting into output file fout.write(ch); ch = fin.read(); } fin.close(); fout.close(); } catch(FileNotFoundException ex) { System.out.println("File not found"); }
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// read remaining characters

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catch(IOException ex) { System.out.println("Read/Write Error"); } } }

FileReader : FileReader stream is used to read character data from text files. It is a subclass of InputStreamReader that uses a default buffer size (8192 bytes) to read bytes from a file and the default character encoding scheme to convert the bytes to characters. If you need to specify the character encoding or the buffer size, wrap an InputStreamReader around a FileInputStream. Constructors : public FileReader(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException This constructor creates a FileReader that gets its input from the file named by the specified String. public FileReader(File file) throws FileNotFoundException: This constructor creates a FileReader that gets its input from the file represented by the specified File. FileWriter : FileWriter stream is used to write character data into text files. It is a subclass of OutputStreamWriter that uses a default buffer size (8192 bytes) to write bytes to a file and the default character encoding scheme to convert characters to bytes. If you need to specify the character encoding or the buffer size, wrap an OutputStreamWriter around a FileOutputStream. Constructors : public FileWriter(String fileName) throws IOException: output to the file named by the specified String. This constructor creates a FileWriter that sends its

public FileWriter(String fileName, boolean append) throws IOException : This constructor creates a FileWriter that sends its output to the named file. If append is true, the stream is positioned at the end of the file, and data is appended to the end of the file. Otherwise, if append is false, the stream is positioned at the beginning of the file, and any previous data is overwritten. Example : CopyFile.java

The following CopyFile program uses FileReader and FileWriter to copy the contents of a file named sateesh_inpufile.txt into a file called sateesh_outputfile.txt : The read( ) method obtains one character at a time from the File. (For the host system this will correspond to one byte at a time.)

import java.io.*; public class CopyFile { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { try { File inputFile = new File("D://sateesh_inputfile.txt "); File outputFile = new File("D://sateesh_outputfile.txt "); FileReader in = new FileReader(inputFile); FileWriter out = new FileWriter(outputFile); int c;
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while ((c = in.read()) != -1) out.write(c); in.close(); out.close(); System.out.println("One file is copied. (D://sateesh_outputfile.txt)"); } catch(FileNotFoundException ex) { System.out.println("File not found"); } Output : One file is copied. (D://sateesh_outputfile.txt)

} }

S e q u en c e I n p u tS t r e a m : sources. C o n s t r u c to r s :

The SequenceInputStream creates a single input stream from multiple input

SequenceInputStream(InputStream s1, InputStream s2) : This constructor creates a SequenceInputStream that reads first from s1 and then from s2. SequenceInputStream(Enumeration e) : This constructor creates a SequenceInputStream that reads from each of the InputStream objects in the given Enumeration. Each object in the Enumeration must be an InputStream.

This example program, Concatenate, uses SequenceInputStream to implement a concatenation utility that sequentially concatenates files together in the order they are listed. E x a m p l e : Concatenate_SeqIS_Ex1.java import import import import import java.io.FileInputStream; java.io.FileNotFoundException; java.io.IOException; java.io.InputStream; java.io.SequenceInputStream;

public class Concatenate_SeqIS_Ex1 { public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException { String filelist[] = {"D://sateesh_file1.txt","D://sateesh_file2.txt"}; InputStream is1 = new FileInputStream(filelist[0]); InputStream is2 = new FileInputStream(filelist[1]); try { SequenceInputStream s = new SequenceInputStream(is1,is2); int c; while ((c = s.read()) != -1) { System.out.write(c); } s.close(); }
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catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Concatenate: " + e); } } } E x a m p l e : Concatenate_SeqIS_Ex2.java import import import import import import import java.io.FileInputStream; java.io.FileNotFoundException; java.io.IOException; java.io.InputStream; java.io.SequenceInputStream; java.util.Enumeration; java.util.Vector;

Output :
File name: sateesh_fiel1.txt

This sample file is created for testing io streams. inputstreamreader, outputstreamreader, bufferedreader etc.,
File name: sateesh_fiel2.txt

public class Concatenate_SeqIS_Ex2 { public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException { String filelist[] = {"D://sateesh_file1.txt","D://sateesh_file2.txt"}; Vector vfilelist = new Vector(); InputStream is1 = new FileInputStream(filelist[0]); InputStream is2 = new FileInputStream(filelist[1]); vfilelist.add(is1); vfilelist.add(is2); Enumeration e = vfilelist.elements(); try { SequenceInputStream s = new SequenceInputStream(e); //SequenceInputStream s = new SequenceInputStream(vfilelist.elements()); int c; while ((c = s.read()) != -1) System.out.write(c); s.close(); } catch (IOException ex) { System.err.println("Concatenate: " + e); } } } Data Stream Classes : A problem with the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes is that they only work at the byte level. What do you do when you need to read integers, write floating-point values, and read or write some other non-byte value from/to a file? The answer is to use Java's DataInputStream and DataOutputStream classes. As with the buffered stream classes, the data stream classes are designed so that their objects can be chained to other streams. However, you can only chain data stream objects to byte-oriented streams. For example, you can chain a data input stream to a FileInputStream object and call the data input stream's methods to read integer, floating-point, and other data items, but you cannot directly chain a data input stream object to a FileReader object. Output :
Same as above program

red green blue yellow black

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DataInputStream : portable way.

DataInputStream allows you to read lines of text and Java primitive data types in a

Deprecated: This method does not properly convert bytes to characters. As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to read lines of text is via the BufferedReader.readLine( ) method. Programs that use the DataInputStream class to read lines can be converted to use the BufferedReader class by replacing code of the form: DataInputStream d = new DataInputStream(in); with: BufferedReader d = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in)); C o n s t r u c to r : public DataInputStream(InputStream in) : from, or wraps, the given input stream. This constructor creates a DataInputStream object that reads

D a t a O u tp u t St r e a m : DataOutputStream allows you to write lines of text and Java primitive data types in a portable way. DataOutputStream provides simple methods to write primitive data-types out to any output stream, whether it be the user console, a network connection, or a file. C o n s tu r c t o r s : public DataOutputStream(OutputStream out) : as its underlying stream. Data Type boolean byte c h a r , st r i n g double float int long sh o r t st r i n g Method wr i t e B o o l e a n ( b o o l e a n v ) ; wr i t e B y t e (i n t v ); wr i t e B y t e s( S t ri n g s) ; wr i t e C h a r ( i n t v ); wr i t e C h a r s( S t r i n g s) ; wr i t e D o u b l e ( d o u b l e v ) ; wr i t e F l o a t (f l o a t v ); wr i t e I n t (i n t v ); wr i t e L o n g ( l o n g v ); wr i t e S h o r t ( i nt v ); wr i t e U T F ( St ri n g st r ) ; This constructor creates a DataOutputStream that uses out

Java also provides a corresponding DataInputStream, which will allow you to read data back. This means you can write a data structure out to a disk or network connection, and read it back at a later date. Example: DataIOStreams.java import java.io.*; public class DataIOStreams { public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException { // write the data out
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DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream ("D://invoice1.txt")); double[] sal = { 6000.00, 7700.00, 8600, 8000.00, 12000.00 }; int[] dept = { 12, 8, 13, 29, 50 }; String[] employees = { "Sateesh", "Ravi Kumar", "Srinivas", "Kishore", "Varma" }; System.out.println("Writing..........."); System.out.println("Salary DeptNo EmployeeName"); for (int i = 0; i < employees.length; i ++) { Output : System.out.print(sal[i]); Writing........... out.writeDouble(sal[i]); Salary DeptNo System.out.print(" "); 6000.0 12 out.writeChar('\t'); 7700.0 8 System.out.print(dept[i]); 8600.0 13 out.writeInt(dept[i]); 8000.0 29 System.out.print(" "); 12000.0 50 out.writeChar('\t'); Reading........... System.out.print(employees[i]); Salary DeptNo out.writeChars(employees[i]); 6000.0 12 System.out.println(); 7700.0 8 out.writeChar('\n'); 8600.0 13 } 8000.0 29 out.close(); 12000.0 50 System.out.println("Reading..........."); System.out.println("Salary DeptNo EmployeeName"); // read it in again DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream ("D://invoice1.txt")); double salary; int deptno; StringBuffer employee; double total = 0.0; try { while (true) { salary = in.readDouble(); System.out.print(salary); System.out.print(in.readChar()); // throws out the tab deptno = in.readInt(); System.out.print(deptno); System.out.print(in.readChar()); // throws out the tab char chr; employee = new StringBuffer(20); while ((chr = in.readChar()) != '\n') employee.append(chr); System.out.println(employee.toString()); } } catch (EOFException e) { } in.close(); } }
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EmployeeName Sateesh Ravi Kumar Srinivas Kishore Varma EmployeeName Sateesh Ravi Kumar Srinivas Kishore Varma

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Reading lines from the file : f ol l o wi n g 2 cl a sse s a r e u se d . 1 . I n p u t S t r e am R e a d e r , BufferedReader : t h e st r i n g f o rm a t . Constructors :

I n o r d e r t o r e a d l i n e f r om a n y i n p u t st r e a m t h e

2 . B uf f e r e d R e a d e r .

T h e B uf f er e d R e a d e r , b u f f e r s t h e c h a r a c t e r s a n d c o n v e r t s t h em i n t o

public BufferedReader(Reader in) : This constructor creates a BufferedReader that buffers input from the given Reader using a buffer with the default size of 8192 characters. public BufferedReader(Reader in, int sz) : This constructor creates a BufferedReader that buffers input from the given Reader, using a buffer of the given size. Methods : S t ri n g r e a d L i n e ( ) t h r o ws I O Ex c e p t i o n : R e a d s a l i n e ( S t r i n g ) f r om gi v e n i n p u t st r e a m or null if the end of the stream has been reached. I n p u t St r e a m R e a d e r : T h e I n p u r S t r e am R e a d e r , r e a d s t h e d a t a f ro m t h e g i v e n i n p u t st r e a m i n t h e b y t e f o rm a t a n d c o nv er t s i n t o t h e c h a r a c t e r f o rm a t . i . e . , t he I n p u t S t r e am R e a d e r c o nv e r t s t h e d a t a f r om t h e b y t e st r e a m s t o c h a r a c t e r st r e a m s. This class is used to bridge the gap between a Reader, and an InputStream. InputStreamReader is a reader that can be connected to any InputStream - even filtered input streams such as DataInputStream, or BufferedInputStream. Here's an example that shows InputStreamReader in action. // Connect a BufferedReader, to an InputStreamReader which is connected to an InputStream called 'in'. BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader ( new InputStreamReader ( in ) ); You can do the same with an OutputStream to a Writer (OutputStreamWriter). C o n s t r u c to r s : public InputStreamReader(InputStream in) : This constructor creates an InputStreamReader that gets its data from in and translates bytes to characters using the system's default encoding scheme. public InputStreamReader(InputStream in, String enc) throws UnsupportedEncodingException : This construc-tor creates an InputStreamReader that gets its data from in and translates bytes to characters using the given encoding scheme. / / f i l e n a m e : ISR_BR_ReadLineNos.j a v a / / t o a c c e p t a f i l e n a m e a s c o m m a n d l i n e a r g u m e n t a n d t o d i sp l a y t h e c o n t e n t s o f f i l e a l o n g wi t h t h e l i n e n o s. import java.io.*; class ISR_BR_ReadLineNos { public static void main(String args[]) {
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try { String fname = "D://sateesh_inputfile.txt"; FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(fname); InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(fin); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr); // BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(fname))); //this statement can be used instead of above 3 lines String str = br.readLine( ); int n = 0; while( str != null) { n++; System.out.println(n+": "+str); str = br.readLine(); } br.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: } } } BufferedInputStream : The BufferedInputStream's contribution to its attached stream is the addition of a buffer, or cache, to the stream. This has the effect of improving the performance of some input streams, especially those bound to slower sources like a file or network connection. You can specify the size of the buffer used by BufferedInputStream when it is created or accept the default of 2048 bytes. It then intercepts your calls to the read methods and attempts to satisfy your request with data in its buffer. If the data in the buffer is not sufficient, a read to the next input stream in the chain is done to fill the buffer and return the data requested. LineNumberReader : A buffered character-input stream that keeps track of line numbers. A line is considered to be terminated by any one of a line feed ('\n'), a carriage return ('\r'), or a carriage return followed immediately by a linefeed. Consturctors : LineNumberReader Reader) : Create a new line-numbering reader, using the default input-buffer size. Create a new line-numbering reader, reading characters into a buffer Out put: 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: This sample file is created for testing i/o streams. InputStreamReader, OutputStreamReader, BufferedReader etc.,

"+ex);

LineNumberReader (Reader, int) : of the given size. Methods :

setLineNumber( ) : This method enable you to set the internal line number count maintained by LineNumberInputStream. getLineNumber( ) : This method enable you to get the internal line number count maintained by LineNumberInputStream. readLine( ) : This method is used to read a line of text. read( ) : This method is used to read single character. skip( ) : This method is used to skip number of characters.
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Example : import import import import import

LineNumberReader_Ex1.java

Output : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

java.lang.System; java.io.LineNumberReader; java.io.FileReader; java.io.BufferedWriter; java.io.IOException;

This file is created for testing io streams. fileinputstreamreader, fileoutputstreamreader, bufferedreader etc.,

public class LineNumberReader_Ex1 { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { FileReader inFile = new FileReader("D://sateesh_inputfile.txt"); LineNumberReader inLines = new LineNumberReader(inFile); String inputLine; while ((inputLine=inLines.readLine()) != null) { System.out.println(inLines.getLineNumber()+". "+inputLine); } } }

R e a d i n g l i n e s f r o m t h e k e y b o a r d : T o r e a d l i n e s f r om t h e k e y b o a r d t h e sy st e m . i n sh o u l d b e a t t a t c h e d t o t h e B uf f e r e d R e a d e r . Example : // ISR_BR_ReadLines. j a v a

t o a c c e p t 5 l i n e s f r om t h e k e y b o a r d a n d d i sp l a y t h em i n t h e r ev e r se o r d e r .

import java.io.*; class ISR_BR_ReadLines { public static void main(String args[]) { try { InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(isr); // BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); int i; String arr[] = new String[5]; System.out.println("Enter 5 strings:\n"); for(i=0;i<5;i++) arr[i] = stdin.readLine(); System.out.println(); for(i=4;i>=0;i--) System.out.println(arr[i]); }
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Out put : Enter 5 strings: Red Green Blue Yellow Black Black Yellow Blue Green Red

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catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: } } }

"+ex);

PrintWriter : The PrintWriter class provides support for writing string representations of primitive data types and can be attatched to any output stream for writing line by line into the stream. PrintWriter uses the system's default encoding scheme to convert characters to bytes. PrintWriter also uses the system's own specific line separator, rather than the newline character, for separating lines of text. This line separator is equivalent to the value returned by: System.getProperty("line.separator") Constructors : public PrintWriter(OutputStream out) : This constructor creates a PrintWriter object that sends output to the given OutputStream. The constructor creates the intermediate OutputStreamWriter that converts characters to bytes using the default character encoding. public PrintWriter(OutputStream out, boolean autoFlush) : This constructor creates a PrintWriter object that sends output to the given OutputStream. The constructor creates the intermediate OutputStreamWriter that converts characters to bytes using the default character encoding. If autoFlush is true, every time a println( ) method is called, the PrintWriter object calls its flush( ) method. This behavior is different from that of a PrintStream object, which calls its flush() method each time a line separator or newline character is written. Methods: void print(String str) throws IOException : This method writes the given String to the underlying output stream. If String is null, the method writes "null". void println(String str) throws IOException : This method writes "true" to the underlying output stream if b is true, otherwise it writes "false". In either case, the string is followed by a line separator. void write(String str) throws IOException : This method writes the given String to the underlying output stream. The method does this by calling write(s, 0, s.length) for the underlying output stream and catching any exceptions that are thrown. If necessary, the method blocks until the String is written. Example : PrintWriter_KB.java

/ / t o a c c e p t 5 l i n e s f r om t h e k e y b o a r d a n d sa v e t h em i n t h e f i l e sa t e e sh _ o u t p u t f i l e . t x t (f i l e n am e ). import java.io.*; class PrintWriter_KB { public static void main(String args[]) { try { //key board BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader (System.in) ); //output PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream("D://sateesh.txt"));
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for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) { System.out.print("Enter:

"); //read from key board Output :

String str = stdin.readLine(); out.println(str); }

//write into out, i.e, into file Enter: red Enter: green Enter: blue Enter: yellow Enter: black File Created..

stdin.close(); out.close(); System.out.println("File Created.."); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("error:"+ex); } } }

Example:

Co p y F i l e _ P W . j a v a

/ / t o c o p y d a t a f r om t h e 1 st f i l e t o 2 n d f i l e import java.io.*; class CopyFile_PW { public static void main(String args[]) { try { // console i.e. system.out // keyboard BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); // reading filename System.out.print ("Enter source file name: "); String sourcefname = stdin.readLine(); System.out.print("Enter target file name: "); String targetfname = stdin.readLine(); // open the 1st file in input mode BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(sourcefname))); // open the target file in output mode PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream(targetfname)); // start reading from source and copy each line to the targer String str = in.readLine(); // from the source file while(str!=null) { out.println(str); // write into targer str = in.readLine(); } in.close(); out.close();
87

Output : Enter source file name: D://sateesh_inputfile.txt Enter target file name: D://sammm.txt Copied
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System.out.println("Copied"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: } } }

"+ex);

PrintStream : We have actually been using the PrintStream filter in many programs. The System.out and System.err objects are FileOutputStreams that use a PrintStream filter. This filter adds the capability to force the attached stream to be flushed every time a newline (\n) character is written. It also provides several overloaded versions of print() and println() that write each of the primitive data types to the attached stream as strings. In addition, each of the println() methods also append a newline to each object written. Piped Stream Classes Threads are often required to communicate. A technique that is often used by threads wishing to communicate involves piped streams. The idea behind piped streams is to connect a piped output stream to a piped input stream. Then, one thread writes data to the piped output stream and another thread reads that data by way of the piped input stream. Although there are no synchronization problems with piped streams, those streams have limited sizes. As a result, a writing thread could write more output to a piped output stream than that stream can accommodate, and the excess output would be lost. To prevent that from happening, the reading thread must be responsive. To support piped streams, Java supplies the PipedInputStream, PipedReader, PipedOutputStream, and PipedWriter classes in its standard class library. (Those classes are located in the java.io package.) CAUTION Deadlock might occur if a single thread uses a piped output stream connected to a piped input stream, and performs both writing and reading operations on that stream. PipedReader / PipedWriter : The PipedReader / PipedWriter class represents half of a communication pipe; a PipedReader must be connected to a PipedWriter. When the two halves of a communication pipe are connected, data written to the PipedWriter can be read from the PipedReader. The communication pipe formed by a PipedReader and a PipedWriter should be used to communicate between threads. If both ends of a pipe are used by the same thread, the thread can hang. PipedReader : Constructors : public PipedReader(PipedWriter src) throws IOException : receives data from the given PipedWriter. Methods : public void connect(PipedWriter src) throws IOException : This method connects the given PipedWriter to this PipedReader object. If there is already a connected PipedWriter, an exception is thrown. public int read( ) throws IOException : Reads the next character of data from this piped stream. This constructor creates a PipedReader that

88

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PipedWriter : Constructors : public PipedWriter(PipedReader sink) : given PipedReader. Methods : public void connect(PipedReader sink) throws IOException : This method connects this PipedWriter object to the given PipedReader. If this PipedWriter or sink is already connected, an exception is thrown. public void write(int c) throws IOException : Example: PipedThreads.java import java.io.*; class MyThread extends Thread { private PipedReader pr; private PipedWriter pw; MyThread (String name, PipedReader pr, PipedWriter pw) { super (name); this.pr = pr; this.pw = pw; } public void run () { try { if (getName ().equals ("src")) { for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++) pw.write ("src " + " A" + i + "\n"); // src writes pw.close (); } else { int item; while ((item = pr.read ()) != -1) System.out.print ((char) item); pr.close (); } } catch (IOException e) { } } } class PipedThreads { public static void main (String [] args) throws IOException {
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This constructor creates a PipedWriter that sends data to the

Writes the specified char to the piped output stream.

// dst reads

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PipedWriter pw = new PipedWriter (); PipedReader pr = new PipedReader (pw); MyThread mt1 = new MyThread ("src", pr, pw); MyThread mt2 = new MyThread ("dst", pr, pw); mt1.start (); try { Thread.sleep (2000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } mt2.start (); } }

Output : src src src src src src src src src src src src src src src A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14

Filter Streams FilterInputStream is the base class for all the input stream filters. This class does not make any modifications to the attached stream, but merely provides the chaining functionality that will be exploited by its subclasses. The FilterInputStream is attached to an input stream by passing the input stream to the filter stream's constructor. FilterReader : FilterWriter :

PushbackReader : The PushbackReader class represents a character stream that allows data to be pushed back into the stream. In other words, after data has been read from a PushbackReader, it can be pushed back into the stream so that it can be reread. This functionality is useful for implementing things like parsers that need to read data and then return it to the input stream. PushbackReader is the character-oriented equivalent of PushbackInputStream. When you create a PushbackReader object, you can specify the number of characters that you are allowed to push back; the default is one character. Constructors : public PushbackReader(Reader in) : This constructor creates a PushbackReader that reads from the given Reader, using a pushback buffer with the default size of one byte. public PushbackReader(Reader in, int size) : This constructor creates a PushbackReader that reads from the given Reader, using a pushback buffer of the given size. Methods : public void unread(int c) throws IOException : buffer. ObjectInputStream : ObjectOutputStream : This method puts the given character into the pushback

90

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RandomAccessFiles : The RandomAccessFile class reads data from and writes data to a file. The file is specified using a File object or a String that represents a pathname. Both constructors take a mode parameter that specifies whether the file is being opened solely for reading, or for reading and writing. Each of the constructors can throw a SecurityException if the application does not have permission to access the specified file using the given mode. Unlike FileInputStream and FileOutputStream, RandomAccessFile supports random access to the data in the file; the seek() method allows you to alter the current position of the file pointer to any location in the file. RandomAccessFile implements both the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces, so it supports reading and writing of all the primitive data types. Constructors : public RandomAccessFile(File file, String mode) : This constructor creates a RandomAccessFile to access the specified File in the specified mode. public RandomAccessFile(String name, String mode) : This constructor creates a RandomAccessFile to access the file with the specified name in the specified mode. Methods : getFilePointer( ) : This method returns the current position in the file. The position is the offset, in bytes, from the beginning of the file where the next read or write operation occurs. seek( ) : This method sets the current file position to the specified position. The position is the offset, in bytes, from the beginning of the file where the next read or write operation occurs. readBoolean( ) : This method reads a byte as a boolean value from the file. A byte that contains a zero is read as false. A byte that contains any other value is read as true. The method blocks until the byte is read, the end of the file is encountered, or an exception is thrown. public final void writeBoolean(boolean v): If v is true, this method writes a byte that contains the value 1 to the file. If v is false, the method writes a byte that contains the value 0. read( ) : This method reads the next byte from the file. The method blocks until the byte is read, the end of the file is encountered, or an exception is thrown. write( ) : This method writes the low-order eight bits of b to the file as a byte . RandomAccessFile implements both the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces, so it supports reading and writing of all the primitive data types. Example : RandomAccessFile_Ex1.java import java.lang.System; import java.io.RandomAccessFile; import java.io.IOException; public class RandomAccessFile_Ex1 { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("D://sateesh_inputfile.txt","rw"); file.writeBoolean(true); Output : file.writeInt(123456); file.writeChar('j'); 123456 file.writeDouble(1234.56); j file.seek(1); 1234.56 System.out.println(file.readInt()); true System.out.println(file.readChar()); System.out.println(file.readDouble()); file.seek(0); System.out.println(file.readBoolean()); file.close(); } }
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StreamTokenizer : The StreamTokenizer class performs a lexical analysis on an InputStream object and breaks the stream into tokens. Although StreamTokenizer is not a general-purpose parser, it recognizes tokens that are similar to those used in the Java language. A StreamTokenizer recognizes identifiers, numbers, quoted strings, and various comment styles. By default, a StreamTokenizer recognizes the following: Whitespace characters between '\u0000' and '\u0020' Alphabetic characters from 'a' through 'z', 'A' through 'Z', and '\u00A0' and '\u00FF'. Numeric characters '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '0', '.', and '-' String quote characters "'" and "'" Comment character "/" Constructors : public StreamTokenizer(Reader in) : Reader. Methods : public void commentChar(int ch) : This method tells this StreamTokenizer to treat the given character as the beginning of a comment that ends at the end of the line. The StreamTokenizer ignores all of the characters from the comment character to the end of the line. By default, a StreamTokenizer treats the '/' character as a comment character. This method may be called multiple times if there are multiple characters that begin comment lines. To specify that a character is not a comment character, use ordinaryChar(). public int nextToken() throws IOException : This method reads the next token from the stream. The value returned is the same as the value of the variable ttype. The nextToken() method parses the following tokens: TT_EOF TT_EOL The end of the input stream has been reached. The end of a line has been reached. The eolIsSignificant() method controls whether endof-line characters are treated as whitespace or returned as TT_EOL tokens. A number has been parsed. The value can be found in the variable nval. The parseNumbers() method tells the StreamTokenizer to recognize numbers distinct from words. A word has been parsed. The word can be found in the variable sval. This constructor creates a StreamTokenizer that reads from the given

TT_NUMBER TT_WORD

Quoted string A quoted string has been parsed. The variable ttype is set to the quote character, and sval contains the string itself. You can tell the StreamTokenizer what characters to use as quote characters using quoteChar( ). Character A single character has been parsed. The variable ttype is set to the character value.

public void ordinaryChar(int ch) : This method causes this StreamTokenizer to treat the given character as an ordinary character. This means that the character has no special significance as a comment, string quote, alphabetic, numeric, or whitespace character. For example, to tell the StreamTokenizer that the slash does not start a single-line comment, use ordinaryChar('/'). public void pushBack( ) : This method has the effect of pushing the current token back onto the stream. In other words, after a call to this method, the next call to the nextToken() method returns the same result as the previous call to the nextToken()method without reading any input.
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public void slashSlashComments(boolean flag) : By default, a StreamTokenizer does not recognize double-slash comments. However, if you call slashSlashComments(true), the nextToken() method recognizes and ignores double-slash comments. public void slashStarComments(boolean flag) : By default, a StreamTokenizer does not recognize slash-star comments. However, if you call slashStarComments(true), the nextToken() method recognizes and ignores slash-star comments. public void wordChars(int low, int hi) : This method causes this StreamTokenizer to treat characters in the specified range as characters that are part of a word token, or, in other words, consider the characters to be alphabetic. A word token consists of a sequence of characters that begins with an alphabetic character and is followed by zero or more numeric or alphabetic characters. public void quoteChar(int ch) : This method tells this StreamTokenizer to treat the given character as the beginning or end of a quoted string. By default, the single-quote character and the double-quote character are string-quote characters. When the parser encounters a string-quote character, the ttype variable is set to the quote character, and sval is set to the actual string. The string consists of all the characters after (but not including) the string-quote character up to (but not including) the next occurrence of the same string-quote character, a line terminator, or the end of the stream. To specify that a character is not a string-quote character, use ordinaryChar(). Example: import import import import import java.lang.System; java.io.StreamTokenizer; java.io.InputStreamReader; java.io.BufferedReader; java.io.IOException; Output : Word: DOB : encountered. Word: Date - encountered. Number: 3.0 Word: Month - encountered. Number: 10.0 Word: Year - encountered. Number: 1979.0 EOF encountered.

public class StreamTokenizer_Ex1 { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { BufferedReader inData = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); StreamTokenizer inStream = new StreamTokenizer(inData); inStream.commentChar('#'); boolean eof = false; do { int token=inStream.nextToken(); // Parse according to input token switch(token) { case StreamTokenizer.TT_EOF: System.out.println("EOF encountered."); eof = true; break; case StreamTokenizer.TT_EOL: System.out.println("EOL encountered."); break; case StreamTokenizer.TT_WORD: System.out.println("Word: "+inStream.sval); break; case StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER:System.out.println("Number: "+inStream.nval); break; default: System.out.println((char) token+" encountered."); if(token=='!') eof=true; } } while(!eof); } }
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Zip Stream Classes

Did you know that Java makes it easy to read and write Zip files? Zip support manifests itself in the standard class library by way of the ZipInputStream and ZipOutputStream filter stream classes, and other classes that (along with ZipInputStream and ZipOutputStream) are part of the java.util.zip package. By using those classes, it is possible to create a command-line version of the popular WinZip utility.

