Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT

Bi ging mn K thut in t
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Mch khuch i l mch in t trong vi mt s bin i nh ca
i lng in u vo s gy ra s bin i ln ca i lng in ca u
ra. Cc phn t c bn ca mch in l BJT c th mc theo s B, E, C
Ni dung ca chng ny trnh by cc kiu mch khuch i tn hiu
nh c bn dng BJT nh mch EC, BC, CC v cc mch khuch i cng sut
(khuch i tn hiu ln). T ta tnh ton cc thng s ca mch nh h s
khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in, dng sng ti cc v tr trong
mch...
Mc ch ca chng ny gip sinh vin nm c nguyn l lm vic
ca cc mch khuch i, cc thng s c bn ng dng trong vic thit k
mch.
Cc ch tiu c bn ca mt mch khuch i:
Hnh 4.1. Mng bn cc i din cho mch khuch i.
Ngun tn hiu v
S
c a n ng vo ca linh kin in t, nh BJT...
Nh vai tr hot ng ca BJT, trn in tr ti R
t
s nhn c tn hiu
c khuch i ngha l tn hiu ny bin thi n cng quy lut vi tn hiu v
S
nhng c bin ln hn nhiu.
Tu theo dng ca tn hiu cn khuch i m chia thnh cc loi mch
khuch i c bn sau:
- Mch khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm (khuch i DC).
- Mch khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu bao g m mch khuch i tn s thp,
trung bnh v tn s cao.
Trong chng ny, ta xt cc mch khuch i tn s trung bnh.
n gin, gi thit rng ngun tn hiu v
S
cn khuch i c dng
hnh sin, tn hiu ra trn ti vn c dng hnh sin (mch khuch i l tng).
Trong iu kin , cc i lng xoay chiu trong mch nh in p vo, dng
in vo, in p ra trn ti, dng in ra trn ti l nhng i lng hnh sin.
Tn hiu nh l cc i lng u vo, u ra bin thin trong phm vi
hp. Mch khuch i tn hiu nh thng c t u tin ca mt thit b
khuch i khuch i tn hiu cn cha ln. Di y ta kho st cc mch
khuch i tn hiu nh theo phng php gii tch ngha l thay th cc mch
c th bng s tng ng xo ay chiu, sau tnh ton cc thng s c
trng ca mch: h s khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in , pha ca
in p vo v in p ra...
v
S
Mch
khuch
i
R
t
r
S
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
4.1. S tng ng ca BJT i vi tn hiu nh xoay chiu theo tham
s chun:
4.1.1. Mch CE (Common Emittter):
Hnh 4.2. S tng ng ca BJT i vi mch CE
Trong r
be
=r
b
+ (1+ |)r
e
(4.1a)
r
e
: in tr vi phn ca tip xc J
E
.
r
e
=26mV/ I
E
. (4.1b)
r
b
: in tr khi vng Baze.
r
c
: in tr vi phn ca tip gip J
C
.
|i
b
: ngun dng in c iu khin bi dng i
b
.
4.1.2. Mch BC ( Common Base ):
Hnh 4.3. S tng ng ca BJT i vi mch CB
Trong r
eb
= r
e
+ r
b
/(1+ |) (4.2)
r
e
: in tr vi phn ca tip xc J
E
.
r
e
=26mV/ I
E
.
r
b
: in tr khi vng Baze.
r
c
: in tr vi phn ca tip gip J
C
.
oi
e
: ngun dng in c iu khin bi dng i
e
C B
E
in p ra in p vo
rbe
|ib
rce
B
in p vo
in p ra
C
reb
oie
E
rcb
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
4.1.3. Mch CC: (Common Collector)
Hnh 4.4. S tng ng ca BJT i vi mch CC
Trong r
be
=r
b
+ (1+ |)r
e
r
e
: in tr vi phn ca tip xc J
E
.
r
e
=26mV/ I
E
.
r
b
: in tr khi vng Baze.
r
c
: in tr vi phn ca tip gip J
C
.
|i
b
: ngun dng in c iu khin bi dng i
b
4.1.4. Nguyn tc v s tng ng i vi tn hiu xoay chiu;
Cc t coi nh ni tt v cc t ny c dung khng rt nh (gn nh bng
khng tn s lm vic ca mch)
Ngun mt chiu Vcc coi nh ni tt v gi thit l ngun l tng c
ni tr bng 0.
4.2. Mch khuch i CE
4.2.1. S mch:
Hnh 4.5. S mch khuch i CE
4.2.2. Tc dng linh kin:
R
1
,R
2
: in tr phn cc;
R
C
: in tr ti cc C.
Vcc: ngun mt chiu;
v
S
: ngun xoay chiu.
C
B
E
rbe
|ib
rce
in p vo
in p ra
v
t
Re
C2
Vcc
Rc
CE
C1
Rt vS
R1
R2
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
r
S
: ni tr ngun xoay chiu;
C
E
: ni tt thnh phn xoay chiu cc E.
Re : in tr n nh nhit; R
t
: in tr ti.
C
1
: t lin lc ng vo, ngn thnh phn 1chiu v v
S
.
C
2
: t lin lc ng ra, ngn thnh phn 1 chiu v pha ti.
- Nguyn l hot ng:
in p vo v
S
a n u vo ca mch lm thay i trng thi hot ng
ca BTJ, cc dng in base i
b
, i
c
c th tng hay gim theo in p vo v
s
. in
p bin thin trn in tr R
C
to nn in p xoay chiu trn cc Collector.
in p ny qua t C
2
c a n in tr R
t
ca mch khuch i.
Hnh 4.6. Dng sng ca ngun tn hiu, ti cc C, v ti ng ra.
4.2.3. S tng ng:
Hnh 4.7. S tng ng ca mch CE.
4.2.4. Tnh ton tham s ca mch:
4.2.4.1. in tr vo ca mch:
v
S
t
t
v
C
v
Rt
t
B C
i
t
Rt
i
b
Rc
rce
R1//R2
rS
vS
rbe
|ib
i
V
i
c
E
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
, )
, )
e b
b
b e b b
b
e e b b
b
be
be
be V
r r
i
i r r i
i
i r r i
i
u
r
r R R R

