1:

1.

11

, .
.
BERTRAND RUSSEL

, 1.1.

.

:

,
. : (900 ) + (1800 ) =

900 + =
0 = 4
2700 =

= ......
...
= .

____________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2. 3 ,
8

.
1.3. ,
.
1.4. ,
.
1.5. ,
450.
1.6. , ,
l ,
l
,

.
, .
l ,
1.7.
l ,
l ,
l .
l =
l =900
l
l

.

1.8.
.
1.9.
.
1.10. , ,
l =1500, ()
l = 1 ,
, ()
2
7
l
l () = .
6
.
l ,
l ,
1.11.
l
l
,
2, 3, 5 8.
i) .
l
ii)
-

.
1.12.
, ,

l ,
l ,
l
l

2, 3, 6
7 .
.

l
l
1.13.
l =400. ,
()
l
l ,

l
.
[. 200]

1.14.
,
l ,
l
l

.

l ,
l

,
l =1000,
l .

[. 200]

l ,
l ,
1.15.
l
x y
l
l

. x y

l
l


.

1.16.
,
l ,
l
l

. x ,
l ,
l
l =400,

y
ly .
x
[. 1100]

l ,
l ,
l
1.17.

2
l

,
3
, 5 . , ,
6
l ,
l
l

i) , .

l .
ii)
iii) .
l
1.18.

l
0
, 36 . ,
l ,
l
l

l .
.
[. 90]

l
1.19.
l . , , ,

l
l ,
l
l .
,

l .

1.20. , , , ,
l ,
l ,
l
, ,
l
. ,

, ,
, , .

 2:

2.

: .
RENE THOM

___________________________________________________________________________________________
,
.
VI. , .
VII. .
VIII.
.
IX.
.
V.

2.1.
.
.
I. =,
= , .
=
II.

, .
III. ,

.
IV.

, .

____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.2. ,
= 1
3
1
= . ,
3
.
2.3. , =. .
2.4. ,
, . , .
2.5. 1 2 .
1 , ,
= 2 ,
=. = =.
2.6.
=. :
i) =
ii) .
2.7. x y
l
l
y A
x AB

. x, y = =
. =.

2.8. , =.
,
.
2.9. , ,
, ,
==. .
2.10. , = 1 = 1 .
3
3
.
:
i) =
ii) =
2.11. .
, =. , :
i) .
.
ii)

ly z Oy
2.12. x
x Ox y.
y, Ox = z, O =.
=.

2.13. 1 2 .
1 = 2
= =.
l =
l .
A
2.14. , , =.
, ,
i) =.
ii) .
2.15. ,

=. , ,
:
i) =.
ii) .

ly . x 2.16. x
, y , = = .

ly . :
x
) = .

l =
l .
)
l .
)

2.17. ,
. , .
:
) = .
) = .
) .

ly . x 2.18. x
, y , = = . ,
, :
) = .
) = .
ly .
) x
ly
2.19. x
.
, :
) =.
) ,
y, Ox ,
=.
2.20. <
.
= . :
) .
)
)
, .
) .
)
2.21. =, =
=, .

2.22. >. = =.
. :
) .
.
)

ly 2.23. x
. ,
. = =.
2.24. .
.
2.25.
, , .

.
=.
2.26.
=.
, =.
2.27.
. , , :
l =
l
) =
)
2.28.

, . =.
2.29. ,
=. , ,
=.
2.30. (=).
. , :
) =
) .

ly , x,
2.31. x
Oy =. x
y y B
x .
. ly .
x
2.32. (=)
(=) = =.
.

= ,
2.33.
= = .

 4:

3.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
3.1.
.
.
I. .
<.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
3.2.
.
+ < + .
3.3.
.
, . < .
3.4. < .

l
 .
)
) : > .

3.5.
.

3.6.
.
, . :
) > >
) + + < +
3.7. >.
.
=
. :
) =
) <

>
3.8.
. .
:
l >
l
) >
) <

l >

)
) + < +

3.9. :

+
2
+
ii) >
2
iii) < + + < 2 ,
.
i) <

4.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

4.1.
, , -

4
5

ly
4.2. x
x y
=. ly .
x

=90. 4.3.
,
=. .

4.4. , x, By .
.
l =
lx +
ly .

