Engineering Mathematics Material

2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 1

SUBJECT NAME : Engineering Mathematics II
SUBJECT CODE : MA 2161
MATERIAL NAME : Formula Material
MATERIAL CODE : JM08AM1003

Name of the Student: Branch:

Unit I (Ordinary Differential Equation)

1. ODE with constant coefficients: Solution C.F + P.I y=

Complementary functions:

Sl.No. Nature of Roots C.F
1.
1 2
m m = ( )
mx
Ax B e +
2.
1 2 3
m m m = =
( )
2 mx
Ax Bx c e + +
3.
1 2
m m =
1 2
mx m x
Ae Be +
4.
1 2 3
m m m = =
3 1 2
m x mx m x
Ae Be Ce + +
5.
1 2 3
, m m m =
3
( )
m x mx
Ax B e Ce + +
6. m i o | =
( cos sin )
x
e A x B x
o
| | +
7. m i| = cos sin A x B x | | +

Particular Integral:

Type-I
If ( ) 0 f x =

then . 0 P I =


Type-II
If ( )
ax
f x e =
1
.
( )
ax
P I e
D |
=

Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 2

Replace Dby a. If ( ) 0 D | = , then it is P.I. If ( ) 0 D | = , then diff. denominator
w.r.t Dand multiply xin numerator. Again replace Dby a. If you get denominator
again zero then do the same procedure.

Type-III

Case: i If ( ) sin ( ) cos f x ax or ax =

1
. sin (or) cos
( )
P I ax ax
D |
=
Here you have to replace only for
2
D not for D.
2
D is replaced by
2
a . If the
denominator is equal to zero, then apply same procedure as in Type I.

Case: ii If
2 2 3 3
( ) (or) cos (or) sin (or) cos f x Sin x x x x =

Use the following formulas
2
1 cos 2
2
x
Sin x

= ,
2
1 cos 2
cos
2
x
x
+
= ,
x x x =
3
3 1
sin sin sin3
4 4
, x x x = +
3
3 1
cos cos cos 3
4 4
and separate
1 2
. & . P I P I

Case: iii If ( ) sin cos ( ) cos sin ( ) cos cos ( ) sin sin f x A B or A B or A B or A B =
Use the following formulas:
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
( ) in cos ( ) sin( )
2
1
(ii) cos sin ( ) sin( )
2
1
( ) cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
1
( ) sin sin cos( ) cos( )
2
i s A B sin A B A B
A B Sin A B A B
iii A B A B A B
iv A B A B A B
= + +
= +
= + +
= +


Type-IV
If ( )
m
f x x =

1
.
( )
m
P I x
D |
=

1
1 ( )
m
x
g D
=
+

Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 3

( )
1
1 ( )
m
g D x

= +

Here we can use Binomial formula as follows:

i) ( )
1
2 3
1 1 ... x x x x

+ = + +
ii) ( )
1
2 3
1 1 ... x x x x

= + + + +
iii)
( )
2
2 3
1 1 2 3 4 ... x x x x

+ = + +
iv) ( )
2
2 3
1 1 2 3 4 ... x x x x

= + + + +
v)
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ... x x x x

+ = + +
vi)
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ... x x x x

= + + + +

Type-V
If ( )
ax
f x e V = where sin , cos ,
m
V ax ax x =

1
.
( )
ax
P I e V
D |
=

First operate
ax
e by replacing D by D+a.


1
( )
ax
e V
D a |
=
+


Type-VI
If ( )
n
f x x V = where sin , cos V ax ax =

sin I.P of
cos R.P of
iax
iax
ax e
ax e
=
=


Type-VII (Special Type Problems)

If ( ) sec (or) cosec (or) tan f x ax ax ax =

1
. ( ) ( )
ax ax
P I f x e e f x dx
D a

= =

}


1. ODE with variable co-efficient: (Eulers Method)

The equation is of the form
2
2
2
( )
d y dy
x x y f x
dx dx
+ + =
Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 4

Implies that
2 2
( 1) ( ) x D xD y f x + + =
To convert the variable coefficients into the constant coefficients
Put log z x = implies
z
x e =