+ + =
+ +
=
+
= =
=
1
1
// ) // (
2 1
(4.3)
Nu R
1
//R
2
>>r
be
th R
V
=r
be
4.2.4.2. H s khuch i dng in K
i
H s khuch i dng in K
i
l t s ca dng in ra v dng in
vo ca mch.
c
t
b
c
v
b
v
t
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
K . . = =
Ta c:
, )
b C
V b V V
t C C t t
i i
r i R i
R R i R i
=
=
= // . .
Vy
t
t C
V
V
i
R
R R
r
R
K
//
. . = (4.4)
H s khuch i dng in K
i
ph thuc vo | ca BJT, gi tr in tr
ca b phn p, in tr Rc, R
t
. Nu ta chn R
1
//R
2
>>r
V
, Rc>>R
t
th K
i
|.
Mch EC c h s khuch i dng in ln.
4.2.4.3. H s khuch i in p K
u
H s khuch i in p K
u
l t s ca in p trn ti v in p vo
ca mch.
, )
V s
t C
V
V
t s
t
i
V s V
t t
s
T
V
T
u
R r
R R
r
R
R r
R
K
R r i
R i
v
v
v
v
K
+
=
+
=
+
= = =
//
. .
(4.5)
Nu R
1
//R
2
>>r
V
, r
s
rt nh, | ln th h s khuch i in p K
u
ln.
- Du tr biu th in p ra vi in p vo ngc pha nhau.
Bi tp 1:
Cho s mch nh hnh v sau.
v
t
Re
C2
Vcc
Rc
CE
C1
Rt vS
R1
Hnh 4.8. Mch khuch i CE
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
R
1
=280 kO; Rc=1 kO; Re=0,5 kO; Rt=1 kO;
|=100; r
S
=0 ; V
CC
=15V. Tnh h s khuch i in p ca mch.
Trc ht tnh ch tnh ca mch
, ) V k mA V R R I V
R I R I V V
mA mA I I
mA
k
V
R
V V
I
e C C CC
e E C C CC CE
B C
e
BE cc
B
55 , 8 ) 5 , 1 )( 3 , 4 ( 15
3 , 4 043 , 0 . 100
043 . 0
) 51 280 (
) 7 . 0 15 (
) 1 ( R
1
= O = + =
=
= = =
=
O +

