Power Electronics

Chapter 2 AC to DC Converters (Rectifiers)

Power Electronics

Outline
2.1 Single-phase controlled rectifier 2.2 Three-phase controlled rectifier 2.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on rectifier circuits 2.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifier 2.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits 2.6 High power controlled rectifier 2.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifier circuit 2.8 Thyristor-DC motor system 2.9 Realization of phase-control in rectifier circuits
2

Power Electronics

2.1 Single-phase controlled (controllable) rectifier

2.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier 2.1.2 Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier 2.1.3 Single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier 2.1.4 Single-phase bridge half-controlled rectifier

Power Electronics

2.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

Resistive load
T u1 u2 VT uVT id ud R
d) u2 b) 0 ug 0 ud 0 uVT e)

t1

c)

a)
Ud = 1 2

2U 2 sin td ( t ) =

2U 2 1 + cos (1 + cos ) = 0.45U 2 2 2

(2-1)

Half-wave, single-pulse Triggering delay angle, delay angle, firing angle

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Power Electronics

2.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

Inductive (resistor-inductor) load
u2

T a) u1

VT uVT u2

id

b) 0 ug c)

t1

ud
d)

0 ud + 0 id e) 0 uVT f) 0 +

Power Electronics

Basic thought process of time-domain analysis for power electronic circuits

The time-domain behavior of a power electronic circuit is actually the combination of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits when the power semiconductor devices are in different states.
VT L u2 R a) b) u2 R VT L

d id + Ri d = L dt
t = id= 0

2U 2 sin t
R

(2-2)

(t ) 2U2 2U2 sin( )e L + sin(t ) id = Z Z

(2-3)
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Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with freewheeling diode

Inductive load (L is large enough)
T VT i VD u VT a) u1 u2 ud VDR R d) O iVT Id - +
R

u2 b) O ud

id L

t1

c) O id Id

dVT

(2-5) (2-6)

e) O iVD f)
R

I VT =

1 2

2 d

d ( t ) =

Id 2

(2-7)
g)

O uVT O

(2-8)

Maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage Disadvantages:

Only single pulse in one line cycle DC component in the transformer current 7

Power Electronics

2.1.2 Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

Resistive load
b)
VT 1 VT 3 T u1 i2 id

ud id 0 uVT
ud b R

ud(id)

1,4

u2

c) 0 i2 d) 0

VT2

VT 4

a)

For thyristor: maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage Advantages:

2 pulses in one line cycle No DC component in the transformer current 8

Power Electronics

2.1.2 Single-phase bridge fullycontrolled rectifier

Resistive load
Average output (rectified) voltage
Ud =

2U 2 sintd(t ) =

1 + cos 2 2U 2 1 + cos = 0.9U 2 2 2

(2-9)

Average output current

Id = U d 2 2U 2 1 + cos U 1 + cos = = 0 .9 2 R R R 2 2

(2-10)

For thyristor
I dVT =
I VT =

U 2 1 + cos 1 I d = 0 . 45 R 2 2

(2-11)
1 sin 2 + 2

1 2

For transformer
I = I2 =

U 2U 2 sin t ) 2 d (t ) = 2 R 2R

(2-12)

U 2U 2 sin t ) 2 d (t ) = 2 R R

1 sin 2 + 2

(2-13) 9

Power Electronics

2.1.2 Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

Inductive load (L is large enough)
VT1 VT3 T u1 i2 u2 b VT2 VT4 a ud L
u2 O

id

ud O id iVT O
1,4

t
Id Id Id Id Id

t t t t t

iVT O
2,3

R
uVT

O i2 O
1,4

a)

b)

Ud =

2U 2 sintd(t ) =

2 2

U 2 cos = 0.9U 2 cos

(2-15)

Commutation Thyristor voltages and currents Transformer current

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Electro-motive-force (EMF) load

With resistor
id ud E R ud E O id Id O a)
Discontinuous current id

t
b)

