Ecology Insthuteof Terrestfial

N A T U R A L N VF O N M E N T E S E A R CC O U N C I L H H F

guideto A beginner's

Freshwater Algae
llilarv Belcher Erica & Swale
Culture Centre Algaeand Protozoa of

Her Majestys SlaiionryOffice

CultureCeite ot Agae and Frotozoa

0 2 2 3 ( c . m b r d q o )6 1 3 / 3 T h eC u h u r e o i r e o l A ! a e a n d P r o r o z o a C s part of the lnslitul. ol Terestra Ecotogy, (hi.h rs, c.mp,renr brdf ol th. N l u r a l E n vr o . m e n t c s e . . c h o u i . L F C

lntroduction
thosewho would rke Thepurpose thisbooklels to enable of 10 oi to somof the algae freshwater make 1o learn recognise we of Fromthe verylargenumber differeftgcnera a start. to 110 haveselected of thosemostlikeLv be found,an.lwe belonglngtoeach(A gerds. onespecies haveiiuslraled pl.ra genera.s corgarabe w th the iamrlyn.me cI a person 'Wordswo(h'. e p is and a rpecies. ursispecles. comparab eg 'W liani.)The drawings ar n almost with a firstname. eg (except thoseof dia every casemadefrom liv ng spclmens

WI]AT AF ALGAE? groups orllansmsthat one m3y Aigalnc ude suchdiverse of oJ that in the eary daysof the development ght microscopes. ty microscopes. iull dLVers their and before thoseoi electron are couldnol be detecled- cellsof somealgae of bacThe = mm) ior about1 um (1 nricrometre1/100O lerialsize. example, of a or about0 00004ins acrossOthers contain vastnumber e, cellsandcan be up to 50 m (over150 feet)long.1orexamp p ants, Somealgae undotrbtedly the afgest seaweeds ar somed fier so litre frornbacleria they couldbe mernbels that or ol a specal bacler class, al somgareanimals |nry show 1e cerian teatures both of an malsand p ants Desp thes havcerlain features common. r faclsmosta gal 0roups I\,4icroscoplcgae can be foLrndeverywhere, from permanent a p!ddLes, rivers, snow and iceto deserts, oceans,akes, the grasses herbs everyone rocksand sorl. and Just as the 1rees, w basis |ie on and.so a qae are of is famrliar th arelhe ftrnrn proclLrce aboutthe of the basis thatin the seaand.Indeed. matler and oxygnas do land plants. samearnount organic of with comparable the Although thcre s nothng in freshwater in larget seaweeds, thesea gaeshow a range sizefromthe of to smallest aboutT um in diameter traling folmsof more
" I n , "7 "1. e"4n qr.er I e c_1'nom^ 'I' o on i

HOWTO LOOK THEN4 AT freshweter To examine algae equipmenl the required neednot be elaborate. iew of the largergenefacan be ,dentifiedby a A ( h a n d e n s l o n e m a g n l f i c a t i o n s 1 0 a n d x 2 0 ) .b u i a l a of x m croscope ch magnfiesar leastx100 is generally wh essential. thisstage At thereis no needat a I tor an o I immersion obtective. wouldtaketoo muchspace. lt and it would not be verysatisfectory, explain detailhow to to in mounta sample algaeon a qlass of y slideand how actual to !se a m croscooe. this a Je\/ nrlnLiles For demorstraiion by someone experienced fiore valuable is ol thanpages description. Algaeusually and decayIairlyrapldly die Io aflercollection. keepthem freshas longas possible. not overf I the condo tiner, always leave air space an and keepthe sample cool. Planklon algaemav be ealeoby assoc (suchas atedanrmals Daphnia,tlrc watet flea) in a short time. li presentrn notice' ab e numbers theyshoud be strained immediately piece (a off of nylonstocking makes good sieve). a Samples may be preserved addingiodine utionwhlch, by so howevr, lurnslhe chlorop brovJi A saluraled ast soluiion of roore r,roolasrL^rrod,d6 rd walercon be oraporFo. d bul ordinary tinclure iodinewill do. lt is best10add it from a of dropping bottlauntllthe wholeis of a palcbrowncolour. is lt important ensure to that the speclmen bortleor tubeof algae is keptwell stoppered odineevaporates as readrly. NQTES TI]EDRAWINGS ON Indication s zesof the algae of drawnls diflicultas thisvaries so muchbelween species. evenof the samegenus(for in srance, It ol Chlorcganiun ta.ge Irc'r] 5 15 L'm n length .e lat C. euchbrunt b 25orn Iar C. maxtmum).)twould be mislead to show, srze eachspecies rg the o{ illusrf6ted. we so havestaled range a covering wholegenus. the The student strongly sedro draw microscop objects is adv c possible. whenever There no necess to'be ableto draw' is ry to do this.What maiiefss having yourown record what of the thing looked ke,to helpyou to remember and to I t Lrndersiand shape lils surprising rts ho\1,trying draw 10 it makes ofa look muchharder seewhat ihe atgais realty ro like.Always label ihe d.awing with the name(f Itte akJail knownand add the dateandrhe place where I was rouno.

FICATION CLASS (see pub To he p find lhe way in moreadvanced rcatrons n page46). the algaeincluded herearearranged thelrmajor groupings below: including: Green algae(Chlorophyceae), (nos.1-14) Swimming s and co onies(Volvocales), cel (Chlorococcales), Non motilecellsand colonles (nos.15-33) F lamentous algae(of various fam lies).nos34-50) Desm (Conjuga in paft),(nos.5'1-59) es ds (nos.60-63) Yellow greenalgae(Xanthophyceae), (nos.64-68) Goldenye ow algae{Chrysophyceae). (Bacillariophyceae). (nos.69-85) Distoms Cryptophyceae, (no.86) (nos.87, Dinofagelates(Dinophyceae), 88) Euglcnoid (nos.8S-91) flage ates(Euglenophyceae), (nos.92-95) Bed algae(Rhodophyceae). Blue-green gae (l\,lyxophyceaeCyanophyceae). a or (nos 7-110) 9

lsee the diapran apposhe)