=
+ +

=

Hnh 4.9. S tng ng ca mch hnh 4.8

83
006 . 0
5 . 0 //
600 600 // 280 //
600 6
3 , 4
26
1
= = =
O ~ O O = =
O = O = =
~ =
e
t C
u
be V
be
C
T
E
T
e
r
R R
K
k r R R
r
mA
mV
I
V
I
V
r
Cu hi m rng:
Vi s mch nh hnh 4.8, nu khng c t CE th h s khuch i
in p ca mch nh th no? Nhn xt v gii thch ti sao.
Tr li:
Nu khng c t C
E
th trong s tng ng ca mch s c Re ni
gia cc E v im t. Nh vy in p xoay chiu v
S
s b ri mt phn trn
Re nn lm cho in p t ln tip xc J
E
ca BJT b gim. Nn in p ra trn
ti s b gim theo, v vy h s khuch i in p ca mch gi m. Ta ch cn
nhn xt v gii thch nh vy ch khng cn phi tnh li h s khuch i
in p v cu hi khng yu cu.
Bi tp 2
B C
i
t
Rt
i
b
Rc
rce
R1
rS
vS
rbe
|ib
i
V
i
c
E
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Tnh h s khuch i ca mch (hnh 4.8) trong trng hp khng c t
CE. T gii thch tc dng ca t CE v cch t nh chn t CE nh th no?
H thng li cc vn c bn va hc.
4.3. Mch khuch i CB
4.3.1. S mch:
Hnh 4.10 . S mch khuch i CB
4.3.2. Tc dng linh kin:
R
1
,R
2
,R
C
: in tr phn cc.
Vcc: ngun mt chiu.
v
s
: ngun xoay chiu.
r
s
: ni tr ngun xoay chiu;
Re : in tr n nh nhit.
C
1
: t lin lc ng vo, ngn thnh phn 1c v E
n
.
C
2
: t lin lc ng ra, cn thnh phn 1 chiu v pha ti.
C
b
: ni tt thnh phn xoay chiu;
R
t
: in tr ti.
4.3.3. S tng ng:
Hnh 4.11. S tng ng ca mch CE.
4.3.4.Tnh ton tham s ca mch:
4.3.4.1. in tr vo ca mch:
Ta c: R
v
= Re //r
eb
(4.6)
Rc
rS
VS
Rt
Re
C2
R2
C1
VCC
R1
Cb
i
e
Rt
reb
rS
Re
vS
oi e
Rc
rcb
i
V
i
C
i
t
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
trong
+
+ =
+
= =
1
b
e
e
e e b b
e
eb
eb
r
r
i
i r r i
i
v
r (4.7)
4.3.4.2. H s khuch i K
i
H s khuch i K
i
l t s ca dng in ra ti v dng in vo
ca mch
C
t
e
c
V
e
V
t
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
K . . = =
Ta c:
, )
e C
V e V V
t C C T T
i i
r i R i
R R i R i
=
=
= // . .
Vy
t
t C
V
V
i
R
R R
r
R
K
//
. . = (4.8)
- H s khuch i dng in K
i
ca mch BC <1.
III.4.3. H s khuch i in p K
u
H s khuch i in p K
u
l t s ca in p trn ti v in p vo
ca mch.
, )
V s
t C
V
V
t s
t
i
V s V
t t
s
t
V
t
u
R r
R R
r
R
R r
R
K
R r i
R i
v
v
v
v
K
+
=
+
=
+
= = =
//
.
(4.9)
- in p ra vi in p vo cng pha nhau.
- H s khuch i in p K
u
ca mch BC >>1.
K
u
cng ln khi R
n
cng nh.
Bi tp 3:
Cho s mch nh hnh 4.11. R
1
=68 kO; R
2
=22 kO; Rc=1 kO; Re=1
kO; Rt=1 kO; |=100; r
S
=100O; V
CC
=15V
Tnh h s khuch i in p ca mch.
4.4. Mch khuch i CC
4.4.1. S mch:
Hnh 4.12. S mch khuch i kiu CC
VCC
Re
C1
R2
vS
rS
Rt
R1
C2
Q
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
4.4.2. Tc dng linh kin:
R
1
,R
2
, : in tr phn cc.
V
CC
: ngun mt chiu.
v
s
: ngun xoay chiu.
r
S
: ni tr ngun xoay chiu.
Re : in tr n nh nhit.
C
1
: t lin lc ng vo, ngn thnh phn 1chiu v E
n
.
C
2
: t lin lc ng ra, cn thnh phn 1 chiu v pha ti.
Rt : in tr ti.
4.4.3. S tng ng:
Hnh 4.14. S tng ng ca mch khuch i CC
4.4.4.Tnh ton tham s ca mch:
4.4.4.1. in tr vo ca mch:
R
v
= (R
1
//R
2
) //r
v
(4.10)
, ), )
t e b
b
e t e b b
b
b
v
R r r
i
i R r r i
i
u
r
Re// 1
) Re// (
+ + + =
+ +
= =