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Electro-motive-force (EMF) load With resistor and inductor

When L is large enough, the output voltage and current waveforms are the same as ordinary inductive load. When L is at a critical value
ud

=
E

id O

2 2U 2 3 U 2 L= = 2 . 87 10 I dmin I dmin

(2-17)
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2.1.3 Single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier

ud O R i 1 O

i1 u1

VT1 u2 u2 VT 2 ud

a)

b)

Transformer with center tap Comparison with single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

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2.1.4 Single-phase bridge half-controlled rectifier

u2 b) O ud

t t
Id Id Id Id

VT 1

VT 2

i2 u
2

id VDR L R

ud b VD3 VD4

O id iVTO iVD1
4

t t t
Id Id

iVTO iVD 2
3

O iVD

Half-control Comparison with fully-controlled rectifier Additional freewheeling diode

O i2 O

t t

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Another single-phase bridge half-controlled rectifier

VD3
load

T u2

VT1 VT2

Comparison with previous circuit:

No need for additional freewheeling diode Isolation is necessary between the drive circuits of the two thyristors

VD4

15

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Summary of some important points in analysis

When analyzing a thyristor circuit, start from a diode circuit with the same topology. The behavior of the diode circuit is exactly the same as the thyristor circuit when firing angle is 0. A power electronic circuit can be considered as different linear circuits when the power semiconductor devices are in different states. The time-domain behavior of the power electronic circuit is actually the combination of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits. Take different principle when dealing with different load
For resistive load: current waveform of a resistor is the same as the voltage waveform For inductive load with a large inductor: the inductor current can be considered constant 16

Power Electronics

2.2 Three-phase controlled (controllable) rectifier

2.2.1 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier (the basic circuit among three-phase rectifiers) 2.2.2 Three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier (the most widely used circuit among three-phase rectifiers)

17

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2.2.1 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

Resistive load, = 0
u2 O t1 ua ub uc

T VT1 VT2 ud R id VT3

t2

t3

uG O ud O iVT
1

O uVT
1

t t
uab uac

Common-cathode connection Natural commutation point

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Resistive load, = 30
u2 ua ub uc

T VT1 VT2 ud R id VT3

uG O ud O iVT
1

t t1 t

O uVT O

t t
uab uac

1 uac

19

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Resistive load, = 60
u2 ua ub uc

T VT1 VT2 ud R id VT3

O uG O ud O
1

t t

iVT

t
20

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Resistive load, quantitative analysis

When 30, load current id is continuous.
1 Ud = 2 3

5 + 6 +

2U 2 sin td ( t ) =

3 6 U 2 cos = 1 .17U 2 cos 2

(2-18)

When > 30, load current id is discontinuous.

1 Ud = 2 3

6 +

2U2 sintd (t ) =

3 2 U2 1 + cos( + ) = 0.6751 + cos( + ) 2 6 6 (2-19) 1.2

1.17 Ud/U2 0.8 0.4 2 0 30 60 90 /( ) 120 150 1 3

Average load current

Ud Id = R

(2-20)

Thyristor voltages

1- resistor load 2- inductor load 3- resistor-inductor load

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Inductive load, L is large enough

ud ua ub uc O

u2

a b VT2 c

VT1

L eL ud id R

ia O ib O ic O id O uVT

t t t t

VT3

Load current id is always continuous.

Ud 1 = 2 3

uac uab

uac

5 + 6 +

2 U 2 sin td ( t ) =

3 6 U 2 cos = 1 . 17 U 2 cos 2

(2-18)

Thyristor voltage and currents, transformer current I 1 (2-23) I VT(AV) = VT = 0.368 I d (2-24) I 2 = I VT = I d = 0.577I d 1.57 3
U
FM

=U

RM

= 2 . 45 U

(2-25)
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2.2.2 Three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

