HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

TNG QUAN V VIN THNG

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

TNG QUANG V VIN THNG

Bin son : Ths. Nguyn Vn t Ths. Nguyn Th Thu Hng Ks. L S t Ks. L Hi Chu

TNG QUAN V VIN THNG

M s : 411TQV260
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1 (Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: /Q-TTT1 ngy ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)

LI NI U
Trong nhng nm qua, h tng vin thng pht trin nhanh v c cng ngh v cht lng cung cp dch v. Vin thng tri qua mt qu trnh pht trin lu di vi nhiu bc ngot trong pht trin cng ngh v pht trin mng li. Vit Nam cng nh cc nc trn th gii, hin nay c rt nhiu nh khai thc vin thng khc nhau vi s a dng ca cng ngh v cu hnh mng cng nh cc dch v cung cp. c c ci nhn tng quan v vin thng ni chung, nm bt nhng kin thc c bn v vin thng v cng nm trong chng trnh o to ca h i hc t xa ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, cun ti liu Tng quan v vin thng c cc ging vin B mn Mng Vin thng, Khoa Vin thng I bin son. Ti liu gm 6 chng, trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v lch s pht trin ca vin thng, cc dch v vin thng, cc k thut c bn v truyn dn v chuyn mch trong vin thng cng vn bo hiu v ng b mng. Chng 1- Gii thiu chung: chng ny cung cp cho hc vin cch nhn tng quan v mng vin thng; qu trnh pht trin ca vin thng trong qu kh, hin ti v xu hng pht trin trong tng lai cng nh cc khi nim c bn trong vin thng c cp gip ngi c bc u hiu v vin thng ni chung v c s tip cn vi h thng vin thng phc tp. Chng 2- Dch v vin thng: chng ny cp n cc vn lin quan n dch v vin thng nh khi nim, cch thc phn loi dch v vin thng, cc yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v v cht lng mng, ng thi gii thiu v cc loi hnh dch v vin thng c bn v cc dch v mi trn th gii v Vit Nam, nhu cu v xu hng pht trin dch v vin thng. Chng 3- Cc mng vin thng: chng ny gii thiu s hnh thnh v pht trin ca cc mng vin thng: cc mng mng in thoi, cc loi mng v cng ngh mng truyn s liu, mng my tnh, Internet. Chng ny cn gii thiu nhng khi nim cn bn v cc phn t to nn mng vin thng, v quan im phn tng giao thc v cc phng thc chuyn giao thng tin qua cc mng c bn. Chng 4- Cc vn truyn dn v ghp knh. Chng 4 trnh by cc ni dung lin quan n truyn dn; khi nim v ghp knh v cc k thut ghp knh c s dng trong mng vin thng. Chng 5- Cc vn v chuyn mch v nh tuyn. Chng ny trnh by cc khi nim v chuyn mch knh, k thut chuyn mch thi gian v khng gian, s kt hp cc k thut trong cc h thng chuyn mch; K thut chuyn mch gi, nhng khi nim v nh tuyn v s phn loi chng cng c cp. Chng 6- Bo hiu v ng b trong mng vin thng: Chng ny a ra cc khi nim v cc k thut c bn v bo hiu; vai tr v cc gii php ng b mng v ng b trong mng vin thng Vit Nam (ca VNPT).

 phn u mi chng u c phn gii thiu v ni dung ca chng v ch r nhng kin thc c bn hc vin cn nm bt sau khi hc xong chng ny. Ngoi ra, gip sinh vin cng c kin thc hc, cui mi chng u c cc cu hi n tp. Cc cu hi c a ra di dng trc nghim, gip hc vin c th t nh gi nh phn hng dn tr li cui ti liu. y l ti liu cung cp cho cc hc vin h o to i hc t xa ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng ni ring cng nh nhng ngi c mun tm hiu, tip cn v vin thng, mt trong nhng lnh vc cng ngh hin i v rt phc tp. Trong qu trnh bin son, chng ti lun c gng a ra nhng gii thch, v d n gin d hiu, tuy nhin khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong cc hc vin, bn c thng cm v cho nhng gp . Nhng kin ng gp xin gi v :

B mn Mng vin thng- Khoa Vin thng 1- Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng T: 84-34-515484, bomonmangVT1@yahoo.com

H Ni, thng 8 nm 2006

CHNG 1 - GII THIU CHUNG

GII THIU CHNG Mc ch ca chng 1 l cung cp cho ngi c nhng khi nim c bn nht v vin thng, v qu trnh pht trin ca vin thng trong qu kh, hin ti v xu hng pht trin trong tng lai. Phn u chng 1 cp n lch s pht trin vin thng v nhng khi nim cn bn v thng tin, tn hiu v h thng truyn thng. Vn chun ha l mt ni dung rt quan trng trong vic nghin cu, tm hiu vin thng ni chung. Chng 1 trnh by cc ni dung lin quan n vn chun ha, trong gii thiu v cc t chc chun ha khc nhau. y l cc t chc chun ha quc gia, khu vc v quc t c nh hng rt ln ti cc nh sn xut thit b vin thng, cc nh khai thc vin thng v c khch hng s dng dch v vin thng. Hc vin cn phi nm c cc khi nim c bn v thng tin, tn hiu v h thng truyn thng; lch s pht trin vin thng v cc t chc chun ha vin thng quc t.

1.1 LCH S PHT TRIN CA VIN THNG

Vin thng l mt trong nhng b phn kinh doanh pht trin nhanh nht trong cc cng ngh thng tin hin i. Ch cch y vi thp k, c coi l c hiu bit c bn v vin thng, ta ch cn nm bt c cch thc hot ng ca mng in thoi l . Ngy nay, lnh vc vin thng bao gm rt nhiu cng ngh v dch v hin i. Ngoi mt vi dch v hon thin nh dch v in thoi c nh cn c rt nhiu dch v v ang bng n nh dch v in thoi di ng v Internet. S xa b nhng quy nh trong nn cng nghip vin thng lm kinh doanh tng trng mc d gi c ca cc dch v ngy cng gim. Mi trng vin thng m mi ngi phi la chn hin nay kh l phc tp. Trc y, chng ta ch c mt la chn duy nht l c dng hay khng dch v ca mt nh cung cp dch v thoi duy nht. Ngy nay, c rt nhiu nh cung cp dch v cung cp dch v ADSL hoc modem cp cho truy nhp Internet v chng ta c th la chn mt trong s nhiu nh cung cp khi mun dng dch v thoi. Vin thng l ngun ti nguyn quan trng mang tnh chin lc cho hu ht cc tp on hin i v tm quan trng ca vin thng ngy cng gia tng. Mi trng vin thng lun lun thay i ny cho ta nhiu la chn mi v chng ta cn hiu v vin thng nhiu hn v tng qut hn c th tn dng c nhng kh nng sn c ngy nay. 1.1.1 Khi nim chung v vin thng Vin thng: bao gm nhng vn lin quan n vic truyn thng tin (trao i hay qung b thng tin) gia cc i tng qua mt khong cch, ngha l bao gm bt k hot ng lin quan ti vic pht/nhn tin tc (m thanh, hnh nh, ch vit, d liu, ) qua cc 3

phng tin truyn thng (hu tuyn nh ng dy kim loi, cp quang hoc v tuyn hoc cc h thng in t khc). Hnh 1.1 l lc phn loi vin thng. Vin thng chim phn ch o trong truyn thng. Truyn thng l vic truyn thng tin t mt im ti mt im khc, gm c truyn thng c hc (bu chnh) v truyn thng in (vin thng) bi v n pht trin t dng c hc (my mc) sang dng in/quang v ngy cng s dng nhng h thng in/quang phc tp hn.

Vin thng

n hng

Song hng

Truyn thanh

Truyn hnh

in bo

Telex

in thoi c nh

in thoi di ng

Truyn d liu

Th in t

Truyn hnh hi ngh

Truyn hnh v tuyn

Truyn hnh cp

Hnh 1.1: Vin thng

T phn truyn thng c hc (th t, bo ch) ang c xu hng gim trong khi t phn truyn thng in/quang, c bit l truyn song hng, li gia tng v s chim th phn ch o trong tng lai. V vy, ngy nay nhng tp on bo ch cng ang tp trung v hng ti truyn thng in/quang, coi l c hi kinh doanh tng lai ca mnh. 1.1.2 Cc giai on pht trin vin thng Vin thng tri qua nhiu giai on lch s khc nhau. Hnh 1.2 cho ta nhng mc lch s pht trin quan trng trong vin thng, ch yu nhn mnh vo s pht trin v m rng ca cc h thng v dch v vin thng (chi tit hn v cc dch v c gii thiu trong Chng 2). C th phn s pht trin ca vin thng qua bn giai on chnh. Giai on th nht ko di khong 90 nm t khi in thoi ra i v pht trin. Giai on th hai l giai on xut hin chuyn mch SPC, truyn dn s v thng tin v tinh. Giai on th 3 l giai on pht trin c trng ca cc mng d liu v cng ngh chuyn mch gi. Giai on th 4 xut hin cng vn lin kt mng truyn thng. Phn tip theo trnh by nhng mc thi gian ng nh i theo nhng s kin ni bt lin quan ti vin thng (xem Ph lc 1 bit thm chi tit). 1838-1866 in bo (telegraph): Samuel Morse hon thin h thng in bo ca chnh mnh; in bo l dch v vin thng u tin xut hin nm 1844.

1876-1899 in thoi (telephony): Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi (1876); xut hin tng i in thoi u tin vi 8 ng dy; Almond Strowger sng ch ra tng i c in kiu tng nc (step by step, 1887). 1920-1928 Carson, Nyquist, Johnson v Hartley gii thiu l thuyt truyn dn. 1923-1938 Truyn hnh (Television): H thng c hnh nh c thc hin; bt u nhng th nghim v thc nghim qung b. 1937 Alec Reeves hnh thnh khi nim iu xung m (PCM). 1938-1945 Cc h thng radar v viba pht trin trong i chin th gii ln th 2; FM c s dng rng khp trong truyn thng qun s. 1948-1950 C.E. Shannon pht hnh cc bi bo nn tng v l thuyt thng tin.

WAN: Mng din rng LAN: Mng ni ht WLAN: LAN khng dy WWW: World Wide Web ADSL: ng dy thu bao s bt i xng ISDN: Mng s tch hp a dch v AM: iu ch theo bin FM: iu ch theo tn s IP: Giao thc Internet CS: Chuyn mch knh PS: Chuyn gi VoD: Truyn video theo yu cu TV: Truyn hnh

Hnh 1.2: S pht trin ca cc h thng v dch v vin thng

1950 1953 1955

Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) c p dng vo in thoi. Cc chun Tivi mu c cng b M. J. R. Pierce xut cc h thng truyn thng v tinh.

1962-1966 Dch v truyn d liu c thng mi; PCM chng t s thch hp cho truyn thoi v TV; l thuyt truyn dn s c pht trin. 1965 1976 Mariner IV truyn nhng bc nh t Sao Ha v Tri t. Ethernet LAN do Metcalfe v Broggs (Xerox) sng ch.

19701975 Chun PCM c CCITT trin khai. 19801983 Khi ng ca Internet ton cu da trn giao thc TCP/IP. 19801985 Cc mng di ng t bo hin i cung cp dch v; NMT Bc u, AMPS M, m hnh tham chiu OSI c T chc chun ha quc t (ISO) nh ngha. 1989 Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) c ban u cho vn kin kt ni Web trn WWW (World Wide Web). 5

19901997 H thng t bo s u tin, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), c thng mi v pht trin mnh trn ton th gii; S dng Internet v dch v m rng nhanh chng nh c WWW. 19972001 Cng ng vin thng c bi b quy nh v kinh doanh pht trin nhanh chng; cc mng t bo s, c bit l GSM m rng trn ton th gii; nhng ng dng thng mi ca Internet m rng v mt phn truyn thng thoi truyn thng c chuyn t mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) sang Internet; cht lng LAN c ci thin vi cng ngh Ethernet tin tin c tc ln ti tm Gigabit/s 20012005 Truyn hnh s bt u thay th truyn hnh qung b tng t; cc h thng truy nhp bng rng m rng kh nng cung cp dch v Internet a phng tin ti mi ngi; dch v thoi tr thnh dch v truyn thng c nhn khi s xm nhp ca cc h thng t bo v PCS tng ln. 2005 Truyn hnh s s thay th truyn hnh tng t v bt u cung cp cc dch v tng tc ngoi dch v qung b; cc h thng di ng t bo th h th 3 v cc cng ngh WLAN s cung cp cc dch v d liu tin tin cho ngi s dng di ng; cc dch v di ng ni ht s m rng, ng dng cho nhng cng ngh khng dy khong cch ngn trong nh v cng s s tng ln; mng vin thng ton cu s tin trin hng ti mt bng mng chuyn mch gi chung cho tt c cc loi dch v.

1.2 KHI NIM V THNG TIN, TN HIU V H THNG TRUYN THNG

1.2.1 Cc khi nim v thng tin, truyn thng, bn tin v ngun tin Thng tin (Information) Thng tin l cc tnh cht xc nh ca vt cht c tip nhn bi nh quan st t th gii vt cht xung quanh. C th hiu mt cch chung nht, thng tin (hay cn gi l tin tc) l s hiu bit hay tri thc, c kh nng c biu din di nhng dng thch hp cho qu trnh trao i, truyn a, lu gi hay x l. Cc dng thc thng tin c bn bao gm: ting ni, hnh nh (hnh nh tnh, hnh nh ng), d liu (k t, th). Nhng thng tin ny c thuc tnh chung l u cha ng tng trong hot ng t duy ca con ngi. Bn tin (Message) Thng tin c th hin mt dng thc nht nh c gi l bn tin. Dng th hin c th l vn bn, bn nhc, hnh v, on thoi. Mt bn tin cha ng mt lng thng tin c th, c ngun v ch xc nh cn c chuyn mt cch chnh xc, ng ch v kp thi. Ngun tin (Information source)

Ngun tin l ni sn sinh hay cha cc bn tin cn truyn. V th, ngun tin c th l con ngi hay cc thit b thu pht m thanh, hnh nh, cc thit b lu tr v thu nhn thng tin pht i 1.2.2 S khi h thng truyn thng tin H thng truyn thng (HTTT) thc hin cc chc nng x l cn thit, bin i thng tin cn trao i thun tin cho vic lu tr, sa cha v truyn qua h thng. Hnh 1.3 cho ta s khi ca HTTT, thng tin truyn qua h thng c th l mt chiu truyn n hng (Hnh 1.3a) hoc trao i hai chiu truyn hai hng (Hnh 1.3b). Thng tin t ngun tin i ti thit b u cui (TBC) pht chuyn thnh tn hiu. Tn hiu ny c truyn qua mi trng truyn dn (knh truyn thng) ti TBC thu. Ti y, tn hiu c bin i ngc li thnh thng tin v a ti ni nhn tin.
Bn tin Tn hiu pht TBC pht Tn hiu thu TBC thu Bn tin

Ngun tin

Mi trng truyn dn

Nhn tin

a) Truyn thng mt chiu

Tn hiu pht/thu TBC pht/thu Tn hiu thu/pht TBC thu/pht

Bn tin

Bn tin

Pht/nhn tin

Mi trng truyn dn

Nhn/pht tin

b) Truyn thng hai chiu

Hnh 1.3: M hnh h thng truyn thng HTTT do con ngi to ra da trn cc thnh tu khoa hc, lao ng sng to phc v cho nhu cu trao i thng tin ca con ngi. HTTT rt a dng, khng ngng pht trin v hon thin. Ty thuc vo tin tc, thit b u cui trong HTTT c th c cc cu to khc nhau, s dng cc phng php bin i tin tc tn hiu khc nhau (v d: TBC l micro chuyn ting ni thnh tn hiu thoi, l loa chuyn tn hiu thoi thnh ting ni). Mi trng truyn dn c hai loi l hu tuyn (c dy) v v tuyn (khng dy). Mi trng truyn dn hu tuyn bao gm cc loi ng dy thng tin nh cp ng nhiu i, cp ng trc, si quang Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn l khong khng bao quanh tri t, chnh l cc tng kh quyn, tng in ly v khong khng v tr khc (khng phi chn khng). Cc HTTT u b nh hng bi nhiu, l cc dng nng lng tc ng lm thay i tn hiu truyn i trong h thng. C nhiu loi nhiu khc nhau do mi trng bn ngoi v chnh cc thit b bn trong tc ng vo h thng, in hnh l nhiu nhit (gy ra bi mch in v cc cu kin in t trong h thng), nhiu in t (st, ng dy in bn ngoi) 7

1.2.3 Khi nim v tn hiu, m ha v iu ch Tn hiu (Signal) Trong HTTH n gin (Hnh 1.3), thng tin trao i c a qua cc chc nng x l cn thit. Trc ht l chc nng bin i thng tin thnh mt i lng vt l trung gian c gi l tn hiu. H thng truyn thng in t thng bao gm cc thc th chc nng x l tn hiu in v t. Nh vy, trong vin thng, tn hiu thc cht l mt dng nng lng mang theo thng tin tch ra c v truyn t ni pht n ni nhn. C nhiu quan im phn loi tn hiu khc nhau trong vin thng. Mt s quan im phn loi thng gp nh sau : Theo c tnh hm s : Tn hiu lin tc (hay cn gi l tn hiu tng t - Analog) v tn hiu xung. Trong tn hiu xung, c mt h tn hiu quan trng l tn hiu s (Digital). Hai tn hiu tng t v s c nhng chc nng x l khc nhau: o Tn hiu tng t (analog signal), vi cc chc nng x l nh: khuch i tuyn tnh, lc, iu ch, nn gin... o Tn hiu k thut s (digital signal), vi cc chc nng x l nh: m ha, ti to, lu tr, iu ch, xo trn, nn gin, sa li... Cn nh rng, tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s c th cng ti mt thng tin v c th c chuyn i ln nhau. Theo thng tin (ngun tin): nhn mnh ti bn cht thng tin trong tn hiu, ngi ta thng dng cc thut ng nh: tn hiu m thanh (trong c tn hiu thoi, tn hiu ca nhc ); tn hiu hnh nh (hnh nh tnh, hnh nh ng ); tn hiu d liu. Theo nng lng mang: Tn hiu c phn chia tng ng vi dng nng lng dng mang thng tin. V d : tn hiu in, tn hiu quang Theo vng tn s : Tng ng vi vng tn s m ph tn hiu chim gi ta c tn hiu m tn, tn hiu cao tn, tn hiu siu cao tn Ngoi ra cn nhiu cc phn loi tn hiu khc, ty thuc vo h thng mng v cch thc truyn thng s c gii thiu hoc lm quen sau ny.

Hnh 1.4 m t tn hiu thoi tng t v tn hiu thoi k thut s. Tn hiu tng t in hnh l tn hiu c bin bin thin lin tc theo thi gian. Trong Hnh 1.4(a) c v s cc gi tr trong khong i(max) i(min) u c ngha v mt mang thng tin, vi mt mc chnh xc no . Do thng tin c cha ng chnh trong dng ng sng ca hm thi gian nn h thng truyn thng tng t cn phi phn pht bo tn dng ng sng, vi mc trung thc c th. mnh ca tn hiu tng t thay i trong khong 30dB100dB ty theo cc ng dng. Do h thng tng t cn m bo tnh tuyn tnh trong mt di ng tng i ln (t tn hiu yu nht ti tn hiu mnh hn hng nghn ln)

i 4 3 i i(max) 2 1 0 0 i(min) t t i

(b) Tn hiu k thut s

(a) Tn hiu tng t

0 t

(c) Tn hiu nh phn

Hnh 1.4: Tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t Hnh 1.4(b) m t tn hiu k thut s. y ch c hu hn (0;1;2;3;4) gi tr dng in c ngha v mt m ha thng tin, nhng gi tr khc khng c ngha mng thng tin. Mt dng tn hiu s thng dng l tn hiu nh phn 1.4(c). Vi tn hiu nh phn ch c 2 gi tr l 0 v 1. Da trn cc chc nng x l trong h thng, c th phn bit mt h thng tng t khc vi h thng k thut s. H thng tng t bao gm cc thc th chc nng x l tn hiu tng t. H thng k thut s bao gm cc chc nng x l tn hiu k thut s. Ngy nay, h thng k thut s vi nhiu u im vt tri, ang dn dn thay th cc h thng tng t. M ha (Coding) M ha c chia lm hai loi : M ha ngun (source coding) nn ngun thng tin v m ha knh (channel coding) bo v bn tin khi truyn trn knh. M ha ngun l phng thc m ha tn hiu thnh cc bt thng tin c th truyn i, ng thi cng lm ti a dung lng knh truyn. Trong m ha ngun, c th chia theo cc loi ngun thng tin khc nhau thoi, s liu hoc hnh nh. Vi thoi, thng hay gp nht trong l m ha theo bin nh PCM, ngoi ra cn c m ha DPCM, DPCM thch ng. Hin nay c cc b m ha thoi theo dng sng c s dng rng ri nh CELP, cc b m ha ny c dng cho truyn thoi qua mng gi, tn hiu thoi c nn xung c tc thp hn nhiu so vi tc PCM. M ha knh l phng php b sung thm cc bt vo bn tin truyn i nhm mc ch pht hin v/hoc sa li. iu ch (Modulation) Thng tin cn truyn c trn ln vi tn s sng mang nh mt qu trnh gi l iu ch. Cn phi c qu trnh iu ch bi v tin tc ca tn hiu, nh ting ni chng hn, thng c tn s rt thp, ti mc khng d g c pht x vo khng gian. C hai hnh 9

thc iu ch c s dng rng ri l iu bin (AM) v iu tn (FM). Cc hnh thc khc l iu ch bin cu phng (QAM), iu pha (PM) v iu xung m (PCM). Ngi ta cng thng s dng kt hp cc k thut iu ch. Chng hn pht thanh FM stereo s dng kt hp c AM v FM. Cc h thng v tuyn s bin i cc tn hiu ting ni thnh iu xung m, sau s dng QAM hoc PM chuyn dng xung theo tn hiu v tuyn. 1.2.4 Cc loi knh truyn thng v c tnh ca chng H thng truyn thng c thit lp trn thc t bng cc trang thit b vt cht k thut c nn cng nghip ch to sn nh mt sn phm thng mi. Mi trang thit b c bao gi bn trong mt v hp bo v mt cch chc chn v d dng vn chuyn, lp t. Mi thit b l mt khi chc nng nht nh v x l thng tin c cng vo/ra tng ng. Thit b truyn thng thng c giao din ngi my thc hin cc chc nng qun l vn hnh ti ch : cnh bo (arlam), nhn cc lnh iu khin (switch, button...), iu khin t xa ; i l qun l t xa. Mi thit b u c chc nng m bo ngun nui ti ch, hoc cung cp ngun t xa. c bit, i vi thit b k thut s chc nng to xung nhp l v cng quan trng. Cc thit b trong h thng cn phi phi hp xung nhp ny mt cch chnh xc. Vn ng b mng chnh l m bo cho s phi hp ny Mt h thng truyn thng phc tp thng bao gm nhiu loi thit b khc nhau nh : TBC, thit b truyn dn; thit b thu/pht. Cc thit b c th c sp t cch xa nhau hoc ni tip nhau theo ng truyn thng tin. Mi trng vt cht v k thut xuyn qua h thng v c to sn, c th truyn c mt tn hiu c lp c gi l mt knh (channel). Trong truyn thng c rt nhiu khi nim knh khc nhau. Thit b thu/pht x l knh vt l (physical channels). Knh vt l c c trng bi rng bng tn v di tn hot ng. Chng hn, knh radio, knh v tinh, knh cp quang... Thit b truyn dn k thut s (KTS) x l cc knh truyn dn KTS (digital trasmission channels). Cc knh truyn dn KTS tng ng vi cc tn hiu KTS. Chng hn, knh E1, T1, STM-1... Trong thit b truyn dn, knh truyn dn c to ra vi tc bt c nh theo chun chung (64kb/s ;2048 kb/s ; 155,2 Mb/s...) Cc thit b u cui x l knh thng tin. Knh thng tin (knh thoi ; knh d liu ; knh video...) l mt mi trng k thut c to ra xuyn sut HTTT v c th truyn c mt thng tin c lp.

1.3 VN CHUN HO V CC T CHC CHUN HA TRONG VIN THNG

1.3.1 ngha ca vn chun ho Cc mng truyn thng c thit k phc v cho nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau vi cc thit b c cung cp t nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. thit k v xy dng cc

10

mng mt cch hiu qu th cc thit b mng cn thng nht v chun, chng c th lin kt v tng thch vi nhau, cng nh m bo hiu qu v gi thnh. Cc tiu chun (cc tiu chun m) l cn thit gip cho vic kt ni d dng gia cc h thng, thit b v cc mng ca cc nh sn xut, cc nh cung cp v khai thc khc nhau. Nhng u im quan trng nht v cc kha cnh khc ca cc tiu chun m v vin thng l: Cc tiu chun cho php vic cnh tranh: Cc tiu chun m sn sng cho bt k mt nh cung cp thit b ca h thng vin thng no. Khi mt h thng mi xut hin, c chun ho v hp dn v mt kinh doanh th s c rt nhiu nh cung cp sn phm ti th trng. Nu mt h thng no m b c quyn th cc c tnh k thut s l ca ring nh sn xut , iu ny rt kh cho cc nh sn xut mi bt u vic sn xut cc h thng tng thch cnh tranh. Cnh tranh m s to ra cc sn phm rt hiu qu v mt gi thnh, dn n vic c th cung cp cc dch v vin thng vi gi thnh thp cho ngi s dng. Cc chun chung s dn ti c mt s cn bng v kinh t gia yu t k thut v sn xut: Cc chun s thc y th trng pht trin cc sn phm hng ti cc chun chung, iu ny s dn ti vic sn xut mang tnh ph bin v t s cn i v kinh t gia sn xut v k thut. Vic s dng cc vi mch c tch hp rt ln (VLSI) v cc li ch khc s gim gi thnh v gip cho sn phm d dng c chp nhn hn. iu ny s dn ti s pht trin v kinh t ca mt x hi, nh vic ci tin v gim gi thnh cc dch v vin thng. Cc tc ng v quyn li chnh tr s dn ti hnh thnh nhiu chun khc nhau nh: Chu u, Nht Bn v M. Vic chun ho khng ch l vn k thut. i khi cc quyn li v chnh tr, ngn cn vic ph chun cc tiu chun ton cu v cc tiu chun khc nhau thng c lm thch nghi cho Chu u, M v Nht Bn. Chu u khng mun chp nhn cc cng ngh ca M v ngc li, bi v h mun bo v ngnh cng nghip ca h. Mt trong cc v d tiu biu v mt quyt nh mang tnh chnh tr (vo nhng nm 1970) l lut m ho PCM ca Chu u c a ra thay v s dng lut ca M. Mt v d gn y l quyt nh ca M v vic khng chp nhn cng ngh GSM ca Chu u l cng ngh thng tin di ng t bo k thut s chnh yu. Cc tiu chun quc t s e do cc ngnh cng nghip ca cc nc ln nhng l cc c hi tt cho cho nghnh cng nghip ca cc nc nh: Cc nh sn xut chnh ca cc nc ln, c th khng ng h vic chun ho quc t, bi v n m cho th trng ni a ca h pht trin thnh ni din ra cnh tranh quc t. Cc nh sn xut ca cc nc nh th hon ton h tr vic chun ho, bi h ph thuc vo cc th trng nc ngoi. Th trng ni a ca h th khng ln v h ang tm kim mt th trng mi cho cng ngh ca h. Cc chun chung s lm cho cc h thng thuc cc nh cung cp khc nhau c th kt ni vi nhau: Mc ch chnh v mt k thut ca s chun ho l gip cho cc h thng cng trong mt mng, hay thuc cc mng khc nhau, c th hiu ln nhau. Cc

11

chun thng bao hm cc ch tiu k thut lm cho cc h thng tng thch vi nhau v h tr cho vic cung cp trn din rng thm ch ngay c cc dch v ton cu. Cc tiu chun gip cho ngi s dng v cc nh iu hnh mng, cc hng sn xut thit b, tr nn c lp vi nhau v tng sn sng ca h thng: Mt giao din chun gia thit b u cui v mng cho php cc thu bao c th mua cc thit b u cui ca nhiu hng khc nhau. Cc giao din chun gia cc h thng trong mng cho php cc nh iu hnh mng s dng cc h thng ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. Vic chun ho s ci tin sn sng v cht lng ca h thng cng nh gim gi thnh ca chng. Cc tiu chun lm cho cc dch v quc t c tnh kh thi: Vic chun ho ng vai tr ch cht trong vic cung cp cc dch v quc t. V d cc tiu chun ton cu chnh thc nh dch v thoi, ISDN, dch v chuyn mch gi X.25 ton cu, telex v fax. Cc tiu chun ca mt s h thng c th khng c chp nhn rng ri mt cch chnh thc; nhng nu h thng tr ln ph bin trn th gii th c th d dng thc hin c mt dch v ton cu. Nhng v d gn y v cc dch v ny nh: thng tin GSM v Internet vi WWW. Nhng v d v cc phm vi chun ho quc t s ch r s nh hng ca chun ho i vi cuc sng hng ngy ca chng ta nh: Cc bc ren ca inh c (ISO, U ban k thut 1): Mt trong cc lnh vc u tin c chun ho. Vo nhng nm 1960 mt bng n ca chic xe t ny khng th lp va vo chic t khc. Nhng gn y chng c chun ho quc t v a s l tng thch vi nhau. Vic nh s in thoi quc t, m quc gia: Nu vic nhn dng thu bao trn ton cu m khng duy nht th cc cuc gi t ng khng th thc hin c. Giao tip thu bao in thoi. M ho PCM v cu trc khung c s: lm cho cc tuyn ni c s ho trong nc v quc t gia cc mng c th thc hin c. Cc h thng pht thanh v truyn hnh. Cc tn s dng cho v tinh v cc h thng thng tin v tuyn khc. Cc b ni v cc tn hiu ca PC, my in v cc giao din vi modem. LAN: cho php chng ta s dng cc my tnh t bt k nh sn xut no trong mng ca cng ty chng ta. 1.3.2 Cc t chc chun ha quc t, khu vc v quc gia C rt nhiu t chc tham gia vo cng vic chun ho. Chng ta xem xt chng theo 2 kha cnh: ai l nhng ngi tham gia vo cc thng mi v vin thng lin quan n chun ho v cc nh cm quyn no ng h cc tiu chun chnh thc. 1.3.2.1. Nhng nhm ngi lin quan ti chun ha Hnh 1.5 minh ho mt s nhm c quan tm tm ti vic chun ho v tham gia vo cng vic ny. Chng ti lit k cc nhm ny v s quan tm ln nht ca h, l, ti sao m h li lin quan n cng vic chun ho. 12

Ngi s dng Nh khai thc mng Chuyn gia thuc vin hn lm

Nh sn xut thit b

Hnh 1.5: Cc nhm lin quan

Cc nh khai thc mng ng h vic chun ho:

-

tng cng kh nng tng thch ca cc h thng vin thng C kh nng cung cp cc dch v trn din rng v ngay c oi vi cc dch v quc t C kh nng mua thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau Cc nh sn xut thit b tham gia vo vic chun ho ly cc thng tin v cc tiu chun trong tng lai phc v cho cc hot ng pht trin cng sm cng tt h tr cho cc tiu chun da trn cc cng ngh ca chnh h hn ch vic chun ho nu n nh hng n th trng ca h h tr cho s pht trin ca cc dch v chun ho quc t hiu c cc nh cung cp h thng tng ng (mng nhiu c nhiu nh cung cp tham gia) tng kh nng tng thch cho cc h thng ca h Cc cng chc ca chnh ph nhng ngi m quan tm n vic c nh hng quc gia tun theo cc tiu chun quc t. Cc chuyn gia thuc cc vin nghin cu mun tr thnh cc nh pht minh ra cc nh hng k thut mi.

Nhng ngi s dng dch v tham gia vo vic chun ho

-

Cc nhm quan tm khc bao gm:

-

1.3.2.2. Cc t chc chun ho quc gia Cc c quan c thm quyn v chun ho s ph chun cc tiu chun mt cch chnh thc. Rt nhiu tiu chun quc t bao gm cc s la chn t cc nh c thm quyn quc gia s chn ra mt cho mt tiu chun quc gia. Cc s la chn ny cng c km theo bi v khng tm thy cc quan nim ton cu chung. i khi mt s kha cnh m v chng yu cu mt tiu chun quc gia. V d c quan c thm quyn cc quc gia a ra k hoch nh s cho mng in thoi quc gia v vic phn b tn s trong nc ca h. Mt s v d khc v cc c quan ny c minh ho Hnh 1.6. H quan tm ti tt c cc lnh vc chun ho v h c cc t chc c chuyn mn ho hay l cc nhm lm vic cho vic chun ho mi mt lnh vc k thut ring nh l cng ngh vin thng v cng ngh thng tin. 13

ANSI DIN SFS

Hnh 1.6: Mt s c quan chun ho quc gia

BSI

BSI: Vin chun ho Anh; DIN: Deutche Industrie-Normen; ANSI: Vin chun ho quc gia m; SFS: Vin chun ho Phn Lan 1.3.2.3 Cc t chc chun ha khu vc Cc t chc chun ha ca Chu u Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI) l mt c quan c lp lm nhim v lm ra cc tiu chun cho Chu u. Cc nh khai thc mng v cc nh sn xut cng tham gia vo cng vic chun ho. Hi ng chun ho v k thut in Chu u/ Hi ng chun ho Chu u (CEN/CENELEC) hp tc thnh mt t chc chun ho cho cng ngh thng tin. N tng ng vi IEC/ISO v cp ton cu v quan tm ti cc kha cnh mi trng v c in hc. Hi ngh Chu u v qun l bu chnh v vin thng (CEPT) cng lm cc cng vic ca ETSI trc khi c quan thng tn ca u ban Chu u (Green Paper) m ra s cnh tranh Chu u trn th trng vin thng. Vic m ca v vin thng yu cu c quan v in thoi, in bo v bu chnh (PTT) ca cc quc gia tr thnh cc nh iu hnh mng bnh ng vi cc nh iu hnh mng mi khc v h khng c php xy dng cc tiu chun na.

ETSI CEN/ CENELEC

CEPT

Hnh 1.7: Cc t chc chun ho chu u Mt v d v cc tiu chun c a ra bi ETSI l h thng thng tin di ng t bo s GSM c chp nhn, mt s nc Chu u v c xem nh l mt tiu chun chnh cho thng tin di ng ton cu hin nay. Cc t chc chun ha ca M C quan c thm quyn v tiu chun ca M, ANSI- Vin nghin cu tiu chun quc gia M, c cng nhn l mt trong cc t chc xy dng cc tiu chun v vin thng. Mt trong s cc t chc ny c a ra Hnh 1.8. Vin nghin cu k thut in v in t (IEEE) l mt trong cc c quan chuyn mn ln nht trn th gii v to ra nhiu tiu chun quan trng v vin thng. Mt s 14

trong cc tiu chun ny nh cc tiu chun cho mng cc b (LAN) c ISO chp nhn nh l tiu chun quc t. Mt v d khc l tiu chun quc t cho 'Ethernet: ISO8002 tng ng vi tiu chun IEEE 802.2. Hip hi cng nghip in t (EIA) l mt t chc ca cc nh sn xut thit b in t ca M. Rt nhiu tiu chun ca h nh l cc b ni ca my tnh c nhn c chp nhn ton cu. V d, tiu chun v giao din s liu EIA RS 232 th tng thch vi khuyn ngh V.24/28 ca ITU-T.

FCC FCC IEEE EIA

Hnh 1.8: Cc t chc chun ho M U ban truyn thng lin bang (FCC) thc ra khng phi l mt c quan xy dng cc tiu chun nhng l mt c quan iu tit. N l mt c quan qun l nh nc quy nh v truyn thng v tuyn v hu tuyn, ng mt vai tr quan trng v d trong s pht trin cc c im k thut v bc x v nhy ca nhiu in t trong cc thit b vin thng. 1.3.2.4 Cc t chc chun ha quc t Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU) l mt c quan chuyn mn ca lin hp quc chu trch nhim v vin thng. N bao gm gn 200 nc thnh vin v cng tc chun ho ca n c chia thnh cc phn chnh: ITU-T (trc y gi l CCITT) v ITU-R (trc y gi l CCIR). Hi ng t vn in thoi v in bo quc t CCITT/ ITU-T nay gi l ITU-T, T vit tt ca Vin thng. Hi ng t vn v v tuyn quc t CCIR/ITU-R nay c gi l ITU-R trong R vit tt ca v tuyn.