In t e g e r c la ss :
p u b l i c st a t i c i n t p a r se I n t ( S t r i n g st r ) t h r o w s N u m b e r F o rm at Ex c e pt i o n T h e p a r se I n t f u n c t i o n av ai l a b l e i n t h e i nt e g e r c l a ss t a k e s a st r i n g a n d c o n v e rt s i n t o t h e n um e r i c f o rm a t . / / f i l e n am e : i n t e cl a s . j a v a / / t o a cc e p t 2 n um b e r s f r om t h e k e y b o a r d a n d d i sp l a y t h e t o t al .

i m p o r t j av a. i o. * ; i m p o r t j av a. l a n g . *; c l a ss i n t e c l a s { p u b l i c st a t i c v o i d m ai n ( S t ri n g a r g s[ ] ) { try { // key board B uf f e r e d R e a d e r st d i n = n e w B uf f e r e d Re a d e r ( n e w I n p u t S t r e a m R e a d e r ( S y st em . i n ) ); S t ri n g st r ; i nt a , b, c ; S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "E n t e r a n um b e r : ") ; st r = st d i n . r e a d L i n e ( st r ); a = I nt e g e r . p a r se I n t ( st r ) ; S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "E n t e r a n o t h e r : " ) ; st r = st d i n . r e a d L i n e ( st r ); b = I nt e g e r . p a r se I n t ( st r ) ; c = a + b; S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "T o t al i s : "+ c ); } c a t c h ( N um b e rF o rm a t Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( " C o nv e r si o n f i n al " ); } c a t c h (I O Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "E r r o r : "+ ex ); } } }
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Out put: E:\Core>javac inteclas.java E:\Core>java inteclas

Enter a number : 10 Enter another : 20 Total is : 30

E:\Core>

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M U L T I T H R E AD I N G : O n e of t h e m ai n a dv a n t a g e i n j av a p r o g ra m m i n g i s, i t su p p o r t s m u l t i t h r e a d e d p r o g r a m s. A m u l t i t h r e a d e d p r o g r a m i s p r o g r a m t h a t c o n t a i n s 2 o r m o r e p a rt s t h a t r u n s c o n c u r r e n t l y. E a c h p a rt of a p r o g r am i s c a l l e d a t h r e a d . M u l t i t h r e a di n g e n a b l e s u s t o r u n m u l t i p l e pa r t s o f t h e p r o g r am at t h e sa m e t i m e . Creating a Thread : I n j av a a t h r e a d c a n be c r e a t e d i n 2 wa y s. i . u si n g t h e T h r e a d cl a ss i i . U si n g R u nn a b l e i nt e rf a c e

i . T h r e a d c l a ss : T h r e a d c l a s s i s t h e m a i n c l a s s t o m a n a g e a l l t h e t h r e a d s i n a j av a p r o g r a m . i . e . , t h r e a d s t h a t a r e c r e a t e d ei t h e r b y t h e T h r e a d cl a ss o r wi t h h e l p of R u n n a b l e i n t e rf a c e c a n o n l y b e c o n t r ol l e d by t h e T h r e a d c l a ss. E a c h T h r e a d c o n t ai n s n a m e , p ri o r i t y , T h r e ad g r o u p e t c . , C o n st r u c t o r s: T h r e a d ( S t ri n g n am e ) : cr e a t e s a t h r e a d wi t h sp e c i f i e d n am e. T h r e a d ( ) : c r e a t e s a t h r e a d wi t h a d ef a ul t n a m e . T h r e a d ( R u n n a b l e r , S t ri n g n am e ) : C r e a t e s a t h r e a d u si n g t h e r u n n a b l e i n t e rf a c e . Thread(Runnable r) : M e t h o d s: v oi d st a r t ( ) : st a r t s t h e T h r e a d . i . e . , t h e t h r e a d wi l l b e a d d e d t o t h e t h r e a d Q u e u e

S t ri n g g e t N am e ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e n am e of t he t h r e a d . v oi d se t N a m e (S t ri n g n e wN a m e ) : c h a n g e s t h e n a m e of t h e T h r e a d . v oi d se t P ri o r i t y (i n t p ri o ri t y) : C h a n g e s t h e p r i o r i t y of t h e T h r e a d . Mi n. p ri o r i t y i s: 1 M a x . p ri o r i t y i s: 2 d ef a u l t i s : 5

i n t g et P ri o r i t y ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e c u r r e n t p ri o ri t y of t h e t h r e a d . b o o l e a n i n l i v e ( ) : R e t u r n s t r u e i f t h e T h r e ad i s st i l l r u n n i n g , o t h e r wi se f al se . st a t i c T h r e a d c u r r e n t T h r e a d ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e c u r r e n t t h r e a d . st a t i c v oi d sl e e p ( l o n g m i l l i se c o n d s ) t h r o w s I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n : t o sl e e p f o r t h e sp e c i f i e d t i m e. v oi d j oi n ( ) t h r o w s I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n sp e c i f i e d t h r e a d f i ni sh e s. : Makes the thread

Makes the current thread to wait until the

v oi d i n t e r r u p t ( ) : I n t e r r u p t s a sl e e p i n g t h r e a d . M a i n T h r e a d : W h e n ev er we r u n a j av a p r o g r a m t h e p r o g r a m wi l l b e p l a c e d i n a n a l r e a d y r u n n i n g t h r e a d wh i c h i s k n o wn a s m ai n T h r e a d . Al l t h r e a d s t h a t a r e c r e a t e d i n t h e p r o g r a m wi l l b e t h e c h i l d t h r e a d s o f t h e m ai n T h r e a d . W h e n ev e r t h e m ai n T h r e a d st o p s t h e p r o g r a m wi l l b e t e rm i n a t e d . I n t h e f ol l o wi n g e x am pl e a r e f e r e n c e of t he m ai n T h r e a d wi l l b e o b t a i n e d u si n g the current Thread f uncti on.

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Ex:

v oi d m ai n ( ) { T h r e a d r = T h r e a d . c u r r e nt T h r e a d ( ); r. sl e e p ( 2 0 0 0 ) ; -- --- -- - - - - -} thread.java

/ / f i l e n am e :

/ / T h e f ol l o wi n g p r o g r a m p ri n t s t h e v al u es f r om 1 t o 1 0 , f o r e a c h i t e r at i o n t h e m ai n T h r e a d sl e e p s f o r 1 se c o n d . c l a ss t h r e a d { p u b l i c st a t i c v o i d m ai n ( S t ri n g a r g s[ ] ) { Thread r = Thread.currentThread(); f or ( i nt i = 0; i < = 1 0 ; i + + ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " C o u n t i s: "+ i ) ; try { r. sl e e p ( 1 0 0 0 ) ; } c a t c h ( I n t e r r u p t e d Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " M ai n T h r e a d I n t er r u p t e d " ) ; } } S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " F i ni sh e d . . . " ); } } / / f i l e n am e : th r e a d 2 . j a v a / / sam e a s a b ov e p r o g r am c l a ss t h r e a d 2 { p u b l i c st a t i c v o i d m ai n ( S t ri n g a r g s[ ] ) { f or ( i nt i = 0; i < = 1 0 ; i + + ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " C o u n t i s: "+ i ) ; try { T h r e a d . sl e e p ( 1 0 0 0 ) ; / / M a i n T h re a d } c a t c h ( I n t e r r u p t e d Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " M ai n T h r e a d I n t er r u p t e d " ) ; } } S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " F i ni sh e d . . . " ); } }
96

Out put:
/ / m ai n T h r e a d

E:\Core>javac thread.java E:\Core>java thread

Count is : 0 Count is : 1 Count is : 2 Count is : 3 Count is : 4 Count is : 5 Count is : 6 Count is : 7 Count is : 8 Count is : 9 Count is : 10 Finished . . .

E:\Core>

Out put: E:\Core>javac thread2.java E:\Core>java thread2

Count is : 0 Count is : 1 Count is : 2 Count is : 3 Count is : 4 Count is : 5 Count is : 6 Count is : 7 Count is : 8 Count is : 9 Count is : 10 Finished . . .

E:\Core>

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SATEESH N

c r e a t i ng a T h r ead u s i ng t h r ea d c l a s s :

T h e f i r st wa y o f c r e a t i n g a t h r e a d , i s t o c r e a t i n g a c l a ss t h a t ex t e n d s t h e T h r e a d cl a ss. W h e n ev e r a c l a ss e x t e n d s t h e T h r e a d c l a ss t h e f ol l o wi n g f u n c t i o n sh o u l d b e ov er ri d d e n . p u b l i c v oi d r u n ( ) : W h e n ev e r we st a r t t h e t h r e a d u si n g t h e st a r t m e t h o d t h e t h r e a d wi l l b e a d d e d t o t h e t h r e a d q u e u e a n d t h e t h r e a d c a l l s t h e r u n ( ) f u n c t i o n . i . e, a l l t h e st a t e m e n t s i n t h e r u n ( ) f u n ct i o n wi l l b e ex ec u t e d i n a se p a r a t e p r o c e s s. / / f i l e n am e : mu l th r e a d . j a v a

/ / I n t h e f o l l o wi n g e x am pl e 2 t h r e a d s wi l l b e c r e a t e d , t h e 1 t h r e a d p r i n t s t h e v al u e s nd f r om 1 t o 1 0 wi t h t i m e of 1 se c . . f o r e a c h i t e r a t i o n , t h e 2 t h r e a d p ri n t s t h e v al u e s f r om 3 0 t o 2 6 wi t h t h e g a p o f 2 se c . f o r e a c h i t e r a t i o n , b o t h t h e t h r e a d s a r e u si n g a r o u n d 1 0 se c . b o t h t h e t h r e a d s wi l l b e st a r t a t t h e sa m e t i m e . c l a ss F i r st T h r e a d ex t e n d s T h r e a d Out put: { E:\Core>javac multhread.java p u bl i c v oi d r u n ( ) E:\Core>java multhread { f o r (i n t i = 1 ; i < = 1 0 ; i + + ) Second Thread : 30 { First Thread : 1 S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( "F i r st T h r e a d : "+ i ); First Thread : 2 try Second Thread : 29 { First Thread : 3 T h r e a d . sl e e p ( 1 0 0 0 ) ; First Thread : 4 } Second Thread : 28 c a t c h ( I nt e r r u p t e d Ex c e p t i o n ex ) First Thread : 5 { First Thread : 6 S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n (" F i r st T h r e a d I n t e r r u p t e d " ) ; Second Thread : 27 } First Thread : 7 } First Thread : 8 } Second Thread : 26 c l a ss S e c o n d T h r e a d e x t e n d s T h r e a d First Thread : 9 { First Thread : 10 p u bl i c v oi d r u n ( ) { E:\Core> f o r (i n t i = 3 0 ; i > = 2 6 ; i - - ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " S e c o n d T h r e a d : "+ i ) ; try { T h r e a d . sl e e p ( 2 0 0 0 ) ; } c a t c h ( I nt e r r u p t e d Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { Sy st e m . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " S e c o n d T h r e a d I n t e r r u p t e d " ) ; } } } } c l a ss m u l t h r e a d { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { F i r st T h r e a d f = n e w F i r st T h r e a d ( ) ; SecondThread s = new SecondThread(); s. st a r t ( ) ; f . st a r t ( ); } }
97 SATEESH N

st

SATEESH N

/ / f i l e n am e : m y m u l th r e a d . j a v a / / t h e f ol l o wi n g p r o g r a m i s e n h a n c e m e n t f or t h e p r ev i o u s p r o g r a m wh i c h p r ov i d e s o n l y o n e t h r e a d c l a s s wi t h m u l t i pl e i n st a n c e s. F o r t h i s p u r p o se t h e st a r t v a l u e , e n d i n g v a l ue e t c . , wi l l b e t a k e n a s p a r a m et e r s. c l a ss M y T h r e a d e x t e n d s T h r e a d { i n t st a r t , e n d , d e l a y; M y T h r e a d ( St r i n g n am e, i nt st a r t , i n t e n d , i n t d e l a y ) { se t N a m e ( n am e ) ; t hi s. st a r t = st a r t ; t hi s. e n d = e n d ; t hi s. d e l a y = d el a y ; } p u bl i c v oi d r u n ( ) { / / p ri n t t h e v a l u e s f o r (i n t i = st a r t ; i < = e n d ; i + + ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( g e t N am e ( ) + " "+ i ) ; t ry { T h r e a d . sl e e p ( d e l a y ) ; } c a t c h (I n t e r r u p t e d Ex c e pt i o n ex ) { Sy st e m . o u t . p ri n t l n ( g e t N am e ( )+ " I nt e r u p t e d " ) ; } } } } c l a ss m ym ul t h r e a d { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { M yT h r e a d f = n e w M y T h r e a d ( "F i r st " , 1 , 10 , 1 0 0 0 ) ; M yT h r e a d s = n e w M y T h r e a d ( " se c o n d " , 2 6 , 3 0 , 2 0 0 0 ) ; s. st a r t ( ) ; f . st a r t ( ) ; } }

Out put: E:\Core>javac mymulthread.java E:\Core>java mymulthread

Second : 26 First : 1 First : 2 Second : 27 First : 3 First : 4 Second : 28 First : 5 First : 6 Second : 29 First : 7 First : 8 Second : 30 First : 9 First : 10 Finished . . .

E:\Core>

C r e a t i ng a T h re ad u s in g R u nn ab l e i n ter f a c e :

T h e se c o n d m e t h o d f o r c r e a t i n g a T h r e a d i s t o c r e a t e a c l a ss t h a t i m pl em e n t s t h e r u n n a b l e i n t e rf a c e . W h e n ev e r a cl a ss i m pl em e n t s t h e r u n n a b l e i n t e rf a c e t h e c l a s s sh o u l d o v e rr i d e t h e f ol l o wi n g f u n c t i on public void run( ). B e c a u se J av a d o e sn t su p p o r t m u l t i p l e I n he r i t e n c e f o r cl a sse s w e c a n u se t h e r u n n a b l e i n t e rf a c e f o r cr e a t i n g a t h r e a d i n t h e f ol l o wi n g c o n d i t i o n . W h e n we wa n t a c l a ss t o e x t e n d a n o t h e r c l a ss a n d we w a n t t h i s c l a ss t o wo r k a s a T h r e a d t h e n r u n n a b l e i n t e rf a c e sh o u l d b e u se d .

98 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

/ / f i l e n am e : r u n i n t r f a c e . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. l a n g . *; c l a ss f i r st i m p l em e nt s R u n n a b l e { p u bl i c v oi d r u n ( ) { f o r (i n t i = 1 ; i < = 1 0 ; i + + ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " F i r st : "+ i ); t ry { T h r e a d . sl e e p ( 1 0 0 0 ) ; } c a t c h (I n t e r r u p t e d Ex c e pt i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n (" F i r st I n t e r r u p t e d" ) ; } } } } c l a ss se c o n d i m p l em e n t s R u n n a b l e { p u bl i c v oi d r u n ( ) { f o r (i n t i = 3 0 ; i > = 2 6 ; i - - ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( "

Out put: E:\Core>javac runintrface.java E:\Core>java runintrface

Second : 30 First : 1 First : 2 Second : 29 First : 3 First : 4 Second : 28 First : 5 First : 6 Second : 27 First : 7 First : 8 Second : 26 First : 9 First : 10

E:\Core>

S e co n d : " + i );

try { T h r e a d . sl e e p ( 2 0 0 0 ) ; } c a t c h ( I nt e r r u p t e d Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n (" S e c o n d I n t e rr u p t e d " ) ; } } } } c l a ss r u n i n t rf a c e { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { f i r st f = n e w f i r st ( ) ; se c o n d s = n e w s e c o n d ( ) ; // // T h r e a d t 1 = n e w T h r e a d ( f ); T h r e a d t 2 = n e w T h r e a d ( s) ; n e w T h r e a d ( s) . st a r t ( ) ; n e w T h r e a d ( f ) . st a r t ( ); // // } }

99 SATEESH N

t 2 . st a r t ( ); t 1 . st a r t ( );

SATEESH N

S y n c h r o n i z a ti o n : S y n c h r o n i z at i o n i s t h e p r o c e ss o f a p p l yi n g q u e u e m e c h a n i sm o n t h r e a d s. W h e n t wo o r m o r e t h r e a d s a r e t r y i n g t o ac c e ss t h e s a m e sh a r e d d ev i c e a n d i f t h e d ev i c e c a n t b e sh a r e d t h e n we sh o u l d a p p l y sy n c h r o n i z a t i o n . S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n c a n b e a c hi ev e d i n t wo wa y s. i . S y n c h r o ni z e d f u n ct i o n s i i . S y n c h r o n i z e d st a t em e n t s

i . S y n c h ro n i ze d f u n c t io n s :

S y n c h r o n i z a t i o n c a n b e a c h i ev e d b y p r ef i x i n g t h e f u n ct i o n wi t h t h e k e y wo r d sy n c h r o n i z e d . / / f i l e n am e: s y n c h p r i n t e r f u n . j a v a

c l a ss p r i n t e r { sy n c h r o n i z e d v oi d p ri n t (i n t st a r t , i n t e n d , i n t d e l a y ) { S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "[ " ); f o r (i n t i = st a r t ; i < = e n d ; i + + ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " "+ i ) ; try { T h r e a d . sl e e p ( d e l a y ) ; } c a t c h (I n t e r r u p t e d Ex c e pt i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n (" T h r e a d I nt e r r u p t e d " ) ; } } S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "] " ); } } c l a ss u s e r e x t e n d s T h r e a d { p ri n t e r p ; i n t st a r t , e n d , d e l a y; u se r ( p r i n t e r p , i n t st a r t , i n t e n d , i n t d e l a y ) { t h i s. p = p ; t h i s. st a r t = st a r t ; t h i s. e n d = e n d ; t h i s. d e l a y = d e l a y; } p u bl i c v oi d r u n ( ) { sy n c h r o n i z e d ( p ) { p. p r i n t ( st a r t , e n d , d e l a y ); } } }
100 SATEESH N

Out put: E:\Core>javac synchprinterfun.java E:\Core>java synchprinterfun

[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ] [ 41 42 43 44 45 ] [ 26 27 28 29 30 ]

E:\Core>

SATEESH N

c l a ss sy n c h p r i n t e r f u n { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { p r i nt e r p = n e w p r i n t e r ( ); u se r u 1 = n e w u se r ( p , 1 , 1 0 , 1 0 0 0 ) ; u se r u 2 = n e w u se r ( p , 2 6 , 3 0 , 2 0 0 0 ) ; u se r u 3 = n e w u se r ( p , 4 1 , 4 5 , 1 5 0 0 ) ; u 1 . st a r t ( ) ; u 2 . st a r t ( ) ; u 3 . st a r t ( ) ; } }

i i . S y n ch r o n i ze d st a te m en t s :

S u p p o se i f t h e f u n c t i o n o n wh i c h we wa n t o a c h i ev e sy n c h r o n i z a t i o n i s a t h i r d p a r t y p r o d u c t a n d i f we c a n n o t m o d i f y t h e so u r c e c o d e t h e n t o a c h i ev e t h e sy n c h r o n i z a t i o n we sh o u l d a p p l y t h e sy n c h r o n i z e d st a t e m e nt s. I f t h e p r i n t ( ) f u n c t i o n i s n o t sy n c h r o n i z e d , c a l l t h e p r i n t ( ) f u n c t i o n i s a sy n c h r o n i z e d b l o c k f or t h e o bj e c t p . / / f i l e n am e: s y n c h p r i n t e r s t m . j a v a

c l a ss p r i n t e r { sy n c h r o n i z e d v oi d p ri n t (i n t st a r t , i n t e n d , i n t d e l a y ) { S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "[ " ); f o r (i n t i = st a r t ; i < = e n d ; i + + ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " "+ i ) ; try { T h r e a d . sl e e p ( d e l a y ) ; } c a t c h ( I nt e r r u p t e d Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n (" T h r e a d I nt e r r u p t e d " ) ; } } S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "] " ); } } c l a ss u s e r e x t e n d s T h r e a d { p ri n t e r p ; i n t st a r t , e n d , d e l a y; u se r ( p r i n t e r p , i n t st a r t , i n t e n d , i n t d e l a y ) { t h i s. p = p ;
101

Out put: E:\Core>javac synchprinterstm.java E:\Core>java synchprinterstm

[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ] [ 26 27 28 29 30 ] [ 41 42 43 44 45 ]

E:\Core>

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

t h i s. st a r t = st a r t ; t h i s. e n d = e n d ; t h i s. d e l a y = d e l a y; } p u bl i c v oi d r u n ( ) { p . p ri n t ( st a r t , e n d , d e l a y ); } } c l a ss sy n c h p r i n t e r st m { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { p r i nt e r p = n e w p r i n t e r ( ); u se r u 1 = n e w u se r ( p , 1 , 1 0 , 1 0 0 0 ) ; u se r u 2 = n e w u se r ( p , 2 6 , 3 0 , 2 0 0 0 ) ; u se r u 3 = n e w u se r ( p , 4 1 , 4 5 , 1 5 0 0 ) ; u 1 . st a r t ( ) ; u 2 . st a r t ( ) ; u 3 . st a r t ( ) ; } }

In t e r T h r e ad C o m m u n i ca t i on : S om e t i me s t h e o u t p u t o f o n e T h r e a d wi l l b e t h e i n p u t
o f a n o t h e r T h r e a d i . e . , i n so m e c a se s a T h r e a d e n t e r s i n t o wa i t i n g st a t e t i l l i t r e c e iv es i n p u t f r om a n o t h e r T h r e a d . Si m i l a rl y, a T h re a d sh o u l d n o t i f y t h e wa i t i n g T h r e a d , o n c e the input is ready. T h e f ol l o wi n g t h r e e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e o b j e c t c l a ss a r e u se d f o r c om m u n i c at i o n b e t we e n t h e T h r e a d s. 1 . p u b l i c v oi d wa i t ( ) t h r o w s I n t e r u p t e d E x c ep t i o n : wa i t . 2 . p u b l i c v oi d n o t i f y( ) t h r o w s I n t e r r u p t e d E x ce p t i o n : so t h a t t h e wa i t i n g t h r e a d r e su m e s. Makes the current thread t o N o t i f i e s t h e wa i t i n g t h r e a d ,

3 . p u b l i c v oi d n o t i f y Al l ( ) t h r o ws I n t e r r u p t e d E x c e p t i o n : N o t i f i e s a l l t h e wa i t i n g T h r e a d s, t h e T h r e a d wi t h t h e h i g h e st p ri o r i t y wi l l r e su m ef i r st . / / f i l e n am e : i n t e r th r e a d . j a v a

/ / F l a g b e c om e s t r u e , i f t h e su p p l i e r p a ss t h e v al u e . F l a g b e c om e s f al se , i f t h e / / c o n su m e r c o n su m e s t h e v al u e , i . e. , t h e qu e u e Q wa s e m p t y . c l a ss Q { i n t n; b o o l e a n f l a g = f a l se ; sy n c h r o n i z e d v oi d p u t (i n t n ) {
102 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

try { i f (f l a g = = t r u e ) wa i t ( ); t hi s. n = n ;

/ / n o t at c o n su m ed

S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "S u p p l i e d : "+ n ) ; f l a g = t r u e; / / j u st su p p l i e d

n o t i f y ( ); / / i nf o rm t h e c u st om e r } c a t c h (I n t e r r u p t e d Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " T h r e a d I n t e r r u p t e d" ) ; } } sy n c h r o n i z e d v oi d g e t ( ) { try { i f (f l a g = = f a l se ) wa i t ( ) ; / / n o t su p p l i e d S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( " C o n su m e d : " + n ); f l a g = f a l se ; n o t i f y( ) ; / / Q wa s e m p t y / / n o t i f y t h e su p p l i e r

Out put: E:\Core>javac interthread.java E:\Core>java interthread

Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: Supplied : Consumed: 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10

} c at c h ( I n t e r r u pt e d Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( "T h r e a d I n t e rr u p t e d " ) ; } } } c l a ss p r o d u c e r e x t e n d s T h r e a d { Q q; producer(Q q) { t hi s. q = q ; } p u b l i c v oi d r u n ( ) { f o r (i nt i = 1; i < = 2 0 ; i + + ) { q . p u t (i ); / / su p p l y 2 0 v al u e s } } } c l a ss c o n s u m e r ex t e n d s T h r e a d { Q q; c o n su m e r (Q q ) { t h i s. q = q ; }

103

E:\Core>

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

p u b l i c v oi d r u n ( ) { f or ( i nt i = 1; i < = 2 0 ; i + + ) { q. g e t ( ) ; / / r e c e i v e 2 0 v a l u e s f r om t he q u e } } } c l a ss i n t e r t h r e a d { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { Q q = new Q(); producer p = new producer(q); c o n su m e r c = n e w c o n su m e r ( q ) ; c. st a r t ( ) ; p . st a r t ( ) ; } }

104

SATEESH N

j a va . u ti l. p a c ka g e
StringTokenizer Class : Tokens and Delimiters

SATEESH N

Often an input String contains several groups of characters, where each group acts as a unit that has significance. Such a group is called a token. Tokens are separated from each other by delimiter characters. For example, say that you need to add up the following numbers: 12 8 5 32 You automatically group these characters to form four integers separated by spaces. The tokens in this case are 12 and 8 and 5 and 32. These tokens are delimited by the space character.

The StringTokenizer class aids in breaking a String into tokens. You can use the default delimiters, or specify your own. The default delimiters are: space, tab, newline, and carriage return.

StringTokenizer constructors :
public StringTokenizer( String arg ) : Create a StringTokenizer based on String, using the default delimiters. Create a StringTokenizer based on String, using the individual characters in delimit as delimiters.

public StringTokenizer( String arg, String delimit) :

public StringTokenizer( String arg, String delimit, boolean ret) : As above, but if ret is true, then individial delimiters count as tokens also.

The StringTokenizer class is found in java.util, which must be imported for the program to compile.

// File name : StrTok1.java import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class StrTok1 { public static void main ( String[] args ) throws IOException { BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.print("Enter a string:"); String data = stdin.readLine(); StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer( data ); while ( tok.hasMoreTokens() ) System.out.println( tok.nextToken() ); } } output : Enter a string: sateesh kumar sateesh kumar

105

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

More than one Delimiter Works :

Tokens can be separated by more than one delimiter. There are several spaces separating the tokens in the example.

Some methods of the class:

StringTokenizer Methods : int countTokens( ) : Return the number of tokens remaining. , The countTokens() method starts with the total number of tokens the String has been broken into. countTokens() will report one less token. boolean hasMoreTokens( ) : Return true if there are more tokens.

String nextToken( ) : Return the next token. , Each time nextToken() is called, one token (starting with the first) is consumed, and User-specified Delimiters Here is the program again, but this time with the delimiters specified in the constructor. The delimiters are now space, equals, plus, and minus. / / F i l e n am e : S t rT o k 2 . j a v a import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class StrTok2 { public static void main ( String[] args ) throws IOException { BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.print("Enter a string:"); String data = stdin.readLine(); StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer( data, " =+-" ); // note the space before = while ( tok.hasMoreTokens() ) System.out.println( tok.nextToken() ); } }

o u tp u t : Enter a string:c = a + b c a b

106

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

Returning Delimiters You probably regard the "=" and the "+" symbols as important, so they should be regarded as tokens. But "+" also needs to work as a delimiter so that "12+8" is broken into the tokens "12", "+" and "8". This is done by using true as the third parameter in the constructor: Now individual delimiters (as well as tokens) are returned by nextToken(). / / F i l e n am e : S t rT o k 3 . j a v a o u tp u t : Enter a string: c = a + b

import java.io.*; import java.util.*;

public class StrTok3 c { public static void main ( String[] args ) throws IOException = { BufferedReader stdin = a new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.print("Enter a string:"); String data = stdin.readLine(); + b

StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer( data, " =+-", true ); // note the space before = while ( tok.hasMoreTokens() ) System.out.println( tok.nextToken() ); } }

D a t e , C a l e n d a r a n d GregorianCalendar Classes : The various responsibilities for handling dates have been distributed among the following classes: java.util.Date Abstract java.util.Calendar java.util.GregorianCalendar extends java.util.Calendar Abstract java.util.TimeZone java.util.SimpleTimeZone extends java.util.TimeZone Abstract java.text.DateFormat extends java.text.Format java.text.SimpleDateFormat extends java.text.DateFormat java.text.DateFormatSymbols Represents a point in time. Interpretation and manipulation of Dates. Representation of an arbitrary offset from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), including information about applicable daylight savings rules.

Transformation into well-formatted, printable String and vice versa.

Translation of the names of months, weekdays, etc., as an alternative to using the information from Locale.

java.sql.Date extends java.util.Date Represent points in time, and also include proper formatting for java.sql.Time extends java.util.Date use in SQL statements. java.sql.Timestamp extends java.util.Date Note that DateFormat and related classes are in the java.text.* package. All date-handling classes in the java.sql.* package extend java.util.Date. All other classes are in the java.util.* package.
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The java.util.Date class can be used to construct objects that represent a specific point in time, with millisecond accuracy. Obviously to interpret a point in time correctly, you also need to know what calendar and what timezone is appropriate. There are classes in the java.util package that provide this frame of reference. There are several ways to construct a Date object. The default no arguments constructor, builds a Date object that represents 'now'. Date also has a number of deprecated (obsolete) methods for getting a date at a specific point in time. Date dt1 = new Date(); //defaults to now Date dt2 = new Date(100,01,29); //deprecated! year + 1900,month + 1,day Date dt3 = new Date("02/30/2005"); //deprecated! parses a String //factory for a SimpleDateFormat

DateFormat df = DateFormat.getDateInstance(); System.out.println("Date1=" + df.format(dt1)); System.out.println("Date2=" + df.format(dt2)); System.out.println("Date3=" + df.format(dt3));

//prints todays date //prints Feb 29, 2005 //prints Mar 1, 2005!