Circuit diagram VT1

d1 id a
VT3
VT 5
load

T n

ia b
VT
6

ud

c
VT
2

VT 4

d2
Common-cathode group and common-anode group of thyristors Numbering of the 6 thyristors indicates the trigger sequence.
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Resistive load, = 0
u2 = 0ua ud1 O t1 ud2 u2L ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ub uc

iVT

O uVT
1

uab uac

ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

uab

uac

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Power Electronics

Resistive load, = 30
ud1 = 30ua ub uc O ud2 ud

t1
uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

uVT

uab uac

ubc uba

uca ucb uab uac

ia O

uab

uac

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Power Electronics

Resistive load, = 60
ud1

= 60 ua t 1

ub

uc

O ud2 ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

uVT

uac

uac

uab

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Power Electronics

Resistive load, = 90
ud1 ua ub uc ua ub O ud2 ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba

id

O iVT
1

O ia

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Power Electronics

Inductive load, = 0
u2 = 0 ua ud1 O t1 ud2 u2L ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ub uc

id O iVT
1

t t

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Power Electronics

Inductive load, = 30
ud1

= 30u

ub

uc

O t 1 ud2 ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

id O ia O

t t

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Power Electronics

Inductive load, = 90
= 90
ud1 ub uc ua

O ud2 ud

t 1
uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

uVT

uac

uac

O uab

30

Quantitative analysis
Average output voltage

Power Electronics

Ud =

1 3

2 + 3 +

6U 2 sin td ( t ) = 2 .34U 2 cos

(2-26)

For resistive load, When a > 60, load current id is discontinuous. 3 U d = 6U 2 sin td ( t ) = 2 .34U 2 1 + cos( + ) (2-27) 3 + 3 Average output current (load current)

Id =
I2 =

Ud R
1 2 2 2 2 I d + ( I d ) = 2 3 3 2 I d = 0.816 I d 3

(2-20)

Transformer current

(2-28)

Thyristor voltage and current

Same as three-phase half-wave rectifier

EMF load, L is large enough

All the same as inductive load except the calculation of average output current

Id =

E R

(2-29) 31

Power Electronics

2.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on rectifier circuits

T ik a b c R LB LB LB ud L ia ib ic VT1 VT2 VT3

ud

ua

ub

uc

t
ic ia ib ic ia Id

id O

In practical, the transformer leakage inductance has to be taken into account. Commutation between thyristors thus can not happen instantly, but with a commutation process. 32

Power Electronics

Commutation process analysis

Circulating current ik during commutation ub-ua = 2LBdia/dt ik: 0 Id 0 Id

ia = Id-ik : Id ib = ik : 0

Commutation angle Output voltage during commutation

dik dik ua + ub ud = ua + LB = ub LB = dt dt 2

(2-30)

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Power Electronics

Quantitative calculation
Reduction of average output voltage due to the commutation process
dik 1 + + 56 3 + + 56 Ud = +56 (ub ud )d(t) = 2 +56 [ub (ub LB dt )]d(t) 2 / 3 3 + + 56 dik 3 Id 3 X BId d(t ) = LBdik = = 5 LB 0 + 2 6 dt 2 2

(2-31)

Calculation of commutation angle

cos cos( + ) = 2X BId 6U 2

(2-36)

Id
XB

For 90o , ,
34

, ,

Power Electronics

Summary of the effect on rectifier circuits

Circuits
Singlephase full wave Singlephase bridge Threephase halfwave Threephase bridge m-pulse recfifier

U d
cos cos( + )

Id

2X

2I d X B 2U 2

Id

3X B Id 2
2X B I d 6U 2

3X B

2X
B

Id
d 2

mX B Id 2
I 2U
d

Id X B 2U 2

X
2

6U

sin

Conclusions
Commutation process actually provides additional working states of the circuit. di/dt of the thyristor current is reduced. The average output voltage is reduced. Positive du/dt Notching in the AC side voltage 35

Power Electronics

2.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled (uncontrollable) rectifier

