548

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

2. f x ln x 3
3 2 1 x 1 1 2 3 2 4 5 6 y

4. ln x2
x=3

1 x

ln x2

ln x

Horizontal shift 3 units to the right Vertical asymptote: x 3

6. 3 ln x

2 ln x2

2 ln 5

3 ln x

6 ln x2

ln 52

ln x3

ln x2 xx x

ln 25

ln

25x3 x 1
2

8. ln x

ln x ln x x xx x2 3x

3 3 3 1 x x

0 0 e0 0 3 2 3 2 13 only since 3 2 13 < 0. 13

10. h x h x

ln 1 x

1 2 1 1

ln x 1 x 2

ln x x2 x3

1 4x 3x2

ln x 2 2x

12. f x f x

ln x x2 1 x 1 ax 1 ax

2 3

ln x 7x2 3x3

2 ln x2 3 6 6x

14.

y dy dx

1 a b2 1 b b2

bx

a ln a ab bx

bx x a bx

2 2x 3 x2 2 b a bx ln a2 x b ln a a2 1 x2

16.

18. u ln x 1 x 1 ax2 1 bx
e

x2 x x2 1

1, du dx

2x dx 2x 1 dx 2 x2 1 1 ln x2 2 1 C

bx

dy dx

1 a 1 ax2

b b a2 a bx

b a a2 x a bx x2 a

b ax a bx

a bx bx ax2 a bx 1 dx x 1 2 ln x

20. u

ln x, du ln x dx x
4

22.
1

ln x dx x

ln x
1

1 dx x

1 ln x 2

e 2 1

1 2

1 dx x

1 ln x 4

24.
0

tan

x dx

ln cos 0 ln

4 1 2

x
0

1 ln 2 2

Review Exercises for Chapter 5 26. (a) f x y y 5 x 5 f

1

549

5x 5x x

7 7

(b)
10

1 6

7 7 x

10

y x 5 f f
1

(c) f

f x x

f f

5x 7 5

7 5

5x x 5

7 5 7 7

x x

28. (a)

f x y
3 3

x3 x3 x y
3

2 2

(b)
4

1 5

y x f
1

2 2 x

(c) f

f x
1

f f

1 3

x3 x

2 2

3 3

x3 x 2

2
3

2 2

x x

f f 30. (a) f x y y x f
1

x2 x2 x y x

5, x 0 5

(b)
f 1
6

5 5 x

(c) f

f x
1

f f

x2 x

5 5

x2 x

5 5
2

5 5

x for x 0. x

f f 32. f x f 4 f x f 4 f
1

x x 4 x 1 1 f 4 e1 e1 1 1 1 1
x x

34. f

f x
1 1 1

ln x ex ex e0 1

x x 0

3 2 1 3 3

1 xx 2

1 2

f f

36. (a)

f x y ln y x y f
1

(b)

x ln y ln x ln x

f f
2 1 5

(c) f

f x

f 1

e1 1

1 x x e1

ln e1

f f

f 1

ln x

ln x

eln x

550

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions ex 1 ex ln 1 ex 1 ex 1 ex 1 ex x ln 1 ex

38. y

4e

x2
y 5 4

40. g x

ln

ln ex g x 1

1 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5

42. h z h z

z2 2

44. y
z2 2

3e 3e

3 t

46. f 3t
2

1 sin 2 e 2 cos 2 esin 2

ze

3 t

9e 3 t2

48.

cos x2 2x sin x2 dy dx

xey xey dy dx ey x2 ey

50. Let u e1 x dx x2

1 , du x e1

1 dx. x2
x

2x sin xey e dx
2x,

1 dx x2

e1

52. Let u e2x e2x

e2x e e
2x 2x

du

2e2x

2x

dx.