2 2
3 3
( 1)
( 1)( 2)
xD D
x D D D
x D D D D
' =
' ' =
' ' ' =
where
d
D
dx
= and
d
D
dz
' =

The above equation implies that
( ) ( 1) 1 ( ) D D D y f x ' ' ' + + = which is O.D.E
with constant coefficients.
2. Legendres Linear differential equation:
The equation if of the form
2
2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
d y dy
ax b ax b y f x
dx dx
+ + + + =
Put log( ) z ax b = + implies ( )
z
ax b e + =

2 2 2
3 3 3
( )
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( 1)( 2)
ax b D aD
ax b D a D D
ax b D a D D D
' + =
' ' + =
' ' ' + =
where
d
D
dx
= and
d
D
dz
' =

3. Method of Variation of Parameters:

The equation is of the form
d y dy
a b cy f x
dx dx
+ + =
2
2
( )

1 2
. C F Ay By = + and

1 2
. P I Py Qy = +
where
2
1 2 1 2
( ) y f x
P dx
y y y y
=
' '
}
and
1
1 2 1 2
( ) y f x
Q dx
y y y y
=
' '
}


Unit II (Vector Calculus)

1. Vector differential operator is / / / i x j y k z V = c c + c c + c c
2. Gradient of | / / / i x j y k z | | | | = V = c c + c c + c c
3. Divergence of F F = V-
Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 5

4. Curl of F
1 2 3
/ / /
i j k
XF x y z
F F F
= V = c c c c c c
5. If F is Solenoidal vector then 0 F V =
6.
7. If F is Irrotational vector the 0 XF V =
8. Maximum Directional derivative | = V
9. Directional derivative of | in the direction of a
a
a
| V
=
10. Angle between two normals to the surface
1 2
1 2
cos
n n
n n
u =
Where
( )
1 1 1
1 1
( , , ) at x y z
n | = V &
( )
2 2 2
2 2
( , , ) at x y z
n | = V
11. Unit Normal vector, n
|
|
V
=
V

12. Equation of tangent plane
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 l x x m y y n z z + + =
Where l, m,n are coefficient of , , i j k in | V .
13. Equation of normal line
1 1 1
x x y y z z
l m n

= =
14. Work Done =
C
F dr
}
, where dr dxi dyj dzk = + +
15. If .
C
F dr
}
be independent of the path is that curl 0 F =
16. In the surface integral
.
dxdy
dS
n k
= ,
.
dydz
dS
n i
= ,
.
dzdx
dS
n j
= & dS ndS =




Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 6

17. Greens Theorem:
If , , ,
u v
u v
y x
c c
c c
are continuous and one-valued functions in the region R enclosed
by the curve C, then
C R
v u
udx vdy dxdy
x y
| | c c
+ =
|
c c
\ .
} }}
.
18. Stokes Theorem:
Let F be the vector point function, around a simple closed curve C and over the
open surface S having as its boundary, then
( )
x
C S
F dr F nds = V
} }}

19. Gauss Divergence Theorem:
Let F be a vector point function in a region R bounded by a closed surface S,
then
S V
F nds Fdv = V
}} }}}

Unit III (Analytic Function)

1. Necessary condition for f(z) is analytic function
Cauchy Riemann Equations: &
u v v u
x y x y
c c c c
= =
c c c c
(C-R equations)

2. Polar form of Cauchy-Riemann Equations:
1 1
&
u v v u
r r r r u u
c c c c
= =
c c c c

3. Condition for Harmonic function:
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y
c c
+ =
c c

4. If the function is harmonic then it should be either real or imaginary part of a
analytic function.
5. Milne Thomson method: (To find the analytic function f(z))
i) If u is given ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0)
x y
f z u z iu z dz ( =
}

ii) If v is given ( ) ( , 0) ( , 0)
y x
f z v z iv z dz ( = +
}


Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 7

6. To find the analytic function
i) ( ) ; ( ) f z u iv if z iu v = + = adding these two
We have ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) u v i u v i f z + + = +
then ( ) F z U iV = + where , & ( ) (1 ) ( ) U u v V u v F z i f z = = + = +
Here we can apply Milne Thomson method for F(z).
7. Bilinear transformation:
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
w w w w z z z z
w w w w z z z z