ITU-T v ITU-R xut bn ra cc khuyn ngh, thc ra chng l cc tiu chun chnh v cc mng vin thng. ITU-T xy dng cc tiu chun v cc mng vin thng cng cng (v d nh ISDN), v ITU-R v v tuyn nh vic s dng tn s trn th gii v cc c tnh k thut ca cc h thng v tuyn. Rt nhiu nhm tham gia vo cng vic ny nhng ch c cc c quan thuc quc gia mi c quyn b phiu. ITU-T trc y l CCITT xy dng c hu ht cc tiu chun ton cu cho cc mng cng cng. T chc chun ho quc t/ U ban k thut in quc t (ISO/IEC) l mt t chc chung chu trch nhim v chun ho cng ngh thng tin.

15

ITU-T (CCITT)

ISO/IEC

ITU-R(CCIR)

Hnh 1.9: Cc t chc chun ho quc t ISO chu trch nhim chun ho trong lnh vc truyn s liu v giao thc, cn IEC trong lnh vc k thut in (v d nh cc b ni) v cc mt khc v mi trng. 1.3.2.5 Cc t chc khc C rt nhiu cc t chc khc lm nghin cu v cc tiu chun. Trong s th ISO v ITU-T l cc t chc rt tch cc v da vo cc cng vic ca cc nhm rt nhiu tiu chun quc t c xy dng. Di y l mt s tiu chun lm v d v cc t chc tiu chun m khng c v tr chnh thc; Lc lng c nhim v k thut Internet (IETF) quan tm ti vic chun ho cc giao thc TCP/IP cho Internet Din n phng thc truyn thng d b (ATM) l mt t chc m thuc v cc nh sn xut thit b ATM h tr kh nng tng thch gia cc h thng ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. Din n ny th linh hot v c th xy dng c cc tiu chun cn thit trong mt khong thi gian ngn hn so vi cc t chc ton cu chnh thc. Cc tiu chun ny thng c dng lm c s cho cc tiu chun chnh thc m sau ny s c ph chun bi ITU v ISO. Din n qun l mng l mt t chc ca cc nh sn xut h thng tng tc cho s pht trin ca cc tiu chun v qun l. Vi s tr gip ca cc tiu chun ny cc nh iu hnh mng c th iu khin v gim st mng c thit b ca nhiu hng mt cch c hiu qu t mt trung tm qun l. Sau cc xut s c chuyn ti ITU-T v ISO c chp thun mt cch chnh thc trn th gii.

Ngoi ra cn c nhiu t chc khc; hng nm, mt s nhm mi xut hin thm cn mt s t chc khc th gii th. Cc v d v cc nhm lm vic gn y l h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM, Bin bn ghi nh v cc iu kin v Din n ng dy thu bao s khng i xng (ADSL).

16

CU HI N TP CHNG 1
1. Vin thng bao gm cc lnh vc: A. in thoi, fax B. Internet v mng d liu C. Truyn thanh, truyn hnh, v tinh D. Tt c cc lnh vc trn 2. Lch s pht trin ca vin thng c chia thnh bao nhiu pha trong qu trnh pht trin A. 2 B. 3 3. Thng tin gm cc dng sau: A. m thanh B. Hnh nh C. D liu D. C ba dng trn 4. im khc nhau gia tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t l : A. Tn hiu s l tn hiu c gi tr hu hn trong min xt (bin , tn s), cn tn hiu tng t c gi tr lin tc. B. Tn hiu s l tn hiu ch c hai gi tr, cn tn hiu tng t c nhiu hn hai gi tr. 5. Mc ch ca m ha ngun tn hiu trong truyn thng l: A. tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn B. gim bt cht lng thng tin truyn i C. truyn thng tin i nhanh hn D. d dng khi phc thng tin b mt pha thu 6. Mc ch ca vic m ha knh trong truyn thng l: A. tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn B. gim bt thi gian truyn thng tin C. c th pht hin li v/hoc khi phc thng tin pha thu khi gp li D. n gin h thng truyn thng 7. Mc ch ca vic chun ha trong vin thng l: A. cc nh sn xut vin thng ln tr thnh c quyn B. gip ngi s dng c nhiu quyn la chn khi mua sn phm C. gim bt kh khn v k thut khi kt ni cc h thng thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau D. cung cp cc dch v kt ni quc t c d dng hn C. 4 D. 5

17

8. T chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU-T, trc y cn c tn gi khc l g? A. CCITT B. ITU-R 9. ANSI l : A. T chc chun ha vin thng quc t B. T chc chun ha vin thng khu vc C. T chc chun ha vin thng quc gia D. Khng phi l mt t chc vin thng 10. ETSI l A. T chc chun ha vin thng quc t B. T chc chun ha vin thng khu vc C. T chc chun ha vin thng quc gia D. Khng phi l mt t chc vin thng 11. Bng tn s dng cho tn hiu thoi truyn thng l bao nhiu A. 16Hz 20KHz B. 16Hz 4KHz A. PSTN B. PSDN C. 16Hz 3,4KHz D. 300Hz 3,4KHz C. ISDN D. PSPDN C. ETSI D. ANSI

12. Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng l mng no sau y:

13. Trong cu trc mng theo kiu qung b th c nhng kiu qung b no A. Qung b tnh v Qung b ng tp trung B. Qung b tnh v qung b ng phn tn C. Qung b tnh, qung b ng tp trung v qung b ng phn tn D. Qung b ng tp trung v qung b ng phn tn 14. C nhng phng thc truyn tn hiu no trong h thng truyn thng hin nay A. n cng v song cng B. Song cng v bn song cng C. n cng v bn song cng D. n cng, song cng v bn song cng 15. Vin chun ha quc gia Hoa k c tn vit tt l g? A. BSI C. ANSI B. DIN D. SFS 16. Vin tiu chun Vin thng Chu u c tn vit tt l g A. CEPT B. ETSI C. IEEE D. ITU

18

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 1

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering. Chapter 1: Introduction to Telecommunications. Artech House, 1999. Moore M. S. Telecommunications: A Beginners Guide. McGraw-Hill, 2002. Freeman R. L. Fundamentals of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Tarek N. S. Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley & Sons, 1994. Understanding Telecommunications. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997. Warren Hioki. Telecommunications. 2nd ed, Prentice Hall, Inc, 1995. TS. Phng Vn Vn, TS. Trn Hng Qun, TS. Nguyn Qu Minh Hin. Mng vin thng v xu hng pht trin. NXB Bu in, H Ni, 2002.

19

CHNG 2 - DCH V VIN THNG

GII THIU CHNG

Chng 2 gii thiu nhng khi nim cn bn v dch v vin thng: khi nim v loi hnh dch v, cht lng dch v, cc tham s v yu t nh hng ti cht lng dch v vin thng. Ni dung trong chng ny cn cho trnh by v cc loi hnh dch v vin thng c bn, nhng dch v vin thng mi Vit Nam v th gii. Cui chng l phn phn tch xu hng pht trin v nhu cu ca khch hng v cc dch v vin thng hin nay. Dch v vin thng l vn rt quan trng vi c khch hng v nh cung cp mng, cng nh nh cung cp dch v vin thng. Dch v vin thng lin quan v nh hng rt ln ti xu hng pht trin ca chnh mng cung cp dch v v phng thc cung cp dch v ca cc doanh nghip vin thng. Hc vin cn nm bt c nhng khi nim c bn v dch v, v cc loi hnh dch v, cng nh cht lng ca cc dch v vin thng, trn c s tm hiu su hn v cch thc cc mng vin thng hot ng v phi hp hot ng cung cp nhng dch v vin thng cc chng sau ny. Khi nim dch v vin thng Khi nim dch v vin thng lun gn lin vi khi nim mng vin thng. Mi mng vin thng s cung cp mt vi loi dch v c bn c trng cho mng vin thng v mng ny c th cng h tr vi mng khc cung cp c mt dch v vin thng c th. "Dch v vin thng" l dch v truyn k hiu, tn hiu, s liu, ch vit, m thanh, hnh nh hoc cc dng khc ca thng tin gia cc im kt cui thng qua mng vin thng.

Mng vin thng

1 4 7 * 2 5 8 8 3 6 9 #

Ngi s dng dch v vin thng

Nh cung cp dch v Nh cung cp h tng mng

20

Hnh 2.1: Dch v vin thng Ni mt cch khc, chnh l dch v cung cp cho khch hng kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau hoc thu nhn thng tin thng qua mng vin thng (thng l mng cng cng nh mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng, mng in thoi di ng, mng Internet, mng truyn hnh cp ) ca cc nh cung cp cung cp dch v v nh cung cp h tng mng (Hnh 2.1).

2.1 CC PHNG PHP PHN LOI DCH V MNG VIN THNG

Khi nhc n vic cung cp dch v, chng ta thng gp cc khi nim: khch hng (ngi s dng dch v), nh cung cp dch v v nh cung cp mng (nh cung cp h tng mng, qun l v iu hnh mng). y, dch v vin thng th hin mi quan h t pha nh cung cp dch v vin thng bao gm cc nh cung cp dch v thng tin v nh iu hnh mng vi khch hng l nhng ngi s dng dch v. Cc khi nim ny lin quan ch yu qua vic cung cp dch v v tnh cc. Hnh 2.2 th hin kt ni c bn ca cc khi nim ny.
Thu cc s dng mng

Yu cu h tng mng Nh cung cp mng Cung cp h tng mng Nh cung cp dch v

Yu cu dch v Khch hng Cung cp dch v Thu cc thng tin v s dng mng; chm sc khch hng

Hnh 2.2: Mi lin h gia cc i tng cung cp dch v Nh cung cp mng: c h tng mng li cung cp ti nguyn theo yu cu dch v ca khch hng, bao gm cc thit b chuyn mch, truyn dn v.v. Nh cung cp mng thc hin ngha v phn phi ti nguyn mng, qun l v duy tr s hot ng ca h tng mng (i khi c th thc hin vic tnh v thu cc cho c hai i tng trn). Vit Nam nh cung cp mng l doanh nghip nh nc hoc doanh nghip m gp vn ca nh nc chim c phn chi phi hoc c phn c bit, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut thit lp h tng mng v cung cp dch v vin thng. Cc doanh nghip cung cp h tng mng ti Vit Nam tnh ti thi im nm 2005 c 6 doanh nghip: Tng cng ty Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (nay l Tp on BCVT Vit Nam - VNPT), Cng ty in t vin thng qun i (Viettel), Cng ty c phn dch v BC-VT Si Gn (SPT), Cng ty vin thng in lc (ETC), Cng ty c phn vin thng H Ni (Hanoi Telecom), Cng ty thng tin in t hng hi (Vishipel). Nh cung cp dch v (Service Provider) m bo dch v tng xng vi gi cc phc v trong mi iu kin, thng th nh cung cp ny thc hin vic thu cc dch v
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gm cc thng tin v cc s dng mng ca khch hng, sau tr cc s dng mng cho nh iu hnh mng. Nh cung cp dch v khng s hu h tng mng m ch thit lp cc h thng thit b vin thng trong phm vi c s v im phc v cng cng ca mnh trc tip cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng, dch v truy nhp Internet v bn li dch v vin thng; khng c thit lp cc ng truyn dn ngoi phm vi c s v im phc v cng cng ca mnh. Vit Nam, nh cung cp mng l doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn kinh t, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut cung cp dch v vin thng. Hin nay mi ch c duy nht VNPT l doanh nghip tham gia cung cp ton b cc dch v vin thng, cc doanh nghip cung cp h tng mng khc ch cung cp mt s dch v vin thng. Khch hng (Customer) yu cu dch v vin thng, s dng, khai thc dch v v phi c trch nhim thanh ton ton b cc ph dch v theo hp ng k kt vi nh cung cp dch v. Vit Nam v trn th gii, i khi nhng khi nim trn khng c phn nh rch ri v thng nh cung cp dch v c th chnh l nh cung cp h tng mng v nh cung cp thng tin. V vy, i khi yu cu cung cp dch v ca khch hng ti nh cung cp dch v li thng qua nh cung cp h tng mng. Thm ch cng kh phn bit c khch hng s dng dch v trc tip hay khch hng mi gii dch v hoc khch hng trung gian. Dch v vin thng rt a dng, v vy c nhiu phng php phn loi dch v theo nhng quan im khc nhau, c hai kiu phn loi ch yu l phn loi theo ngi s dng dch v v theo nh cung cp dch v. 2.1.1 Quan im ngi s dng Thng thng, dch v vin thng c phn chia thnh cc nhm sau: Dch v c bn: truyn a tc thi thng tin qua mng vin thng (bao gm c Internet*) m khng lm thay i loi hnh hoc ni dung thng tin. y l loi dch v ti thiu (n gin nht) m nh cung cp dch v cp cho khch hng, da trn nng lc c bn ca mng vin thng ca nh cung cp. Dch v Internet: bao gm dch v truy nhp Internet, dch v kt ni Internet v dch v ng dng Internet. Vi mng Internet, ngi s dng c th c cp cc dch v c bn trn nh: Th tn in t, truyn tp (tp tin), dch v truy nhp t xa, truy nhp c s d liu theo cc phng thc khc nhau... 9 Dch v kt ni Internet l dch v cung cp cho cc c quan, t chc, doanh nghip cung cp dch v Internet kh nng kt ni vi nhau v vi Internet quc t.

T y, khi nhc n mng vin thng ngha l bao gm c mng Internet

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9 Dch v truy nhp Internet l dch v cung cp cho ngi s dng kh nng truy nhp Internet. 9 Dch v ng dng Internet trong bu chnh, vin thng l dch v s dng Internet cung cp dch v bu chnh, vin thng cho ngi s dng. Dch v ng dng Internet trong cc lnh vc kinh t - x hi khc phi tun theo cc quy nh php lut v bu chnh, vin thng v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan. Dch v gi tr gia tng l dch v lm tng thm gi tr thng tin ca ngi s dng dch v bng cch hon thin loi hnh, ni dung thng tin hoc cung cp kh nng lu tr, khi phc thng tin trn c s s dng mng vin thng. Nhng dch v ny thun tin hn cho ngi s dng, khng ch kt ni thit b u cui, c kh nng cung cp rng khp v tnh cc linh hot. Cc dch v trn nn mng th h sau: Cc dch v c cung cp trn nn mng th h sau (NGN) l mng c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh gi c th trin khai nhanh chng cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau da trn s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng. Hin ti VNPT ang cung cp cc dch v NGN cho ngi s dng (dch v thoi VoIP tr trc-1719, dch v bo cuc gi t Internet-CWI ) v cho doanh nghip (dch v thoi min ph-1800, Dch v thng tin gii tr-1900 ).

Ngoi ra cn c nhiu cch phn loi dch v trn nhng c s tiu ch khc nhau, nhm mc ch to iu kin thun li trong vic qun l, hoch nh chnh sch ca nh nc. Theo a im cung cp dch v, bao gm dch v ti nh thu bao v dch v ti im cng cng: Dch v ti nh thu bao l dch v c cung cp n a ch ng k ca tng ch thu bao trn c s cc thit b u cui thu bao c lp t ti nh thu bao v c u ni vi mng in thoi cng cng thng qua hp ng cung cp v s dng dch v c k gia ch thu bao vi n v cung cp dch v. Dch v ti im cng cng l dch v c cung cp cho ngi s dng dch v trn c s cc thit b u cui do n v cung cp dch v lp t ti cc im cng cng. Dch v ti im cng cng bao gm: 9 Dch v c ngi phc v: in thoi cng cng, Fax cng cng (Bureaufax), truyn s liu cng cng (truyn file). 9 Dch v khng c ngi phc v: in thoi, Fax v truyn s liu thanh ton t ng bng th hoc trc tip bng tin xu, tin mt.
23

Theo phng thc khai thc dch v, dch v trn mng in thoi cng cng bao gm dch v quay s trc tip v dch v qua in thoi vin: Dch v quay s trc tip l dch v m vic lin lc gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v qua mng in thoi cng cng c thc hin bng phng thc t ng quay (bm) s trc tip. Dch v qua in thoi vin l dch v m vic lin lc gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v qua mng in thoi cng cng c thc hin bng phng thc bn t ng thng qua s tr gip ca in thoi vin hoc thit b hng dn kt ni cuc gi.

Theo phm vi cung cp dch v, bao gm dch v ni ht, dch v ng di trong nc v dch v quc t: Dch v ni ht l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v trong cng mt phm vi (vng cc) ni ht; Dch v ng di trong nc l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v nm cc phm vi (vng cc) ni ht khc nhau.

Theo quyt nh s 20/2003/Q-BBCVT ngy 19/2/2003 ca B BC-VT Vit Nam, t ngy 1/3/2003 dch v ng di trong nc ti Vit Nam c chia lm 3 vng cc (vng 1: khong cch lin lc n 400km, vng 2: n 1200 km, vng 3: trn 1200 km). Dch v quc t l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v, trong c t nht mt thit b u cui hoc thit b truy nhp mng dch v c lp t hoc ng k s dng nc ngoi.

Theo phng thc thanh ton, dch v trn mng in thoi cng cng bao gm dch v tr tin trc v dch v tr tin sau: Dch v tr tin trc l dch v m ngi s dng thanh ton cc cho n v cung cp dch v trc khi s dng dch v, di hnh thc mua th tr trc (prepaid calling card) v cc dch v s c tr dn trn th hoc tr vo ti khon tr trc cho n ht ph thuc vo phm vi v thi gian lin lc. Cc dch v tr tin trc in hnh hin c Vit Nam l: in thoi di ng dng th tr trc Vinacard, Mobicard, in thoi dng th Cardphone
24

Dch v tr tin sau l dch v m ngi s dng thanh ton cc cho n v cung cp dch v sau khi s dng dch v trn c s thng bo hoc ho n thanh ton cc ca n v cung cp dch v.

2.1.2 Quan im ca nh cung cp dch v Theo quan im ca nh cung cp dch v, c hai loi dch v vin thng c bn: - Dch v mang (Bearer service) - Dch v xa ton phn (Teleservice *)

Mng vin thng

Bearer Service TeleService

Hnh 2.3: Dch v mang v dch v xa ton phn Khi khai thc mng vin thng, khch hng c th s dng ton b c s h tng vin thng cho nhu cu trao i thng tin ni b ca mnh hoc s dng mt trong s cc dch v vin thng cng cng. Trong trng hp th nht, nh qun l v vn hnh mng vin thng (ngi s hu mng li) s cung cp cho khch hng dch v vn chuyn thng tin (bearer service) theo yu cu c th ca ngi dng. Khch hng ca loi dch v ny thng l cc t chc kinh doanh v khai thc dch v vin thng, cc c quan, doanh nghip hay cc t chc ln c nhu cu trao i, truyn ti mt lng ln thng tin ni b thng xuyn gia cc thnh vin vi nhau. V d nh cc c quan chnh ph, ngn hng, cc cng ty ln c cc c s ng ti cc a im khc nhau... Trong trng hp th hai, khch hng l nhng ngi s dng c lp nhng li c nhu cu dng chung mt s dch v vin thng cng cng nh in thoi, fax, thng tin my tnh... Khi , ngi dng s phi ng k quyn c s dng mt trong s v vn cc dch v vin thng (teleservice) m nh khai thc dch v vin thng cung cp. Nh khai thc dch v vin thng c th chnh l nh qun l v vn hnh mng vin thng, cng c th l mt t chc cung cp dch v gin tip. iu ny c th nhn thy r rng nht trong trng hp khai thc dch v Internet (cc ISP - nh cung cp dch v Internet thu mt s knh truy nhp Internet t nh qun l v bn li quyn truy nhp thng qua cc dch v ca mnh). Trong cc phn lin quan n dch v phn sau, chng ta s i vo phn tch chi tit v cc loi dch v trn quan im c bn ca ngi s dng.
*

Cn c khi gi chung l dch v vin thng

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2.2 CHT LNG DCH V V CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG DCH V

Cht lng dch v l thc o nh gi kh nng cung cp dch v ca nh cung cp mng v dch v. Ngy nay, nhu cu s dng cc dch v c cht lng cao ngy cng tng. c th thu ht c khch hng, cc nh khai thc khng ch phi nng cao kh nng phc v ca mng li m cn phi nng cao cht lng ca cc dch v c cung cp. i vi khch hng, cht lng dch v trc tip l quan trng, song c c cp cht lng nh mun, nh vn hnh mng phi c c mng li tt v c cch thc qun l ti nguyn mng hiu qu. y c s lin quan gia cht lng dch v v hiu nng mng. R rng khi nhn vo cc ch s ca cht lng dch v, ta c th nh gi c nng lc ca mng li v ngc li khi tham kho cc yu t ca hiu nng mng, ta c th a ra v mc cht lng dch v cho cc dch v m mng vin thng cung cp. Nh vy, y chnh l hai khi nim c quan h mt thit vi nhau. Nhiu lc cht lng dch v (k hiu l QoS Quality of Service) v hiu nng mng (k hiu l NP Network Performance) c hiu l nh nhau. R rng, chng ta lun lun mong mun nng cao cht lng dch v v kh nng ca mng li. Vy th QoS l g? c QoS cao, chng ta cn phi p ng c nhng yu t no? chnh l cc yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v QoS v hiu nng mng NP.

2.2.1 Khi nim cht lng dch v Cht lng dch v (QoS): l tng hp nhng tham s, kin th hin s hi lng, khng hi lng ca khch hng i vi mt dch v vin thng no . Cht lng dch v v hiu nng mng c mi lin h kh cht ch. Hnh 2.4 cho ta thy rng mun c c cht lng dch v tt th n phi c da trn c s hiu nng mng tt i km. Theo quan im ca nh cung cp dch v, khi nim hiu nng mng l mt chui tham s mng c th c xc nh, o c v c iu chnh c th t c mc hi lng ca ngi s dng dch v. Nh cung cp phi c nhim v t hp cc tham s cht lng mng khc nhau thnh mt b ch tiu c th va m bo cc nhu cu li ch kinh t ca mnh ng thi phi tho mn mt cch tt nht cho nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng dch v. Theo khuyn ngh E.800 ca ITU-T th hiu nng mng c nh ngha nh sau: Hiu nng mng (NP) l nng lc mt mng hoc l phn mng cung cp cc chc nng c lin quan n kh nng truyn thng gia nhng ngi s dng. T nh ngha trn, ta c th hiu l nh gi hiu nng mng chnh l nh gi cc ch tiu, cc thng s k thut c lin quan ti kh nng truyn thng tin ca mng vi cc chng loi thit b thuc mng .

26

Cht lng dch v

Kh nng h tr dch v

Kh nng khai thc dch v

Kh nng truy Kh nng duy nhp dch v tr dch v

Mc hon ho dch v

Mc an ton dch v

Kh nng phc v Cht lng dch v(QoS) Cht lng mng (NP) Kh nng tnh cc Kh nng x l lu lng

Lp k hoch Cung cp Qun l Ti nguyn v s thun tin Mc tin cy

kh dng

Nng lc truyn lan

Kh nng bo dng

H tr bo dng

Kh nng truyn dn

tin cy
Hnh 2.4: Lin h gia QoS v NP

2.2.2 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v Cht lng dch v ph thuc vo tnh kt hp ca nhiu yu t: cc thnh phn mng, c ch x l hai im u cui, c ch iu khin trong mng. i vi cc thnh phn mng (c s h tng vt l) thng thng c 3 phn quan trng: Thit b u cui, phng tin truyn dn v thit b chuyn mch (cc thit b trung chuyn trn mng). i vi mi phn c cc yu cu v QoS tng ng. Nhn chung QoS c cc user (ngi dng) hai u cui truyn thng quyt nh. Nh cung cp dch v s nm bt c nh gi QoS thng qua kin khch hng (dng n v MOS -Mean Opinion Score). nm r c nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v, c th ly m hnh tham kho QoS t u cui ti u cui (QoS end-to-end). M hnh ny thng c mt hoc vi mng tham gia, mi mng li c th c nhiu nt. Mi mng tham gia ny c th gy ra tr, tn tht hoc li do vic ghp knh, chuyn mch hoc truyn dn, v th n nh hng ti QoS. Cc bin ng thng k lu lng xut hin trong mng cng c th gy tn tht do trn b m xp hng, b x l hoc do cc lin kt gia cc nt mng b nghn.

27

 Mng c th thc hin nh hnh (shaping) gia cc nt hay gia cc mng ti thiu ha tch ly trong bin ng tr v tn tht. V nguyn tc, ngi s dng khng cn bit c tnh k thut ca cc mng tham gia min l mng chuyn c lu lng m bo QoS end-to-end.

u cui gi

Mng A 1 N

Mng B

u cui nhn

QoS node 1

QoS node N QoS mng A QoS end-to-end QoS mng B

Hnh 2.5: M hnh tham kho cho cht lng dch v end-to-end 2.2.3 Cc tham s cht lng dch v QoS ph thuc vo cht lng v h tr dch v, cht lng v khai thc dch v, cht lng v thc hin dch v v cht lng v an ton (xem Hnh 2.4). - Cht lng v h tr: To iu kin thun li cho khch hng c s dng cc dch v . V d nh vic cung cp cc thit b cn thit cho khch hng c th ng k thu bao Tham s nh gi kt qu h tr mt in thoi c nh o bng s my/100 dn. - Cht lng v khai thc dch v: V pha khch hng c d khai thc hay khng, v pha nh cung cp c kh nng sa cha dch v, thao tc b tr - Cht lng v thc hin dch v mng (kh nng phc v): Vic truy cp ti cc nt cung cp dch v:
+

Tnh phc v lin tc trong mi tnh hung th hin kh nng duy tr v cung cp dch v. Tnh phc v trn vn ca mng th hin s hon ho ca dch v cung cp. Yu cu truyn thng tng lin tc gy nguy c suy gim cht lng ca mng, do vy phi thng xuyn pht trin, xy dng c s h tng mng p ng nhu cu dch v. y chnh l kh nng cung cp dch v hay l kh nng truy nhp dch v

28

- Cht lng an ton: m bo tnh an ton thng tin cho khch hng, quyn truy nhp, an ton cho h thng thit b, an ton cho ngi s dng. Nh ta thy, nhng tham s cht lng dch v l nhng thng s tng i theo nh gi ca khch hng. Song nh gi c bng con s c th, chng ta cn xt cc tham s c th o c c. Nh ni phn trn, cht lng dch v QoS v hiu nng mng NP c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau. Mun c cht lng dch v tt th phi da trn nn hiu nng mng tt. Thng thng, c nm gi tr nh gi hiu nng mng sau y c xem nh c nh hng quan trng nht n QoS u cui - u cui (c bit vi dch v mng da trn cng ngh gi). kh dng: sn sng phc v ca mng. Mt mng l tng lun sn sng 100% thi gian. Thm ch nu l 99.8% tng ng khong 1,5gi mng khng hot ng c trong mt thng th cng chng c hng truyn thng ln no chp nhn. Nhng hng truyn thng uy tn lun n lc cho kh nng sn sng 99,999%, tng ng khong 2,6 giy mng khng hot ng c trong vng mt thng. Thng lng (Throughput): y l tc truyn ti d liu thc t c tnh bng bit/s, Kb/s hoc Mb/s. i lng ny hon ton khc vi dung lng cc i hay tc trn ng dy ca mng v thng b nhm ln vi bng thng ca mng. Vic dng chung mt mng s lm gim thng lng do vic phi a thm vo tiu ca tt c gi cc bit nhn dng v cho cc mc ch khc. Nh cung cp dch v phi m bo mt tc thng lng ti thiu cho khch hng. T l mt gi: Cc thit b mng, nh cc chuyn mch v router, i khi phi gi cc gi d liu trong cc hng i khi c mt lin kt b nghn, nu lin kt ny b nghn trong mt thi gian qu di th hng i s b trn v d liu s b mt. Cc gi b mt cn c truyn li v tt nhin s lm tng thi gian truyn dn. Trong mt mng c qun l tt th t l mt gi thng nh hn 1%/thng. Tr: l thi gian d liu i t ngun ti ch. Nu khng c tuyn truyn dn v tinh trong kt ni th tr ca mt cuc gi thoi c khong cch 5000Km qua mng PSTN l khong 25ms. Vi mng Internet, ngoi tr do khong cch truyn dn th tr ca mt cuc gi thoi c th d dng b vt qu 150ms do cn phi c thi gian x l bo hiu v thi gian xp hng ca cc gi truyn trn mng. Jitter (rung pha-bin thin tr): Jitter xy ra do mt s nguyn nhn nh: nhng bin ng v thi gian xp trong hng i, cc bin ng trong thi gian x l cn thit sp xp li cc gi, cc gi n ch khng theo ng th t do chng i theo nhng tuyn khc nhau v cc bin ng trong thi gian x l cn thit khi phc cc gi b ngun gi phn mnh.

2.3 CC LOI HNH DCH V C BN V YU CU CA CHNG V CHT LNG DCH V

Cc dch v vin thng c bn thng c cp l dch v thoi, dch v s liu, dch v thu knh vin thng v dch v truyn thng a phng tin. Ngoi ra, c rt nhiu

29

dch v vin thng c bn khc v vn cn tn ti ti ngy nay, tuy nhin khng c ph cp rng ri nh 4 dch v ny. 2.3.1 Dch v thoi/telex/Fax/nhn tin Dch v thoi in thoi l dch v vin thng c pht trin rng ri nht, l dch v cung cp kh nng truyn a thng tin di dng ting ni hoc ting ni cng hnh nh (nh trng hp in thoi thy hnh videophone) t mt thu bao ti mt hoc nhm thu bao. Dch v thoi c bn nht l dch v in thoi c nh do mng PSTN (mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng) cung cp. Dch v ny cp cho khch hng ng truyn ti tn nh ring, kt ni ti tng i in thoi c nh, cho php khch hng thc hin c cuc gi thoi i ti cc khch hng khc.

Tng i Tng i

Mng in thoi
BTS BTS

Hnh 2.6: Dch v thoi

Ngoi dch v in thoi truyn thng, cn c nhiu dch v thoi khc nh dch v in thoi dng th (cardphone), in thoi di ng tc thp (in thoi di ng ni vng - cityphone), in thoi i ng, in thoi v tinh v hng hi v.v. s dng dch v in thoi dng th, khch hng mua trc mt tm th vi mt gi tin xc nh trc ti cc i l bu in. Khi s dng th ny, khch hng c th gi in ni ht, lin tnh hoc quc t. Khi cn gi, khch hng a th vo cc my in dng th cng cng t trn ng ph. Cc ph m thoi s c tr v ghi nhn vo tm th ty theo thi gian m thoi v loi hnh dch v ca cuc gi. C th dng nhiu th cho mt cuc gi hoc mt th cho nhiu cuc khc nhau. Dch v ny c u im ln nht l thun tin cho vic qun l lng s dng ca khch hng. Tuy nhin mt my in thoi dng th cng cng phi cao, ph hp vi cc khu dn c ng, kinh t pht trin, du lch, ngh mt. Dch v in thoi di ng l dch v thng tin v tuyn c thit lp nhm m bo lin lc vi cc my in thoi u cui di ng. Mt thu bao in thoi c nh c th gi
30

cho mt thu bao di ng hoc ngc li hoc c hai u l thu bao di ng. Bn cnh vic cung cp kh nng trao i thng tin di dng ting ni, cc thu bao in thoi di ng cn c th s dng cc dch v khc nh dch v bn tin ngn, hp th thoi, FAX hoc truyn s liu.... Ti Vit nam, hin nay c su nh khai thc dch v vin thng c chnh ph cp giy php cung cp dch v in thoi di ng: VINAPHONE (trc y l VPC), VMS, VIETTEL, SPT, EVN v HANOITELECOM. n cui nm 2004, tng s lng thu bao in thoi c nh v di ng Vit Nam l khong 10 triu, n gia nm 2006 con s ny ln n khong 17 triu. Dch v Telex Dch v Telex l dch v cho php thu bao trao i thng tin vi nhau di dng ch bng cch g vo t bn phm v nhn thng tin trn mn hnh hoc in ra bng giy. Dch v ny s dng cc ng truyn tc thp, da trn mt mng kt ni ring, c cch nh s thu bao khc vi cc thu bao in thoi thng thng. Dch v Fax Dch v Fax l dch v cho php truyn nguyn bn cc thng tin c sn trn giy nh ch vit, hnh v, biu bng, s ... gi chung l bn fax t ni ny n ni khc thng qua h thng vin thng.

Hnh 2.7: My Telex

ng in thoi

Mng in thoi
ng in thoi

My Fax

My Fax

Hnh 2.8 : Dch v Fax Dch v fax bao gm fax cng cng v fax thu bao. Dch v fax cng cng l dch v m ti cc c s Bu in chp nhn, thu, truyn a, giao pht cc bc fax theo nhu cu ca khch hng. Dch v fax thu bao cung cp cho cc t chc hoc c nhn c nhu cu lin lc vi cc thit b u cui khc qua mng vin thng. Thit b fax thu bao c u ni vi tng i in thoi cng cng bng ng cp ring hoc chung vi thit b in thoi. Dch v nhn tin Nhn tin l dch v cho php ngi s dng tip nhn cc tin nhn. Mun s dng dch v ny, khch hng cn mua hoc thu mt my nhn tin ca Bu in. My nhn tin c kch thc nh gn, c th cho vo ti hay t gn trong lng bn tay. Ngi cn nhn gi in ti trung tm dch v ca bu in yu cu chuyn tin nhn ti ngi nhn l thu
31

bao nhn tin. Dch v ny rt tin li cho nhng ngi thng xuyn di chuyn m vn nhn c thng tin vi chi ph khng ln. Trc y ti mt s thnh ph ln nh H ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, nng u c cc trung tm cung cp dch v nhn tin. Ngoi ra dch v nhn tin Vit nam 107 cho php ngi dng c th nhn c tin nhn trong phm vi ton quc song n nay dch v ny ngng hot ng. Hin nay, dch v nhn tin thng c thc hin thng qua in thoi di ng v c nh. 2.3.2 Dch v thu knh vin thng (leased line) Dch v thu knh ring l dch v cho thu knh truyn dn vt l dng ring kt ni v truyn thng tin gia cc thit b u cui, mng ni b, mng vin thng dng ring ca khch hng ti hai a im c nh khc nhau. Dch v ny p ng c cc nhu cu kt ni trc tip theo phng thc im ni im gia hai u cui ca khch hng. Vit Nam cc i l Bu in i din pha nh cung cp dch v (i vi VNPT), cung cp cc dch v thu knh sau: + Knh thoi ng di + Knh in bo + Knh pht thanh v truyn hnh + Knh truyn s liu 2.3.3 Dch v s liu Dch v truyn s liu l dch v truyn ti hoc cc ng dng truyn ti thng tin di dng s liu trong mng vin thng. Dch v truyn s liu thch hp vi cc kho thng tin d liu ln nh ngn hng, th vin, thng k, iu khin t xa thng qua thit b u cui... Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam, Cng ty VDC c coi nh cung cp dch v truyn s liu ln nht vi cc sn phm dch v nh: truyn s liu X25, Frame relay... 2.3.4 Dch v truyn thng a phng tin Dch v vin thng bng rng cung cp cho khch hng kh nng truyn ti thng tin vi rng bng tn ln ln ti vi chc Mbit trn giy (Mbit/s) (trn nn mng ISDN-Mng s a dch v tch hp). Bng tn ny cho php truyn ti ng thi nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau vi cc yu cu v bng tn cng rt khc nhau trn cng mt knh lin lc. My tnh, my fax, in thoi v k c in thoi thy hnh u c th c phc v thng qua mt knh lin lc duy nht. Bng tn ny c s dng v phn b gia cc dch v khc nhau mt cch mm do, ti u v p ng ti a yu cu v cht lng dch v ca khch hng. Ti thit b thu bao, khi cc dch v vin thng khc nhau, s dng nhiu mi trng thng tin khc nhau nh ting ni, hnh nh, m thanh hay s liu u c tch hp vo mt thit b duy nht, khi ta c c dch v thng tin a phng tin (multimedia). Lc lin lc s c thc hin thng qua nhiu mi trng thng tin trong cng mt thi im v cng n gin nh thc hin mt cuc gi in thoi thng thng.

