Prof.

Mohammed Gulam Ahamad

Zener Diodes Zener characteristics

Diode types
Rectifier Zener

Lower Vz due to more heavily doped

Zener diode operates in the breakdown region

Made of silicon pn junction Heavily doped to reduce the breakdown voltage Used for operation in the reverse breakdown region
Called reverse break down (1.2<Vz<100)
Two types: Avalanche and Zener (both are Zener diodes)

Applications
Voltage regulator (the output voltage remains the same while changing the input voltage as long as IZK<IZT<IZM Signal limiter

Range at which voltage is maintained while current is changing

Minimum current required to operate in breakdown region

Vz=Nominal Zener voltage; specific for IZT; typically has some tolerance IZT=Zener test current; related to Vz Linear DVz=Change in Zener voltage IZ=Current going through the diode for different values of Vz ZZ=Zener impedance (DVz/DIz) IZK=Minimum dc current IZM=Maximum dc current PD(max)=The max. power dissipated by the diode (IZM x Vz); IZM = PDmax / Vz Power Derating (DF is derating factor (mW /oC) TC=Temperature coefficient (% /oC) or (mW /oC)
DVz=DT x TC x Vz ; DT is the change of temperature
PD(derated) = PD(max)@T1-DF(T2-T1)

Iz

ZzT=

DIz= IZ - IZT

Maximum current the diode can handle

IZT
In ideal model we assume Z is zero

Varactor diodes Light-emitting diodes Schottky diodes PIN diodes

Operate in reverse bias Dielectric is acting as C capacitor C capacitance, A=plate area, Depletion VR Capacitance ; ; d=thickness Region ;

A d
Plate Separation

Tuning Ratio (TR)

Example: 1N5139 Applications

Nominal Capacitance is typically given (47 pF at VR=4 V) Tuning circuits in TV to set the resonant frequency Bandpass filter (R+(L||C))

TR

CVR (min) CVR (max) 1

fr

2 LC

Accume
Vcont(min) = 2.9 Vcont(max) = 29

Vin L 1 mH

Vout

Hence
C2.9 = 55 pF C29 = 17 pF

1N5148

fr

1 2 LC
fmin = 679 MKhz fmax = 1.22 MHz

Forward-biased

Recombining free electrons with holes releases energy heat and light The process in which photons emit visible light is called electroluminescent The color of the LED depends on the added impurity (different wavelengths) If the color is Invisible Infrared

Radiation intensity, Ie (power/steradian = W/Sr)

Sr is the unit of solid angular measurement

Irradiance = H = Ie / d2. (mW/cm2)

Max Ie can be obtaine d from IF vs Ie graph

General radiation pattern of a typical LED.

If H = 5, what is I?

Photodiode
Reverse biased Reverse current increases with light Note that in rectifier diode, reverse current increases with temperature Can also be used as variable resistor Dark current is referred to the reverse current when there is no light Example: MDD821

Note how the diode is Places in the circuit

Used for fast switching and high frequency applications Uses metal-tosemiconductor junction V forward = 0.3 No reverse leakage Rapid response to changes (no hole current)

Has an intrinsic region It has a constant capacitance when reverse biased When forward-biased current can be controlled through changing the resistance

Vout 100 Ohm Vin Diode

The circuit above Vout should not change while Vin changes
1. What kind of diode do we need? Show how it is placed in the circuit. 2. Is the diode reversed or forward biased? 3. Model the practical diode of the diode assuming it is a 1N4733. Show the equivalent circuit after modeling. 4. Determine the range of the input voltage in which the output voltage stays the same. What is the minimum and max values of the output voltage? 5. Draw Vin Vout voltage plot for the above points you calculated. 6. Use Multisim to verify your plot above.

IR Light-emitting diode MLED81

30 Deg @ 1000 nm

MRD821 Photodiode

2 cm

What color of light is being emitted? Assume IF for the light-emitting diode is 13 mA. What is the radiance of lightemitting diode? (Find H) Find the sensitivity of the photodiode. What is its unit? Find the reverse current through the photodiode