Lnthe centre the ce I oi Binary vegetative divrson of a free-living into two cel equa and separale daughter ls ce lhe co ouredstructure p Enrce ls which in absorbs ght Lrsed photosynthesisi I n usual, or occasronally or blLre-green red !lreen brolvn, Cyst resting staoe wilh thickwa . fonnedfrom e srngLc ce rsed of a plantwhich lrows on rnother. not but p /,rir ike slrucllres usedbVcels lor swlmmng bul diff cu t 10seeunless stained iodineetc; by hnce'f a!,el atcs'-ce s swimming flagella. by flageuLln s slnguar. plura f/agel/a) ln.b. hslf shellof a di.tom-see noteor diatoms iol!oh,inq no.68 seenoteon dratoms labeled diagram and colourless structure ch contains wh hereditary lyrngagainsl wall of a cll the co eclrve lermfc'ran nrals and plafls whicl_ lLoalin walei and arecarried pass vely by a colour structurc ess associated th the ch oro w plastand concerfed wjth starch for.nallon the Inearstr!.lurezlongibe canlreo, somedia lom frustLr seelabe ed diagram es
Signoid Srellate Stiae

oi an e ongated lik S-shape. Gylrslgra no.80 staashaped, mainy usdoJch oroplasts th stripelike nrarkrngs a diarom oI frLstule seenoteon draloms and abelled agram .l

Diagrammatic structure somealgae of

ALGALFLAGELLATE

Flagellun
Contractile vacuole

Eye spot
Nucleus

Chloroplast

FILAII NTOUS E GBEN LGA A

FiLA[4ENTOUS BLUE.GREEN ALGA

Chloroplast Ceilwall vegetatlve

DIATOM

Striae
view

1-GJrdle

Baphe

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

Greenswirnmingcels lsee alsoEuglenaandPhacus) Chlamydonanas. Avery big genusof round. oval or cylin, clrical s which swimwith two flagella equallenglh. cel oi
T, "." rr"/ J. 1"/ rot ba a D. .a-o:cj. bLt a rpd pya 5po- .

lsuallypresent. wall is smootf and ihin. Cetls The can be trom 2 5 to 50sm or morein engrh,mosllyb20 (wlthout ncludng the flagela. in al rneasurements as in this bookleO. FoLrnd everykind of aquaric tat.species this genus in hab oi arthe mostlikeiy green swimming s to be encounlefed. ce Chlarcgoniun.Ihls has r,NaI agellaI ke Chlamydomonas but s spindle-shaped. Unlike srnn the arlyshaped t/g/era j1s (89) il doesnot change {orm 5 50gm tong (l rare species reaches 250tm). and iound n pondsand rivers. BBchionanas. Relaled Chlamydamoras b but has a po nted tarland fo!r ateralobeswh ch stickout of the body like frfs. Sometlmes found in bird-baths ln poolsnearihe anct sea.10-50Umlong. Pteromanas. Like Chlanydarnonas with a longltud nal but wing on eachsideof the body I ke an e m f.u t. Revo vesas rl swrms. 10-25urnlong.and livesrn pondsand slow is rlvers4b, a ce ltn transverse section Haenatococcus. s ova . 10-30um tong. conlents Cel separated fromthe wa by a clearspace crossed radal by lhreads. green The chloroplast somelirnes is nrasked red by ' i loL'6doil Tr e dan 6 oop ,td onsof .-i<orgarr' oclL'r I g in bird-baths. ho ows in rocks, depressrons m!n wet the In halecovers and orhersma temporsry water bodies mav be ertner bngntgreenor rustyrd. Loban)onas. Cellslike Chlamydonanas,3 2Esm long. with ll obedor wavy out n. Occlrs n pldd es.pondsetc.s doesrhe s m lar rrplosrauror, whr.h ssquare Phacotus.Cels ike Chlamydomonas.O 20um rong.ano l iound rn similar aces. eachis enclosed a wal p bul rn resemb rwo watchglassesttingtogether, ing f sometimes lnrn andtransparent moreoitenthickand scutprurecl. but Pytan)imanas. ovalor strawberry-shaped. Cells 5,ZbUmlong, w lh foLrr agelia f which arise from a prt ar the rronteno. Antefior edgeof the chloraplast depy dividd inrofour or rqhtlobes, ving the celta striped g appearance. There s no wall.3nd the ce I div desby binary ponds. p!ddtes fissicn.

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

Green swimming colonies Pyrcbotrys.Peat-shaped swimmingce ls b-25um lonq. looseiy altgfeqated {orma co ony.In hoof prinlsand other to puddlcs ftchin organic malter. Will somelimes appear if mud andwatertromthese s icft to standtogether th a w pieceof a driedpea.Thesimilar Pascrer,?a only 4 cells has of instead 8 of 16. '10 Eudatina.Ihe s'r.,al roundcells.5-15umlong.occurat the surfaceof a globularcolony up to 20Osm across Sveral one ponds, species, commonin puddles, lakes and rrvers. 1 1 Pandarha. D)tferc ftam Eudozra tn that the cellsiit c osely witho!1a lafgeceniral logelhar space Common puddles. in p o n d sl,a k e s a n r i v e r s . e l s8 - 2 0 u r no n g , c o o n i e s u p t o d C 50 um diameter.

12 Gorlum. Consists square, fouror 16 ce ledcolonies of flat. across. 5-25Um !p to 100um Cells long. Common in ponds, puddles. lakes slowrivers. and
1 3 Steph asphaeft- f he coloniesare characterisric an clear globes to 60um across Lrp contsining eightlarge tike cetts thoseoi Haerlalo..rs afianged af equaiorial ln nng.The globerevovesas it swimsthrough water.Foundpar the rn ticularly water-filled hollows lrrnesrone solulion of rocKs. l/o/yox. Colonies vjsibc to the unaided eve (up to I mm across). contanrnghundreds cells. of Foundin puddes, ponds.akesand slow rvers.Foran article dealjng wirlt this and the previous four genera. Jane,F.W., 1949.Famous see plan$: 1, Volvax,New Bialagy,6, S7-99.

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

Green non-motile unicelsand colonies (bur not Desmids) Chlorella.Smallround or oval clls (2 1b um diameler) wh ch divideintotl]vo four non-morrle or daughler cetts. encosedfor a lrtllewhilewiihin lhe old watl,as shown. FoJnoeue\ ^ toro.b.rtsonerTe, qs6L119 In va-l quan trtres a green as soupin can e-lroughs, similar places. and Fora ful er account Fogg. E..1953.Famous see plants:4. c. Chlorclla. New Bialosy,15,99-116. Chtotococcumard \s all es <liffet lram Chlotellain producingmotilespores, each wrth two flagella. Oocysrls Ovalor lemonshaped cells5 2ogm long.sometimesfo!nd 2 or 4 roqethernsrde ntarged the ctear molher cellwall Ponds, lakes and slow rivers. 1 1 Chodatella Like Oocystisin srzeand shape,but wilh several slender bnstles, usually eachend of the cell.Ponds.akes at and slow flvers. 1B Tetraddron. Lillle angulargreencells.5-20gm across. rouno r^ oonds, es ard sjow rive\ TwoLonrror specres lrl are illustrated. 1 9 anlt.trcrj..nr" srarcr t. ( urv"dor qp,a rFedle\aapeo ce ls up to 50um longor more. sometLmes fqrmingbundtes All lypesoi water-body, common. The p ate shows1wo

2 0 Chahcium. Ovalot spindle-shaped greence s with a long

or shortstalkgrowingattached various to tilamentous algae and othersubstrata. Length includlng sralkup to 80Um Cornmon. 21 Acthastrum. Colonies fou. or eiqhtcigar-shaped ol cetts. 10-25 ffir onq,uniteda! one endto form a siar.Ponds. lakes and slow rivers. 22 Micracrintum Round cells 3-2Oum across. each wiih one or morelongslender bristles, ottenin colontes shown. as Plankton lakes of and slow rivers.

