Elmasri and Navathe DBMS Concepts 16

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5
The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints
Relational Model Concepts

Domains, Attributes, Tuples, and Relations Characteristics of Relations Relational Model Notation
Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 16-3
Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas

Domain Constraints Key Constraints and Constraints on Null Values Relational Databases and Relational Database Schemas Entity Integrity, Referential Integrity, and Foreign Keys Other Types of Constraints
Slide 16-4
Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations

The Insert Operation The Delete Operation The Update Operation
Slide 16-5
Summary
Slide 16-6
Chapter 6
The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus
Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT

The SELECT Operation The PROJECT Operation Sequences of Operations and the RENAME Operation
Slide 16-8
Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory

The UNION, INTERSECTION, and MINUS Operations The CARTESIAN PRODUCT (or CROSS PRODUCT) Operation
Slide 16-9
Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION

The JOIN Operation The EQUIJOIN and NATURAL JOIN Variations of JOIN A Complete Set of Relational Algebra Operations The DIVISION Operation
Slide 16-10
Additional Relational Operations

Aggregate Functions and Grouping Recursive Closure Operations OUTER JOIN Operations The OUTER JOIN Operation
Slide 16-11
Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra
Slide 16-12
The Tuple Relational Calculus

Tuple Variables and Range Relations Expressions and Formulas in Tuple Relational Calculus The Existential and Universal Quantifiers Example Queries Using the Existential Quantifier Transforming the Universal and Existential Quantifiers Using the Universal Quantifier Safe Expressions
Slide 16-13
The Domain Relational Calculus
Slide 16-14
Summary
Slide 16-15
Chapter 7
Relational Database Design by ER- and EERto-Relational Mapping
Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping

ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm Discussion and Summary of Mapping for Model Constructs
Slide 16-17
Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations

Mapping of Specialization of Generalization Mapping of Shared Subclasses (Multiple Inheritance) Mapping of Categories (Union Types)
Slide 16-18
Summary
Slide 16-19
Chapter 8
SQL-99: Schema Definition, Basic Constraints, and Queries
SQL Data Definition and Data Types

Schema and Catalog Concepts in SQL The CREATE TABLE Command in SQL Attribute Data Types and Domains in SQL
Slide 16-21
Specifying Basic Constraints in SQL

Specifying Attribute Constraints and Attribute Defaults Specifying Key and Referential Integrity Constraints Giving Names to Constraints Specifying Constraints on Tuples Using CHECK
Slide 16-22
Schema Change Statements in SQL

The DROP Command The ALTER Command
Slide 16-23
Basic Queries in SQL

The SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure of Basic SQL Queries Ambiguous Attribute Names, Aliasing, and Tuple Variables Unspecified WHERE Clause and Use of the Asterisk Tables as Sets in SQL Substring Pattern Matching and Arithmetic Operators Ordering of Query Results
Slide 16-24
More Complex SQL Queries

Comparisons Involving NULL and Three-Valued Logic Nested Queries, Tuples, and Set/Multiset Comparisions Correlated Nested Queries The EXISTS and UNIQUE Functions in SQL Explicit Sets and Renaming of Attributes in SQL Joined Tables in SQL Aggregate Functions in SQL Grouping: The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses Discussion and Summary of SQL Queries
Slide 16-25
Insert, Delete, and Update Statements in SQL

The INSERT Command The DELETE Command The UPDATE Command
Slide 16-26
Additional Features of SQL
Slide 16-27
Summary
Slide 16-28
Chapter 9
More SQL: Assertions, Views, and Programming Techniques
Specifying General Constraints as Assertions
Slide 16-30
Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL

Concept of a View in SQL Specification of Views in SQL View Implementation and View Update
Slide 16-31
Database Programming: Issues and Techniques

Approaches to Database Programming Impedence Mismatch Typical Sequence of Interaction in Database Programming
Slide 16-32
Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ

Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQL Retrieving Multiple Tuples with Embedded SQL Using Cursors Specifying Queries at Runtime Using Dynamic SQL SQLJ: Embedding SQL Commands in JAVA Retrieving Multiple Tuples in SQLJ Using Iterators
Slide 16-33
Database Programming with SQL/CLI Using C as the Host Language JDBC: SQL Function Calls for JAVA Programming
Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC
Slide 16-34
Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM

Database Stored Procedures and Functions SQL/PSM: Extending SQL for Specifying Persistent Stored Modules
Slide 16-35
Summary
Slide 16-36
Chapter 10
Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases
Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schema

Semantics of the Relation Attributes Redundant Information in Tuples and Update Anomalies Null Values in Tuples Generation of Spurious Tuples Summary and Discussion of Design Guidelines
Slide 16-38
Functional Dependencies
Definition of Functional Dependency Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies Equivalence of Sets of Functional Dependencies Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies
Slide 16-39
Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys

Normalization of Relations Practical Use of Normal Forms Definition of Keys and Attributes Participating in Keys First Normal Form Second Normal Form Third Normal Form
Slide 16-40
General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms

General Definition of Second Normal Form General Definition of Third Normal Form Interpreting the General Definition of Third Normal Form
Slide 16-41
Boyce-Codd Normal
Slide 16-42
Summary
Slide 16-43
Chapter 11
Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies
Properties of Relational Decompositions

Relation Decomposition and Insufficiency of Normal Forms Dependency Preservation Property of a Decomposition Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Property of a Decomposition Testing Binary Decomposition for the Nonadditive Join Property Successive Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decompositions
Slide 16-45
Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design

Dependency-Preserving Decomposition into 3NF Schemas Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition into BCNF Schemas Dependency-Preserving and Nonadditive (Lossless) Join Decomposition into 3NF Schemas Problems with Null Values and Dangling Tuples Discussion of Normalization Algorithms
Slide 16-46
Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form

Formal Definition of Multivalued Dependency Inference Rules for Functional and Multivalued Dependencies Fourth Normal Form Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition into 4NF Relations
Slide 16-47
Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form
Slide 16-48
Inclusion Dependencies
Slide 16-49
Other Dependencies and Normal Forms

Template Dependencies Domain-Key Normal Form
Slide 16-50
Summary
Slide 16-51
Chapter 12
Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams
The Role of Information Systems in Organizations

The Organizational Context for Using Database Systems The Information System Life Cycle The Database Application System Life Cycle
Slide 16-53
The Database Design and Implementation Process

Phase 1: Requirements Collection and Analysis Phase 2: Conceptual Database Design Phase 3: Choice of DBMS Phase 4: Data Model Mapping (Logical Database Design) Phase 5: Physical Database Design Phase 6: Database System Implementation and Tuning
Slide 16-54
Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design Specification

UML As a Design Specification Standard UML for Database Application Design Different Diagrams in UML A Modeling and Design Example: University Database
Slide 16-55
Relational Rose, A UML Based Design Tool

Relational Rose for Database Design Relational Rose Data Modeler Data Modeling Using Rational Rose Data Modeler
Slide 16-56
Automated Database Design Tools
Slide 16-57
Summary
Slide 16-58
Chapter 13
Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing
Introduction
Memory Hierarchies and Storage Devices Storage of Databases
Slide 16-60
Secondary Storage Devices

Hardware Description of Disk Devices Magnetic Tape Storage Devices
Slide 16-61
Buffering Blocks
Slide 16-62
Placing File Records on Disk

Records and Record Types Files, Fixed-Length Records, and VariableLength Records Record Blocking and Spanned Versus Unspanned Records Allocating File Blocks on Disk File Headers
Slide 16-63
Operations on Files
Slide 16-64
Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files)
Slide 16-65
Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files)
Slide 16-66
Hashing Techniques
Internal Hashing External Hashing for Disk Files Hashing Techniques That Allow Dynamic File Expansion
Slide 16-67
Other Primary File Organizations

Files of Mixed Records B-Trees and Other Data Structures as Primary Organization
Slide 16-68
Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology

Improving Reliability with RAID Improving Performance with RAID RAID Organizations and Levels
Slide 16-69
Storage Area Networks
Slide 16-70
Summary
Slide 16-71
Chapter 14
Indexing Structures for Files
Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes

Primary Indexes Clustering Indexes Secondary Indexes Summary
Slide 16-73
Multilevel Indexes
Slide 16-74
Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees

Search Trees and B-Trees B+-Trees
Slide 16-75
Indexes on Multiple Keys

Ordered Index on Multiple Attributes Partitioned Hashing Grid Files
Slide 16-76
Other Types of Indexes