The java compiler will warn you if you use methods marked with the javadoc @deprecated statement in your own classes, as a rule the javadoc should refer you to the newer or better alternative method to use. The preferred way to get specific Dates is by manipulating a Calendar. A Calendar provides 3 methods set() add() and roll() that you can use to change a 'field' in the Calendar, and a get() method you can use to retrieve the value of a field. If you look at the java.util.Calendar class, you'll notice it defines a bunch of integer class constants, with names like DAY_OF_MONTH and MONTH. You use these to identify to the methods, which field you are changing, for example //Get a default (Gregorian) Calendar set to now Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance(); //Set the DAY field to 1 and get the date java.util.Date today = cal.getTime(); cal.set(java.util.Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1); java.util.Date firstOfMonth = cal.getTime(); //Add 1 month to the calendar - may also change the year! cal.add(Calendar.MONTH, 1);

You'll want to read the javadoc for the Calendar class, which explains the difference between the add() and roll() methods, and the various rules and side effects to manipulating a Calendar. java.text.DateFormat is an abstract class that is extended by the java.text.SimpleDateFormat class. You can use both these classes to display java.util.Date objects in various String formats and parse String representations of dates into Date objects. java.util.Date today = new java.util.Date(); DateFormat df1 = DateFormat.getDateInstance(); //get default format for current Locale
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DateFormat df2 = new SimpleDateFormat("MMMM, yyyy"); //display month and year DateFormat df3 = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/dd/yyyy"); System.out.println(df1.format(today)); System.out.println(df2.format(today)); System.out.println(df3.format(today)); //standard mdy format

//prints "Jan 31, 2005" //prints "January, 2005" //prints "01/31/2005"

Again, you'll want to see the javadoc for the SimpleDateFormat class for more details. Here is an example of how to parse a String into a java.util.Date. java.util.Date reportDate = null; java.text.SimpleDateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/dd/yyyy"); //Beware date literals without centuries! String newReportDate = "02/28/05"; //Feb 28th 0005 AD try { //turn a String into a Date object reportDate = df.parse(newReportDate); } catch (java.text.ParseException e1) { System.out.println("Invalid date entered = " + newReportDate); } // File name : SimpleDateForm.java import import import import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; java.util.Calendar; java.util.Date; java.util.GregorianCalendar;

class SimpleDateForm { public static void main(String args[])throws Exception { // Getting the Date in simple date format Date td = new Date(); SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy"); String today = sdf.format(td); System.out.println("Todays Date is: "+today); /* Getting the year as int from Date object you need to add 1900 to it to get the 4 digit year. The getYear() method returns the number of years elapsed after the year 1900. So if it's the year 2000 now, mydate.getYear() will return 100. So 100 + 1900 = 2000. */ int year = new Date().getYear() + 1900; System.out.println("Present Year : "+year); int [] daysInMonths = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31}; GregorianCalendar c = new GregorianCalendar(); daysInMonths[1] += c.isLeapYear(c.get(GregorianCalendar.YEAR)) ? 1 : 0;
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System.out.println("No. of Days in current Month is : "+daysInMonths[c.get(GregorianCalendar.MONTH)]); System.out.println("No. of Days in current Month is : "+c.getActualMaximum(GregorianCalendar.DAY_OF_MONTH)); int day = c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK ); System.out.println("Day of Week is : "+day); System.out.println("Day of Month is : "+c.get( Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH )); System.out.println("Week of Month is: "+c.get( Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH )); System.out.println("Day of year is : "+c.get( Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR )); System.out.println("Day of Month is : "+c.get( Calendar.DATE )); } }

output : Todays Date is: 19/02/2005 Present Year : 2005 No. of Days in current Month is : No. of Days in current Month is Day of Week is : 7 Day of Month is : 19 Week of Month is: 3 Day of year is : 50 Day of Month is : 19

28 :

28

// File name : GetDayName.java import import import import import java.util.*; java.util.Calendar; java.text.SimpleDateFormat; java.text.DateFormat; java.text.DateFormatSymbols;

class GetDayName { public static void main(String[] args) { Date date1 =(new GregorianCalendar(1989, Calendar.OCTOBER, 17)).getTime(); Date date2 = new Date(); System.out.println("1989-10-17 was a " + sayDayName(date1)); System.out.println("Today is a " + sayDayName(date2)); } public static String sayDayName(Date d) { DateFormat f = new SimpleDateFormat("EEEE"); try { return f.format(d); } output : catch(Exception e) { 1989-10-17 was a Tuesday e.printStackTrace(); Today is a Saturday return ""; } } }
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// File name: StringTODate_Converter.java import import import import java.text.DateFormat; java.text.ParseException; java.text.SimpleDateFormat; java.util.Date;

public class StringTODate_Converter { public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException { String today_str = "04-01-2005"; SimpleDateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("dd-mm-yyyy"); Date today_date = new Date(); today_date = df.parse(today_str); Date cur_date = new Date(); System.out.println(today_date.toString()); System.out.println(cur_date.toString()); int res = today_date.compareTo(cur_date); System.out.println(res); if(today_date.before(cur_date)) { System.out.println("Before"); } else if(today_date.after(cur_date)) { System.out.println("After"); } else { System.out.println("Equal"); } } }

output : Tue Jan 04 00:01:00 IST 2005 Sat Feb 19 02:15:09 IST 2005 -1 Before

// File name: ValidateDate.java // Validate a date import java.util.*; import java.text.*; public class ValidateDate { public static void main(String[] args) { // Using DateFormat String dt = "1990/10/88"; // throws a ParseException // String dt = "1990-10/10"; // throws a ParseException // String dt = "1990-10-35"; // throws a IllegalArgumentException try { DateFormat df = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.SHORT); df.setLenient(false); // this is important!
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Date dt2 = df.parse(dt); System.out.println("Date is ok = " + dt2); } catch (ParseException e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { System.out.println("Invalid date"); } // Using SimpleDateFormat String sdt = "050219"; String fdt = "yyMMdd"; try { SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(fdt); sdf.setLenient(false); Date dt2 = sdf.parse(sdt); System.out.println("Date is ok = " + dt2 + "(" + sdt + ")"); } catch (ParseException e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { System.out.println("Invalid date"); } /* Using GregorianCalendar, give months 0 - jan to 11 - dec otherwise it will throw exception */ try { GregorianCalendar gc = new GregorianCalendar(); gc.setLenient(false); // must do this gc.set(GregorianCalendar.YEAR, 2004); gc.set(GregorianCalendar.MONTH, 11); // 12 is invalid month gc.set(GregorianCalendar.DATE, 24); System.out.println(gc.getTime()); // exception thrown here } catch (Exception e) output : { e.printStackTrace(); Unparseable date: "1990/10/88" } Date is ok = Sat Feb 19 00:00:00 IST 2005(050219) Fri Dec 24 02:22:06 IST 2004

} }

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Collections are a vital part of any programming language. They allow many objects to be collected together and stored as one. Although arrays collect objects together, they are not considered collections in JAVA. We'll look here at the most commonly used collection The Collection Interface and its Class Hierarchy Querying methods (returns some kind of value): size( ) - returns the number of elements in the collection isEmpty( ) - returns whether or not there are any elements in the collection contains(Object obj) - returns whether or not the given object is in the collection (uses .equals( ) method for comparison) containsAll(Collection c) - same as above but looks for ALL elements specified in the given collection parameter.

Modifying methods (changes the collection in some way): add(Object obj) - adds the given object as an element to the collection (its location is not specified) addAll(Collection c) - same as above but adds ALL elements specified in the given collection parameter. remove(Object obj) - removes the given object from the collection (uses .equals() method for comparison) removeAll(Collection c) - same as above but removes ALL elements specified in the given collection parameter. retainAll(Collection c) - same as above but removes all elements EXCEPT THOSE specified in the given collection parameter. clear( ) - empties out the collection by removing all elements.

Until now, we've just looked at the interfaces ... so what about the actual collection classes ? Well, there are many collection classes and they are arranged in a hierarchy which contains both abstract and concrete classes. Here are just a few:

Notice that there are 4 abstract classes and 6 concrete classes shown. Examining the diagram, we notice a few things of interest: All classes inherit from AbstractCollection, which contains common behaviour for all collections. All classes (or their parents) implement one of the Collection interfaces. The classes seem to be split as either having a List behaviour or a Set behaviour, but not both.
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The List Classes Lets now examine the classes that implement the List interface (i.e., Vector, ArrayList, Stack and LinkedList):

The List classes: are ordered may contain duplicates have indexable elements (using zero-based indexing).

So we can add many mixed kinds of objects and they are kept ordered sequence (which often depends on the order that we added them). We can later on, access or modify particular elements according to their index (i.e., location in the collection). As we will see, Stacks and LinkedLists have further restrictions. There are 4 main List implementations: Vector
a general kind of list with many useful accessing/modifying/searching methods
a synchronized class ArrayList also general like Vectors an unsynchronized class (faster than Vectors) LinkedList methods for double-ended access, no direct access from the middle (you'll see more on this in your data structures course)

Stack accessible from one end only (the top).

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Vectors and ArrayLists

Arrays have a fixed size ... they cannot grow or shrink in response to an application's changing storage requirements. JAVA has a class called Vector for just this purpose. In more recent versions of JAVA (i.e., Java2) there is another class called ArrayList that has the same functionality as the Vector class. A Vector (or ArrayList): can store arbitrary objects like an array. cannot store values of primitive data types unless they are wrapped up in a wrapper class. will grow automatically as space is needed (grows either by a default or user-defined amount). has an efficient method for adding an element, except when the vector gets full ... in that case, it takes time to "grow" the vector before adding the new element.

Here are two ways of making one and storing it in a variable: Vector Vector aVector = new Vector(); aVector = new Vector(Collection col);

ArrayList anArrayList = new ArrayList(); ArrayList anArrayList = new ArrayList(Collection col); Once created, you can then apply any of the standard collection methods (plus others): Vector myList = new Vector( ); myList.add("Hello"); myList.add(new Date()); myList.add(new BankAccount()); System.out.println(myList.size()); ArrayList myList = new ArrayList( ); myList.add("Hello"); myList.add(new Date()); myList.add(new BankAccount()); System.out.println(myList.size());

Notice that the Vector and ArrayList are used the same way once created !!! If you do not care about synchronization, use ArrayList instead of Vector. When extracting elements from a Vector or an ArrayList (or in fact ANY collection at all), the element is returned as type Object. it is as if JAVA forgot what kind of object was put in there we need to type-cast the value to an appropriate type.

E.g., Consider creating a Vector of Customer objects: String[] names = {"Sateesh", "Rahul", "Sanjana", "Nani"}; Vector v = new Vector(); //can use ArrayList v = new ArrayList( ); instead for(int i=0; i<names.length; i++)

{
Customer c = new Customer(); c.setNamenames[i]); v.add(c); } To get the Customers back out later, we must type-cast the result of the get(int index) method: for (int i=0; i<v.size();i++) { Customer c = (Customer)v.get(i);
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System.out.println(c.getName()); } Vector Consturctors : Vector( ) : Constructs an empty vector so that its internal data array has size 10 and its standard capacity increment is zero. Vector(Collection c) : Constructs a vector containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator. Vector(int initialCapacity) : capacity increment equal to zero. Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and with its

Vector(int initialCapacity, int capacityIncrement) : initial capacity and capacity increment

Constructs an empty vector with the specified

ArrayList Constructors: ArrayList( ) : Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.

ArrayList(Collection c) : Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator. ArrayList(int initialCapacity) : Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.

Example : import java.awt.*; import java.util.*; public class Vector_Ex1 { public static void main(String argv[]) { Vector_Ex1 obj = new Vector_Ex1(); obj.amethod(); }//End of main public void amethod() { Vector mv = new Vector(); // or ArrayList mv = new ArrayList(); //Note how a vector can store objects of different types mv.addElement("Hello"); mv.addElement(Color.red); mv.addElement(new Integer(99)); //This would cause an error,As a vector will not storeprimitives //mv.addElement(99) //Walk through each element of the vector for(int i=0; i< mv.size(); i++) System.out.println(mv.elementAt(i)); }//End of amethod }
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out put : Hello java.awt.Color[r=255,g=0,b=0] 99

Enumerations and Iterators

Enumerations are objects that: generate elements from a collection one by one. are meant to be used to traversing (i.e., enumerate through) the elements of a collection once

Many methods in Java return Enumerations instead of Collections or Vectors (e.g., elements()) Enumerations are not supported by ArrayLists, instead, ArrayLists use Iterators, which are also supported by Vectors. Enumerations are widely used in JAVA. Many, many methods that need to return collections of objects, often do so by returning the elements as an Enumeration. Even though Enumerations are "old news", we still discuss them here because there are still many JAVA enterprise methods that return Enumerations ... and we want to know how to use them. Enumerations have two methods: hasMoreElements( ) ... are there any more left ? nextElement( ) ... get me the next one

Users make successive calls to nextElement( ) to obtain the elements from the collection. Normally we use a while loop with hasMoreElements( ) as the sole condition: Enumeration e = v.elements( ); while (e.hasMoreElements( )) { Customer c = (Customer)v.nextElement(); System.out.println(c.getName()); } Example : Here is an example of how to use the Enumeration class on a Vector: import java.util.Vector; import java.util.Enumeration; public class Enumeration_Ex1 { public static void main(String args[]) { Enumeration names; Vector VNames = new Vector(); VNames.add("Sateesh"); VNames.add("Tharni"); VNames.add("Srinu"); VNames.add("Ravi"); names = VNames.elements(); while (names.hasMoreElements()) System.out.println(names.nextElement()); } }
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out put: Sateesh Tharni Srinu Ravi Another common mistake is to remove from the collection that is being enumerated through. If for example we want to enumerate through some items in a vector and remove items as well from the vector, then this does not work properly. For some reason, JAVA does not allow you to remove from a collection that you are enumerating through !! Consider this (logically correct) example, and then look at the output to follow: Example : import java.util.Vector; import java.util.Enumeration; public class Enumeration_Ex2 { public static void main(String args[]) { String[] num = {"one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten"}; Vector aVector = new Vector(java.util.Arrays.asList(num));

System.out.println("Before Vector: " + aVector); Enumeration nums = aVector.elements(); int elementno = 1; System.out.println("Element NO. Element");

while(nums.hasMoreElements()) { String aString = (String)nums.nextElement(); System.out.println(elementno+" if(aString.length() > 4) aVector.remove(aString);

"+aString);

//

during this statement element no and element will be changed

elementno++; } System.out.println("After Vector: " + aVector); } } out put: Before Vector: [one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten] Element NO. Element 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 five 5 six 6 seven 7 nine 8 ten After Vector: [one, two, four, five, six, eight, nine, ten]
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Notice that the Enumeration did NOT produce all the items. Also, the Vector, after removing, is not correct since the "eight" string was NOT removed as it should have been. This is a problem with Enumerations. The moral is ... don't use Enunerations if you are gonna be removing from the collection that you are enumerating through! To solve this problem, we can use an Iterator. An iterator is a tool like Enumerations for iterating (i.e., traversing) through the elements of a collection. To get an iterator, send the iterator() message to a collection (such as a Vector): aVector.iterator(); Iterators are very much like Enumerations, but they have additional capability to remove from the collection which is being iterated through. There are 3 methods: hasNext( ) ... are there any more left ? next( ) ... get me the next one remove( ) ... remove the latest item from the collection

The only item that can be removed is the last one that was returned from a call to next( ). The item is removed from the underlying collection, not from the iterator. Here is how to use the iterator in a similar example to that above: Example : import java.util.Vector; import java.util.Iterator; public class Iterator_Ex1 { public static void main(String args[]) { String[] num = {"one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten"}; Vector aVector = new Vector(java.util.Arrays.asList(num)); System.out.println("Before Vector: " + aVector); Iterator nums = aVector.iterator(); // Returns an Iterator for forward traversal //ListIterator nums = aVector.listIterator(); // Returns a ListIterator for forward / backward / modifying traversal. int elementno = 1; System.out.println("Element NO. while(nums.hasNext()) { String aString = (String)nums.next(); System.out.println(elementno+" if (aString.length() > 4) nums.remove(); elementno++; } System.out.println("After Vector: " + aVector); } }
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Element");

"+aString);

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out put: Before Vector: [one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten] Element NO. Element 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten After Vector: [one, two, four, five, six, nine, ten]

HashTable :
Hashtables are an extremely useful mechanism for storing data. Hashtables work by mapping a key to a value, which is stored in an in-memory data structure. Rather than searching through all elements of the hashtable for a matching key, a hashing function analyses a key, and returns an index number. This index matches a stored value, and the data is then accessed.

You can use a String, for example, as a key, or perhaps a number such as an Integer. However, you can't use a primitive data type, so you'll need to instead use Char, Integer, Long, etc. // Use an Integer as a wrapper for an int Integer integer = new Integer ( i ); hash.put( integer, data); Data is placed into a hashtable through the put method, and can be accessed using the get method. It's important to know the key that maps to a value, otherwise its difficult to get the data back. If you want to process all the elements in a hashtable, you can always ask for an Enumeration of the hashtable's keys. The get method returns an object, which can then be cast back to the original object type. // Get all values with an enumeration of the keys for (Enumeration e = hash.keys(); e.hasMoreElements();) { String str = (String) hash.get( e.nextElement() ); System.out.println (str); } Example : package util.Collections; import java.util.*; /* To demonstrate hashtables, I've written a little demo that adds one hundred strings to a hashtable. Each string is indexed by an Integer, which wraps the int primitive data type. Individual elements can be returned, or the entire list can be displayed. Note that hashtables don't store keys sequentially, so there is no ordering to the list. */ public class HashTable { public static void main (String args[]) throws Exception { // Start with ten, expand by ten when limit reached
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Hashtable hash = new Hashtable(10,10); for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) { Integer integer = new Integer ( i ); hash.put( integer, "Number : " + i); } // Get value out again System.out.println (hash.get(new Integer(5))); // Get value out again System.out.println (hash.get(new Integer(21)));

// Get all values Enumeration e = hash.keys(); int hashkey; System.out.println ("Displaying all values of Hashtable.. (Hashtable is unordered )"); for (; e.hasMoreElements(); ) { hashkey = Integer.parseInt(e.nextElement().toString()); System.out.println (hash.get(new Integer(hashkey))); } } } out put : Number : 5 Number : 21 Displaying all values of Hashtable.. (Hashtable is unordered ) Number : 20 Number : 41 Number : 62 Number : 83 Number : 40 etc...

You cannot have elements with duplicate keys. If you add a new element that duplicates the key of an existing element, it will replace it. Dealing With Duplicates Hashtables don't permit duplicates. What do you do if some of your objects have duplicate keys? When you have duplicates, what do you want to find when you do a lookup? Just the first, just the last? both? If you are clever, you ca get all those behaviours with a Hashtable. To get the first duplicate, before you put, do a check to see if the element is already in the Hashtable, if so, do nothing. To get the last duplicate, just put. It will replace what was there before. To get both, store an ArrayList as the value. Store each of the duplicates in one of the slots of the ArrayList. This is a bit inefficient for nonduplicates. For them, you could store just the plain Object. Any you might handle the special case of just one duplicate with an array. Your logic might look a bit like this: Example :
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Dictionaries
The abstract Dictionary class describes the interface for working with key-value maps. The way a dictionary works is if you provide an object as a key, it will return at most one object as its value from the collection. If the key isn't in the map, you get nothing back, or null in Java terms. The same object can be the value for multiple keys. However, the key can only be the handle for one value term. How the actual key-value pairs are stored is dependent on the specific implementation. Example : import java.util.*; public class AssocArray_Dictionary extends Dictionary { private Vector keys = new Vector(); private Vector values = new Vector(); public int size() { return keys.size(); } public boolean isEmpty() { return keys.isEmpty(); } public Object put(Object key, Object value) { keys.addElement(key); values.addElement(value); return key; } public Object get(Object key) { int index = keys.indexOf(key); // indexOf() Returns -1 if key not found: if(index == -1) return null; return values.elementAt(index); } public Object remove(Object key) { int index = keys.indexOf(key); if(index == -1) return null; keys.removeElementAt(index); Object returnval = values.elementAt(index); values.removeElementAt(index); return returnval; } public Enumeration keys() { return keys.elements(); } public Enumeration elements() { return values.elements(); }
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// Test it: public static void main(String[] args) { AssocArray_Dictionary aa = new AssocArray_Dictionary(); for(char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++) aa.put(String.valueOf(c),String.valueOf(c).toUpperCase()); char[] ca = { 's', 'a', 't', 'i', 's', 'h' }; for(int i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) System.out.println("Uppercase: " +aa.get(String.valueOf(ca[i]))); } } out put: Uppercase: S Uppercase: A Uppercase: T Uppercase: I Uppercase: S Uppercase: H

BitSet
A BitSet is really a Vector of bits, and it is used if you want to efficiently store a lot of on-off information. Its efficient only from the standpoint of size; if youre looking for efficient access, it is slightly slower than using an array of some native type. In addition, the minimum size of the BitSet is that of a long: 64 bits. This implies that if youre storing anything smaller, like 8 bits, a BitSet will be wasteful, so youre better off creating your own class to hold your flags. In a normal Vector, the collection will expand as you add more elements. The BitSet does this as well sort of. That is, sometimes it works and sometimes it doesnt, which makes it appear that the Java version 1.0 implementation of BitSet is just badly done. (It is fixed in Java 1.1.) The following example shows how the BitSet works and demonstrates the version 1.0 bug:

Example : // Demonstration of BitSet public class BitSet1 { public static void main(String[] args) { Random rand = new Random(); // Take the LSB of nextInt(): byte bt = (byte)rand.nextInt(); BitSet bb = new BitSet(); for(int i = 7; i >=0; i--) if(((1 << i) & bt) != 0) bb.set(i); else bb.clear(i);
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System.out.println("byte value: " + bt); printBitSet(bb); short st = (short)rand.nextInt(); BitSet bs = new BitSet(); for(int i = 15; i >=0; i--) if(((1 << i) & st) != 0) bs.set(i); else bs.clear(i); System.out.println("short value: " + st); printBitSet(bs); int it = rand.nextInt(); BitSet bi = new BitSet(); for(int i = 31; i >=0; i--) if(((1 << i) & it) != 0) bi.set(i); else bi.clear(i); System.out.println("int value: " + it); printBitSet(bi); // Test bitsets >= 64 bits: BitSet b127 = new BitSet(); b127.set(127); System.out.println("set bit 127: " + b127); BitSet b255 = new BitSet(65); b255.set(255); System.out.println("set bit 255: " + b255); BitSet b1023 = new BitSet(512); // Without the following, an exception is thrown // in the Java 1.0 implementation of BitSet: // b1023.set(1023); b1023.set(1024); System.out.println("set bit 1023: " + b1023); } static void printBitSet(BitSet b) { System.out.println("bits: " + b); String bbits = new String(); for(int j = 0; j < b.size() ; j++) bbits += (b.get(j) ? "1" : "0"); System.out.println("bit pattern: " + bbits); } } out put: byte value: -30 bits: {1, 5, 6, 7} bit pattern: 0100011100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 short value: -14048 bits: {5, 8, 11, 14, 15} bit pattern: 0000010010010011000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 int value: -1916419530 bits: {1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31} bit pattern: 0110110001000011101000111011000100000000000000000000000000000000
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set bit 127: {127} set bit 255: {255} set bit 1023: {1024}

Stack
A Stack is sometimes referred to as a last-in, first-out (LIFO) collection. That is, whatever you push on the Stack last is the first item you can pop out. Like all of the other collections in Java, what you push and pop are Objects, so you must cast what you pop. Whats rather odd is that instead of using a Vector as a building block to create a Stack, Stack is inherited from Vector. So it has all of the characteristics and behaviors of a Vector plus some extra Stack behaviors. Its difficult to know whether the designers explicitly decided that this was an especially useful way to do things, or whether it was just a nave design. We all know that a stack is a collection of items that are placed or "stacked" on top of one another. The very definition of a stack implies a last-in-first-out protocol when accessing the items. That is, when placing items in the stack, we put them at the top and when removing them, we always take the top one off. What do we use a stack for ? useful for recording the state of a computation as it unfolds evaluation of expressions that involve precedence and nesting

can be used for reversing items

To make a new stack we just say something like this: Stack myStack = new Stack(); Although Stack inherits many other methods from its superclasses, here are the standard Stack methods: push(Object obj) - place the given object on the top of the stack and return a reference to it. pop() - remove and return the top element of the stack. If there are no elements in the stack, an error occurs. peek() - return the top element of the stack without removing it. If there are no elements in the stack, an error occurs. empty() - return whether or not there are any elements in the stack. search(Object obj) - return the distance of the given object from the top of the stack. The topmost element has position 1. If the object is not found in the stack, -1 is returned. If duplicates exist, the position of the topmost one is returned.

Heres a simple demonstration of Stack that reads each line from an array and pushes it as a String: Example : import java.util.*; public class StackDemo2 { static String[] months = { "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" };
125 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

public static void main(String[] args) { Stack stk = new Stack(); for(int i = 0; i < months.length; i++) stk.push(months[i] + " "); System.out.println("stk = " + stk); // Treating a stack as a Vector: stk.addElement("The last line"); System.out.println("element 5 = " + stk.elementAt(5)); System.out.println("popping elements:"); while(!stk.empty()) System.out.println(stk.pop()); } } output : stk = [January , February , March , April , May , June , July , August , September , October , November , December ] element 5 = June popping elements: The last line December November October September August July June May April March February January

Lang Package

126

SATEESH N

A p p l e t s & A W T ( A b s t ra c t Wi n dow To ol k i t ) :

SATEESH N

Ap p l e t : A n A p p l e t i s a p r o g r a m d e si g n e d i n j av a a n d wi l l b e pl a c e d o n t h e se rv e r. T h e a p p l e t wi l l b e d o wn l o a d e d f r om t h e se r v e r t o t h e cl i e nt a l o n g wi t h H T M L d o c u m e n t s a n d r u n s i n t h e c l i e n t s we b b r o w se r ( i . e . , a n A p p l e t wi l l r u n a s a p a r t of t he we b d o c u m e n t ) . A n a p p l e t c a n c o n t ai n c o m p o n e n t s l i k e b u t t o n s, c h e c k b o x e s e t c . , An a p p l e t c a n o p e n c o n n e c t i o n wi t h t h e n e t wo r k se rv e r s, d a t a b a se se r v e r s e t c. , AW T : AW T i s a c o l l e c t i o n of c l a sse s wh i c h p r ov i d e s g r a p h i c a l c om p o n e n t s su c h a s b u t t o n s, t ex t b ox e s e t c . , wh i c h wi l l b e u se d i n t h e g r a p h i c al i n t e rf ac e p r o g r am m i n g . C r e a t i n g a n A p pl e t : T o c r e a t e a n A p p l e t cr e a t e a cl a ss t h a t e x t e n d s t h e A p p l e t c l a ss.

/ / f i l e n am e : a p p l e t 1. j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss a p p l e t 1 ex t e n d s A p p l e t { p u bl i c v oi d i n i t ( ) { se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . o r a n g e ) ; } p u bl i c v oi d p a i nt ( G r a p hi c s g ) { g . se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( "G a r am o u n d " , F o n t . B O L D , 2 0 ) ) ; g . se t C o l o r ( C o l o r. b l u e ) ; g . d r a wS t r i n g ( " S AT E ES H " , 1 0 0 , 5 0 ) ; g . se t C o l o r ( C o l o r. r e d ) ; g . d r a wS t r i n g ( "T e st i n g t h e A p p l e t i n J av a " , 1 0 0 , 1 5 0 ) ; } } < ! - - H T M L c o d e f o r a p p l e t 1 . j av a sav e f i l e n a m e a s a p p l e t 1 . ht m l - - > <html> < a p p l e t c o d e = a p p l e t 1. cl a ss wi d t h = 4 0 0 h e i g h t = 3 0 0> < / a p p l et > </html> W h e n ev e r a n A p p l e t i s b e i n g l o a d e d i n a W EB b r o ws e r , t h e W E B b r o wse r c a l l s t h e f ol l o wi n g m e t h o d s of t h e A p p l et . W e c an ov e r ri d e t h e f ol l o wi n g m et h o d s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e r e q u i r em e n t . 1 . p u b l i c v o i d i ni t ( ) : T hi s m e t h o d wi l l b e c a l l e d wh e n ev e r t h e a p pl e t i s b e i n g l o a d e d i n t o t h e W EB b r o wse r f o r t h e f i r st t i m e . 2 . p u b l i c v oi d st a r t ( ) : C a l l e d af t e r i ni t , t hi s m e t h o d wi l l a l so b e c a l l e d ev e r y t i m e wh e n e v e r t h e d o c um e n t c o n t ai n i n g t h e a p p l e t i s r e di sp l a y e d o n t h e W EB b r o wse r . 3 . p u b l i c v oi d st o p ( ) : W h e n ev e r t h e u se g o e s t o t h e n e x t d o c um e n t . 4 . p u b l i c v oi d d e st r o y ( ) : W h e n ev e r t h e A pp l e t i s b e i n g r em ov e d f r om t h e W E B b r o w se r F o r ex , t h e u se r c l o se s t h e W E B b r o wse r .
127 SATEESH N

Out put : E:\Core> javac applet1.java E:\Core>appletviewer applet1.html

SATEESH N

T h e A p p l e t c l a ss m u st b e p u b l i c, b e c a u se t h e a p p l e t i s b e i n g e x e c u t e d i n a n o t h e r p r o g r a m i . e. , t h e A p pl e t i s b e i n g ex e c ut e d i n a W EB b r o wse r . 5 . p u b l i c v oi d p a i n t ( G r a p h i c s g ) : T h i s m e t h o d wi l l b e c a l l e d wh e n e v e r t h e o u t p ut m u st b e r e d r a wn . T h i s m e t h o d al so r e c e i v e s a p a r a m e t e r of t h e g r a p h i c s cl a ss wh i c h c o n t a i n s t h e g r a p h i c s c o n t ex t d e t ai l s. T h e gr a p h i c s c l a ss av a i l a b l e i n t h e j av a . a wt . * . Ap p l e t c l a s s m e t h o d s : A p p l e t i s t h e su p e r c l a ss f o r a l l t h e a p p l e t s. T h e a b ov e 5 m e t h o d s c a n b e o v e r ri d d e n a n d wi l l b e c a l l e d b y t h e W E B b r o wse r d e p e n d i n g o n t h e u s e r n av i g a t i o n o n t h e HT M L d o c um e n t s. T h e f ol l o wi n g m et h o d s a r e a l so av a i l a b l e i n t h e A p p l e t cl a ss wh i c h c a n b e c a l l e d i n t h e p r o g r am d e p e n d i n g o n t he r e q u i r em e n t . v oi d sh o wS t a t u s( S t r i n g m sg ) b r o w se r . U R L g e t D o c u m e n t B a se ( ) : : D i sp l a ys t h e m e ssa g e i n t h e st a t u s b a r o f t h e W EB

R e t u r n s t h e UR L o f t h e HT M L d o c um e n t .

U R L g e t C o d e B a se ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e U R L of t h e A p p l e t . S t ri n g g e t P a r am e t e r (S t ri n g p a r am N am e ) : Returns the p a r a m e t e r. I t r et u r n s n u l l i f t h e p a r am e t e r i s n o t av ai l a bl e . v oi d r e p a i nt ( ) : R e d r a ws t h e A p p l e t . v oi d se t B a c k g r o u n d ( c o l o r n e wc o l o r ) : v oi d se t F o r e g r o u n d ( c o l o r n e wc o l o r ) : color.red color.green c o l o r . bl u e c o l o r . pi n k c o l o r . wh i t e c o l o r . bl a c k color.cyan col or.m agenta c o l o r . y el l o w color.orange col or.li ghtgray color.gray color.darkgray v al u e of the sp e c i f i e d

c o l o r ( i n t r e dv al u e , i nt g r e e nv a l u e , i n t bl u ev al u e ) :

Graphics Class Methods : T h e G r a p hi c c l a ss c o n t a i n s t h e G r a p h i c s c o n t e x t d e t ai l s wh i c h i s c o n t a i ni n g t h e f o l l o wi n g m e t h o d s. 1 . v oi d d r a wst r i n g ( S t ri n g st r , i nt x , i n t y ) : Dr a w s t h e st r i n g a t (x , y ) l o c at i o n s. 2 . v oi d d r a wL i n e ( i n t x 1, i n t y 1, i nt x 2 , i nt y 2 ) : D r a ws a l i n e f r om (x 1 , y 1 ) t o ( x 2, y 2 ) 3 . v oi d d r a wR e c t ( i nt x , i nt y, i n t wi d t h , i n t h e i g h t ) : D r a ws a r e c t a n g l e a t x , y l o c a t i o n s wi t h t h e g iv e n wi d t h a n d h e i g h t . 4 . v oi d d r a wO v al ( i n t x , i n t y, i n t wi d t h , i nt h e i g h t ) : D r a ws a o v al a t (x , y) l o c a t i o n s wi t h t h e g iv e n wi d t h a n d h e i g h t . 5 . v oi d d r a wR o u n d R e c t ( i n t x , i nt y , i n t wi d t h , i n t h e i g h t , i nt n 1 , i n t n 2 ) : D r a w s a r o u n d e d r e c t a n g l e . H e r e n 1 , n 2 sp e c i f i e s t h e c u rv e d e t ai l s.

128 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

Ex: n1

n2

6 . v oi d f i l l R e c t ( i nt x , i n t y , i n t wi d t h , i nt h e i g ht ) : F i l l s t h e sp e c i f i e d l o c at i o n . 7 . v oi d f i l l O v al ( i nt x , i n t y , i n t wi d t h , i nt h e i g ht ) : F i l l s t h e sp e c i f i e s l o c a t i o n . 8 . v oi d f i l l R o u n d R e c t ( i n t x , i n t y , i nt wi d t h , i n t h e i g h t , i n t n 1 , i nt n 2 ) : F i l l s t h e sp e c i f i e d l o c a t i o n . 9 . v oi d S e t C ol o r ( C ol o r n e w c o l o r ) : S e t s t h e d r a wi n g c o l o r . 1 0 . v oi d d r a wP o l y g o n ( P o l y g o n p o l y ) : D r a w s a p o l y g o n . P o l y g o n i s a c l a ss wh i c h c o n t a i n s (x 1 , y 1 ) , (x 2 , y 2 ) , . . . , (x n , y n ). 1 1 . v oi d f i l l P ol y g o n ( P ol y g o n p o l y ) : F i l l s t h e p o l y g o n .