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

non motileunicells Green and colonies CoelasLrum. Non-motile roundrsh s united y cel close to form p spherrcal colonles to I00Um across. ankion!i takes. up pondsand slow rivers 24 Pedtastrun. at disc shaped F colonies, to l00um across, !p of 4lo 32 cels.with a serrared peredgoand somerims foraled. Ponds, lakes andslow rivrs. 2 5 Ctu.i(rcnia.Flal p alsof oval cel s uf red in groupsof four, wh ch areagalnoftnloosely uniledin fours (seeatso Mensnlopedia. no.99). s 3 15um ong.Ponds. Cel lakes and 2 6 Scenedesnlus. co onies.i 2,4 or 8 e ongared Flal cells arangedIn a row as shown,somospecies ng sp nesat hav the corners the co onies Cels 5-30Umlong.Cornmon of everywhere. species llustrated. Two are 2 7 Tetrastrun.4 celled colof es arranged a dtarnoncl JIat in as shownin the figure. oftenornamented ih smaI spines w around margin. s up to T0umacrossPonds.aks the Ce 23

2 a Dictyosphaeium. Loose colonies !reen cellsin c .r oi

rnuclage.the .e ls connecled a central nt by branched po to (ohenbarely s b e) Ce ls !p to 10Bm.cross. slrands v Ponds.akesand slow rivers. sometimes abundant very 2 9 Hydrodictyon.Net I ke coloniesoJ greence s. n r]vcrsano canalsThe cels. which become multinucleaie, grow up may to 10 mm long.and a nw net formsinsde each. Well grown nelsare argeafd conspicuous. Jigure The showsa smal

(O.r,-,
C-+f." t

G/ i.";i \
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a"i

t) .o1.,

., -, {

a ,h t, ^u ,^ ^ hJ,,, ^ y u s o v , v| ^^^ v , I Green ron.motri.un cellular f amntors and atq.e 3 0 Pleurccaccus packels ce ls varycommonon trees Green of and fcnces. olten in associ.tron wth fungathyphaeAlsoa c o n s tl u e n lo f s o m oi c h e n sl h c c e s a r e l O 2 0 u ma c r o s s , andthe hol cross bLn' apperrance oftencrr.rdcrerrsI|c. is 3 l Trebouxta Sph.rca)ce s 2 25urndianreler grlwrog on lrees Tences .nc havng a tlar platelrkear cr'rtoroptast et. w i t h a o b e d d ! t er i d . c - o I l f a y r e n o d c o n s t r u e n t o i e i p A some chens Sornetims cu r ro dislin0u ir.rma drlf sh sp.c es al Ch/arela 5) lhal rs alsocornmon irces.but (1 on he Chlorell.1has pat eralcI oroplasr. a 32 Sttchococcus reduced ameftous A f form.wrth cy ndrica ce s 2 5u.n n d ameler. grow fq s ngly or . ,rrle chains of 2 cf 3 .e ls gro\'r' cn lrc?s. .! !!.ils. LJ|]rlers j o!\,er p3is. rrC as \/e Ias In pondsor puddes Vorycommorl 3 3 Batryac.)ccus. Grows in colonies to 0.5 mm across, up wth numerous n !reonce s 5 10urnlongembedded an oily matrx whrchvarcs in co our Iroma clearye ow to totaly opaque orafce or br ck red oranqeoilp gmenrd th w ca.otn maYbe scleezed f.om t !rnder a.over sl p P ankton pondsand l3kes. 01 otuen o.t ng on tha water. f Somelimes ab!ndant, formin! a thrckscum 33a.a co onyl 33b.partof thisflatrened un.lera covers p ro show ce ls. Mougeonaf amentous, unbranched, 50um d ameter. 5 Cells contarn srng cliloropl.st, axileI bbon runnng the a e an lenglho{ lhe cell.w lh pyreno at intervals. ds scef n rhe !{iderv eh, rn lhe eft-handce and n tho narrower rhe ai rght. common n srand warer. ng Oedogantuni Filaments unbrrnched. 50urndi;imerer. 3 Chloroplasl parietal w rh several a pyrenoids. net, The thickened wall at oneend ol somecells. ds.1 dis |ke r posab plasn.cupsone instde other, character the is stic r w l l h e ' c a p C o m m o nf s t a . d i n q a t e f . ) 3 6 Zygnemalnbtan.led riuc lag nousI lamenis 50sm I0 d ameter, eachcellw ih two star shaped asts wilh chlorop pyrenoids. cenrral Commonn sranding walersZygaganum, roundon damppeaiyso I. s similar, haspurpte bu! sap. 3 1 Spitogyra. U rbrcn.hed mucrtaginousitaments. f varyingfrom l0 to overl00trnrdiameter ce with one or njoreoarela ch o.opls1s rheformol sp raly wounCr bbons Common in in standrng water, especra rn earlyspr/ng. ly

ii|6 'l-",,:.,,b
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Fr 1t.
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Chlorophyceae
Green filamentous algae