Using Hashing and Other Data Structures as Indexes Logical versus Physical Indexes Discussion
Slide 16-77
Summary
Slide 16-78
Chapter 15
Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization
Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra
Slide 16-80
Algorithms for External Sorting
Slide 16-81
Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations

Implementing the SELECT Operation Implementing the JOIN Operation
Slide 16-82
Algorithms for PROJECT and SET Operations
Slide 16-83
Implementing Aggregate Operations and Outer Joins

Implementing Aggregate Operations Implementing Outer Join
Slide 16-84
Combining Operations Using Pipelining
Slide 16-85
Using Heuristics in Query Optimization

Notation for Query Trees and Query Graphs Heuristic Optimization of Query Trees Converting Query Trees into Query Execution Plans
Slide 16-86
Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization

Cost Components for Query Execution Catalog Information Used in Cost Functions Examples of Cost Functions for SELECT Examples of Cost Functions for JOIN Multiple Relation Queries and Join Ordering Examples to Illustrate Cost-Based Query Optimization
Slide 16-87
Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle
Slide 16-88
Semantic Query Optimization
Slide 16-89
Summary
Slide 16-90
Chapter 16
Practical Database Design and Tuning
Physical Database Design in Relational Databases

Factors That Influence Physical Database Design Physical Database Design Decisions
Slide 16-92
An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems

Tuning Indexes Tuning the Database Design Tuning Queries Additional Query Tuning Guidelines
Slide 16-93
Summary
Slide 16-94
Chapter 17
Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory
Introduction to Transaction Processing

Single-User Versus Multiuser Systems Transactions, Read and Write Operations, and DBMS Buffers Why Concurrency Control Is Needed Why Recovery Is Needed
Slide 16-96
Transaction and System Concepts

Transaction States and Additional Operations The System Log Commet Point of a Transaction
Slide 16-97
Desirable Properties of Transactions
Slide 16-98
Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability

Schedules (Histories) of Transactions Characterizing Schedules Base on Recoverability
Slide 16-99
Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability

Serial, Nonserial, and Conflict-Serializable Schedules Testing for Conflict Serializability of a Schedule Uses of Serializability View Equivalence and View Serializability Other Types of Equivalence of Schedules
Slide 16-100
Transaction Support in SQL
Slide 16-101
Summary
Slide 16-102
Chapter 18
Concurrency Control Techniques
Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control

Types of Locks and System Lock Tables Guaranteeing Serializability by Two-Phase Locking Dealing with Deadlock and Starvation
Slide 16-104
Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering

Timestamps The Timestamp Ordering Algorithm
Slide 16-105
Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques

Multiversion Techniques Based on Timestamp Ordering Multiversion Two-Phase Locking Using Certify Locks
Slide 16-106
Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques
Slide 16-107
Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking

Granularity Level Considerations for Locking Multiple Granularity Level Locking
Slide 16-108
Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes
Slide 16-109
Other Concurrency Control Issues

Insertion, Deletion, and Phantom Records Interactive Transactions Latches
Slide 16-110
Summary
Slide 16-111
Chapter 19
Database Recovery Techniques
Recovery Concepts
Recovery Outline and Categorization of Recovery Algorithms Caching (Buffering) of Disk Blocks Write-Ahead Logging, Steal/No-Steal, and Force/No-Force Checkpoints in the System Log and Fuzzy Checkpointing Transaction Rollback
Slide 16-113
Recovery Techniques Based on Deferred Update

Recovery Using Deferred Update in a Single-User Environment Deferred Update with Concurrent Execution in a Multiuser Environment Transaction Actions That Do Not Affect the Database
Slide 16-114
Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update

UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Immediate Update in a Single-User Environment UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Immediate Update with Concurrent Execution
Slide 16-115
Shadow Paging
Slide 16-116
The ARIES Recovery Algorithm
Slide 16-117
Recovery in Multidatabase Systems
Slide 16-118
Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures
Slide 16-119
Summary
Slide 16-120
Chapter 20
Concepts for Object Databases
Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts
Slide 16-122
Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type Constructors

Object Identity Object Structure Type Constructors
Slide 16-123
Encapsulation of Operations, Methods, and Persistence