32

Hnh 2.9 l mt v d in hnh ca dch v a phng tin: Dch v Truyn hnh hi ngh (Video conference).

Hnh 2.9: Dch v VideoConference

2.4 NHU CU V XU HNG PHT TRIN CA CC DCH V VIN THNG

Ngy nay, nhu cu dch v ca ngi s dng ngy cng a dng v c yu cu cao v cht lng. Bn cnh , vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut trong vin thng, cng ngh thng tin v in t lm mng c kh nng truyn vi tc cao, c cht lng truyn tin tt vi kh nng x l thng minh v nhanh chng. V th cho php mng li tha mn tt hn cc nhu cu ca khch hng v c cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng trong tng lai. Th trng vin thng th gii ang ng trong xu th cnh tranh v pht trin hng ti mng vin thng ton cu, to ra kh nng kt ni a dch v trn phm vi ton th gii. Tin trnh v xu hng pht trin cc loi dch v vin thng c ch ra trong Hnh 2.10. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh vin thng, cc dch v vin thng ngy cng phong ph v a dng. Nhu cu v xu hng pht trin dch v vin thng ca khch hng bao gm:
-

Nhu cu tng v s lng/loi hnh dch v. Nh Hnh 2.10, s lng dch v cn rt t vo nhng nm u th k 20. T khi ra i mng s a dch v (ISDN), mi c thm mt s lng ln cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau. Mng ny khng ch h tr cho cc ng dng truyn thoi v s liu c sn m cn c kh nng cung cp thm nhiu loi dch v mi. Mt s ng dng ca mng a dch v bng hp (N-ISDN) l : Dch v Fax, dch v Teletex, dch v Videotex (dch v khi phc thng tin tng tc). Cc dch v ny nm trong mt nhm cc dch v ln sau: dch v thoi, truyn s liu, truyn vn bn, truyn hnh nh, phn ln cc dch v ny thc hin tc 64kb/s hoc nh hn.

33

2000
- Y t t xa - a phng tin tng tc - Thc ti o - VoIP - Fax over IP - in thoi a phng tin - Game online - CATV - Dch v trc tuyn - - ng dng B-ISDN - HDTV - Truyn bn tin video - Video tng tc - a phng tin - Chuyn i ngn ng - in thoi b ti - Nhn dng ting ni - S im cui-im cui - H s dch v c nhn - Di ng s - Cc dch v thng tin v tinh - Thng tin c nhn - Mng ring o - Nhn tin quc t - Lm vic t xa - Mua hng ti nh - Bo ch ti nh - Fax mu - ng dng ISDN -

1990
- ng dng B-ISDN - HDTV - Truyn bn tin video - Video tng tc - a phng tin - Chuyn i ngn ng - in thoi b ti - Nhn dng ting ni - S im cui-im cui - H s dch v c nhn - Di ng s - Cc dch v thng tin v tinh - Thng tin c nhn 1980 - Mng ring o - Nhn tin quc t - Lm vic t xa - Mua hng ti nh - Bo ch ti nh - Fax mu - ng dng ISDN - ng dng ISDN - Hot ng ngn hng - Hot ng ngn hng ti nh ti nh - in thoi th - in thoi th - Cc dch v thay th - Cc dch v thay th in thoi min ph in thoi min ph - Bo chung la chn - Bo chung la chn - B phiu t xa - B phiu t xa - Phn phi cc cuc gi - Phn phi cc cuc t ng gi t ng - Trung tm dch v - Trung tm dch v (Centrex) (Centrex) - Trung tm dch v din - Trung tm dch v rng din rng - Th in t - Th in t - Videotext - Videotext - in thoi di ng - in thoi di ng - Nhn tin - Nhn tin - Skyphone - in thoi thy hnh - Skyphone 1970 - in thoi thy hnh - Nhn tin v tuyn - Fax gi r - Nhn tin v tuyn - iu khin t xa - Fax gi r - o lng t xa - iu khin t xa - D liu nng cp - o lng t xa - in thoi v tuyn - D liu nng cp - Datel - in thoi v tuyn - in thoi v tuyn - Telex - Truyn s liu trn - Datel - Fax ng thoi (Datel)- Telex - in thoi - Fax - Telex - in bo - Telex - in thoi - Fax - in bo - Fax - in thoi - in thoi - in bo - in bo

- in bo

1870

- in thoi - in bo - in bo

Hnh 2.10: Tin trnh v xu hng pht trin dch v vin thng
-

Nhu cu dch v bng rng. Khi mng c dung lng ln p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca khch hng th phm vi cc loi hnh dch v m n c th h tr cng tng ln. Bng thng yu cu cho cc dch v cng ln hn nhiu so vi bng thng ca cc dch v c bn nh thoi, fax c tc truyn thng khng qu 64kbit/s (xem Bng 2.1).

34

Bng 2.1 : Yu cu k thut ca mt s loi dch v Dch v Tc bt Chun phn Tc gii (im khung nh x dng) (Khung/giy ) 170128 176144 2-5 5-10

Videophone tng t in thoi thy hnh tc c bn Truyn hnh hi ngh a phng tin tng tc NTSC s Truyn hnh phn gii cao

5-10 kbit/s Khng c 56-128 kbit/s P64

384 kbit/s 1-2 Mbit/s 3-10 Mbit/s > 15 Mbit/s

P64 MPEG NTSC FCC

352288 Ti a 252288 720480 1200800

15-30 15-30 30 60

ITU-T phn tch cc dch v bng rng lm hai loi l cc dch v tng tc v cc dch v phn b.
+

Cc dch v tng tc l cc dch v cho php truyn thng tin theo hai chiu (khng tnh n cc thng tin bo hiu iu khin) gia cc thu bao vi nhau hoc gia thu bao vi nh cung cp dch v. Cc dch v phn b l cc dch v m thng tin ch truyn theo mt chiu, t nh cung cp dch v bng rng ti thu bao.

C mt cch khc na phn chia cc loi dch v bng rng thnh hai loi: loi dch v phc v cho vic kinh doanh v dch v thng thng phc v cc h thu bao (xem Bng 2.2). Bng 2.2: Cc ng dng c trin vng hin nay v trong tng lai khi trin khai mng bng rng. Cc dch v phc v kinh doanh - Dch v truyn hnh nh tc cao T ng (CAD/CAM/CAE) thit Cc dch v phc v thng thng phc v cc h thu bao - Dch v phn b tn hiu video

k - Dch v qung b TV/HDTV

35

- T vn, chiu chp y khoa - Ch bn, x l nh

- Dch v qung b gio dc t xa - Cc dch v video tr tin theo ln xem

- Trao i cc hnh nh ho c - Dch v video theo yu cu phn gii cao - Dch v qung co, cho hng qua video - Mua hng t xa - a phng tin tng tc - Gio dc t xa c tng tc - Hi tho t xa - Phi hp trong cng tc xut bn - Cc dch v t vn - Thc ti o - in thoi a phng tin - Cc dch v dng chung ti nguyn
-

- a phng tin tng tc - Th in t a phng tin - Cc dch v 700, 800, 900 a phng tin. - Gio dc t xa c tng tc - Dch v Internet c h tr a phng tin - Cc tr chi in t tng tc - in thoi a phng tin v thc ti o

Nhu cu mun c cc dch v phn b v tng tc.

Ngoi ra, khch hng cn c yu cu cao v cht lng dch v khc nh phi m bo thi gian thc, dch v a phng tin c cung cp vi gi r v vi thi gian trin khai nhanh chng, dch v phi tin li, d s dng. Hin nay, xu hng pht trin cng ngh ang hng sang mng IP (internet protocol) do s thun tin, n gin v chi ph thp khi trin khai dch v trn mng ny so vi nhng mng vin thng truyn thng trc kia (PSTN, ISDN,) nn nhng dch v mi ra i cng thng da mt phn hoc ton b trn nn mng IP. 2.4.1 Dch v VoIP Dch v VoIP (Voice over IP) l dch v s dng cng ngh/gii php truyn thoi qua mi trng IP (mng gi da trn giao thc Internet). Do mng gi c c im l tn dng ti a hiu qu s dng bng thng m t quan tm ti thi gian tr lan truyn v x l trn mng, trong khi tn hiu thoi li l mt dng tn hiu thi gian thc, cho nn ngi ta b sung vo mng cc phn t mi v thit k cc giao thc ph hp c th m bo cht lng dch v cho ngi dng. Cc thnh phn ny to thnh mng VoIP. Mng ny khng ch truyn c thoi m cn truyn cho cc dch v khc, c th tch hp c dch v thoi, truyn hnh v d liu Vi kh nng s dng hiu qu v tit kim rng bng tn, dch v VoIP c nhiu u im so vi dch v thoi trn PSTN nh sau: Gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di: Gim cc ph (i vi ngi s dng), c bit hiu qu vi ng truyn di do kt hp c ngun ti nguyn sn c, cng ngh nnCc ph VoIP bao gi cng ch bng khong 30% cc ph ca cuc gi qua mng in thoi.
36

Nhiu cuc gi hn, gim rng bng thng cho mi kt ni H tr thm nhiu dch v b sung khc v gip trin khai cc dch v mi nhanh chng, d dng, t ng dch v, pht hin trng thi, qun l thng tin, m ho bo mt... S dng c hiu qu giao thc IP: Tn dng u t, thit b sn c ca nh iu hnh mng v cung cp dch v

Ngoi ra, khi nhc n VoIP chng ta cn c nhng dch v lin quan trn nn IP nh: Cuc gi quc t, Fax qua IP, tip th t xa (trung tm cuc gi i): gi n cc khch hng phc v hot ng cung cp hng v dch v/mi lm n, v d nh cc cuc gi min ph cho ch gi. Vit Nam c cc dch v nh 151, 900, 901, ngoi ra 1/7/2004 VNPT a ra nhng dch v 1800, 1900 dnh cho khch hng doanh nghip trn nn mng NGN. Dch v 1800 gi l dch v min ph, hay chnh xc hn l dch v ngi nghe tr tin. y l dch v hi p thng tin hay giao dch vi khch hng do cc t chc c nhu cu cung cp. V d nh mt cng ty kinh doanh ln, c nhu cu tip th v gii p khch hng thng xuyn c th ng k dch v gi min ph ny. Khi s dng, khch hng ca cng ty ch cn quay 1800 v s in thoi ng k dch v ca cng ty l s c ni min ph ti cc nhn vin giao dch lun lun sn sng phc v v gii p cc thng tin cn bit ca khch hng. Cc dch v 1900 c s dng cho cc mc ch gii tr. Cc dch v thng minh 1900 hin nay c trin khai rng ri vi s kt hp mnh gia cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh mng vin thng tin tin. 2.4.2 Dch v Video thi gian thc Dch v Video thi gian thc (real time video) c cc cng ty vin thng cung cp, cho truyn Video theo thi gian thc ti cc thu bao khc nhau cc a im khc nhau v thi im khc nhau. Dch v Video ny s dng cng ngh ISDN hoc IP, iu ny khc vi cu truyn hnh truyn thng (Television bridge), l cho php chia s cc ng dng ca cng ngh my tnh, nh cng lm vic vi cc trang ti liu, cng s dng cc chng trnh phn mm. ng dng video thi gian thc cng audio thi gian thc l ng dng a phng tin rt quan trng ca cc mng my tnh ngy nay, cho php truyn thng hiu qu qua cc mng my tnh. ng dng ny yu cu bng thng ln v tr nh. V d: Videoconferencing c dng cho o to t xa v trao i cng vic t xa cho cc nhm lm d n. - Gio dc/o to t xa: Internet l kho v tn v ngun thng tin v tri thc ca loi ngi. Kt hp cc yu t ny nu c trang thit b hi ngh truyn hnh, mt gio vin gii c th ging dy trc tuyn cho nhiu lp hc cc a im khc nhau, c bit l cc lp hc vng su, vng xa ni thiu nhiu gio vin gii. y l gii php rt hiu qu v mt chi ph cng nh con ngi. - Truyn hnh theo yu cu (Video on demand): Truyn Video mng Internet theo yu cu v gi thnh v cht lng ca khch hng.
37

- Chi game tng tc qua mng: Hin nay phong tro gii tr trn mng rt pht trin, nhng tr chi trc tuyn vi s lng ln ngi tham gia i hi mng phi c kh nng cung cp tc cao, bng thng ln trnh c cc tnh hung xu do nghn mng. - Cha bnh t xa: y l mt ng dng m thng tin lu tr trong c s ca my ch c th b kch hot thng qua trnh duyt trang web. ng dng trn m hnh khch/ch ny cho php cc thng tin, cc chun on, danh mc thuc trong toa thuc v cc s liu hnh nh (nh chp X quang) ca bnh nhn c th c ly ra v quan st. T , bc s s c cch iu tr tt hn cho bnh nhn. Bc s cng c th thu c nhng s liu mi nht mt cch nhanh chng t cc bnh vin hoc trung tm chm sc sc kho. Khi bc s iu tr trc tip ca bnh nhn hi kin cc chuyn gia y t xa, cc hnh nh y khoa ca bnh nhn c th c truyn ti cc chuyn gia ny s gp v t vn t chnh xc cao. Hoc trong cc trng hp khn cp, bnh vin c th truy xut lch s bnh n ca bnh nhn . - Lm vic ti nh: Dch v ny cho php nhn vin ngi ti nh lm vic bnh thng m khng cn phi n vn phng, cng s. Khi ngi ti nh, ngi nhn vin s l ngi s dng mng LAN o v c th truy cp n my ch ng dng v chia s file vi cc ng nghip. H c th vo my ch fax trung tm ly v cc bn fax gi cho h. Hoc trong khi c, gi email, h vn bng thng nhn v nhng tin nhn thoi t cc my ch th thoi (voice mail server) d dng. 2.4.3 Dch v VPN * Dch v Mng ring o: i vi nhiu t chc, cng ty hay c quan(,) x nghip ln c nhu cu trao i thng tin ni b gia cc thnh vin thng xuyn nhng li nm cc v tr a l cch xa nhau, vic xy dng mt mng thng tin ni b l rt cn thit. Trong trng hp cha cn thit phi u t cho mt mng thng tin tht s ring bit v mt vt l (trang thit b, knh truyn dn), h c th ng k s dng dch v mng ring o. Dch v ny cung cp cho cc c quan mt mng thng tin ni b o vi y cc tnh nng nh vi mt mng ring thc s nhng vn s dng chung c s h tng ca mng thng tin cng cng. Hin nay Vit Nam, loi hnh VPN ph bin nht l dch v to lp mt mng LAN o trn nn cng ngh IP v cc ng dng Internet. Vi dch v ny, cc cng ty, doanh nghip c th to cho mnh mt mng din rng vi kh nng truy nhp gin tip hoc trc tip qua mng ring o trn nn IP ca VDC. 2.4.4 Tch hp dch v vin thng trn mng truyn hnh cp (CATV) Xu hng tch hp dch v v mng hin nay ang l vn m cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng v dch v truyn hnh/truyn thanh rt quan tm. Vi mng truyn hnh cp, ngoi dch v truyn hnh (tin tc, phim nh, m thanh) cn c th tch hp cc dch v vin thng trn nh dch v thoi, dch v truy cp internet thng qua si cp vt l kt ni ti tn nh thu bao. Khi , cc thit b u cui

Virtual Private Network: mng ring o

38

s l cc thit b a phng tin, va c kh nng thu nhn c cc thng tin qung b nh ca nhc, tin tc, phim nh, va cho php s dng cc dch v vin thng thng thng trn cng mt thit b tch hp. 2.4.5 Dch v trc tuyn (Online services) Dch v trc tuyn l dch v t vn, mua bn, tm kim ...trc tip, thng th vic cung cp dch v ny c thng qua mng Internet v c th truy cp 24/24. Ngi s dng l nhng ngi truy cp vo Internet v c kh nng chi tr qua mng hoc qua ti khon. Mt s v d c th v dch v ny Vit Nam: - Tin tc thi s: Cung cp thng tin thi s trc tip trn mng nh Tin tc 24 gi qua, S kin ng ch , Chnh tr-X hi, Quc t, Kinh t, Vn ha - Tin th: C hi giao thng, Th thao, Gii tr, Cng ngh thng tin v Vin thng. - Tp ch in t: Cung cp thng tin bo nh trc tip trn mng nh Th gii 24x7, Tun tin tc, Sc mu vn ho, Internet & TMT *, Din n kinh doanh - Sch in t: Th vin in t cho php ngi s dng c giy php/quyn c truy nhp v ti sch v my tnh c nhn. Thng th dch v ny cung cp trong mt mng dng ring nh th vin trng i hc hay th vin ca mt vin nghin cu hoc mt cng ty no . - Thng mi in t: y l dch v trc tuyn cho lnh vc kinh doanh: Marketing, bn hng, dch v chm sc khch hng, ngn hng v ha n trc tuyn Mt trong nhng dch v ng dng thuc loi ny l: Ca hng m nhc bn c th thng thc cc chng trnh audio, cc video clip cht lng cao t cc a CD mi nht trc khi quyt nh mua chng. cng c th l mt ca hng thi trang bn qun o trc tuyn trn mng Internet. ng dng s dng cc clip thc t o xoay mu vt 360. Khch hng c th nhn qun o pha trc, pha sau hoc bn hng. Tnh tng tc gip khch hng hnh dung hnh dng trc khi mc th, lm h hi lng v tt nhin tng doanh thu cho ngi bn. 2.4.6 Cc dch v gi tr gia tng (VAS **) Phn ny cho ta mt s v d in hnh v dch v gia tng trn mng thoi c nh, mng in thoi di ng v mng Internet (xem khi nim chung v dch v gi tr gia tng Phn 2.1). Cc dch v gia tng trn dch v thoi c nh: Dch v chuyn cuc gi tm thi: cho php cuc gi ti mt thu bao c ng k dch v ny t ng chuyn ti mt s my chn. Dch v quay s tt: cho php thu bao ng k dch v ny c th t to ra cc s my ch di 2-3 s cho cc s my cn gi.

**

TMT: Thng mi in t VAS (Value Added Service): Dch v gi tr gia tng

39

Dch v nhn dng cuc gi c mc ch xu: cho php thu bao c th yu cu ghi li s my ca cc my gi n. Dch v bo thc t ng: cho php thu bao t n nh mt cuc gi n vo gi nh trc bo thc. Dch v thng bo thu bao vng nh Dch v thng bo c cuc gi n khi ang m thoi Dch v in thoi hi ngh: cho php mt thu bao c th ng thi gi ti 2 thu bao in thoi khc thit lp mt cuc gi tay ba. Dch v gii hn cuc gi ng di (trong nc, quc t) theo yu cu ca thu bao.

Ngoi cc dch v k trn, cng ngy s lng cc dch v gia tng ca in thoi cng nhiu, p ng nhu cu a dng ca ngi s dng. Cn c cc dch v gia tng gi tr ca dch v in thoi cung cp cho ngi s dng tu theo tnh nng k thut ca h thng tng i in thoi do cng ty vin thng ti a phng cung cp. Cc dch v gia tng trn dch v in thoi di ng: Dch v nhn tin ngn (SMS *). Hp th thoi (voicemail). Dch v Fax v truyn s liu. Dch v WAP **. Dch v chuyn tip cuc gi. Dch v Dch v chuyn vng trong nc v quc t. Dch v bo thc

Cc dch v gia tng trn nn Internet: Dch v th in t (E-mail): l dch v p ng yu cu trao i thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng Internet thng qua vic gi, nhn th in t (Electronic Mail). y l mt trong nhng dch v c s dng nhiu nht trn Internet vi l do tin li, nhanh chng v kinh t. Dch v hp th thoi (Voice-mail): Hp th thoi l dch v cung cp cho khch hng mt phng tin lu tr thng tin bng ting ni rt thun tin. Ngi cn gi thng tin ch cn gi ti s my ca thu bao ng k dch v ny v li tin nhn bng ting ni. Ngi ch thu bao c th truy xut tin nhn t bt k mt thu bao in thoi no. Vic gi v nhn tin nhn c thc hin hon ton t ng. Ngi s dng ton hon yn tm v b mt v

**

SMS-Short Message Service: Dch v nhn tin WAP- Wireless Access Protocol: Giao thc truy nhp khng dy

40

ch c ch ca hp th thoi mi bit m s c nhn c th truy xut ti nhng tin nhn trong hp th. Dch v ny c th dng di nhiu dng nh: tr li t ng nu thu bao ang bn hoc khng nhc my, in thoi o, cung cp thng tin tr li t ng. Dch v truy cp d liu v thng tin trn mng: Thc ra y chnh l mt dch v ng dng Internet, nhng c th l dch v cung cp thng tin mng nh cung cp vn bn php lut, bo ch, truyn hnh qua mng

Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu dch v khc nh: Dch v trao i d liu in t trn mng, dch v hi p thng tin, dch v fax gia tng gi tr bao gm lu tr v gi, lu tr v truy cp, dch v chuyn i m giao thc. 2.4.7 Thng tin c nhn ton cu - Dch v cho tng lai Hin nay, hu ht cc dch v vin thng u c ng k thng qua mt s my thu bao u cui xc nh. Vic s dng dch v u c quy cho s my ng k dch v m khng cn bit ti ngi s dng dch v. iu ny s khng tho mn cho khch hng nu h di chuyn n mt a im mi m khng mun phi ng k li dch v m h c ti a im c. Khi dch v thng tin c nhn c a vo s dng, mi khch hng s c mt s nhn dng c nhn (ID IDentification number) tng ng vi cc dch v m h ng k v c th s dng bt k mt thit b u cui no thng tin lin lc. Nh vy, vic s dng dch v vin thng s khng cn gn vi mt thit b thu bao c th no m s trc tip gn vi ngi s dng (c nhn) thng qua mt ID duy nht. Dch v thng tin c nhn ton cu s tr thnh hin thc nu s nhn dng ID ca mi c nhn c chp nhn v thng nht trn phm vi ton th gii.

41

CU HI N TP CHNG 2
1. Dch v vin thng c bn l: A. Dch v truyn a tc thi thng tin qua mng vin thng m khng lm thay i loi hnh hoc ni dung thng tin B. Dch v lm tng gi tr thng tin ca ngi s dng C. Dch v khng cn tnh cc D. Dch v h tr nhn cng cho ngi s dng 2. Dch v gi tr gia tng l: A. Dch v thit yu nht m h tng mng cung cp c B. Dch v lm tng gi tr thng tin ca ngi s dng C. Dch v ch lin quan n truyn thoi D. Dch v khng cn tnh cc 3. Dch v a phng tin l: A. Dch v ch truyn thoi B. Dch v ch truyn hnh nh C. Dch v ch truyn thoi v hnh nh D. Dch v truyn t t nht hai loi hnh thng tin tr ln 4. Dch v VoIP c im khc vi dch v thoi truyn thng (trn nn PSTN) l: A. C chi ph r hn B. Tn nhiu bng thng hn cho mt cuc gi C. c h tr thm nhiu dch v b sung D. Ch truyn thoi cht lng thp 5. QoS l vit tt ca cm t no sau y: A. Quality of Service C. Quality of System B. Queue of Service D. Queue of System

6. Yu t no sau y khng phi l cc yu t ca cht lng dch v QoS: A. Cht lng v h tr dch v B. Cht lng v khai thc dch v C. Cht lng v thit b ca mng li D. Cht lng v thc hin dch v thu bao ca mng E. Cht lng v an ton
42

7. Theo khuyn ngh E.800 ca ITU-T th c nh ngha l nng lc ca mt mng hoc l phn mng cung cp cc chc nng c lin quan n kh nng truyn thng gia nhng ngi s dng A. B. QoS NP C. MOS D. GOS

8. NP l vit tt ca cm t no sau y: A. Network Ping B. Network Performance C. Network Provider D. Network Protocol 9. Cc kin sau y, nhng kin no l ng A. Nu mng c NP tt th c QoS thp B. Hiu nng mng NP khng nh hng ti QoS C. Trong mt s trng hp hiu nng mng NP chnh l QoS D. QoS khng lin quan n NP 10. Trong cc yu t ca cht lng dch v QoS, th yu t kh nng phc v khng bao gm vn no: A. Kh nng truy nhp dch v B. Kh nng duy tr phc v C. Mc hon ho dch v D. Mc an ton dch v 11. Tham s no sau y khng s dng nh gi hiu nng mng NP: A. B. Tr Suy hao C. kh dng D. Thng lng

43

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 2

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Moore M. S. Telecommunications: A Beginners Guide. McGraw-Hill, 2002. Freeman R. L. Fundamentals of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley & Sons, 1994. Understanding Telecommunications. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997. Steve Shepard. Telecommunications Convergence: How to bridge the gap between technologies and services. 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002. Joel Mambretti and Andrew Schmidt. Next-Generation Internet: Creating Advanced Networks and Services. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1999. Ts Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Thng tin di ng 3G. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2004. Thng tin v dch v v php lnh bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam trn cc trang web http://www.vnpt.com.vn/, http://mpt.gov.vn, http://www.vtn.com.vn/ TS. PV Vn, TS. TH Qun, TS. NQM Hin. Mng vin thng v xu hng pht trin. NXB Bu in, H Ni, 2002. Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v cht lng dch v vin thng, http://www.itu.int/rec/T-RECE/en

44

CHNG III - CC MNG VIN THNG

GII THIU CHNG
Chng 3 cp cc hot ng c bn ca mt s mng vin thng in hnh nh mng in thoi, cc mng truyn s liu, mng my tnh v mng vin thng hin i ngy nay. Mng in thoi truyn thng l mng vin thng c bn nht. Hot ng ca mt mng in thoi truyn thng c hiu mt cch n gin thc hin chc nng cc kt ni thoi trn mng. Mng thng tin di ng cng l mng in thoi, mng ny ang pht trin rt mnh v mang li rt nhiu li nhun trong kinh doanh vin thng. Nhu cu truyn s liu v ang pht trin rt mnh m. S liu c th c truyn qua mng theo nhiu phng thc v k thut khc nhau. Chng ny trnh by cc cng ngh truyn s liu v cch thc s liu c truyn qua cc mng. Hin nay cc mng my tnh, mng Internet, Intranet, Extranet ang pht trin rt nhanh. Nhu cu s dng cc dch v vin thng qua cc mng my tnh v Internet l rt ln. Chnh iu thc y cc cng ngh mng my tnh v Internet pht trin. Chng ny cng phn tch cc kin trc mng my tnh, cc khi nim mng LAN, MAN, WAN cng nh mng Internet. Tip theo, chng 3 trnh by v xu hng pht trin mng vin thng ni chung v xu hng hi t dch v v mng trong mi trng mng vin thng th h sau (NGN). Chng 3 cn gii thiu nhng khi nim cn bn v mng, v quan im phn tng giao thc khi xy dng mng v cc phng thc chuyn giao thng tin c bn qua cc mng. Hc vin cn phi hiu c khi nim v c cc loi mng v cng ngh mng, cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng v nm c xu hng pht trin ca vin thng, hiu c quan im phn tng v nhng phng thc chuyn giao trong mng vin thng. 3.1 S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA CC MNG VIN THNG Mc tiu c bn ca mt mng vin thng l truyn ti thng tin ca mt ngi s dng bt k dng no ti ngi s dng khc trn mng. Ngi s dng ca cc mng cng cng, v d nh mng in thoi, c gi l cc thu bao. Nhng thng tin ca ngi s dng c th nhiu dng khc nhau nh l ting ni, s liu, hnh nh v cc thu bao c th s dng nhiu cng ngh truy nhp truy nhp vo cc mng khc nhau theo phng thc c nh hoc di ng. Mng vin thng lu i nht c th nhc ti l mng in thoi c nh, sau l cc mng in thoi v tuyn, mng a dch v, mng Internet ... Chng ta c th thy l mi mng mng vin thng c th cung cp nhiu dch v c bn nh l dch v thoi c nh, di ng hay s liu. Cc mng ny c th lin kt vi nhau cung cp dch v lin mng cho nhiu i tng thu bao. Cc mng ny s c cp cc phn sau trong chng.

45

3.1.1 Mng in thoi Nh gii thiu Chng 2, dch v in thoi ch yu c hai mng in thoi cung cp l mng in thoi c nh (mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN, mng vin thng c bn u tin cung cp dch v in thoi c nh) v mng thng tin di ng (cn gi l mng in thoi di ng, mng ra i sau c kh nng cung cp tnh nng di ng cho thu bao s dng dch v in thoi). 3.1.1.1 Mng PSTN Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) l mng dch v pht trin rt sm, sau h thng in bo Morse. Mng PSTN cung cp cc dch v thoi v phi thoi. Do y l mt h thng cung cp dch v thoi nn n c trin khai rng khp trn th gii v tri qua nhiu giai on cng ngh khc nhau. PSTN l mng vin thng lu i nht v ln nht t trc ti nay, tnh n 1998 c trn 700 triu thu bao, ti nm 2000 c trn 1 t thu bao trn ton th gii. Vit Nam, tnh n 2004 c trn 6 triu thu bao in thoi PSTN trn tng s hn 10 triu thu bao in thoi (c nh+di ng) v ti 6/2006, con s tng ng l khong 9 triu thu bao PSTN trn tng s khong 17 triu thu bao in thoi. Xt v bn cht PSTN l mt mng hot ng theo phng thc mch (circuit mode), ngha l theo phng thc hng kt ni (connection-oriented): mt cuc gi in thoi c tin hnh theo 3 pha: Thit lp kt ni, duy tr kt ni v gii phng kt ni (setup-conversation-released) bng cch s dng cc h thng bo hiu. c im ch yu ca PSTN: Truy nhp analog 300-3400 Hz Kt ni song cng chuyn mch knh Bng thng chuyn mch 64kb/s hoc 300-3400Hz i vi chuyn mch analog Khng c kh nng di ng hoc di ng vi c ly hn ch.

Hnh 3.1 cho thy m hnh c bn ca mng in thoi ny. Trong hnh ta c cc thit b u cui pha ngi s dng l cc my in thoi c nh. Mng in thoi s c nhim v kt ni cc my in thoi thc hin dch v thoi. Mng ny gm cc phn t c bn l cc thit b truyn dn v cc thit b chuyn mch, cc thit b ny phi hp hot ng vi nhau ni thng cc my in thoi c nh theo yu cu ca ngi s dng dch v thoi. V nguyn tc, tt c cc my in thoi c th c u ni trc tip vi nhau nh thi ban u ca n. Tuy nhin khi m s lng thu bao tng ln, ngi ta thy rng cn phi thc hin chuyn mch gia cc i dy vi nhau. Sau ch c mt s tuyn ni cn thit gia cc tng i do s lng cc cuc gi ra th nh hn nhiu so vi s lng thu bao; Cc th h tng i ban u thc hin chuyn mch nhn cng da trn cc phin ni v phch cm.

46

Cc h thng chuyn mch t ng c gi l cc tng i t ng u tin c pht trin vo nm 1887 bi Strowger. Sau th qu trnh chuyn mch c iu khin bi ngi s dng nh vo cc xung c to ra khi quay s. Qua nhiu thp k, cc tng i da trn hng lot cc b chn in c phc tp, nhng trong khong 20 nm tr li y, chng c pht trin thnh cc tng i s c iu khin bng phn mm v c th cung cp nhiu dch v b sung. Cc tng i hin i thng c dung lng tng i ln, hng ngn s, v c th thc hin nhiu cuc gi ng thi. Thng thng mng in thoi c chia thnh cc cp khc nhau, t cp truy nhp (kt ni t thu bao ti tng i ni ht) ti cp trung chuyn (kt ni gia cc tng i: kt ni gia cc tng i host vi nhau, gia tng i host vi tng i cp cao hn l tng i quc gia v quc t).

Tng i

Tng i

Ni ti vng khc

Tng i

Hnh 3.1: Mng in thoi c nh Truyn dn l qu trnh truyn ti thng tin gia cc im kt cui ca mt h thng hay mt mng. Cc h thng truyn dn c th s dng mt hoc nhiu phng tin truyn dn c bn cho vic truyn a thng tin gia cc im nh cp ng, cp quang hoc thm ch l mi trng v tuyn (vi in thoi ko di). Trong mt mng vin thng, cc h thng truyn dn s kt ni cc tng i vi nhau v cc h thng truyn dn ny cn c gi l mng truyn dn hay mng truyn ti. Ch rng, s lng knh thoi (l mt n v o dung lng truyn dn) cn thit gia cc tng i th nh hn rt nhiu so vi s lng thu bao bi v s lng thu bao thc hin gi ng thi l nh. Trong chng IV chng ta s tho lun chi tit hn v truyn dn. 3.1.1.2 Mng thng tin di ng L mng ra i sau mng in thoi c nh, mng in thoi di ng cung cp kh nng di ng cho thu bao trong qu trnh thc hin thng tin lin lc. Ty theo tnh di ng, c im ph sng, mc ch s dng v k thut iu ch, m ha m ngi ta phn bit cc h thng thng tin di ng khc nhau: thng tin di ng ni vng (cn gi l thng tin v tuyn ni ht, mch vng v tuyn ni ht ...), thng tin di ng ton cu GSM, thng tin di ng CDMA ... 47
Tng i

Mng truyn dn

Hnh 3.2 cho ta thy cu trc chung ca mng thng tin di ng t bo.

VLR

HLR

BTS

PSTN/ISDN
Gateway MSC

BSC MSC BSC

BTS

MS S
BTS

Internet

PDSN
Hnh 3.2: Mng thng tin di ng t bo Trong : -

Thit b u cui di ng MS (my in thoi di ng): l thit b u cui ca ngi s dng; thit b ny gn, nh, d s dng v c nhiu tnh nng h tr khch hng. Mi thit b u cui u c mt s my ring bit v thng tin v thu bao c ghi trong vi mch SIM. Ty theo loi my u cui m kh nng thu pht tn hiu c mnh yu khc nhau khi thu bao gn ngoi vng ph sng. Trm thu pht BTS: thc hin vic thu pht thng tin gia thit b u cui v u ni vi tng i chuyn mch trung tm (thng tin v tuyn) truyn i nhng thng tin lin quan n thit b u cui ti trung tm chuyn mch di ng (MSC). Mi trm BTS s ph sng trn mt vng a l nht nh v c kh nng phc v mt s lng thu bao xc nh; v vy i khi c qu nhiu thu bao MS cng tp trung trong vng ph sng ca mt trm BTS s xy ra hin tng nghn mch (trong khu vc trin lm, sn bng , trung tm hi ngh ln ...); mi vng ph sng nh vy c gi l mt t bo. Mng thng tin di ng bao gm nhiu trm BTS c th ph sng trong mt khu vc rng ln. Khi thu bao di ng ra khi vng ph sng, trm BTS v thu bao s khng kt ni c vi nhau. Tng i chuyn mch trung tm MSC: thc hin cc cng vic lin quan n thit lp/gii phng cuc gi, qun l thu bao, u ni vi cc mng khc thc hin cc cuc gi lin mng. MSC qun l cc BTS v c trang b cc c s d liu cho php nhanh chng cp nht cc thng tin v thu bao, v tr thu bao c cc p ng ph hp.

48

Tng i chuyn mch ca ng *GMSC: kt ni vi cc mng khc nh mng in thoi c nh hay mng Internet. GMSC thc hin iu khin cc cuc gi t mng di ng vo mng c nh v ngc li. B ng k nh v thu bao nh HLR: l mt c s d liu c bn lu gi cc thng tin lu di v thu bao nh a ch, cc quyn ca thu bao v cc thng tin tham kho khc. B ng k nh v thu bao khch VLR: l mt c s d liu ca MSC lu gi cc thng tin tm thi v thu bao nh v tr hin ti ca thu bao ...