38

Uta|h't/ | ro"a1 ."o frld-npn 1-/0p1d

are ar.Fo |

6l

ast ce w th one chlorop (or 2 in drviding s) which {ormsan bandroundthe ce las shown.Common lncomplele in or water,espec aliyin spring. branched, lf standing running seeStiseactoniurn144) at Draparnat.taga). 3 9 Microsparc Urhrcnchedfilaments5 25um d amelr.Cells pErieta (thou.Jh rs zppear havenumerous to chloroplasts ths nol lhe case), and aresomwhat m ar in structure s to (over:ppng hali cellw?lls. Tnbonena161).\1\\hH pleces i ls.f;aled1o( Trjbonema). arc ro 3t vely sho(er and bui green. runnin! or ihicker, and aae moieopaque a darker ln ' ' a r o . _ q ^ d r o 'T ' e u p p e ' r ^ o ^ l l ci 1 t l ' f i g L ' o r . ' e e ' i n \ e opt cal secton, the lowertwo in surface view. 40 DraparnaldiaCe s resemb those of ,lalhrix wlIh a band e shaped oropast.but the wlroleplanthasa feathery ch look. w h h a c e n t r aa x i so f l a r g e e l l sS 0 p r n f s o a c r o s s t h e c , o n olderparts, bearing branched xrftsoi muchnarrowr cells s. water,espec ly n the a at rnlerva Standing and rLrnning forming sprinq, conspLcuous qht green bf tLifts to 5 cm up ong on srones erc 4 1 Bulbochaete. Smallp anlswith branched Jilamenls 10-30um Cel resemb that ol ing d ameter. s havea nel ke ch oroplast (35), and manybear onq hairswth bulbous Oedoganium Theygrow on other. gae,stones, bases. woodwork, etc, s t . n d i n g u t s t i f i l yU s u . l l yn s l o w l y fo w l n g o r s t Lw a t e r . o . l 4 Ta . t w o c e l l s ; 4 1 b , a bt s k e i c h . h 42 Cladaphora. Filaments to 100um across, !p Lrsually branched cllswith reticLr ch oroplasts Panlsoftenl.rgeard ro!gh ate 1(jthe toLrch. freqLrently covercd hatheprphytes. Common. altached strcks, usually 1o stones orherhardsu{acc: in or strllor runnrng.,araier rs s verylrouble.ome pond owners. lo grows nto skciirs rt raprdly afd lanqles several rnelres orq. 'blanket and I s knowntothem s a w e e d ' 4 2 b .h a b i t s k e l c h . . Co(a n speces form furryba ls up to the slzeof tenns bals. whrchrollaround the bottomof shalow lakes on and poo s, partsof Br lain. ond arerecorded fromvarlous F amentous algaeareoflnfoundwh ch havthe ce .tta.rLne af Cladophora but . re !nbrafchod Thesemay be ong eithetto Cladophara Rhi2aclaniun,and dec d ng ot vvhlch oftend ificult. is

39

il

l- hlnrnnhrrna:ro sheetlikeor bag'likegren gae a F amentoLrs. In hav 1 3 Prasiala. Cells 20gm across. ng an ax le chloropast 1 a rhe form of : o ete w rl_r cenlrai pyte.a d. I ke Trcball\ta. The planrma'r' f amefrcus(43a).a r bbon seviil ce ls be into wrde (43b.smaler scae). or expanded a sheel(43c. glow ng on rocksIre_ or al. natur.lsize) AqLratic subaer quented b rds,or ln olhcr habtatsrich nntrogef. by Stgeochniun. Cells ike rhoseal Ulothnx,\Nithbard shaped pariet! rhloroplasts amenls F branched. to 20um across up but or mor, withouta stoutcntra.x s as hasthe r atod y (no and soflr Dtaparnatdra 0)- and considerabsmaller (no.12) conr.l]o1l slandng or ruin n.J In lrar Cla(lophota l w a l e rc s p e c l a l y s p rr q 4 4 a , w o c e l l s . b o ullo d v i d c , n (w th t$roch oropastseach)i 44b,habt skelch. grovv fto woollylLrlls ng Branched filamenls 4 5 CltaetaDl)ata. x10). fromwhiclr projectong colour essha rs or balls(45b. phyte01water to as Ce ls Lrp 20UmacrossCommon af ep wtlrl plants, on strcks stones, mesencrusted or oT somt oi crystals calc!m carbonte .16 Entercnnrpha. Plantbodylub! ar. ho ow (45b,c. raiLr3L ol long.composed s ze).(rp101 crn w de and I 5.m or rnore (46a).Some cels wilh thrckwa ls and paretiilchloroplasts oi on f llmesveryconspicuousoat n9 n masses the surface planls, vr'atcr and canals, cntrnged wlth largcr or slow rivers water. rn and mny be abundanl brackish c hata hacaLrse lhe macroscop plant bod as ol 4l Tetraspan.PL)r bLrt ir forms(47b.si qhr y n nrged). theseareof muc age havingpscudocLl!a cellsof Chlanydorroras 1ype. contalnlnq (|ke mol onless ilage a) projccl Iromthe mrrc allc (47a). ng Palmodt.ttons s m ar.b|]t lofmsrctlculaie ly-masses. le

Lnroropnvceae
Filamentous sheet ike green and algae and Desmids Aphanochaete Smallflamentous forms5-15snrin diameler, whrchgrow prostrate upon olheralgae. Thecellshave parietal chloroplasts. someof rhembeafhairs and with bul bousbases.48a, cels, one with hair;48b.habitsketch. two gtowing an Oedogonium. Trentepohlia Although belonging lhe green gaethis to a planthascellsfiled wlth orange lt branched amenious f oil. patches is sLrbaer and growsor"r rocks, formrng al danrp in which look likeorange velvet. Much commoner northern 7-20um andwestern Bntain than in the south-east. Cells encrustingplatesof 50 Coleochaete.Ifislotms disc-shaped and water ce ls beset with fine hairs. and growson stones p ants,reachlng diameier 1 mrn.\i.'hile cellsare1C a ol lhe 20Bmacross. is oftenconspicuous the g assof i on aquaria the sLdes old sinksin which walerp antsare or of grown.50a,deta s of cells;50b.partof a largep ant at a lowermagnllicarioni a wholeyoungplant 50c,
gl D E S M I D S( a g . o ! p o f s p e . i a L i s e d e e na l a : e J

5l

Hyalatheca. rcptesentatlve the small numberof fila A of poolsetc.The which arelound in boOgV mentous desmids sur' filaments cylindrical, are 5-40um in diameter,0nd founded a layerof muciage. by Desmidiumis a 3i.r|ilatgenus.but the filamentsusuallyhave Ln and aremostiiequently I'lanetLrlarcross a toothed oulirne

52 Mesotaenium. smal)cylindrlcaldesmid,8-30um diameter. A

like is with a flat chloroplast MaugeotiE.lt padioularly common n the je y I ke coverng of wet rocksdown which w:rer trickles. rs usuaily and accompanied b ue green by aLgae varlousspecies)s oi Cyhndrocystis aralt et small desmid ch is veryslmiarbul rhishastwo separate wh stellate chlorop asts. 5 3 Pleurctaeniuftt. Atad shapeddesmd up to 1 mm in length. found in boggyplaces and upon wet iccksdown which waterruns. The wsvy outline nearthe centre lhe cell ls of