Emphasis of previous sections
Controlled rectifier, inductive load

Uncontrolled rectifier: diodes instead of thyristors Wide applications of capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifier
AC-DC-AC frequency converter Uninterruptible power supply Switching power supply

2.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase uncontrolled rectifier 2.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase uncontrolled rectifier
36

Power Electronics

2.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase uncontrolled rectifier

Single-phase bridge, RC load
id VD1 i2 u1 u2 VD2 VD3 iC ud +

i,ud iR C R 0 i

ud

VD4

b)

a)

37

Power Electronics

2.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase uncontrolled rectifier

Single-phase bridge, RLC load
id VD1 i2 u1 u2 VD2

L + uL VD3 iC + ud VD4

i2,u2,ud iR R C

u2 i2

ud

a)

b)

38

Power Electronics

2.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase uncontrolled rectifier

Three-phase bridge, RC load
ud u ab u uac d VD1 VD3 VD5 T ia a b c id ia 3

iC ud +

iR C R

id

VD4 VD6 VD2 a)

O b)

39

Power Electronics

2.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase uncontrolled rectifier

Three-phase bridge, RC load Waveform when RC1.732
ia O id O ia

t O
id

t O

aRC= 3

bRC< 3
40

Power Electronics

2.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase uncontrolled rectifier

Three-phase bridge, RLC load
ia VD 1VD 3VD 5 T ia a b c VD 4VD 6VD 2 a) c) id O R b)

iC iR u d+ C

ia O

41

Power Electronics

2.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits

Originating of harmonics and power factor issues in rectifier circuits
Harmonics: working in switching statesnonlinear Power factor: firing delay angle causes phase delay

Harmful effects of harmonics and low power factor Standards to limit harmonics and power factor 2.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics and reactive power 2.5.2 AC side harmonics and power factor of controlled rectifiers with inductive load 2.5.3 AC side harmonics and power factor of capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifiers 2.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current

42

Power Electronics

2.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics and reactive power

For pure sinusoidal waveform

u (t ) = 2U sin(t + u )
For periodic non-sinusoidal waveform

(2-54)

u (t ) = ao + (an cos nt + bn sin nt )

or

(2-55) (2-56)

u (t ) = ao + cn sin( nt + n )
n =1

n =1

where

cn = an 2 + bn 2

an = cn sin bn = cn cos

n = arctan( an / bn)

Fundamental component Harmonic components (harmonics)

43

Power Electronics

Harmonics-related specifications
Take current harmonics as examples Content of nth harmonics
In HRI n = 100% I1
(2-57)

In is the effective (RMS) value of nth harmonics. I1 is the effective (RMS) value of fundamental component.

Total harmonic distortion

THDi = Ih 100% I1
(2-58)

Ih is the total effective (RMS) value of all the harmonic components.

44

Power Electronics

Definition of power and power factor

For sinusoidal circuits
Active power Reactive power

1 P= 2

uid ( t ) = UI cos

(2-59)

Q=U I sin
Apparent power

(2-61) (2-60) (2-63) (2-62) (2-64)

45

S=UI

S 2 = P2 + Q2
Power factor

= P S

=cos

Power Electronics

Definition of power and power factor

For non-sinusoidal circuits
Active power

P=U I1 cos1
Power factor

(2-65)

P UI1 cos1 I1 (2-66) = = cos1 = cos1 S UI I Distortion factor (fundamental-component factor)

=I1 / I
Displacement factor (power factor of fundamental component)

1 = cos1
Definition of reactive power is still in dispute.