4.5. , x, By .

x, By. l
lx

ly .

ly , x.
4.6. x
l

y
y .
y x .
.
4.7. =
l =
,
.
.
.
l =
l .

ly , 4.8. x
y. z// ,
ly . x
z

x , y.
.
(: .)

 4:

5.

+
+ =180

+ + = 90
2 2 2


+
+ + =360
:
+ + + = 180
2 2 2 2

= +

=

= 180

= +

5.1. < =.

l =
)
.
2

) ,
l

, .

l .
= 1
2

l =
. (1).

= .
=.

1
1 , -

1 = + .

= = + (2).

1
1
l =
( + )
(1) (2)
l =

2 =

l =

, = .

l = ... .
l =
...... =
.
,
l = 1
l .

2

5.2. <
l =

.
=.
:

<

>

.

1
l +
l = (1).
=
.
1

= (2).
.
1

l =
.
(1) (2)

5.3. :

)
.
)
, .

:
)

= 180

180

...... ....
= 180 180
2
2

360 o ...... + .... ...... + ....

2

= + .
2

=
) ()
. 2
=

= ... + ... .

2

+
+ +

+
= ... + ... + ... + ... =

= 180.
2
2
2
= 360 (
) = 360 = 180.
+
+

___________________________________________________________________________________________
5.4.
.
.
i) .
ii)
.
iii)
.
iv) 1800.
+
=1800.
v)

+ =3000, vi)

vii)

3600.
viii) 9- 16200.
ix) 20-
3600.

5.5. .
i) (=)
=1060.

. 770

. 500

. 530

. 1000

. 900

+
= 2700,
ii)

:
. 300
. 1500
. 900
. 1200
=1040 ,
=380
iii)
=8cm. :
. 4cm
. 6cm
. 8cm
. 5cm
. 10cm
. 600

iv)

l =1250, .
:
. 450
. 550
. 600
. 650
. 700

 4:

____________________________________________________________________________________________

5.6. :
= 460 =
i)
+ = 1200
+ = 1300
ii)

=2
iii) = 2 = 2
,

iv)
3 , 4 5 .
,
v)

4 , 6 10 .
5.7.
.
.

=2 .
5.8.
.
.
.
5.9. =3
.
.
ly
5.10. x
Ox.
y ,
.
5.11. =.
.
.
5.12. =.

=.
.

=90) 5.13. (
.
,
.
ly
5.14. x
x y.
ly x
, =.

=2 .
5.15. =1200
.
[. =600, =800, =400]

+ =2180. 5.16.

[.380]

5.17. =

i) -

ii) -

[.ii)1350]

5.18. ,
9000;
[.7-]

5.19. ,
;
[.10-]

5.20.
+ .
+ =

5.21. , 2,5
.
[. 7-]

= .
5.22. =
= .
5.23.
, , , .
l =
.

5.24. (=)
=120.

, . ==.
5.25. (=)
=74.
l =40.

i)
ii)

5.26. (=)
=36.

=
=. =.
5.27. =. :
=
)
2
.
)
l = 90+
)

=2

=36.
5.28.
.

10

=4 .
5.29. 3
. 7
3
.

5.37.
. x
= =. .

=800.
5.30.

,
l .

5.38. (=)
.
l

[. 400]

=900)
5.31. (
,
l +
l .
.

[. 1350]

5.32.

.
58 .

[. 640]

=900
5.33.
=300.
. :
i) //
ii) ,
.
5.34. >
.

l = -
i)
2
,
ii)

l = -

2

=2 .
5.35.

=.
. :
i) .
ii) .
=2
<90.
5.36.

=.
. :
i) .
ii) .
iii) .

. .
5.39. ,
, , =.
l =

)
l ,
)

, .

[. )600]

5.40. x
ly
x

,
=.
, Ox
. :
 = 45
i)

ii) = ,

5.41.
=. ,
l =2
l .
,

=.

ly
5.42. x
, x y .
l =30
y ,
x
l =30. , ,
.
.
=60+
, 5.43.
l (

). .

5.44.
= . .

y +
x =
.
2

5.45. x y
l , y
l .
x

x = y

=.
.
5.46. (=) .
:
i) =
ii) .
iii) //.

 4:
5.47. =
=80.


l =30

11
A

N
M

 =10.