5l

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

Desmids

54 Closteium.A ctescent-shaped desmidlound commonly;n

ponds, lakes end slow rivers, we as in bogs.Someof the as species largeand conspicuous reaching cells nearly have parti.ularly planktonlc 1 mm in length, whrleothers. the ones,may be much mores enderand a moststraight. CasnatiLln. El ipi.al ot angulllrin out ine. but without parilcu spines orherprocesses. big and d ff colt genus, or A are larlycommonin boggyp aces. a few soccies found but n water bodies a ltype$ l0 200ulofq. of Eachhalfcell is triangu in end view,with ar Staurastrum. Cejs varyup to 130umin threecorners, splncs arms. or of length, and arecommonin thc plankton lakes. \tety I at ard eaf- or plate llke. ova in Micrastetias. Cells Up outline. with the edges olrslycut of frssured. to var A'id ooo.Jrdb r ,11r. 350pnlonq of with varioLrs combinations Xanthidium.Cells atna-rlented (rld v ew as Srarrrstrum. sp res, but not trlaFgular ir 10-2009mlong.Foundin acidrc bogoypoolsetc. or ilattcned, not to sucha degree tr!t Fraslrrm.Clls somewhat as t. l,4icrastetias, havlng angulzr obes.while the ends ar.d areoflendeeply rolched.Ce ls 10 200[m long.Acidc pools A note on desmia|s Onlya few to:erant members thisgrouparefound in the of walersof the southand eastof Britain. Ihe h6rdcalcareous of acldjcrocksand soft vasl majorlty confined districls are to water.andwhile someof thesellve in the plankton akes, of wherethereis oftenan mostarefound in hoggypools. abundance species of and ind viduals. rather but still A old uselul account,'.vith manycolorredplaies West. & is W. Desmidiaceae. 5 West.G. S..A l\lonograph the Errtish of volurnesFay Society. London, 1904-1923.

55

56 5l 58 59

Xenfhnnhrrnaaa Yellow-green algae 6 0 Ophtocytiun. Cylindrical sausage-shaped or epiphyiic fiee or i oal ng unicels. 3-2Cgmd ameter, each,"r,ith or more two palegreen chloropiasls Th-.y varyfromshortto very elongared. areoitencurv,.d evenloosely and or coiled. the In commonspecies shownherethe Voung cellsattach themselves the lip of the mother to cellwall,whlch is hself a|\ached ta a Cladaphora f a|iefi. 6 l Trib.)nena.FllafiettaLs and unbranched, 5-20um diameler. with severaparietal chloroplasts,and pieces, H rsembling (39). but diffring the longor Mrcrcspata in and nar.ower ceilsand much p3ler.nd moretranspafenl appearance. poo havrr! no starch. Commonespec in grassy s. 61apart ally of a frlament; 61b. H p ece ({ t logelher formthe walls) to 62 Batrydiutn.A coenocyric(m!hinucleate)algaformin0 dark green on !lobu s !p to 2 mm across dryjngmud,ancliored by a co ouressbranched rhizoid. Not uncommon. only but lasts thisformfor a few days.perennation In beingby cysts. 6 2 a . w h o l ep l a n t d u g p . x 1 0 : 6 2 b .g r o u p f p a n t s o n a u o v mud,seenfrom above, 2.5

63

vaL t,4.

, .oL) d b,!1.r q.ea' dn 6 ed

y especia n slagnanl slowlyr!nningwater.Planicoenoor (50-200um).regularly cytrc. eventhrckness ol ihroughout branched, wth no cross afd walls NurneioLS sma grean chloroplasis. end of a f amenti63b,antherid 63a. unr (malecell)and two oogonia(female cells).

Chrysop hyceae
GoLden-bro\,!n algae Achrononaslvlot e unrce usualy oval,2 25sm long.wLth L 1 or 2 brownchloroplasts I longand a short{lagelum. and Chrantuhna smlat but only has1 flagellum s visibe. L ke _ 1 3.r o f ( r " l d " l l - o o . o r 1 , , ^ o r g o t . n o . , o r ' sl de. Farrly ponds, common. especially spring, puddles, rn in

65 Mallanlanas.Like OcrroDDnas.bLrt.overed all over with

glassy sc.lsof s ica,overl.pping roofriles Somespecies lka a so h.ve long s;|.a sp fes. rl one or b.rh ?ndsor ell over (as illusrfaled). Cells5 50um ofq Fartycornmon Ln puddles, pondsnd lakes. drlches, especia jn sp ng. l'r'

Chn,cnnhvnoao continued 6ti D;nabryan BtaNn ce s I k.eachronanas. but eac!rllving rn a clea.lor.!1(cot) Sol taryor fc.m ng bfarr rec cclcnres. attachldor lre. s\rlimmrno lcDlrh of lo ca:lO 100lrr Frequent pondsand akes. in espec ally in sprLng 67 .tyrLl/a.Scaly lrrown cells ltke Mallamanas.20 40um long. connected theirtais into swrmm'ng by color es up lc 500J]rn po a c r o s s . o m m o nn p L r d d e s . n d s . k e sa f d s o w r v e r s . r C : 67:, s,/v mmrngcc on./;67b,s nqleceil,larqer 6 8 Uroglera. Iornrssw mm ng co oiies !p to 50r]umacross. bLt thc smal .ells sit al tlreedgcof a ba I of 5o1t clearalmost rnvis Jnucirlle Thet.ils qo r !ht to the ccntre. cirnnot but ble poos etc.In sprng.68a,a oflen be sccrr Com rof rn lakcs. coloiy I 68t).:l ce s from rc cdqeI 68c.sil...wa ed cystor p:od!ce resilrgs\d0r M.n,, -efli:,c,i.l rhc airr!sotlryceae iheseroundor ovalbolile.lrkc cysts.

Diatoms Bacillariophyceae or
Brown alg.e wrth s ca sheils l T h e s h e o f f r u n u i e i s l , k c , b o x . f D r m e do f 2 o l e f l a p p l r q g a s s y p o n o n s a s n a F l r d s h o r a c l a t eb o r T h e s r d e! e \ , 1 ' o I t h e c e l i s t h c g r r d l ev i e w a n d t h e t o p o r b o l i o m v r e w t h e p v a l v e v e w ( s c e d r a g r a m . . 7 ) l n t h e l a l t e rt h c . h a r a c t e f l s t r c s c u l p t u rn c r. r f t h - "w a l c a n b e s e o n .e s p e c i . y n f r u s t u l e s c e a n e d ' , t h . c d o r h e 6 t i r n d s p e c r a y n r o u n r e da s s n e e d e d f . , r a e i r i r e d L d . n r i , c a t L o i \ , l e 1 i \ o d s n i - L L n c1 . 6 i ) r !9 6 9 M e b s n a . C f l t n r k c a c e l s J o n o d t o q t h e rI t ) p r o d u c ef l a , m e f t s , 5 - 1 0 0 u m d r a m e t e rw t h n u m e r o u sb r c w n c h o r o p l a s t s ( r C o r n m o n n ( l t c h e s . p o n d s l a k e s .T h c s p - " c r e sl L r s l r a t e di . g i r d r ev l e w ) l r r s s m o c l h \ r a l l s . b ! t o i h e r s b c . r r o w s o f s p o l s . ano scmeIrmc5.. o sp nes. s l a Cy.iotella ard Stephanodlscr/5-. Often ihese crnrol easrly be t o d a p a n . b l l o n l y b y c i e l a e d s t u d y .T h e y . r c c y i n d r i c a l d a t o n r s ,5 5 ( ) u m d i a m e t e r . c c L r r r i n g n g l y o T n p a i r sb l r t o s n o t i n i o n g c h : n s O l t n t h o y h a v e a c r o w n o f v r y J i n el o n q r a d r a t i n g r s t o s f r o m a c h e n d . n o t s h o w n h e r e b e c a u s ei t l s b d ff cLlt io se. Corimon. usljaly plankioi.. n pco s. lakes. a n d e q p e c L a l ls i o \ / ' l l e r s . w i j o s e w a l e r s a r c o l l e i b r o w r ! w r t h t h e n r n r p r n g a n c ie a r l y s u m m e r .7 0 a . b . v a l v e a f d girdie v ws: 70c, cleaned \al,te ol a Cyclotellii.