C o m p o n e n t C l a ss : C o m p o n e n t i s t h e s u p e r c l a ss f o r a l l t h e c l a sse s, wh i c h i s c o n t a i n i n g t h e f ol l o wi n g m e t h o d s. D i m e n si o n g e t Si z e ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e si z e of t h e c om p o n e n t . Ex: P u b l i c Cl a ss D i m e n si o n { p u b l i c i nt wi d t h ; p u b l i c i nt h ei g h t ; }

/ / F i l e n am e : ap p sh a p e s . j a v a

Out Put :
i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss a p p sh a p e s e x t e n d s A p p l e t { p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . b l a ck ) ; } p u b l i c v oi d p ai n t (G r a p h i c s g ) { D i m e n si o n d = g e t Si z e ( ) ; i nt w = d . wi d t h ; i nt h = d. h e i g h t ; / / se t t i n g a p o l y g o n i nt x [ ] = { 0 , w/ 2 , w, 0 , w} ; i nt y[ ] = { h , 0 , h, h / 2 , h / 2 }; P o l y g o n p o l y = n e w P o l y g o n ( x , y , 5 ); / / 5 c o - o r di n a t t e s
129 SATEESH N

E:\Core> javac appshapes.java E:\Core> appletviewer appshapes.html

cont.

SATEESH N

g . se t C o l o r ( C o l o r. l i g h t G r a y ); g.fill Polygon(pol y); g . se t C o l o r ( C o l o r. c y a n ) ; g . d r a wL i n e ( 0 , 0 , w, h ) ; g . se t C o l o r ( C o l o r. y el l o w) ; g . d r a wR e c t ( 4 , 4 , w- 8 , h - 8 ) ; g . d r a wO v al ( 8 , 8, w- 1 6 , h - 1 6 ) ; g . se t C o l o r ( C o l o r. g r e e n ) ; g.fill RoundRect(25,125,150,75,15,15); g . se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( "T i m e s n e w R o m a n " , F o n t . BO L D , 1 4 ) ) ; g . se t C o l o r ( C o l o r. b l a ck ) ; g . d r a wS t r i n g ( " S am pl e S h a p e s" , 3 0 , 1 5 0 ) ; } } Sending Parameters : W e c a n se n d p a r a m et e r s t o a n A p p l et u si n g t h e p a r am t a g i n t h e H T M L d o c um e n t . E a c h p a r am e t e r c o n t a i n s a n a m e a n d a v a l u e. A j av a a p p l e t c an r e t r i ev e t h e v al u e s o f t h e p a r am e t e r s u si n g t h e f ol l o wi n g f u n ct i o n . S t ri n g g e t P a r am e t e r ( S t ri n g p a r am N am e ) : R e t u r n s t h e v al u e wh i c h i s a ssi g n e d t o p a r a m N am e i n h t m l c o d e . / / HT ML Co d e < ! a p p se n d p a r a . h t m l - - > <html> <body> < a p p l e t c o d e = " a p p se n d p a r a . c l a s s" wi d t h = 3 0 0 h e i g h t = 4 0 0 > < p a r am n am e = " em p n o " v al u e = " 1 0 1 " > < p a r am n am e = " e n am e " v al u e = " S a t ee sh r a j " > Out Put : < p a r am n am e = "j o b " v al u e = "M G R "> </appl et> E:\Core> javac appshapes.java </body> </html> E:\Core> appletviewer appshapes.html / / F i l e n am e : a p p s e n d p a r a . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss a p p se n d p a r a e x t e n d s A p p l e t { S t r i n g p 1, p 2 , p 3 ; p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . cy a n ) ; / / R et r i ev e t h e v al u e s of t h e p a r am et e r s p 1 = g e t P a r am e t e r ( " em p n o " ); p 2 = g e t P a r am e t e r ( " e n am e " ); p 3 = g e t P a r am e t e r ( "j o b " ) ; }
130 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

p u b l i c v oi d p ai n t (G r a p h i c s g ) { g . se t C o l o r ( C ol o r . r e d ); g . se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( " C om i c S a n s" , F o n t . B O L D , 1 4 ) ) ; / / di sp l a y s t h e p a r am e t e r v al u e s g . d r a wS t ri n g ( p 1 , 5 0 , 5 0 ) ; g . d r a wS t ri n g ( p 2 , 5 0 , 1 0 0 ) ; g . d r a wS t ri n g ( p 3 , 5 0 , 1 5 0 ) ; } }

D r a win g I ma g e s o n t h e Ap p le t :

T o p r e se n t a n i m a g e o n t h e a p p l e t , t h e i m a ge sh o u l d b e l o a d e d i n t o m em o r y u si n g o n e of t h e f ol l o wi n g f u n ct i o n s. I m a g e g e t I m a g e ( U R L c o d e b a se , S t ri n g i m a g e ) : I m a g e g e t I m a g e ( U R L u r l _ of _i m a g e ) : T o d r a w t h e i m a g e t h e g r a p h i c s cl a ss p r o v i d i n g t h e f ol l o wi n g f u n c t i o n s. v oi d d r a wI m a g e ( I m a g e i m g, i n t x , i nt y , I m a g e O b se r v e r o b ) : v al u e s o n t h e g i v e n I m a g e o b se rv e r . Draw the im age at x,y

v oi d d r a wI m a g e ( I m a g e i m g , i n t x , i n t y , i n t wi d t h , i nt h e i g ht , I m a g e O b se rv e r o b ) : / / HT ML Co d e < ! appimg.html -- > < a p p l e t c o d e = ' a p p i m g. cl a ss' wi d t h = 3 0 0 h e i g h t = 4 0 0 > < / a p p l et > / / F i l e n am e : a p p i mg . j a v a

Out Put :
i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss a p p i m g ex t e n d s A p p l e t { Im age im g; p u bl i c v oi d i n i t ( ) { // loading the im age i m g= g e t I m a g e ( g e t C o d e B a se ( ) , " k & h . j p g " ); } p u bl i c v oi d p a i nt ( G r a p hi c s g ) { g . d r a wI m a g e (i m g , 0 , 0, t hi s) ; / / g. d r a wI m a g e ( i m g , 0 , 0, 2 0 0 , 2 0 0 , t h i s) ; } } E:\Core> javac appimg.java E:\Core> appletviewer appimg.html

131

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

Ab s t ra c t Wi nd o wT o o l Kit
P la c in g c o mp o n e n t s o n t h e Ap p le t :
j av a. a wt p a c k a g e i s p r o v i di n g t h e f ol l o wi n g c o m p o n e n t c l a sse s, wh i c h a l l ow s u s t o p l a c e c o m p o n e n t s l i k e b u t t o n s, c h e c k b o x e s, d o o n t h e a p p l e t . ( a ) c o m p o n e n t cl a ss : C o m p o n e n t i s a su p e r c l a s s f o r a l l t h e c om p o n e n t s. I t i s p r ov i d i n g a se t of m et h o d s wh i c h a r e av ai l ab l e i n a l l t h e su b c l a sse s.

C o m p on en t :
i. ii. Button T ex t c om p o n e n t T ex t f i el d T ex t a r e a iii. iv. v. vi. vii. ix. Label Check box Scrollbar Choice L i st Container

v i i i . C a nv a s

Panel

wi n d o w

F r am e Di a l o g C o m p o n e n t i s a n a b st r a c t c l a ss, b u t i t i s n o t c o n t a i ni n g a n y a b st r a c t m et h o d s i . e . , we c a n n o t c r e a t e a n y i n st a n c e s o f t h e c o m p o n e n t c l a ss, b u t t h e m e t h o d s o f t he c o m p o n e n t cl a ss c a n b e u se d i n t h e su b c l as se s.

C o m p on en t c la s s Me t ho d s :
v oi d se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r c o l o r ) : v o i d se t F o r e g r o u n d ( C o l o r c ol o r ) : Sets the background col or. Sets the f oreground col or.

v oi d se t E n a b l e d ( B o ol e a n e n a b l e s ) : E n a bl e s o r d i sa b l e s t h e c om p o n e n t . v o i d se t V i si bl e ( B o ol e a n v i si bl e ) : S h ow s t h e c o m p o n e n t t o t h e sp e c i f i e d l o c at i o n. v oi d se t L o c a t i o n ( i n t x , i n t y ) : M ov e s t h e c o m p o n e n t t o t h e sp e c i f i e d l o c a t i o n. p o i n t g e t L o c a t i o n ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e c om p o n e n t . Ex: p u b l i c cl a ss p o i n t { public int x; p u b l i c i n t y; }

v oi d se t S i z e ( i n t wi d t h, i n t h ei g h t ) : S et s wi d t h a n d h e i g h t of t h e c om p o n e n t .
132 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

v oi d g e t Si z e ( ) : Ex: p u b l i c cl a ss D i m e n si o n { p u b l i c i n t wi d t h ; publi c i nt hei ght; }

v oi d se t B o u n d s( i n t x , i n t y , i nt wi d t h , i nt h ei g h t ) : R e c t a n g l e g e t B o u n d s( ) : Ex: p u b l i c cl a ss R e c t a n g l e { p u b l i c i nt x ; p u b l i c i nt y; p u b l i c i nt wi d t h ; p u b l i c i nt h ei g h t ; } F o r c r e a t i n g a p u sh b u t t o n . B u t t o n ( ) : c r e a t e s b l a n k b u t t on , i . e n o l a b e l B u t t o n ( St r i n g L a b e l ) : c r e a t e s B u t t o n wi t h sp e c i f i e d l a b el . Ex: B ut t t o n ( S U B M I T ); C h a n g e s t h e l a b e l of t h e b u t t o n .
SUBMIT

Button :

S y n t ax :

v oi d se t L a b e l ( St ri n g n e wl a b e l ) :

v oi d g e t L a b e l ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e l a b e l of t h e b u t t o n . / / F i l e n am e : b u t to n t e s t . j a v a

i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss b u t t o n t e st ex t e n d s A p p l e t { Button b1,b2; p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( "F i r st B u t t o n " ) ; b 2 = n e w B u t t o n ( " S e c o n d B u t t o n " ); / / sh o w s t h e c o m p o n e n t s o n t h e a p p l e t add(b1); add(b2); } }

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac buttontest.java E:\Core> appletviewer buttontest.html

133

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

Ha n d l in g C o mp o n e n t s :

T o h a n d l e a n y c o m p o n e n t a l i st e n e r i s r e q u i r e d . A l i st e n e r wa i t s f o r a n e v e n t t o o c c u r . O n c e t h e c o rr e sp o n d i n g ev e n t o c c u r s t h e l i st e n e r s c a l l s t h e sp e c i f i e s m e t h o d . j av a . a wt . ev e nt p a c k a g e i s p r o v i d i n g t h e l i st e n e r i n t e rf a c e s f o r h a n d l i n g v a ri o u s t y p e s o f c om p o n e n t s. I n t e rf a c e s : A c t i o n L i st e n e r : F o r h a n d l i n g b u t t o n s, l i st b o x e s, m e n u i t em s e t c. , I t em Li st e n e r : F o r h a n d l i n g c h e c k b ox e s e t c . , A d j u st m e n t L i st e n e r : F o r h a n d l i n g sc r o l l b a rs. W i n d o wL i st e n e r : F o r h a n d l i n g f oc u s ev e n t s. K e y L i st e n e r : F o r h a n d l i n g k e y ev e nt s. F o r h a n d l i n g m o u se ev e n t s.

M o u se L i st e n e r :

A c t i o n L i st e n e r :

Ac t i o n L i st e n e r i s c o n t ai n i n g t h e f ol l o wi n g m e t h o d .

A l i s t e n e r i s a p r o g r a m t h a t wi l l b e a t t a c h e d t o a c o m p o n e n t . T h e l i st e n e r c o n t i n u o u sl y m o ni t o r s t h e c o m p o n e n t s f o r sp e c i f i c ev e n t s su c h a s k e y p r e s s, m o u se c l i c k e t c. , wh e n e v e r t h e ev e n t oc c u r s t h e l i st e n e r c a l l t h e c o r r e sp o n d i n g f u n ct i o n. p u b l i c v oi d a c t i o n P e rf o rm e d ( A c t i o n Ev e n t e ) : T o h a n d l e a b u t t o n c r e a t e a c l a s s t h a t i m pl em e n t s t h e A c t i o n L i st e n e r i n t e rf ac e a n d ov e r ri d e t h e a c t i o n P e rf o rm e d m e t h o d . A d d t h e l i st e n e r t o t h e r e q u i r e d b u t t o n . W h e n ev e r t h e u se r c l i c k s o n t h e b u t t o n t h e l i st e n e r r e c e i v e s t h e ev e n t a n d ex e c ut e s t h e a c t i o n P e rf o rm e d m et h o d . / / F i l e n am e : b u t to n t e s t 2 . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss b u t t o n t e st 2 e x t e n d s A p p l e t { Button b1,b2; p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( "F i r st B u t t o n " ) ; b 2 = n e w B u t t o n ( " S e c o n d B u t t o n " ); / / sh o w s t h e c o m p o n e n t s o n t h e a p p l e t add(b1); add(b2); b 1 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( n e w F i r st H a n d l e r () ) ; b 2 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( n e w S e c o n d H a n d l e r ( ) ) ; } // Handl ers
First Button Clicked 134 SATEESH N

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac buttontest2.java E:\Core> appletviewer buttontest2.html

SATEESH N

cl a ss F i r st H a n d l e r i m pl em e n t s A c t i o n L i st en e r { p u b l i c v oi d a ct i o n P e rf o rm e d ( A ct i o n Ev e n t e ) { sh o wS t a t u s( " F i r st B u t t o n Cl i c k e d " ) ; } } cl a ss S e c o n d H a n d l e r i m pl em e n t s A ct i o n L i st e n e r { p u b l i c v oi d a ct i o n P e rf o rm e d ( A ct i o n Ev e n t e ) { sh o wS t a t u s( " C l i c k e d o n S e c o n d B u t t o n " ) ; } } }

/ / F i l e n am e : b u t to n t e s t 3 . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss b u t t o n t e st 3 e x t e n d s A p p l e t { Button b1,b2; p u b l i c v oi d { b1 = new b2 = new / / sh o w s add(b1); add(b2); b 1 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( n e w C o m m o n H a n d l e r ( ) ); b 2 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( n e w C o m m o n H a n d l e r ( ) ); } / / C om m o n H a n d l e r cl a ss C o m m o n H a n d l e r i m pl em e n t s A c t i o n L i st e n e r { p u b l i c v oi d a ct i o n P e rf o rm e d ( A ct i o n Ev e n t e ) { if ( e.getSource() == b1 ) sh o wS t a t u s( " F i r st B u t t o n C l i c k ed " ) ; e l se i f ( e . g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 2 ) sh o wS t a t u s( " C l i c k e d o n S e c o n d B u t t o n " ) ; } } }
C lic k ed on S ec on d B ut t on

i ni t ( ) B u t t o n ( "F i r st B u t t o n " ) ; B u t t o n ( " S e c o n d B u t t o n " ); the com ponents on the applet

Out Put :

cont

E:\Core> javac buttontest3.java E:\Core> appletviewer buttontest3.html

135

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

/ / F i l e n am e : b u t to n t e s t 4 . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss b u t t o n t e st 4 e x t e n d s A p p l e t i m pl em e n t s A c t i o n L i st e n e r { Button b1,b2;

Out Put :

p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( "F i r st B u t t o n " ) ; b 2 = n e w B u t t o n ( " S e c o n d B u t t o n " ); / / sh o w s t h e c o m p o n e n t s o n t h e a p p l e t add(b1); add(b2); b 1 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; b 2 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } p u b l i c v oi d a ct i o n P e rf o rm e d ( A ct i o n Ev e nt e) { if ( e.getSource() == b1 ) sh o wS t a t u s( " F i r st B u t t o n C l i ck e d " ) ; e l se i f ( e . g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 2 ) sh o wS t a t u s( " C l i c k e d o n S e c o n d B u t t o n " ) ; } }

E:\Core> javac buttontest4.java E:\Core> appletviewer buttontest4.html

First Button Clicked

T e x tF i el d ( ) : A t e x t f i el d i s u se d f o r t e x t f r om t h e u se r . T h e r e a r e 4 i m p o r t a n t c o n st r u c t o r s a r e t h e r e f o r T ex t F i el d . T ex t F i el d ( ) T ex t F i el d ( S t ri n g st r ) T ex t F i el d ( i n t l e n g t h ) T ex t F i el d ( St r i n g st r, i n t l e n g t h )

There are 2 im portant m ethods S t ri n g g e t T ex t ( ) : R et u r n s t h e t ex t i n t h e t e x t b ox .

v oi d se t T ex t ( St r i n g t ex t ) : Pl a c e s t h e g i v en t ex t i nt o t h e t ex t b o x . v oi d se t E d i t a b l e ( B o o l e a n e d i t a b l e ) : M a ke s t h e t e x t r e a d o nl y o r r e a d a n d wr i t e . T e x t Ar e a ( ) : F o r a c c e p t i n g m ul t i p l e l i n e s o f t ex t . C o n st r u c t o r s : T ex t A r e a ( ) , T ex t Ar e a ( i n t r o ws, i n t c o l s ) , T ex t A r e a ( St ri n g st r , i n t r o ws, i n t c ol s )

Methods : S t ri n g g e t T ex t ( ) v oi d se t E d i t a b l e ( b o ol e a n e d i t a bl e )
136

v oi d se t T ex t ( St r i n g t ex t ) v oi d a p p e n d ( S t ri n g t ex t )
SATEESH N

SATEESH N

/ / F i l e n am e : t e x t t e s t . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss t ex t t e st ex t e n d s A p p l e t i m pl em e n t s A c t i o n L i st e n e r { T ex t F i el d t 1, t 2 ; Button b1,b2; Out Put : p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { t 1 = n e w T ex t F i e l d ( 3 5 ); t 2 = n e w T ex t F i e l d ( 3 5 ); b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( " C o p y D o wn " ) ; b 2 = n e w B u t t o n ( " C o p y U p " ); a d d ( t 1 ); a d d ( t 2 ); add(b1); add(b2); b 1 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; b 2 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } p u b l i c v oi d a ct i o n P e rf o rm e d ( A ct i o n Ev e nt e) { if ( e.getSource() == b1 ) { t 2 . se t T ex t ( t 1 . g e t T ex t ( ) ) ; t 1 . se t T ex t ( " " ); } el se i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 2 ) { t 1. se t T ex t (t 2 . g e t T ex t ( ) ); t 2. se t T ex t ( "" ) ; } } } Checkbox : C o n st r u c t o r s : Checkbox( ) Methods : S t ri n g g e t L a b e l ( ) v oi d se t L a b e l ( St ri n g n e wl a b e l ) C h e c k b o x ( S t ri n g L a b e l ) T h e c h e c k b o x i s u se d f o r a c ce p t i n g B o ol e a n t y p e s of v al u e s. E:\Core> javac texttest.java E:\Core> appletviewer texttest.html

v oi d se t L a b e l ( S t ri n g n e wl a b e l ) : C h a n g e s t h e L a b e l . b o o l e a n g e t S t a t e ( ) : R et u r n s t r u e i f t h e c he c k b o x i s c h e c k e d o n o t h e r wi se f a l se .
137 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

v oi d se t S t a t e ( B o o l e a n st a t e ) : C h a n g e s t h e st a t e o f t h e c h e c k b ox .

A c h e c k b o x sh o u l d b e h a n d l e d u si n g I t e m Li st e n e r i n t e rf a c e, wh i c h i s c o n t a i n i n g t h e f ol l o wi n g m e t h o d s.

P u b l i c v oi d i t em St a t e C h a n g e d ( I t em Ev e n t e ) :

/ / F i l e n am e : c h kb o x t e s t. j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss c h k b o x t e st e x t e n d s A p p l e t i m pl e m e n t s A ct i o n Li st e n e r , I t em Li st e n e r { C h e c k b ox c b 1 , c b 2; Button b1; p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( " c om i c S a n s" , F o n t . BO LD , 1 8 ) ) ; c b 1 = n e w C h e c k b o x ( "F i r st C h e c k B ox ") ; c b 2 = n e w C h e c k b o x ( " S e c o n d C h e c k B ox " ) ; b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( " S h o w B o t h D e t ai l s" ) ; add(cb1); add(cb2); add(b1); c b 1 . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; c b 2 . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; b 1 . a d d A c t i o n L i st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } p u b l i c v oi d i t em S t at e C h a n g e d ( I t e m Ev e n t e) { S t ri n g m sg = "" ;
F ir s t c h ec k b ox O N S ec on d c h ec k b ox O F F

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac chkboxtest.java E:\Core> appletviewer chkboxtest.html

i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = c b 1 ) { m sg = "F i r st C h e c k B ox : "; m sg = m sg + ( c b 1 . g e t St a t e ( ) = = t r u e ? " C H E C K E D O N " : " C H E C K E D O F F " ); } e l se i f ( e . g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = c b 2 ) { m sg = " S e c o n d C h e c k B ox : " ; m sg = m sg + ( c b 2 . g et S t a t e () = = t r u e ? " C H E C K E D O N " : " C H E C K E D O F F " ); } sh o wS t a t u s( m sg ) ; }
138 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

p u b l i c v oi d a ct i o n P e rf o rm e d ( A ct i o n Ev e nt e) { if ( e.getSource() == b1 ) { S t r i n g m sg = " "; m sg = " F i r st C h e c k B ox "; m sg = m sg + ( c b 1 . g e t St a t e ( ) = = t r u e ? " O N " : " O F F " ) ; m sg = m sg + " S e c o n d C h e c k B ox " ; m sg = m sg + ( c b 2 . g e t St a t e ( ) = = t r u e ? " O N " : " O F F " ) ; sh o wS t a t u s( m sg ) ; } } } c h e c k b o x g r o u p s : I f c h e c k b ox e s a r e a d d e d t o c h e c k b o x g r o u p s, J av a c o nv e r t s them to Radi o Button . C h e c k b o x g e t S e l e ct e d c h e c k b ox ( ) : f r om t h e sp e c i f i e d g r o u p . / / F i l e n am e : r a d i o t e s t . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss r a d i o t e st ex t e n d s A p p l e t i m pl em e n t s I t em Li st e n e r { C h e c k b ox G r o u p l a n g = n e w C h e c k b o x G r o u p ( ) ; C h e c k b ox G r o u p p a c k = n e w C h e c k b o x G r ou p ( ) ; C h e c k b ox o p t 1 = n e w C h e c k b o x (" C L a n g u a g " , l a n g , t r u e ) ; C h e c k b ox o p t 2 = n e w C h e c k b o x (" C + + L a ng u a g " , l a n g , t r u e ) ; C h e c k b ox o p t 3 = n e w C h e c k b o x (" J av a " , l an g , t r u e ) ; C h e c k b ox o p t 4 = n e w C h e c k b o x (" Vi su a l Ba si c " , p a c k , t r u e ) ; C h e c k b ox o p t 5 = n e w C h e c k b o x (" P o we r B u i l d e r ", p a c k , t r u e ) ; p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( " A ri al Bl a c k " , F o n t . B O LD , 1 4 ) ) ; add(opt1); add(opt2); add(opt3); add(opt4); add(opt5); o p t 1 . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; o p t 2 . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; o p t 3 . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; o p t 4 . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; o p t 5 . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; }
139 C + + L a n g u a g e P o w e r B u i l d eN SATEESH r

R e t u rn s t h e r e f e r e n c e o f t h e se l e c t e d c h e c k b o x

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac radiotest.java E:\Core> appletviewer radiotest.html

SATEESH N

p u b l i c v oi d i t em S t at e C h a n g e d ( I t e m Ev e n t e) { C h e c k b ox c 1 = l a n g . g e t S e l e ct e d C h e c k b o x ( ); C h e c k b ox c 2 = p a c k . g e t S e l e ct e d C h e c k b o x ( ); St ri n g m sg = c 1 . g e t L a b e l ( ) + " sh o wS t a t u s( m sg ) ; } } S c r o l l b a r : A sc r ol l b a r i s u se d f o r se l e c t i n g a v a l u e wi t hi n a g i v e n r a n g e . sc r o l l b a r ( ) : C r e a t e s v e r t i c al sc r o l l b a r . sc r o l l b a r ( i n t st y l e ) : T h e st yl e m a y b e sc r o l l b a r. V E RT I C A L o r sc r o l l b a r . H O RI Z O N T A L sc r o l l b a r ( i nt st yl e , i n t i n i t i al v al u e , i nt t h um b si z e , i nt m i n , i n t m ax ) : " + c 2. g e t L a b e l ( ) ;

c o n s t ru c to r s :
v oi d se t V a l u e s( i n t i ni t i al v a l u e, i n t t h um b si z e , i nt m i n , i nt m ax ) : C h a n g e s t h e r a n g e f o r t h e sc r o l l b a r . i n t g et V a l u e ( ) : R et u r n s t h e se l e c t e d v a l ue . v oi d se t V a l u e ( i n t v al ) : M ov e s t h e t h um b t o t h e sp e c i f i e d v al u e .

A sc r o l l b a r sh o u l d b e h a n d l e d c o n t a i n i n g t h e f ol l o wi n g m e t h o d .

u si n g

the

A d j u st m e n t L i st e n e r

i n t e rf ac e .

T hi s

p u b l i c v o i d a d j u st m e n t V al u e C h a n g e d ( A d j u st m e n t Ev e n t e ) : / / F i l e n am e : scrolbarrgb.java

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss sc r o l b a r r g b e x t e n d s A p p l e t i m pl em e n t s A d j u st m e n t Li st e n e r { S c r ol l b a r r e d = n e w S c r o l l b a r ( S c r ol l b a r . HO R I Z O NT A L , 0 , 1 0 0 , 0 , 3 5 5 ); S c r ol l b a r g r e e n = n e w S c r o l l b a r ( S c r ol l b a r. H O R I Z O N T A L , 0 , 1 0 0 , 0 , 3 5 5 ) ; S c r ol l b a r b l u e = n e w S c r o l l b a r ( S c r ol l b a r . HO R I Z O NT A L , 0 , 1 0 0 , 0 , 3 5 5 ); Label l1 = new Label(); p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t L a y o u t ( n e w G r i d L a y o u t ( 4 , 1 ) ) ; add(l1); add(red); add(green); add(blue);

140 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

r e d . a d d A d j u st m e n t Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; g r e e n . a d d A d j u st m e n t L i st e n e r ( t hi s) ; b l u e . a d d A dj u st m e n t Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } p u b l i c v oi d a dj u st m e n t V a l u e C h a n g e d ( A d j u st m e n t Ev e nt e ) { i nt r = r e d . g e t V al u e ( ) ; i nt g = g r e e n . g e t V a l u e ( ); i nt b = bl u e . g e t V al u e ( ) ; // get the new col or C o l o r n c = n e w C o l o r ( r , g, b ) ; l 1. se t B a c k g r o u n d ( n c ) ; sh o wS t a t u s( " R e d : " + r+ "G r e e n : "+ g + " Bl u e : "+ b ) ; } } Choice :

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac scrollbarrgb.java E:\Core> appletviewer scrollbarrgb.html

F o r c r e a t i n g a c om b o b ox o r d r op d o wn l i st b ox .

C o n st r u c t o r s : C h o i c e ( ) : C r e a t e s a c h o i c e c om p o n e n t . Methods : v oi d a d d ( St ri n g i t em ) : A d d a n i t em t o t h e c h o i c e b ox . S t ri n g g e t S e l e ct e d I t em ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e t ex t of t h e se l e c t e d i t em . i n t g e t S el e c t e d I n d ex ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e I n d e x of t h e se l e c t e d i t em st a r t i n g f r om z e r o . I t r e t u r n s m i n u s o n e ( - 1 ) o n n o se l e c t i o n . S t ri n g g e t I t em ( i n t i n d ex ) : R e t u r n s t h e t ex t of t h e sp e c i f i e d i t em . i n t g et I t em C o u n t ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e n um b e r of i t em s i n t h e c h oi c e c om p o n e n t . v oi d se l e c t ( i nt i n d ex ) : S el e c t s t h e sp e c i f i e d i t em . v oi d r em ov e ( i nt i n d e x ) : R em ov e s t h e sp e c i f i e d i t em .

v oi d r em ov e ( S t ri n g i t em ) : R em ov e s t h e sp e c i f i e d i t em . v oi d r e m ov eA l l ( ) : R e m ov e s a l l i t em s. A c h o i c e c o m p o n e n t c a n b e h a n d l e d u si n g I t em Li st e n e r i n t e rf ac e . L i s t : F o r cr e a t i n g a l i st b ox . L i st ( ) : d ef a u l t si z e . L i st ( i nt r o ws, b o o l e a n m u l t i se l e c t ) : A l l t h e f u n c t i o n s of t h e c h o i c e b o x su p p o r t e d i n t h e l i st b ox .
141 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

S t ri n g [ ] g e t S e l e ct e d I t em s( ) : R e t u r n s a l l t h e se l e c t e d i t em s. i n t [ ] g e t S el e c t e dI n d e x s( ) : R e t u r n s a l l t h e se l e c t e d i t em s.

A l i st b ox sh o u l d b e h a n d l e u si n g A c t i o n L i st e n e r i n t e rf a c e.

L a yo u t Ma n a g e me n t :
A l a y o u t sp e c i f i e s h o w t h e c o m p o n e n t s a r e a l i g n e d , si z e d a n d p o si t i o n e d i n t h e r u n t i m e of a n a p p l et . J av a . a wt p a c k a g e su p p o r t s t h e f o l l o wi n g f i v e l a y o u t cl a sse s f o r v a ri o u s a l i g nm e n t o f t h e c om p o n e n t s. F l o wL a y o u t BorderLayout G ri d L a yo u t CardLayout GridBagLayout

F l o w L a y o u t : I n t h e F l o wL a y o u t w h e n e v e r a c om p o n e n t i s a d d i t wi l l b e a d d e d i n t h e c u r r e n t r o w. I f t h e r e i s n o sp a c e i n t h e c u r re n t r o w, t h e c o m p o n e n t wi l l b e pl a c e d i n t he n e x t r o w. T h i s i s t h e d ef a u l t l a y o u t f or a p p l et a n d p a n e l s. F l o wL a y o u t ( ) : F l o wL a y o u t ( i nt al i g n ) : F l o wL a y o u t ( i nt al i g n , i n t v sp a c e , i n t h sp a c e ) :

align :

F l o wL a y o u t . C E N T E R F l o wL a y o u t . L E F T F l o wL a y o u t . R I G HT

( d ef a u l t )

v sp a c e a n d h sp a c e a r e t h e sp a c e d b e t we e n c om p o n e n t s v e r t i c al l y a n d h o ri z o n t al l y .

/ / F i l e n am e :

flowlay.java

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac flowlay.java E:\Core> appletviewer flowlay.html

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss f l o wl a y ex t e n d s A p p l e t { p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . pi n k ) ; se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( "B o o k A n t i q u a " , F o n t . BO L D , 1 6 ) ) ; se t L a y o u t ( n e w F l o wL a y o u t ( F l o wL a y o u t . R I G H T , 5 , 1 0 ) ) ; f or ( i nt i = 1; i < = 2 5 ; i + + ) { add(new Button("Button"+ i )); } } }

142

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

B o r d e r L a y o u t : I n t h e B o r d e r L a y o u t wh e n ev e r we a d d a c o m p o n e n t we sh o u l d a l s o sp e c i f y t h e di r e c t i o n of t h a t c om p o n e n t .