46

Review of the reactive power concept

The reactive power Q does not lead to net transmission of energy between the source and load. When Q 0, the rms current and apparent power are greater than the minimum amount necessary to transmit the average power P. Inductor: current lags voltage by 90, hence displacement factor is zero. The alternate storing and releasing of energy in an inductor leads to current flow and nonzero apparent power, but P = 0. Just as resistors consume real (average) power P, inductors can be viewed as consumers of reactive power Q. Capacitor: current leads voltage by 90, hence displacement factor is zero. Capacitors supply reactive power Q. They are often placed in the utility power distribution system near inductive loads. If Q supplied by capacitor is equal to Q consumed by inductor, then the net current (flowing from the source into the capacitor-inductive-load combination) is in phase with the voltage, leading to unity power factor and minimum rms current magnitude.
47

Power Electronics

2.5.2 AC side harmonics and power factor of controlled rectifiers with inductive load

Power Electronics

Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

u2

id VT1 T u1 i2 u2 b VT2 VT4 VT3

O ud

a ud L

O id Id Id Id Id Id

iV T O
1,4

t t t t t

iV T O
2,3

a)
uVT

O i2 O
1,4

b)

48

Power Electronics

AC side current harmonics of single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier with inductive load
1 1 i2 = I d (sin t + sin 3 t + sin 5 t + ) 5 3 4 1 = Id sin n t = 2 I n sin n t n n =1, 3 , 5 , n =1, 3 , 5 ,
where

(2-72)

In =

2Id

n=1,3,5,

(2-73)

Conclusions
Only odd order harmonics exist In 1/n In / I1 = 1/n

49

Power Electronics

Power factor of single-phase bridge fullycontrolled rectifier with inductive load

Distortion factor

I1 2 2 = = 0.9 I
Displacement factor

(2-75)

1 = cos 1 = cos
Power factor

(2-76)

I1 2 2 = 1 = cos 1 = cos 0.9 cos I

(2-77)

50

Power Electronics

Three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

ud1

= 30u

ub

uc

O t 1 ud2 ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

id O ia O

t t

51

Power Electronics

AC side current harmonics of three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier with inductive load
ia = 1 1 1 1 I d [sint sin 5t sin 7t + sin11 t + sin13t ] 13 11 7 5 2 3 2 3 1 = I d sint + I d (1)k sin nt = 2I1 sint + (1)k 2I n sin nt n n=6 k 1 n=6 k 1 2 3
k =1, 2,3 k =1, 2,3

where

(2-79)

6 I1 = Id I = 6 I , n = 6k 1, k = 1,2,3, n n d

(2-80)

Conclusions
Only 6k1 order harmonics exist (k is positive integer) In 1/n In / I1 = 1/n
52

Power Electronics

Power factor of three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier with inductive load Distortion factor

I1 3 = = 0.955 I
Displacement factor

(2-81)

1 = cos 1 = cos
Power factor

(2-82)

I1 3 = 1 = cos 1 = cos 0.955 cos I

(2-83)

53

Power Electronics

2.5.3 AC side harmonics and power factor of capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifiers

Situation is a little complicated than rectifiers with inductive load. Some conclusions that are easy to remember:
Only odd order harmonics exist in single-phase circuit, and only 6k1 (k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in three-phase circuit. Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order increases. Harmonics increases and power factor decreases as capacitor increases. Harmonics decreases and power factor increases as inductor increases.

54

Power Electronics

2.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current

u d0 = U d0 +
n = mk

cos n t

ud

2 cos k cos n t = U d0 1 2 n = mk n 1

(2-85)

2 U2 mO m 2 m

where
U d0 = 2U 2 m

sin

(2-86)

bn =

2 cos k U d0 (2-87) 2 n 1

Output voltage of m-pulse rectifier when = 0

55

Power Electronics

Ripple factor in the output voltage

Output voltage ripple factor U R u = U d0 (2-88)

where UR is the total RMS value of all the harmonic components in the output voltage

UR =

n = mk

2 U n2 = U 2 U d0

(2-89)

and U is the total RMS value of the output voltage Ripple factors for rectifiers with different number of pulses m
u%

2 48.2

3 18.27

6 4.18

12 0.994

0
56

Power Electronics

Harmonics in the output current

id = I d +
where

n = mk

cos(nt n )

(2-92)

U d0 E Id = R

(2-93)

bn dn = = zn

bn R + ( n L )
2 2

(2-94)

n L n = arctan R

(2-95)

57

Power Electronics

Conclusions for = 0
Only mk (k is positive integer) order harmonics exist in the output voltage and current of m-pulse rectifiers Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic order increases when m is constant. The order number of the lowest harmonics increases as m increases. The corresponding magnitude of the lowest harmonics decreases accordingly.