Diatoms
continued

1 1 TabellariaA. dlatamlatmlng ilat zig-zag fitamenlsas justrated, elseradia colonslikerhose or ofAstetionela \76) The characterislic seplaexiendparlway acrcss cetlsin the girdle view and show up as heavy lnes. Lenglh cells, of Llp to 100umor more. 11a.pal al a zig zagchainof cells. d he together mucragepads, girde view.The bro\ir'n by in chloroplasts haveonly beendrawnin the uppercet. 71b. valveview of one of thesecclls.N,4orc common n ihe less calcareous waterc o{ the forth and west. D/arom. Another diatom which formsf laments, straight or zrg'zag. Cellsup to 70Umlong.wtthoutsepra girdleview, in un ikethe lastgenus- va ve vicw (72a)ihey varyfrom In y lrnear broad lanceolate, arerecognised their io but by rlregu transverse Common waterbodres a I ar abs. in of types. 72a,valveview.c eanedfruslule; 72b.girdleview of livingf:ament. Metidian.fhis has .el s llke Diatama (up to 100gm tong), but wedge-shaped, iormscharacteristfan-shaped .nd c co onies. Comrnon, especlally sprlnq, ponds, n rn brooksand rivers.73a. cleaned two glrd frustules. e vicwj 73b.another in va ve view; 73c,g rdlevlew ot |ving colony SynedtaA,langnarrow dialom.not torming cha ns.occurr ng in tha freestate(ol1en plankron or atiached a sub, c) to 5 l r o t , r b . d p c do r m r r r l dr - r . r o r ^ 1d o g . o o - n C e c , r "tir up to 500umlong.Common. 74a,valvcview of cleaned frustue: 74b,liv ng co ony.girde view. fbab a R- or Dl a.r'd'.In\ol\F\rc^.bL',. s(rpio 150gm long) form longf at f iitrnentous colonies, benthjc or planktonic. and 75b showfilaments two species 75a of of vcry different appearancc. Conrmon pon.isano raKes_ in AsLerianella. Forms srar-shaped I oatlngco oniesof ce ls up t o 1 0 0 9 m o n g , n d s c o m m o n i n l a k c T h e r es a t s o i o r m l a s i a (71) which hasco oniss m .r in sizeandshape af Tabelatia
b L Lr L o . (e q cr- r^.o ra, do o. rl4 o ,. .di.

12

14

15

76

nd by the knee-like swelllfgsal lhe centre eacnce or

"t

-pi

,7
EI

l2a

tsa

Ww
[J
f3c

74a

ti tt
E=

14b Ef E]

\i

75b

Diatoms
1 1 Cacconeis.ExttemclycarnmonI at ova diatoms.10 30um long,c ing ng to p anls,stones and orhersubstrata, some lirnes an almosi In conl nuousleyer 77a,c eancdlrustue; 77b. 3 ce ls on an Aedagontun) a'r,efi. | 78 l/e., /" l_^-o t.ddr"'oa ^lh^" , .p. 6 . ,rq irom 5 tc 200umln enllh. creepfo .n mud etc . El iypes ,,r;r oi viater-bod'i ous re aled0enera eic) arly lAchnenthes d si ngrishabie irom /Vavtcula dela ed exemnalon. 78a hy . eaned frustu 78b,|ving cellw th a ch oroplast each e; on s de. Girde view paralel-sded 7 9 Ptnnularia Besemb a rrlc /Vaylcrlawith thlck bar 1ke es striae and rounded cnds.20 4O0smlong On tlre m|ld ol pofds,lakesandr'\,r)r:The lrqrIc shows! clernod 1r!slule. BO 6yros@ra Fecognrsed lii b.irLrtirrsgmoidshape.sup l)\' pondsand to 200urn ong..nd ve,ion llrc mrd .rr akes. f r i v e r s e e a s c n o S 3 l l r ef ! L r r c h o ! " /a c e a n e dr u s i u l e . S s s 8 1 CymbellaShaped ke a Cornsh pasry, 2009mlong. 10 commonly attached plants ro by and othersubsfiata muciage sia ks.or iv.g several togelhern r.Lrcrlaqe tubes.81a. cleaned frlsl.re; 31b. I vrngcell on sl: k of mucrLage Ar.tphora ooks I te iwo Cylnbellas ned 10:affi 2n aral )a a 2 Gomphonema. ca.rlmon. Aso usually altached muc age by stalks, can a so creepabout ke the othcrd atomson bul th s pageandthe next Shapcasymmetr engthwise. cal v orrdle ew wedqeshaped. valvview varyng frorn and narrowly ova (nol l|ptica) to the shape an Elypt an of mumnr)'case. 10Oum I lon0 82a.cloaned c, iruslLrle;82b, rv nq attached ls.va vc and qrrde vicws.A d atomsimiar ce ta Gamphonena curved g rdlevrewI ke a banana bU is rn

B 3 Nitzschia.Car,.r,an..r,anyspi?cies, !o moreihan 100um 5

long Bestd st ngL shedrn Lvc stite Jrom A/rvl.r/a?nd rts e es by tfe t./rocir oroplsls ihc efds ol tlrece . not the ar s des Theres a so a brg s Emord specres, to 600ltm Lrp long.but Lrn Gflos/gr?a rke (S0) ( hasparalcl srdes,rnd bluntends.83a,c eaned irlslule,83b,liv ng cel, both of a

19

78b

t,}.

f-l

::-!