=


Unit IV (Complex Integration)
1. Cauchys Integral Theorem:
If f(z) is analytic and ( ) f z ' is continuous inside and on a simple closed curve C,
then ( ) 0
c
f z dz =
}
.
2. Cauchys Integral Formula:
If f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and
0
z is any point inside
C, then
( )
2 ( )
C
f z
dz if a
z a
t =

}

3. Cauchys Integral Formula for derivatives:
If a function f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and a is any
point lying in it, then
( )
2
1 ( )
( )
2
C
f z
f a dz
i
z a
t
' =

}

Similarly
( )
3
2! ( )
( )
2
C
f z
f a dz
i
z a
t
'' =

}
, In general
( )
( )
1
! ( )
( )
2
n
n
C
n f z
f a dz
i
z a
t
+
=

}

4. Cauchys Residue theorem:
If f(z) be analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed cuve c, except for a
finite number of isolated singularities
1 2 3
, , ,...
n
z z z z inside c, then
( ) 2 (sum of the residues of ( ))
C
f z dz i f z t =
}
.


Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 8

5. Critical point:
The point, at which the mapping w = f(z) is not conformal, (i.e) ( ) 0 f z ' = is called
a critical point of the mapping.
6. Fixed points (or) Invariant points:
The fixed points of the transformation
az b
w
cz d
+
=
+
is obtained by putting w = z in
the above transformation, the point z = a is called fixed point.
7. Re { ( )} ( ) ( )
z a
s f z Lt z a f z

= (Simple pole)
8. ( )
( )
1
1
1
Re { ( )} ( )
( 1)!
m
m
m
z a
d
s f z Lt z a f z
m dz

(Multi Pole (or) Pole of order m)

9.
( )
Re { ( )}
( )
z a
P z
s f z Lt
Q z

=
'

10. Taylor Series:
A function ( ) f z , analytic inside a circle C with centre at a, can be expanded in
the series
2 3
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ...
1! 2! 3! !
n
n
z a z a z a z a
f z f a f a f a f a f a
n

' '' ''' = + + + + + +
Maclaurins Series:
Taking a = 0, Taylors series reduce to
2 3
( ) (0) (0) (0) (0) ...
1! 2! 3!
z z z
f z f f f f ' '' ''' = + + + +
11. Laurents Series:
0 1
( ) ( )
( )
n n
n n
n n
b
f z a z a
z a

= =
= +

where
1
1
1 ( )
2 ( )
n n
C
f z
a dz
i z a t
+
=

}
&
2
1
1 ( )
2 ( )
n n
C
f z
b dz
i z a t

=

}
, the integrals being
taken anticlockwise.
12. Isolated Singularity:
A point
0
z z = is said to be isolated singularity of ( ) f z if ( ) f z is not analytic at
0
z z = and there exists a neighborhood of
0
z z = containing no other singularity.
Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 9

Example:
1
( ) f z
z
= . This function is analytic everywhere except at 0 z = .
0 z = is an isolated singularity.
13. Removable Singularity:
A singular point
0
z z = is called a removable singularity of ( ) f z if
0
lim ( ) f z
z z

exists finitely.
Example:
sin
lim ( ) lim 1
0 0
z
f z
z
z z
= =

(finite) 0 z = is a removable
singularity.
14. Essential Singularity:
If the principal part contains an infinite number of non zero terms, then
0
z z = is
known as a essential singularity.
Example:
( )
2
1
1/
1/
( ) 1 ...
1! 2!
z
z
z
f z e = = + + + has 0 z = as an essential
singularity.
CONTOUR INTEGRATION:
15. Type: I
The integrals of the form
2
0
(cos , sin ) f d
t
u u u
}
Here we shall choose the contour
as the unit circle : 1 or , 0 2
i
C z z e
u
u t = = s s . On this type
2
1
cos
2
z
z
u
+
= ,
2
1
sin
2
z
iz
u

= and
1
d dz
iz
u = .
16. Type: II
Improper integrals of the form
( )
( )
P x
dx
Q x

