SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Unit 1

Objective Questions: -

1) _____ is a basic tool required in the analysis and transmission of signals. 2) Any signal can be expressed as sum of ____ of various _____. 3) Each signal has a frequency spectrum represented by ____ and ____. 4) A signal can be described by its _____ description or by its ____ description. 5) A periodic signal g (t) is defined as ____. 6) A sinusoidal signal of angular frequency nwo can be expressed in terms of exponential signals _____ and _____. 7) For a signal to be Fourier transformable it should have finite ______ . 8) The gate function has ____ function as its Fourier transform. 9) The process of multiplying a signal g(t) by a sinusoidal signal is called as _____ . 10) Convolution in time domain is equal to _____ in frequency domain.

Unit 1 Subjective Questions: -

1) Why the sampling rate should be higher? 2) State the two important conditions for existent of Fourier transform. 3) What is the Aliasing error? 4) What do you mean by auto correlation function. 5) Define phase delay and group delay. 6) What are the different types of distortions over a communication channel? 7) What is the Fourier transform of trapezoidal function? 8) What are the conditions of distortion less transmission?

Unit 2 Objective Questions: 11) Signals with finite energy are called as ____ signals. 12) If a signal is time limited it cannot be ______. 13) If a signal is band limited, it cannot be ___. 14) In a speech signal frequency components beyond ____ Hz contribute a negligible fraction of total energy. 15) TDM is related to ___ communication. 16) FDM is related to ____ communication.

Unit 2 Subjective Questions: -

1) What is ESD and derive the expression for it. 2) What is power spectral density and derive the expression for it. 3) What is ergodicity? 4) What is narrow band noise? 5) What do you mean by probability? 6) What are random variables?

Unit 3 Subjective Questions: 1. Discuss the working of balance modulator with the help of neat sketch mathematical Analysis. 2. Explain the difference between AM, FM, PM. Draw the waveforms for AM, FM and PM. (i) Modulating signal f (t) = 10 cos (200 t). (ii) Carrier signal ec (t) = 15 cos (20000 t). 3.Explain threshold effect in FM. Derive the expression for the same. 4.What are the advantages of SSB and DSB? 5.Explain Square Low demodulator. 6.Differentiate between wideband and Narrowband FM.

7.Explain phase shift method of SSB generation. 8.What are the advantages of FM?

Unit 3 Objective Questions: 1. Cosmic noise is caused by (a) Lightning discharge. (b) Solar eruptions. (c) Distant stars. (d) Industrial electrical discharges. 2. Man made noise is caused by: (a) Solar eruptions. (b) Distant stars. (c) Lightning discharge. (d) Arc discharges in electrical machines. 3. Thermal noise power in a conductor is proportional to: (a) B. (b) B. (c) 1/B. (d) B2. Where B is the bandwidth. 4. Thermal noise power Pn equals: (a) kTB (b) k TB (c) kTB2

5. Thermal noise power in a resistor R is proportional to: (a) R. (b) 1/R. (c) R2 (d) Independent of R. 6. Thermal noise voltage in a resistor R is given by: -

Unit 4 Subjective Questions: 1) Explain ON Off signaling scheme. 2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of bipolar signaling scheme? 3) What is line coding and what are its properties? 4) What is pulse shaping?

5) Explain whether ideal filter exist or not. 6) What is Nyquist first and second criteria? 7) What is intersymbol interference?

Unit 5 Objective Questions: 1) The Bit rate in case of FSK is ______. 2) The bit rate in case of PSK is _______. 3) The number of symbols in case of PSK is______. 4) Formula for probability of error in case of FSK is _____. 5) Detection of pulses is carried out with the help of _____. 6) Different digital modulation techniques are ______.

Unit 5 Subjective Questions: 1) Explain DPSK with suitable block diagram. 2) Explain the probability of error in case of FSK system. 3) Write short notes on M-ary communication. 4) Explain analytically the concept of match filter. 5) The bandwidth of a TV video plus Audio signal is 4.5 MHz .If this signal is converted into PCM, with 1024 quantizing levels, determine the number of bits /second of the resulting PCM signal. Assume that the signal is sampled at a rate of 20% above the Nyquist rate. 6) What do you mean by deterministic signals? 7) For a binary sequence 11001001 draw the waveforms for ASK, FSK, and PSK.

UNIT 6 Subjective Questions. 1. Explain how binary cyclic code differs from block codes. 2. What are the advantages of convolutional codes over block codes? 3. Explain the significance of entropy of source. 4. Derive the condition so that entropy of the source is maximum 5. What is hamming distance? What is its significance? 6. Comment on the exchange of bandwidth between signal to noise ratio of system. 7. Compare the coded and uncoded system. 8. State and prove central limit theorem of information theory. 9. Explain the concept of information from scientific point of view. 10. Draw an encoder for systematic (7,4) cyclic code. 11. What are linear block codes? How error can be corrected using linear block codes? 12. Write short notes on systematic cyclic codes. 13. What is Shannons channel capacity theorem? What is its importance?

Objectives Questions: 1. The adverse effect of noise I a communication circuit is maximum in : (a) Encoder (b) channel (c) Receiver (d) source. 2. Which of the following requirement must be met for fast communication? (a) High transmitter power (b) High channel capacity. (c) High S/N ratio (d) Large Bandwidth. 3. If pk is the probability of a message being received or transmitted, the amount of information Ik associated in bits is: (a) Ik = log2 pk (b) Ik = 2 log2 pk (c) Ik = log2 (1/pk) (d) Ik = log2 (1/pk). 4. If the probability pk of a message of a message is 1/8 then the information in bits is: (a) 1 bit. (b) 2 bits. (c) 3bits. (d) 4 bits. 5. The channel capacity C of a band limited Guassian channel equals: (a) B log2 (1+S/N) (b) B log2 (S/N) (c) 1/B log2 (S/N) (d) 1/B log2 (1+S/N)

Where B is the channel Bandwidth. 6. One dit equals: (a) 1 bit. (b) 1.7 bits. (c) 3.32 bits. (d) 10 bits. 7. Entropy is basically a measure of: (a) Rate of information. (b) Average of information. (c) Probability of information. (d) Disorder of information. 8. The maximum possible value of entropy is: (a) 1. (b) 4. (c) 8. (d) Infinity. 9. Amount of information in a continuous signal is: (a) Zero. (b) 2 bits. (c) 4 bits. (d) Infinite. 10. Entropy of two equiprobable messages is: (a) Zero. (b) 0.5. (c) One. (d) 2.0

NUMERICALS 1. Calculate capacity of a Gaussion channel with a bandwidth of 1 MHz and SNR ratio of 20 db. 2. A source emits messages with probability 1\2,1\\4,1\16,1\\32 and 1\64 respectively. Find the entropy of source. Obtain the compact binary code and find average length of code word. Determine the efficiency and redundancy of the code 3. A source emits one of four messages randomly every 1 micro second. The probabilities of these messages are 0.5,0.3,0.1 and 0.1.Mmessages are generated independently (a) What is the source entropy? (b) Obtain a compact binary code and determine the average length of the code word, the efficiency and redundancy of the code.

4. Obtain a systematic (7,4) Cyclic code using the generator polynomial g (x) = x3 + x + 1. 5. A discrete source transmits messages x1, x2, x3 with probabilities 0.3,0.4 and 0.3. The source is connected to the channel as given below. Calculate all entropies.

6. Find the mutual information for the channel shown in figure.