54. Let u x2ex

3

x3
1

1, du 1 x3 e 3

3x2 dx.
1

1 2e2x 2 e2x 1 ln e2x 2

2e 2x dx e 2x e
2x

dx

3x2 dx

1 x3 e 3

56.

e2x dx e2x 1

1 1 2e2x dx 2 e2x 1 1 ln e2x 2 1 C

58. (a), (c)

10,000

0 0

(b)

V V t V 1 V 4

8000e

0.6t

, 0 t 5

4800e

0.6t

2634.3 dollars year 435.4 dollars year

60. Area
0

2e

dx

2e

x 0

2e

2 e2

1.729

62. g x

62
y

x2

64. y

log4 x2
y 5 4 3 2 1

8 6

5 4 3 2 1
2 x 2 4

x 1 2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

Review Exercises for Chapter 5 66. f x f x 4xex 4xex ln 4 4xex x x 1 1 x 1 4xex 1 ln 4 68. y y 2 x4 4
1 t x x

551

ln 4

70. h x h x

log5

log5 x

log5 x

72.

t2

dt

1 2 ln 2

1 t

1 1 ln 5 x

1 1 ln 5 x x 1 18,000 18,000 h

74. t

50 log10

18,000 18,000 h

(c) 10t 18,000

t
50

50 log10

(a) Domain: 0 h < 18,000 (b)

100 80 60 40 20 h 4000 12,000 t

18,000 18,000 h 18,000 10 18,000 1 . 50 log10 18,000 h h

2 t 50

h h

10

t 50

As h 18,000, t (d) t 50 log10 18,000 dt 50 dh ln 10 18,000 d 2t dh2 50 ln 10 18,000

Vertical asymptote: h

18,000

No critical numbers As t increases, the rate of change of the altitude is increasing. 1 2 1 2

t 1620

76. 2P 2 ln 2 r

Pe10r e10r 10r ln 2 10 dy ds 1 0.012 dy y s Ce 50, y 28e0.6 e 1 1

2x

78.

y y 600

5 5

600 1620

3.868 grams

6.93%

80. (a)

0.012y, s > 50 ds C1
0.012s

(b) Speed(s) Miles per Gallon (y) 50 28 55 26.4 60 24.8 65 23.4 70 22.0

1 ln y 0.012 y When s y dy dx dy y

28

Ce

0.012 50

28e0.6

0.012s,

s > 50

82.

e e

2x 2x

2x

dx e
2x

1 2e 2 1 e C

2x 2x

dx

1 ln 1 2

552 84. y

Chapter 5 ey sin x dy dx e
y

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions 0 ey sin x sin x dx cos x 1 cos x ln 1 cos x C C C1 C C1 ln cos x C

dy
y

ey y

86.

dy dx

3x x 3x

y y dx

(homogeneous differential equation) x dy x dv 0 v dx. v dx x2 dv 2v dx 1 dx x ln x x x2 x3 y 0 0 x dv 1 3 1 ln 3 2 C2 3 C3 C 3x x3 2v dv C1 ln 3 2v

1 2

Let y 3x

vx, dy vx dx 3x

x x dv 2vx dx 3

2v 2v 2v 2y
1 2

ln C2

C 3 3Cx

y x

2Cy

3Cx 2C

88.

dv dt (a)

kv

9.8 dv kv 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 v t kt ekt dt C1 C2

C2

(b) lim v t
t

9.8 k 1 9.8 k 1 9.8t k kv0 1 kv k 0 1 kv k2 0 9.8 1 kv k2 0 1 kv k2 0 9.8 ekt dt 9.8 ekt 9.8 ekt C C 9.8 ekt 9.8 ekt s0 1 C s0 1 kv k2 0 1 kv k2 0 s0 9.8 9.8 C

1 ln kv k ln kv kv

(c) s t

C3ekt C3 ekt s0 C3 C3 kv0 9.8 ekt kv0 9.8 st

1 9.8 k 1 9.8 k 1 9.8 k

9.8t k 1 kv k2 0 9.8t k 9.8t k

At t

0,

v0 v

Note that k < 0 since the object is moving downward.

Review Exercises for Chapter 5 90. h x

4

553

3 arcsin 2x
y

92. (a) Let cot

arccot 2 2

5 1

tan arccot 2
2 4 2 4

tan 5

1 . 2

(b) Let sec

arcsec 5 5

5 2

cos arcsec

cos

1 . 5

94. y y

arctan x2 1 2x x2 1

1
2

96. y x4 2x 2x2 2 y

1 arctan e2x 2 1 1 2e2x 2 1 e4x e2x 1 e4x

98. y y

x2 x x
2

x 2 arcsec , 2 < x < 4 2 x 2 5 dx. 1 5 1 3

2

1 x 2

x
2

4 x2

x2 4 x x
2

4 4

x2 x

100. Let u 3

5x, du 1 dx 25x2 1

5x

5 dx

1 5x arctan 5 3 3

102.