82b \-,9

pticalor oval, Large benthrc diatoms, valvview eJJ Sr/irell. 15 girdlev w reclangular ,,vedge or shaped. 200um ong. like'w fg' Pofds,lakes Edgeof va ve ottair lormsbaluslrade v and rvers 84a.va ve view; 84b.Oirdle ew. and ioLrndin s;milar 8 5 Cyntatopleula. FesembIngSr7,rel/a ls. rhe places. cels nrlch 1a11er. biscu and lacking ike but 'wing' one conslncleO1n f "\locommon specres, ornamental girde view as shown,ihe 01h(-,r plrca 30 150um ong. cll f rvntnnhrina ea

nrostly brownto ohvegreen A smallgroupof flage ates, 10 l\c^rl'shapcd or oval celLs. AsymmctricaL 8 6 Cryplolnooas. la two sh 80um ong,with bro\'vn chloroplasts, uneq!alflage 'tr called chocysts showing . and a gulletlinedw th slructrrres of in up as rowsof spots Common water bodies all types. l-linnnhrrnoao usually armoured A smallgroupol llf!lellales. out ntocharacterstc Bto'tt..atfiarredand dravr'f Ceratturn. T,ro hornsas sho,r'r'n f a!cllii.one L...jt!.i,n.l the other and rr?nsferse rn d rlrooveup to 400umlof! s.met me: common n lskesend pools wth h-"mct-rke. brownor colourless. 8 8 Pefidtniun Nm.aL|ed. n F t w o i l a g e l l a5 T 0 u m . c r o s s a i r y c o m m o n l a k e s a n d I. pools. recognisab bv lumpyshape e Frrnlonnnhrinoeo A groupof green {lagcllales 'd9 tuglera-Spjndle body..a r bccomo latteror rhlnner, shaped one Jlage lLrm. clrlDroplasls redeyespot ind wth ljren ally 25-100pmlong In allwalerbodcs.espec sIghtlypol]Lrted pondsdarkgreen. ng fartrr ones, son]etrmes colo!r 9 0 Phacus. Alsahasgreen chloropl.sls. and brght redyespo1. with a pointed Lrm. r5f attcnedik 3 lelrf. singlefage but tail.LengihLrp 100um ln th.rsamahabit.tsas Euglena. to fhe n !sua y mask.dby 9 1 Trachelon)onas. .Jt.i chlonrpiasts.re r o u n d r o v a lp o t .r p t o 2 5 u n r c r o s s w h l c h r t a n t h eb r o w n o prolfucl tl)r.ru!lr hole Commonn a! lves,ihe f ngellum ra :r b w a r e r o do s 9 1 . . a c c l i n r r sp o t i 9 l b m o r e h l t h y m a t N pot opened sholaflagellata dc Ins i .j, r.

R hndnnhrroaro 'Fed' a gae (oftenbrownoI blue grenin cololr, however. especiy nfieshwater) a 9 2 Parphyridiun Bright red unicels growlng at lhe foct ol'.(al s til wheTe ubl-" rs coLlecl, $o and rocksand in greenhouses, dropsof b ood or resembling masses mucilagino!s {orming ona. Cellsareabout10um Lnd amelel Occas tomatosauce. asl. chlorop and havea stellate 9 3 Asterocytis(at Chraodacrt'lor) Formsshon filamenlsor eachwith a bright of cushlons cellsabout10gm across, pyrenoidOften and sle blue-green atech oroplast a central ep phytic on other a gac, cspocia y Cladophora ard faliy in cornmon hardwaterd strlcts. form ng brown Batacttaspermun.Highlv orq.niscd fl aments. cm ng branch tufls (lp to several long or greenmucila!lnous in occasionally and on rocksand stonesn streanrs springs, axis cons !sLlaLlV st of a cenlral tarns.Branches moLrntain g usLrallyving a whorlsof tinYbranches. fromwh ch arise of \r\'lrorls small br3nches 940. oxls\"vitlr beadedappearance. ve ar nesls' reproduct and two majorones(the'brrds' a.d at bodes);94b nd c. srnalbranchos. a rnaderate a nrgn lo iorm Lrp 10 15.m 9 5 le,rarea.Anotherh thly org.nised y knobby and sparse Plants thrckslrands. are long. brownsh ot qreY CommonlV du I olivegreen. branched. ln speci'lly in tuftson slones shaLowlasl r vers, formslarge spring.

(or Myxophyceae CyanoPhYceae)

a Blue-green qae (whichhrve no rendivdistinguishable Relaled bacteria to or nuclei chloroplasts). ng Sph]ti.a or el ptical cel s occLrir s nglv Chrcacaccus. at dividng in 3 planes rnore, or in pairsor fours,occasionally by r ght anges to eachotherand surroLJndd stratiiied Nol granular. !-greenor brownlsh. b Contents sheaths. Ce and in uncon'rmon bog pooLs saltmarshes. s up to 50Fm oa but Ly across, LrsLra haLf a qla(er th s slz but S \a Gloeacapsa. fia\lat Chraocaccus, cel s in gener:l ed in ln up muchsmaller, 10 I unracross, grotrps w de straiif bilghtred lcrmLng as muc lagesheaihs, shown,sometLmes on masses wet Tocks.

9l

@6

wffi
92

,'->-.v.-=

l\i1r,vnnh,,no eo Blue green algae 98 Aphdnothece cells. 8um ionq.embedded 3 Smal eion!lated mosiLy vrei on looselvin lransparent slructureLess mucrlage. rocksand n boggypoos A s milargenusbui w th round genuswhich s Synechacaccus anoiher cels )sAphanDcapsa (not in colone5). hass nglece ls ke lhascol Aphanothece Partof a colofy of Aprrrolhe., is shown. rccogn sedby the ro!nd cels, 3 10um 99 Merismapedia. Easily producing color es llat diameter. vidingofly in two planes. d Noi likerafts. smal!one bclfg i Lstraled. uncommon in a ponds, lakes. bogs,slow I vers. n) 1OA Gonphasphaeria oelasphacrill . Smallcells up to 5gm lC iloating in d arneter. unitedinto a ho low. roughV spherical. and colony, sometmcs black in appeiranca oltensur sh roundcd muc age.Colonos reach about1009ma.ross. by Consplcuous th"-p .nkton of lakes n ce 101 Microcystis SmaLl s op to 5um n d ametelembedded densely mucllage formrrre!!larco ofies.oftenplerced in to plankton c. wlth ho es. In bossand lakcs. sometnres Larnprocystt.i, ol lhe prrple slr phur bactefl:, has co on es ane ' \ e y ' l t c r o c y s r su r i s p n k . . n d L V ers p o n d s n c d L t c h e s a n b . ,/,,ilh muchdecayins vegeial on. cells!p 1o 5um drameter 1O2 Chanaestphon Sma e ongared aigae eic.while atlached one end 1olarger by filamenlDUs fromthe otherend a chalnot sporess produced. Common. agson a f lament Thef gureshowsthreep anrsol d Jlerent af Cladophora. 143 Asci atoria,Lyngbya.Phorn diun.Ihtee generadrf|cu t to tell apart. evnby specia rsts. Cels un ted into unbranched f aments, withoutspores olherspecalised or bodies, bLt oftenwith a differently shaped efd cell.Thc filaments can creepslo\\l) alone.Diamercrs vary Jrom1 um to 30 or rnore. Sometimes Jormrng foundas s nglefr rmcnts, sometimes gre.n.o ve or purp|shbrown dense mats,oitendarkbluish in colour, and with a characteristLc Verycommonrn all smcll. sortsof waterbodes.eitherp.nktofrc or benthic, alsoin a r on wet rocksand soil.