3.1.2 Mng truyn s liu Truyn s liu l mt loi hnh rt ph bin trong thi i thng tin hin nay. l mt trong cc loi hnh dch v vin thng v c thc hin trn mt s mng khc nhau nh: Mng s liu chuyn mch gi, mng s liu chuyn mch knh, mng in thoi cng cng, hay n gin l cc mng my tnh (LAN, MAN, WAN), cc mng thu ring, Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch knh - CSPDN (Circuited Switched Public Data Network): c a vo s dng t nhng nm 1980. y l mng hon ton s v c thit k ring cho truyn thng s liu. Thng c bn tc truyn c bn l: 600, 2400, 4800 v 9600 bps, c th la chn mt trong bn tc ny. Knh truyn s c duy tr trong sut thi gian truyn. Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi - PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Network): c s dng khp th gii t nhng nm 1970. Mng ny cho php cc u cui c tc bit khc nhau v ngi s dng c th thm nhp mt s c s d liu ln trn khp th gii. Hu ht cc mng truyn s liu trn th gii u l chuyn i gi. Mng in thoi cng cng - PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): Do cc ng dy in thoi ch dng truyn cc tn hiu m thanh vi di tn 0,3 > 3.4 KHz nn mun truyn s liu th phi s dng Modem l cc thit b iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu truyn d liu ln tn hiu m thanh thoi v ngc li. Ngoi ra, vic truyn s liu cn c thc hin thng qua mt s mng khc nh lit k trn, trong vic truyn s liu qua mng my tnh, mng Internet ang pht trin rt mnh m. Chng ta s nghin cu v cc mng ny phn sau. Khi thc hin truyn s liu trn mng, ngi s dng i hi mt s yu cu nh: cht lng truyn, tc , vn an ton v bo mt thng tin t c iu ny, d liu truyn phi c m ha v x l tun theo cc th thc nht nh no . 3.1.3 Mng my tnh v m hnh Client/Server 3.1.3.1 Mng my tnh Vo nhng nm 1980, my tnh bn ni ln nh mt phng n thay th r tin cho cc my tnh ln t gi. Mi my tnh bn u c kh nng tch hp mi thit b ngoi vi v phn mm hon thnh mt s cng vic c th, song vic chuyn giao d liu
*

Ca ng (Gateway): Cn c gi l cng, v tr bin mng.

49

gia cc h thng cha c thc hin t ng, khi cn trao i d liu ngi s dng phi dng ti a mm. Vi pht trin ca cng nghip my tnh, cc qun tr vin PC *, cc chuyn vin tip th, ngi dng, v thit k vin bt u thy r cc u im ca vic dng chung d liu v phn cng gia mt nhm cc my PC tuy ring l song li mang tnh hp tc. T mng my tnh ra i, n tr thnh mt phng tin truyn b thng tin. Mun hiu r cc im phc tp ca tin trnh truyn thng d liu v kt ni mng my tnh, bn phi c mt nn tng khi nim cn bn v mng my tnh. Mng my tnh (computer network) l mt nhm cc my tnh tng kt chia s cc dch v thng qua mt kt ni dng chung. Do , yu cu ca mng my tnh l hai hoc nhiu c nhn c mt ti liu no mun cng nhau chia s. Mt c nhn phi c kh nng cung cp mt ti liu no . Cc h thng ring l phi c kt ni vi nhau thng qua mt phng tin vt l. Mi h thng ni vi phng tin vt l ny phi tun th mt lot cc quy tc truyn thng chung th d liu mi n c ch chng nh, v do cc h thng gi nhn mi hiu c nhau. Cc quy tc iu hnh tin trnh truyn thng my tnh c gi l giao thc (protocol). Mng my tnh thng c mt trong hai m hnh sau: khch/ch (Client/Server) v ngang hng. Nhiu mi trng mng s dng c hai m hnh. V d, mt cng ty c th dng ng thi cc h iu hnh Netware khch/ch cng vi Novell v Windows for Workgroup ngang hng ca Microsoft. M hnh khch/ch

Trong mi trng khch/ch, cc ti nguyn thng nm trn mt nhm my ch. My ch l mt my tnh c ch nh c th cung cp cc dch v cho cc my tnh khc trn mng. Cc my khch ch truy nhp cc ti nguyn sn c t cc my ch ch khng cung cp dch v. Di m hnh khch/ch, cc ti nguyn phn cng c th c tp trung trn cc my ch v cc my khch c th c thit k theo cc cu hnh phn cng ti thiu. M hnh khch/ch t ra l l tng i vi cc mng ln cn n h thng bo mt mng. Di m hnh khch/ch, ngi qun tr c th d dng iu khin quyn truy nhp cc ti nguyn mng. M hnh ngang hng

Trong mi trng mng ngang hng, cc ti nguyn c phn phi trn ton mng thng qua cc my tnh; cc my tnh ny c th hot ng nh nhng my ch hoc my khch. Trong mi trng ny, ngi dng trn tng PC chu trch nhim iu hnh v chia s cc ti nguyn PC ca h. Cc mng ngang hng rt ph hp vi cc t chc nh, c s ngi dng gii hn v khng t nng vn bo mt. 3.1.3.2 Kin trc mng (Network Architecture)

PC Personal Computer: My tnh c nhn

50

Kin trc mng bao gm cch thc u ni cc my tnh li vi nhau v trong qu trnh hot ng truyn thng chng phi tun theo mt s quy tc, quy c bt buc. Cch thc u ni cc my tnh li vi nhau bao gm vic b tr cc phn t mng theo mt cu trc hnh hc no v cch thc kt ni chng (gi l cu hnh mng hay l topo ca mng). Tp cc quy tc, quy c bt buc cc thnh phn ca mng khi tham gia cc hot ng truyn thng phi tun theo, gi l cc giao thc ca mng (Protocols).

Cc nt mng

Thit b u cui (Users)

Hnh 3.3: Mng my tnh Cu hnh mng (Topology)

Printer

Cu hnh mng l cu trc hnh hc khng gian ca mng, thc cht l cch b tr v tr vt l cc nt (node) v cch thc kt ni chng li vi nhau. C hai kiu cu trc mng, l kiu im - im v kiu a im. a) Kiu im - im (Point to Point): ng truyn ni tng cp nt li vi nhau theo mt dng hnh hc xc nh no . Nu cc nt c nhu cu trao i thng tin, mt knh truyn vt l s c thit lp gia nt ngun v nt ch bng thng qua mt chui tun t cc nt. Cc nt trung gian c chc nng tip nhn thng tin, lu tr thng tin tm thi trong b nh ph v ch cho n khi ng truyn ri s gi tip thng tin sang nt tip theo...c nh vy cho n nt ch. Ngi ta gi mng c cu trc im- im l mng lu v gi tip (Store - and - Forward). Mng hnh sao (Star), mng chu trnh (i khi gi l mng vng Loop), mng hnh cy (Tree) v mng hnh y (Complete) l nhng mng c cu trc kiu im - im. u im ca loi mng ny t xy ra va chm thng tin (collision) trn ng truyn, nhng nhc im ln nht ca n l hiu sut s dng ng truyn khng cao, tc trao i thng tin thp, tr ln, cn tiu tn nhiu thi gian thit lp ng truyn v x l ti cc nt. b) Kiu a im, qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting): Tt c cc nt cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn. Thng tin c truyn i t nt ngun no , tt c cc nt cn li tip nhn thng tin, kim tra a ch ch, thng tin nhn n c phi l ca n hay khng. V cc nt cng truy nhp ng thi trn ng truyn chung, cn thit phi c c ch gii quyt va chm thng tin trn ng truyn, nht l trong mng hnh BUS v RING. Cc mng c cu trc qung b c hai loi, qung loi tnh v qung b ng.

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Qung b tnh Qung b ng tp trung Qung b Qung b ng Qung b ng phn tn

Qung b tnh: Ngi ta chia thi gian thnh nhiu khong ri rc v dng c ch quay vng (Round Robin) cp pht ng truyn cho cc nt. Cc nt c quyn truy nhp khi n thi gian ca n. Tuy nhin c nhiu nt khng c nhu cu truyn tin khi n lt n c php truyn, v vy vn c hin tng knh ri trong khong thi gian no trong khi cc nt c nhu cu truyn tin li khng c php truy nhp, iu ny dn n vic hiu sut knh truyn khng cao. Qung b ng tp trung: Ngi ta thit k v ci t thm mt b phn trung gian c chc nng tip nhp v cp pht ng truyn cho cc nt khi c nhu cu trao i thng tin. Kiu cp pht ny gim c ti a thi gian cht ca ng truyn (khi ng truyn ri m khng th gi c thng tin ln ), nhng vic thit k v ci t rt phc tp v kh khn, khng d dng g. Qung b ng phn tn: Cc nt t quyt nh c nn truy nhp ng truyn hay khng ph thuc vo trng thi ca ng truyn. y l gii php tt nht trong thit k v ci t cc phng php truy nhp ng truyn.

Giao thc mng my tnh Ngoi cc quy nh v ng truyn vt l m bo truyn d liu di dng chui bit gia cc thnh phn trong mng, cn phi c cc tin trnh (Proccess), cc quy nh nhm duy tr cho mi hot ng truyn thng c chnh xc v thng sut. Cc thnh phn ca mng mun trao i thng tin vi nhau trc tin chng phi hiu nhau, m phn vi nhau v mt s th tc, nguyn tc. Cc my ch c th cung cp cc dch v cho cc trm lm vic, trc tin hai thc th phi trao i lin lc c vi nhau. Nh vy trong qu trnh hot ng truyn thng, cc thnh phn ca mng phi bt buc phi tun theo tp cc quy tc v cch khi ng v kt thc mt tng tc, iu khin tc truyn, kim sot v pht hin li, sa li; tp cc quy c v c php, ng ngha ca d liu.... c gi l tp cc "giao thc mng" (Protocols). Nh vy giao thc mng c hiu l cc quy tc iu khin cc tin trnh truyn thng gia cc thnh phn trong mng vi nhau. Giao thc mng l sn phm ca cc t chc chun ha quc t. Nhm cc giao thc cng thc hin mt chc nng truyn thng no c gi l cc chun hoc khuyn ngh... Trong mt mng my tnh, c th s dng nhiu chun khc nhau, sn phm ca cc cng ty khc nhau. 3.1.3.3 Phn loi mng my tnh Phn loi theo ch tiu khong cch

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Mng my tnh thng c phn chia theo khong cch, khi mng my tnh c chia thnh 4 loi: mng cc b (LAN), mng th (MAN), mng din rng (WAN) v mng ton cu GAN. Mng cc b: LAN (Local Area Network) l mt nhm cc my tnh v thit b mng c kt ni vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l gii hn, chng hn ta nh hay khu trng hc. N thng kt ni cc trm lm vic, my tnh c nhn, my in, my ch v mt s thit b khc. Mng cc b cung cp cho ngi dng my tnh nhiu li ch, gm truy nhp chia s ti cc thit b v ng dng, trao i tp v truyn thng gia cc ngi dng thng qua th in t v cc ng dng khc. Mng LAN thng s dng 3 topo chnh l hnh sao (star), xa l (bus) v vng (ring). Mng th: MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) l nhm cc my tnh v thit b mng c kt ni vi nhau trong gii hn phm vi l khu vc cp thnh ph. MAN c th kt ni cc mng cc b s dng cc kiu phn cng v phng tin truyn dn khc nhau. Mng din rng: WAN (Wide Area Network) kt ni cc LAN hoc MAN. Mt WAN c th tri rng khp trn ton quc gia hay thm tr khp ton th gii. Mng din rng WAN l mt mng truyn s liu bao ph mt vng a l tng i rng ln v thng s dng cc phng tin truyn dn do cc nh khai thc mng cung cp. Cc cng ngh mng din rng hot ng 2 tng thp nht trong m hnh tham chiu OSI: Tng vt l, tng lin kt d liu (xem chi tit Mc 3.3.4). Cc giao thc lin kt d liu WAN m t cch thc cc khung d liu c truyn gia cc h thng trn mt ng lin kt d liu n l. Chng gm cc giao thc c thit k hot ng trn cc dch v im-im chuyn dng, dch v a im v dch v chuyn mch a truy nhp nh Frame Relay. Mng ton cu: GAN (Global Area Network) l mng kt ni my tnh v thit b mng c phm vi tri rng khp cc lc a ca tri t.

Phn loi mng my tnh theo k thut chuyn mch Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks): Hai thc th cn trao i thng tin vi nhau, gia chng cn xc lp mt ng truyn vt l c nh. D liu l chui bit c truyn i trn knh truyn c nh v duy tr cho n khi mt trong 2 thc th ngt lin lc. Qu trnh truyn d liu ca mng chuyn mch knh gm 3 giai on: thit lp kt ni, duy tr kt ni v gii phng kt ni. Mng chuyn mch tin bo (Message Switched Networks): nng cao hiu sut ca knh truyn, ngi ta nghin cu k thut truyn thng sao cho hiu sut trao i thng tin trn mt knh truyn cao hn hiu sut trn mng chuyn mch knh. Cc ng truyn c thit lp lin kt thng qua cc 53

nt chuyn mch, nhng ngi s dng u cui khng trc tip thit lp cc lin kt vt l . D liu l cc tin bo (message) c xem nh mt n v d liu c lp. D liu mang ni dung tin bo v a ch ch, c truyn qua cc nt trung gian trn con ng ti ch ca n, ti cc nt cn phi c b nh lu tr tm thi tin bo vo hng i, hoc thit lp knh chuyn tip ra cho nhng tin bo ny. Nh vy tin bo s c chuyn giao t nt ny cho n nt khc k tip, ti mi mt nt tin bo i qua c lu tr trc khi c chuyn tip, kiu mng ny c gi l mng lu v chuyn (Store and Forward). Tin bo l n v thng tin ca ngi s dng, c khun dng thng nht. Mi mt tin bo cha thng tin iu khin nh a ch ngun, nt gi thng tin a ch ca nt ch, ni gi thng tin n. Trn ng i ca tin bo t nt ngun n nt ch, t cc nt thng lng v tho thun vi nhau, sao cho d liu hng c ti ch. Cc nt trung gian cn phi tip nhn tin bo, lu tr n vo b nh m v cn c vo a ch ch chn nt truyn k tip nh cc thng tin nh tuyn. Trong k thut mng chuyn mch tin bo, cc nt cn c chc nng qun l vic truyn thng nh xc nhn tr li tin bo nhn ng hay cha hoc yu cu truyn li nhng tin bo nhn sai, kim sot thng lng ng truyn nhm trnh xung t, tc nghn thng tin trong mng. Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks): Cng nh k thut mng chuyn mch tin bo, trong k thut mng chuyn mch gi, tin bo c chia thnh nhiu gi nh (packet) theo di quy nh. Trong mi gi tin c cc thng tin iu khin nh a ch ngun, a ch ch, m tp hp ca cc gi tin...Cc gi tin ca mt tin bo c th truyn c lp trn nhiu ng truyn khc nhau n ch v cc gi tin ca nhiu tin bo khc nhau c th cng truyn trn mt ng truyn thng qua lin mng. V c bn, k thut chuyn mch gi c xy dng trn c s k thut chuyn mch tin bo. Tuy nhin s khc bit c bn l vi mng chuyn mch gi, cc tin bo c phn thnh nhiu gi nh c di quy nh. iu ny cho php cc nt c th qun l ton b cc gi tin trong b nh m khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn b nh ngoi (a cng). Do k thut chuyn mch gi nh tuyn cc gi tin thng qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn rt nhiu so vi k thut chuyn mch tin bo. Phn loi theo cu trc mng Mng hnh sao (Star): Cc nt thng tin c ni vo mt trung tm iu khin (c th l b chuyn mch- Switching hoc b tp trung - Hub). Trung tm ny iu khin ton b hot ng ca mng. Mng chu trnh (Loop) Mng hnh li (Mesh): Cc nt thng tin c kt ni trc tip vi nhau. 54

Mng hnh cy (Tree): Cc nt kt ni theo hnh cy, mi nt s c kt ni ti ti a 2 nt. Mng xa l (hnh BUS): Cc trm lm vic (Workstations) c ni vo mt Bus thng tin xc nh 2 u, cng truy nhp chung ng truyn. Bus thng tin gi l trc mng hay xng sng ca mng. Cc mng cc b hnh Bus nh TRANAS NET, ETHERNET, D-LINK... Mng hnh vng (Ring): Cc trm lm vic (Workstations) c ni vo mt ng truyn vng trn khp kn. Cc nt truy nhp vo mng theo kiu ni tip nhau.

Hnh 3.4 minh ha cc cu trc mng my tnh in hnh.

Hnh sao (star) Chu trnh (loop) Li (mesh) Cy (tree)

Vng (ring)

Xa l (bus)

Hnh 3.4: Mt s cu trc (topo) mng my tnh 3.1.4 Cng ngh mng Internet/Intranet/Extranet Mng Internet l mng thng tin my tnh c trin khai v pht trin mnh vo nhng nm 90 ca th k 20. Nhng ngi s dng Internet cho mc ch c nhn s c gia tng khi cc thit b u cui truy nhp d s dng v k thut truy nhp tc cao nh cp modem hay DSL c th c s dng rng ri. Nhng ngi s dng Internet cho mc ch kinh doanh yu cu bo mt cao hn, vic s dng mng Internet cng cng ngy cng i hi cao v bo mt ca cc mng VPN hay s gia tng ca mng Intranet. C rt nhiu cng ngh mi ni ln phc v cho vic truy cp internet nh xDSL v modem cp thng qua h thng truyn hnh cp. Khi mt thu bao thc hin vic truy cp tc cao vo internet, thu bao s ng thi c thm dch v vin thng dng thoi. Loi dch v ny rt c trin vng, mc d vic truyn thoi (li ni) yu cu phi c thm cc thit b m ha thoi v yu cu bn thn mng internet phi c nhng pht trin v k thut ca , p ng c cc dch v cht lng cao, thch hp vi truyn thng tin thi gian thc. 55

Internet c xy dng trn nn k thut chuyn mch gi, k thut ny ang c pht trin chp nhn c mc cht lng dch v i vi cc ng dng video v thoi. Chng ta mong i mng Internet s p ng cc ng dng thng tin thoi m hin nay mng chuyn mch thoi v mng ISDN ang thc hin. Intranet l mt mng internet dnh ring. Ngi s dng mng l ngi thuc v mt t chc. Mng ny c th kt ni c ti Internet song c tng la bo v vng mng ring cho mnh. Extranet l s kt ni ca nhiu mng intranet qua mng Internet. Cc mng intranet c kt ni thng qua cc min (domain) khng an ton (khng c bo v), thng thng l thng qua mng Internet. Mt m v cc cng ngh bo an khc c dng trong mng extranet bo v cc thng tin c quyn, trnh c nhng k mo danh hoc nhng k ph hoi thng qua mi trng lin mng. Ngi s dng l gm c nhng ngi c mi ngoi t chc, c kh nng truy nhp qua mng Internet. Hnh 3.5 minh ha khi nim cc mng trn.
Intranet

Extranet
Firewall

Global Internet

Intranet

Hnh 3.5: Internet, Intranet v Extranet 3.1.5 Xu hng hi t, pht trin mng vin thng Hi nhp thoi, video v d liu cng vi s m rng th trng v xu hng ton cu ha dn ti vic cnh tranh cc mc khng th lng trc trong th trng truyn thng. p lc cnh tranh ang ngy cng to ra khi nhiu cng ty ang s dng hiu qu ca cc mng a dch v chuyn mch gi hay cn gi l cc mng th h sau (NGN). S pht trin mng vin thng c c l da trn s pht trin ca cc cng ngh trong cc lnh vc tin hc, in t v vin thng cng vi s gia tng v cht lng v s a dng dch v theo yu cu ca khch hng. V cng ngh vin thng, xu hng pht trin tp trung vo ba lnh vc c bn: - Cng ngh truyn dn: Cng ngh quang ang khng nh c kh nng c v cht lng truyn dn v bng thng. Mng truyn dn ang c quang ha p ng tt 56

hn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng (phc v c dch v yu cu tc cao, bng thng rng, cht lng...) - Cng ngh chuyn mch: tch hp vi mch, k thut s cng vi cng ngh thng tin, ATM: vi xu hng kt hp knh v gi, a dch v, a tc , chuyn mch quang. - Cng ngh truy nhp: Kt hp truyn thng v tin hc; phng thc truy nhp a dng nh quang, cp ng (ADSL, HDSL), v tuyn (WiFi, Wibro, Winmax)... V cc dch v vin thng, cc xu hng pht trin l: Bng rng nh ng, a phng tin Truyn hnh cht lng cao HDTV

Mi mng vin thng ring l ch c kh nng p ng cc nhu cu pht trin mt mc nht nh do kh nng hn ch v k thut sn c ca mng cng nh kh nng m rng c gii hn. V vy khng mng no c th p ng c hu ht nhng nhu cu v dch v mi, ng thi khi xy dng mt mng mi p ng nhu cu, ngi ta vn phi phc v nhng dch v ca cc mng c sn, v th vic kt ni vi cc mng c l vn rt cn c quan tm. Vi Vit Nam, giai on hin nay l giai on chuyn dch gia cng ngh th h c (chuyn mch knh) sang dn cng ngh th h mi (chuyn mch gi), iu khng ch din ra trong h tng c s thng tin m cn din ra trong cc cng ty khai thc dch v, trong cch tip cn ca cc nh khai thc mi khi cung cp dch v cho khch hng. 3.2 CC PHN T CA MNG VIN THNG 3.2.1 Khi nim v nt v lin kt Mng vin thng l tp hp cc nt mng (node) v cc lin kt (link) cung cp cc tuyn ni gia hai hay nhiu im xc nh m bo cung cp cc dch v vin thng. Nt chuyn mch (switching node) l mt im trung gian trn mng vin thng ni thc hin kt ni tm thi gia cc u vo v u ra theo yu cu. Cc lin kt l cc ng truyn dn tn hiu lin tc gia hai im trn mng. Mt lin kt c th l mt mt ng truyn dn vt l, mt bng tn trong h thng ghp knh theo tn s hay mt khe thi gian trong h thng ghp knh theo thi gian. Cc lin kt y ngoi mi trng truyn dn cn bao gm c cc phng tin kt ni chng.

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Nt mng

Thu bao


Thu bao

Lin kt Lin kt

Lin kt

Thu bao


Nt mng Nt mng


Hnh 3.6: Cc thnh phn trong mng vin thng 3.2.2 Khi nim mng li v mng truy nhp Mng truy nhp (Access Network) l mt phn ca mng vin thng, thc hin kt ni cc thu bao vi cc tng i ni ht. Mng truy nhp l phn mng tnh t im cung cp (nt truy nhp-Access Point) dch v n khch hng, n l mng trung gian cho php ngi dng c th s dng c cc dch v t nh cung cp dch v (Service Provider-SP). Mng truy nhp hay cn gi l mng thu bao hoc mng ni ht chim khong 50% ca u t vo mng vin thng. S pht trin ca cng ngh mng truy nhp tm thi chm li vo nhng nm trc 1980. Sau s pht trin li tng dn n mt trng thi gn nh l cuc chin tranh gia cc k thut khc nhau. Trong mt khong thi gian di ti nm 1980, mng truy nhp chim hu ht cc u th bi cc nh khai thc c quyn u t cho mng cp ng gia thu bao v tng i ni ht ca h. Cp ng c s dng trc tin l cho mng thoi cng cng (PSTN), sau l cc ng thu knh v th ba l mng in bo. Cc gii php truy nhp mi c bt u pht trin vo nhng nm 80. Phn ln trong s chng ch b sung cho mng thoi cp ng; trong s cn c mng di ng t bo v tng t, mng d liu cng cng v mng cp TV. Tuy nhin k thut v tuyn sm tr nn hu dng, thm ch cn cnh tranh vi c cc dch v mng cp ng, c bit l trong cc vng c mt thu bao thp. Phng thc truyn dn s dng tip theo trong cc mng trung k nhng nm 80 l cp si quang. Hin nay, cp si quang tr nn rt ph bin, ngay c trong mng truy nhp nh gi thnh c xu hng gim. S kt hp ca tnh a dng trong cng ngh v th trng khai thc t do dn n mt tnh trng rt phc tp. V d tiu biu nht c l l in thoi, cc mc dch v s sm c cc nh khai thc mi cho trong mi trng cnh tranh t do trn mng truy nhp cp ng, v tuyn, cp ng trc hoc cp si quang (t nht l cho cc khch hng khi

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kinh doanh). Trong tin trnh mi ny, in thoi di ng c nhn l mt gii php thay th hn l mt phn b xung i vi mng thoi c nh. p ng nhu cu dch v ca khch hng, to nn nhu cu tng cao hn nhu cu do mng in thoi truyn thng to nn, cc nh khai thc tng cng tm kim cc kh nng cng ngh khc nhau, theo xu hng v gi thnh v cc ch tiu cht lng, tnh c lp, kh dng ca chng. Mng li (core network) l khi nim a ra ch cc thit b truyn thng quan trng trong mng vin thng. Khi xy dng mng vin thng hay xem xt kin trc mt mng li, ngi ta bc tch hai khi nim l mng li v mng truy nhp. Cc mng truy nhp s c kt ni ti mng li - mng nn tng- cung cp cc dch v tng ng. Mng li bao gm cc h thng chuyn mch, nh tuyn ng trc v cc h thng truyn dn ng trc (backbone), trn c s tn hiu c truyn dn v x l chuyn ti cc mng truy nhp tng ng ph hp. 3.2.3 Cc thit b mng Mng vin thng l tp hp cc thit b mng c kt ni vi nhau theo mt cu trc, kin trc nht nh v c thit lp, qun l nh cc h thng qun l tin cy. Trong mng vin thng c khi nim v lin kt - s dng kt ni cc thit b trong cng mng vi nhau v lin mng - dng kt ni cc mng vi nhau, cc mng c th khc nhau c v cu trc cng nh giao thc s dng. Cu trc mng c th l cu trc sao, cu trc vng, cu trc hn hp. Trong mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN cc thit b mng c k n nh: Tng i, b tch ghp knh, b tp trung thu bao xa, thit b bo hiu, thit b truyn dn, Trong mng my tnh: router, hub, gateway, bridge, Trong mng di ng: tng i MSC, cc trm chuyn tip BSC, trm thu pht sng BTS, gateway, trong mng VoIP: Gateway, gatekeeper, signaling gateway, Nh vy, ta thy cc thit b trong cc mng vin thng rt ang dng v chng loi tuy nhin xu hng chung hin nay l cc thit b s ngy cng a nng (tch hp), thng minh, bo mt v gn nh hn. 3.2.4 Cc thit b u cui pha ngi s dng Thit b u cui (Terminal Device) l thit b giao tip vi ngi s dng * v l cu ni gia ngi s dng v mng. Thit b u cui c nhiu loi, chng rt khc nhau v chc nng v yu cu dch v. V d: in thoi, my tnh, my Fax, Khi nhc ti thit b khng th khng nhc ti cc giao din chun vi my mc khc, c bit trong lnh vc vin thng. Do mt mng phc v nhiu thit b u cui nn giao din gia thit b u cui v mng phi c chun ho vi nhau. Thit b u cui c th l s hu ca mt c nhn hoc mt tp th (cc dch v cng cng), n thc hin cc chc nng c bn nh sau: Bin i thng tin ca con ngi thnh tn hiu trong mng (in, quang ) v ngc li.

Ngi s dng user: cn c gi l i tng s dng, c th l con ngi hoc my mc t ng.

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Nhn cc thao tc ca con ngi thit lp qua mng cng cng. Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, thit b u cui ngy cng linh hot, thn thin, thng minh v gn nh hn. Giao din vi con ngi (Man-Machine): thn thin, d dng, a nhim, c th di ng Giao din vi mng (UNI- User Network Interface): phi c chun ho, tng thch vi nhiu mng.., cc ph, qun l d dng, bo mt tt, c chun tng thch vi nhiu mng, nhiu v tr khc nhau.

Cc dng thc thng tin: Thoi (Voice): tnh thi gian thc, c th chu c t l li cao Ch (letter): th tn in bo: i hi tnh chnh xc Hnh nh, ho: dng tnh v ng: Yu cu v rng bng thng, tnh thi gian thc, chnh xc cao (t l li bit thp)

Ngy nay, khi cc loi hnh dch v rt a dng v c cht lng cng rt khc nhau. iu dn n thit b u cui cng rt phong ph tng ng cho tng loi hnh dch v . Khi cng ngh in t, cng ngh thng tin ngy cng pht trin, kh nng tch hp nhiu tnh nng trong cng mt thit b u cui ang c ch trng. Hin nay, c nhiu thit b u cui c th s dng khai thc nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau v c th s dng cho nhiu loi mng vi cng ngh khc nhau. 3.3 QUAN IM PHN TNG KHI XY DNG MNG 3.3.1 ngha ca vic phn tng gim phc tp ca vic thit k v ci t cc mng trao i thng tin c xy dng theo quan im phn tng (layering). Mi h thng thnh phn ca mng c xem nh mt cu trc a tng (tng n c xy trn tng kia). S lng cc tng cng nh tn v chc nng ca tng tng l ty thuc vo cc nh thit k. Nguyn tc chung l mi tng tip nhn cc dch v t tng di n, ng thi li cung cp mt b cc dch v cho tng pha trn. Vic cc dch v ny c cung cp nh th no th cc tng trn khng c bit. Cch phn tng trong cc mng c th khc nhau, song trong cng mt mng th cc h thng thnh phn phi c cu trc tng (s lng tng, chc nng mi tng) l nh nhau. Nhng tc dng khc ca cc tng c chun ho: Thit k d dng hn (cc h thng phc tp c chia thnh nhiu h thng nh d qun l) Hiu qu hn cho vic pht trin sau ny (thay th mt tng) Vic nh ngha trch nhim ca mi tng s gip cho vic chun ho cc chc nng mi.

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Nhng chc nng nht nh s thuc v mt giao thc ca mt tng nht nh.

3.3.2 Cc tiu ch xy dng m hnh cc tng chc nng trong mng trao i thng tin S lng cc tng khng nhiu qu n gin ha vic thit k mng, song cng khng c t qu v khi cc bi ton cn gii quyt trn mi tng li tr nn qu phc tp; To ranh gii cc tng sao cho s tng tc v m t cc dch v gia chng l ti thiu; Chia cc tng sao cho cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit vi nhau; cc tng s dng cc loi cng ngh khc nhau cng c tch bit; Cc chc nng ging nhau c t vo cng mt tng; cc chc nng c nh v sao cho c th thit k li tng m nh hng t nht n cc tng k n; To ranh gii cc tng sao cho c th chun ha cc giao din tng ng v theo kinh nghim c chng t l thnh cng; Khi d liu c x l mt cch khc bit th cn phi to mt tng mi; Cc thay i v chc nng hoc giao thc trong mt tng khng c nh hng n cc tng khc (m bo tnh trong sut gia cc tng); Mi tng ch c cc ranh gii (giao din) vi cc tng k trn v di n. C th chia mt tng thnh cc tng con khi cn thit; nguyn tc chia tng con c p dng tng t nh trn; khi khng cn thit cc tng con c th hy b.

3.3.2 Khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng giao thc truyn thng Cc my tnh mun trao i thng tin vi nhau th chng phi hiu c nhau. Chng phi ni chung mt ngn ng. Ngn ng chung ny chnh l giao thc truyn d liu. Trong trng hp n gin nht, khi ch c hai my tnh tham gia trao i bn tin th cng cn phi thng nht mt lot cc tha thun (v d nh mc v dng ca tn hiu, phng php xc nh kch thc ca bn tin, phng php kim tra li ) hai bn c th hiu nhau. Cc tha thun cn phi t c tt c cc tng, t thp nht (vt l) cho n tng cao nht (trin khai cc dch v cho ngi s dng). Th tc giao tip gia hai nt mng c m t bng mt b cc qui tc giao tip ca tng cp tng tng ng. Khi nim v giao thc v giao din: Nhng qui tc hnh thc xc nh tun t v dng ca cc bn tin trao i gia cc thnh phn mng trn cng mt tng, nhng cc nt khc nhau, c gi l giao thc (protocol). Cc khi chc nng thc hin cc giao thc ca cc tng k nhau trong cng mt nt cng giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc qui tc cht ch. Nhng qui tc c gi l giao din (interface). Giao din xc nh b cc dch v m tng ny c th cung cp cho tng kia. Cc khi chc nng ca mt tng cn phi bo m 61

tun th giao thc ca tng mnh cng nh l cc giao din vi cc tng k trn v di. Khi nim v chng giao thc truyn thng gim mc phc tp trong thit k phn cng v phn mm truyn thng my tnh, cc chc nng cn thit c t chc thnh mt dy cc tng, mi tng c xy dng da trn tng trc n. Ngoi nhng tiu chun quc t sn c, cn c nhiu giao thc ring c s dng. Tt c cc giao thc ny u s dng mt dng phn tng no . S lng tng, tn, ni dung, chc nng tng tng ca mng ny c th khc vi mng kia. Tp hp cc tng v cc giao thc ca mi tng gi l chng giao thc. Chng giao thc ny c t chc m bo c vic giao tip gia cc nt trong mng. truyn thng thnh cng, hai my tnh phi s dng chnh xc cng mt chng giao thc. Mi tng s tun theo chng giao thc ny vi cng mt tiu chun chi tit. Hnh 3.7 minh ha cc khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng giao thc ca h thng my tnh. y chng giao thc gm c n tng, Mi tng trn mt my tnh thc hin mt cuc i thoi vi tng tng ng ca my tnh khc. Cc lut v cc quy c c s dng trong cuc i thoi ny c bit n nh l giao thc ca tng ny. Chng ta c th ni rng giao thc ch r ngha, nh dng ca thng tin m mt tng gi xung tng di. Thng tin ny c nhn v c hiu bi tng tng ng ti pha bn kia nu nh cng s dng cng giao thc ny. Nh c giao thc, mi tng bn di cung cp cc dch v cho tng trn n. i khi cc c t dch v c tch ri khi cc c t giao thc. Chng ta c th ni dch v ca 1 tng xc nh tng nh th no theo cch nhn ca tng trn n. V d, nu mt tng cung cp dch v truyn d liu c hoc khng c ch tm li, th tng trn c th s dng dch v ch c tm li hay khng l tu . Vic cc dch v c thc hin nh th no trong mt tng c ch r trong c t giao thc.

62

Phn mm My ch A ng dng Tng n Tng 5 Tng 4 Tng 3 Tng 2 Tng 1

Giao thc tng n

My ch B

Phn mm Tng n ng dng

Truyn thng o gia cc thc th ngang hng ti tng 4 Truyn thng vt l gia tng 4 ca my ch A v B Dch v cung cp bi tng 3 Giao in gia tng 2 v tng 3

Giao thc tng 5 Giao thc tng 4 Giao thc tng 3 Giao thc tng 2 Giao thc tng 1

Tng 5 Tng 4 Tng 3 Tng 2 Tng 1

Mi trng vt l

Hnh 3.7: Phn cp giao thc Cc giao din gia cc tng c nh ngha cng n gin, cng r rng cng tt v mi tng thc hin mt tp hp c th cc chc nng. 3.3.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI Vo cui thp nin 70, t chc tiu chun ho quc t (ISO) lp ra mt tiu ban nhm pht trin mt khung chun cho kin trc mng my tnh, chnh l m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m (OSI). Mc ch ca m hnh ny l gim thiu s khng tng thch gia cc h thng my tnh. Nm 1982, ISO pht hnh bn d tho cc tiu chun quc t mang tn ISO 7498. Ti liu ny ch a ra khung chun cho vic thit k cc giao thc truyn thng ch khng a ra cc c tnh k thut chi tit cn thit cho tnh tng thch. CCITT v ITU-T pht hnh ti liu ny trn khuyn ngh X.200. Ban u OSI c thit k cho truyn thng my tnh. Ngy nay d liu v thoi khng nht thit phi c tch ra thnh cc mng khc nhau. Nhiu khi mng khng bit v khng quan tm ti vic d liu ang truyn cha thng tin g. ISO v ITU-T nh r tt c cc h thng v mng mi theo nguyn l phn tng ca OSI. Tuy nhin c mt vi h thng ton cu khng c thit k theo OSI, tiu biu nht l Internet. Internet da trn cc chun sn c, nhng khng c ph chun bi ISO hoc ITU-T. Tn OSI xut pht t mc ch lm cho cc h thng tr thnh m vi h thng khc trong vic truyn thng. Cc nh sn xut c t do s dng cc c tnh k thut m ny. Tuy nhin vn tn ti nhiu h thng truyn d liu c quyn, cc c tnh k thut ca h thng ny l c quyn ca nh sn xut. Do vy chng khng th s dng c cho cc h thng khc. 63

Trong m hnh OSI, truyn thng c chia thnh 7 tng (xem Hnh 3.9). Khi chng ta xem xt n cc chc nng mi tng thc hin, chng ta s nhn thy cc tng cng thp cng c nhiu chc nng lin quan n cng ngh mng s dng cho truyn d liu thc s. Cn cc tng cng cao cng c nhiu chc nng phc v cho cc ng dng phm mm chy trn cc my ch. Trong m hnh OSI, tt c cc tng t tng 4 n tng 7 c thc hin ch trong truyn thng cc my trm cui, chng khng thc hin qu trnh truyn d liu u-cui thc s. Qu trnh ny thuc v cc tng t 1 n 3. Mc ch ca cc tng cao nht l tr gip cho cc ng dng phn mm, v thc hin c iu ny cc tng cao nht cung cp cc dch v phc tp hn ch khng ch n gin l mt lung d liu. Lung d liu ny c tng mng cung cp v c th cha li. Trong trng hp dch v phc hi li khng c giao thc tng giao vn cung cp th cc nh thit k phn mm ng dng phi thit k mt lc phc hi li trong ng dng ca mnh.