(4.11)
Nu chn R
1
//R
2
>>r
V
th R
V
ln.
4.4.4.2. H s khuch i K
i
H s khuch i K
i
l t s ca dng in ra ti v dng in vo ca
mch
e
T
b
e
V
b
V
y
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
K . . = =
Ta c:
, )
b e
V b V V
t E e T T
i i
r i R i
R R i R i
) 1 (
// . .
+ =
=
=
Rt
i
e
|i
b
i
b
Re
rbe
rS
R1//R2
vS
Rt
rce
i
t
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Vy
t
t
V
V
i
R
R
r
R
K
Re//
). 1 .( + = (4.12)
H s khuch i dng in ln.
4.4.4.3. H s khuch i in p K
u
H s khuch i in p K
u
l t s ca in p ra ti v vo ca mch
, )
V s
t E
V
V
T s
t
i
V s V
t t
s
T
V
T
u
R r
R R
r
R
R r
R
K
R r i
R i
v
v
v
v
K
+
+ =
+
=
+
= = =
//
. ) 1 (
(4.13)
- in p ra vi in p vo cng pha nhau.
Bi tp 4
Cho s mch nh trn. R
1
=68kO; R
2
=22kO;Re=1kO; Rt=1kO;
|=100; Rn=100O; Vcc=15V. Tnh h s khuch i in p ca mch.
Bi tp 5: So snh 3 loi trn v rt ra u nhc im ca tng loi
mch v ng dng.
4.5. Mch khuch i cng sut:
Mch khuch i cng sut l mch khuch i tn hiu ln (tn hiu m
khong bin thin bin ln )
Ta xt mch khuch i m tn dng khuch i cng sut lm vic
di tn s thp, BW: 20 Hz 20 KHz. Tn hiu in ly t datric (phn t bin
i i lng phi in i lng in ) qua tng khuch i s b th
bin in p tn hiu ln ( vi V ) nhng cha cng sut ko ti. V
vy phi c mt tng cui lm nhim v nng cng sut tn hiu cp cho ti,
chnh l tng khuch i cng sut.
Cc ch lm vic c bn ca mch khuch i cng sut:
4.5.1. Ch A:
Dng in ra i
C
xut hin c hai na chu k ca tn hiu vo.
Hnh 4.15. Dng sng ca in p vo v dng ra i
C
4.5.2. Ch B:
Dng in ra i
C
xut hin mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo.
v
v
et
et
i
c
I
C
Q
et
u
v
i
C
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Hnh 4.16. Dng sng ca in p vo v dng ra i
C
Tn hiu ra b mo dng trm trng, khc phc ta dng hai BJT thay
phin nhau dn trong hai na chu k th s khi phc c dng gc ca tn
hiu. tuy nhin vn cn mo xuyn tm do c tuyn vo ca BJT sinh ra.
4.5.3. Ch AB:
Ta cp phn cc ban u cho BJT khc phc mo xuyn tm.
Cc mch khuch i cng sut c bn:
4.5.4. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A
4.5.4.1. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ti ghp trc tip:
H nh 4.17. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A
H nh 4.18. Dng sng ca in p v dng ra.
R
B
R
c
I
c
V
cc
V
CE
V
CEmax
V
CEmin
I
cmax
V
cc
I
cQ
I
c
(mA)
Q
V
CEp
I
Lp
i
c
et
v
CE
e
t
I
cmin
V
CE
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Khi tn hiu vo c dng sng sin, cng sut ra ca tn hiu c xc nh
theo biu thc :
Pr = V
CE
.I
C
=
V I
CEp Cp

2
=
V I
R
CEp
Cp
C
2
2

(4.14)
Cn c vo hnh v ta xc nh c bin Icp v V
CEP
Ta c : Icp=
2
min max C C
I I
V
CEP
=
V V
CE CE max min