T h e f ol l o wi n g di r e c t i o n s a r e su p p o r t e d : B o r d e r L a y o u t . E A ST B o r d e r L a y o u t . W E ST BorderLayout.NORTH B o r d e r L a y o u t . S O UT H BorderLayout.CENTER Z e r o a r g um e n t c o n st r u c t o r ,

( d ef a ul t ) BorderLayout( ) :

T h i s i s t h e d ef a u l t l a y o u t f or f r am e s a n d d i a l o g s

/ / F i l e n am e : b o r d e r l a y . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss b o r d e r l a y ex t e n d s A p p l e t { S c r ol l b a r s1 = n e w S c r ol l b a r ( Sc r o l l b a r . VER T I C A L ) ; S c r ol l b a r s2 = n e w S c r ol l b a r ( Sc r o l l b a r . VER T I C A L ) ; C h o i c e c o u r se = n e w C h o i c e ( ) ; L i st l 1 = n e w L i st ( ) ; B u t t o n b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( " S am pl e B ut t o n " ) ; p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( " A ri al N a r r o w" , F o n t . BO L D , 1 4 ) ) ; se t L a y o u t ( n e w B o r d e r L a y o u t ( ) ) ; a d d ( s1 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . E A S T ); a d d ( s2 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . W E ST ) ; a d d ( l 1 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . C E N T E R) ; c o u r se . a d d ( " C L a n g u a g e " ) ; c o u r se . a d d ( " C + + " ) ; c o u r se . a d d ( " J av a " ); c o u r se . se l e c t ( 1 ) ; / / 2 n d i t em

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac borderlay.java E:\Core> appletviewer borderlay.html

l 1. a d d ( " Vi su a l B a si c " ) ; l 1. a d d ( " P o we r B u i l d e r ") ; l 1. a d d ( " D e l p h i " ) ; } }

143

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

GridLayout : I n t h e G r i d L a y o u t t h e t o t a l a r e a i s d i v i d e d i n t o r o ws a n d c o l u m n s. W h e n ev e r we a d d a c o m p o n e n t e a c h c om p on e n t wi l l b e a d d e d i n e a c h c e l l .

G r i dl a y o u t (i n t r o ws, i n t c o l s) : G r i dl a y o u t (i n t r o ws, i n t c o l s, i n t v sp a c e , i n t hsp a se ) : / / F i l e n am e : gridlay.java

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac gridlay.java E:\Core> appletviewer gridlay.html

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss g r i d l a y ex t e n d s A p p l e t { p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . p i n k) ; se t L a y o u t ( n e w G r i d L a y o u t ( 6 , 3 , 1 0 , 1 0 ) ) ; / / a d d 1 8 c om p o n e n t s f o r (i n t i = 1 ; i < = 1 8; i + + ) { a d d ( n e w B u t t o n ( " B u t t o n "+ i ) ) ; } } } P a n e l L a y o u t : A p a n e l i s a c o n t a i n e r o f c om p o n e n t s t h a t i s we a r e a b l e t o p l a c e c o m p o n e n t s l i k e B u t t o n s, c h e c k b o x e s e t c . , o n t h e p a n e l . A p a n e l c a n h av e a se p a r a t e background color, foreground color, layout etc., A p a n e l c a n c o n t a i n a n o t h e r p a n e l al so . / / F i l e n am e : p a n e l l a y . j a v a

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac panellay.java E:\Core> appletviewer panellay.html

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss p a n e l l a y ex t e n d s A p p l e t { Panel p1 = new Panel(); Panel p2 = new Panel(); p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t L a y o u t ( n e w B o r d e r L a y o u t ( ) ) ; / / f o r t he a p p l e t add(p1,BorderLayout.CENTER); a d d ( p 2 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . SO U T H ) ; p 1 . se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . o r a n g e ) ; p 2 . se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . p i n k) ; p 1 . se t L a y o u t ( n e w G r i d L a y o u t ( 2 , 2 , 5 , 5 ) ); p 1 . a d d ( n e w T ex t A r e a ( ) ); p 1 . a d d ( n e w T ex t A r e a ( ) );

144 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

p1.add(new Tex tArea()); p1.add(new Tex tArea()); p 2 . se t L a y o u t ( n e w F l o wL a y o u t ( ) ) ; p 2 . a d d ( n e w B u t t o n ( " F i r st " ) ) ; p2.add(new Button("Second")); p2.add(new Button("Third")); } } Card Layout : I n t h e c a r d l a y o u t a se t o f c a r d s wi l l b e a d d e d t o t h e l a y o u t . E a c h c a r d c a n c o n t a i n a n y n u m b e r of c om p o n en t s. T o c r e a t e a c a r d a p a n e l wi l l b e u se d . W h e n ev e r a c a r d i s se l e c t e d b y t h e u se r , t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h a t c a r d wi l l b e sh o wn o n the applet. W hi l e a d d i n g a c a r d , t o t h e c a r d l a y o u t we sh o u l d p r o v i d e a n am e f o r e a c h c a r d . T h i s n am e sh o u l d b e u se d t o b r i n g t h a t c a rd t o t h e f r o n t . / / F i l e n am e : cardlay.java

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; / / D e si g n i n g c a r d s c l a ss f i r st c a r d ex t e n d s P a n e l { f i r st c a r d ( ) { se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . p i n k) ; se t L a y o u t ( n e w F l o wL a y o u t ( ) ) ; add(new Tex tFi el d(25)); add(new Tex tFi el d(25)); add(new Tex tFi el d(25)); } } c l a ss se c o n d c a r d e x t e n d s P a n e l { se c o n d c a r d ( ) { se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . o r a n g e ) ; se t L a y o u t ( n e w G r i d L a y o u t ( 2 , 2 , 1 0, 1 0 ) ) ; add(new add(new add(new add(new T e x t A r e a ( ) ); T e x t A r e a ( ) ); T e x t A r e a ( ) ); T e x t A r e a ( ) );

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac cardlay.java E:\Core> appletviewer cardlay.html

} } c l a ss t h i r d c a r d ex t e n d s P a n e l { thirdcard() {
145 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . r e d ) ; se t L a y o u t ( n e w B o r d e r L a y o u t ( ) ) ; S c r ol l b a r s1 = n e w S c r o l l b a r ( S c r ol l b a r . H O R I Z O N T A L ) ; S c r ol l b a r s2 = n e w S c r o l l b a r ( S c r ol l b a r . V E R T I C A L ); a d d ( s1 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . S O U T H ); a d d ( s2 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . E A S T ); } } p u b l i c c l a ss c a r d l a y ex t e n d s A p p l e t i m pl em e n t s A c t i o n L i st e n e r { P a n el p 1 = n e w P a n e l ( ) ; P a n el p 2 = n e w P a n e l ( ) ; f i r st c a r d f c = n e w f i r st c a r d ( ) ; se c o n d c a r d sc = n e w se c o n d c a r d ( ) ; thirdcard tc = new thirdcard(); B ut t o n b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( "S h o w f i r st " ) ; B ut t o n b 2 = n e w B u t t o n ( "S h o w se c o n d " ) ; B ut t o n b 3 = n e w B u t t o n ( "S h o w t h i r d " ) ; CardLayout myLayout = new CardLayout(); p u bl i c v oi d i n i t ( ) { se t L a y o u t ( n e w B o r d e r L a y o u t ( ) ) ; se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( "S a n ss e r i f " , F o n t . B O LD , 1 4 ) ) ; a d d ( p 2 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . C E NT E R ) ; a d d ( p 1 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . SO U T H ); p 1 . se t L a y o u t ( n e w G r i d L a y o u t ( 1 , 3 ) ); p1.add(b1); p1.add(b2); p1.add(b3); b 1 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; b 2 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; b 3 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; p 2 . se t L a y o u t (m y L a y o u t ); p 2 . a d d (f c, " c a r d o n e " ); / / n am e f o r t h e ca r d p 2 . a d d ( sc , " c a r d t wo " ) ; p 2 . a d d ( t c, " c a r d t h r e e " ) ; } p u bl i c v oi d a c t i o n P e rf o rm e d (A c t i o n Ev e n t e ) { if ( e.getSource() == b1 ) { m y L a y o u t . sh o w( p 2 , " c a r d o n e " ) ; } el se i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 2 ) { m y L a y o u t . sh o w( p 2 , " c a r d t wo " ) ; }
146 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

e l se i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 3 ) { m y L a y o u t . sh o w( p 2 , " c a r d t h r e e" ) ; } } }

G r i d B ag L a y o u t : G r i d B a g L a y o u t i s t h e m o st p o we r f u l l a y o u t t o pl a c e t he c o m p o n e n t s a t t h e r e q u i r e d l o c a t i o n s. T h e l a y o u t u se s a h e l p e r c l a ss ( t h a t i s G r i d B ag c o n st r a i n t s ) f o r pl a ci n g t h e c om p o n e n t s. G r i dB a g c o n st r a i n t i s c o n t ai n i n g som e v a ri ab l e s. They are i. int ii. int iii .i nt iv. int g r di x ; g ri d y ; g r i d wi d t h ; g r i d h ei g h t ;

I n t h e G r i d B a g L a y o u t t h e t o t a l a r e a i s d i v i d e d i n t o r o ws a n d c o l u m n s. W h e n ev e r we wa n t t o a d d a c o m p o n e n t , t h e l o c a t i o n a n d t h e d i m e n si o n s o f t h a t c om p o n e n t sh o u l d b e sp e c i f i e d u si n g t h e g r i d b a g c o nst r a i n t s a n d t h e n t h e c o m p o n e n t sh o u l d b e a d d e d . E a c h c om p o n e n t c a n o c c u p y m o r e t h a n o n e c e l l .

Sno Address Tfee Course

0 0 1 1

Sname

fpaid save save

2 3 4 5

Sno Address Tfee Course

Sname

2 3

fpaid save save

/ / F i l e n am e :

g r i d b ag . j a v a

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss g r i d b a g ex t e n d s A p p l e t { L a b e l l sn o = n e w L a b e l ( " S n o " ); L a b e l l sn a m e = n e w L a b e l ( " S n a m e " ); L a b e l l a d d r e ss = n e w L a b e l ( " A d d r e s s" ) ;

147 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

L a b e l l t f e e = n e w L a b e l ( " T o t F e e " ); L a b e l l f p ai d = n e w L a b e l ( " F e e p ai d " ) ; L a b e l l c o u r se = n e w L a b e l ( " C o u r se " ) ; T ex t F i el d T ex t F i el d T ex t F i el d T ex t F i el d T ex t F i el d sn o = n e w T ex t F i e l d ( 1 0 ) ; sn a m e = n e w T ex t F i e l d ( 3 0 ) ; a d d r e ss = n e w T e x t F i e l d ( 5 0 ) ; t f e e = n e w T ex t F i el d ( 2 0 ) ; f p ai d = n e w T ex t F i el d ( 2 0 ) ;

C h o i c e c o u r se = n e w C h o i c e ( ) ; B u t t o n b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( " S av e " ); Gri dBagLayout gb = new Gri dBagLayout(); G r i d B a g C o n st r a i n t s g c = n e w G ri d B a g C o n st r a i n t s( ) ; p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t L a y o u t ( g b ) ; g c . f i l l = G ri d B a g C o n st r a i n t s. B O T H ; / / a d d i n g l sn o g c . g ri dx = 0; g c . g ri d y = 0; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 1 ; g c . g ri d h e i g h t = 1 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( l sn o , g c ) ; a d d ( l sn o ) ; / / a d d i n g sn o g c . g ri dx = 1; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( sn o , g c ) ; a d d ( sn o ) ; / / a d d i n g l sn a m e g c . g ri dx = 2; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( l sn a m e , g c ) ; a d d ( l sn a m e ); / / f o r sn a m e g c . g ri dx = 3; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 3 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( sn a m e , g c ); a d d ( sn a m e ) ; / / a d d i n g l a d d r e ss g c . g ri dx = 0; g c . g ri d y = 1; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 1 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( l a d d r e s s, g c ) ; a d d ( l a d d r e ss) ;

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac gridbag.java E:\Core> appletviewer gridbag.html

148

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

/ / f o r a d d r e ss g c . g ri dx = 1; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 5 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( a d d r e s s, g c ) ; a d d ( a d d r e s s) ; // addi ng l tfee g c . g ri dx = 0; g c . g ri d y = 2; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 1 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( l t f e e , g c ); add(ltf ee); // f or tf ee g c . g ri dx = 1; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 2 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( t f e e , g c ) ; add(tf ee); / / a d d i n g l f p ai d g c . g ri dx = 3; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 1 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( l f p a i d, g c ) ; a d d ( l f p ai d ) ; / / f o r f p ai d g c . g ri dx = 4; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 2 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( f p a i d, g c ) ; a d d (f p a i d ); / / a d d i n g l c o u r se g c . g ri dx = 0; g c . g ri d y = 3; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 1 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( l c o u r se , g c ) ; a d d ( l c o u r se ) ; / / f o r c o u r se g c . g ri dx = 1; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 3 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( c o u r se , g c ) ; a d d ( c o u r se ) ; // f or b1 g c . g ri dx = 4; g c . g ri d wi d t h = 2 ; g b . se t C o n st r a i n t s( b 1 , g c ) ; add(b1); c o u r se . a d d ( " V i su a l B a si c " ); c o u r se . a d d ( " J av a " ); c o u r se . a d d ( " P o we r B u i l d e r " ) ; } }
149 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

N U L L L a yo u t : I f t h e l a y o u t i s sa i d t o n u l l we sh o u l d sp e c i f y t h e l o c a t i o n a n d t h e d i m e n si o n of t h e c om p o n e n t s wh i l e a d d i n g . / / F i l e n am e : n u l l t e s t . j a v a i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss n u l l t e st ex t e n d s A p p l e t { B ut t o n b 1 , b 2 ; p u bl i c v oi d i n i t ( ) { b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( "F i r st B u t t o n " ) ; b 2 = n e w B u t t o n ( " S e c o n d B u t t o n " ); se t L a y o u t ( n u l l ) ; / / R em ov e t h e c u r r e n t L a y o u t //x,y / / wi d t h , h e i g h t

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac nulltest.java E:\Core> appletviewer nulltest.html

b 1 . se t L o c a t i o n ( 5 0 , 5 0 ); b 1 . se t Si z e ( 1 5 0 , 4 0 ) ; add(b1);

b 2 . se t B o u n d s( 2 1 0 , 7 5 , 1 5 0 , 4 0 ) ; add(b2); } }

/ / x , y , wi d t h , h e i g h t

F r a me s :

A f r am e i s a c o n t ai n e r wh i c h i s u se d f o r d i sp l a yi n g t h e c om p o n e n t s i n a se p a r a t e wi n d o w. A f r am e c o n t a i ni n g t h e f ol l o wi n g f e a t u r e s : i. ii. iii. T h e f r am e c o n t a i n s t i t l e b a r, m i ni m i z e , m ax i m um , b u t t o n s. C o n t a i n s r e si z a b l e b o r d e r s. Contains a m enu bar.

T o c r e a t e a f r am e, c r e a t e a cl a ss t h a t e x t e nd s t h e f r am e cl a ss. C o n st r u c t o r s : f r am e ( ) : C r e a t e s a f r am e .

f r am e ( S t ri n g t i t l e ) :

Methods : v oi d se t T i t l e ( S t ri n g n e wT i t l e ) : S t ri n g g e t T i t l e ( ) :
150 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

/ / F i l e n am e :

frametest1.java

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e { M yF r am e ( ) { se t T i t l e ( " S am pl e F r am e " ); se t Si z e ( 2 0 0 , 1 5 0 ) ; se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . pi n k ) ; } } p u b l i c c l a ss f r am e t e st 1 ex t e n d s A p p l e t i m pl e m e n t s A ct i o n Li st e n e r { B ut t o n b 1 , b 2 ;

Out Put :

M y F r am e f ; p u bl i c v oi d i n i t ( ) { se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . cy a n ) ; b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( " S h o w F r am e " ); b 2 = n e w B u t t o n ( " Hi d e F r am e " ) ; add(b1); add(b2); f = n e w M y F r am e () ; b 1 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; b 2 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } p u bl i c v oi d a c t i o n P e rf o rm e d (A c t i o n Ev e n t e ) { if ( e.getSource() == b1 ) f . se t V i si bl e ( t r u e ) ; el se i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 2 ) f . se t Vi si b l e (f al se ) ; } } / / F i l e n am e : frametest2.java

E:\Core> javac frametest1.java E:\Core> appletviewer frametest1.html

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e i m p l em e n t s A c t i o n L i st e n e r { B ut t o n b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( "Ex i t P r o g r am " ) ; M y F r am e( ) { se t T i t l e ( " S am pl e F r am e 2 ") ; se t Si z e ( 3 0 0 , 2 0 0 ) ;

151 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . pi n k ) ; se t L a y o u t ( n e w F l o wL a y o u t ( ) ) ; add(b1); b 1 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } p u bl i c v oi d a c t i o n P e rf o rm e d (A c t i o n Ev e n t e ) { i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 1 ) { se t Vi si b l e (f a l se ) ; S y st em . ex i t ( 0 ); } } } p u b l i c c l a ss f r am e t e st 2 ex t e n d s A p p l e t { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { M yF r am e f = n e w M yF r am e ( ) ; f . se t V i si bl e ( t r u e ) ; / / sh o w t h e f r am e } }

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac frametest2.java E:\Core> java frametest2

Handling a Frame : T o h a n d l e a f r am e t h e W i n d o wL i st e n e r wi l l b e u se d . W h i c h i s c o n t a i n i n g t h e f ol l o wi n g 7 m e t h o d s. 1. p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wC l o si n g ( W i n d o wEv e n t e ) : T h i s e v e nt wi l l b e c a l l e d w h e n ev e r t h e u se r c l i c k s o n t h e c l o se B u t t o n of t h e wi n d o w. p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wC l o se d ( W i n d o wEv e n t e ) : Af t e r t h e wi n d o w w a s c l o se d . p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wO p e n e d ( W i n d o wEv e n t e ) : Af t e r t h e wi n d o w wa s o p e n e d . p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wA c t i v at e d ( W i n d o wEv e n t e ) : p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wD e a c t i v a t e d ( W i n d o wEv en t e ) : p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wI c o n i f i e d (W i n d o wEv e n t e) : W h e n ev e r t h e wi n d o w i s m i n i m i z e d . p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wD e i c o n i f i e d (W i n d o wEv e nt e ) : Af t e r t h e wi n d o w wa s r e st o r e d .

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

/ / F i l e n am e : f r a m e t e s t 3 . j a v a / / ov e r ri d e al l t h e m e t h o d s o f W i n d o wL i st e n e r i m p o r t j av a. i o. * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e i m p l em e n t s W i n d o wL i st e n e r { M y F r am e( ) { se t T i t l e (" S am pl e F r am e 3 ") ; se t S i z e ( 3 0 0 , 2 0 0 ) ; se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . p i n k );
152 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

a d dW i n d o wL i st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } / / ov e r ri d i n g al l t h e 7 m e t h o d s of W i n d o wL i st e n e r p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wC l o se d (W i n d o wE v e n t e ) { } p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wC l o si n g (W i n d o wEv e n t e ) { se t V i si bl e (f al se ) ; S y st em . ex i t ( 0 ) ; } p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wO p e n e d (W i n d o wEv e n t e ) { } p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wA c t i v at e d (W i n d o wEv e n t e ) { } p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wD e a c t i v a t e d (W i n d o wEv en t e ) { } p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wI c o n i f i e d (W i n d o wEv e n t e) { } p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wD e i c o n i f i e d (W i n d o wEv e nt e ) { } } c l a ss f r am e t e st 3 { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { My F r am e f = n e w M y F r am e ( ) ; f . se t B o u n d s( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 , 3 0 0 , 2 0 0 ) ; f . se t V i si bl e ( t r u e ); } } w i n d o w Ad a p t e r : wi n d o wA d a p t e r i s a c l a s s a v ai l a b l e i n t h e j av a. a wt p a c k a g e wh i c h i m pl em e n t s t h e wi n d o wL i st e n e r i n t e r f a c e a n d o v e r ri d e s a l l i t s m e t h o d s wi t h o u t a n y st a t e m e n t s. W h e n we c r e a t e a c l a s s t h a t e x t e n d s t h e wi n d o w a d a p t e r c l a ss we c a n ov e r ri d e o n l y t h e r e q u i r e d m et h o d s. T h i s f e a t u r e i s i m p l em e nt s f r om j d k 1 . 2 o n w a r d s.

153 SATEESH N

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac frametest3.java E:\Core> java frametest3

SATEESH N

/ / F i l e n am e :

frametest4.java

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e { M y F r am e( ) { se t T i t l e ( " S am pl e F r am e 4 ") ; se t Si z e ( 3 0 0 , 2 0 0 ) ; se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . pi n k ) ; a d dW i n d o wL i st e n e r ( n e w M yW i n d o wA d a p t e r ( ) ) ; } cl a ss M yW i n d o wA d a p t e r e x t e n d s W i n d o wA d a p t e r // inner { p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wC l o si n g (W i n d o wEv e n t e ) { se t Vi si b l e (f a l se ) ; S y st em . ex i t ( 0 ); } } }

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac frametest4.java E:\Core> java frametest4

c l a ss f r am e t e st 4 { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { M yF r am e f = n e w M yF r am e ( ) ; f . se t V i si bl e ( t r u e ) ; / / sh o w t h e f r am e } }

S i m i l a r l y t h e i nt e rf a c e s l i k e F o c u sL i st e n e r , M o u se L i st e n e r , K e y L i st e n e r e t c . , wh i c h a r e c o n t a i n i n g m o r e t h a n o n e m et h o d s t h e c o r r e sp o n d i n g a d a p t e r c l a ss e s a l s o av ai l a bl e .

A n on y m ou s c l a s se s :

A n a n o n y m o u s c l a s s i s a c l a s s wh i c h a l l o ws u s t o o v e r ri d e a m et h o d of a c l a ss a t t h e t i m e of c r e a t i n g a n i n st a n c e of t h e cl a ss.

Ac t i o n L i s t en e r : T hi s i s a cl a ss wh i c h a l l o w s u s t o ov e r ri d e t h e m et h o d s o f t h e cl a ss , a t t h e t i m e of c r e a t i n g t h e i n t e rf a c e of t h e cl a ss. / / F i l e n am e : frametest5.java

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e { M y F r am e( ) {
154 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

se t B o u n d s( 5 0 , 5 0 , 3 0 0 , 2 0 0 ) ; se t T i t l e (" S am pl e F r am e 5 " ) ; se t B a c k g r o u n d ( C o l o r . p i n k ); a d dW i n d o wL i st e n e r ( n e w W i n d o wA d a p t e r ( ) { p u b l i c v o i d wi n d o wC l o si n g (W i n d o wEv e n t e ) { se t Vi si b l e (f al se ) ; Out Put : Sy st e m . ex i t ( 0 ) ; } E:\Core> javac frametest5.java } ); E:\Core> java frametest5 } } c l a ss f r am e t e st 5 { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { M yF r am e f = n e w M y F r am e ( ); f . se t Vi si b l e (t r u e ) ; } } / / F i l e n am e : b u t t o n c h kb o x. j a v a

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss b u t t o n c h k b o x ex t e n d s A p p l e t { B u t t o n b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( " F i r st B u t t o n " ); C h e c k b ox c b 1 = n e w C h e c k b o x ( "S am p l e Ch e c k b o x " ); p u b l i c v oi d i ni t ( ) { se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( "S a n ss e r i f " , F o n t . B O LD , 1 4 ) ) ; add(b1); add(cb1);

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac buttonchkbox.java E:\Core> appletviewer buttonchkbox.html

C h ec k b ox b 1 . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( n e w A c t i o n Li st e n e r ( ) { p u b l i c v oi d a ct i o n P e rf o r m e d ( A ct i o n Ev e nt e ) { sh o wS t a t u s( " F i r st B ut t o n Cl i c k e d " ) ; } } ); c b 1 . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( n e w I t em Li st e n e r ( ) { p u bl i c v oi d i t em St a t e Ch a n g e d ( I t e m Ev e nt e ) { sh o wS t a t u s( " C h e c k b o x S t a t e C h a n g e d " ) ; } } );

state changed

} }
155 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

/ / F i l e n am e : g e t f o n t l i s t . j a v a / / t o v i e w t h e av ai l a b l e f o n t s i n j av a i m p o r t j av a. i o. * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e { M yF r am e ( ) { se t T i t l e ("f o n t d em o " ) ; S y st em . o u t . p r i nt l n ( "S u p p o r t e d f o n t n am e s " ) ; T o ol k i t t k = g et T o o l k i t ( ) ; / / T o ol Ki t i s av ai l a bl e i n c o n t ai n e r s S t ri n g a r r[ ] = t k. g e t F o n t Li st ( ) ; f o r (i n t i = 0 ; i < a r r. l e n g t h ; i + + ) { S y st em . o u t . p ri n t l n ( a r r [ i ] ); } } } class getfontlist { public static void main(String args[ ] ) { MyFrame f = new MyFrame( ) ; f . setVisible(true) ; } }

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac getfontlist.java E:\Core> java getfontlist Supported font names Dialog SansSerif Serif Monospaced DialogInput

M e n u s : A f r am e c o n t ai n s m e n u b a r . T h e f ol l o wi n g cl a sse s wi l l b e u se d b y d e si g n i n g m e n u s. Menu Bar Menu M e n u I t em C h e c k b o x M e n u I t em PopupMenu MenuShortcut A m e n u c a n c o n t ai n t h e f ol l o wi n g i t em s. M e n u I t em s C h e c b o x M e n ui t em s Separators M e n u s ( su b m e n u s ) A M e n u I t em sh o u l d b e h a n d l e d u si n g t h e A c t i o n L i st e n e r i n t e rf ac e a n d a C h e c k b o x M e n u I t em sh o u l d b e u si n g t h e I t em Li st e n e r i n t e rf a c e.

156

SATEESH N

SATEESH N

/ / f i l e n am e :

m en u t e s t. j a v a

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; p u b l i c c l a ss m e n u t e st ex t e n d s A p p l e t { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { M yF r am e f = n e w M y F r am e ( ); f . se t B o u n d s( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 , 3 0 0 , 2 0 0 ) ; f . se t Vi si b l e (t r u e ) ; } } c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e i m p l em e n t s A c t i o n L i st e n e r , I t em Li st e n e r { T ex t Ar e a t 1 = n e w T ex t A r e a ( ) ; MenuBar m bar = new MenuBar(); M e n u f i l e = n e w M e n u ( " F i l e " ); M e n u wi n d o w = n e w M e n u ( "W i n d o w" ) ; M e n u t i l e = n e w M e n u ( " T i l e " ); M e n u I t em o pt n e w, o p t o p e n , o p t sa v e , o p t ex i t , o p t c a sc a d e , o p t h o r z , o p t v e rt ; C h e c k b ox M e n u I t em o p t a u t o sav e = n e w C h e c k b o x M e n u I t em ( " A u t o S av e " ) ; M y F r am e( ) { se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( " S a n se r i f " , F o n t . BO LD , 1 4 ) ) ; add(t1); o p t n e w = n e w M e n u I t em ( " n e w" , n e w M e n u S h o r t c u t ( ' N ' , f al se ) ) ; / / f al se : ct rl + N o p t o p e n = n e w M e n u I t em (" o p e n " , n e w M e n u S h o r t c u t ( ' O ', t r u e ) ); / / t r u e : c t rl + sh i f t + O o p t sav e = n e w M e n u I t em ( " sav e" ) ; o p t ex i t = n e w M e n u I t em ( " ex i t " ) ; o p t c a sc a d e = n e w M e n u I t em ( " c a sc a d e " ) ; o p t h o r z = n e w M e n u I t em ( " H o ri z o n t al " ) ; o p t v e r t = n e w M e n u I t em ( " V e r t i c al " ); // add the m enu bar se t M e n u B a r ( m b a r ); m b a r . a d d (f i l e ) ; m b a r . a d d ( wi n d o w) ; f i l e. a d d ( o p t n e w) ; f i l e. a d d ( o p t o p e n ) ; f i l e. a d d ( o p t sav e ) ; f i l e. a d d ( o p t a u t o sav e ) ; f i l e. a d d S e p a r a t o r ( ) ; f i l e. a d d ( o p t e x i t ) ; wi n d o w. a d d ( o p t c a sc a d e ) ; wi n d o w. a d d ( t i l e ) ;
157 SATEESH N

Out Put :
E:\Core> javac menutest.java E:\Core> java menutest

SATEESH N

t i l e. a d d ( o p t h o r z ) ; t i l e. a d d ( o p t v er t ); o p t n e w. a d d A c t i o n L i st e n e r ( t h i s) ; o p t sav e . a d d A c t i o n L i st e n e r ( t hi s) ; o p t o p e n . a d d A c t i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; o p t ex i t . a d d A ct i o n Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; o p t c a sc a d e . a d d A c t i o n L i st e n e r ( t hi s) ; o p t h o r z . a d d A c t i o n L i st e n e r ( t hi s) ; o p t v e r t . a d d A c t i o n L i st e n e r ( t h i s) ; o p t a u t o sav e . a d d I t em Li st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } p u bl i c v oi d a c t i o n P e rf o rm e d (A c t i o n Ev e n t e ) { if ( e.getSource() == optnew ) t 1. se t T ex t ( " N e w I t em S el e c t e d " ) ; el se i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = o p t o p e n ) t 1 . se t T ex t ( " O p e n o p t i o n se l e c t e d" ) ; e l se i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = o p t ex i t ) { se t V i si b l e (f a l se ) ; S y st em . ex i t ( 0 ); } e l se { t 1 . se t T ex t ( e . g e t A ct i o n C o m m an d ( ) + " se l e c t e d " ); } } p u bl i c v oi d i t em St a t e C h a n g e d ( I t em Ev e n t e ) { i f ( o pt a u t o sav e . g e t St a t e ( ) = = t r u e ) t 1 . se t T ex t ( " A u t o S av e : C HE C K E D O N ") ; el se t 1 . se t T ex t ( " A u t o S av e : C HE C K E D O F F " ) ; } }

KeyListener :

K e y L i st e n e r i s u se d f o r h a nd l i n g k e y ev e nt s.

p u b l i c v o i d K e y P r e sse d ( K e y Ev e nt e ) : W h e n e v e r t h e k e y i s d o wn . p u b l i c v o i d K e y R e l e a se d ( K e y Ev e n t e ) : W h e n e v e r t h e k e y i s d o wn . p u b l i c v o i d K e y T y p e d ( K e y Ev e nt e ) : B o t h d o w n a n d u p .