}
, where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials
in x such that the degree of Q exceeds that of P at least by two and Q(x) does not
vanish for any x. Here ( ) ( ) ( )
R
C R
f z dz f x dx f z dz
I

= +
} } }
as ( ) 0 R f z dz
I
=
}
.
Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 10

17. Type: III
The integrals of the form ( ) cos (or) ( ) sin f x mxdx f x mxdx


} }
where
( ) 0 as f x x .
Unit V (Laplace Transform)
1. Definition: | |
0
( ) ( )
st
L f t e f t dt

=
}

2.
Sl.No

1. | |
1 L
1
s

2.
n
L t (


1 1
! ( 1)
n n
n n
s s
+ +
I +
=
3.
at
L e (


1
s a

4.
at
L e

(


1
s a +

5. | | sin L at
2 2
a
s a +

6. | | cos L at
2 2
s
s a +

7. | | sinh L at
2 2
a
s a

8. | | cosh L at
2 2
s
s a


3. Linear Property:
| | | | | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L af t bg t aL f t bL g t =
4. First Shifting property:
If
| | ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
i)
| | ( ) ( )
at
s s a
L e f t F s

( =


ii)
| | ( ) ( )
at
s s a
L e f t F s

+
( =




Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 11

5. Second Shifting property:
If
| | ( ) ( ) L f t F s = ,
( ),
( )
0,
f t a t a
g t
t a
>
=

<

then
| | ( ) ( )
as
L g t e F s

=
6. Change of scale:
If
| | ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then | |
1
( )
s
L f at F
a a
| |
=
|
\ .

7. Transform of derivative:
If
| | ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
| | ( ) ( )
d
L tf t F s
ds
= ,
2
2
2
( ) ( )
d
L t f t F s
ds
( =

,
In general ( ) ( 1) ( )
n
n n
n
d
L t f t F s
ds
( =


8. Transform of Integral;
If
| | ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
1
( ) ( )
s
L f t F s ds
t

(
=
(

}

9. Initial value Theorem:
If
| | ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
( ) ( )
0 s
Lt f t Lt sF s
t
=


10. Final value Theorem:
If
| | ( ) ( ) L f t F s = , then
( ) ( )
s 0
Lt f t Lt sF s
t
=


11.
Sl.No
1.
1
1
L
s

(
(


1
2.
1
1
L
s a

(
(

at
e
3.
1
1
L
s a

(
(
+


at
e

4.
1
2 2
s
L
s a

(
(
+


cosat
5.
1
2 2
1
L
s a

(
(
+


1
sin at
a

Engineering Mathematics Material
2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 12

6.
1
2 2
s
L
s a

(
(

coshat
7.
1
2 2
1
L
s a

(
(

1
sinh at
a

8.
1
1
n
L
s

(
(


1
( 1)!
n
t
n

12. Deriative of inverse Laplace Transform:
| | | |
1 1
1
( ) ( ) L F s L F s
t

' =
13. Colvolution of two functions:
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
f t g t f u g t u du - =
}

14. Covolution theorem:
If f(t) & g(t) are functions defined for 0 t > then
| | | | | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L f t g t L f t L g t - =

15. Convolution theorem of inverse Laplace Transform:


| | | | | |
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L F s G s L F s L G s

= -

16. Solving ODE for second order differential equations using Laplace Transform
i)
| | | | ( ) ( ) (0) L y t sL y t y ' =
ii)
| | | |
2
( ) ( ) (0) (0) L y t s L y t sy y '' ' =
iii)
| | | |
3 2
( ) ( ) (0) (0) (0) L y t s L y t s y sy y ''' ' '' = take
| | ( ) y L y t =
17. Solving integral equation:
| |
0
1
( ) ( )
t
L y t dt L y t
s
(
=
(

}

18. Inverse Laplace Transform by Contour Integral method
| |
1
1
( ) ( )
2
st
c
L F s F s e ds
i t

=
}

19. Periodic function in Laplace Transform:
If f(x+T) = f(x), then f(x) is periodic function with period T.
| |
0
1
( ) ( )
1
T
st
sT
L f t e f t dt
e