Introduction to Computer Science (I)

Introduction

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

Information Technology in Our Lives

Digital Convergence
Converting whatever we can in the physical and communications world to binary on/off signals, called bits
Text Voice Picture Movie

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 At Home
Email, Internet shopping, virtual museum, banking transactions, news Small computers in VCRs, automobiles, airconditioning systems, washing machines,

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 At Play
Group chatting, games, songs and movies from Internet

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 At Work
Mobile worker Office software, Database, ERP, SCM, CRM

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 At School or College
Computer-based courses, distance learning

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The History of Computing

3000 B.C.: The Abacus
The original mechanical counting device

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

 1623-1662: Blaise Pascal

French mathematician and philosopher Built the Pascaline in 1642

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 1642: The Pascaline

A counting-wheel design
A single revolution of one wheel would engage gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a revolution to its immediate left

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 1801: Jacquards loom

Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1871) Weaving loom The first significant use of binary automation

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 Jacquard Loom Salesmans Model

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 1793-1871: Charles Babbage

Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine and then an analytical engine

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 1842: Bassages Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 Diagram Showing Method

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 1816-1852: Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace

Punched cards could be prepared to instruct Babbages engine to repeat certain operations The first programmer

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1860-1929: Herman Hollerith

Devised a punched-card tabulating machine to speed up the 1890 U.S. census

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 1890: Holleriths Tabulating Machine

Used a hand punch to enter data onto cards

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 A Pantograph Punch

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 1874-1956: Thomas Watson, Sr.

In 1896 Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company, which merged in 1911 with several other company to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. It was renamed the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) by company president Thomas J. Watson in 1924.

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1920s-1950s: The Electro-Mechanical Accounting Machine Era

Punched-card technology

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 Punched Card Office

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 1903-1995: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and His ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1942: The First Elecronic Digital Computer: The ABC

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/ T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

 1946: The Electronic ENIAC Computer

Dr. John W. Mauchly (middle) collaborated with J. Presper Ecjert, Jr. (foreground) at the University of Pennsylvania to develop a machine that would compute trajectory tables for the U.S. Army. Used vacuum tubes ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

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 1951: The UNIVAC I and the First Generation of Computers

Used vacuum tubes in the first generation of computers (1951-1959) The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) was developed by Mauchly and Eckert for the RemingtonRand Corporation The first commercially viable electronic digital computer

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1954: The IBM 650

IBMs first entry into the commercial computer market was the IBM 701 in 1953 IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was designed as a logical upgrade to existing punched-card machines

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1907-1992: Amazing Grace Murray Hopper

In 1959, Dr. Hopper led an effort that laid the foundation for the development of COBOL Found the first bug in a computera real one. She repaired the Mark II by removing a moth that was caught in Relay Number II.

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1958: The First Integrated Circuit

The first integrated circuit, a phase-shift oscillator, was invented in 1958 by Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments.

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 1963: The PDP-8 Minicomputer

In 1963 Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the PDP-8 The first successful minicomputer

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1964: The IBM System/360 and the Third Generation of Computers

The third generation was characterized by computers built around integrated circuits A family of computers with upward compatibility; when a company outgrew one model it could move up to the next model without worrying about converting its data

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 1964: BASIC-More Than a Beginners Programming Language

Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth College developed a programming language that a beginner could learn and use quickly

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 1969: ARPANET and the Unbundling of Hardware and Software

A U.S. Department of Defenses Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) sponsorship of a project, named ARPANET, was underway to unite a community of geographically dispersed scientists by technology When IBM unbundled and sold software separately, the software industry began to flourish

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1975: Microsoft and Bill Gates

Bill gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft Corporation, now the largest and most influential software company in the world

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1976: The Apple I

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, along with Ronald G. Wayne formed the Apple Computer Company

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Source: http://apple.computerhistory.org/stories

 1981: The IBM PC

IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer ring with its announcement of the IBM Personal Computer

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 1982: Mitchell Kapor Designs Lotus 1-2-3

In 1982, Kapor founded Lotus Development Company. Kapor and the company introduced an electronic spread-sheet product, Lotus 1-2-3

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 1984: The Macintosh and Graphical User Interfaces

Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh desktop computer with a very friendly graphical user interface

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Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

 1985-Present: Microsoft Windows

Microsoft introduced Windows, a GUI for IBM PCcompatible computers in 1985

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 1989: The World Wide Web

Berners-Lee and a small team of scientists conceived HTML (the language of the Internet), URLs (Internet addresses), and put up the first server supporting the neq World Wide Web format

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 1993: The Internet Browser

The development in 1993 of the graphical browser Mosaic by Marc Andreesen and his team at the National Center For Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) made the web accessible to everyone. Marc Andreesen and entrepreneur Jim Clark founded Netscape in 1994 to create a web browser based on the Mosaic project.

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

 1996: The Handheld Computer

The PalmPilot handheld computer was introduced by Palm Computing, Inc.

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Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

Problem Transformation into Calculations

Many real problems can be transformed into calculations. Then, these calculations can be conducted in computers.
Examples: Image processing, optimization, ciphering and deciphering, simulations in dynamic systems

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Personal Computers to Supercomputers

Personal Computer (PC)
Desktop PC

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 Notebook PC

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 Tablet PC

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 Wearable PC

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Source: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/publicfeature/oct00/wear.html

 Handheld Computer

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 Workstation
To visualize and solve complex, technical problems.

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 Server Computers
Applications in business financial, customer management solutions, decision support data warehouse, e-commerce, and enterprise resource planning

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 Supercomputer
In a six-game match, a chess-playing IBM computer known as Deep Blue defeats chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov - the first time a reigning world champion loses a match to a computer opponent in tournament play. Deep Blue is an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer capable of calculating 200 million chess positions per second.

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Source: http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1997.html

Information Systems
Data processing systems
Transaction handling, record keeping Primarily for clerical personnel and operational-level managers

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Source: http://www.lockheedmartin.com

 Management information system

Uses an integrated database and supports a variety of functional areas Structured information (for example, a weekly inventory status report with predefined content and format) Applications in hospitals (patient accounting, point-of-care processing), insurance (claimsprocessing systems, policy administration, actuarial statistics), and colleges (student registration, placement)
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 Decision support system

Helps the decision makers, especially those at the tactical and strategic levels, in the decisionmaking process Interactive system

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE Source: http://cdss.state.co.us

 Executive information system

Subset of DSS Supports decision making at the executive levels of management, primarily the tactical and strategic levels

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Source: http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/medinfo99/3-3-41.htm

 Artificial intelligence
Expert systems, simulation of human sensory capabilities, neural networks, intelligent agents, robots and robotics

Source: http://asimo.honda.com/index.asp T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

 Virtual reality
Combines computer graphics with special hardware to immerse users in an artificial threedimensional world

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE Source: http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov

References
A Short History of Computing
Tim Bergin, Computing History Museum American University, http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/

Computer History Museum

http://www.computerhistory.org

Computers
Larry Long & Nancy Long, Twelfth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.

http://archive.computerhistory.org/
T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE