One question

No!

Have you seen this?

http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html

0 Two invisible mysterious things called dark energy and

dark matter make up of 72% and 23% of the Universe. And the rest ---4.6% are atoms.

What is dark matter?

0 does not interact with the electromagnetic force

0 It has gravitational effects on visible matter

Some historic background

0 In 1932, Jan Oort reported measurements that the

stars in the Milky Way moved faster than expected. 0 In 1933, Fritz Zwicky suggested some evidences of missing mass in the orbital velocities of galaxies in clusters 0 In 1975, Kent Ford announced the discovery that most stars in spiral galaxies orbit at roughly the same speed

Some important equations

F= mv2/r F=GMm/r2 F=4G Rm/3

v2=GM/r v2=4G r2/3

What do the equations tell us?

Based on Newtonian physics, v2=GM/r M is the mass enclosed by the orbital radius r 0 Given that Mass A is inside Mass B, when Mass A is further away from the centre of Mass B, it has a higher orbital speed; Based on Newtonian, v2=4G r/3 0 Outside Mass B, the orbital speed decreases with distance

A graph of rotation speed against distance

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Grav_force_sphere.svg/500px-Grav_force_sphere.svg.png

This is a galaxy

http://karthikeyanmoh.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/over-view-of-milky-way-galaxy.html

A galaxy
0 In a galaxy, most of the stars lie in a narrow disc with

a central bulge. 0 Surrounding the disc is a large elliptical region, the galactic halo, which contains lone stars and a number of globular star clusters. 0 Each cluster is 2 to 100 pc across, containing about a thousand to a million Sun-sized stars.

Predictions
If galaxies had mass distributions which were similar to the observed distribution of stars and gas Based on Newtonian physics, v2=GM/r M is the mass enclosed by the orbital radius r 0 Inside the central bulge, a star which is further away from the centre of mass has a higher orbital speed; Based on Newtonian physics, v2=4G r/3 0 Outside the central bulge, the orbital speed decreases with distance

The predicted Rotation curve

The predicted vs observed rotation curve

http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~thompson/162/RotCurve2.gif

The observation
The speed-distance graph levels off. 0 Inside the central bulge, a star which is further away from the centre of mass has a higher orbital speed; 0 Outside the central bulge, the orbital speed decreases with distance(wrong) 0 the orbital speed is roughly constant outside the central bulge(true) 0 Galaxies do not have mass distributions which are similar to the observed distribution of stars and gas

http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~thompson/162/RotCurve2.gif

Some stars have unexpectedly high rotation speed. There is an additional force pulling some stars. There must be invisible massive particles. Dark matter is estimated to make up 23% of the Universe.

Distribution of dark matter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COSMOS_3D_dark_matter_map.jpg

Distribution of dark matter

0 Clumping together

0 distance from the Earth increasing from left to right.

More details on dark matter

0 does not interact with the electromagnetic force 0 Suggested WIMPs and MACHO 0 WIMPs: similar to neutrinos but more massive, interact 0 0 0 0

only through gravity and the weak force MACHO: might be black holes, neutron stars, brown dwarfs, very faint red dwarfs, white dwarfs and unassociated planets. Apart from visible matters, dark matter also has gravitational effects on radiation, and the large-scale structure of the universe Dark matter is still a not yet characterized type of particle. Research for this particle is still undergoing.

Measurement of the stars speed

0 Redshift = the frequency of light decreases when the light is emitted from a source that is moving away.

0 The faster the source moves away, the greater the red shift
0 It is given by this equation:

The true nature of dark energy and dark matter is literally hidden in the darkness of the Universe. However, their discovery shows how science develops through using observations and experiments to construct better theories that describe the world around us.

Dark energy and dark matter make up 96% of the Universe. You know almost nothing about the things in your room.