30
10
B

,

l
l .

5.48. =
>30.
l =30

l =15.
=.
5.49.
+
+ + +
=180

5.50.
, ,
,
.
5.51. , , =2.

.
l =90.

5.52.

.
.

l = + .

2

12

6.

(i) .
(ii) .
(iii) .

:
(i) .
(ii)

.
(iii) .
(iv) .

6.1.

=. , , =.
.

//
.
+
=

= .
=
= (1)
1

//
// 2 = (2)
.
(1) (2) = .
6.2. =2. , .

:
1 :

=
=== .
1 =
.
+ +
= 0

+ = 0
1

2 = 1800
=

.
1

 5:

13

=

2
+
=

1
2

0
......0 (.... + ....)
= 360 .... .... =

0
0
0
= ...... ...... = ...... = 0 .
2
2

+ ) = 0 900 = 0 . .
=1800 (

1
2 :

3 :
==.

= .
2

=900, .

.
=2
= == == .
//=

.
.
.
= 900,

. .

___________________________________________________________________________________________
6.3.
.
.
i)
.
ii)

, .
=1170 ,
=630
iii)

. .
iv) ,
.

v)

.
6.4. :
i)
.
ii) -

.
iii) -

___________________________________________________________________________________________

6.5. ,
. ,
, , .
6.6.
//.
// //
, .
6.7.

= = .
.
6.8. ,
, , , , , ,
===. :
i) .
ii) .

>900
6.9.

.
= + .

14

7.

7.1. , , ==.

=2. :
i) .
ii) .

:
i) To

//= =
//= .

,
.
,
.
ii) T ,

. ==2 =====.
//= , , .. = , .
, . .
7.2. .
. .
:
i) =.
ii) =.
iii) ,
.

:
i)

. T
:
=
=
1
.
, = .
ii) (i)

= .
=+ = + = .
iii) , .

. . l = 0 ,
- , .

 6:

15

___________________________________________________________________________________________
7.3.
.
.
I.
=, .
II.

III.

VI.

7.4. :
I.
.
II.

IV.

V.

IV.
V.

III.

7.5. . .
I. 4x 9
2x + 5. :
. 14
. 7
. 30
. 28
. 76
II.

:
.

.
.
.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

7.6. ,
.
.
7.7. .
,
. , .
.
7.8. .
, .
, = =.
.
7.9. = .

= .
:
i)
ii) , ,
iii)
iv) ;

7.11. .
,
 =1350.

7.12. , , =. :
i) =.
ii) .
7.13.
.
, =.
.
7.14. , , , .
.
7.15. (=).
. . :
i) .
ii) //.

7.10.  .
.

[. 300]

7.16.
, , . ,
, , ,
.
7.17.
-

.
l =900.
.

16

8.

8.1. .
, :
i) =+

ii) =

l =
ii)

+
2

:
i) To -

. =
=+ = + =+.
ii)

.

(i)
, = ..... = ...+... .

l = (1) - .
iii) //

= .... (2).
= 1 + =2
2

(1) (2) = .... .

2

8.2. =
.
4
, //=
4

,
= = 2 =
4

...

...

.
, //=

......
2

(1)

,
//=

......
2

(2)
....

(1) (2) //= 2

...

//= .....
.
...

ly x
8.3. x
y. , ,
:
i)
ii)
iii) =.
:

 7:

17

i) o

, = .... (1). o
2

,
= .... (2).
2

(1) (2) = .
ii)

. , .
iii) ,
// . .
, .


, ,
. = .
= = . =
=. , = .

8.4. =900 x
l = 1
, .
x
3

x . =2..
:

lx =
l = (1).
=3
.

. ,
l x = .
=
// .

. ==
 ==
.

l

l =
l = , + = 2 (2).

= .
=2 = 2 .

___________________________________________________________________________________________
8.5.
.

i)
.
ii) .
iii)
.
=900,
iv)
.

8.6. . .
I. =x+22 =2x+5 ,
, , .
:
. 28
. 32
. 34
. 26
. 25
II.

.
:
.
.
.
.

18

____________________________________________________________________________________________
= 900
)
) // .

8.7.
, , , , .
:
)
.
) .

=900)
8.17. (
0
30 .
, .