K e y Ev e nt : C h a r g e t K e y C h a r ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e c h a r a ct e r t y p e d b y t h e u se r . M o u s eL i s t e n e r : I t i s u se d f o r h a n d l i n g M ou se e v e n t s. p u b l i c v o i d M o u se P r e s se d ( M o u se Ev e n t e ) : wh e n ev e r t h e m o u se b u t t o n i s d o wn .

p u b l i c v o i d M o u se R e l e a se d ( M o u se E v e nt e ) : wh e n e v e r t h e m o u se b u t t o n i s u p .
158 SATEESH N

SATEESH N

p u b l i c v o i d M o u se C l i c k e d ( M o u se Ev e n t e ) : wh e n e v e r t h e m o u se b u t t o n i s d o wn + u p . p u b l i c v o i d M o u se E n t e r e d ( M o u se Ev e n t e ) : M o u se i s e n t e r e d o n a c om p o n e n t i . e . , M o u se i s ov e r a c om p o n e n t . p u b l i c v o i d M o u se E x i t e d ( M o u se Ev e n t e ) : M o u se i s o u t of a c om p o n e n t . M o u se E v e n t : i n t g et x ( ) : R e t u r n s t h e c o - o r d i n a t e s of t h e m o u se p o i n t e r . i n t g et y ( ) : i n t g et M o d i f i e r s : Ex: R e t u r n s t h e b i t p a t t e r n of t h e m o u se k e y s a n d sh i f t k e y s. sh i f t al t c t rl e n t er . . . o n m l . . .

I f ct rl k e y i s p r e s se d v al u e 1 wi l l b e st o r e d o t h e r wi se 0 wi l l b e st o r e d . B U T T O N 1 : l ef t B UT T O N 2 : m i d dl e B UT T O N 3 : ri g h t

PopupMenu : A n o r m a l m e n u sh o u l d a l wa y s b e a t t a c h e d t o t h e m e n u b a r wh i l e a p o p u p m e n u c a n b e di sp l a y e d a n y wh e r e o n t h e c om p o n e n t . / / F i l e n am e : popuptest.java

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a p p l e t . * ; c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e { T ex t Ar e a t 1 = n e w T ex t A r e a ( ) ; PopupMenu popup = new PopupMenu(); M y F r am e( ) { a d d ( t 1 ); add(popup); p o p u p . a d d ( n e w M e n u I t e m ( "F i r st o p t i o n " )) ; p o p u p . a d d ( n e w M e n u I t e m ( "S e c o n d o p t i on " ) ) ; p o p u p . a d d ( n e w M e n u I t e m ( "T hi r d o p t i o n ") ) ; p o p u p . a d d ( n e w M e n u I t e m ( "F o u r t h o pt i on " ) ) ; popup.addSeparator(); p o p u p . a d d ( n e w M e n u I t e m ( "F i f t h o p t i o n " )) ; t 1 . a d d M o u se L i st e n e r ( n e w M y M o u se A d a p t e r ( ) ) ; } cl a ss M y M o u se A d a p t e r e x t e n d s M o u se A d a p t e r { p u b l i c v oi d m o u se P r e ss e d ( M o u s e Ev e n t e ) { i n t x = e . g e t X( ) ; i nt y = e.getY();
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Out Put :
E:\Core> javac popuptest.java E:\Core> java popuptest

to close the applet goto command prompt and click ctrl+c

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if( ( e.getModifiers( ) & InputEvent.BUTTON3_MASK ) == InputEvent.BUTTON3_MASK ) // in the above statement & is bit-wise operator to verify the bit is ON or OFF { p o p u p . sh o w( t 1 , x , y ) ; } } } } / / e n d of M y F r am e p u b l i c c l a ss p o p u p t e st e x t e n d s A p p l e t { p u b l i c st a t i c v o i d m ai n ( S t ri n g a r g s[ ] ) { M yF r am e f = n e w M y F r am e () ; f . se t B o u n d s( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 , 3 0 0 , 2 0 0 ) ; f . se t V i si b l e (t r u e ) ; } } Dialog : A d i a l o g i s si m i l a r t o a f r am e use d f o r d i sp l a y i n g i nf o rm at i o n i n a se p a r a t e wi n d o w. A d i al o g wh e n c o m p a r e d wi t h t h e f ra m e i s c o n t ai n i n g t h e f ol l o wi n g di f f e r e n c e. 1 . A d i al o g c a n n o t c o n t ai n a m e n u b a r . 2 . A d i al o g sh o u l d a l wa y s b e c r e a t e d f r om a f ra m e o r a f r am e a n o t h e r di a l o g . 3 . A d i al o g c a n b e m o d ul a r o r m o d e l e ss. C o n s t r u c to r : Di a l o g ( F r am e p a r e n t ) D i al o g ( F r am e P a r e n t , S t ri n g t i t l e ) D i al o g ( F r am e p a r e n t , St r i n g t i t l e , B o o l ea n m o d al ) F i l e Di a l o g : I t d i sp l a y s t h e o p e n o r sav e d i a l o g b ox e s. C o n s t r u c to r : Type: F i l e D i al o g ( F r am e p a r e n t , S t ri n g t i t l e , i nt t y p e )

Out Put :
F i l e Di a l o g . LO A D : f o r o p e n D i al o g . F i l e Di a l o g . SA V E : F o r sav e d i al o g . Functi ons : S t ri n g g e t F i l e ( ) : S t ri n g g e t D i r e ct o r y ( ) : / / F i l e n am e : F i l e t e s t . j a v a E:\Core> javac filetest.java E:\Core> java filetest

i m p o r t j av a. a wt . * ; i m p o r t j av a. a wt . ev e n t . * ; i m p o r t j av a. i o. * ; c l a ss f i l et e st { p u bl i c st a t i c v oi d m ai n ( St r i n g a r g s[ ] ) { M yF r am e f = n e w M y F r am e ( );
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f . se t B o u n d s( 1 0 0 , 1 0 0 , 4 0 0 , 3 0 0 ) ; f . se t Vi si b l e (t r u e ) ; } } c l a ss M y F r am e ex t e n d s F r am e i m p l em e n t s A c t i o n L i st e n e r { T ex t A r e a t 1 = n e w T ex t A r e a ( ); Panel p1 = new Panel(); B u t t o n b 1 = n e w B u t t o n ( "O p e n F i l e" ) ; B u t t o n b 2 = n e w B u t t o n ( " Ex i t P r o g r am ") ; F i l e D i al o g f d = n e w F i l e D i al o g ( t hi s, " S e l e ct F i l e" , F i l e D i al o g . LO A D ); M yF r am e ( ) { se t F o n t ( n e w F o n t ( " A ri al N a r r o w" , F o n t . BO L D , 1 4 ) ) ; a d d ( t 1 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . C E NT E R ); a d d ( p 1 , B o r d e r L a y o u t . SO U T H ) ; p 1 . se t L a y o u t ( n e w G r i d L a y o u t ( 1 , 2 ) ) ; p1.add(b1); p1.add(b2); b 1 . a d d A c t i o n L i st e n e r ( t h i s) ; b 2 . a d d A c t i o n L i st e n e r ( t h i s) ; } p u b l i c v oi d a ct i o n P e rf o rm e d ( A ct i o n Ev e nt e) { i f ( e. g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 1 ) o p e nf i l e ( ) ; e l se i f ( e . g e t S o u r c e ( ) = = b 2 ) { se t V i si b l e (f a l se ) ; S y st em . ex i t ( 0 ); } } v oi d o p e nf i l e ( ) { try { f d. se t V i si bl e ( t r u e ) ; / / di pl a y t h e f i l e d i a l o g St r i n g d i r N am e = f d . g e t Di r e ct o r y ( ) ; i f ( d i r N am e ! = n u l l ) { S t r i n g f i l e n am e = d i r N am e + f d . g e t F i l e ( ) ; F i l e f = n e w F i l e (f i l e n am e ) ; i n t f i l e si z e = ( i nt ) f . l e n g t h ( ) ; / / n o . of c h a r a c t e r s i n t st a r t = 0 ; / / st a r t i n g p o st i o n
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// open the fil e F i l e I n p u t St r e am f i n = n e w F i l e I n p u t St r e a m (f i l e n am e ) ; / / R e a d al l t h e c h a r a ct e r i n t o t h e b uf f e r b y t e a r r [ ] = n e w b y t e [ f i l e si z e ] ; f i n . r e a d ( a r r, st a r t , f i l e si z e ) ; / / r e a d al l t h e / / p u t t h e r e a d d a t a, t 1 t 1. se t T ex t ( n e w S t ri n g ( a r r ) ) ; se t T i t l e (f i l e n a m e ); f i n . cl o se ( ) ; } / / e n d of i f } c at c h ( Ex c e p t i o n ex ) { t 1. se t T ex t ( "E r r o r : "+ ex ) ; se t T i t l e ( " " ); } } } / / e n d of M yF r am e c l a ss

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This feature of Java allows a java program to connect with the backend database such as oracle, SQL server etc., to perform Database transactions. In order to connect from a java program to the backend database a special program is required which is known as a driver. Data Base Java Program Driver

The drivers are divided into 4 categories named as type1, type2, type3, type4. The following driver will be installed with jdk. DriverName : JdbcOdbcBridge, which is of the type1 driver. The above driver uses Microsoft ODBC to connect with the data bases. Java Application JdbcOdbcBridge Driver Microsoft ODBC Data Base

java.sql package : This containing the following interfaces and classes for managing database transactions.

Class : Interfaces :

DriverManager Connection Statement PreparedStatement CallableStatement ResultSet ResultSetMetaData DatabaseMetaData

Loading the driver : The driver should be loaded into the memory before getting a connection. The forName( ) method will be used to load the driver. class Class : static Class forName( String class-name ) throws ClassNotFoundException Ex: Class.forName( sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver ); Driver class name

Getting a Connection with the Database : The following methods of DriverManager class can be used for opening connections with the database.
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1. public static Connection getConnection( String url ) throws SQLException 2. public static Connection getConnection( String url, String uname, String pwd ) throws SQLException Ex : Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection( jdbc:odbc:javaoracle, scott, tiger );

tiger is the password , scott is user name , javaoracle is the data source name created in the control panel.

Creating a Data Source Name (DSN) : In the control panel ODBC in the userDSN , click on the ADD button, which displays a list of the installed drivers select the required driver, for ex. MicrosoftODBC for oracle, click on Finish button and specify a name for the data source, for ex. Javaoracle

// File name : testcon.java import java.sql.*; class testcon { public static void main(String args[ ]) { try { System.out.print("Loading Driver ..... "); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); System.out.println(" OK "); System.out.print("Getting Connection ..... "); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); System.out.println(" OK "); DatabaseMetaData dbmd = con.getMetaData( ); System.out.println("Driver Name : "+dbmd.getDriverName( )); System.out.println("Database Name: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductName( )); System.out.print("Closing Connection...."); con.close( ); System.out.println(" OK"); } catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) { System.out.println("Driver Not Loaded"); } catch(SQLException ex) { System.out.println("SQL Error: "+ex); } } } Connection Interface : Manages a connection with the database. Methods : Statement createStatement( ) throws SQLException : Creates a statement. A statement is used for executing SQL statements against the database. PreparedStatement prepareStatement ( String sql statement ) throws SQLException : prepareStatement takes a query and compiles the query. It can be used for executing any number of times of compiled query.
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CallableStatement prepareCall ( String sql statement ) : Prepares a callable statement, which is used for executing stored procedures of the database. void commit( ) : Makes the changes permanent. void rollback( ) : Moves cursor to the last saved position. void setAutoCommit( Boolean autocommit ) : Sets on or off the auto commit, default is true. DatabaseMetaData getMetaData( ) : connection. void close ( ) : Closes the connection. Statement : For executing the SQL statements against the database. Methods : ResultSet executeQuery( String select-statement ) : result set which contains the selected records. Executes the given select statement and returns the Returns the DatabaseMetaData which contains the details of the

int executeUpdate( String dml-statement ) : Executes the given dml statement and returns the no. of records that are effected from the execution. boolean execute( String sql-statement ) : Executes any SQL statement, returns true if a select statement is executed, it returns false for a non-select statement. ResultSet getResultSet( ) : Returns the result set. int getUpdateCount( ) : Returns the number of records that are effected in the last execution. void close( ) : Closes the statement. ResultSet : Contains the selected records from the database. The ResultSet contains the pointer which by default position at the first record.

int getInt( int fieldno ) : Returns the value of the specified field. Field number starts from 1 . int getInt( String field name ) : String getString( int fieldno ) : String getString( String fieldname ) : Similarly the other get methods are available for the remaining data types. ResultSetMetaData getMetaData( ) : resultset. void close( ) : Closes the result set. Contains the results of the result set. Returns the number of selected fields. Returns the label of the specified column. Returns the ResultSetMetaData, which contains the details of the

ResultSetMetaData : int getColumnCount( ) :

String getColumnLabel( int field no ) :

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// File name : getrecords.java // to print the employee details from thel emp table of oracle import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; class getrecords { public static void main(String args[]) { try { System.out.println("Loadig Driver ...."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); System.out.println("Getting Connection..."); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); System.out.println("Connection Established..."); System.out.println(); System.out.println("EMPNO NAME JOB SAL DEPTNO\n"); // create the statement Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); // execute the query and get the resultset ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp"); // display the resultset while(rs.next()) { int empno = rs.getInt(1); String ename = rs.getString(2); String job = rs.getString("JOB"); double sal = rs.getDouble(4); int deptno = rs.getInt("DEPTNO"); System.out.println(empno+"\t"+ename+"\t"+job+"\t"+sal+"\t"+deptno); } rs.close(); stmt.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } }

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// File name : getrecords2.java // to execute the given select statement and display the records import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; class getrecords2 { public static void main(String args[]) { try { BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.println("Loadig Driver ...."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); System.out.println("Getting Connection..."); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); System.out.println("Connection Established..."); System.out.println(); // create the statement Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); System.out.print("Enter Query:> "); String query = stdin.readLine(); // execute the query and get the resultset ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query); ResultSetMetaData rm = rs.getMetaData(); int i,n; n = rm.getColumnCount(); System.out.println(); // display the resultset while(rs.next()) { // for each row for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { System.out.print("\t"+rs.getString(i)); } System.out.println(); } rs.close(); stmt.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } }

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// File name : getrecords3.java // to accept a query & display the fetched records of the query along with the column headings import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; class getrecords3 { public static void main(String args[]) { try { BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.println("Getting Connection ...."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); String str; while(true) { try { System.out.println(); System.out.print("Query>"); str = stdin.readLine(); if(str.trim().toUpperCase().equals("QUIT")) break; ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(str); displayRecords(rs); rs.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } stmt.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } static void displayRecords(ResultSet rs) { try { int i,n; ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData(); n = rsmd.getColumnCount(); System.out.println(); // displaying headings
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for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { System.out.print("\t"+rsmd.getColumnLabel(i)); } System.out.println(); System.out.println("\t-----------------------------------------"); // display the record values while(rs.next()) { for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { System.out.print("\t"+rs.getString(i)); } System.out.println(); } } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } } Whenever we open the resultset using the executingQuery( ) function the result set will be opened in a forward only mode. i.e., the record pointer can be moved only in the forward direction but not in the backward direction. In order to open in a scrollable mode the statement should be created with the following parameters. Statement createStatement( int ResultSetType, int concurrencyType ) throws SQLException :

ResultSetType :
1. ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY : The record pointer can be moved only in the forward direction. ( default ) 2. ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE : The record pointer is scrollable, but the ResultSet doesnt effects for the new changes made by the other applications. 3. ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE : The record pointer is scrollable, and also effects the ResultSet also effects the client applications.

concurrencyType :
1. ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY : The values in the ResultSet cant be modified. 2. ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE : The values in the ResultSet can be modified. Moving the Cursor to a Designated Row : You can move the cursor to a particular row in a ResultSet object. The methods first, last, beforeFirst, and afterLast move the cursor to the position their names indicate. The method absolute will move the cursor to the row number indicated in the argument passed to it. If the number is positive, the cursor moves the given number from the beginning, so calling absolute(1) puts the cursor on the first row. If the number is negative, the cursor moves the given number from the end, so calling absolute(-1) puts the cursor on the last row.
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boolean next( ) boolean first( ) boolean last( )

: Moves the record pointer to the next record returns true on success and false on failure. : Moves the record pointer to the first record returns true on success and false on failure. : Moves the record pointer to the last record returns true on success and false on failure. Ex: rs.absolute(4) ; // moves the cursor to the fourth row rs.relative(-3); The method getRow lets you check the number of the row where the cursor is currently positioned.

boolean previous( ) : Moves the record pointer to the prev record returns true on success and false on failure.

boolean absolute( ) : Moves the cursor to the given row number in this ResultSet object. boolean relative( ) : Moves the cursor a relative number of rows, either positive or negative. Ex: Getting the Cursor Position :

int getRow( ) : Returns the current row number Ex: int rowNum = rs.getRow();

Note: Calling the method relative(1) is identical to calling the method next( ) and calling the method relative(-1) is identical to calling the method previous( ). Ex: int rowNum = rs.getRow( ); // rowNum should be 1 rs.relative(2); int rowNum = rs.getRow( ); // rowNum should be 3 // File name : navigaterecords.java // to display the employee details in a frame import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.sql.*; class navigaterecords { public static void main(String args[]) { MyFrame f = new MyFrame(); f.setBounds(100,100,400,300); f.setTitle("Employee Details"); f.setVisible(true); } } class MyFrame extends Frame implements ActionListener { TextField arr[] = new TextField[5]; String fieldNames[] = {"Emp No","EName","Job","Sal","Deptno"}; int i,n; Button b1,b2,b3,b4,b5; Connection con; Statement stmt; ResultSet rs; MyFrame() {
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setFont(new Font("Sanserif",Font.BOLD,14)); setLayout(new BorderLayout()); Panel p1 = new Panel(); Panel p2 = new Panel(); add(p1,BorderLayout.CENTER); add(p2,BorderLayout.SOUTH); b1 = new Button("First"); b2 = new Button("Previous"); b3 = new Button("Next"); b4 = new Button("Last"); b5 = new Button("Exit"); p2.setLayout(new GridLayout(1,5)); p2.add(b1); p2.add(b2); p2.add(b3); p2.add(b4); p2.add(b5); p1.setLayout(new GridLayout(5,2)); for(i=0;i<5;i++) { p1.add(new Label(fieldNames[i])); arr[i] = new TextField(); p1.add(arr[i]); } b1.addActionListener(this); b2.addActionListener(this); b3.addActionListener(this); b4.addActionListener(this); b5.addActionListener(this); openConnection(); displayRecord(3); // display 1st record } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { if(e.getSource() == b1) displayRecord(1); else if(e.getSource() == b2) displayRecord(2); else if(e.getSource() == b3) displayRecord(3); else if(e.getSource() == b4) displayRecord(4); else if(e.getSource() == b5) { closeConnection(); setVisible(false); System.exit(0); } }

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void openConnection() { try { System.out.println("Getting Connection..."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); stmt=con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY); rs = stmt.executeQuery("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } void closeConnection() { try { rs.close(); stmt.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } void displayRecord(int opt) { // move record pointer according to the pm boolean b = false; try { switch(opt) { case 1: b = rs.first(); break; case 2: b = rs.previous(); break; case 3: b = rs.next(); break; case 4: b = rs.last(); break; } if(b == true) { for( i=0;i<5;i++) { arr[i].setText(rs.getString(i+1)); } } } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } }
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Making Updates to Updatable Result Sets :

Creating an Updatable Result Set :

Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE, ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

Updating a Result Set Programmatically : An update is the modification of a column value in the current row. Ex: stmt.executeUpdate("UPDATE EMP SET SAL = 10000 WHERE EMPNO = 7839);

The ResultSet.updateXXX methods generally take two parameters: the column to update and the new value to put in that column. As with the ResultSet.getXXX methods, the parameter designating the column may be either the column name or the column number. There is a different updateXXX method for updating each data type (updateString, updateFloat, updateInt, and so on). To make the update take effect in the database, we must call the ResultSet method updateRow.Suppose that you realize that the update you made is incorrect. You can restore the previous value by calling the cancelRowUpdates method if you call it before you have called the method updateRow. Once you have called updateRow, the method cancelRowUpdates will no longer work. ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(SELECT * FROM EMP); rs.last( ); rs.updateFloat("SAL", 6000); rs.cancelRowUpdates( ); rs.updateFloat("SAL", 6000); rs.updateRow( );

Inserting and Deleting Rows Programmatically : Inserting a Row : int n = stmt.executeUpdate("insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,deptno) values ("+empno+",'"+ename+"', '"+job+"',"+sal+","+deptno+")" ); we can do the same thing without using any SQL commands by using ResultSet methods. After we have a ResultSet object with results from the table emp , we can build the new row and then insert it into both the result set and the table emp in one step. We build a new row in what is called the insert row, a special row associated with every ResultSet object. This row is not actually part of the result set; think of it as a separate buffer in which to compose a new row. First step will be to move the cursor to the insert row, which you do by invoking the method moveToInsertRow . The next step is to set a value for each column in the row. By calling the appropriate updateXXX method for each value. Finally, we call the method insertRow to insert the row you have just populated with values into the result set.

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Ex: rs = stmt.executeQuery("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp"); rs.moveToInsertRow( ); rs.updateInt("EMPNO", 111); rs.updateString("ENAME", Sateesh); rs.updateString("JOB", Analyst); rs.updateFloat("SAL",7500); rs.updateInt("DEPTNO", 20); rs.insertRow( ); [ OR ] rs.moveToInsertRow( ); rs.updateInt(1,111); rs.updateString(2, Sateesh); rs.updateString(3, Analyst); rs.updateFloat(4,7500); rs.updateInt(5, 20); rs.insertRow( );

boolean moveToCurrentRow( ) : When you call the method moveToInsertRow, the result set keeps track of which row the cursor is sitting on, which is, by definition, the current row. As a consequence,The method moveToCurrentRow, which you can invoke only when the cursor is on the insert row, moves the cursor from the insert row back to the row that was previously the current row.

Deleting a Row : Deleting a row is the third way to modify a ResultSet object, and it is the simplest. All we do is move the cursor to the row we want to delete and then call the method deleteRow . For example, if we want to delete the fourth row in the ResultSet rs , our code will look like this: rs.absolute(4); rs.deleteRow(); The fourth row has been removed from uprs and also from the database. // Moves the cursor to the fourth row

Seeing Changes in Result Sets :

Result sets vary greatly in their ability to reflect changes made in their underlying data. If you modify data in a ResultSet object, the change will always be visible if you close it and then reopen it during a transaction. In other words, if you re-execute the same query after changes have been made, you will produce a new result set based on the new data in the target table. This new result set will naturally reflect changes you made earlier. You will also see changes made by others when you reopen a result set if your transaction isolation level makes them visible. With a ResultSet object that is TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE, you can always see visible updates made to existing column values. You may see inserted and deleted rows, but the only way to be sure is to use DatabaseMetaData methods that return this information. You can, to some extent, regulate what changes are visible by raising or lowering the transaction isolation level for your connection with the database. For example, the following line of code, where con is an active Connection object, sets the connection's isolation level to TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED: Ex: con.setTransactionIsolation(Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED);

With this isolation level, a TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE result set will not show any changes before they are committed, but it can show changes that may have other consistency problems. To allow fewer data inconsistencies, you could raise the transaction isolation level to TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ. The problem is that, in most cases, the higher the isolation level, the poorer the performance is likely to be. And, as is always true of JDBC drivers, you are limited to the levels your driver actually provides. Many programmers find that the best choice is generally to use their database's default transaction isolation level. You can get the default with the following line of code, where con is a newly-created connection: Ex: int level = con.getTransactionIsolation( );
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Getting the Most Recent Data : Another new feature in the JDBC 2.0 API is the ability to get the most recent data. You can do this using the method refreshRow, which gets the latest values for a row straight from the database. Note that the result set should be sensitive; if you use the method refreshRow with a resultSet object that is TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE, refreshRow does nothing. Ex: // File name : rs.refreshRow();

insertrecord.java

// to accept emp details and insert them into the emp table import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; class insertrecord { public static void main(String args[]) { try { BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.println("Getting Connection...."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); double sal; try { // Read data from keyboard System.out.println("Emp No: "); int empno = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); System.out.println("Emp Name: "); String ename = stdin.readLine(); System.out.println("Job: "); String job = stdin.readLine(); System.out.println("Basic Sal: "); sal = Double.parseDouble(stdin.readLine()); System.out.println("Dept No: "); int deptno = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); String query = "insert into ("+empno+",'"+ename+"','"+job+"',"+sal+","+deptno+")"; System.out.println(query); int n = stmt.executeUpdate(query); if(n==1) System.out.println("Record Saved"); else System.out.println("Record not Saved"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } stmt.close(); con.close(); }
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values

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catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } } PreparedStatement : The PreparedStatement takes a query and compiles the query without executing it we can set the values in the query by specifying the parameters and we can execute it any number of times. // File name : import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; class prepstmt { public static void main(String args[]) { try { BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.println("Getting connection ...."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,deptno) values (?,?,?,?,?)"); while(true) { try { System.out.println(); System.out.print("Employee Number: "); int empno = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); System.out.print("Employee Name: "); String ename = stdin.readLine(); System.out.print("Employee Job: "); String job = stdin.readLine(); System.out.print("Basic Salary: "); double sal = Double.parseDouble(stdin.readLine()); System.out.print("Department No: "); int deptno = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); System.out.println(); ps.setInt(1,empno); ps.setString(2,ename); ps.setString(3,job); ps.setDouble(4,sal); ps.setInt(5,deptno); int n = ps.executeUpdate();
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if(n==1) System.out.println("Record saved"); else System.out.println("Record not saved"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } System.out.print("Any more Records [y/n]: "); String str = stdin.readLine().toUpperCase(); if(str.startsWith("N")) break; } ps.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } }

Using a Loop to Set Values : You can often make coding easier by using a for loop or a while loop to set values for input parameters. The code fragment that follows demonstrates using a for loop to set values for parameters in the PreparedStatement object ps . The arrays, empnos holds the employee numbers, enames holds the employees names , jobs holds the designations of employees, sals holds the employees salaries and deptnos holds the departments numbers. PreparedStatement ps; String query = "update emp set sal = ? where empno = ?"; ps = con.prepareStatement(query); int [ ] empnos = {7839, 7844,7876,7900,7902}; Double [ ] sals = {new Double(500), new Double(1000), new Double(1500), new Double(2000), new Double(2500)}; int len = empnos.length; for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) { ps.setDouble(1, sals[i].doubleValue( )); ps.setInt(2, empnos[i]); ps.executeUpdate(); }

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CallableStatement : The CallableStatement is used for calling stored procedures of the database, such as procedures and functions. 1. w.a function in oracle which takes quantity and rate and returns the amount. 2. w.a.p which accepts quantity and rate from the key board and sends them to oracle and receives the net amount and displays it on the console. // 1. File name : getnetamt.sql

SQL> Create or Replace Function getnetamt(qty in Number,rate in Number) return Number Is tamt number(12,2); tdisc number(12,2); tnet number(12,2); Begin tamt:= qty * rate; if tamt >= 5000 then tdisc:=(tamt * 10)/100; else tdisc:=(tamt * 5)/100; end if; tnet:= tamt - tdisc; return tnet; end; // 2. File name : calstmt.java

// to call the function of oracle and get net amount returned by oracle function

import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; class calstmt { public static void main(String args[]) { try { BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.println("Getting Connection..."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); double rate,net; while(true) { try { System.out.println( );
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CallableStatement cs = con.prepareCall("{? = call getnetamt(?,?)}"); cs.registerOutParameter(1,Types.DOUBLE); System.out.println("Enter Qty purchased: "); int qty = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); System.out.println("Enter Rate per unit: "); rate = Double.parseDouble(stdin.readLine()); cs.setInt(2,qty); cs.setDouble(3,rate); cs.execute(); // call the oracle function getnetamt net = cs.getDouble(1); // 1st parameter System.out.println("----------------------------------------"); System.out.println("Net Amount: "+net); cs.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { //System.out.println("Error: "+ex); ex.printStackTrace(); } System.out.print("Any more Data [y/n]: "); String str = stdin.readLine().toUpperCase().trim(); if(str.startsWith("N")) break; } con.close(); System.out.println("Connection closed...."); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } }

ExecuteBatch( ) :
A batch update is a set of multiple update statements that is submitted to the database for processing as a batch. Sending batch updates can, in some situations, be much more efficient than sending update statements separately. The list, which is associated with a Statement object at its creation, is initially empty. You can add SQL commands to this list with the method addBatch and empty it with the method clearBatch. When you have finished adding statements to the list, you call the method executeBatch to send them all to the database to be executed as a unit, or batch.

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// File name: batchupdate.java import java.sql.*; class batchupdate { public static void main(String args[])throws Exception { try { Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"); Connection dbCon = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:oracle:thin:@orasrv:1521:miracle", "scott","tiger"); dbCon.setAutoCommit(false); Statement stmt= dbCon.createStatement(); stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO student VALUES (111, 'SANJU', 'MRN')"); stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO student VALUES (555, 'USHA, 'GRD')"); stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO student VALUES (666, 'SATEESH, 'GWK')"); try { int[] updCnt = stmt.executeBatch( ); } catch(Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } dbCon.commit( ); stmt.close(); dbCon.close(); } catch (BatchUpdateException be) { //handle batch update exception int[] counts = be.getUpdateCounts(); for (int i=0; i<counts.length; i++) { System.out.println("Statement["+i+"] :"+counts[i]); } } } } Commit : RollBack : SavePoint : Blob Clob ConnectionPooling: RowSets:

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Swing : When we design a Java program we are able to run the program on different platforms without recompilation. If the program is based on graphical interface then the components of the program such as buttons, checkboxes etc., will be created according to the underline operating systems, these components are known as heavy weight components. Because the components will be created from the operating system. As a result the look and feel of the program may change from one platform to another platform. Swing is an enhancement for the AWT which provides the same look and feel even when we run the program on multiple platforms. // File name: buttontest.java import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class buttontest extends JApplet implements ActionListener { JButton b1,b2; public void init() { b1 = new JButton("First Button"); b2 = new JButton("Second Button"); Container c = getContentPane( ); c.setLayout(new FlowLayout( )); c.add(b1); c.add(b2); b1.addActionListener(this); b2.addActionListener(this); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { if(e.getSource( ) == b1) showStatus("First Button Clicked"); else if(e.getSource( ) == b2) showStatus("Clicked on Second Button"); } } File name: buttontest.html <applet code='buttontest.class' width=500 height=200> </applet> E:\adv\swings>javac buttontest.java E:\adv\swings>appleviewer buttontest.html

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// File name: frametest.java // changing the LookAndFeel import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class frametest { public static void main(String args[ ]) { MyFrame f = new MyFrame( ); f.setBounds(100,100,300,200); f.setVisible(true); f.setTitle("Sample Frame"); } } class MyFrame extends JFrame implements ActionListener,ItemListener { JTextField t1,t2; JButton b1,b2; JCheckBox cb1; JComboBox courses; Container c; MyFrame( ) { try { UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows.WindowsLookAndFeel"); // UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.sun.java.swing.plaf.motif.MotifLookAndFeel"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Cannot change the interface"); } c = getContentPane(); c.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); t1 = new JTextField(25); t2 = new JTextField(25); b1 = new JButton("Copy Dwon"); b2 = new JButton("Copy Up"); cb1 = new JCheckBox("Sample CheckBox"); courses = new JComboBox(); c.add(t1); c.add(b1); c.add(b2); c.add(t2); c.add(cb1); c.add(courses);
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E:\adv\swings>javac frametest.java E:\adv\swings>java frametest

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b1.addActionListener(this); b2.addActionListener(this); t1.addActionListener(this); t2.addActionListener(this); cb1.addItemListener(this); courses.addItem("C Language"); courses.addItem("Visual Basic"); courses.addItem("Developer 2000"); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { if(e.getSource() == b1 || e.getSource() == t1) { t2.setText(t1.getText()); t1.setText(""); t2.requestFocus(); } else if(e.getSource() ==b2 || e.getSource() == t2) { t1.setText(t2.getText()); t2.setText(""); t1.requestFocus(); } }

E:\adv\swings>javac frametest.java E:\adv\swings>java frametest

public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) { if(cb1.isSelected() == true) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"CheckBox CHECKED ON"); } else { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"CheckBox CHECKED OFF"); } } }

Change the LookAndFeel : UIManager.setLookAndFeel( com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows.WindowsLookAndFeel ); UIManager.setLookAndFeel( com.sun.java.swing.plaf.motif.MotifLookAndFeel ); JScrollPane : Provides scrolling effect for the given component. Ex: JScrollPane( Component c, int vsp, int hsp ) vsp : Vertical Scrollbar Policy hsp : Horizontal Scrollbar Policy

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vsp :
1. JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER 2. JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS : Hides the scrollbar. : The scrollbar will always be displayed.

3. JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED : Scrollbar will be displayed depending on the requirement.

hsp :
1. JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER 2. JScrollPane. HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS : Hides the scrollbar. : The scrollbar will always be displayed.

3. JScrollPane. HORIZONTAL _SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED : Scrollbar will be displayed depending on the requirement. JTree : JTree is used for displaying the information in a hierarchical format. JTree( TreeNode root) : The TreeNode is an interface that can contain text and subnodes also. To create a node the following class can be used. DefaultMutableTreeNode : // File name : treetest1.java import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.tree.*; public class treetest1 extends JFrame { JTree tree; JScrollPane jsp; int vsp = JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED; int hsp = JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED; DefaultMutableTreeNode root,lang,pack; treetest1() { try { UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows.WindowsLookAndFeel"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Cannot change the interface"); } root = new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Details"); lang = new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Languages"); pack = new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Packages"); root.add(lang); root.add(pack);
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lang.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("C language")); lang.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("C ++")); lang.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Java")); pack.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Visual Basic")); pack.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Power Builder")); pack.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Developer 2000")); tree = new JTree(root); jsp = new JScrollPane(tree,vsp,hsp); getContentPane().add(jsp); } public static void main(String args[]) { Frame f = new treetest1( ); f.setBounds(50,50,300,200); f.setTitle("Tree Test1"); f.setVisible(true); } } // File name : emptree.java import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.tree.*; import java.sql.*; class emptree { public static void main(String args[]) { MyFrame f = new MyFrame(); f.setBounds(100,100,400,500); f.setVisible(true); } } class MyFrame extends JFrame { JTree tree; DefaultMutableTreeNode root; JScrollPane jsp; Container c; int vsp = JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED; int hsp = JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED; MyFrame() { try { UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows.WindowsLookAndFeel"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Cannot change the interface"); }
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c = getContentPane(); createNodes(); tree = new JTree(root); jsp = new JScrollPane(tree,vsp,hsp); c.add(jsp); } void createNodes() { try { System.out.println("Getting Connection...."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp"); root = new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Employee Details"); while(rs.next()) { int empno = rs.getInt(1); String ename = rs.getString(2); String job = rs.getString(3); double sal = rs.getDouble(4); int deptno = rs.getInt(5); DefaultMutableTreeNode empNode = new DefaultMutableTreeNode(String.valueOf(empno)); empNode.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Empno: "+empno)); empNode.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Ename: "+ename)); empNode.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("JOB : "+job)); empNode.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("SAL : "+sal)); empNode.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Dept : "+deptno)); root.add(empNode); } rs.close(); stmt.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Error in getting data"); } } }

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JOptionPane : This class is providing the following functions which are generally used for displaying taking input etc., static void showMessageDialog( Component parent, String msg ) : It displays the message in a separate window, like msgbox in VB. static String showInputDialog( objecgt message ) : Accepts input from the user in a dialog box and returns that text. // File name: ipdialogandmsgbox.java import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; class ipdialogand extends JFrame implements ActionListener { JButton b1; ipdialogbox() { changeLookAndFeel(); b1 = new JButton("Show Dialog"); Container c = getContentPane(); c.setFont(new Font("Sanserif",Font.BOLD,14)); c.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); c.add(b1); b1.addActionListener(this); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { if(e.getSource()==b1) { String msg = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter a String: "); if(msg == null) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Invalid Data"); else JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Data: "+msg); } } public static void main(String args[]) { Frame f = new ipdialogbox(); f.setBounds(50,50,300,200); f.setVisible(true); } void changeLookAndFeel() { try { UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows.WindowsLookAndFeel"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Cannot change the Interface"); } } }
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JTable : JTable is used for displaying the information in rows and columns. JTable( Vector rowData, Vector heads ) : The heads contains the headings of the JTable. RowData is a collection of vectors, where each such vector contains one record data. JTable can be added to JScrollPane for Scrolling effect. Vector : Vector is an utility class which works similar to a linked list. We can add any number of objects to the list, we can remove any object from the list. Constructors : Vector( ) : creates a vector. void add( object obj ) : Adds the object to the list. void Remove( object obj ) : Removes the object from the list. int size( ) : Returns the number of elements in the list. Object elementAt( int index ) : Returns the element at the specified index.

W.A.P to accept a query and display the selected records in a table format. // File name : tabletest.java import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.table.*; import java.sql.*; import java.util.Vector; public class tabletest { public static void main(String args[]) { MyFrame f = new MyFrame(); f.setTitle("Query Frame"); f.setBounds(50,50,350,200); f.setVisible(true); } } class MyFrame extends JFrame implements ActionListener { JLabel l1; JTextArea query; JPanel p1; JButton b1,b2; Container c; Connection con; Statement stmt; MyFrame() { l1 = new JLabel("Enter Query: "); query = new JTextArea();
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p1 = new JPanel(); b1 = new JButton("Execute Query"); b2 = new JButton("Exit Program"); c = getContentPane(); c.add(l1,BorderLayout.NORTH); c.add(query,BorderLayout.CENTER); query.setFont(new Font("SanSerif",Font.BOLD,14)); c.add(p1,BorderLayout.SOUTH); p1.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); p1.add(b1); p1.add(b2); b1.addActionListener(this); b2.addActionListener(this); openConnection(); } void openConnection() { try { System.out.println("Getting Connection ....."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); stmt = con.createStatement(); System.out.println("Ok"); } catch(Exception ex) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Error: "+ex); } } void closeConnection() { try { if(stmt!=null) stmt.close(); if(con!=null) con.close(); System.out.println("Connection closed...."); } catch(Exception ex) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Error: "+ex); } } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { if(e.getSource() == b1) showData(); else if(e.getSource() == b2) { closeConnection(); System.exit(0); } }
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void showData() { try { String str = query.getText().trim(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(str); ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData(); int i,n; n = rsmd.getColumnCount(); Vector heads = new Vector(); Vector rowData = new Vector(); // Getting Headings into the 1st vector for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { heads.add(rsmd.getColumnLabel(i)); } // Getting Data into the rowData while(rs.next()) { Vector curRow = new Vector(); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { curRow.add(rs.getString(i)); } // Add the current row to the row data rowData.add(curRow); } DisplayFrame f = new DisplayFrame(rowData,heads); f.setBounds(50,50,600,300); f.setTitle(str); f.setVisible(true); rs.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Cannot execute query"); } } } class DisplayFrame extends JFrame { JScrollPane jsp; JTable table; Container c; int vsp = JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED; int hsp = JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED;
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DisplayFrame(Vector rowData,Vector heads) { c = getContentPane(); table = new JTable(rowData,heads); table.setFont(new Font("SanSerif",Font.BOLD,14)); table.setAutoResizeMode(JTable.AUTO_RESIZE_OFF); jsp = new JScrollPane(table,vsp,hsp); c.add(jsp); } }

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For many WEB applications server side processing is necessary. i.e., whenever a WEB Browser sends the data to a WEB Server the WEB Server forwards the same to a program on the server which is referred as ServerSideProgram. The ServerSideProgram receives the data from the WEB Server, process the data and returns the output back to the WEB Server which will be given to the WEB Browser. The WEB Browser receives the data and presents the data on the document. These ServerSidePrograms can be written in any language such as C, C++, UNIX Shell programming, perl, Servlets etc., and the current technologies the ServerSidePrograms are designed using ASP,JSP etc.,
WEB Browser
http://yahoo.com User Name Password Login

ServerSideProgram Yahoo WEB Server

checkmail

delete

Particular IDs Mail Box will be opened

Documents

The following are the famous WEB servers : IIS (Internet Information Serverm ) PWS ( Personal WEB Server ) Apache Tomcat Java Web Server J2EE Weblogic Websphere JRun JBoss MircroSoft supports ASP MircroSoft supports ASP Apache only for HTML Jakarta supports servlets,,jsp, tomcat doesnt supports for EJB. http://apache.jakarta.org

BEA IBM etc.,

Methods of sending data : A WEB Browser after receiving the details from the user cab forward to the WEB Server in any of the following 3 methods. GET POST HEAD

A WEB Server after receiving the data from the WEB Browser should forward the same to the ssp in the following 3 corresponding methods.

GET POST HEAD

Environment variables Streams Commandline arguments

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www.yahoo.com

GET POST HEAD

Environment variables

user name : password : Login

WEB Server

Streams Commandline args

Server Side Program

URL Coding : Whenever a WEB Browser is required to send data to the WEB Server the WEB Browser converts the data in a particualar format, which is known as URL coding. The server isde program receives the converted data undos the conversion and process the data. The following 4 rules will be used by the WEB Browsers for URL coding. 1. 2. 3. 4. All the fields will be separated by & symbol. Each field contains the name of the field and the value of the field separated by = symbol. All spaces will be converted to + symbols. All special characters such as +, & etc., will be converted to hexadecimal values prefixed with % symbol.

Ex: http://myserver.com/SSPname?Empno=101&Ename=abc+xyz&Job=clk%xxAcc Server ssp param1 value1 p2 v2 p3 v3

In Java the SSPs can be written in sevlets and jsp.

Creating a Servlet : To create a servlet create a class that extends the HttpServlet class and override any or both of the following methods (i) doGet( ) (ii) doPost( ) If the WEB Browser sends the data in the Get( ) method then doGet( ) method of servlet will be executed. If the WEB Browser sends the data in the Post method then the doPost( ) method of the servlet will be execued. If the WEB Browser doesnot specify any method, then the doGet( ) will be executed. Syntax : DoGet( ) : public void doGet(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse) throws ServletException,IO Exception DoPost( ):public void doPost(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse) throws ServletException,IO Exception The request object contains the data that was received from the WebBrowser and the response allows us to send the output back to the WebBrowser. While exchanging data between the WEB Browser and WEB Server the following 2 objects are used: Request and Response. tomcat
www.yahoo.com

user name : password : Login

request

WEB Server
response
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HttpServletRequest : For receiving input from the WebBrowser. Methods : String getParameter(String paramname) : Returns the value of the specified parameter. It returns null if the parameter is not available. Cookie[ ] get Cookie( ) : Returns all the cookies that are received from the WebBrowser. HttpSession getSession( ) : Returns the current HttpSession. HttpServletResponse : For sending output to the WebBrowser. Methods : void setContentType(String mimeType) : Sets the content type as mime type. MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension )

Mime Types :

text/html

text/plain

image/gif

PrintWriter getWriter( ) : Returns the output stream for sending the output to the WebBrowser. void addCookie(Cookie ck) : Sends a cookie to the WebBrowser.

// w.a.Servlet to send the text to WebBrowser. // File name : firstservlet.java import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class firstservlet extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { // send the output to the webbrowser response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<HTML>"); out.println("<BODY bgcolor=#0086b2 text=white>"); out.println("<H1 align =center>Welcome to Servlet Programming</H1>"); out.println("<HR size=5 color=black>"); out.println("<H3> First Servlet Program</H3>"); out.println("</BODY>"); out.println("</HTML>"); } }

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// w.a.servlet to send employee details to the WebBrowser. // File name : getempdetservlet.java

import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class getempdetservlet extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<html><body bgcolor=white text=black>"); out.println("<h2 style='background-color:green;color:yellow;text-align:center'> Exployee Details </h2>"); try { // getting data // Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"); // Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@orasrv:1521:miracle","scott","tiger"); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp"); //constructing table format out.println("<table width=100% bgcolor=pink border=2 bordercolor=red cellspacing=0>"); out.println("<tr>"); out.println("<th>Employee Number</th>"); out.println("<th>Employee Name</th>"); out.println("<th>JOB</th>"); out.println("<th>Salary</th>"); out.println("<th>Department No.</th>"); out.println("</tr>"); // placing the records into table while(rs.next()) { out.println("<tr>"); for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) { out.println("<td>"+rs.getString(i)+"</td>"); } out.println("</tr>"); } out.println("</table>"); rs.close(); stmt.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { out.println("<br> Error: "+ex); } out.println("</body></html>"); } }
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HTML Forms : A HTML form is a collection of input fields such as text boxes, check boxes etc., HTML forms are used for sending data from the WebBrowser to the WebServer. Each HTML form contains the following. Name : form name Method : GET || POST Action : The name of the server side program for processing the data. Elements : One or more input fields. SUBMIT button : A special button which sends the accepted data to the WebServer.

// w.a.s which accepts employee details from WebBrowser (html) and sends them to the WebServer (ssp). The servlet after receiving the data should echo the details back to the WebBrowser. // File name : iptoservletoptowb.html <!-- iptoservletoptowb.html--> <html> <body> <h2> Enter Employee Details </h2> <form name = EMPFORM method = GET action= 'http://localhost:8080/satclass/servlet/iptoservletoptowb'> Employee Number <input type = text name=EMPNO size=15> <br> <br> Employee Name <input type = text name=ENAME size=25><br> <br> Employee JOb <input type = text name=JOB size=15> <br> <input type = SUBMIT value='Send Data'> </form> </body> </html>

// File name : iptoservletoptowb.java import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class iptoservletoptowb extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<html><body>"); // read data from the request String p1 = request.getParameter("EMPNO"); String p2 = request.getParameter("ENAME"); String p3 = request.getParameter("JOB"); // send the received details to the client
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out.println("<h2> received details </h2>"); out.println("<br>"); out.println("<h3> Employee Number: "+p1+"<br>"); out.println(" Employee Name : "+p2+"<br>"); out.println(" Employee JOB : "+p3+"</h3>"); out.println("</body></html>"); } } // w.a. html file which accepts an employee number and sends the employee number to the servlet. The servlet should return the corresponding employee details back to the WebBrowser.

<!--findempservlet.html--> <html> <body> <h2> Find Employee Details </h2> <form name = EMPFORM method=GET action='http://localhost:8080/satclass/servlet/findempservlet'> Enter Employee Number <input type=text name=EMPNO size=15> <input type=submit value='Find Employee Record'> </form> </body> </html> // File name: findempservlet.java import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class findempservlet extends HttpServlet { static Connection con; static PreparedStatement ps; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<html><body>"); // Receive the employee number int empno = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("EMPNO")); // Get the record try { Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoralce","scott","tiger"); ps = con.prepareStatement("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where empno=?"); ps.setInt(1,empno); ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();

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if(rs.next()) { out.println(" <h2> RecordFound </h2> "); out.println("<br> Employee Number: "+rs.getString(1)); out.println("<br> Employee Name: "+rs.getString(2)); out.println("<br> JOB: "+rs.getString(3)); out.println("<br> Salary: "+rs.getString(4)); out.println("<br> Department No: "+rs.getString(5)); } else { out.println(" <h2> Record Not Found: "+empno+" </h2> "); } } catch(Exception ex) { out.println("<br> Error: "+ex); } out.println(" <hr size=5 color=red> "); out.println(" <a href = '/satclass/findempservlet.html'> Find Another </a>"); out.println("</body> </html>"); } }

// w.a. html file which accepts employee details and sends them to the servlet. The servlet after receiving the employee details should insert them into the database. <!--saveempservlet.html--> <html> <body> <h2 style=background-color:#0086b2;color:white;text-align:center>New Employee Record</h2> <form name = EMPFORM method=GET action='http://localhost:8080/satclass/servlet/saveempservlet'> Employee Number <input type=text name=EMPNO size=15> <br> <br> Employee Name <input type=text name=ENAME size=25> <br> <br> Employe Job <input type=text name=JOB size=15> <br> <br> Basic Salary <input type=text name=SAL size=10> <br> <br> Department Number <input type=text name=DEPTNO size=5> <br> <br> <input type=SUBMIT value='Save Details'> </form> </body> </html>

// File name: saveempservlet.java import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*;
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public class saveempservlet extends HttpServlet { static Connection con; static PreparedStatement ps; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest ServletException,IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<html><body>"); try { // Receive the employee details int empno = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("EMPNO")); String ename = request.getParameter("ENAME"); String job = request.getParameter("JOB"); double sal = Double.parseDouble(request.getParameter("SAL")); int deptno = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("DEPTNO")); // open the connection Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); ps = con.prepareStatement("insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,deptno) values(?,?,?,?,?)"); ps.setInt(1,empno); ps.setString(2,ename); ps.setString(3,job); ps.setDouble(4,sal); ps.setInt(5,deptno); int n = ps.executeUpdate(); if(n==1) out.println("<h3> Record Saved </h3>"); else out.println("<h3> Record Not Saved </h3>"); ps.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { out.println("<br> Error: "+ex); } out.println(" <hr size=5 color=red> "); out.println(" <a href = '/satclass/saveempservlet.html'> Save Another </a>"); out.println("</body> </html>"); } } request,HttpServletResponse response)throws

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Session Management :
HTTP is a stateless protocol. i.e., whenever a WebBrowser sends a request to the WebBrowser, the WebServer provides a response to the WebBrowser and closes the connection. i.e., the WebBrowser doesnt store any information of WebBrowser. Some times we want the server side program to identify what values are given to the clients in the previous response. Session management is concept which makes a server side program to identify what values are given to the clients in the previous response. Sessin management can achieve in three different ways. 1. Hidden Variables 2. Cookies 3. Sessions Hidden Variables : A Hidden Variable is a input field in a form which contains a value and which will not be displayed on the document. Whenever the user clicks on the submit button the value of the hidden variable will also be submitted along with the other input fields. // File name: nextempservlet.java // using hidden variables import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class nextempservlet extends HttpServlet { static Connection con = null; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<html> <body> <h2> Employee Record </h2>"); int rno = 0; String RNO = request.getParameter("RNO"); if(RNO!=null) { rno = Integer.parseInt(RNO); } rno++; try { // send the employee record openConnection();
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//

PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from employee where empno = ?"); PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("select sno,sname,saddr from student where sno = ?"); ps.setInt(1,rno); ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery(); if( rs.next() ) { out.println(" <h3> Record Found: " +rno+ "</h3> ");

// // // // //

out.println(" <br> Employee Number: " +rs.getString(1) ); out.println(" <br> Employee Name : " +rs.getString(2) ); out.println(" <br> Employee Job : " +rs.getString(3) ); out.println(" <br> Basic Salary : " +rs.getString(4) ); out.println(" <br> Department No. : " +rs.getString(5) );

out.println(" <br> Student Number : " +rs.getString(1) ); out.println(" <br> Student Name : " +rs.getString(2) ); out.println(" <br> Student Address: " +rs.getString(3) ); } else { out.println(" <h3> Record Not Found: " +rno+ "</h3> "); } rs.close(); ps.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { out.println(" <br> Error: "+ex); } // send the latest rno from the webserver to webbrowser out.println(" <hr size = 5 color = red> "); out.println(" <form name=EMPFORM method=GET action='http://localhost:8080/satclass/servlet/ nextempservlet'> "); out.println(" <input type=Hidden name=RNO value="+rno+"> "); out.println(" <input type=Submit value='Next Record'> "); out.println("</form>"); out.println("</body></html>"); } void openConnection()throws SQLException { try { System.out.println("Getting Connection...."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); } catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) { throw new SQLException("Driver Class Not Found"); }
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catch(SQLException ex) { throw ex; } } } Cookies : A cookie is a piece of information created by the server and will be given to the clients WebBrowser. The WebBrowser receives the cookie and it will not be displayed on the document. The WebBrowser stores the cookie in a separate memory area. Whenever the WebBrowser connects to the WebServer all the cookies of that WebServer will be given from the WebBrowser to the WebServer. As a result the server side program can retrieve any values stored into cookie. A WebBrowser generally stores upto 20 cookies for each WebServer. A cookie contains the name and value. In java cookies are managed using the cookie class. Each cookie contains a name and value.

Creating a Cookie : In java cookies are managed using the cookie class each contains a name, value,
expire date and time etc., Cookie(String name, String value) : String getValue( ) : void setValue(String value) :

Sending a cookie to the WebBrowser :

HttpServletResponse :

void addCookie(Cookie ck) : Sends a cookie to the WebBrowser. If a cookie with the same name is already existing on the WebBrowser it will bhe replaced by the latest value.

Receiving the Cookies from the WebBrowser :

HttpServletRequest : Cookie[ ] getCookies( ) : Returns all the cookies that are received from the WebBrowser. // File name: nextempservlet2.java // using cookies import java.io.*; import java.sql.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class nextempservlet2 extends HttpServlet { static Connection con = null; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html");
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PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<html> <body> <h2> Employee Record </h2>"); int rno = 0; Cookie arr[] = request.getCookies(); // find the cookie with the name "RNO" if(arr!=null) { for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++) { if(arr[i].getName().equals("RNO")) { rno = Integer.parseInt(arr[i].getValue()); break; } } } rno++; // send the record of "rno" to "out" sendRecord(rno,out); // send the latest cookie to the webbrowser Cookie ck = new Cookie("RNO",String.valueOf(rno)); response.addCookie(ck); out.println(" <hr size = 5 color = red> "); out.println(" <a href='http://localhost:8080/satclass/servlet/nextempservlet2'> Next Employee Record </a> "); out.println(" </body> </html> "); } void sendRecord(int rno,PrintWriter out)throws IOException { try { if(con==null) { System.out.println("Getting Connection ....."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); } // PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where empno = ?"); PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("select sno,sname,saddr from student where sno = ?"); ps.setInt(1,rno); ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
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if( rs.next() ) { out.println(" <h3> Record Found: " +rno+ "</h3> "); // // // // // out.println(" <br> Employee Number: " +rs.getString(1) ); out.println(" <br> Employee Name : " +rs.getString(2) ); out.println(" <br> Employee Job : " +rs.getString(3) ); out.println(" <br> Basic Salary : " +rs.getString(4) ); out.println(" <br> Department No. : " +rs.getString(5) ); out.println(" <br> Student Number : " +rs.getString(1) ); out.println(" <br> Student Name : " +rs.getString(2) ); out.println(" <br> Student Address: " +rs.getString(3) ); } else { out.println(" <h3> Record Not Found: " +rno+ "</h3> "); } rs.close(); ps.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { out.println(" <br> Error: "+ex); } } }

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JSP is an enhancement for the servlets, which allows us to place java statements in HTML documents. Whenever a jsp document is requested for the first time, the document will be converted into a servlet and it will be compiled, executed. For the remaining requests the compiled version will be executed. All the java statements in a jsp document must be given between the following tags. <% // java statements %> script let

// File name: test.jsp <!--test.jsp--> <html> <head> <title> Test Program in JSP </title> </head> <body> <h2> Sample JSP Program </h2> <% out.println(" <h3> First JSP Program </h3> "); int a = 10; int b = 20; int c = a+b; out.println(" <br> Total is: "+c ); int empno = b; String ename = "abc"; %> <hr> Total is: <%= c %> <hr> Employee Number: <%= empno %> <br> Employee Name : <%= ename %> <br> </body> </html>

Every jsp program contains the following objects by default. out request response : PrintWriter : HttpServletRequest : HttpServletResponse
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session page application in

: HttpSession : this : ServletContext : BufferedReader

// w.a.jsp program which sends the employee details in a table format. <!-- getempdet.jsp --> <%@ page import = "java.sql.*" %> <html> <head> <title> Employee Details </title> </head> <body> <h2 style='background-color:blue; color:white; text-align:center'> Employee Details </h2> <% try { System.out.println("Getting Connection....."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp"); %> <table width=100% bgcolor=pink border=2 bordercolor=blue cellspacing=0> <tr> <th> Empno </th> <th> Ename </th> <th> Job </th> <th> Salary</th> <th> Deptno</th> </tr> <% while(rs.next()) { %> <tr> <td> <%=rs.getString(1) <td> <%=rs.getString(2) <td> <%=rs.getString(3) <td> <%=rs.getString(4) <td> <%=rs.getString(5) </tr> <% } out.println("</table>"); rs.close(); stmt.close(); }

%> </td> %> </td> %> </td> %> </td> %> </td>

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catch(Exception ex) { out.println("<br> Error: "+ex); } %> </body> </html>

// w.a. html file to send the employee details from WebBrowser to jsp program, after receiving employee details the jsp program send back the details to the WebBrowser. <!-- empecho.html--> <html> <body> <h2> Enter Employee Details </h2> <form name = EMPFORM method=GET action='empecho.jsp'> Employee Number <input type=text name=empno size=10> <br><br> Employee Name <input type=text name=ename size=20> <br><br> Employee Job <input type=text name=job size=10> <br><br> Employee Salary <input type=text name=sal size=10> <br><br> Department No <input type=text name=deptno size=10> <br><br> <input type=SUBMIT value='Send Data'> <br><br> </form> </body> </html> // File name: empecho.jsp <!-- empecho.jsp --> <%@ page errorPage = "error.jsp"%> <html> <body> <h2> Received Details </h2> <% int empno=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("empno")); String ename = request.getParameter("ename"); String job = request.getParameter("job"); int sal = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("sal")); int deptno = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("deptno")); %> <br> Employee Number: <%= empno %> <br> Employee Name : <%= ename %> <br> Employee Job : <%= job %> <br> Employee Salary: <%= sal %> <br> Department No. : <%= deptno %> <hr size=5 color=red> <a href='empecho.html'> Another Record </a> </body> </html>

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// w.a. html file to accept an employee number and send that number to the jsp program, the jsp program receives the employee number and send the corresponding employee details back to WebBrowser. <!--findemp.html--> <html> <body> <h2> Find Employee Details </h2> <form name = EMPFORM method=GET action='http://localhost:8080/satclass/findemp.jsp'> Enter Employee Number <input type=text name=EMPNO size=15> <input type=submit value='Find Employee Record'> </form> </body> </html> // File name: findemp.jsp <!-- findemp.jsp --> <%@ page import = "java.sql.*" %> <html> <body> <h2> Employee Details </h2> <% try { int empno=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("EMPNO")); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where empno=?"); ps.setInt(1,empno); ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery(); if(rs.next()) { %> <h3> Record Found </h3> <br> Employee Number: <%=rs.getString(1)%> <br> Employee Name : <%=rs.getString(2)%> <br> Employee Job : <%=rs.getString(3)%> <br> Employee Salary: <%=rs.getString(4)%> <br> Department No. : <%=rs.getString(5)%> <% } else { out.println("<h3> Record Not Found </h3>"); } rs.close(); ps.close(); con.close(); } catch(Exception ex) { out.println("Error: "+ex); } %> <hr size=5 color=red> <a href='findemp.html'>Find Another Record</a> </body> </html>
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Error Page : name.

The error page directive can be given in any jsp programs, which takes a jsp document

Whenever an error occurs in the jsp program the control will be transferred to the specified error page. <!-- error.jsp --> <% @ Page is ErrorPage = "true" %> <html> <body> <h2 style='background-color:blue;color:white;text-align:center'> <h3> Error: <%=exception.getMessage()%></h3> <br> Error: <%=Exception.toString()%> </body> </html>

Servlet Beans :
A bean is a java class, which is a reusable component. Once a bean is created it can be used in any number of programs. To create a bean , create a class that follows the bean specification . i. ii. iii. iv. Every java bean is a java class The bean must be placed in a package The bean should contain a zero argument constructor Provide the set and get methods for accessing the data members of the bean

In servlets and jsps all the beans must be created in the driveletter:\tomcat\webapps\virtual directory name\WEB-INF\classes sub directory.

Using a bean in a jsp program :

To use a bean in a jsp program the jsp: useBean directory should be applied. Ex: <jsp:useBean id=emp classemp.employee scope=session/> The above ex. Will perform the following action employee emp; emp = new employee(); The scope can be one among the following. Application : For all the clients only one instance of the bean will be created and the bean will be created on the server. Session : For each client a separate bean will be created. Request : For each request a bean will be created. Page : For each page a bean will be created.

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Page : Bean ex2.jsp

Request : ex2.jsp Bean Bean ex1.jsp ex1.jsp

server

server

User1

User2

User n

User1

User2

User n

In page and Request whenever user connects, the new bean is created, the old bean will be destroyed. When the connection is braked.

Application :

Session : Bean

Bean

ex1.jsp Bean

ex1.jsp

server

server

User1

User2

User n

User1

User2

User n

In application if all the users are connecting to the same jsp program all are connected to one bean only. // File name: ConnectionException.java package mycon; import java.sql.*; public class ConnectionException extends Exception { String msg; public ConnectionException() { msg = "Connection Exception occurred"; }
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In session for each user a separate bean is created.