Phn mm ng dng

My ch A

Tng 7 Application Tng 6 Presentation Tng 5 Tng 4 Tng 3 Tng 2 Tng 1 Session Transport Network Data link Physical a) b) c)

Giao thc tng ng dng Giao thc tng trnh din Giao thc tng phin Giao thc tng giao v n Mng truyn thng cp di Network Mng Data link Physical Lin kt d liu Vt l

My ch B

Phn mm ng dng

ng dng Trnh din Phin Giao v n a) b) c) Mng Lin kt d liu Vt l

a) Giao thc tng mng b) Giao thc tng lin kt d liu c) Giao thc tng vt l

Mi trng vt l

Hnh 3.8: M hnh tham chiu OSI Tng vt l Tng vt l lin quan n qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu qua mt knh truyn thng. Vn chnh ca vic thit k l m bo khi mt bn gi bt 1 th bn kia cng phi nhn c bt 1 ch khng phi bt 0. Cc c tnh k thut in hnh ca tng vt l gm: tc bt, gi tr in p s dng biu din bt 0 v bt 1, s chn cm v loi b ni (connector) s dng. Tng vt l trong cc h thng c thit k gim thiu li khi hot ng. Trong trng hp c li th cc tng trn s b nh hng.

64

Cc c t ca tng vt l lin quan n cc giao din in, c v phng tin truyn dn vt l. Phng tin truyn dn c hiu l di tng vt l, nhng cc c tnh n yu cu c cha trong c t ca tng vt l. Tng lin kt d liu Tng lin kt d liu c nhim v to lp cc khung, gi chng ti knh truyn thng vt l thng qua tng vt l; nhn khung, kim tra li v chuyn khung khng c li ln tng mng. Tng lin kt d liu pha nhn gi tn hiu xc nhn cho tng lin kt d liu pha truyn. Pha truyn c th truyn li khung nu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh pha nhn khng gi tn hiu xc nhn. ISO nh r tng lin kt d liu cho cc mng LAN v chia cc c t thnh 2 tng con: Tng iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC Medium Access Control) Tng iu khin lin kt logic (LLC Logical Link Control)

Do tnh cht phc tp ca tng lin kt d liu trong cc mng LAN m s phn chia ny l cn thit. Trong mng LAN, cc my tnh c ni ti cng mt dy cp, chng chia s kh nng truyn dn ca mt knh qung b (a truy nhp hoc truy nhp ngu nhin). Tng con MAC lin quan n cc chc nng ph thuc phn cng mng. Hai v d ph bin nht ca cc cng ngh mng LAN l CSMA/CD (Ethernet) v Token Ring. Tng con LLC quan tm nht n kha cnh ton vn d liu nh: truyn li d liu, xc nhn vic nhn d liu. i vi cc lin kt im-im n gin hn th khng cn phi tch tng MAC. Trong trng hp ny, ch mt c t giao thc tng lin kt d liu cng c th bao ph ton b tng lin kt d liu. Trong mng LAN, mi my tnh c ring mt a ch MAC (a ch phn cng). a ch ny c s dng xc nh ngun v ch ca mi khung trn knh qung b. Nh c a ch MAC, cc my tnh c th c mt kt ni im-im thng qua mt knh qung b c chia s bi nhiu kt ni im-im. Cn ch rng a ch MAC ch c s dng bn trong mng LAN ch khng c truyn ti cc mng khc. Tng mng Cc tng bn di tng mng ch quan tm n cc kt ni im-im gia 2 nt. Tng mng c nhng kin thc v kin trc mng v cng vi tng mng ca cc nt n phc v, cc gi d liu c nh tuyn thng qua mng ti ch. Mi nt c ring mt a ch ton cc (tng mng). Vn chnh yu l xc nh c bao nhiu gi tin c nh tuyn t im ngun ti im ch. Vic nh tuyn c th da trn cc bng nh tuyn c nh ti tng mng v chng him khi thay i, hoc cc tuyn c th thay i phn nh ti trng hin thi ca mng. Khi c nhu cu, cc my ch ca mng c th t do gi cc gi tin. Chng thng khng c bit g v mt lu lng ca cc my ch khc hoc ca cc kt ni trn mng. Tnh c, nu c nhiu my ch cng trao i thng tin ti mt thi im v c qu 65

nhiu gi c truyn th s to ra cc khu vc d b tc nghn trn mng. Vic iu khin tc nghn cng thuc v tng mng. Trong cc mng d liu cng cng, chc nng tnh cc thng c xy dng bn trong tng mng. Phn mm trong tng mng phi m xem c bao nhiu gi tin hoc k t m mi khch hng gi a ra thng tin tnh cc. Trong mt mng qung b bit lp (chng hn Ethernet) vic nh tuyn n gin n mc c th khng cn n tng mng. a ch MAC c th nhn dng cc my ch. Tuy nhin nu cc mng ny c ni ti cc mng khc, th cc a ch mng bt buc phi c. Ch rng cc a ch MAC s dng trong tng lin kt d liu l khng quan trng bn ngoi mng LAN. Tng giao vn Tng giao vn l tng u-cui thc s u tin. Cc giao thc t tng giao vn tr ln ca cc trm s dng mng nh mt kt ni im-im truyn thng. Thng ip ngun trn ng i c th c tng mng tch ra v tng phin bn nhn s l ni u tin cc gi nh thuc cng mt thng ip gp li nhau. Tng giao vn hot ng nh mt tng giao din gia cc tng thp (dnh cho vic kt ni mng) v cc tng cao (dnh cho cc dch v ng dng). Nhim v ca tng ny l m bo ngn chn thng xuyn vic truyn dn t u cui n u cui khng c li v cc gi tin khn gb mt trong qu trnh truyn thng. thc hin iu ny trong tng giao vn c th bao gm cc th tc truyn li hoc th tc xc nhn. Tng giao vn thng cung cp 2 lp dch v c s cho tng phin: Truyn cc thng ip v gi d liu ring bit qua mng. Cc thng ip c truyn c th ti ch theo th t khc nhau v li c th xut hin. V d giao thc UDP User Datagram Protocol ca Internet (khng thuc v cc giao thc OSI) v giao thc giao vn, lp 1 (TP1) ca OSI (IS 9072). Knh truyn im-im khng li s chuyn cc thng ip theo cng mt th t nh khi chng c gi. V d giao thc iu khin truyn thng (TCP) ca Internet (khng c trong chun giao thc OSI) v TP4 ca OSI (IS 8072/8073) Tng phin Tng giao vn m bo cho s thnh cng trong truyn thng u-cui gia cc my tnh. Thc t, qu trnh truyn thng c thc hin bi 4 tng bn di tng phin. Ba tng cao nht khng cn thit cho qu trnh truyn d liu, nhng chng to s tng thch cho cc ng dng v do vy cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn cc my c th hiu c nhau. Tng phin cho php s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit lp cc phin lm vic vi nhau. V d, n cho php ngi s dng truy nhp vo mt h thng chia s thi gian xa hoc cho php truyn tp gia 2 my tnh. Tng phin cho php truyn thng cc d liu bnh thng, ging nh tng giao vn thc hin, nhng n cn cung cp mt s dch v m rng hu ch cho cc ng dng. Chng 66

hn dch v qun l iu khin m thoi. Cc phin lm vic c th cho php truyn thng 2 hng hoc 1 hng ti mt thi im. Nu truyn thng mt hng c cho php, tng phin c th cho bit hng no ang s dng. Tng phin cn cung cp chc nng qun l th bi, v vi s tr gip ca chc nng ny ch c my no nm th bi mi c th thc hin mt thao tc nguy cp. Mt dch v khc ca tng phin l dch v truyn thnh cng cc tp kch thc ln. Nu khng c dch v ny th ch cn mt li n gin trong qu trnh truyn thng cng c th ph hy c mt tp v do phi truyn li c tp. hn ch iu ny, tng phin cung cp cch chn cc im kim tra vo trong lung d liu, v do vy nu c li th ch cn truyn li d liu t im kim tra cui cng. Tng trnh din Nh chng ta thy, cc tng thp ch yu lin quan ti qu trnh truyn c th t cc bt hoc d liu t ngun n ch. Thay vo , tng trnh din lin quan n dng thng tin c truyn i. Mi my tnh c th c cch biu din d liu ni ti ring ca n, do vy nhng tho thun v chuyn i l cn thit cc my tnh c th hiu c nhau. Nhim v ca tng trnh din l m ha d liu c cu trc theo cc nh dng ca my tnh thnh lung d liu ph hp cho truyn dn. Chng hn nh vic nn d liu. Tng trnh din pha nhn gii m d liu c nn thnh dng biu din c yu cu. Tng trnh din gip c 2 my tnh hiu c ngha ca lung bt nhn c theo cng mt cch. Cc my tnh khc nhau c cch biu din d liu ni ti khc nhau. Tt c cc my tnh ln IBM u s dng m trao i thp phn c m ho nh phn m rng (EBCDIC Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code), m k t 8 bt; trong khi thc t tt c cc my khc u s dng m ASCII 7 hoc 8 bt. Cc chp Intel nh s cc byte ca n t phi sang tri, trong khi cc chp Motorola th li nh s t tri qua phi. Do cc hng sn xut my tnh him khi thay i cc quy c ca ring mnh nn cc chun ton cu cho vic biu din d liu ni ti s khng bao gi c chp nhn. Mt gii php m bo tnh tng thch l nh ngha mt chun cho dng biu din mng ca d liu. Nh vy bt k my tnh no cng c th truyn thng c vi cc my tnh khc nu n chuyn i nhng biu din d liu ni ti thnh dng mng c chun ho ny. Tng ng dng Tng ng dng bao hm cc ng dng truyn thng s dng dch v ca cc tng thp hn. Cc ng dng ca ngi s dng thc hin cc cng vic trn my tnh khng thuc vo tng ng dng, nhng chng trao i thng tin nh s tr gip ca giao thc tng ng dng. Chng trnh x l vn bn l mt v d v ng dng ca ngi s dng. phc v cc ng dng ngi s dng, cc ng dng truyn thng cn thit nh truyn tp hoc mt u cui ASCII thng c nh ngha nh cc giao thc tng ng dng. ng dng truyn thng cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi s dng nhng dch v khng ph thuc nh sn xut. Cc dch v tng ng dng thng sn c i vi cc lp 67

trnh vin ging nh cc dch v khc cu h iu hnh. Vi s tr gip ca cc dch v ny, nh lp trnh phn mm ng dng khng phi lo lng g v qu trnh truyn thng d liu thc t. H c th s dng tt c cc dch v ca chng giao thc c thc hin trn mi trng pht trin phn mm ca h. Th in t (Email) l mt v d v cc giao thc ng dng. Trong v d ny, ngoi cc chc nng ging vi cc chc nng ca giao thc truyn tp, n cn cung cp cc chc nng vit sn nh xo, gi v c th. V d, nhng c tnh k thut ca tng ng dng nh ngha nh dng ca trng a ch v trng thng ip. phn bit gia chng trnh ng dng v tng ng dng c xc nh bi mt giao thc, chng ta hy ly th in t lm v d. Chng ta c th c mt ng dng chy bn trn tng ng dng. Chng trnh ny c th cung cp 9 mu, mt trnh son tho thn thin ngi s dng, cc ca s nh a ch v nh ni dung thng ip. N cng c th cung cp mt phng php nh a ch thn thin ngi s dng chng hn nh khi chng ta nh mt a ch ch l John th a ch ny s c phn mm chuyn i thnh dng m tng ng dng hiu c. Cn ch rng dch v tng ng dng cung cp cho chng ta cc dch v truyn thng nhng chng ta c th phi nng cao cc dch v ny cng vi mt phn mm ng dng s dng n cho cc mc ch ni b. 3.3.4 Chng giao thc TCP/IP TCP/IP l mt b giao thc c pht trin bi cc cc d n nghin cu cp cao (ARPA) ca b quc phng M. Ban u n c s dng trong mng ARPANET. Khi cng ngh mng cc b pht trin, TCP/IP c tch hp vo mi trng iu hnh UNIX v s dng chun Ethernet kt ni cc trm lm vic vi nhau. n khi xut hin cc my PC, TCP/IP li c chuyn mang sang mi trng PC, cho php cc my PC chy DOS v cc trm lm vic chy UNIX c th lin tc trn cng mt mng. Hin nay, TCP/IP c s dng rt ph bin trong mng my tnh, m in hnh l mng Internet.

Hnh 3.9: M hnh OSI v TCP/IP TCP/IP c pht trin trc m hnh OSI. Do , cc tng trong TCP/IP khng 68

tng ng hon ton vi cc tng trong m hnh OSI. Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh bn tng: giao din mng (network interface), lin mng (internet), giao vn (transport) v ng dng (application).

Application layer
Ping SMTP FTP Telnet NNTP etc...
RPC
NFS

DNS

TFTP BOOTP etc...

Transport layer
OSPF ICMP IGMP BGP

TCP

UDP
RIP

Internet layer ARP Network Access layer

IP RARP
Data link Media (physical)

Hnh 3.10: M hnh phn lp b giao thc TCP/IP Hnh 3.10 cho thy tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng vi ba tng trong m hnh OSI l tng ng dng, tng trnh din v tng phin. Tng ny cn c gi l tng x l (process). Tng giao vn tng ng vi tng giao vn trong m hnh OSI. Tng ny cn c gi l tng trm-ti-trm (host-to-host). Tng lin mng tng ng vi tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Tng giao din mng tng ng vi tng lin kt d liu v vt l trong m hnh OSI. Hnh 3.11 cho ta thng tin chi tit hn v m hnh TCP/IP vi cc giao thc thng dng ng vi cc tng. 3.3.4.1 Tng ng dng Tng ng dng cung cp cc dch v di dng cc giao thc cho ng dng ca ngi dng. Mt s giao thc tiu biu ti tng ny gm: FTP (File Transfer Protocol): y l mt dch v hng kt ni v tin cy, s dng TCP cung cp truyn tp gia cc h thng h tr FTP. Telnet (TERminaL NETwork): Cho php cc phin ng nhp t xa gia cc my tnh. Do Telnet h tr ch vn bn nn giao din ngi dng thng dng du nhc lnh tng tc. Chng ta c th nh lnh v cc thng bo tr li s c hin th. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Trao i cc ti liu siu vn bn h tr WEB. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Truyn th in t gia cc my tnh. y l dng c bit ca truyn tp c s dng gi cc thng bo ti mt my ch th hoc gia cc my ch th vi nhau. 69

 POP3 (Post Office Protocol): Cho php ly th in t t hp th trn my ch. DNS (Domain Name System): Chuyn i tn min thnh a ch IP. Giao thc ny thng c cc ng dng s dng khi ngi dng ng dng ny dng tn ch khng dng a ch IP. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Cung cp cc thng tin cu hnh ng cho cc trm, chng hn nh gn a ch IP. SNMP (Simple Network Managament Protocol): c s dng qun tr t xa cc thit b mng chy TCP/IP. SNMP thng c thc thi trn cc trm ca ngi qun l, cho php ngi qun l tp trung nhiu chc nng gim st v iu khin trong mng. 3.3.4.2 Tng giao vn Tng giao vn chu trch nhim chuyn pht ton b thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh. Ti tng ny c hai giao thc l TCP v UDP. Mi giao thc cung cp mt loi dch v giao vn: hng kt ni v phi kt ni. Giao thc TCP Mt giao thc tng giao vn thng c nhiu chc nng. Mt trong s l to mt truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh (chng trnh-ti-chng trnh). thc hin iu ny, TCP s dng cng. Mt chc nng khc ca giao thc tng giao vn l to mt c ch iu khin lung v iu khin li mc giao vn. TCP s dng giao thc ca s trt thc hin iu khin lung. N s dng gi xc nhn, thi gian ch v truyn li thc hin iu khin li. TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. N c trch nhim thit lp mt kt ni vi pha nhn, chia lung d liu thnh cc n v c th vn chuyn, nh s chng v sau gi chng ln lt. Giao thc UDP UDP (User Datagram protocol) l mt giao thc truyn thng phi kt ni v khng tin cy, c dng thay th cho TCP theo yu cu ca ng dng. UDP c trch nhim truyn cc thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng khng cung cp cc c ch gim st v qun l. UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s cng nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chay trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn. Mt s giao thc tiu biu tng ng dng s dng UDP gm: Giao thc truyn tp thng thng (TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

- Giao thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol) H thng tp mng (NFS Network File System)

70

H thng tn min (DNS Domain Name System)

3.3.4.3 Tng lin mng Tng lin mng trong chng giao thc TCP/IP tng ng vi tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Chc nng chnh ca tng mng l nh a ch lgic v nh tuyn gi ti ch. Giao thc ng ch nht tng lin mng chnh l giao thc lin mng (IP - Internet Protocol). Ngoi ra cn c mt s giao thc khc nh ICMP, ARP v RARP. Giao thc IP IP l mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N cung cp dch v chuyn gi n lc nht. N lc nht y c ngha IP khng cung cp chc nng theo di v kim tra li. N ch c gng chuyn gi ti ch ch khng c s m bo. Nu tin cy l yu t quan trng, IP phi hot ng vi mt giao thc tng trn tin cy, chng hn TCP. IP cng l mt dch v phi kt ni, c thit k cho mt mng chuyn mch gi. Phi kt ni c ngha mi datagram c x l c lp, mi gi c th i ti ch trn mt ng i khc nhau, chng c th n sai th t. Mt s datagram c th b mt, b hng trong khi truyn. IP da vo mt giao thc tng cao hn x l nhng vn ny. a ch IP Hin nay, a ch IP s dng cho a ch mng v Host trong mi trng lin mng hin nay l IPv4 (IP version 4). Tuy nhin, a ch IPv6 v IPv9 cng c nghin cu v th nghim thnh cng. Trong phn ny, chng ta ch nghin cu IPv4. mc ng dng, chng ta c th coi mt lin mng l mt mng n l kt ni cc trm vi nhau. mt trm truyn thng vi trm khc, chng ta cn mt h thng nh danh ton cu. Ni cch khc, chng ta cn t tn duy nht cho mi trm. H thng nh danh ny ch c s dng ti tng ng dng, khng th s dng tng mng v trn mng cn c cc thc th khc gn ti, chng hn router. Mt lin mng c to nn t s kt hp ca cc mng vt l (LAN hoc WAN) kt ni vi nhau qua cc router. Khi mt trm truyn thng vi mt trm khc, gi d liu c th di chuyn t mt mng vt l ny n mng vt l khc bng cch s dng cc router ny. Ngha l vic truyn thng ti mc ny cng cn c mt h thng nh danh ton cc. Mt trm phi c th truyn thng vi mt trm bt k m khng phi lo lng v mng vt l phi i qua. Ngha l ti tng ny, mt trm cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc. Hn na, nh tuyn ti u v hiu qu, mi router cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc ti tng ny. S hiu nhn dng c s dng tng lin mng ca b giao thc TCP/IP c gi l a ch lin mng hay a ch IP. N l a ch nh phn 32 bt, c thc thi trong phn mm, dng nh danh duy nht v ton cc mt trm hoc mt router trn lin mng. Cc a ch IP l duy nht theo ngha mi a ch nh danh mt v ch mt thit b (trm hoc router) trn lin mng. Hai thit b trn lin mng khng th c cng a ch IP. Tuy nhin, mt thit b c th c nhiu a ch IP nu chng c kt ni ti nhiu mng vt l khc nhau. 71

Cc a ch IP l ton cc theo ngha h thng nh a ch ny phi c tt c cc trm mun kt ni ti lin mng chp nhn. Mi a ch IP gm 4 byte (32 bt), nh ngha hai phn: a ch mng (NetID) v a ch trm (HostID). Cc phn ny c chiu di khc nhau tu thuc vo lp a ch. Cc bt u tin trong phn a ch mng xc nh lp ca a ch IP. d c v d nh, cc a ch IP thng c biu din di dng thp phn du chm. Trong cch biu din ny, cc byte c tch ring v c biu din di dng thp phn; phn tch cc byte ny l mt du chm (Hnh 3.11).
11000000 00000001 00000010 00000011

192. 1. 2. 3
Hnh 3.11: a ch IPv4

a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Chiu di phn a ch mng v phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin ca a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A; 10 - lp B; 110 - lp C; 1110 - Lp D v 1111 - lp E). IPv6 Giao thc tng lin mng trong b giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l IPv4. IPv4 cung cp truyn thng trm-ti-trm gia cc h thng trn Internet. Cho d IPv4 c thit k tt, nhng n vn c mt s hn ch m tr nn khng ph hp vi s pht trin nhanh ca Internet: - IPv4 s dng 32 bt nh a ch v chia khong a ch thnh cc lp A, B, C, D, E. Khong a ch IPv4 l khng cho s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet. - Internet phi iu tit truyn video v m thanh thi gian thc. Cc kiu truyn ny yu cu tr ti thiu v kh nng dnh trc ti nguyn. Nhng iu cha c h tr trong IPv4. IPv4 khng h tr mt m v chng thc.

vt qua nhng hn ch ny, IPv6 c pht trin. Trong IPv6, giao thc IP c thay i iu tit s thay i khng th on trc ca Internet. nh dng v chiu di ca a ch IP c thay i cng vi nh dng gi. Cc giao thc lin quan nh ICMP cng c thay i. Cc giao thc khc tng lin mng nh ARP, RARP v IGMP khng cn. Chc nng ca chng c a vo giao thc ICMP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn, nh RIP v OSPF, cng c cht sa i thch ng nhng thay i ny. IPv6 c mt s u im so vi IPv4: Khong a ch ln hn. a ch IPv6 di 128 bt, ngha l gp bn ln chiu 72

di a ch IPv4. nh dng tiu tt hn. IPv6 s dng nh dng tiu mi, trong cc ty chn c tch khi phn tiu c s v nu cn, c thm vo gia phn tiu c s v d liu. Do vy, lm n gin v tng tc x l nh tuyn v hu ht cc ty chn u khng cn c router kim tra. sung. Cho php m rng. IPv6 c thit k cho php m rng khi c yu cu. Cc ty chn mi. IPv6 c mt s ty chn mi cho php cc chc nng b

H tr cp pht ti nguyn. Trong IPv6, trng loi dch v c b i, nhng mt c ch (c gi l nhn lung) c thm vo cho php ngun yu cu x l gi c bit. C ch ny c th c s dng h tr lu lng video hoc m thanh thi gian thc. Bo mt hn. Ty chn mt m v chng thc trong IPv6 cung cp tnh ton vn v tnh bo mt ca gi. 3.4 CC PHNG THC CHUYN GIAO THNG TIN QUA MNG Thut ng ch chuyn giao c ngha l chuyn thng tin t ngi s dng ny n ngi s dng khc. Mi lin h gia cc ch v yu cu ca nhng dch v khc nhau l rt r rng. Trong mt thi gian kh di, cc mng vin thng c thit k cho truyn thoi, nhng bc tranh ny thay i khi truyn d liu cng cng bt u bng n. Hn na, truyn d liu i hi cc yu cu khc v truyn dn v tt yu dn n s pht trin ca cc ch truyn ti ph hp vi truyn d liu. Bc pht trin tip theo l yu cu truyn video, tin ti l truyn thng a phng tin. Cc thit b mng v u cui mi ch l phn cng, cc link l lin kt ni cc phn t mng vi nhau to thnh mng li v mt vt l. Thc t khi nhc n mng th ngoi nhng thit b k trn cn phi hiu c cc thng tin truyn trn mng, cc giao thc truyn thng qua cc giao din v phng thc ca chng. Khi cc dng thc thng tin i vo mng th chng c chuyn thnh tn hiu rt a dng, c th chia tn hiu lm hai loi tn hiu l tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s. Thng tin chuyn giao qua mng l tn hiu s c a ra t thit b u cui (thng tin ca cc lp giao thc cao). Thng tin ny sau c chuyn giao qua mng theo cc phng thc chuyn giao (khc nhau. Trong cng ngh mng hin nay c 4 phng thc chuyn giao: phng thc chuyn giao kiu knh, phng thc chuyn giao kiu gi, phng thc chuyn giao kiu khung v phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo. Gii php l tng xc nh ra phng thc chuyn giao l n phi ph hp vi tt c cc dch v m c tnh ti lu lng a dch v. Thc t ch ra l gii php ny c thc hin vi phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo. 3.4.1 Chuyn giao kiu knh Thi im ban u khi mi c mng in thoi, thng tin c truyn dng tn hiu lin tc trn khp tt c ng kt ni t mt thu bao in thoi ny n thu bao in thoi 73

khc. Khi k thut s ra i (t thp k 60) th h thng PCM * c pht trin. H thng ny c thit k cho phng thc chuyn knh CS (Circuit Switch) v truyn dn theo khe thi gian. S phn chia vo cc khe thi gian yu cu thng tin c chia vo cc khi c cng di bng khe thi gian. Nu mt khi pht t in thoi, n c biu din bng mt mu, th n cng c th cha lu lng d liu, Telex, tn hiu cnh bo... Phng thc chuyn knh khng cn bit ph nhi vo thng tin. Khi c gim st bi phng tin bo hiu. c im ca chuyn giao kiu knh l: trn cc lin kt ta chia thnh cc knh thng tin tch bit nhau v vn c bn ca kiu chuyn giao ny l to ra mt kt ni. Cc nt mng thc hin chc nng chuyn mch. Thit b chuyn mch ti mt nt s chuyn tn hiu t knh vo n knh ra v th ngi ta gi l chuyn mch knh. Trn cc lin kt, h thng c chia thnh cc knh thng tin (trunk circuit) nh cc mch trung k trong mng in thoi. Cc knh trung k l ti nguyn ca h thng phc v chung. Khi c cuc gi qua mng, cc tng i phi trao i thng tin bo hiu nhm thit lp mt kt ni, i qua cc lin lin quan, cc nt lin quan ni xuyn sut t my u cui ch gi n my u cui b gi. Sau giai on hnh thnh kt ni l giai on trao i thng tin t my u cui ny n my u cui kia. Trong giai on trao i thng tin ny khng c cuc gi no khc s dng cc knh thng tin c gn cho kt ni trn. Sau khi cuc gi kt thc cc knh c gn ti cc lin kt chuyn t trng thi phc v (trng thi b chim) sang trng thi ri, lc ny cc lin kt sn sng phc v cc cuc gi khc sau . Trong h thng in thoi s hin nay mt knh thoi tng ng vi mt khe thi gian trong khung truyn dn E1 gm 32 khe thi gian, tc tn hiu lung E1 l 2048kbit/s. Mt khe thi gian tng ng tc 64kbit/s (tc ca mt knh thoi s). Tng i in thoi to kt ni gia knh vo v knh ra vi tc 64kbit/s, ngha l mi giy phi chuyn cho cuc gi n ang phc v 8000 ln, mi ln chuyn song song 8 bit. Tm li, chuyn giao kiu knh c 5 c im chnh:
-

Thng tin c truyn i trong cc khe thi gian c di c nh. Khng linh hot v bng thng. Chuyn mch da trn v tr khe thi gian trong khung PCM. Khng c pht hin li. Thch hp vi thoi, video v d liu tc thp.

3.4.2 Chuyn giao kiu gi Chuyn giao kiu gi c ngha l thng tin c chia thnh cc gi ( di gi c th khc nhau) v gi c gn nhn truyn ti qua mng. Nhn l tiu v c th gm c ui gn thm vo cui gi (nh ui gn cc lp 2-3 trong m hnh OSI). Nhn c
*

PCM Pulse Code Modulation: iu xung m (bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s thng qua vic m ha cc xung bin tn hiu)

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dng cho vic chuyn mch knh v pht hin li... Mng phi c trch nhim chuyn giao gi n ng ch v theo ng th t, m bo thi gian tr cho php. Gi tin (packet): thng tin t thit b u cui a vo mng c t chc thnh cc gi tin. chuyn tng n v tin (n v d liu ca ngi s dng), mng a vo nhng bit ph pha trc n v tin thnh tiu (header), khi n ch mng s xo tiu ny i. Cc gi tin cn c chuyn n ch theo ng th t. Mt gi tin gm phn tiu (header) v d liu ngi s dng (user data). D liu ngi s dng l cc bt thng tin gi t thit b u cui ti mng. Mi n v d liu ngi s dng s c gn mt header, header bao gm m ho thng tin v ngi s dng ch, th t ca gi tin Gi tin c 2 loi: c di c nh v c di thay i. Trong mng d liu chuyn gi (IP) th gi c di thay i. Lin kt: Cc gi c chuyn ch trong mt khung, khung l 1 PDU (n v d liu giao thc) ca lin kt. Mt gi c th cha trong mt khung hay nhiu khung. Cc PDU c chuyn trn lin kt bi php ghp knh thng k c ngha l cc khe thi gian (Timeslot-vit tt l TS) trong khung ca mt lin kt chuyn ch thng tin cho ht gi ny n gi khc do 1 TS c th dng cho nhiu cuc gi ng thi bng lin kt khng b cc cuc gi chim dng. Nt: ti nt phi thc hin chc nng chuyn gi PS (Packet Switch). Trong mt nt chuyn gi, tt c cc hng vo c nh chung trong mt b nh m vo, mi hng ra c mt b nh ring. Thit b chuyn gi ti nt s kim tra tiu gi bit c ch ca gi l thit b u cui no. Cn c vo bng nh tuyn, nt s quyt nh chuyn gi ny sang b nh ra hng no. Quy trnh chuyn thc hin bng cc bus (song song). T b nh ra, cc gi c chuyn ln ng truyn, ng vo khung v c truyn i ti mt nt mi ni tip. Trn lin kt d liu, a vo nhng trng ph iu khin nhng th tc chuyn khung v pht hin ra gi b li (trng ny c tn l FCS: dy kim tra khung). Trong phng thc chuyn giao gi ngi ta t chc cc lin kt bo hiu thc hin cc chc nng kim sot li, sa li, lm cho cc gi chuyn qua lin khng b li. Mt chc nng quan trng ca phng thc chuyn gi l c th iu tit dng chy lu lng, nu cc gi i vo nt vi tc qu nhanh so vi tc u ra dn n kt qu b nh m trong nt b y. Nt s nhn ra trng thi ny v pht thng tin iu khin ngc v pha ngun gi gi ngn vic tip tc pht cc gi n na cho ti khi no khng gian b nh c gii phng, khi qu trnh gi gi n li tip tc. y chnh l l chc nng iu khin lung flow control trong phng thc chuyn gi. S khc nhau gia phng thc chuyn knh (CS) v phng thc chuyn gi (PS) Tc chuyn giao thng tin ca phng thc gi bng tc chuyn knh v phng thc chuyn knh mng khng a cc bit ph vo. Nhng i vi phng thc chuyn gi, tc chuyn giao thng tin nh hn tc knh truyn v mng a thm cc bt ph to tiu v hot ng theo c ch iu khin lung. V vy nh gi tc 75

 knh ngi ta a ra khi nim thng lng (throughput), n ph thuc vo cht lng ng truyn v kch thc gi. Tc chuyn giao cc lin kt i vi phng thc chuyn knh lun lun bng nhau, song i vi phng thc chuyn gi c th khc nhau. Tuy nhin, trong truyn s liu phng thc chuyn gi c u im hn so vi phng thc chuyn knh nh tc gi v tc phin nhn c th khc nhau v thi gian ca phin truyn thng ngn. Phng thc chuyn knh thun tin cho thng tin thoi v mt cuc gi c con ngi tham gia thng din ra trong khong thi gian vi pht nhng truyn d liu l hai my trao i t ng, thi gian chuyn giao thng tin thng rt ngn (c giy) do vy nu phi thit lp kt ni bng quay s th hiu qu khng cao. Mt nhc im ca phng thc chuyn knh l n s dng knh khng hiu qu bng phng thc chuyn gi. V d, trong dch v thoi, k c khi hai bn u cui khng c thng tin trao i th knh vn b chim hon ton (64kb/s) trong khi nu l truyn theo kiu gi th trong khong thi gian khng c thng tin trao i, ngi ta c th s dng knh kt ni chuyn gi thng tin ca cc dch v khc. 3.4.3 Chuyn giao kiu khung Gn ging phng thc chuyn giao kiu gi, nhng phng thc chuyn giao kiu khung l nh tuyn khung Frame Relay (FR) ch khng phi nt nh tuyn. Trong phng thc chuyn giao ny, nt ch x l lp 1 v 2 m khng x l lp 3 (lp trong m hnh OSI). Mt khung t mt lin kt vo c chuyn tip sang lin kt ra khng qua x l gi mc 3 do vy tc lu thot nhanh hn. Nu mng d liu chuyn gi th tc b hn ch mc 2Mb/s, nhng mng FR c th t ti tc hng chc Mb/s. FR c pht trin tn dng tt nht c im chia s bng thng ca phng thc khung v sa cha nhc im ca tr qu ln trong mng gi. FR p dng k thut chuyn mch c coi l c tc nhanh hn k thut chuyn gi X25. FR l k thut nh hng kt ni v c di gi c th thay i tng t nh phng thc chuyn gi. Cc gi c phn loi ti thiu ho vic gim st ng i ca chng qua mng. Nu gi li vic ti truyn khng c yu cu, thit b nhn s phi pht hin li. Nh vy, tc qua mng s c ci thin ng k. Mng FR cn cc lin kt c cht lng cao, nu khng th vic ti truyn t im u cui n u cui s gy tr ng k hoc thm ch khng th thc hin c phin truyn thng. 3.4.4 Chuyn giao kiu t bo Phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo l s tho hip gia phng thc chuyn giao kiu knh v gi, n c pht trin vi quan im tr thnh phng thc chung. Cc t bo c di c nh d mt t bo c di ln hn di ca mt khe thi gian (TS). Tng t nh cc gi trong ch gi, mi t bo c mt nhn, nhng di ca n c nh cho nn khng cn thm phn ui xc nh c u l im cui t bo.

