N TP HA HC 10 CHNG 1 BAN C BN

Dng 1: Bi tp lin quan n ng v

Cu 1: Trong t nhin Mg c 3 ng v 24Mg 79%, 25Mg 11% v 26Mg. Tnh khi lng nguyn t
trung bnh ca Mg?
HNG DN:
% 26Mg = 100 ( 79 + 11) = 10%
24 79 + 25 11 + 26 10
= 24,31
A =
100
Cu 2: ng trong t nhin gm 2 ng v
63,54.
a/ Tnh t l % ca mi ng v?
63
b/ Tnh t l % ca 29 Cu trong CuSO4.5H2O
HNG DN:

63
29

Cu v

65
29

Cu . Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l

63
65
a/ t % 29 Cu l x % % 29 Cu l : (100 x) %
p dng CT tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh:
63 x + 65(100 x)
63,54 =
x = 73%
100
63
65
% 29 Cu = 73% , % 29 Cu = 27%
64
100% = 25, 6%
b/ %Cu (trong CuSO4.5H2O) =
250
63
% 29 Cu (trong CuSO4.5H2O) = 73%.25,6 18,7 %
65

% 29 Cu ( trong CuSO4.5H2O) = 27% . 25,6 6,9%

Cu 3: Magie c 2 ng v X v Y. ng v X c s khi 24, ng v Y hn ng v X 1 ntron. Tnh
nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg ; bit s nguyn t trong 2 ng v c t l X : Y = 3:2
HNG DN:
3
2
= 60%
; %Y= = 40%
2
5
S khi: AX = 24 ; AY = 24+1 = 25
24 60 + 25 40
= 24, 4
A =
100
%X=

Cu 4: Mt nguyn t X c 3 ng v A1X(92,3%) ; A2X ( 4,7%) v A3X( 3%). Bit tng s khi 3 ng

v l 87. S ntron trong A2X nhiu hn trong A1X l 1 ht. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca X l
28,107
a/ Tm cc s khi A1, A2, A3
b/ Nu ng v A1X c s ntron v s proton nh nhau. Tm s ntron trong mi ng v?
HNG DN:
a/ Ta gii h 3 phng trnh:
1

A1 + A2 + A3 = 87

A2 A1 = 1

92, 3 A + 4, 7 A + 3 A
1
2
3

= 28,107
100

A1 = 28 ; A2 = 29 ; A3 = 30
p + n = 28
b/ Trong ng v A1X :
p = n = 14
p=n
ng v 1: n=14
ng v 2: n= 14 + 1 = 15
ng v 3 : n= 30 14 = 16
Cu 5: Cho mt dung dch cha 8,19(g) mui NaX tc dng vi lng d AgNO 3 thu c 20,09(g)
kt ta.
a/ Tm khi lng nguyn t ca X, tn gi ca X?
b/ Bit X c 2 ng v, trong ng v th nht hn ng v th hai 50% v s nguyn t v ht nhn
ng v 1 km ng v 2 l 2 ntron. Tm s khi ca mi ng v?
HNG DN:
a/

NaX + AgNO3 AgX + NaNO3

8,19
20, 09
(mol)
(mol)
23 + X
108 + X
8,19
20, 09
=

X= 35,5 X l Clo
23 + X 108 + X
b/ Gi x, y l % ca ng v th nht v th 2
x + y = 100%
x = 75%


x y = 50%
y = 25%
t X l s khi ng v th nht s khi ng v th 2 l X+2
75 X + 25( X + 2)
Ta c 35,5 =
X=35
100
S : S khi 2 ng v l 35 v 37
Dng 2: Tm cc loi ht c bn khi c d kin
Cu 1 : Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 82, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn
s ht khng mang in l 22. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v tn nguyn t X.
HNG DN:
Gi p, n, e l cc ht proton, ntron v electron trong X
Ta c:
p + e + n = 82
M p = e 2p + n = 82 (1)
Theo s ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in l 22, do :
( p + e ) n = 22 hay 2p n = 22 (2)
p = 26
Gii h pt (1) v (2) ta c:
Z = p = 26 ; A= p + n = 56 ; X l Fe
n = 30
Cu 2 : Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 115, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn
s ht khng mang in l 25. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v tn nguyn t X
HNG DN: ( tng t cu 1)
2

Cu 3 : Tng s ht trong 2 nguyn t kim loi A v B l 142, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu
hn tng s ht khng mang in l 42. S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca A l 12.
a/ Xc nh 2 kim loi A v B
b/ Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch A t mui cacbonat ca A v iu ch B t mt oxit
ca B?
HNG DN:
a/ Gi p, n, e l cc ht trong nguyn t A
p, n, e l cc ht trong nguyn t B
Ta c p = e ; p = e nn :
(2 p + n) + (2 p '+ n ') = 142
p = 20