58

Power Electronics

For 0
Quantitative harmonic analysis of output voltage and current is very complicated for 0.
2 U2L cn

0.3 0.2 0.1

n=6

As an example, for 3-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

n=12 n=18 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 /()

ud = U d +

n=6k

cos( n t + n )
(2-96)

59

Power Electronics

2.6 High power controlled rectifier

2.6.1 Double-star controlled rectifier

2.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers

60

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2.6.1 Double-star controlled rectifier

Circuit
ud1

Waveforms When = 0
ua ub uc

t
1I 2 d 1I 6 d
' uc ' ua ' ub ' uc

T a b c

ia

O ud2

iP n2 a' VT5 VT3 VT1 VT4 VT6 b' VT2 c' u d id

LP n1 L

O ia' 1I 2 d

t
1I 6 d

R
O

Difference from 6-phase half-wave rectifier

61

Power Electronics

Effect of interphase reactor (inductor, transformer)

ud1,ud2 u ' b ua
' uc

ub

' ua

uc

' ub

ua

1 u 2 P n2 n LP + - +n 1 L ud1 R
a) O t1

iP VT6

' ub

ud2 ud

up b) O

60

VT1

t
360

u p = u d2 u d1
u d = u d2

(2-97)

1 1 1 u p = u d1 + U p = ( u d1 + u d2 ) (2-98) 2 2 2
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Quantitative analysis when = 0

ud1 =
ud2 =

2 1 3 6U 2 1 [1 + cos 3t cos 6t + cos 9t ] 4 35 40 2

(2-99)

3 6U 2 1 2 1 [1 + cos 3( t 60) cos 6( t 60) + cos 9( t 60) ] 2 4 35 40 3 6U 2 1 2 1 [1 cos 3 t cos 6 t cos 9 t ] = (2-100) 2 4 35 40

up =

3 6U 2 1 1 [ cos 3t cos 9t ] 2 2 20

(2-101)

3 6U 2 2 ud = [1 cos 6t ] 2 35

(2-102)

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Power Electronics

Waveforms when > 0

ud = 30 u u ' a c

ub

ua'

uc

' ub

O ud

= 60 u ' c

t
ub ua' uc
' ub

Ud = 1.17U 2 cos

O ud

= 90 u ' c

t
ub ua' uc
' ub

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Comparison with 3-phase half-wave rectifier and 3-phase bridge rectifier

Voltage output capability
Same as 3-phase half-wave rectifier Half of 3-phase bridge rectifier

Current output capability

Twice of 3-phase half-wave rectifier Twice of 3-phase bridge rectifier

Applications Low voltage and high current situations

65

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2.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers

Larger output voltage: series connection

To increase the output capacity Connection of multiple rectifiers

Larger output current: parallel connection

To improve the AC side current waveform and DC side voltage waveform

Power Electronics

Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers

Parallel connection
1 VT T b1 a1 a2 c1 b2 c2 M L LP 2

12-pulse rectifier realized by paralleled 3-phase bridge rectifiers

67

Power Electronics

Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers

Series connection
a1 I 0 A 1 a2

i a1 1 u a1b1 I

id
a)

ia1 Id 0 ia2 iab2

1 I 3 d 3 3 Id 2 3 3 Id

180
2 I 3 d

360 t

iA

c1

b1

b) 0 ' iab2

Id

ud
*

c) 0 iA

t
(1+
2 3 3 )Id

B c2

i ab2
*

R u a2b2 II
d) 0
3 3 Id

II 30 lagging

b2

(1+

3 3

)Id

12-pulse rectifier realized by series 3-phase bridge rectifiers

68

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Quantitative analysis of 12-pulse rectifier