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Chuyn giao kiu gi l mt cng ngh hin i, y l kt hp ca cng ngh ATM/SDH ngha l ti nt, thc hin chc nng chuyn mch ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode phng thc chuyn giao khng ng b) hay chuyn gi nhanh, cc gi c kch thc bng nhau gi l cell. Mt t bo (cell) gm 53 byte trong c 5 byte tiu v 48 byte l ti trng. Phng thc ny hi t c nhng u im ca CS v PS do thi gian tr nh nh CS nhng li c kh nng iu khin lu lng c nh PS, v th s dng knh truyn rt hiu qu, c bit c th to ra kt ni vi tc cao cung cp cc dch v bng rng. Mng in thoi s ISDN c th cung cp dch v PSTN vi tc nh hn hoc bng 2Mb/s gi l mng N-ISDN (ISDN bng hp), vi cng ngh ATM c th to ra BISDN (mng ISDN bng rng). SDH l cng ngh truyn dn s ng b to ra lin kt gia cc nt ATM). 3.4.5 Ch chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni Vi chuyn giao kiu knh th ch yu l chuyn giao theo phng thc hng kt ni. Cn cc ng dng ca mng chuyn giao kiu gi c th l chuyn giao theo c hai phng thc l phng thc hng kt ni (connection-oriented) hay phi kt ni (connectionless). Sau y chng ta nghin cu phng thc chuyn giao hng kt ni trong chuyn giao kiu gi, vi phng thc ny tt c thng tin tn hiu ca mt phin truyn thng c nh tuyn trn cng mt ng trong mng (mi tn en trong Hnh 3.12).
Chuyn giao hng kt ni LCN = y LCN = x LCN = x LCN = z

Chuyn giao phi kt ni

Hnh 3.12: Chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni Qu trnh chuyn giao c chia lm ba giai on : Thit lp kt ni: u tin l thng tin xc lp kt ni c gi cng vi cc b a ch. Thng tin a ch dng s ca knh logic (LCN) c lu tr trong mi nt n i qua, khi mt ni kt o (logic) c thit lp. Duy tr kt ni (Truyn dn d liu): ch c a ch dng LCN c gi km theo cc gi d liu. Khi nt mng c LCN s bit l u gi gi tin 77

 Gii phng kt ni: mt gi gii phng c gi yu cu xo thng tin a ch (LCN) cc nt gii phng kt ni. Khi chuyn giao phi kt ni c s dng th cc gi lun lun s dng ng i ph hp nht thng qua mng (mi tn trng trong Hnh 3.13). Chuyn giao trong trng hp ny ch c mt giai on l truyn dn d liu. Do mi gi d liu u c b thng tin a ch (a ch c ngun v ch) y . Trong chuyn giao phi kt ni, cc gi khng nht thit phi n ni theo th t, bi v chng i trn cc ng khc nhau c tr khc nhau. Bn thu phi theo di th t ca cc gi nn s phc tp hn nhiu. C th ly v d n gin m t kiu chuyn giao nh hng kt ni v khng nh hng kt ni (phi kt ni) l so snh hai phng thc trong chy ua nh hng. Gi s rng trong mt i ngi chy u tin s nh du con ng ca anh ta xuyn quc gia ng i ca anh ta chy ti ch. Ngi chy cui cng s xo cc du (tng t nh chuyn giao hng kt ni). Trong i khc, mi ngi s t phi tm con ng cho mnh ti ch (tng ng vi chuyn giao phi kt ni).

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CU HI N TP CHNG 3
1. Hy sp xp mc tng dn quy m ca cc mng my tnh sau: A. WAN, LAN, MAN B. LAN, MAN, WAN C. WAN, MAN, LAN D. LAN, WAN, MAN

2. Cu hnh mng no c cc node thng tin khng c ni trc tip vo trung tm iu khin? A. Hnh Sao (Star) B. Hnh Xa l (BUS) 3. Mng thi MAN l: A. Metropolitan Area Network B. Medium Area Network C. Medium Access Network D. Metropolitan Access Network 4. Cu hnh mng no c cc node thng tin c ni vo trung tm iu khin? B. Hnh Sao (Star) B. Hnh Xa l (BUS) 5. T no sau y c nh ngha l ng truyn dn tn hiu lin tc gia hai im trn mng? A. Node B. Link C. HOST D. Modem C. Hnh vng (Ring) C. Hnh vng (Ring)

6. c im no sau y l mt trong nhng xu hng pht trin ca mng vin thng? A. Bng hp B. Bng rng, a phng tin C. Tc thp D. Cht lng km

7. Tiu ch trong k thut phn tng khi cho thay th mt tng bng mt tng khc l: A. Tc ng mnh n cc tng khc B. Tc ng n h thng C. Khng lm nh hng n cc tng khc D. Khng thc hin thay th c 8. Tp cc quy tc, quy c bt buc cc thnh phn ca mng khi tham gia cc hot ng truyn thng phi tun theo gi l: A. Cu hnh mng (Topology) B. Giao thc (Protocol) C. Tin trnh (process) D. Mi trng (environment)

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9. Tp hp cc giao thc ca mi tng trong m hnh nhiu tng gi l: A. Chng giao thc B. Giao thc C. Phn tng D Phn lp

10. M hnh tham chiu OSI c chia thnh bao nhiu tng? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

11. Tng lin kt d liu l tng bao nhiu trong m hnh tham chiu giao thc OSI? A. 2 B. 1 C. 4 D. 5

12. Trong m hnh giao thc OSI, tng 3 l tng no trong cc tng sau y? A. Vt l B. Mng C. Phin C. ng dng

13. Trong m hnh OSI, tng no sau y cung cp cc dch v cho tng Phin? A. Tng lin kt d liu B. Trnh din 14. Trong m hnh OSI, tng no c nhim v to lp cc khung, gi chng ti knh truyn thng thng qua tng vt l, nhn khung, kim tra li, chuyn khung khng c li ln tng mng, ng thi iu khin tc nghn? A. Tng vt l B. Tng ng dng C. Tng lin kt d liu D. Tng phin C. Tng mng

15. Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh bao nhiu tng? A. 4 B. 6 C. 5 D. 7

16. Tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng vi nhng tng no trong m hnh tham chiu OSI? A. Tng ng dng, Tng Phin, Tng Giao vn B. Tng Trnh din, Tng Phin, Tng Giao vn C. Tng ng dng, Tng Trnh din, Tng Phin D. Tng ng dng, Tng Trnh din, Tng Vt l 17. Tng Lin mng trong m hnh TCP tng ng vi tng no trong m hnh tham chiu OSI? A. Tng Vt l B. Tng Lin kt d liu C. Tng Giao vn D. Tng Mng

18. Tng giao din mng trong m hnh chng giao thc TCP tng ng vi nhng tng no trong m hnh tham chiu OSI?

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A. Tng Vt l v Tng Lin kt d liu B. Tng Lin kt d liu v Tng Mng C. Tng Vt l v Tng Mng D. Tng Lin kt d liu v Tng Giao vn 19. TCP l giao thc truyn thng A. Phi kt ni v tin cy B. Hng kt ni v tin cy C. Phi kt ni v khng tin cy D. Hng kt ni v khng tin cy 20. UDP l giao thc truyn thng A. Phi kt ni v tin cy B. Hng kt ni v tin cy C. Phi kt ni v khng tin cy D. Hng kt ni v khng tin cy 21. Giao thc truyn file s dng giao thc trong lp vn chuyn: A. TCP B. UDP A. TCP B. UDP 23. a ch IPv4 gm bao nhiu bit? A. 16 B. 32 24. a ch IPv4 c chia thnh bao nhiu lp? A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 9 C. 64 D. 128 C. SCTP

22. H thng tn min s dng giao thc trong lp vn chuyn: C. SCTP

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TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 3

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Understanding Telecommunications. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997. Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering. 2nd edition, Artech House, ISBN: 1580535003, 2003. Freeman R. L. Fundamentals of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley and Sons, 1994. Behrouz A. Forouzan with Sophia Chung Fegan. TCP/IP Protocol Suite. Mc Graw Hill, 2000. Nguyn Quc Cng. Internetworking vi TCP/IP. NXB Gio Dc, 2001. W. Richard Steven. TCP/IP WesleyLongman, Inc, 1994. Illustrated Volume 1-The Protocols. Addison

Nguyn Thc Hi. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m. NXB Gio Dc, 1997.

82

CHNG IV-CC VN V TRUYN DN

GII THIU CHNG Chng ny gii thiu cc khi nim c bn v cc k thut chnh c s dng trong mng truyn dn, l cc phng thc truyn dn thng tin, cc mi trng truyn dn v vn ghp knh. Phn u cung cp cc khi nim c bn trong truyn dn, cc loi truyn dn n cng, bn song cng v song cng. gip hc vin c c mt s kin thc tng qut v s pht trin mnh m v ng dng ca cc cng ngh truyn dn trn mng li vin thng hin nay, ni dung chng cng cp n cc cng ngh v c im ca phng thc truyn dn s dng cp kim loi, cp quang cng nh c v tuyn. Bn cnh , hc vin cng c trang b kin thc v k thut ghp knh, mt trong nhng khi nim c bn v rt quan trng trong h thng truyn dn. Thng thng, cc h thng truyn dn c dung lng ln hn dung lng cn thit ca mt ngi s dng n l, song dung lng ca h thng li t hn tng nhu cu dung lng ln nht ca tt c ngi s dng. V vy, vic s dng k thut ghp knh, qu trnh kt hp nhiu tn hiu ca cc ngi dng khc nhau truyn dn ng thi trn cng mt knh truyn dn, s gp phn lm tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn v tit kim chi ph. Sau khi hc xong chng ny, hc vin cn nm c cc khi nim c bn v truyn dn; phn bit c cc cng ngh truyn dn s dng mi trng truyn dn khc nhau; khi nim v ghp knh v cc k thut ghp knh c s dng trn mng li, trn c s tip tc nghin cu cc vn phc tp hn trong qu trnh tip cn mng vin thng nhng chng sau v cc mn hc chuyn su khc. 4.1 MT S KHI NIM C BN V TRUYN DN Trc khi hiu c v truyn dn, cn bit mt s khi nim c bn sau chng ta mi c th hiu su hn v cc lnh vc khc: rng bng tn (bandwidth-cn gi l bng thng); mi trng truyn dn; vt mang (carrier); iu ch v truyn dn bng tn gc; hai dy, bn dy, lai ghp; n cng, song cng; ti to; khuch i; m ng truyn v cui cng l ghp knh. rng bng tn (Bandwidth) rng tn s c th s dng cho mt kt ni c gi l rng bng tn. i vi in thoi, cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T cho rng cc kt ni c th x l tn s trong khong 300 n 3400 Hz, ngha l rng bng l 3,1kHz. Thng thng, tai ngi c th nhn bit m thanh c tn s trong khong 15 n (xp x) 15000Hz, nhng cc php o ch ra rng khong tn s 300-3400Hz l hon ton ting ni c nhn bit r rng, v chng ta c th nhn ra c ting ni ca ngi ni. Bi vy, microphone trong in thoi phi phn ng vi cc tn s trong khong 300-3400Hz v bin i chng thnh tn hiu in vi bin (cng ) chp nhn c trong ton b di tn. Loa trong my in thoi cng c yu cu tng t.

83

15

300

3400

15000

f Hz

Hnh 4.1: rng bng 300-3400 cho nghe tng i y Ngi ta ni rng rng bng tng t ny c th (so snh cha chun xc) tng ng vi rng bng s: Mng PSTN GSM Tng t 300-3400Hz 300-3400Hz S 64kb/s (sau khi m ho PCM) 13kb/s (sau khi m ho c bit ti tng i, tc bt c chuyn thnh 64kb/s)

Mi trng truyn dn Ba mi trng quan trng nht hay c s dng trong truyn dn l: cp ng, cp quang v v tuyn (xem chi tit trong Mc 4.3). V nguyn tc, tt c cc mi trng truyn dn c s dng cho thng tin imim, nhng ch cng ngh v tuyn c th truyn thng vi cc u cui di ng. H thng truyn dn quang c nhng u im c trng v dung lng, cht lng v kinh t. V mt kinh t, cc h thng s dng cp ng ch c th c s dng trn phn cui ca tuyn truyn dn ti cc thu bao c nh ni c nhu cu dung lng thp. Cp ng vn c s dng phm vi rng gia cc thu bao vi tng i ch yu do thc t lch s. Vt mang (carrier) V bn cht, vt mang l tng t, ngha l chng mang mt vi loi sng no : sng nh sng hay sng in t. Theo ngha vt l thun ty, nh sng cng l nhng sng in t, nhng nh c c tnh c bit ca nh sng m ta nhn nhn cp quang nh l vt mang tn hiu ca chnh n. Ni cch khc, thng tin c truyn ti l s trong hu ht cc trng hp, t nht l tn hiu t cc b m ha thoi, video v my vi tnh. H thng GSM th hin s kt hp ca thng tin s trn vt mang tng t (sng v tuyn), cho n nay cc b m ha thoi c t trong in thoi di ng (trong mng in thoi c nh, cc b m ha thoi lun lun c t trong tng i ni ht hay cc nt truy nhp). iu ch v truyn dn bng gc Bng cch cho php thng tin cn truyn c iu khin vt mang theo cch no , chng h bng cch bt v tt sng nh sng, thng tin c th c nhn tng i hay thit b u cui. Cch iu khin vt mang ny c gi l iu ch. K thut truyn dn thng tin thoi trn cc i dy ng ban u (truyn dn bng gc) vn l k thut c s dng nhiu nht gia mt in thoi c nh v nt chuyn

84

mch. N p dng nguyn l thng tin tng t khng s dng vt mang gia mt my in thoi v mt b m ha thoi. 2 dy, 4 dy v b lai ghp Truyn dn tng t trong mng truy nhp c mt u im l: hai hng thoi cng truyn trn cng i dy cp. K thut ny c gi l truyn dn 2 dy, n c u im l gim gi thnh mng, nhng li yu cu s dng cc b lai ghp ti giao din gia mng truy nhp v mng trung k v trong my in thoi. i vi truyn dn 4 dy, tn hiu thoi c truyn ring bit trn mi hng. B lai ghp (im chuyn i gia phn 4 dy v 2 dy) c th gy ra cc vn lin quan n cht lng nht nh (ting vng). Hnh 4.2 minh ha cc khi nim ny.
4 si

2 si

2 si

B lai ghp

Hnh 4.2: 2 dy, 4 dy v b lai ghp n cng, song cng: truyn dn khng i xng Trong qung b truyn hnh (TV), vic gi thng tin theo mt hng l qu , k thut ny c gi l n cng. Song cng ngha l thng tin c gi ng thi theo hai hng gia hai im (xem chi tit trong Mc 4.2). K thut gi thng tin video vi rng bng ln theo mt hng v hng ngc li s c lng thng tin nh hn (nh cc tn hiu iu khin) c gi l truyn dn khng i xng. K thut ny l k thut hng u trong vic cung cp cc dch v thng tin cht lng cao v dch v video theo yu cu cng nh Internet di rng. Khuch i ti to Do hin tng suy hao, cn c thit b c bit t gia cc nt khi khong cch truyn dn vt qu mt gi tr nht nh (cn ph thuc c vo mi trng truyn dn). Thit b c t ti nhng im c gi l cc b lp trung gian. Cc b lp c th c s dng thun ty cho mc ch khuch i (khi m sng mang tng t tr nn qu yu) hoc kt hp khuch i v ti to, khi nhng tn hiu bng tn gc s suy gim (xem Hnh 4.3).

85

B khuch i

Hnh 4.3: Khuch i Ti to c ngha l nhng tn hiu thng tin b mo c c v din dch, c to li v khuch i ti hnh dng ban u trc khi chng c truyn i (Hnh 4.4). Vic ti to gip loi b ton b tp m v nhiu khc nh hng ln tn hiu. Vic ti to khng p dng c i vi truyn dn tng t khi m nhiu cng c khuch i cng tn hiu.

R
Hnh 4.4: Ti to M ng truyn ti to nhng tn hiu s th cc b ti to phi nhn c thng tin nh thi sao cho nhng tn hiu n c th c c ti cc khong thi gian chnh xc. Bi vy m cc m ng truyn c bit c s dng ngn cn cc chui bt 0 (khng c tn hiu nh thi). Ghp knh Thc hin v duy tr cc ng truyn dn trong mng vin thng l mt cng vic tn km i vi cc nh khai thc mng. Chi ph c th gim nu truyn nhiu cuc gi trn cng mt kt ni vt l (chng hn nh cc i dy). K thut nh th ny c s dng trong c mng tng t v s cho h thng a knh c gi l ghp knh (xem chi tit trong Mc 4.4). phn trn m t mt vi khi nim c bn v truyn dn. Hnh 4.5 m t cc khi nim quan trng nht v cc phng thc c sp xp theo th t mc s dng.

86

Thng tin s 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

Thng tin tng t

Thng tin tng t

Thng tin s 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

A/D
Ghp knh thi gian Ghp knh tn s Gii ghp knh tn s

A/D
Gii ghp knh thi gian

M ng

Gii m

iu ch

Gii iu ch

V tuyn

Cp ng
Ghp knh bc sng

R
Cp quang

Gii ghp knh bc sng

Hnh 4.5: Cc khi nim c bn trong truyn dn Phn tip theo trong chng ny tp trung ch yu v cc khi nim truyn dn c bn nht: cc kiu truyn dn n cng, bn song cng v song cng; cc mi trng truyn dn v cc phng thc ghp knh. 4.2 KHI NIM V TRUYN DN N CNG, BN SONG CNG V SONG CNG Trong h thng vin thng vic thc hin truyn dn thng tin c th l theo mt chiu hoc l theo hai chiu. Cc h thng thng tin theo mt chiu duy nht th c gi l thng tin n cng; cc h thng c th thng tin theo hai chiu th c gi l h thng thng tin song cng. H thng thng tin song cng li c chia thnh bn song cng v song cng hon ton. i vi phng php thng tin n cng tn hiu c truyn dn ch theo mt hng. V d, vi pht thanh truyn hnh, tn hiu ch c gi i t my pht n thit b u cui l thit b thu v tuyn; hoc v d khc nh h thng nhn tin ch cho php ngi dng thu bn tin theo ch ci v con s. i vi phng php thng tin bn song cng, tn hiu c truyn dn theo hai hng, nhng vic truyn tin trn mi hng ch c thc hin ti mt thi im. V d nh h thng thng tin v tuyn di ng (in m), ngi ni phi xc nhn bng nt chuyn sang ch nghe th bn kia mi c ni.

87

n cng: Ngun tin ch

Tn hiu ch truyn dn theo mt chiu. V d: v tuyn truyn thanh, truyn hnh (TV) v dch v nhn tin.

Bn song cng: Ngun/ ch ch/ Ngun

Tn hiu truyn dn theo mt chiu k tip nhau. V d: H thng v tuyn (in m trong qun i v hng hi) v mt s h thng truyn d liu.

Ngun + ch

Ngun + ch

Song cng hon ton (song cng):

Tn hiu truyn dn theo hai chiu trong cng thi im. V d: H thng thoi v mt s h thng di ng hin i.

Hnh 4.6: M hnh truyn dn n cng, bn song cng, song cng Trong phng php truyn dn song cng hon ton, tn hiu c truyn dn theo hai hng trong cng mt thi gian. V d nh thng tin thoi thng thng, hai ngi c th ni chuyn ng thi. Hu ht cc h thng vin thng hin i s dng nguyn l song cng hon ton, n gin thng gi l h thng song cng. 4.3 CC MI TRNG TRUYN DN Truyn dn l qu trnh truyn ti thng tin gia cc im kt cui trong mt h thng hay trong mng vin thng. C nhiu mi trng truyn dn khc nhau c s dng cho truyn dn, trong ba mi trng quan trng nht l: Cp ng, s dng 2 kiu chnh: cp i v cp ng trc. Cp quang, s dng trong cp si quang. Sng v tuyn, s dng trong cc h thng thng tin mt t im-ti-im hoc cc h thng ph sng khu vc (nh in thoi di dng) hoc cho thng tin ph sng khu vc thng qua v tinh.

4.3.1 Truyn dn bng cp kim loi Trong nhng ngy u ca k thut vin thng, cp kim loi l mi trng truyn dn l tng cho vic kt ni cc thu bao hnh thnh nn mng vin thng. C hai loi cp kim loi chnh l cp i (paired cable), ph hp cho truyn dn tc thp v cp ng trc (coaxial cable), c dng cho cc phn cp truyn dn tc cao. Cp i: Trc y, cp i thng thng c dng cho vic truyn dn tn hiu tng t. Tuy nhin, sau ny cp i cn c s dng truyn tn hiu s v c bit ngy nay cp ng xon i c s dng ph bin truyn tn hiu s trong vic ng dng cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL (Hnh 4.7).

88

V
V cch ly i si

Pair

Quad

Quad

Hnh 4.7: Cp xon i Trn mng cp kim loi hin ti th cht cch in c s dng bng giy, tuy nhin nu cht cch in bng nha th tt hn (khng nhy cm vi m, suy hao t ti cc tn s cao..) do n c dng trong cc cp i hin i. Phn ln mng cp hin nay u s dng loi cp chn (buried cable). Phn dy dn tn hiu thng thng c lm bng ng vi nhiu loi ng knh khc nhau nh 0,4; 0,5; 0,6 v 0,7 mm. Cc si li trong cp c xon vo nhau theo cp 2 hoc 4 dy tu thuc vo ng dng c th. Phn li chnh ca cp kim loi c hnh thnh nh vo cc cp dy xon (2 hay 4) theo cc lp ng tm. Cc cp xon ny t lin tip nhau v c thay i mt cch ngu nhin gim s mt cn bng. Mi mt li cp c th cha: 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 i. Bng 4.1: Mc suy hao ca cp ng xon i MC SUY HAO C TNH THEO dB/Km CA CP I TI TN S 1MHz ng knh si (mm) 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,9 1,1 V giy 24-26 19-22 15-18 13-16 11-14 9-14 V nha 19-22 15-18 12-15 11-14 8-11

Phn li cp thng thng c bao ph bi mt hay nhiu lp giy hay nha tch bit cc i trong cp vi nhau. Phn v ngoi cp thng l nha hoc kim loi (ch hay nhm) hay l hn hp nha v l kim loi bo v cp chng li s can nhiu v in cng nh cc nh hng v mt c hc. Mc suy hao trong khong 1 km ca mi loi cp ph thuc vo ng knh v tn s lm vic. Nh chng ta bit rng suy hao l mt vn quan trng trong truyn dn s, bng di y s a ra gi tr suy hao trn mt km.

89

C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n cht lng truyn dn tn hiu trong cp kim loi. Ngoi xuyn m ra cn mt s loi can nhiu khc (sm st, nhiu in t bn ngoi, ) c th nh hng ti truyn dn v lm gim cht lng dch v. Cp ng trc: Cp ng trc c dng cho c h thng ghp knh theo tn s FDM v h thng ghp knh theo thi gian TDM. Cp ny bao gm li kim loi chnh gia v mt lp dn khc bao ph bn ngoi c hnh ng. Cp ng trc c th phc v cho cc tuyn truyn dn dung lng cao (10.800 knh thoi trong h thng FDM). Chng thng c lp t theo tng i phc v thng tin trn hai hng gia cc tng i ni c lu lng ti tp trung cao. Trong cp ng trc, lp dn hnh ng bn ngoi c lp bo v chng li cc nh hng ca can nhiu nn c th khng gy nhiu v khng b gy nhiu bi cc si cp xung quanh (Hnh 4.8). Nhng loi cp ny cng c th b nh hng bi cc iu kin bt thng do c im ca tr khng do c th gy ra suy hao, c bit l suy hao thng xuyn xy ra vi cc si cp c.

Hnh 4.8: Cp ng trc CCITT a ra 3 loi cp ng trc vi cc tc bt khc nhau, Bng 4.2 m t kch thc v tc bt i vi cc h thng truyn dn s: Bng 4.2: Tc truyn tn hiu s trong cp ng trc Kiu cp ng trc Loi li cc nh Loi li nh Loi li bnh thng Kch thc 0,6 - 2,8 mm 1,2 - 4,4 mm 2,6 - 9,5 mm Tc bt 34 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s 565 Mbit/s

Phn li cp bn trong thng bao gm cc si dy ng. Phn dn bn ngoi c cu to t cc l ng, trong mt s loi cp th n c hn cht thnh mt ng. tng kh nng chng nhiu tn s thp th nhng ng ny cn c bao bc bng mt ai thp. 4.3.2 Truyn dn v tuyn u im ln nht ca truyn dn v tuyn so vi truyn dn cp l khng cn bt k mt ng dy dn no. Cc h thng v tuyn c lp t nhanh gn, khng cn o xi, chi ph u t t. Trong mng vin thng ngy nay, cc h thng v tuyn chuyn tip thng s dng nhng tn s v tuyn t 1GHz n 4GHz. Cc tn s ny c hi t bng cc anten parabol v p dng cho khong cch thng tin t vi km n 50 km tu thuc vo tn s s

90

dng v c tnh ca h thng. Sng v tuyn ti nhng tn s ny truyn thng, gi l truyn dn tm nhn thng. Tn s cng cao th suy hao cng cao v khong cch truyn cng ngn. Ti cc tn s rt cao, cc iu kin thi tit tc ng n suy hao v cht lng truyn dn gy hn ch di tn kh dng ph hp vi truyn dn v tuyn. Mt nhn t quan trng lm hn ch s dng truyn dn v tuyn l s cn kit v tn s do ngy cng c nhiu h thng v tuyn xut hin v hu ht cc tn s thch hp c s dng.

Hnh 4.9: Kt ni v tuyn Mt phng thc truyn dn khc cng l mt ng dng ca sng v tuyn l truyn dn v tinh. Trong thng tin v tinh, thit b chuyn tip trung gian chuyn ng theo qu o xung quanh tri t thay v c thit lp c nh trn mt t. Trm mt t truyn thng tin n v tinh bng mt tn s, v tinh ti to v truyn thng tin tr v bng mt tn s khc. Cc tn s s dng nm trong di tn t 1 GHz n 30 GHz. Cc v tinh s dng trong vin thng thng c nh v ti qu o a tnh, v tr c coi l khng thay i ti mi thi im nu nhn t im quan st ti trm mt t. Khong cch n qu o ny khong 36.000km tnh t tri t nn tr truyn dn xp x 240ms t trm mt t pht n trm mt t thu. Ngi ni phi ch tr li khong 0,5 giy, iu ny lm gin on thng tin lin tc. Mt vn khc i vi truyn thng v tinh l ting vng, thng thng ting vng cng b tr khong 0,5 giy.
V tinh

Mng quc t

Mng quc gia

Trm mt t

Trm mt t

Hnh 4.10: H thng v tinh

91

4.2.3 Truyn dn bng cp si quang Trong nhng nm gn y, vi nhng tnh nng u vit v chi ph u t ngy cng gim, cng ngh thng tin quang v ang pht trin rt nhanh. Thng tin quang c trin khai trong c mng ng di (lin tnh v quc t) v mng ni ht. Trong mng thng tin quang th mi trng truyn dn si quang v cp si quang ng vai tr ht sc quan trng. c tnh ca si quang v cp si quang nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca h thng. V vy cn nghin cu k lng v cu to, tnh cht v cc thng s ca si quang la chn, thit k, xy dng v bo dng tuyn thng tin cp si quang theo cc tiu chun v yu cu t ra. Mun hnh thnh mt tuyn thng tin quang, ngoi cp si quang phi c thit b thng tin quang. Thit b thng tin quang c cc b phn ch yu nh chuyn i m nhnh pht, b chuyn i m nhnh thu, chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in, cc knh nghip v, v.v. Ti pha pht, vic chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang ch yu s dng cc ngun quang bng bn dn. Hin ti c 2 loi ngun quang ch yu, l diode pht x nh sng (LED) v laser diode (LD). Mi loi ngun quang ny c u im v nhc im ring v c ng dng vo tng tuyn thng tin quang c th. Ngc li, u thu, tn hiu quang c chuyn thnh tn hiu in nh diode tch quang. Mi loi diode tch quang cng c c tnh ring v s dng thch hp cho mi tuyn c th do , phi la chn ngun quang v diode tch quang ph hp khi thit k mt tuyn thng tin cp si quang no .
My pht
B pht quang B thu quang

My thu

Cp quang

Hnh 4.11: B bin i in/quang (E/O) So vi cc mi trng truyn dn khc, cp quang c rt nhiu u im nh: nh v linh hot, c kh nng chng nh hng ca trng in t, c dung lng truyn dn ln, suy hao t v khng dn in v.v. Do cp quang tr thnh mt mi trng truyn dn quan trng trong mng vin thng ni chung. u im ca h thng thng tin quang:
-

Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn Kch c ca cp nh Linh hot Khi lng nh Khng b xuyn knh Bng tn ln C kh nng chng li nhiu in t

Si quang:

92

Si quang l loi si in mi c ch s chit xut thp. Si c cu trc hnh tr, lm bng vt liu in mi trong sut, bao gm li truyn nh sng v bao quanh li l v c ch s chit sut nh hn ch s chit sut ca li to iu kin nh sng truyn c trong li (Hnh 4.12). Ngoi ra, v cn c tc dng bo v li. trnh try xc v v tng bn c hc, si quang thng c bao bc thm mt lp cht do tng hp. Lp v bo v ny s ngn chn cc tc ng c hc vo si, gia cng thm cho si, bo v si khng b nt do ko dn hoc xc do c xt b mt; mt khc to iu kin bc si thnh cp sau ny. Lp v bc ny c gi l lp v bc s cp.

Li

Lp v bc s cp

Hnh 4.12: Cu trc si quang Tu thuc tng loi si m c s phn b chit xut khc nhau trong li si. Nu chit xut phn b u th gi l si chit xut bc, nu phn b theo qui lut tng dn dn gi l si chit xut gradient. Kch thc ca si ph thuc loi si, ng knh v d ca cc loi si thng l 125m. Tng hp ba yu t l phn b chit xut, phng thc truyn sng nh sng qua li v kch thc ca li, c th chia thnh ba loi si: Si a mode chit xut bc. Si a mode chit xut gradient. Si n mode (chit xut bc).

Si a mode

Si chit sut phn b

Si chit sut bin i u

Si n mode

Hnh 4.13: Cc kiu si quang Ngoi ra, khi phn loi theo cu trc vt liu si quang c chia thnh cc loi nh: Si thu tinh (loi si thng thng) Si li thu tinh v cht do Si thu tinh nhiu thnh phn Si cht do,

93

4.4 CC PHNG PHP GHP KNH 4.4.1 Ti sao phi ghp knh? Ghp knh l qu trnh kt hp nhiu tn hiu truyn dn ng thi trn cng mt ng truyn dn. Hu ht cc h thng truyn dn trong mng vin thng c dung lng ln hn dung lng yu cu bi mt ngi s dng n l v nh hn tng dung lng yu cu ti a ca tt c ngi s dng, do , nng cao hiu qu truyn dn v gim chi ph, ngi ta thc hin chia s bng tn sn c ca cc h thng cp ng, cp quang hay h thng v tuyn (h thng n l dung lng cao) cho nhiu ngi s dng.
Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 xxxx

Mux/ Demux
Mi trng truyn dn dng chung

Demux/ Mux

Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 xxxx

Hnh 4.14: Nguyn l ghp knh Hnh 4.14 minh ha nguyn l ghp knh, thit b ghp/tch knh (Mux/demux) l thit b thc hin vic ghp knh v tch knh trong truyn dn. C nhiu phng php ghp knh song thng hay nhc ti nht l ghp knh theo tn s v ghp knh theo thi gian. 4.4.2 Nguyn l ghp knh theo tn s v theo thi gian Ghp knh theo tn s (FDM) bin tn mi tn hiu ln mt tn s sng mang khc nhau. Cc tn hiu iu ch c truyn i qua cng mt knh truyn v b lc n bng s phn chia cc tn hiu khi n bn thu. Bng tn ca h thng c chia thnh nhiu cc knh hp khc nhau, mi knh dnh cho mt ngi s dng trong ton b thi gian truyn tin (thng s dng cho truyn tin thoi). Bng vic thay i b la chn tn s pha thu, ta c th d dng thay i nhn thng tin t a im pht khc. Hnh 4.15 minh ha nguyn l ghp knh FDM vi trc honh l trc thi gian.

Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 300 Hz 3400 Hz

10

15 3,1 kHz

20

f [kHz]

Hnh 4.15: Ghp 3 knh phn chia theo tn s

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Ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM) l phng php ghp knh mi hn FDM, phng php ny a cc bn tin khc nhau, v d, cc t m PCM ca nhng ngi s dng khc nhau, vo cc khe thi gian khng chng ln ln nhau. Mi knh ca ngi s dng dng mt bng tn ln nhng ch trong mt khong nh thi gian, gi l khe thi gian. Thng tin ca mi ngi s dng s chim mt khe thi gian ca mt khung v nguyn l phn chia theo thi gian cho php nhiu ngi s dng truy nhp mng ti cng mt thi im v s dng cng mt tn s sng mang. Hnh 4.16 minh ha phng php ghp knh TDM vi trc honh l trc thi gian. Ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) c dng cho truyn dn cp quang. Nhn thy vic s dng ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c nhiu hn ch i vi cc yu cu tng dung lng truyn dn nn WDM c thay th. Ghp knh theo bc sng cho php cc knh c truyn ti nhng bc sng khc nhau cho cng mt hng hay c hai hng trn cng mt si quang. Mc d c tn ring nhng ghp knh theo bc sng l mt bin dng ca ghp knh theo tn s. t c tc bt ln hn 10Gbit/s ngi ta kt hp ghp knh theo thi gian vi ghp knh theo bc sng.
T
Knh A

Knh B

Knh C

ABCABCABC
T/3

Hnh 4.16: Ghp knh theo thi gian cho 3 knh

95

CU HI N TP CHNG 4
1. H thng truyn thng theo mt chiu duy nht th gi l: A. n cng B. Song cng 2. C nhng phng tin truyn dn c bn no c s dng truyn thng tin? A. Cp kim loi, Cp si quang B. Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn C. Cp kim loi, Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn D. Cp kim loi, Mi trng v tuyn 3. Coaxial Cable gi l: A. Cp ng trc B. Cp quang 4. Optical Fiber Cable gi l: A. Cp ng xon i B. Cp si quang A. Gi thnh cp B. di cp 6. Truyn dn v tuyn s dng: A. Cp ng trc truyn dn B. Khng cn dy dn cng c th truyn dn C. Cp quang truyn dn D. Cp ng xon i truyn dn 7. Trong truyn dn s dng v tinh a tnh, tr truyn dn t trm Mt t pht n trm Mt t thu l: A. Hon ton khng c tr B. C tr nhng khng ng k C. Tr truyn dn xp x 250ms D. Khng truyn dn c v qu xa 8. Vt liu thng c s dng lm si quang thng l: A. ng B. Hp kim C. Thy tinh, nha D. Vt liu c bit khc 9. Diode pht x nh sng c tn vit tt l: A. LD C. LED C. Cp ng trc D. Cp kim loi C. Ti nguyn tn s D. H thng phc tp C. Cp i D. Cp ng xon i C. Bn song cng

5. Mt nhn t quan trng hn ch vic s dng truyn dn v tuyn l:

96

B. PD A. B pht B. B thu 11. u im ca h thng thng tin quang A. Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn B. Kch c ca cp nh C. Khi lng nh D. Tt c cc trng hp trn 12. Phn chia theo chit sut, c cc loi si quang l

D. APD C. B lp D. B lc

10. chng li hin tng suy hao th thng chng ta dng

A. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si a mode chit xut gradient. B. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si n mode (chit xut bc) C. Si a mode chit xut bc, Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode D. Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode (chit xut bc) 13. Mc ch ca ghp knh l: A. Tit kim chi ph truyn dn B. Gim thi gian truyn dn C. Tit kim tn s truyn dn D. Rt ngn c ly truyn dn

14. Trong k thut FDM, nhiu ngi dng cng s dng c mt mi trng truyn dn, ti nguyn mng no c s dng? A. Thi gian B. Tn s C. M D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s.

15. Trong k thut TDM, nhiu ngi dng cng s dng c mt mi trng truyn dn, ti nguyn mng no c s dng? A. Thi gian B. Tn s A. B. A. B. C. D. A. B. A. n cng Song cng Cp kim loi, Cp si quang Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn Cp kim loi, Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn Cp kim loi, Mi trng v tuyn Cp ng trc Cp quang ng C. Cp i D. Cp ng xon i C. Nhm C. M D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s C. Bn song cng

16. H thng truyn thng theo mt chiu duy nht th gi l

17. C nhng phng thc truyn dn c bn no c s dng truyn thng tin

18. Coaxial Cable gi l

19. Vt liu thng c s dng lm dy dn trong cp ng xon i

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B. A. B. 21. A. B. C.

St Cp ng xon i Cp si quang Ci thin cht lng truyn dn

D. Thy tinh C. Cp ng trc D. Cp kim loi

20. Optical Fiber Cable gi l g

Xuyn m v cc loi can nhiu khc nh hng ti truyn dn nh th no Khng nh hng ti cht lng truyn dn Lm gim cht lng truyn dn

D. C nh hng ti cht lng truyn dn nhng khng ng k (c th b qua) d vi bt k khong cch no 22. Cu trc ca cp ng trc nh th no A. B. C. Gm mt dy dn kim loi m khng c v Gm mt cp dy dn xon vo nhau Gm hai cp dy dn xon vo nhau

D. Gm li kim loi chnh gia v mt lp dn khc bao ph bn ngoi c hnh ng 23. Mt nhn t quan trng hn ch vic s dng truyn dn v tuyn A. B. 24. A. B. C. D. Gi thnh cp di cp Cp ng trc truyn dn Khng cn mi trng vt l no cng c th truyn dn Cp quang truyn dn Cp ng xon i truyn dn C. Ti nguyn tn s D. H thng phc tp

Truyn dn v tuyn s dng

25. Trong truyn dn s dng v tinh a tnh, tr truyn dn t trm Mt t pht n trm Mt t thu l A. B. C. D. 26. A. B. C. D. 27. A. B. Hon ton khng c tr C tr nhng khng ng k Tr truyn dn xp x 250ms Khng truyn dn c v qu xa ng Hp kim Thy tinh, nha Vt liu c bit khc LD PD C. LED D. APD

Vt liu thng c s dng lm si quang thng l:

Diode pht x nh sng c tn vit tt l g

98

28.