qBg" o ,d ud wG 'egt
\,t

C,

q*'. \1,
,q o"r

'98

r v ry U P i r y u v d v

t\/1. .,^ ^ t-,,^^ ^ ^ ,

by Planklonic arnentous fi alqaerecoqnisable lheir 104 Anabaena. thick beaded appearance. having oftencur V, andsometimes (speciallscd cells)and sa!sago' wal ed c earer'heterocysts dense at Lrp shaped spores inlerv:s. Cells to 10sm across in of and ponds. sometms but Common the plankton lakes at in occLrrring bogs. The frgur.sshow paftsof two I aments nragni{ical d ffernt ons a.Jgfegatcd 105 Nosrod Fl aments ke thosoot,4raraera.bL.rt I whi.h shapc c osey together iorrna co ony oJde{inire to on or may be green blacksh. Of llre bedsof rivers, wcl rocks, wet so and flowerp.)ls.cc s up to 9gm across, iuside a rolonies to several !p ceftlnr.rres 1o5a.Jilamenrs youngcolonyi105b,a co ony. nrturaisrzc. I ke 106 Aphanizon)enan.aJn rl! i.,,rrrewhat thoseol.4rir F 3ggrcgaled barra, but lessbe!dcd,1 ijurn diafireler. lnro birncles 1.r:jcvera Lp mm ofg which flo.t at together mesabundaftly106!. of tho sLrrface pondsrfd .kes.somt partsof 3 filamenlsand a heterc shownq a spore(above) colony,x20 clst lbeio"\,t. 1C6b, f oatrng 3 al wllh a lrelefocyst 1Ol Gloeotlich!a. s in lapcrn( I amenls Ce by the thickend.F amonls uslere.l c logclher the b !nt ends ml.n {ormng spherica iurry ba s up lo several d arneter. f of lloalingat the surfac pondsrnd akes 107:. severai I h . o m e n t s 1 0 7 b p a r to f t h c s cl.a r g e r , t h e r g h t a n d n cw l h , j sporei107c.a floating colony.x20. A note on waterbloams at Somoof the plafktonrc blue grcenalgae timesplod'rcc of Jloalinq at vrylarge masses the slrrfac poolsand lakcsIn partrcLriarly a.e c, r. weather, rn autumnThese vryco. rkc ali s.icLro!s. oflen ap,reirnfg sp t gr0enpaL.ri. favc c beenknownfor anyyears walef b ooms.(Sce1re ar1 c as 'Water by A J. Brook. Blao|.,s. I New Bnlogv. va 23. 1957)Genera iablero torm b oafis n. w)e Gomphaspha.) Anabacnd, Aphanizornenon, na. Mictucystis.Asci/latoria, ia. Glaeotrich Ihe $een.o onial alga Sorryococcrsalso formsblooms times. Et

-:EiE<106b

@
crry,E:trElgG

Myxophyceae
Elue-green algae Tolypothrix.I6isfEmentous form hasbranches a characol by lt type,as shown.usually marked hetefocysls. lerislic amongolherwaterplants. The cellsareaboul10um occurc branch:108b, end 108a, filamenl wth characteristic broad. a filament. of Io brlthe shealhsate Scytonemais sim:tlat Talypathrix, widerand t growson wet rocksor soll surfaces rnuch to 109 Fivula a.IhetaperincfiamentsareLrp 12um In drrmeter, ol al aremuchbranched. with heteroavsts the bases the and These areuniled1olorm tough hemfilamenls branches. mm especially colonies several in d ameter, spherica but n mo!ntaingtreams, alsooccuron conspicuous stones on on reeds stems poos. 109a,colonies a in ring and other 109c. filament; natural | 109b.partof a branched size stone. morehighlymagnif ed. filaments hasfilamentslike Rivulatia,but is much less Calorhrx and the tjlamenlsoccur slngly or in tuits Iather branched, corones. than torm irregularly. usually and The branch I 10 Sr/gonema. frlamnls and Tha cellsarerounded, furrymasses damprocks, dark on I e severaabreast lhe o der pa(s, ils shown.Helerocysts in The at of but scatte.cd. arenot regularly the bases branches varvflom 3 to 30um in diameter, of course but the cells of o der parts the plantareverymuchwiderthanthis.110a, pad of who e planr,x 20j 11Ob, of a plantshowing tip rows of cellssurrounded mucrlage. by rrregular lAB

Notes

Notes

reading Further
in faBrillar with the algae !h s bookt yotr Afler becomlng specalisl Lteratufe Thereis a large may wanl lo learnmore. calion.Fotunatelyun ke manv dealng wnh a gal ldentii y algaearernost s, groups p anlsand anima freshwater oi Amencan so world w de in theirdistfibLtion, that.lor examplc, ilo.as will he found useful. and German Fof the a most-beginner: Prcscolt,G.W. How ta know the FreshwaerAlgae etawn lowa,T954 Algae Wesl. G. S. & Fritsch,F E. Bnttsh Freshwater 1927 Cambridge, lntroduclion: For a general Round. F. E. The Biology of the Algae EdwardArnold' 1973 London. and t'rYo Thefo o\^rlng afi clesg vc helpan collectlon examl drstrct of The aLllae the MalhamTarn Lund.J W. G., 1S61. co cclion the (3). FieldStudies,1 B5-119 (l-lcro hinlson aftefthe reierences.) appear of examination fresh Lund.J. W. G.,1960.The m croscopical and for Watet Treatn)ent af watet-Praceedings the Sacietv (2). Exatuinatian.9 109 144. i studenl lor lndispcnsable the serious sea qal kevs(excluding E. George. A., 1976.A guideto a 11\1) 49-85 J weeds) British Phycolagical aurnal,

Inoex

E u g l e n a8 9

Gonphosr,haeria 100 G o n i u m1 2

Bara.hosperm!m 94

C a l o l h r i1 0 9 x

u othrix 38

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