2
Cng sut ra :
) )( (
8
1
2
) (
2
)
2
1
min max min max
min max
CEmin max
Cp Cp CE CE
Cp Cp
CE
r
I I V V
I I
V V
P
=

,
=
(4.15)
Vy cn c vo hnh v khi ta v ng ti trn h c tuyn ra ta hon
ton xc nh c cng sut ra .
Ta nhn c cng sut ra ln nht khi c iu kin sau:
2
V
V
CEp
min max
CC
CC CE CE
V
V V
=
~
Lc cng sut ra cc i :
P
rmax
=
1
8
V
V
R
1
8
V
R
V I
4
CC
CC
C
2
CC
C
CC CQ
= = (4.16)
Cng sut cung cp cho mch :
P
CC
=
, )
1
0
2
2
T
V
T
I I t dt V I
V
R
CC CQ Cp CC CQ
CC
C
}
+ = = sine (4.17)
Ta thy khi tn hiu vo hnh sin th tr trung bnh i s ca in p C - E v
dng collector khng i v vy cng sut cung cp mt chiu khng ph thuc
vo tn hiu vo v ra .
Hiu sut cc i ca mch in c xc nh :

max
=
P
P
V
R
V
R
r
CC
C
CC
C
max
0
0
0
2 2
0
0
100
8 2
100 = = 25%
Vy hiu sut ca mch khuch i ch A rt thp, do m n t c s
dng .
4.5.3.2. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ti ghp bin p:
S mch tng t nh hnh 4.17. Tuy nhin ti R
c
khng c ghp
trc tip vo cc C ca BJT m c ghp qua bin p. Nh hiu sut c
tng ln gp i l 50%.
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
Trong tng khuch i ch A, im lm vic thay i xung quanh
im tnh. So vi tng khuch i tn hiu nh n ch khc l bin ca n
ln, tng khuch i ch A hay dng s CE .
Mch ny c u im l tn hiu ra trung thc, tuy nhin hiu sut thp
do bin dng in v in p xoay chiu cc i ch bng dng in v in
p tnh.
4.5. 5. Cc mch khuch i ch B
Mch in khuch i ch B phi d ng t nht l 2 transistor c cng
cc tnh hay khc cc tnh (P hoc N). Khi cn tng cng sut ra, mi tng
cng sut cui thng hay dng 2 transistor mi nhnh, mc kiu Darlingt n.
Nu tng cng sut dng 2 transistor cng cc tnh th tng kch phi l tng
o pha cp 2 tn hiu ngc pha ca vo.
4.5.6. Mch y ko bin p
u im ca mch ny l ch tnh s khng ti u th dng do ngun
cung cp nu khng c tn hao tr n transistor. Mt khc, v khng c dng mt
chiu chy qua bin p nn khng gy mo do bo ha t . Hiu sut ca mch
t ln nht, khong 78,5%.
Nhc im ca n l mo xuyn tm ln khi tn hiu vo nh, khi c 2
v khuch i khng c cn bng.
Nh mch hnh trn ch r, na chu k dng ca tn hiu u vo, T
1
phn cc nghch nn khng dn, T
2
phn cc thun nn dn. na chu k m
th qa trnh xy ra ngc li. Lc cha c tn hiu (Uv = 0) th T
1
, T
2
u tt,
s khng c dng ngun V
CC
chy qua bin p m ch c dng ngc I
CE
rt
nh chy qua.
Ti thi im chuyn tip gia qu tr nh dn, ngt ca T
1
v T
2
s gy nn
hin tng mo dng sng, gi l mo dng xuyn tm.
4.5.7. Mch khuch i cng sut ch AB y ko khng dng bin p:
Chng 4: Mch khuch i dng BJT
Bi ging mn K thut in t
4.5.7.1. Mch OTL(Output Transformer Less)
Ta xt s mch n gin sau (khng xt n mch phn cc)
H nh 4.19. Mch khuch i cng sut OTL
2 BJT trn l 2 BJT b ph c cc tham s i xng n hau.
ch tnh, t C c np in n gi tr Ec/2. bn k m
ca uth, BTT di dn, t C ng vai tr l ngun cung cp cho n v ti
loa, cn BJT trn tt. Gii thch tng t, bn k dng ca uth, BTT
trn dn, ngun Vcc v t C cung cp cho n v ti loa. Dng xoay
chiu ic ln lt chy qua ti trong tng bn k tng ng, to nn in
p xoay chiu trn ti.
4.5.7.2. Mch OCL (Output Capacitor Less)
Ta xt s mch n gin sau (khng xt n mch phn cc)
H nh 4.19. Mch khuch i cng sut OTL
2 BJT trn l 2 BJT b ph c cc tham s i xng nhau.
bn k dng ca v
th
, BTT trn dn, cn BJT trn tt. bn k m ca
in p vo, BTT di dn, BJT trn tt. Dng xoay chiu i
c
ln lt
chy qua ti trong tng bn k tng ng, to nn in p xoay chiu
trn ti.
+Ec
vth
+Vcc
vs
-Vcc