Specifying Object Behavior via Class Operations Specifying Object Persistence via Naming and Reachability
Slide 16-124
Type and Class Hierarchies and Inheritance

Type Hierarchies and Inheritance Constraints on Extents Corresponding to a Type Hierarchy
Slide 16-125
Complex Objects
Unstructured Complex Objects and Type Extensibility Structured Complex Objects
Slide 16-126
Other Objected-Oriented Concepts

Polymorphism (Operator Overloading) Multiple Inheritance and Selective Inheritance Versions and Configurations
Slide 16-127
Summary
Slide 16-128
Chapter 21
Object Database Standards, Languages, and Design
Overview of the Object Model of ODMG

Objects and Literals Built-in Interfaces for Collection Objects Atomic (User-Defined) Objects Interfaces, Classes, and Inheritance Extents, Keys, and Factory Objects
Slide 16-130
The Object Definition Language ODL
Slide 16-131
The Object Query Language OQL

Simple OQL Queries, Database Entry Points, and Iterator Variables Query Results and Path Expressions Other Features of OQL
Slide 16-132
Overview of the C++ Language Binding
Slide 16-133
Object Database Conceptual Design

Differences Between Conceptual Design of ODB and RDB Mapping and EER Schema to an ODB Schema
Slide 16-134
Summary
Slide 16-135
Chapter 22
Object-Relational and Extended-Relational Systems
Overview of SQL and Its Object-Relational Features

The SQL Standard and Its Components Object-Relational Support in SQL-99 Some New Operations and Features in SQL
Slide 16-137
Evolution and Current Trends of Database Technology
Slide 16-138
The Informix Universal Server

Extensible Data Types Support for User-Defined Routines Support for Inheritance Support for Indexing Extensions Support for External Data Sources Support for Data Blades Application Programming Interface
Slide 16-139
Object-Relational Features of Oracle 8

Some Examples of Object-Relational Features of Oracle Managing Large Objects and Other Storage Features
Slide 16-140
Implementation and Related Issues for Extended Type Systems
Slide 16-141
The Nested Relational Model
Slide 16-142
Summary
Slide 16-143
Chapter 23
Database Security and Authorization
Introduction to Database Security Issues

Types of Security Database Security and the DBA Access Protection, User Accounts, and Database Audits
Slide 16-145
Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges

Types of Discretionary Privileges Specifying Privileges Using Views Revoking Privileges Propogation of Privileges Using the GRANT OPTION An Example Specifying Limits on Propagation of Privileges
Slide 16-146
Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security
Comparing Discretionary Access Control and Mandatory Access Control Role-Based Access Control Access Control Policies for E-Commerce and the Web
Slide 16-147
Introduction to Statistical Database Security
Slide 16-148
Introduction to Flow Control

Covert Channels
Slide 16-149
Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures

The Data and Advanced Encryption Standards Public Key Encryption Digital Signatures
Slide 16-150
Summary
Slide 16-151
Chapter 24
Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications
Active Database Concepts and Triggers

Generalized Model for Active Databases and Oracle Triggers Design and Implementation Issues for Active Databases Examples of Statement-Level Active Rules in STARBURST Potential Applications for Active Databases Triggers in SQL-99
Slide 16-153
Temporal Database Concepts

Time Representation, Calendars, and Time Dimensions Incorporating Time in Relational Databases Using Tuple Versioning Incorporating Time in Object-Oriented Databases Using Attribute Versioning Temporal Querying Constructs and the TSQL2 Language Time Series Data
Slide 16-154
Multimedia Databases
Introduction to Spatial Database Concepts Introduction to Multimedia Database Concepts
Slide 16-155
Introduction to Deductive Databases

Overview of Deductive Databases Prolog/Datalog Notation Datalog Notation Clausal Form and Horn Clauses Interpretation of Rules Datalog Programs and Their Safety Use the Relational Operations Evaluation of Nonrecursive Datalog Queries
Slide 16-156
Summary
Slide 16-157
Chapter 25
Distributed Databases and ClientServer Architectures
Distributed Database Concepts

Parallel Versus Distributed Technology Advantages of Distributed Databases Additional Functions of Distributed Databases
Slide 16-159
Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design
Data Fragmentation Data Replication and Allocation Example of Fragmentation, Allocation, and Replication
Slide 16-160
Types of Distributed Database Systems
Slide 16-161
Query Processing in Distributed Databases