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public ConnectionException(String msg) { this.msg = msg; } public String toString() { return msg; } } // File name: mycon.java package mycon; import java.sql.*; public class mycon { Connection con; public mycon() { con = null; } void openConnection() throws ConnectionException { try { System.out.println("Getting connection...."); Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:javaoracle","scott","tiger"); } catch(Exception ex) { throw new ConnectionException("Cannot Establish Connection"); } } public Statement createStatement() throws ConnectionException { try { if(con == null) openConnection(); return con.createStatement(); } catch(Exception ex) { throw new ConnectionException(ex.toString()); } } public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql) throws ConnectionException { try { if(con == null) openConnection();
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return con.prepareStatement(sql); } catch(Exception ex) { throw new ConnectionException(ex.toString()); } } } // File name: empusebean.jsp <!-- empusebean.jsp --> <%@ page import = "java.sql.*" %> <%@ page errorPage = "error.jsp" %> <jsp:useBean id="con" class="mycon.mycon" scope="application"/> <html> <head> <title> Employee Details </title> </head> <body> <h2 style='background-color:blue;color:white;text-align:center'> Employee Details </h2> <% ResultSet rs=null; Statement stmt=null; try { stmt = con.createStatement(); rs= stmt.executeQuery("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp"); } cont catch(Exception e) { %> <%=e %> <% } %> <table width=100% bgcolor=cyan border=2 bordercolor=blue cellspacing=0> <tr> <th>Employee Number</th> <th>Employee Name</th> <th>Employee Salary</th><th>Department No.</th> </tr> <% if(rs!=null) { while(rs.next()) { %> <tr> <td> <%=rs.getString(1) %> </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(2) %> </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(3) %> </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(4) %> </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(5) %> </td>
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Job</th>

<th>Basic

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</tr> <% } // end of while out.println("</table>"); rs.close(); stmt.close(); } %> </body> </html> // write the following set of programs 1. DisplayAllEmployees.jsp 2. DisplaySelectedEmployee.jsp 3. UpdateEmployee.jsp DiplayAllEmployees.jsp should display all the employee records in a table format. Whenever the user click on any employee number the selected employee number should be forwarded to the DisplaySelected Employee.jsp which should open the selected record for editing. After the user modifies the employee record the last program UpdateEmployee.jsp should update the data in the datbase.

// File name: DisplayAllEmployees.jsp <!-- DiplayAllEmployees.jsp--> <%@ page import = "java.sql.*" %> <%@ page errorPage = "error.jsp" %> <jsp:useBean id="con" class="mycon.mycon" scope="application"/> cont <html> <body link=blue vlink=pink alink=red> <h2 style='background-color:blue;color:white;text-align:center'> Employee Details </h2> <% Statement stmt = null; ResultSet rs = null; try { stmt = con.createStatement(); rs = stmt.executeQuery("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp"); } catch(Exception ex) { %> <%=ex %> <% } %> <table width=100% bgcolor=cyan border=2 bordercolor=blue> <tr> <th> EmpNo </th> <th> Employee Name</th> <th> Job </th> <th> Salary </th>
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<th> DeptNo </th> </tr> <% if(rs!=null) { while(rs.next()) { int empno = rs.getInt(1); %> <tr> <td align=center> <a href='DisplaySelectedEmployee.jsp?EmpNo=<%=empno%>'> <%=empno %> </a> </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(2) %> </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(3) %> </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(4) %> </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(5) %> </td> </tr> <% } // end of while out.println("</table>"); rs.close(); stmt.close(); } // end of if %> </body> </html> // File name: DisplaySelectedEmployee.jsp <!-- DisplaySelectedEmplee.jsp --> <%@ page import = "java.sql.*" %> <%@ page errorPage = "error.jsp" %> <jsp:useBean id = "con" class="mycon.mycon" scope="application" /> <html> <body link=blue vlink=green alink=red> <h2 style='background-color:blue;color:white;text-align:center'> SelectedEmployee Details </h2> <% int empno = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("EmpNo")); ResultSet rs = null; PreparedStatement ps =null; try { ps = con.prepareStatement("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where empno=?"); ps.setInt(1,empno); rs = ps.executeQuery(); } catch(Exception e) { %> <%=e%> <% }
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if(rs.next()) { %> <form name=EMPFORM method = GET action='UpdateEmployee.jsp'> <table width=75% bgcolor=cyan border=0 align=center> <tr> <td> Employee Number </td> <td> <input type = text name=EMPNO size=15 value='<%=rs.getString(1) %>'READONLY> </td> <tr> <tr> <td> Employee Name </td> <td> <input type = text name=ENAME size=15 value='<%=rs.getString(2) %>'READONLY> </td> <tr> <tr> <td> Employee Job </td> <td> <input type = text name=JOB size=15 value='<%=rs.getString(3) %>'> </td> <tr> <tr> <td> Employee Salary </td> <td> <input type = text name=SAL size=15 value='<%=rs.getString(4) %>'> </td> <tr> <tr> <td> Employee DepartmentNumber </td> <td> <input type = text name=DEPTNO size=5 value='<%=rs.getString(5) %>'> </td> <tr> <tr> <td colspan=2 align=center> <input type = submit value='UPDATE RECORD'> <input type = reset value='RESET'> </td> </tr> </table> </form> <% } // end of if else { out.println("<h2> Record Not Found ! </h2>"); } rs.close(); ps.close(); %> <hr size=5 color = red> <a href='DisplayAllEmployees.jsp'> All Employee Details </a> </body> </html>
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// File name: UpdateEmployee.jsp <!-- UpdateEmployee.jsp --> <%@ page import = "java.sql.*" %> <%@ page errorPage = "error.jsp" %> <jsp:useBean id = "con" class="mycon.mycon" scope="application" /> <html> <body link=blue vlink=green alink=red> <h2 style='background-color:blue;color:white;text-align:center'> Updated Employee Details </h2> <% int empno = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("EMPNO")); String ename = request.getParameter("ENAME"); String job = request.getParameter("JOB"); double sal= Double.parseDouble(request.getParameter("SAL")); int deptno = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("DEPTNO")); ResultSet rs = null; PreparedStatement ps =null; PreparedStatement pss =null; try { ps = con.prepareStatement("update emp set job=?,sal=?,deptno=? where empno=?"); ps.setString(1,job); ps.setDouble(2,sal); ps.setInt(3,deptno); ps.setInt(4,empno); ps.executeUpdate(); pss = con.prepareStatement("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where empno=?"); pss.setInt(1,empno); rs = pss.executeQuery(); } catch(Exception e) { %> <%=e%> <% } if(rs.next()) { %> <form name=UPDATEFORM method = GET action='DisplayAllEmployee.jsp'> <table width=75% bgcolor=cyan border=0 align=center> <tr> <td> Employee Number </td> <td> <input type = text name=EMPNO size=15 value='<%=rs.getInt(1) %>'READONLY> </td> <tr> <tr> <td> Employee Name </td> <td> <input type = text name=ENAME size=15 value='<%=rs.getString(2) %>'READONLY> </td> <tr>
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<tr> <td> Employee Job </td> <td> <input type = text name=JOB size=15 value='<%=rs.getString(3) %>'READONLY> </td> <tr> <tr> <td> Employee Salary </td> <td> <input type = text name=SAL size=15 value='<%=rs.getFloat(4) %>'READONLY> </td> <tr> <tr> <td> Employee DepartmentNumber </td> <td> <input type = text name=DEPTNO size=5 value='<%=rs.getInt(5) %>'READONLY> </td> <tr> </table> </form> <% } // end of if else { out.println("<h2> Record Not Found ! </h2>"); } rs.close(); ps.close(); %> <hr size=5 color = red> <a href='DisplayAllEmployees.jsp'> All Employee Details </a> </body> </html> Sessions : A session is a piece of memory allocated by the WebServer for each WebBrowser. The server side program can store any value in that WebBrowsers session. Each session contains a unique id & such unique-id is given to the WebBrowser. The WebBrowser stores the session-id in the form of a cookie and whenever the WebBrowser connects to the same WebServer, the WebBrowser sends the session-id to the WebServer. As a result, the server side program receives the session-id and is able to open the session of the corresponding WebBrowser. In a jsp program the current session can be accessed using the session Object.

HttpSession :
Methods : String getId( ) : Returns the session ID. void setAttribute(String name, Object obj ) : Adds an object to the session. void getAttribute(String name) : Retrieves the value from the session. Integer( int val ) : It is a class to store the integer value. int intValue( ) : It is a function to retrieve the value.
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// File name: Nextemp.jsp <!-- Nextemp.jsp --> <%@ page import = "java.sql.*" %> <%@ page errorPage = "error.jsp" %> <jsp:useBean id="con" class="mycon.mycon" scope="application"/> <html> <body> <h2 style='background-color:blue;color:white;text-align:center'> Employee Details </h2> <% int rno = 0; Integer integer = (Integer)session.getAttribute("RNO"); if(integer != null) { rno = integer.intValue(); } rno++; // put the latest value into the session integer = new Integer(rno); session.setAttribute("RNO",integer); // Retrieve the record for rno ResultSet rs=null; PreparedStatement ps=null; try { ps = con.prepareStatement("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where empno=?"); ps.setInt(1,rno); rs= ps.executeQuery(); %> <%=rno%> <% } catch(Exception e) { %> <%=e%> <% } %> <table width=100% bgcolor=cyan border=2 bordercolor=blue cellspacing=0> <% if(rs.next()) { %> <tr> <td> Employee Number </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(1) %> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Employee Name </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(2) %> </td> </tr>
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<tr> <td> Employee Job </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(3) %> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Employee Salary </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(4) %> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Department Number </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(5) %> </td> </tr> </table> <% } // end of if else { out.println("<h3> Record Not Found !</h3>"); } rs.close(); ps.close(); %> <hr size=5 color=red> <a href='Nextemp.jsp'>Next Employee Record</a> </body> </html>

// File name: NavigateRecords.jsp <!-- NavigateRecords.jsp --> <%@ page import = "java.sql.*" %> <%@ page errorPage = "error.jsp" %> <jsp:useBean id="con" class="mycon.mycon" scope="application"/> <html> <body> <h2 style='background-color:blue;color:white;text-align:center'> Employee Records </h2> <% int rno = 0; String RNO = (String)session.getAttribute("RNO"); if(RNO != null) { rno = Integer.parseInt(RNO); } int opt = 0; String OPT = request.getParameter("OPT"); if(OPT != null) { opt = Integer.parseInt(OPT);
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switch(opt) { case 1: rno=1; break; case 2: rno--; if(rno==0) rno=1; break; case 4: rno=14; break; case 3: default: rno++; if(rno==15) rno=14; break; } } else { rno++; // to start from 1st record } // put the latest value RNO into the session session.setAttribute("RNO",String.valueOf(rno)); // Get the record and display it ResultSet rs=null; PreparedStatement ps=null; try { ps = con.prepareStatement("select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where empno=?"); ps.setInt(1,rno); rs= ps.executeQuery(); %> <%=rno %> <% } catch(Exception e) { %> <%=e%> <% } %> <table width=100% bgcolor=cyan border=2 bordercolor=blue cellspacing=0> <% if(rs.next()) { %> <tr> <td> Employee Number </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(1) %> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Employee Name </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(2) %> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Employee Job </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(3) %> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Employee Salary </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(4) %> </td> </tr>
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<tr> <td> Department Number </td> <td> <%=rs.getString(5) %> </td> </tr> </table> <% } // end of if else { out.println("<h3> Record Not Found !</h3>"); } rs.close(); ps.close(); %> <hr size=5 color=red> <a href='NavigateRecords.jsp?OPT=1'>FIRST</a> <a href='NavigateRecords.jsp?OPT=3'>NEXT</a> <a href='NavigateRecords.jsp?OPT=2'>PREVIOUS</a> <a href='NavigateRecords.jsp?OPT=4'>LAST</a> </body> </html>

// w.an application using setProperty 1. 2. 3. 4. UserData.java GetData.jsp SaveName.jsp NextPage.jsp

// File name : UserData.java package mycon; public class UserData { String username; String email; int age; public void setUsername( String value ) { username = value; } public void setEmail( String value ) { email = value; } public void setAge( int value ) { age = value; } public String getUsername() { return username; }
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public String getEmail() { return email; } public int getAge() { return age; } } // File name: GetName.jsp <html> <body> <form method=post action="SaveName.jsp"> What's your name? <input type=text name=username size=20> <br> What's your e-mail address? <input type=text name=email size=20><br> What's your age? <input type=text name=age size=4> <p><input type=SUBMIT> </p> </form> </body> </html> // File name: SaveName.jsp <jsp:useBean id="user" class="mycon.UserData" scope="application" /> <jsp:setProperty name="user" property="*"/> <html> <body> <a href="NextPage.jsp">Continue</a> </body> </html> // File name: NextPage.jsp <jsp:useBean id="user" class="mycon.UserData" scope="application"/> <html> <body> You entered <br> Name: <%= user.getUsername() %> <br> Email: <%= user.getEmail() %> <br> Age: <%= user.getAge() %> <br> </body> </html>

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JSP Standard Tag Library

( JSTL )

JSTL is an enhancement of JSP which allows us to place custom tags into the jsp programs. JSTL is a collection of predefined tages which can be placed into the JSP programs. The JSTL should be downloaded separately in a compressed format. After uncompressing we can find the following types of files. *.tld *.jar *.class After downloading the tld file and the jar files place all the tld files in the satclass\WEB-INF sub directory. Place all the jar files in the lib sub directory. For any custom tags 2 types of programs are required. .tld : ( Tag Library Discriptor ) .jar : ( Java Archieve Files ) The tld file contains the names of the tags and their params that can be applied in JSP programs. The jar file contains the tag classes. Whenever a custom tag was used in a jsp program the corresponding tag class will be called from the jar file. The JSTL package is containing the following files. Tlds : Jars : c.tld standard.jar fmt.tld jstl.jar sql.tld x.tld

The c.tld contains the core tags such as if,out,choose,forEach etc., The fmt.tld contains the tags for formatting, date data etc., The sql.tld contains the tags for sql access etc., The x.tld contains the tags for xml access etc., The tld file is text file which contains the tag name and that params. The tld should be imported into the required jsp programs before using them for each such import a prefix is also require.

Using a custom tag : In order to use a custom tag the tld file should be imported to jsp program. A prefix is also required.

The following objects can be available in jstl. param, session, request, page etc., out : Takes a value and sends the value to the WEB Browser. This is equal to the out.println. EL (Expression Language) : EL is a new technology which can be embedded within jsp programs to execute the given expressions. All the expressions must be given within a block prefix with a ${ } . param : The param object contains all the parameters in the request object.

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Creating a variable : To create a variable the SET will be used. Syntax : <c:set var=variable name value=val />

Ex : <c:set var=start value=10 /> if: The following parameters should be given Syntax : <c:if test = condition > Ex: <c:if test=${start == 10}> Choose : For checking more than one condition. Along with the choose we should also apply the when. Syntax: <c:choice> <c:when test=${condition1} // statemnt(s); </c:when> ---------<c:otherwise> // statement(s); </c:otherwise> </c:choose> for : Ex: Ex : <c:forEach var=i items=10,20,30,40,50> <c:forEach vari=i begin=10 end=25 step=2>

catch : Executes statement in a try block. If any exception occurs it will be stored in a given variable. Ex: <c:catch var=ex> // statement(s); </c:catch>

fmt : The following tag of fmt.tld is used for formatting numbers. Ex: <fmt:formatNumber value=${param.tfee} pattern=##,##0.00 /> <!-- jstlc1.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld" prefix="c" %> <html> <body> <h2> sample program on JSP Tag Library </h2> <c:out value="sateesh"> </c:out> <br> <c:out value="testing"/> </c:out> </body> </html>
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<!-- jstlc2.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld" prefix="c" %> <html> <body> <h2> sample program on JSP Tag Library </h2> <c:out value="sateesh"> </c:out> <br> Total is:<c:out value="${10+20}"/> </body> </html> <!-- empecho.html --> <html> <body> <h2> Enter Employee Details </h2> <form name = EMPFORM method=GET action='http://localhost:8080/satclass/jstlc3.jsp'> Employee Number <input type=text name=empno size=10> <br><br> Employee Name <input type=text name=ename size=20> <br><br> Employee Job <input type=text name=job size=10> <br><br> Employee Salary <input type=text name=sal size=10> <br><br> Department No <input type=text name=deptno size=10> <br><br> <input type=SUBMIT value='Send Data'> <br><br> </form> </body> </html> <!-- jstlc3.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld" prefix="c" %> <html> <body> <h2> Received Employee Details </h2> <form action=""> Employee Number: <c:out value="${param.empno}" default="- - -" /> <br> Employee Name: <c:out value="${param.ename}" default="- - -" /> <br> Job: <c:out value="${param.job}" default="- - -" /> <br> Salary : <c:out value="${param.sal}" default="- - -" /> <br> Department no.: <c:out value="${param.deptno}" default="- - -" /> <br> </form> <br> </body> </html>

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<!-- jstlc4.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld' prefix="c" %> <html> </body> <h2> Testing " for " statement in JSTL </h2> <c:forEach var="i" begin="10" end="100" step="10"> <br> Value is: <c:out value="${i}"/> </c:forEach> </body> </html> <!-- jstlc5.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld' prefix="c" %> <html> </body> <c:set var="start" value="10" /> <c:set var="end" value="100" /> <c:forEach var="i" begin="${start}" end="${end}" step="10"> <br> value is: <c:out value="${i}" /> </c:forEach> </body> </html> <!-- jstlc6.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld' prefix="c" %> <html> <body> <c:set var="start" value="1" /> <c:set var="end" value="20" /> Even no's between 1 to 20: <c:forEach var="i" begin="${start}" end="${end}" step="1"> <br> <c:if test="${i%2==0}"> <c:out value="${i}"/> </c:if> </c:forEach> </body> </html> <!-- jstlc7.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld' prefix="c" %> <html> <body> <c:set var="ch" value="3"/> <c:choose> <c:when test="${ch==1}"> <c:out value="one"/> </c:when> <c:when test="${ch==2}"> <c:out value="two"/> </c:when>
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<c:when test="${ch==3}"> <c:out value="three"/> </c:when> <c:when test="${ch==5}"> <c:out value="five"/> </c:when> <c:when test="${ch==4}"> <c:out value="four"/> </c:when> <c:otherwise> <c:out value="chosen number<1 or >5"/> </c:otherwise> </c:choose> </body> </html>

<!-- jstlc8.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri='WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld' prefix="c" %> <html> <head> <title>Catch an Exception?</title> </head> <body> <c:catch var="e"> 10 divided by 0 is: <c:out value="${10/0}" /> <br /> </c:catch> <c:if test="${e!=null}"> The caught exception is: <c:out value="${e}" /> <br /> sat it was caught </c:if> <c:if test="${e==null}"> No exception was thrown <br /> </c:if> </body> </html> <!-- jstlf1.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/tlds/fmt.tld' prefix="fmt" %> <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld' prefix="c" %> <html> </body> <c:set var="n" value="1023" /> Format number : <fmt:formatNumber value="${n}" pattern="##,##0.00"/> <br> <br> <c:out value="${n}" /> </c:forEach> </body> </html>

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<!-- studandemp.html --> <html> <body> <h2> STUDENT DETAILS </h2> <form name=STUDFORM method=POST action="http://localhost:8080/satclass/exjstl.jsp"> <input type=hidden name=OPT value=1> <table width=100% bgcolor='#D5D5AA'border=0> <tr> <td> Enter student Number </td> <td> <input type=text name=sno size=15> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Enter student Name </td> <td> <input type=text name=sname size=25> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Enter Total Fee </td> <td> <input type=text name=tfee size=15> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=2 align=right> <input type=SUBMIT value='send data'> </td> </tr> </table> </form> <h2> EMPLOYEE DETAILS </h2> <form name=EMPFORM method=POST action='http://localhost:8080/satclass/exjstl.jsp'> <input type=hidden name=OPT value=2> <table width=100% bgcolor='#D5D5AA'border=0> <tr> <td> Enter EMployee Number </td> <td> <input type=text name=empno size=15> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Enter Employee Name </td> <td> <input type=text name=ename size=25> </td> </tr>
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<tr> <td> Enter Salary </td> <td> <input type=text name=sal size=15> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=2 align=right> <input type=SUBMIT value='send data'> </td> </tr> </table> </form> </body> </html>

<!-- exjstl.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld' prefix="c" %> <html> <c:if test="${param.OPT==1}"> <jsp:forward page='http://localhost:8080/satclass/studjstl.jsp'/> </c:if> <c:if test="${param.OPT==2}"> <jsp:forward page='http://localhost:8080/satclass/empjstl.jsp'/> </c:if> </html>

<!-- studjstl.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld" prefix="c" %> <html> <body> <h2> Received Student Details </h2> Student Number: <c:out value="${param.sno}" default="- - -" /> <br> Student Name: <c:out value="${param.sname}" default="- - -" /> <br> Total Fee : <c:out value="${param.tfee}" default="- - -" /> <br> </body> </html> <!-- empjstl.jsp --> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/tlds/c.tld" prefix="c" %> <html> <body> <h2> Received Employee Details </h2> <form action=""> Employee Number:
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<c:out value="${param.empno}" default="- - -" /> <br> Employee Name: <c:out value="${param.ename}" default="- - -" /> <br> Salary : <c:out value="${param.sal}" default="- - -" /> <br> </form> </body> </html>

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RMI
( Remote Method Invocation ) Distributed Programming
This feature of java allows an object running on one machine to call the methods of another object which is running on another machine. For example object c on machine one can call method f1 of object s which is on machine two. Object s is a remote object to object c . The methods of s will become as remote methods to object c . Inorder to make the RMI possible two special programs are used which are known as stub & skeleton.

Stub
Java & RMI System

Skeleton
Java & RMI System

NetWork
Whenever object c calls a method of object s object c actually calls a method of stub. The stub will be loaded along with the object c receives the call works with Java & RMI systems and serializes the call to the machine two. On the machine two the call will be received by skeleton which works with Java & RMI system and calls the corresponding method of object s. Any returned value of such function will be given back to object c on the same style.

Steps for designing the RMI program : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define the Remote Interface. Create the implementation class. Generate the stub and skeletons. Design the server program. Design the client program.

1. Define the Remote Interface : The remote interface contains the signatures of all the remote methods that a client application can call. Create an interface that extends the Remote Interface and provide the signatures of all the remote methods. All the remote methods should throw RemoteException. Ex: public interface account extends Remote { public int getAccno( ) throws RemoteException; public void deposit(double int) throws RemoteException; }
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2. Create a implementation class : The implementation class contain the definition of the remote method, create a class that extends UnicastRemoteObject and implements the interface of the step1 and overrides all its methods. The class should also contain a constructor that also throws RemoteException. Ex: public class accountimpl extends UnicastRemoteObject implements account { int accno; double balance; public accountimpl( ) throws RemoteException { accno = 101; balance = 5000; } // overriding Remote interface methods public int getAccno( ) throws RemoteException { return accno; } public void deposit( doublel amt ) throws RemoteException { balance + = amt; } }

3. Generate the stub and skeletons : Compile the implementation class using the rmi compiler rmic. Ex: e:\adv\rmi> rmic accountimpl

// Reads accountimpl class and produces accountimpl_stub class accountimpl_skel class

Naming class : The naming class is containing the following methods used for binding the remote
object or for locating the remote object. public public public public static static static static void bind( String name, Remote obj ) : Binds the remote object with the given name. void unbind( String name) : Unbinds the remote object. void rebind( String name, Remote obj ) : unbind + bind. Remote lookup( String url ) : Locate the remote object & returns its reference.

4. Design the Server program : The server program should create an instance of the implementation class and should bind with a suitable name. Ex: class server { public static void main( String args[ ] ) { accountimpl a1 = new accountimpl( 101, 5000 ) ; accountimpl a2 = new accountimpl( 102, 3000 ) ; Naming.bind( First Account, a1 ); Naming.bind( Second Account, a2 ); } }

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5. The Client program : The client program locates the remote object with the binded name and is able to call the remote methods. It can access the remote object using naming lookup. Ex: class client { public static void main( String args[ ] ) { // Find the remote objects account r = Naming.lookup( rmi://myserver/firstaccount ); r.deposit(2000); // Remote method r = Naming.lookup( rmi://myserver/secondaccount ); r.deposit(3000); } }

Note : Before running the server program start the rmi registry. E:\adv\rmi>start rmiregistry rmiregistry works on portno. 1099 and provides communication between stub and skeletons.

The RMI Architecture

[diagram from Qusay Mahmoud, Distributed Programming with Java, Manning, 2000] These layers are independent of one another. Each implements its own interface and protocol. Each could be replaced with other implementations without affecting the others. The Transport Layer At the present time this is the standard TCP layer on IP.

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Remote Reference Layer

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This middle layer sets up connections to remote address spaces, manages connections, listens for incoming calls, and various other purposes. Stub and Skeleton Layer The RMI programmer does not see the transport and remote reference layers. The stubs and skeletons do appear to the programmer. (One of the most annoying bugs in RMI programming is losing track of the stub!). The stubs and skeletons are not written by the programmer. They are generated by a special compiler called rmic. Stubs and skeletons represent the interface between the RMI system and the application programs. The stub is a proxy at the client side for a remote object. The skeleton represents information about the client at the server side. Responsibilities of the stub The client side stub representing a remote object does the following:

initiating remote calls marshaling arguments to be sent informing the remote reference layer that a call should be invoked on the server unmarshalling a return value (or exception) informing the remote reference layer that the call is complete

Responsibities of the skeleton On the server, the skeleton,

unmarshals incoming arguments calling the actual remote object implementation marshaling return values for transport to the client

Remote vs. Local Method Invocation Local method invocation Arguments to a method are always "pass by value", as in C. That is, the method receives copies of the actual parameters. However, in many cases, these arguments are references to objects. Objects are effectively "pass by reference" because using the (copy) of the reference, you can change the public members of the actual object. The object itself is not copied. Remote method invocation With RMI, even if the arguments for a remote method (on the server) are references to (local on the client) objects, what arrives at the server are copies of the actual objects referered to, not the references to those objects, as would be the case for a local call. Therefore, changes made to the object on the remote server are not reflected by on the original object still sitting on the client machine. The only way to get a change back from the remote method is via the return value of the method. The situation is more like it would be in a functional language such as Scheme or ML.
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Objects sent as arguments or returned as results across the network must be serializable. That is, they must implement the Serializable interface. A class that implements the Serializable interface need not implement any special methods (as, for example, you must do if you implement, say, the Runnable interface). The serializable interface is just a marker, or flag. Note that if a class is serializable, all its subclasses inherit this property. Many of the Java API provided classes are already serializable so there is no need to declare any of their subclasses serializable. You can check in the documentation. However if you create your own class to be sent across the network, and it is only a subclass of, say, Object, you must declare it as implementing the serializable interface. Another problem can sometimes arise when you serialize your own object creations. All the objects from which your object are composed must also be serializable, or your object cannot move down the net. ( References to such non-serializable objects can be declared transient to avoid this problem.) Marshaling The term marshaling applies to the process of serializing. When a serialized object is to be sent across the network, it is "marshaled". The object is converted into a byte stream for transmission. At the receiving end it is "unmarshaled". The object is reconstructed in its structured form from the incoming byte stream. ("Beam me up, Charlie" ins Star Trek.)

The RMI Registry

How does a client find a remote object that it wishes to invoke? RMI provides a simple name server called rmiregistry. This runs on the same host as the RMI server. Each object on the server host which which wishes to publicize its remotely accessible methods registereds by name on the registry. Client programs lookup the registered name on the server and get a reference to the remote object in return. They use that reference to invoke the remotely accessible methods of the server object. Name clashes The RMI registry is quite simple. There is no way provided to guarantee that the same name will not be registered twice. This is not a problem on small programs. Sometimes the registry is referred to as a "boostrap" registry because, strictly speaking, it is only necessary for a first contact between client and server. Once client and server are in touch, they can access each other without the help of the registry. // Example RMI program // File name: account.java // Remote Interface // In the following program three accounts are binded on the remote server. // These accounts can be accessible from remote locations. import java.rmi.*; public interface account extends Remote { public int getAccno() throws RemoteException; public String getAccname() throws RemoteException; public double getBalance() throws RemoteException; public void deposit(double amt) throws RemoteException; public void withdraw(double amt) throws RemoteException; }
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// File name: accountimpl.java import java.rmi.*; import java.rmi.server.*; public class accountimpl extends UnicastRemoteObject implements account { int accno; String accname; double balance; // current balance public accountimpl(int accno, String accname, double opeBalance)throws RemoteException { this.accno = accno; this.accname = accname; this.balance = opeBalance; System.out.println("Account: "+accno+" Created"); } // Overriding Remote Interface Methods: 5 public int getAccno() throws RemoteException { return accno; } public String getAccname()throws RemoteException { return accname; } public double getBalance()throws RemoteException { return balance; } public void deposit(double amt)throws RemoteException { balance +=amt; System.out.println("Deposited: "+amt+" into Accno: "+accno); } public void withdraw(double amt)throws RemoteException { if(amt>balance) throw new RemoteException("Insufficient Funds"); balance -=amt; System.out.println("Withdrawn: "+amt+" into Accno: "+accno); } }

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// File name: accountserver.java //server program,to place 3 accounts which can be accessible from Remote location import java.rmi.*; public class accountserver { public static void main(String args[]) { try { System.out.println("starting Server...."); // creating 3 accounts accountimpl acc1 = new accountimpl(101,"Sateesh N",25000); accountimpl acc2 = new accountimpl(102,"Sateesh M",5000); accountimpl acc3 = new accountimpl(103,"Sateesh S",10000); System.out.println("Binding Accounts"); Naming.bind("101",acc1); Naming.bind("102",acc2); Naming.bind("103",acc3); System.out.println("Finished ...."); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Press Enter to close: "); System.in.read(); Naming.unbind("101"); Naming.unbind("102"); Naming.unbind("103"); System.exit(0); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } } D:\adv\rmi>java accountserver starting server.. Account: 101 created Account: 102 created Account: 103 created Binding Accounts Finished.

// File name: accountclient.java // to get the remote objects, and to operate on them import java.rmi.*; import java.io.*; public class accountclient { static account r; public static void main(String args[]) {
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try { double amt; BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); String host = "localhost"; if(args.length >=1) host = args[0]; int ch = 1; while(ch!=5) { try { System.out.println("\nMENU"); System.out.println("1.Open \n2.Details \n3.Deposit \n4.Withdraw \n5.Exit\n"); D:\adv\rmi>java accountclient System.out.print("Enter u r choice: "); ch = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); // Accept choice MENU 1.Open switch(ch) 2.Details { 3.Deposit case 1: // opens the given account 4.Withdraw System.out.print("Enter an Account Number to open: "); 5.Exit int accno = Integer.parseInt(stdin.readLine()); String url = "rmi://"+host+"/"+accno; Enter u r choice: 1 System.out.println("Finding: "+url); Enter an account number to open: 1 r = (account)Naming.lookup(url); Finding: rmi://localhost/101 System.out.println("Account Found"); Account Found case 2: System.out.println(); System.out.println(" DETAILS "); System.out.println("------------------------------"); System.out.println("Account Number : "+r.getAccno()); System.out.println("Account Name : "+r.getAccname()); System.out.println("Current Balance: "+r.getBalance()); break; case 3: System.out.print("Enter Deposit Amount: "); amt = Double.parseDouble(stdin.readLine()); r.deposit(amt); System.out.println("Done"); break; case 4: System.out.print("Enter Withdraw Amount: "); amt = Double.parseDouble(stdin.readLine()); r.withdraw(amt); System.out.println("Done"); break; case 5: break; default: System.out.println("Invalid choice"); break; } // end of switch } // end of try catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); }
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DETAILS Account Number: Account Name : Current Balance: MENU 1.Open 2.Details 3.Deposit 4.Withdraw 5.Exit Enter u r choice: 101 Sateesh 25000.0

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} // end of while } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error: "+ex); } } // end of main } // end of client

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