Hin tng tn sc xy ra trong trong hnh thc truyn dn no sau A. B. Cp quang Cp ng trc c khuych i B hp th hoc b khc x B chuyn sang tn hiu in B o pha Khng c suy hao C mc suy hao l 0.2dB Khng cho nh sng i qua Khng nh hng g c Khng c suy hao C suy hao nhng khng ng k C mc suy hao l 1.5dB Khng th truyn nh sng qua c C ly truyn dn Cng sut my pht Cng sut my thu Loi tn hiu truyn i B pht B thu Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn Kch c ca cp nh Khi lng nh Tt c cc trng hp trn Si a mode chit xut bc v Si a mode chit xut gradient. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si n mode (chit xut bc) C. B lp D. B lc C. Cp ng xon i D. V tuyn

29.

Hin tng suy hao trong si quang l hin tng mt phn nh sng A. B. C. D.

30.

Hin tng do mi hn quang gy ra A. B. C. D.

31.

Khi u ni vo b connector th suy hao do mi hn quang gy ra l A. B. C. D.

32.

Mc suy hao ph thuc nhiu nht vo A. B. C. D.

33.

chng li hin tng suy hao th thng chng ta dng A. B.

34.

u im ca h thng thng tin quang A. B. C. D.

35.

Phn chia theo chit sut, c cc loi si quang l A. B.

C. Si a mode chit xut bc, Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode D. 36. Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode (chit xut bc) Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c tn vit tt nh th no

99

A. B. 37. A. B.

FDMA TDM FDMA TDM

C. FDM D. TDMA C. FDM D. TDMA

Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s c tn vit tt l g

38. Trong k thut FDM, nhiu ngi dng s dng c mi trng truyn dn, ti nguyn mng no c s dng A. B. 39. A. B. 40. A. B. Thi gian Tn s FDMA TDM FDMA TDM C. M D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s. C. FDM D. TDMA C. FDM D. TDMA

a truy nhp ghp knh phn chia theo tn s c tn vit tt l g

a truy nhp ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c tn vit tt l g

41. Trong cc phng php sau, phng php no s dng h thng sng mang truyn a tn hiu A. B. 42. dng TDMA FDM C. TDM

Trong phng php ghp knh phn chia theo tn s, ngi dng c th c s A. B. C. D. Ton b s knh Nhiu knh cng lc Mi mt knh Knh ty chn TDM FDM C. FDMA

43.

Trong cc phng php ghp knh sau, phng php no s dng khe thi gian A. B.

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TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 4

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Understanding Telecommunications. Chapter 4: Transmission Techniques. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997. Robert G. Winch. Telecommunication Transmission Systems. McGraw-Hill, Inc, , ISBN 0-07-113768-8,1993. LG Information&Communication, Ltd. H thng thng tin quang/v tuyn. NXB Thanh nin, 1996. Warren Hioki. Telecommunications.Chapter 14: Fiber Optics. 2nd ed, Prentice Hall, Inc, 1995. Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn. C s k thut thng tin quang - Ti liu gio dc i hc cng ngh. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, H Ni, 6/2000. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Thng tin di ng 3G. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2004.

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CHNG V - CC VN V CHUYN MCH

GII THIU CHNG Trong mng vin thng, cc h thng chuyn mch, nh tuyn ng vai tr l cc nt mng v c xem nh l tri tim ca mng li. Nh vy, c ngha chuyn mch c vai tr ht sc quan trng, c ngha quyt nh kh nng phc v, hot ng ca mng li. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, cc cng ngh v chuyn mch v nh tuyn cng pht trin rt nhanh. Chuyn mch tri qua s pht trin lu di, t tng i c in cho n tng i s, t cng ngh chuyn mch knh sang cng ngh chuyn mch gi Chng 5, trnh by cc khi nim c bn v chuyn mch v nh tuyn. Hin nay trong thc t c nhiu k thut chuyn mch c s dng, tu thuc tnh cht ca cc hnh loi dch v yu cu. Ph bin nht l k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi. Ni chung vic thit k v ng dng hai k thut ny c nhiu im chung. Xu hng pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch ang dn chuyn sang chuyn mch gi nhm p ng kh nng cung cp a dch v, a phng tin, tn dng c ti nguyn mng Phn 5.2 trnh by cc khi nim v chuyn mch knh, cc k thut chuyn mch knh thi gian s v chuyn mch knh khng gian s v s kt hp cc k thut trong cc h thng chuyn mch. K thut chuyn mch gi cng vi nguyn l hot ng ca n c trnh by trong Phn 5.3. Khi mng vin thng ang chuyn dn sang ng dng chuyn giao theo phng thc gi, cc b nh tuyn ng vai tr rt quan trng. Khi nim v nh tuyn v s phn loi chng c trnh by chi tit trong Phn 5.4 ca chng ny. Cng vi Chng 4 v Chng 6, Chng 5 cung cp nhng ni dung lin quan n nhng vn k thut rt quan trng trong vin thng. Hc vin cn phi nm bt c khi nim cn bn v chuyn mch v nh tuyn; vai tr ca chng trong mng vin thng; Nhng k thut chuyn mch, nh tuyn v xu hng pht trin ca chng. 5.1 TI SAO PHI CHUYN MCH? thit lp mt tuyn ni theo yu cu t mt thu bao ny ti mt thu bao khc th mng phi c thit b chuyn mch la chn mt tuyn ni ph hp. Trong mng in thoi, cc h thng chuyn mch ny c gi l cc tng i. Thu bao s nhn c cuc ni theo yu cu nh vo cc thng tin bo hiu truyn qua ng dy thu bao. Thng tin bo hiu ny rt cn thit cho vic truyn cc thng tin iu khin ca mt cuc gi hay truyn trn cc mch kt ni cc tng i vi nhau. T chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU- T nh ngha chuyn mch nh sau: Chuyn mch l s thit lp ca mt kt ni c th t mt li vo n mt li ra mong

102

mun trong mt tp hp cc li vo v ra cho n khi no t c yu cu truyn ti thng tin Ngy nay t thng tin khng ch biu th li ni chng ta nghe c trong tai nghe my in thoi m n cng biu th s kt hp tt c cc thng tin t mt vi dch v vin thng. Ngy nay chng ta xem xt quan nim khc nhau ca chuyn mch. Hin ti thit b chuyn mch phi c kh nng iu khin cc dch v nhiu hn trc y bao gm m thanh cht lng cao, Video theo cc tiu chun khc nhau, thng tin LAN ni LAN, truyn ti cc tp d liu ln v cc dch v tng tc mi trn mng truyn hnh cp. c thm nhiu cc thng tin chuyn mch lin quan n ngi s dng dch v. V d thng tin bo hiu cng phi c chuyn mch.
Cng ngh chuyn mch

Chuyn mch knh

Chuyn mch gi

PSTN

CSPDN

ISDN

PSPDN

Chuyn tip khung

( di thay i)

Chuyn mch t bo
ATM DQDB

( di c nh)

Hnh 5.1: Cc k thut chuyn mch Kt qu l, tnh phong ph v k thut chuyn mch trong mng ni ht tng trong nhng nm gy y. u tin chng ta ch c chuyn mch knh rt thch hp cho cc dch v khng ng b nh dch v thoi. Cng t , ngy cng c nhiu s thu bao c yu cu cao hn v dung lng truyn dn v bng tn rng, v mt s k thut khc xut hin. Kt qu l cc yu cu c p ng bng truyn s liu, chuyn mch knh b sung k thut chuyn mch gi vo thp k 70 trong th k 20. Ngy nay chng ta cng dng k thut chuyn tip khung (frame relay) v hai kiu chuyn mch t bo theo truyn ti khng ng b ATM v bus kp hng i phn tn (distributed queue dual bus- DQDB). Ngun gc ca chuyn tip khung v cc k thut chuyn mch t bo c ch r phn chuyn mch gi. Hn na, cc phn t chuyn mch c th iu khin c a vo trong mng truyn dn, nh gip cho vic truyn dn thc hin vi tin cy cao hn v tr nh hn. B u ni cho s gi y thay th cc khung phn tn v cc b ghp knh s l cc phn t truyn dn truyn thng.

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5.2 CHUYN MCH KNH Trong thc t hin nay, c rt nhiu k thut chuyn mch ang c p dng. Trong , ph bin nht l k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi. Ni chung vic thit k v ng dng hai h thng chuyn mch ny c nhiu im ging nhau. Chuyn mch knh c nh ngha l k thut chuyn mch m bo vic thit lp cc ng truyn dn dnh ring cho vic truyn tin ca mt qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai hay nhiu thu bao khc nhau. Chuyn mch knh c ng dng cho vic lin lc mt cch tc thi, qu trnh chuyn mch c a ra mt cch khng c cm gic v s chm tr (thi gian thc) v tr bin thin gia ni thu v ni phn phi tin hay bt k phn no ca h thng truyn tin. Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh kt ni, trao i thng tin cc khe thi gian gia mt s on ca tuyn truyn dn TDM s. C hai c ch thc hin qu trnh chuyn mch knh tn hiu s - C ch chuyn mch khng gian s v c ch chuyn mch thi gian s. Phn sau y s m t nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca cc tng chuyn mch theo c ch khng gian cng nh thi gian, trn c s , xy dng trng chuyn mch kt hp bo m kch thc ln bt k theo yu cu. 5.2.1 Tng chuyn mch khng gian s Tng chuyn mch khng gian s S (Space Switch Stage) cu to t mt ma trn chuyn mch kch thc N u vo v M u ra vt l. Lu rng y l h thng TDM-s, do mi ng vt l cha n knh thi gian m chng mang cc tn hiu PCM. Nh vy kt ni mt khe thi gian bt k no trong mt ng PCM bt k pha u vo ca ma trn chuyn mch ti khe thi gian tng ng (ngha l c cng m s TS) ca mt ng PCM bt k pha u ra ca ma trn th mt im chuyn mch thch hp ca ma trn chuyn mch cn phi hot ng trong sut thi gian ca TS v lp li vi chu k T=125 micro giy trong sut qu trnh to knh. Trong cc thi gian khc,vn im chuyn mch c th s dng cho cc qu trnh ni khc. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc im chuyn mch khc ca ma trn c th c s dng thit lp knh ni cho cc cuc gi khc nhau. Chuyn mch khng gian tn hiu TDM-s thng thit lp ng thi mt s lng ln cc cuc ni qua ma trn vi tc tc th trong mt khung tn hiu 125microsec, trong mi cuc ni tn ti trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian TS. Mt cuc gi in thoi c th ko di trong khong thi gian nhiu khung tn hiu PCM (thng thng khong 1,2 - 2 triu khung v tng ng vi thi gian khong t 3 n 5 pht). Do vy mt kiu iu khin theo chu k n gin cho mt mu ni l cn thit. iu ny d dng t c nh mt b nh RAM iu khin cc b lin quan ti ma trn chuyn mch khng gian. Hnh 5.2 minh ho nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca mt tng chuyn mch khng gian S. Chuyn mch tng S cu to t 2 thnh phn c bn - Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b. Ma trn chuyn mch vung kch thc NxN, trong hng dng cho cc ng PCM pha u vo v ct dng cho cc ng PCM pha u ra. Ti giao im ca hng v ct u ni im chuyn mch v thng thng l cng logic AND hay cng logic ba

104

trng thi. Ch rng AND hay cng logic ba trng thi l mch logic khng nh, do vy chuyn mch cho cng mt khe thi gian gia u vo v u ra ca phn t chuyn mch. Cc im chuyn mch trong mi ct c iu khin bi mt b nh iu khin C-Mem (Control Memory). Khi iu khin cc b bao gm b m khe thi gian TS-Counter, b chn a ch Selector v b nh iu khin C-Mem thc hin chc nng iu khin cc b ma trn chuyn mch. B nh C-Mem lu tr cc s liu lin quan ti cc im chuyn mch tng ng vi cc khe thi gian TS trong khung tn hiu cho.

Cc ng vo

Hnh 5.2: Nguyn l chuyn mch tng S M a ch nh phn c gn cho mi im chuyn mch trong mt ct. Mi a ch thch hp sau s c s dng chn mt im chuyn mch yu cu thit lp cuc ni gia mt u vo vi mt u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch. Cc a ch chn ny c nh trong b nh iu khin C-Mem theo th t khe thi gian tng ng vi biu thi gian kt ni hin thi. Nh vy i vi ct 1, a ch ca im chuyn mch s c thng mch trong thi gian TS#0 s c nh trong nh c a ch 0 ca C-Mem cho ct, a ch ca im chuyn mch s thng mch trong khe thi gian TS#1 s c nh trong nh a ch 1. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc i ch khc trong tng chuyn mch. T hnh v trn ta c th nhn thy rng mi C-Mem ch iu khin mt ct ca ma trn v do cch trang b ny gi l iu khin u ra. Tt nhin cng c th trang b iu khin theo u vo. nm vng bn cht ca cc vn trn c s l thuyt trnh by trn, sau y m t nguyn tc hot ng chuyn mch to knh ca tng S. cho vic miu t c hon ton xc nh chng ta hy kho st mt v d c th. V d m t hot ng ca tng S

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phc v cho mt cuc ni gia TS#0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 u vo vi TS#0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 pha u ra. Cn c vo yu cu chuyn mch c th cho, trc ht h thng iu khin trung tm CC (Central Control) ca tng i ca s to cc s liu iu khin np vo b nh C-Mem ca tng S. T hnh v trn r rng im chuyn mch duy nht c th m bo cho yu cu kt ni PCM1 pha u vo vi PCM1 pha u ra l AND11 do CC to m a ch nh phn cho phn t AND11 ny. V theo yu cu phi thc hin chuyn mch cho khe thi gian TS#0 do vy CC s chim nh c a ch m nh phn 0 tng ng ca C-Mem. Cc s liu c bn c CC np a ch nh phn AND11 vo nh 0 ca C-Mem tng S, xong n giao quyn iu khin cho khi iu khin cc b iu khin trc tip qu trnh tip theo. Nh th, bt u mt khung tn hiu PCM tn hiu ng h th nht tc ng vo b m khe thi gian TS-Counter lm cho b m ny thit lp trng thi 0 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 0 ca C-Mem, nh b chn a ch Selector m trng thi ny c a ti BUS a ch ca b nh C-Mem. ng thi vi vic to m a ch, Selector to ra tn hiu iu khin c a ti C-Mem do ni dung cha trong nh 0 c a ra thanh ghi-gii m. V ni dung ny li chnh l a ch ca phn t chuyn mch AND11, do to c tn hiu iu khin im chuyn mch ny, nh tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS#0 ca PCM1 pha u vo c chuyn qua phn t chuyn mch AND11 hng ti PCM1 pha u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch S, tc l thc hin chc nng chuyn mch. Kt thc thi gian ca TS#0, xung ng h th 2 tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n chuyn sang trng thi 1 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 1 ca C-Mem. Nh vy kt thc vic to tn hiu iu khin cho AND11 i vi qu trnh chuyn mch cho TS#0 theo yu cu. Tng t nh vy i vi cc khe thi gian tip theo v th tc c lp li vi chu k T = 125microsec trong sut qu trnh thit lp ni cho cuc gi ang xt. Khi cuc gi kt thc CC nhn bit v n s gii phng cuc ni mt cch n gin bng hot ng xo s liu ghi vo C-Mem nh nu khi bt u cuc gi. Trong cc tng chuyn mch S thc t, cc bt tn hiu PCM thng c ghp knh to lung tc cao v bin i thnh dng song song trc khi qua tng S. 5.2.2 Tng chuyn mch thi gian s Nh chng ta thy r trn y, cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch tng S ch thc hin cho cc qu trnh chuyn mch c cng ch s khe thi gian ga ng PCM vo v ng PCM ra. Trong trng hp tng qut c yu cu trao i khe thi gian gia u vo v u ra khc nhau th phi ng dng tng chuyn mch thi gian T (Time Switch Stage). Hnh 5.3 minh ho qu trnh trao i khe thi gian gia TS#2 v TS#5 cho hai khung lin tip nhau gia ng PCM vo v PCM ra ca tng chuyn mch T.

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Hnh 5.3: Trao i khe thi gian V cc khe thi gian TS c sp xp lin tip nhau theo th t tng dn do vy trao i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian TS#2 v TS#5, tn hiu PCM trong TS#2 cn phi c lu tm thi ti tng T trong khong thi gian 5-2 = 3TS trong cng mt khung, sau vo khe thi gian ca TS#5, tn hiu PCM c a ra ng PCM pha u ra ca tng chuyn mch. Trng hp nu cn chuyn mch gia khe thi gian u ra vi khe thi gian c ch s ln hn pha u vo, v d TS#6 v TS#2 nh minh ho trn Hnh 5.4 th tn hiu khng th tr trong cng mt khung m phi tr ti khung tip theo. C th l (N-6) + 2 khe thi gian, trong N l s khe thi gian trong khung PCM, y N = n+1 = 32.

Tr (N-6)+2

Hnh 5.4: Nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian

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Nh vy, trong trng hp ny, thc hin chuyn mch gia khe thi gian TS#6 ca khung lin trc u vo sang TS#2 ca khung lin sau u ra, thng tin phi c lu tr trong b nh mt khong thi gian l (N-6) + 2 = (32-6) + 2 = 28TS. Nguyn l cu to ca chuyn mch tng T bao gm 02 thnh phn chnh l b nh tin S-Mem (Speak Memory) v b nh iu khin C-Mem (Controller Memory) nh Hnh 5.5 minh ho di y. Chc nng c bn ca S-Mem l nh tm thi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong mi khe thi gian pha u vo to tr thch hp theo yu cu m n c gi tr t nh nht l 1TS ti cc i l (N-1)TS. Nu vic ghi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian TS pha u vo ca tng chuyn mch T vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t th c th s dng mt b m nh phn Module(n) cng vi b chn rt n gin iu khin. Lu rng khi tn hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi cc thi im u ca TS trong khung tn hiu PCM c s dng trong h. B nh C-Mem c chc nng dng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin lu m ti S-Mem. Cng nh C-Mem trong chuyn mch tng S, b nh C-Mem ca tng T cng c N nh bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng. Trong thi gian mi TS, C-Mem iu khin qu trnh c mt nh tng ng thch hp trong T-Mem. Nh vy hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM ca T-Mem c xc nh mt cch r rng rnh mch bi hiu s gia cc khe thi gian ghi v c tin PCM b nh S-Mem.

Hnh 5.5: Chuyn mch tng T Nguyn l hot ng ca chuyn mch thi gian T s c trnh by sng t theo v d sau y :

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Gi s c yu cu chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia TS#5 ca lung tn hiu PCM u vo vi TS#9 ca lung tn hiu PCM u ra ca chuyn mch tng T nh minh ho trn hnh v trn Cn c yu cu chuyn mch, h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i s to cc s liu iu khin cho tng T. thc hin iu ny CC s np s liu v a ch nh phn nh s 5 ca T-Mem vo nh s 9 ca C-Mem, sau CC giao quyn iu khin cc b cho chuyn mch tng T trc tip thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu cu chuyn mch. Tip theo cho qu trnh m t c hon ton xc nh v d theo di, chng ta kho st thi im bt u TS#0 ca khung tn hiu PCM. Qu trnh ghi thng tin PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo b nh S-Mem c thc hin mt cch ln lt v ng b nh hot ng phi hp gia b m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch Selector 1. C th l khi bt u khe thi gian TS#0, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TSCounter lm n thit lp trng thi 0 to t hp m nh phn tng ng vi a ch m nh phn ca nh 0 trong S-Mem. B chn a ch Selector 1 c s dng iu khin c hay ghi b nh S-Mem (RAM), trong trng hp ny n chuyn m a ch ny bo Bus a ch Add ca S-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W, do vy t hp m tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS#0 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh 0 ca S-Mem Kt thc thi gian TS#0 cng l bt u TS#1 song ng h li tc ng vo TSCounter lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi 1 to a ch nh phn cho nh s 1 ca SMem. Selector1 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W do t hp m tn hiu PCM trong khe thi gian TS 1 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh 1 ca T-Mem. Qu trnh xy ra tng t i vi cc khe thi gian TS#2, TS#3, TS# 4, TS #5 v tip theo cho ti khe thi gian cui cng TS#n ca khung. Sau tip tc lp li cho cc khung tip theo trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc ni yu cu. ng thi vi qu trnh ghi tn hiu vo S-Mem, C-Mem thc hin iu khin qu trnh c cc nh ca S-Mem a tn hiu PCM ra lung s PCM vo cc khe thi gian cn thit thch hp tng ng theo yu cu. C th din bin qu trnh xy ra nh sau: Bt u khe thi gian TS#9, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n chuyn trng thi to m nh phn tng ng a ch nh s 9 ca C-Mem. B chn a ch Selector2 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca C-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin c R cho b nh C-Mem, kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 9 ca C-Mem c a ra ngoi hng ti Bus a ch c pha u vo ca Selector1. V ni dung ca nh s 9 C-Mem l a ch nh phn ca nh s 5 ca S-Mem do vy b chn a ch Selector1 chuyn a ch nyvo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi n to c tn hiu iu khin c R ca S-Mem. Kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 5 ca S-Mem c a ra ngoi vo khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS#9, ngha l thc hin ng chc nng chuyn mch yu cu cho trc. Qu trnh tip tc lp li nh trn vi chu k 125microsec vi cc khung tip theo cho ti khi kt thc cuc ni. C ch hot ng ca chuyn mch tng T nh trnh by trn y l qu trnh ghi tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t, cn qu trnh c tn hiu PCM t S-Mem ra c thc hin theo yu cu theo cch ngu nhin. Ch lm vic nh vy

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ca chuyn mch tng T gi l ghi tun t c ngu nhin vit tt l SWRR (Serial Write Random Read). Ngoi ch SWRR trong thc tin cn phi s dng ch ghi ngu nhin c tun t RWSR (Random Write Serial Read) m chng ta s kho st khi m t cu trc v hot ng ca tng chuyn mch s ghp kt hp T-S-T sau ny. Trong cc ng dng thc t ca cc khi chuyn mch tn hiu s ta thng phi gii quyt hai vn quan trng l cht lng dch v QoS (Quality Of Service) v dung lng cn thit ca khi chuyn mch yu cu. Cht lng dch v ch yu ph thuc vo hin tng blocking v hin tng ny vi xc sut kh ln khi ch s dng cc chuyn mch tng S. i vi tng T nh m t trn y n c th bo m chc nng chuyn mch khng blocking cho tt c cc khe thi gian trong lung tn hiu PCM m n m nhim phc v. i vi chuyn mch khng gian s, khi kch thc tng S tng ln th s lng chn ra ca vi mch cng s rt ln gy kh khn ch to vi mch. Cn vic tng dung lng ca chuyn mch tng T th b hn ch bi cng ngh ch to vi mch nh RAM v cc mch logic iu khin lin quan. Nh vy vic tng dung lng trng chuyn mch s bo m cho s lng thu bao v trung k ln tu theo yu cu ch cn cch phi xy dng trng chuyn mch s dng kt hp cc chuyn mch tng T v S tiu chun. C rt nhiu phng n ghp kt hp gia cc chuyn mch tng S v T, v d nh T-S, S-T, S-TS, T-S-T, T-S-S-T v.v... Do c kh nng tip thng hon ton v khng c hin tng blocking nn ngi ta mong mun ch s dng mt tng T. Tuy vy mt tng T ch dng lm khi chuyn mch khng blocking c dung lng ti a 1024 TS. Vi cu trc hai tng T-S v S-T ch thch hp cho cc tng chuyn mch dung lng nh v va. Nhng vi phng n ny xc sut blocking s tng nhanh cng vi s tng dung lng ca tng chuyn mch T. Do vy cc tng i dung lng va v ln nhm mc tiu gim blocking v tng dung lng khi chuyn mch ngi ta thng dng cu trc ba tng. Trc y, cu trc S-T-S c s dng nhng t cui thp nin 70 tr li y cu trc T-S-T chim u th hn v ngy nay cu trc ny c s dng rng ri nht. S d trc y ngi ta s dng S-T-S l v vi trnh cng ngh lc trnh chi ph ln cho tc hot ng cao ca vi mch. Ngy nay cc u im v tc cao ca RAM b li c v chi ph gi thnh cho c hai cng ngh chuyn mch S v chuyn mch T do m cu trc T-S-T c a chung hn. Trong cc tng i dung lng cc ln, cc chuyn mch tng S c tc dng chia nh trng chuyn mch thnh mt s tng thnh phn nhm hn ch kch thc ca chng do cc cu trc 4 hoc 5 tng T-S-S-T hoc T-S-S-S-T c ng dng. Lu rng vic s dng cu trc chuyn mch tng S a tng gim c tng chi ph gi thnh nhng s tng chi ph gii quyt vn blocking. Tm li vic la chn cu trc c th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh phc tp, kch thc trng chuyn mch, lu lng phc v, kch thc Module, kh nng kim tra o th bo dng, m rng dung lng v.v... Do cc tnh cht mang tnh u im nh trnh by trn, cu trc T-S-T c s dng rng ri nht v n c thit k di dng cc Module c kch thc ph hp vi cng ngh, ng dng thc t v d pht trin, d vn hnh v bo dng.

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5.3 CHUYN MCH GI K thut chuyn mch gi ngy nay tr thnh mt k thut rt c tim nng v quan trng trong lnh vc Vin thng bi v n cho php cc ngun ti nguyn vin thng s dng mt cch hiu qu nht. Chuyn mch gi c th thch ng vi din rt rng cc dch v v yu cu ca khch hng. Trn th gii ngy nay, mng chuyn mch gi cng ang c pht trin rt mnh m v s dng ch yu cho cc dch v truyn thng s liu gia cc my tnh. Tuy vy chuyn mch gi cng ang th hin hiu qu v tnh hp dn ca n cho cc dch v vin thng khc nh in thoi, Video v cc dch v bng rng khc. Nguyn l ca chuyn mch gi l da trn kh nng ca cc my tnh tc cao v cc quy tc tc ng vo bn tin cn truyn sao cho c th chia ct cc cuc gi, cc bn tin hoc cc giao dch (Transaction) thnh cc thnh phn nh gi l Gi tin. Tu thuc vo vic thc hin v hnh thc ca thng tin m c th c nhiu mc phn chia. V d mt cch thc hin ph bin c p dng ca chuyn mch gi hin nay l bn tin ca Ngi s dng c chia thnh cc Segments v sau cc Segments li c chia tip thnh cc gi (Packet) c kch thc chun ho. Hnh v di y minh ho giao thc ct gi theo nguyn tc nu trn.

Segment#1 Segment#2 Bn tin

..

Segment#n

Transaction / Message c di L

Segment

u Trng tin

CRC

Trng tin c di ti M bit (M>=N)

To khung bt u Gi
Tiu Ti tin (Ti Nbit) CRC

To khung kt thc

Hnh 5.7: Nguyn l ct mnh v to gi Cc Segment sau khi c chia ct t Bn tin ca khch hng s c x l chun ho tip bng cch dn u (Leader) v ui (Trailer), nh vy chng cha ba trng s liu l: u cha a ch ch cng cc thng tin iu khin m mng yu cu v d nh s th t ca Segment #, m knh Logic tch cc thng tin khch hng ghp knh, nh du Segment u tin v Segment cui cng ca bn tin v nhiu thng tin khc lin quan ti chc nng qun l v iu khin t u cui-ti-u cui. i vi cc gi tin truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi cn phi cha cc mu to khung nh du im u v im cui ca mi gi. Tiu (Header) ca gi tng t nh u ca Segment, ngoi ra n cn c thm cc thng tin m mng chuyn mch yu cu iu khin s truyn ti cu cc gi qua mng, v d nh thng tin cn b sung vo tiu

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 ca gi l a ch Ngun, a ch ch, s th t ca gi v cc khi s liu iu khin chng vng lp, qun l QoS, suy hao, lp gi v.v... Trng kim sot li CRC cho php h thng chuyn mch gi pht hin sai li xy ra trong gi nu c, nh m bo yu cu rt cao v chnh xc truyn tin. Tng s tin cha trong cc trng s liu u ca Segment v Tiu ca Gi l rt quan trng. Thng thng cc trng s liu ny c khong t 64 n 256 bit trong tng s N khong 1000 bit. Hnh v sau y minh ho cu trc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi.

Hnh 5.8: Cu trc gi tin trong chuyn mch gi Cc gi tin s c chuyn qua mng chuyn mch gi t Node chuyn mch ny ti Node chuyn mch khc trn c s Lu m v pht chuyn tip, ngha l mi Node chuyn mch sau khi thu mt gi s tm thi lu gi mt bn sao ca gi vo b nh m cho ti khi c hi pht chuyn tip gi ti Node tip theo hay thit b u cui ca Ngi dng c m bo chc chn. Bi v mi qu trnh thng tin c ct nh thnh cc gi ging nhau nn cc bn tin d di hay ngn u c th chuyn qua mng vi s nh hng ln nhau t nht v nh s chuyn ti cc gi qua mng gn nh nhau c thc hin trong thi gian thc nn chuyn mch c th p ng c yu cu hot ng mt cch nhanh chng k c khi c s thay i mu lu lng hoc c s hng hc mt phn hay nhiu tnh nng khc ca mng. Hnh 5.9 minh ho nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch gi. Cc bn tin ca khch hng t my ch gi A s khng c gi i mt cch tc th v trn vn qua mng ti my b gi nh trong mng chuyn mch bn tin, m s c ct v to thnh cc gi chun Node chuyn mch gi ngun PSWs. Mi gi s c pht vo mng mt cch ring r c lp v chng s dch chuyn v Node chuyn mch gi ch PSW theo mt ng dn kh dng tt nht ti bt k thi im no, ng thi mi gi s c kim tra gim st li trn dc hnh trnh.

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PSWS User A PSW User A

Hnh 5.9: Mng chuyn mch gi Ti PSW cc gi s c ti hp li to thnh bn tin nguyn vn ban u ri gi ti thu bao B. u im c sc ca chuyn mch gi l knh truyn dn ch b chim dng trong thi gian thc s truyn gi tin, sau knh s tr thnh ri v kh dng cho cc gi tin ca cc thit b u cui s liu khc. Ngoi ra, nhiu gi tin ca cng mt bn tin c th c truyn mt cch ng thi v c th theo cc tuyn hon ton khc nhau, nh m chuyn mch gi c th s dng mt cch trit hon ton cc tnh nng truyn dn cu h thng. Nguyn tc c bn ca tng i chuyn mch gi c minh ho trn hnh v sau y :

Hnh 5.10: Nguyn tc tng i chuyn mch gi S liu n v cc gi iu khin c phn phi vo cc b m m ti chng c kim tra, gim st li. Sau chng c tm thi lu tr li sn sng chuyn vo Bus s liu hoc c din gii bi b iu khin Controller to ra cc tc ng iu

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khin. Gi s liu vo c th c truyn vo BUS s liu dng ni tip hoc song song v sau c chuyn ti b m u ra bi b iu khin m n xc nhn c a ch ca gi cha trong trng tin nh hng. 5.4 NH TUYN 5.4.1 Khi nim v nh tuyn nh tuyn l mt cng vic quan trng trong qu trnh truyn tin qua mng. N c thc hin tng mng (tng 3 theo m hnh tham chiu OSI). Mc ch ca nh tuyn l chuyn thng tin ca ngi s dng t im ngun n im ch. Qu trnh nh tuyn (routing) bao gm hai hot ng chnh, l: xc nh ng truyn (path determination) v chuyn tip thng tin (forwarding) theo ng (cn c gi l switching). Vic truyn thng tin i theo con ng chn c th ni l kh n gin (v mt thut ton), trong khi , vic xc nh ng truyn phc tp hn rt nhiu.

Hnh 5.11: nh tuyn Trong cc mng thng tin khc nhau, vic xc nh ng truyn cng din ra khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cch xc nh ng truyn no cng bao gm hai cng vic c bn. Th nht l thu thp v phn pht thng tin v tnh trng ca mng (v d nh trng thi ng truyn, tnh trng tc nghn...) v ca thng tin cn truyn (v d nh lu lng, yu cu dch v...). Cc thng tin ny s c s dng lm c s cho vic xc nh ng truyn. Th hai l chn ra ng truyn kh dng (cng c th l ng truyn ti u) da trn cc thng tin trng thi trn. ng truyn kh dng l ng truyn tho mn mi yu cu ca thng tin cn truyn (v d: tc ) v iu kin ca mng (v d: kh nng ca ng truyn). Cn ng truyn ti u (theo mt tiu chun no ) l ng truyn tt nht trong nhng ng truyn kh dng. Mc ch ca bi ton nh tuyn: T cc phn trnh by trn y c nhn xet rng thuc tnh Topo quan trng ca mng chuyn mch gi hin thc l tn ti nhiu ng, nhiu hng c th s dng

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truyn ti cc gi s liu gia ngun v ch. ng nhin s hot ng ca mng phi bao gm cc phng php nh cc gi tin tm c ng i tt nht hoc tng i tt. Thut ng ng tt c th hiu theo cc tiu ch khc nhau. V d l ng i ngn nht, cht lng truyn dn tt nht, tin cy cao nht, tr nh nht hay t b tc ngn v.v... Vic tm c mt tuyn (hng) tt nht qua mng chuyn mch gi l mt bi ton rt phc tp. Thng tin cn phi c xc nh v m t r rng v sn sng, kh dng ca nhng ng c th truyn tin khc nhau, chn v nh ngha cc tiu ch ti u v cui cng l hng qua phi truyn c gi s liu ti ch. C nhiu phng php nh tuyn c ng dng trong mng chuyn mch gi. 5.4.2 Phn loi nh tuyn Mt k thut nh tuyn phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y:
-

Quyt nh chn ng theo nhng tiu chun ti u no . Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn, tc l thng tin dng cho chc nng 1.

C rt nhiu k thut nh tuyn khc nhau. S phn bit gia chng ch yu cn c vo cc yu t lin quan n hai chc nng k trn. Cc yu t thng l:
-

S thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng. S phn tn ca cc chc nng nh tuyn trn cc node mng. Cc tiu chun ti u chn ng.

T ta c th c k thut nh tuyn tnh (Static routing-Fixed routing hay cn gi l nh tuyn khng thch nghi) v k thut nh ng (k thut nh tuyn thch nghiAdaptive routing); k thut nh tuyn tp trung (Centralized routing) v k thut nh tuyn phn tn (Distributed routing);... Cc phng php nh tuyn cng c th phn loi da vo cch to tuyn ng (nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc) hay da vo s phn cp cc node mng (nh tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp)... nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng nh tuyn tnh hay nh tuyn khng thch nghi l k thut nh tuyn trong vic nh tuyn ch phi thc hin mt ln khi xy dng mng. Sau , cc thng tin v vic nh tuyn c lu trong cc bng nh tuyn cho cc node. Sau ny, khi mng hot ng, nu gi tr ca link thay i th cc bng nh tuyn ny cng khng c cp nht li. Nu mun thay i cc thng tin trong bng nh tuyn, ngi qun tr mng phi trc tip ra lnh thc hin cc thut ton nh tuyn to ra thng tin nh tuyn mi. Thng thng, vi nh tuyn khng thch nghi, bng nh tuyn c th a ra mt s con ng thay th khi con ng chnh gp s c (qu ti, hng). nh tuyn ng hay nh tuyn thch nghi l k thut nh tuyn trong vic tnh ton ng truyn ti u c thc hin nhiu ln trong khi mng hot ng. C sau mt khong thi gian quy nh trc hoc mi khi mng c s thay i v cu hnh, trng thi th thng tin v mng li c gi ti nhng ni c nhim v thc hin nh tuyn

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tin hnh nh tuyn li. C mt loi thut ton nh tuyn c gi l nh tuyn thch nghi cch ly. Theo cch nh tuyn ny, cc node khng gi, cng khng nhn thng tin thay i v tnh trng mng. Cc node la chn con ng tu theo kt qu ca nhng ln truyn trc c phn hi li.