8.8. = = .
2
2

.
//=
4

=2 . 8.18.
.

.

8.19.
. , ,
, :
) .
) .

8.9. <
.


. :
) .
+
.
) , =
2
l =
)
2

8.20. ,
. ,
l =900.
, ,

=1200. 8.21.

.
.
)
)
=2.
) ,
=2.

8.10. //=, . ,
, //=2.
8.11. =
l =900.

8.22. (=).

,
. =2.

8.12. ,
, . , ,
, , ,
.

8.23. (=)
l
.

8.13.

. :
) //.
)
.
) .

l
.
.
=2.

=900) ,
8.24. (

.
. , .

=2
, =3
.
8.14.
) .
.
) =
2

=900)
8.25. (
<. . =.
, ,
. :
) =
) =

8.15. , , . .
8.16. = .
= . , . :

 7:

8.26. = , .
, l =
l .

(: .)

8.27. //, =, =2
. ,

, ,
.

8.28. <.

.

.
:


) // =
) =
2
2
8.29.
. 1, 2, 3
, , , :
) 1, 2, 3 .
)
.

19

20

9.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
9.1.
.
.
I. .
II.

III.

IV.

, . .

9.2. :
I.
.
II.

.

9.3. . .
9.4. =8. ,
, , :
. 5
. 8
. 6
. 10
. 12
9.5. (//) =x = 5 x.
4
1
= x ,
4

, :
. x

. 19 x
24

. 5 x
6

. 23 x
24

=
=900,
=600,
9.6.
=20cm =80cm. :
. 50cm
. 40cm
. 45cm
. 30cm

____________________________________________________________________________________________

9.7. (//)
= + . .

9.8. .
, . :
) .
) .
9.9.
= .
. :

) =
2
) ,
.
) .
9.10. (//)
= + .
l =900.

9.11. = 2.
= 1 .
4
,
.
= . :
) .
) .
) ,
.
9.12. (//) <
, .
,
+ 4 = 3.
9.13. (//) = 2
, .
.
, ,
.
9.14. (=) .
:

 10:
l = .
)
2
) = .
) .

9.15. . , ,
,
= .

=
=900,
9.16. (//)

=2 =3 . -

21
.
. :
, .
)
) .
) = .
) = 1 .
4

9.17. (//) = +.

=900)
9.18. (

.
. :
) + = .
) , , .
) ,
.
)
.

22

10.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
10.1.
.
.
=900, I.
.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

10.2. (,)
.
.
(,) .
10.3. (,R)
=300.

. :
i) T .
ii) = R.
iii) , .
10.4. (,R)
=R. A
B

. :
i) ==
ii) .

10.5. (,R)
. , , , :
i) T , .
ii) .
iii) .
10.6.
.
. =.
10.7.
, <.
.
.

10.8. .



, . .
10.9. , , .

.
10.10. , , , AB , , , . . , ,
, , , ;
10.11. (,R) (,)
.
(,R) (,) ,
. // .
10.12. (//)
. ,

.
10.13. , .

.
.
.
10.14. ( )
.

. 1 2 .
10.15.
. -

 10:
.
, . =.
10.16.
. :
) =
) .

23

.
.
.
10.18. (=).

.
. .

10.17. .

10.19.
, , (,). . .

=900, 10.20. ,
.
.
. :
) = 2
l =
l
)
10.21. (,R) .
, .
:
)
) =
) = , .
2
10.22. , .

. ==.
10.23.
. , =+.

(: .)

24

11.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
11.1.
. .
I. . :
l =
l
+
=1800 .
=
=
.
.
.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

11.2. .

. .

. , ,
.
11.8. (,)
(//) .
.
, , .

=900,
11.3. ,
=300.

.
.
==.

11.9. (//)
(,).
.
.

11.4. .
,
.
.
.

11.10.
. ,
, ,
.
.

.

11.5. ,

.
.
, , .

=900)
11.6. (
<.

.
:
i) .
ii) .
iii) = .
11.7.
.

11.11.

, .
.

.
=
11.12. ,
, . ,
, . .
11.13.
. .
.

 10:
11.14. (,), 1 , 2
.
,

25
1 2 .
=.

=900) ,
11.15. (
<. =.
, =.
11.16. , .


, .
11.17. <,
.

.
x
.