16 4 4

x2

dx

1 x arctan 4 4 1 4

104.

x dx x2

x2 1 1
2

dx

1 2

x2

1 2

2x dx

4 arcsin

x 2

x2

106. Let u

arcsin x, du

x2

dx.

108.
2

arcsin x dx 1 x2

1 arcsin x 2

C
4

y = arcsin x

x 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

Since the area of region A is 1

0 1

sin y dy , 1 0.571.

the shaded area is

0

arcsin x dx

110. y y

x tanh x 2 1

2x tanh
1

112. Let u 2x 1 2x 4x2 tanh

1

x3, du

3x2 dx. 1 3 sech x3

2

4x2

2x

x2 sech x3 2 dx

3x2 dx

1 tanh x3 3

554

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Problem Solving for Chapter 5

2. (a)
2 1 x y

(b)
4 3 2 1

1 2

3 2

3 2

sin x dx
0

sin x dx
0

sin x dx

0
0

sin x (d)
1 y

2 dx

22

(c)

1 2

x 1 1

arccos x dx
1

1 ,

1 tan x 1 . 4 2

is symmetric with respect to the

2

point

1 tan x

dx

1 2 2

4. y y

0.5x and y 2x

1.2x intersect y x.

x.

y = 0.5 x

y = 2x y = x

does not intersect y

y = 1.2 x

Suppose y ax y

x is tangent to y x1 x.
x

ax at x, y .

6 2

x a

ax ln a

1 x ln x1
e

1 ln x

1 x

e, a x.

e1

For 0 < a e1 6. (a) y sin y Area A f x x

1.445, the curve y

ax intersects y

arcsin x

sin y
6

dy

cos y
6

2 2

3 2

3 2

0.1589

Area B
2 2

1 2

12 Area C

0.2618 2 2 3 2 2 8 1 12 2 2 A 2 12 3 0.1346 B

(b)
1 2

arcsin x dx

4 2 8

CONTINUED

Problem Solving for Chapter 5 6. CONTINUED

ln 3
y

555

(c) Area A
0

ey dy
ln 3
ln 3

y = ln x

ey
0 3

3 ln x dx

1 3 ln 3

2 A 3 ln 3 2 ln 27 2 1.2958

A B

ey = x

Area B
1

x 1 2 3

(d)

tan y Area A

x
3

tan y dy
4 3

ln cos y
4

y = arctan x

1 ln 2
3

2 ln 2

ln 2 3

1 ln 2 2 1 ln 2 2 4 1

3 4

A C
x 1 3

Area C
1

arctan x dx 4 3 3

3 1 ln 2 2

12 8. y If y y y b y 0, eax bx x c Thus, a dy dt 1 y ln y aea ab a a c 1 1 a ex ex ea x

0.6818

10. Let u a aea b b b ea b Tangent line Area

tan x, du
4 0

sec2 x dx 1
4

sin x

4 cos x

dx
0 1 0

sec2 x dx tan2 x 4 du

eax

u2

4
1 0

1 u arctan 2 2 1 1 arctan 2 2

1 1 4 dt t t et

1. (b)
1 y

12. (a)

y1 1 1

y ,y 0 dy y y 1 y 1 y y y y

ln 1 ln

C C
C
6 4 2 x 2 4 6

C1et yC1et
t

dy dt d2y dt 2
t

y1 y

y y

y2 0 for y 1 2

C1et 1

2yy y

C1e C1et 3

1 C2e

y0

1 4

1 1 1 C2

C2

Hence, y

1 . 3e t

d2y 1 1 d2y > 0 if 0 < y < and 2 < 0 if < y < 1. 2 dt 2 2 dt 1 , the Thus, the rate of growth is maximum at y 2 point of inflection.

CONTINUED

556

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

12. CONTINUED (c) y y1 y ,y 0 1 1 1 C2 1 1 e 2 2 1 C2e

t

As before, y y0 Thus, y 1 2

C2 2
t.

1 2 e

The graph is different:

y 6 4 2 6 4 2 x 2 4 6

14. (a) u v

985.93 985.93

985.93

120,000 0.095 12 1 0.095 12

1
12t

0.095 12

12t
1000

u v

120,000 0.095 12

(b) The larger part goes for interest. The curves intersect when t (c) The slopes are negatives of each other. Analytically, u u 15 (d) t 985.93 v 15 du v dt 14.06. dv dt

27.7 years.

0 0

35

12.7 years

Again, the larger part goes for interest.