Voltage
Average output voltage Parallel connection:

U d = 2.34U 2 cos

Series connection: U d = 4.68U 2 cos Output voltage harmonics Only 12m harmonics exist

Input (AC side) current harmonics

Only 12k1 harmonics exist

Connection of more 3-phase bridge rectifiers

Three: 18-pulse rectifier (20 phase difference) Four: 24-pulse rectifier (15 phase difference)
69

Power Electronics

Sequential control of multiple series-connected rectifiers

Id VT11 VT13 u2 i ud L ud i
load

VT12

VT14

+ b) Id

VT21 VT22 u2

VT24

VT23

2Id

VT31

VT33 VT34

VT32

u2

c)

a)

Circuit and waveforms of series-connected three single-phase bridge rectifiers

70

Power Electronics

2.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifiers

Review of DC generator-motor system

EG EM Id = R

EM EG Id = R

should be avoided

71

Power Electronics

Inverter mode operation of rectifiers

Rectifier and inverter mode operation of single-phase full-wave converter VT
1 0 u10 u20 VT 2 2 ud iVT u20 VT 1 L iVT
1

ud

id

0 VT 2 2 ud u10 u20

iVT

ud

id

R M EM +

Energy + M EM u10 Ud>EM

Energy iVT
2

u10

u10

O id=iVT +iVT
1

O id

t
Ud<EM

id O

iVT
2

id=iVT +iVT
1

iVT

iVT a)

iVT

Id

iVT

iVT b)

Id

Ud EG Id = R

Id =

EM Ud R
72

Power Electronics

Necessary conditions for the inverter mode operation of controlled rectifiers

There must be DC EMF in the load and the direction of the DC EMF must be enabling current flow in thyristors. (In other word EM must be negative if taking the ordinary output voltage direction as positive.)

> 90 so that the output voltage Ud is also negative.

EM > Ud

73

Power Electronics

Inverter mode operation of 3-phase bridge rectifier

u2 ua ub uc ua ub uc ua ub uc ua ub

t = = 4
ucb uab uac ubc uba uca

= 6
ucb uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc

ud uab uac ubc uba uca

t 1 t 2 t3
O

= 4

= 6

Inversion angle (extinction angle)

+ =180
74

Power Electronics

Inversion failure and minimum inversion angle

Possible reasons of inversion failures
Malfunction of triggering circuit Failure in thyristors Sudden dropout of AC source voltage Insufficient margin for commutation of thyristors
a b c LB VT 1 LB VT2 LB VT
3

iVT

1 2 3

L id ud M EM +

iVT

iVT

o ud ua ub uc ua ub

Minimum inversion angle (extinction angle)

min= ++ 2-109

id O iVT
3

>
1

<
iVT
3

iVT

iVT

iVT

75

Power Electronics

2.8 Thyristor-DC motor system

2.8.1 Rectifier mode of operation 2.8.2 Inverter mode of operation 2.8.3 Reversible DC motor drive system (four-quadrant operation)

76

Power Electronics

2.8.1 Rectifier mode of operation

Waveforms and equations
ud ua ub uc ud Ud E

U d = E M + R Id + U
(2-112) where
O

idR

3 XB R = RB + RM + 2

id

ic

ia

ib

ic

(for 3-phase half-wave)

Waveforms of 3-phase half-wave rectifier with DC motor load

77

Power Electronics

Speed-torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is continuous

E M = C en
(2-113)
n 3X I (RB+RM+ 2B ) Cd e a1 a2 a1<a2<a3 O a3

For 3-phase half-wave Ud = 1.17U 2 cos

E M = 1 .17U 2 cos R Id U
(2-114)

1 .17U 2 cos R Id + U n= Ce Ce
(2-115)