Data Transfer Costs of Distributed Query Processing Distributed Query Processing Using Semijoin Query and Update Decomposition
Slide 16-162
Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases

Distributed Concurrency Control Based on a Distinguished Copy of a Data Item Distributed Concurrency Control Based on Voting Distributed Recovery
Slide 16-163
An Overview of 3-Tier ClientServer Architecture
Slide 16-164
Distributed Databases in Oracle
Slide 16-165
Summary
Slide 16-166
Chapter 26
XML and Internet Databases
XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model
Slide 16-168
XLM Documents, DTD, and XML Schema

Well-Formed and Valid XML Documents and XML DTD XML Schema
Slide 16-169
XML Documents and Databases

Approaches to Storing XML Documents Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases Breaking Cycles to Convert Graphs into Trees Other Steps for Extracting XML Documents from Databases
Slide 16-170
XML Query
XPath: Specifying Path Expressions in XML XQuery: Specifying Queries in XML
Slide 16-171
Summary
Slide 16-172
Chapter 27
Data Mining Concepts
Overview of Data Mining Technology
Slide 16-174
Association Rules
Market-Basket Model, Support, and Confidence Apriori Algorithm Sampling Algorithm Frequent-Pattern Tree Algorithm Partition Algorithm Other Types of Association Rules Additional Considerations for Association Rules
Slide 16-175
Classification
Slide 16-176
Clustering
Slide 16-177
Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems

Discovery of Sequential Patterns Discovery of Patterns in Time Series Regression Neural Networks Genetic Algorithm
Slide 16-178
Applications of Data Mining
Slide 16-179
Commercial Data Mining Tools
Slide 16-180
Summary
Slide 16-181
Chapter 28
Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP
Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology
Slide 16-183
Characteristics of Data Warehouses
Slide 16-184
Data Modeling for Data Warehouses
Slide 16-185
Building a Data Warehouse
Slide 16-186
Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse
Slide 16-187
Data Warehouse Versus Views
Slide 16-188
Problems and Open Issues in Data Warehouses

Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses Open Issues in Data Warehousing
Slide 16-189
Summary
Slide 16-190
Chapter 29
Emerging Database Technologies and Applications
Mobil Databases
Mobil Computing Architectures Characteristics of Mobile Environments Data Management Issues Application: Intermittently Synchronized Databases Selected Bibliography for Mobil Databases
Slide 16-192
Multimedia Databases
The Nature of Multimedia Data and Applications Data Management Issues Open Research Problems Multimedia Database Applications Selected Bibliography on Multimedia Databases
Slide 16-193
Geographic Information Systems

GIS Applications Data Management Requirements lof GIS Specific GIS Data Operations An Example of a GIS Software: ARC-INFO Problems and Future Issues in GIS Selected Bibliography for GIS
Slide 16-194
Genome Data Management

Biological Sciences and Genetics Characteristics of Biological Data The Human Genome Project and Existing Biological Databases Selected Bibliography for Genome Databases
Slide 16-195
Appendix A
Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models
Appendix C
Parameters of Disks
Appendix D
Overview of the QBE Language

Elmasri and Navathe DBMS Concepts 16

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relational Model Concepts

Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas

Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT

Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory

Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION

Additional Relational Operations

Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra

The Tuple Relational Calculus

The Domain Relational Calculus

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping

Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

SQL Data Definition and Data Types

Specifying Basic Constraints in SQL

Schema Change Statements in SQL

Basic Queries in SQL

More Complex SQL Queries

Insert, Delete, and Update Statements in SQL

Additional Features of SQL

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Specifying General Constraints as Assertions

Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL

Database Programming: Issues and Techniques

Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ

Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC

Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schema

Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys

General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Properties of Relational Decompositions

Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design

Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form

Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form

Other Dependencies and Normal Forms

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Role of Information Systems in Organizations

The Database Design and Implementation Process

Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design Specification

Relational Rose, A UML Based Design Tool

Automated Database Design Tools

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Secondary Storage Devices

Placing File Records on Disk

Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files)

Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files)

Other Primary File Organizations

Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology

Storage Area Networks

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes

Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees

Indexes on Multiple Keys

Other Types of Indexes

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra

Algorithms for External Sorting