Ta c (2 p + 2 p ') ( n + n ') = 42
A l Ca, B l Fe
p ' = 26
2 p ' 2 p = 12

b/ iu ch Ca t mui cacbonat ca Ca :
CaCO 3

+HCl

CaCl 2

dpnc

Ca + Cl2

iu ch Fe t oxit :

3FeO + Al
Hoc
Hoc

t0

0
3FeO + CO t

3FeO + H2

t0

Al2O 3 + Fe
CO 2 + Fe
H2O + Fe

Cu 4 : Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 155, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn

s ht khng mang in l 33.
a/ Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi, vit k hiu nguyn t X?
b/ Trong t nhin, X c 2 ng v X1 v X2. Trong ng v X2 nhiu hn ng v X1 l 2
ntron; % cc ng v trong X bng nhau. Hy xc nh cc ng v ca X, bit nguyn t khi trung
bnh ca X l 108.
HNG DN:
p + n + e = 155
2 p + n = 155
p = 47
a/ Ta c
m p = e

p + e n = 33
2 p n = 33
n = 61
X l Ag
Z= p= 47 ; A= p + n = 108
108
K hiu: 47 Ag
b/ Gi X1 v X2 ln lt l cc s khi ca cc ng v ca X
Ta c: X2 X1 = 2 ; %X1 = %X2 = 50%
50 X 1 + 50(2 + X1 )
= 108

100
X1 = 107 ; X2 = 107 + 2 = 109

Dng 3: Tm cc ht c bn khi thiu d kin ( p dng iu kin bn ca cc nguyn t c Z t 2

82 )
Cu 1: Tng cc ht p, n, e trong nguyn t X l 10. Xc nh cc ht trong X.
HNG DN:
3

Ta c
p + n + e = 10
M trong nguyn t c p= e 2p + n = 10
Theo iu kin bn ca nguyn t c Z= 2 82, ta c:
n
1
1,5 hay p n 1,5p
p
p 10 2p 1,5p
2,86 p 3,33
M p nguyn nn ta chn p= 3 e = p = 3, n= 10 2.3 = 4
Cu 2: Tng cc ht p, n, e trong nguyn t X l 13. Xc nh cc ht trong X. Vit cu hnh e ca X.
Cho bit X c tnh cht g? V sao?
HNG DN:
Ta c
p + n + e = 13
M trong nguyn t c p= e 2p + n = 10
Theo iu kin bn ca nguyn t c Z= 2 82, ta c:
n
1
1,5 hay p n 1,5p
p
p 10 2p 1,5p
2,86 p 3,33
M p nguyn nn ta chn p= 3 e = p = 3, n= 10 2.3 = 4
Cu hnh e ca X : 1s22s2
X c tnh kim loi v X c 2e lp ngoi cng
Cu 3: Tng cc ht p, n, e trong nguyn t X l 46. Xc nh cc ht trong X. Vit cu hnh e ca X.
Cho bit X c tnh cht g? V sao? t cu hnh e ca kh him th X nhng hay nhn bao nhiu
electron?
HNG DN: (tng t cu 2, chn p = 14 hoc p= 15)
Cu 4: Tng cc ht p, n, e trong nguyn t X l 58. Xc nh cc ht trong X. Vit cu hnh e ca X.
Cho bit X c tnh cht g? V sao? t cu hnh e ca kh him th X nhng hay nhn bao nhiu
electron?
HNG DN: (tng t cu 2, chn p = 16 hoc p= 17 hoc p= 18)
Dng 4: Bi tp c lin quan n cu hnh electron.
Cu 1: Vit y cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c lp e ngoi cng l:
a/ 2s2
b/ 2s22p4
c/ 3s1
d/ 3s23p5
e/ 3d64s2
f/ 4s24p5
g/ 5s1
Cu 2: Mt nguyn t lp th 3 ( lp M) l lp ngoi cng c 7 electron.
a/ Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t ?
b/ C th tnh c khi lng nguyn t khng? V sao?
Cu 3: A l nguyn t ma fnguyeen t c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p. B l nguyn t m nguyn t
cng c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p, hai phn lp ny hn nhau 1 electron. B c 2e lp ngoi cng.
Vit cu hnh electron ca A v B?
Cu 4: Nguyn t A khng phi l kh him, nguyn t ca n c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p. Nguyn
t B c phn lp ngoi cng l 4s.
a/ Trong 2 nguyn t A v B, nguyn t no l kim loi, nguyn t no l phi kim?
b/ Xc nh tn, vit cu hnh e ca A v B. Bit tng s e c trong phn lp ngoi cng ca A
v B bng 7