For 3-phase bridge

2.34U 2 cos R n= Id (2-116) Ce Ce

Id

For 3-phase half-wave

78

Power Electronics

Speed-torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is discontinuous

EMF at no load (taking 3-phase half-wave as example) For 60
E0 = 2U 2
E E0 ( 2U2) E0' (0.585U2) Idmin O
discontinuouts mode continuous mode

For > 60
E0 = 2U 2 cos( 60 )

Id

For 3-phase half-wave

79

Power Electronics

Speed-torque (mechanic) characteristic when load current is discontinuous

For different The point of EMF at no load is raised up.
E E0
boundary

a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
discontinuous mode continuous mode

The droop rate becomes steer. (softer than the continuous mode)
O

Id
For 3-phase half-wave

(1< 2 < 3 60, 5 > 4 > 60) 80

Power Electronics

2.8.2 Inverter mode of operation

Equations
are just the same as in the rectifier mode of operation except that Ud, EM and n become negative. E.g., in 3-phase half-wave
n rectifier mode

2 3 4 = = 2
Id

(2-114)

n=

1 .17U 2 cos R Id + U Ce Ce Or in another form (2-115)

4 3 2 1

inverter mode

E M = (U d 0 cos + Id R ) (2-122)
n= 1 Ce

U d 0 cos + IdR (2-123)

Speed-torque characteristic of a DC motor fed by a thyristor rectifier circuit 81

increasing

EM = 1.17U 2 cos R Id U

increasing

Power Electronics

2.8.3 Reversible DC motor drive system (4-quadrant operation)

converter 2 inverting Id + + EM M Energy AC AC source source

+n

converter 1 rectifying Id +
Energy

a b c

L M EM

converter 1

Ud

converter2 converter1

Ud

+ M E M -

converter2

forward braking(regenerating)
converter 2

forward motoring O converter 1 inverting Id

Energy

converter 1

-T

converter 2 rectifying Id EM M +
Energy

+T

Back-to-back connection of two 3phase bridge circuits

converter 1

AC AC source source

Ud

+ converter2

converter1

Ud

M EM +

converter2

reverse motoring -n

reverse braking(regenerating)

82

Power Electronics

4-quadrant speed-torque characteristic of Reversible DC motor drive system

co n v erter 2
'1
'increasing
n

co n v erter 1
1 3 4 = = 2
Id

'3 '4 '= '= 2

'increasing

'3 '2 '1 1 = ' 1 ; '1 = 1 2 = ' 2 ; '2 = 2

2 1

increasing

'4

4 3

increasing

'2

83

Power Electronics

Power Electronics

Supplement: Gate Triggering Control Circuit for Thyristor Rectifiers

84

2.9 Gate triggering control circuit for thyristor rectifiers

Power Electronics

Object How to timely generate triggering pulses with adjustable phase delay angle Constitution Synchronous circuit Saw-tooth ramp generating and phase shifting Pulse generating Integrated gate triggering control circuits are very widely used in practice.
85

A typical gate triggering control circuit

Power Electronics

R15 VD11~VD14 220V +15V RP2 VS R3 V1 R1 I1c V3 TS VD1 Q uts C1 R2 VD2 R4 R7 C2 V 2 R5 R8 up RP1 uco -15V XY -15V Disable R6 V4 R17 C3 VD10 V6 VD5 R9 A VD4 R11 C3 V5 R10 VD6 R12 R13 C5 V7 V8 36V VD7 R14 VD9 R16 C7 + C 6 VD15 B TP VD8 +15V R18

86

Waveforms of the typical gate triggering control circuit

Power Electronics Power Electronics

87

How to get synchronous voltage for the gate triggering control circuit of each thyristor

Power Electronics

uA

uB

uC UAB Ua Usa

-Usc
Usb Ub

TR D,y 11 ua ub

TS D,y 5-11 uc - usa - usc - usb - usb - usa - usc

-Usb

Uc

Usc -U sa

For the typical circuit on page 20, the synchronous voltage of the gate triggering control circuit for each thyristor should be lagging 180 to the corresponding phase voltage ofyy that thyristor. 88