Hnh 5.12: nh tuyn ng vi kh nng thay th tuyn hng nh tuyn tp trung v nh tuyn phn tn Mt cch phn loi ph bin chia cc phng php nh tuyn ra lm hai loi, da trn cch tnh ton nh tuyn: nh tuyn tp trung v nh tuyn phn tn. Khi vic tnh ton c thc hin ti mt im v sau kt qu c chuyn ti cc node trong mng, ta gi l nh tuyn tp trung. Cn khi vic tnh ton c thc hin cc node trong mng, ta gi l nh tuyn phn tn. Trong nh tuyn tp trung, trung tm tnh ton cn phi bit tt c cc thng tin v mng. Cc node c nhim v gi thng tin v cu hnh ca phn mng xung quanh n v cho trung tm ny. ng thi, cn c mt khong thi gian c th truyn thng tin cp nht ti tt c cc node. i vi trung tm x l, phi m bo yu cu rt cao v tin cy trong hot ng, bi hot ng ca mng b nh hng rt ln nu trung tm x l ny gp s c. Chnh v l do ny m nh tuyn tp trung khng c s dng nhiu trong cc mng hin ti. Cc thut ton nh tuyn ngn nht da trn thut ton Dijkstra, c bit l thut ton Floyd thch hp vi vic x l tp trung bi cc thut ton ny khi thc hin tnh ton cn c y thng tin v mng. Cc thut ton ny cng c th c dng trong m hnh x l phn tn. Nhng, khi , cc node u cn phi bit thng tin v ton b cu hnh mng, nn mi khi mng c thay i, thng tin ny cn phi c chuyn ti tt c cc node, lm cho chi ph ca vic nh tuyn tng ln rt cao. nh tuyn phn tn gip nng cao tin cy ca mng, khi c mt node hng, vic nh tuyn cc node xung quanh cng khng b nh hng. Thm na, bng nh tuyn ti mi node nhanh chng c cp nht hn. nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc Cc phng php nh tuyn cng c th phn loi da vo cch to ra tuyn ng. Nu tuyn ng c xc nh ngay t node ngun, cc node trung gian trn ng i ch lm nhim v chuyn tip gi tin th ta gi l nh tuyn ngun (Source routing hay Host-Intelligent). Cn nu tuyn ng khng c xc nh ngay t u, m c phn

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thnh nhiu on do cc node khc nhau chn, th ta gi l nh tuyn tng bc (Hop-byHop hay Router-Intelligent). Theo phng php nh tuyn ngun, mi gi tin khi truyn trn mng u phi mang theo ton b thng tin v tuyn ng ca mnh. mi node ch vic cn c vo thng tin ny m chuyn tip gi tin. Cn theo cch nh tuyn tng bc, mi gi tin ch cn mang a ch ch l . Do , tiu ca gi tin s b hn. nh tuyn tng bc p ng nhanh hn vi nhng thay i trong mng (nhng thay i ny nh hng ti gi tin ngay khi gi tin ang c truyn trong mng). Nhng ng thi, nh tuyn tng bc c th lm cho cc gi tin b chuyn i theo vng. Cn nh tuyn ngun m bo gi tin s i thng ti ch. nh tuyn phn cp v khng phn cp Trong nh tuyn khng phn cp, tt c cc node c coi l ngang hng vi nhau. Trong khi , nh tuyn phn cp phn cc node ra thnh nhiu cp khc nhau. Cc node thuc cc node khc nhau c nhng kh nng nh tuyn thng tin khc nhau. nh tuyn phn cp n gin hn nhiu so vi nh tuyn khng phn cp, tuy nhin, kt qu khng tt bng. Trong nh tuyn phn cp, cc node ch cn bit thng tin v cc node ng cp, cng vng, m khng cn bit cu hnh ca mng cc vng khc, cp khc. nh tuyn sang mt node vng khc, n chuyn cng vic ln cho node cp trn. Trong nh tuyn khng phn cp, bng nh tuyn mi node cha thng tin v tt c cc node trong mng n c th ti. Do , cn phi c lng b nh ln hn lu tr bng nh tuyn, ng thi cng cn nhiu ng truyn dnh cho vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc node hn. u im ca nh tuyn khng phn cp l n c th p ng tt vi vn x l lu lng, i ph tt vi li xy ra, do nng cao c tin cy ca mng. Trong khi , nh tuyn phn cp lm cho hot ng ca mng b ph thuc vo cc node cp trn, nu cc node ny hng, mng s b tch ra thnh nhiu phn khng lin lc c vi nhau.

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CU HI N TP CHNG 5:
1. Cng ngh chuyn mch c th chia thnh A. B. C. D. 2. A. B. 3. A. B. 4. A. B. C. D. Chuyn mch phn thi gian s v chuyn mch khng gian s Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian v chuyn mch gi Chuyn mch khng gian s v chuyn mch gi ng Sai ng Sai Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch IP Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch khng gian s S Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi Chuyn mch thi gian s T v chuyn mch khng gian s S

C th ni chuyn mch knh tin cy hn chuyn mch gi, ng hay sai?

Chuyn mch knh tn dng ti nguyn knh truyn tt hn chuyn mch gi?

Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s gm nhng loi no sau y

5. Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, mi khe thi gian u vo c kt ni ti khe thi gian TS u ra. A. B. 1 2 C. 16 D. 30

6. Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, gi s khe thi gian u vo l TS#4, th khe thi gian u ra no c th c kt ni A. B. TS#0 TS#4 C. TS#16 D. Khe thi gian bt k khc TS#0 v TS#16

7. Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, mi cuc gi ch c thc hin trong 1 khung PCM duy nht A. B. 8. A. B. C. D. ng Sai Khi giao din thu bao v Khi trung k Khi giao din thu bao v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b Ma trn chuyn mch v Khi giao din thu bao

Chuyn mch khng gian s S, c cu to t nhng thnh phn c bn no

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9. Trong ma trn chuyn mch khng gian S, hng c s dng cho cc lung PCM u vo? A. B. ng Sai

10. Trong ma trn chuyn mch khng gian S, ct c s dng cho cc lung PCM u ra? A. B. ng Sai

11. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, mi khe thi gian u vo c kt ni ti khe thi gian TS u ra. A. B. 12. A. B. C. D. 1 2 C. 16 D. 30

Chuyn mch thi gian s T gm hai thnh phn chnh l Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b Ma trn chuyn mch v b nh iu khin C-Mem B nh tin S-Mem v b nh iu khin C-Mem B nh tin S-Mem v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b

13. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#4, khe thi gian u ra l TS#10, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao nhiu. A. B. 4TS 6TS C. 10TS D. 26TS

14. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#10, khe thi gian u ra l TS#4, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao nhiu. A. B. 4TS 6TS C. 10TS D. 26TS

15. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#18, khe thi gian u ra l TS#26, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao nhiu. A. B. 8TS 18TS C. 24TS D. 26TS

16. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#24, khe thi gian u ra l TS#18, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao nhiu. A. B. 17. A. B. 8TS 18TS T-S S-T C. 24TS D. 26TS C. T-S-T D. S-T-S

tng dung lng, phng n no sau y thng c la chn

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18. Th t cc bc thng s dng qu trnh to gi trong cng ngh chuyn mch gi l A. B. C. D. 19. A. B. C. D. 20. A. sn B. C. D. 21. A. B. 22. A. B. C. D. Bn tin, segment, gi tin Bn tin, gi tin, segment Bn tin, gi tin Bn tin, segment. i t ngun ti ch theo mt ng c thit lp sn i t ngun ti ch theo mt s ng c thit lp sn i t ngun ti ch theo nhiu ng khc nhau i t ngun ti ch theo yu cu ca ch Ch c th i t ngun ti ch trn cng mt ng c thit lp Ch c th i t ngun ti ch trn mt s ng c thit lp sn Khng th truyn i trn cng mt ng C th i t ngun ti ch trn cng mt ng Tng 1 Tng 3 C. Tng 4 D. Tng 7

Trong chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin ca mt bn tin c th

Trong chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin ca cc bn tin khc nhau

Trong m hnh OSI, chc nng nh tuyn c thc hin tng no

Qu trnh nh tuyn bao gm hai hot ng chnh no sau y Xc nh ng truyn v chuyn tip thng tin Xc nh ng truyn v phn mnh bn tin to thnh gi tin Phn mnh bn tin to thnh gi tin v chuyn tip thng tin Phn mnh bn tin thnh gi tin v ti hp cc gi tin thnh bn tin

23. Khi phn chia nh tuyn theo s thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng, c nhng loi k thut nh tuyn no A. B. C. D. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng nh tuyn phn tn v nh tuyn tp trung nh tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc

24. Khi phn chia nh tuyn theo s phn tn ca cc chc nng nh tuyn trn cc node mng, c nhng loi k thut nh tuyn no A. B. C. D. 25. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng nh tuyn phn tn v nh tuyn tp trung nh tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc

K thut nh tuyn ng hay cn gi l k thut nh tuyn no sau y

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A. B. C. D. 26. A. B. C. D.

K thut nh tuyn thch nghi K thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi K thut nh tuyn tp trung K thut nh tuyn phn tn K thut nh tuyn thch nghi K thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi K thut nh tuyn tp trung K thut nh tuyn phn tn

K thut nh tuyn tnh hay cn gi l k thut nh tuyn no sau y

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TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 5

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Understanding Telecommunications. Volume 1, Chapter 3: Switching and switch control. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997. F.J. Redmill and A.R.Valdar. SPC Digital Telephone Exchanges. Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, United Kingdom, 1990. Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering. 2nd edition, Artech House, ISBN: 1580535003, 2003. Freeman R. L. Fundamentals of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley and Sons, 1994. Moore M. S. Telecommunications: A Beginners Guide. McGraw-Hill, 2002. Dng Vn Thnh, C s k thut chuyn mch, Hc vin cng ngh BCVT.2000. TS. L Hu Lp, ThS. Hong Trng Minh. Cng ngh chuyn mch IP. H Ni, 11/2002. Gerald R. Ash. Dynamic Routing in Telecommunications Networks. McGraw-Hill, 1998. Tng cc Bu in, VNPT-Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. Chuyn mch s v cc h thng qun l mng. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 1997.

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CHNG VI BO HIU V NG B TRONG MNG VIN THNG

GII THIU CHNG Trong mng vin thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n qu trnh thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. c th tip cn cc kin thc c bn v bo hiu, ta c th chia bo hiu thnh hai loi: Bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch gi. Trong , bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh li c chia thnh hai loi l bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu gia my u cui vi tng i, cn bo hiu lin i l bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau. Chng ny a ra cc khi nim, kin thc c bn v bo hiu. Trong s trnh by cc c s l thuyt v bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi. Trong mng vin thng cc thit b c th hot ng c vi nhau, chng phi c cung cp cc tn hiu ng b. Mng ng b l mt mng chc nng khng th thiu c trong mng vin thng quc gia s hin i. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc h thng chuyn mch s, truyn dn s, cng ngh SDH, ATM... vai tr quan trng ca vic ng b mng vin thng ngy cng gia tng.Yu cu v ng b mng l iu kin quan trng cn thit trin khai v khai thc hiu qu cc cng ngh mi cht lng cao trn mng li. ng b c nh hng ln n n nh v cht lng dch v ca mng thng tin. Khi nim v vai tr ca ng b cng nh cc phng php ng b mng c trnh by trong phn 6.2 ca chng ny, c bit cui chng 6, mng ng b ca mng vin thng Vit nam (ca VNPT) c cung cp cho ngi c, cc hc vin c th hiu hn v thc t v ng b. Sau khi hc chng ny, cc hc vin cn phi nm bt c khi nim v bo hiu v ng b trong mng vin thng. C nhng loi bo hiu no; bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh v trong mng chuyn mch gi c thc hin nh th no; C nhng phng thc ng b mng nh th no v mng Vin thng ca VNPT ang s dng phng thc ng b no. 6.1 BO HIU 6.1.1 ngha ca vn bo hiu Trong mng vin thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. Bo hiu thc hin 3 chc nng chnh: - Chc nng gim st: gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k...

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- Chc nng tm chn: chc nng iu khin v chuyn thng tin a ch - Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng: phc v cho vic khai thc mng mt cch ti u nht. Thng thng bo hiu c chia lm 2 loi ty thuc vo phng thc x l tn hiu bo hiu v ng dng ca n l bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch gi. Chng ta s i tm hiu hai loi bo hiu ny. 6.1.2 Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh Trong mng chuyn mch knh, bo hiu c chia thnh hai loi l bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu thc hin cho cc my u cui, thng l my in thoi vi tng i ni ht, cn bo hiu lin tng i l bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau. Ta c th m phng s phn chia ny nh hnh v di.

BO HIU

Bo hiu ng dy thu bao

Bo hiu lin i

Bo hiu knh ring (CAS)

Bo hiu knh chung (CCS)

Hnh 6.1: Cc loi bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh

Bo hiu lin tng i gm 2 loi l bo hiu knh ring CAS (Channel Asociated Signaling) v bo hiu knh chung CCS (Common Channel Signaling). Bo hiu knh ring hay cn gi l bo hiu knh lin kt l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong knh ting hoc trong mt knh c lin quan cht ch vi knh ting, cn bo hiu knh chung l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh ting v knh bo hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh ting. 6.1.2.1 Bo hiu knh ring Bo hiu knh ring l h thng bo hiu trong cc tn hiu bo hiu c truyn trn knh ting hoc trn ng ring c lin quan rt cht ch vi knh ting, v nh TS#16 ca h thng PCM30, c ngha l i vi h thng bo hiu ny mi knh ting c mt ng bo hiu ring c n nh, cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau: trong bng, ngoi bng, hoc trong khe thi gian 16 trong t chc a khung ca h thng PCM. C nhiu h thng bo hiu knh ring khc nhau c s dng nh:

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- H thng bo hiu xung thp phn, cn gi n tn. - H thng bo hiu 2 tn s, v d h thng bo hiu s 4 ca CCITT. - H thng bo hiu xung a tn, v nh h thng bo hiu s 5 v h thng bo hiu m R1 ca CCITT. - H thng bo hiu a tn b khng ch, v nh h thng bo hiu a tn m R2 ca CCITT. Ta thy rng, trong cc h thng bo hiu ny, thng thng cc tn hiu c truyn di dng xung hoc tone, hoc t hp ca cc tn s tone, cn gi l h thng bo hiu a tn. Bo hiu a tn c s dng rng ri cho chc nng tm chn, bng cch s dng 2 trong 5 hoc 6 tn s nm trong bng tn knh ting, tiu biu nht l h thng bo hiu R2 ca CCITT. Khi mt cuc gi c kt ni t tng i ni ht ti tng i tip theo th mt knh thoi gia hai tng i c dnh ring cho cuc gi ny. Cng thi im mt knh thoi khc c chim ch cho mc ch truyn bo hiu v mi mt ng thoi c knh bo hiu ring khi cuc gi c thit lp. Cc pha chnh ca qu trnh bo hiu lin i c minh ho qua hnh v di. Knh thoi u tin v cc knh thoi lin quan c chim t tng i A ti tng i B. Sau s ca thu bao c truyn ti tng i B v n s cp tn hiu chung cho thu bao B. Khi thu bao B nhc my tr li th tuyn ni thoi s c thit lp v cuc m thoi c th bt u.
Thu bao A Tng i A Chim Cng nhn chim a ch B- tr li m thoi Xo hng v A t my hoc vt qu thi gian cho php Xo hng i Cuc gi c gii to Thu bao B t my Tng i B Thu bao B

Tng i B dnh mt knh v cc thit b thu a ch Thu cc con s ca thu bao B, cp chung cho thu bao B Thu bao B nhc my

Hnh 6.2: Bo hiu knh kt hp gia cc tng i

Nu thu bao B t my trc th tn hiu gii phng hng v s c truyn t tng i B ti tng i A v khi m thu bao A t my hay qu mt khong thi gian nh

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trc th tng i A s gi tn hiu gii phng hng i. Ngay lc cuc gi s c gii phng trn c hai tng i. Tt c cc h thng bo hiu nu trn u c nhc im chung l tc tng i thp, dung lng thng tin b hn ch do vy trong nhng nm 1960, khi cc tng i c iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr (SPC) c a vo s dng trn mng thoi, th r rng rng cn phi a vo mng mt phng thc bo hiu mi vi nhiu c tnh u vit hn so vi cc h thng bo hiu truyn thng. Trong phng thc bo hiu mi ny, cc ng s liu tc cao gia cc b x l ca cc tng i SPC c s dng mang mi thng tin bo hiu. Bo hiu CAS th vn c s dng trong cc mng in thoi nhng n ang c thay th bi h phng php bo hiu chun v c nng lc hn gi l bo hiu knh chung CCS. Cc ng s liu ny tch ri vi cc knh ting. Mi mt ng s liu ny c th mang thng tin bo hiu cho vi trm n hng ngn knh ting. Kiu bo hiu mi ny c gi l bo hiu knh chung v tiu biu l h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7. 6.1.2.2 Bo hiu knh chung H thng bo hiu lin i tin tin hn c gi l CCS (Common Channel Signaling). N da trn nguyn tc truyn thng tin gia cc my tnh ni m cc khung thng tin c trao i gia cc my tnh theo yu cu. Cc khung ny bao gm thng tin v tuyn ni di dng cc bn tin bo hiu v a ch ca tng i b gi, cc con s a ch v thng tin khi thu bao B nhc my tr li. Trong hu ht cc trng hp trn ch cn mt knh s liu gia hai tng i. Knh s liu 64 kbit/s trn mt khe thi gian ca mt khung PCM th c th dng cho tt c thng tin iu khin gia cc tng i.
Thu bao A Tng i A IAM (Bn tin a ch khi to) SAM (Bn tin a ch tip theo) ACM (Bn hon thnh a ch ) Hi m chung ANC (Bn hon tr li, tnh cc) m thoi CBK (Xo hng v ) CLF (Xo hng i) RLG (Gii phng) Thu bao B t my Nhn s thu bao B Chung Thu bao B nhc my Tng i B Thu bao B

Hnh 6.3: Bo hiu knh chung gia cc tng i

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Mt chun quc t c p dng rng ri ca CCS c gi l CCS7 hay cn gi l h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (SS7), ngoi ra cn c nhng tn gi khc nhng t c s dng hn nh CCITT#7 hay ITU-T7. Hin nay, h thng bo hiu s 7 ang c s dng nh mt phng thc bo hiu tin cy, hiu qu cho cc mng vin thng. Vic thit lp mt cuc gi yu cu cc thng tin bo hiu nh hnh 6.3 nhng i vi CCS thng tin bo hiu c mang trong cc khung s liu c truyn gia cc tng i qua mt knh s liu chung. Trong hnh v trn chng ta xem mt v d v s dng bo hiu CCS gia cc tng i trn mng khi kt ni thu bao c nh A v thu bao B. Cc con s a ch c truyn t thu bao A ti tng i ni ht. Khi tng i A nhn cc con s a ch ny n s tin hnh phn tch v xc nh hng ca cuc gi. T cc thng tin ny tng i A s tm ra a ch ca tng i m n cn gi cc bn tin bo hiu ti cho vic kt ni cuc gi. Sau tng i s to ra mt gi s liu cha a ch ca tng i B. Bn tin bo hiu ny c gi l bn tin a ch khi to IAM v c gi ti tng i B. Cc con s cn li khng c trong IAM s c gi qua mt hay nhiu bn tin a ch sau SAM. Khi tng i B nhn c tt c cc con s a ch ca thu bao B n s cng nhn bng bn tin kt thc a ch (ACM) xc nhn rng tt c cc con s nhn c mt cch chnh xc. Bn tin ny cng mang cc thng tin nu cuc gi ny phi tnh cc hay khng, thu bao c phi tr cc khng. Tng i B s gi hi m chung ti thu bao A v tn hiu chung ti thu bao B v B chung. Khi thu bao B nhc my tr li, tn hiu nhc my ANC c gi bt u tnh cc. Tng i B ngt chung v hi m chung. Sau hai tng i thit lp mch thoi v cuc m thoi c th bt u. Khi thu bao B t my th tng i B s pht hin trng thi ny v gi tn hiu CBK ti tng i A v tng i A gi li tn hiu CLF. Tt c cc tng i trn ng truyn chuyn tip tn hiu CLF ti tng i k tip v cc tng i nhn c s cng nhn bng tn hiu RLG. Bn tin RLG ny mang thng tin rng tuyn ni c gii phng v cc knh cng c gii phng v sn sng cho cc cuc gi mi.

6.1.3 Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi Nh trong phn trn trnh by, bo hiu c th c chia thnh hai loi, ty thuc vo ng dng v vai tr ca n: bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc mng da trn gi, ko theo cc vn k thut lin quan cng phi c nhng thay i. Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi l mt trong nhng vn rt quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin mng vin thng da trn gi. Trong mng chuyn mch gi, bo hiu c thc hin thng qua cc giao thc bo hiu. Ty thuc vo cng ngh c s dng cho tng mng c th m bo hiu thc hin trong cc mng l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cng ging nh trong mng chuyn mch knh, chng ta cng c th xem c hai loi bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi hay chnh xc hn c hai loi nhm giao thc bo hiu trng mng chuyn mch gi: cc giao thc bo hiu lp ng dng v cc giao thc bo hiu lp li. Cc giao thc bo hiu lp ng dng thc hin cc chc nng c bn ca mt cuc gi: thit lp, duy tr v gii phng phin

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truyn thng. Cn cc giao thc bo hiu lp li thc hin chc nng iu khin, qun l cc phn t trn mng. Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi l mt ni dung rt ln, tm hiu k v vn ny cn phi xem xt cho tng giao thc c th ca tng mng khc nhau. Hin nay, c rt nhiu t chc vin thng trn th gii cng a ra nhiu loi giao thc bo hiu khc nhau. Trong ni dung bi ging ny, khng i su vo ni dung ny.

6.2 NG B 6.2.1 S cn thit phi ng b mng vin thng Mng ng b l mt mng chc nng khng th thiu c trong mng vin thng quc gia s hin i. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc h thng chuyn mch s, truyn dn s, cng ngh SDH, ATM... vai tr quan trng ca vic ng b mng vin thng ngy cng gia tng.Yu cu v ng b mng l iu kin quan trng cn thit trin khai v khai thc hiu qu cc cng ngh mi cht lng cao trn mng li. ng b c nh hng ln n n nh v cht lng dch v ca mng thng tin. Vic mt ng b hay km ng b gy nn rung pha, tri pha, trt... lm suy gim cht lng dch v, mc nh hng c th tm tt nh bng di y:

Bng 6.1: nh hng ca vic mt ng b hoc km ng b i vi mt s dch v Loi dch v Mc nh hng khi mt ng b hoc km ng b Gii m li. Phi truyn li Khung hnh dng trong vi giy. C ting pp pp trong m thanh Mt hoc lp li s liu. C th mt khung. Gim thng knh Gim s thnh cng ca cc cuc gi Dch v truyn Fax Lm mt cc dng ch. Gim thng knh. Truyn s liu qua Modem C th gy pht sai ni dung trong vng t 0,01 giy n 2 giy. Lm ri cuc gi. Nghe ting bch bch trong in thoi. Quay sai s, nhm chung.

Truyn cc vn bn m ho Dch v video

Dch v truyn s liu

Dch v thoi

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6.2.2 Cc phng php ng b mng cc thit b trong cng mng li hot ng ng b vi nhau v cng theo mt thi gian chun, i hi tn hiu ng b phi c tin cy cao v phng php thc hin ng b ti u. Hin nay, c nhiu phng php ng b mng khc nhau, sau y ta i tm hiu cc phng php ny. 1.Phng php cn ng b Mng s dng phng php cn ng b l mng trong cc ng h ti cc nt chuyn mch c lp vi nhau; tuy nhin chnh xc ca chng c duy tr trong mt gii hn hp xc nh. M M
M: ng h ch (Master Clock) G: Chuyn mch quc t (Gateway)

G Hnh 6.4: Phng php cn ng b

Trong ch cn ng b s dng cc ng h c chnh xc cao hot ng t do v cc b nh m thch hp gim sai lch tn s. Cc ng h ny trong thc t hot ng khng ng b vi nhau nhng sai lch tn s b gii hn cht lng ng b chp nhn c. Cc ng h ti mi nt phi duy tr chnh xc cao ca chng trong sut thi gian lm vic ca thit b. Mng quc t l mng cn ng b v mi mng quc gia c c ng h ch ring bit, c lp. m bo cht lng ca kt ni quc t, ITU ra cc khuyn ngh cho mng cn ng b. i vi ng h ch quc gia chnh xc ti thiu phi l 10-11. 2. Phng php ng b ch t Phng php ng b ch t da trn nguyn tc mt ng h c cp chnh xc cao nht hot ng nh mt ng h ch, cc ng h khc c hot ng bm (tham chiu ) theo ng h ch.

ng h t ng h ch Tn hiu ng b Hnh 6.5: Phng php ng b ch - t

129

Trong phng php ch t, s dng vng kho pha duy tr sai pha gia ng h ch v cc ng h t khng i hoc tin ti 0. Cc ng h t phi bm theo ng h ch v kch c b nh m v mch iu khin phi c thit k thch hp s hn ch c trt. Mc tiu ca ng b l hn ch tc trt bng cch s dng mt s phng php iu khin tn s v pha.

S2

S2

S3
M Sn

S4
ng h ch ng h t cp n Tn hiu ng b s cp Tn hiu ng b d phng

Hnh 6.6: Phn cp trong phng php ng b ch-t c d phng Trong ng b ch t phn cp, tt c cc ng h c sp xp theo cc cp. Thng tin v trng thi phn cp ca ng h v cht lng tuyn ni c phn b lin tc ti mi nt v c nh gi, phn tch bi h thng iu khin. Nguyn tc ch t phn cp c d phng c kh nng hot ng tt, tin cy cao hn v thch hp vi cc kiu cu trc mng. Hot ng ca mng nh sau: mt tn hiu nh thi c truyn ti mt s nt cp cao la chn. Sau khi cc nt ny ng b cc ng h ca chng ti ngun chun, loi tr cc jitter, tn hiu nh thi li truyn ti cc nt cp thp hn bng cc tuyn ni s ang tn ti. Mc thp hn li ng b cho cc nt pha di v qu trnh c tip tc nh vy. V vy tt c cc nt c ng b mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip ti cng mt ng h ch v c cng tc ng h. Trong trng hp c li ng h ch, mt ng h phn cp tip theo t ng c la chn. ng h ch (hoc cc ng h ch) thng thng l cc chun s cp (Ceasi hoc Rubidi) trong khi , ng h t ch l ng h c n nh va phi nh ng h tinh th. ng b c thit lp thnh mng c c ch qun l nghim ngt. S lng ng dn ng h ch n ng h t ph thuc vo iu kin ca mng nhng t nht l hai.

130

V mt kinh t - k thut y l mng ng b c dng rng ri trn th gii 3. Phng php ng b tng h y l nguyn l thc hin ng b trong mt mng s nhiu lin kt m khng c ng h ch. Trong ng b tng h mi nt ly trung bnh cc ngun tham chiu vo v s dng n cho ng h truyn dn v cc b ca nt. Phng php ny ch s dng cho mng a phn c cu trc li. u im ca ng b tng h l kh nng duy tr hot ng ca n khi mt ng h nt b hng. Nhc im: - Tn s cui cng rt phc tp, v n l mt hm ca tn s cc b dao ng, topo mng, tr truyn dn v cc tham s khc. - S bin i tr ng truyn hoc tr nt c th lm nhiu lon nghim trng tn s nt v thay i lu di trong tn s h thng. - Vic thiu ngun chun c nh lm cho ng b tng h khng thch hp i vi kt ni lin mng. PRC

Nt Hnh 6.7: ng b tng h c ngun ch ng b tng h c hai loi: - iu khin kt cui n (Single - ended control) - iu khin kt cui kp (Double - ended control) 3.a. iu khin kt cui n. iu khin kt cui n thch hp vi s dng trong mt mng tu . Trong phng php ny lung vo mch iu khin ng h tng i bao gm b pha trung bnh gia ng h ni ht v tt c cc ng h vo. Nhc im ca iu khin kt cui n l chu nh hng trc tip ca bin i tr ng truyn do thay i nhit . 3.b. iu khin kt cui kp.

131

iu khin kt cui kp ci tin c h thng ng b, hn na n c lp vi bin i tr. Mc d s ny phc tp hn song n rt c li trong mt mng bao gm cc tuyn ni di. u vo mch iu khin l thng tin lch pha o c, v thng tin "kt cui n ti tt c cc nt ang hot ng. Khi s dng phng php ny tn s mng khng bin i khi tr bin i. 4. Phng php ng b kt hp 4a. Kt hp phng php ng b ch t v ta ng b tng tin cy ca mng, cn phi thit lp cc ng h d phng v tuyn ni d phng. Cu hnh ny i hi mt mch vng bo v pht hin li v chuyn mch qua tuyn hoc ng ni d phng.

PRC Vng 1

Cp 1 Cp 2 Cp 3 Cp 2 Cp 1

Vng 2 PRC

Hnh 6.8: ng b kt hp Qu trnh chuyn i sang d phng l hon ton t ng. Cc thng tin gim st cht lng ng b chuyn sang d phng khi cn thit l: - Thng tin v nt ch ca cc ng h cc b. - S lng v cht lng cc ng ni trn tuyn xc nh t ng h tham chiu ti cc ng h cc b. - Cp ca ng h cc b. Cc nt trong mng c phn thnh mt s mc. Mc 1 c xem l mc ch. Cc nt c ng ni trc tip ti mc 1 l mc 2. Cc nt c ng ni trc tip ti mc 2 l

132

mc 3... Mi nt kim tra tn s ca tn hiu nh thi vo t mt s v tr cao hn v trung bnh ca cc tn s c s dng iu khin ng h cc b. Trong trng hp c cu phi ngn chn c li do nhng nh hng bt li ca ng truyn. Trong mt mng vin thng rng, di cy phn cp c th rt ln. Trng hp ny phi trin khai nhiu ng h ch. Ti mt thi im, mt vng thuc khu vc iu khin ca mt ng h ch hot ng cn ng b vi cc vng khc. Mi nt c th gm cc thit b sau: - ng h tinh th cc b - B la chn tuyn ng b ch - B ly trung bnh tn s - Giao din iu khin, qun l Phng php ny thch hp cho cc khu vc c a hnh di, iu kin thit lp cc tuyn truyn dn an ton kh khn. N kt hp c c u im ca cn ng b v ch t, hot ng tin cy v kh nng hot ng cao khi cc ng h ch theo chun s cp. 4b. Kt hp phng php ng b ch t v ng b tng h - ng b tng h vi mt tham chiu ch v cc mc phn cp: Phng php ny kt hp c u im ca ng b tng h v ch t. Nu ngun tham chiu hng, cc nt vn hot ng tng h.

Cp 1

ng h

Cp 2

Cp 3

Hnh 6.9: ng b tng h c mt tham chiu ch v phn cp tng mc tin cy v kh nng hot ng lin mng c th s dng s tng h d phng nng hoc a ch, s ng b cng tng t nh ng b tng h c phn cp nhng vi 2 ch tr ln. M hnh ng b kt hp c d phng :

133

D phng C1 ng h

ng h ch C1

D phng C1

Cc nt ng b Nt t Truy nhp

Hnh 6.10: ng b kt hp c d phng

5.Phng php ng b ngoi Mt s ti liu v ng b trnh by v phng php ng b ngoi, thc cht phng php ng b ngoi l s dng mt s ngun thi gian v tn s c sn nh GPS (H thng nh v ton cu) hoc tham chiu theo ng h ch ca mt quc gia khc (gi l ng h ch gi)... Gii php ng b ny c u im l tit kim u t tuy nhin c chnh xc khng cao v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t phi k thut khc. 6. So snh cc phng php t chc ng b mng vin thng quc gia, c th la chn cc phng php nu trn. Vic la chn cn da trn c s phn tch cc yu t k thut v kinh t. Bng tng hp sau y cho thy cht lng v chnh xc ca mng ng b ph thuc vo phng php c la chn (phn tch da trn thng s n nh tn s). Bng 6.2: Bng so snh cc phng php ng b mng Phng php Cn ng b u im n nh tn s cao Nhc im Gi thnh cao Gi thnh trung bnh Cu hnh phc tp Phm vi ng dng Mng quc t

n gin

t phc tp

ng b ch t

Tin cy

Ph hp vi cu hnh mng hnh sao

phc tp trung bnh

-Mng quc gia -Mng ni ht

134

ng b tng h

Tin cy, Gi thnh thp

Phc tp

Ph hp vi cu hnh mng li

Phc tp

Mng ni ht

u nhc im ca cc phng php c bn: cn ng b, ng b ch t, ng b tng h c tm tt so snh trong bng. Vic s dng cc phng php ng b kt hp tuy phc tp nhng cho php khc phc nhc im v tn dng u im ca cc phng php c bn.

6.2.3 Gii thiu v mng ng b ca Vit nam Trong phn ny chng ta tm hiu mng ng b ca Vit Nam. Hin nay, Vit Nam mng vin thng ln nht, y nht do Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam VNPT qun l v khai thc, v vy, trong phn ny chng ta s i tm hiu mng ng b ca VNPT. Mng ng b l mng chc nng trong mng vin thng chung ca VNPT, mng ng b c ngha ht sc quan trng trong vic nng cao cht lng mng lui. Cng vi s pht trin ca mng vin thng, mng ng b c u t xy dng. Mng ng b ca VNPT hot ng theo phng thc ch t c d phng. Cc ng h cp di l ng h t bm theo cc ng h cp trn k n l ng h ch. Mng ng b ca VNPT ang pht trin hnh thnh 4 cp bao gm: cp 0, cp 1, cp 2, cp 3 nh m hnh phn cp mng ng b ca ITU - Cp 0: l cp ca cc ng h ch quc gia (PRC) - Cp 1: l cp mng c ng b trc tip t ng h ch (PRC) ti cc tng i nt chuyn tip quc t, chuyn tip quc gia v cc ng h th cp. - Cp 2: l cp mng c ng b t ng h ca cc nt chuyn tip quc t hoc chuyn tip quc gia hoc ng h th cp ti cc tng i HOST v cc tng i c trung k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia. - Cp 3: l cp mng c ng b t ng h ca cc tng i HOST v t cc tng i c trung k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia ti cc thit b thuc phn mng cp thp hn. Cc pha (giai on) trong qu trnh xy dng mng ng b cho mng vin thng quc gia v trin khai cc ng h ng b th cp cho cc mng vin thng khu vc: Pha 1 ca qu trnh xy dng mng ng b trin khai lp t hai ng h ch PRC s dng ngun mu Cesium ti H ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. Hai ng h ny c a vo khai thc s dng chnh thc t thng 8/1995. Pha 2 thc hin nng cp mng ng b, lp t mi ng h ch PRC ti nng, ci to nng cp cc ng h ch PRC ti H ni v tp H Ch Minh v trang b thm mt s ng h th cp SSU ti H ni, nng, Tp H Ch Minh, H tnh, Quy nhn. Pha 3 ca qu trnh xy dng pht trin mng ng b ang c chun b tin hnh vi d n u t c ph duyt. Trong pha 3 s trang b thm mt s cc ng h th

135

cp SSU/BITS v mt s modul ng b c kh nng tip nhn cc tn hiu ng b 2MHz.

SSU-HN

PRC HN

SSU-HTH

SSU-NG

PRC NG

SSU-QNN

SSU-HCM

PRC HCM

Hnh 6.11: Phn b ng h ch PRC v ng h th cp SSU trn mng vin thng hin nay

1. ng h ch PRC : Ba ng h ch PRC (theo khuyn ngh G.811/ITU-T) dng ngun mu CESIUM c b tr ti 3 ni: H ni, nng v TP. H ch Minh. Hin nay ng h ch quc gia PRC l ng h ch nng v nng c v tr trung tm phn b tn hiu trong c nc.

136

ng h ch quc gia PRC ti nng bao gm cc khi chc nng sau y: - B to tn s mu Ceasium OSA 3210 - B thu tn hiu GPS ( GRU 5581) - Oscilloquartz SA PRC 6500 - Khi tip nhn, t ng phn tch v chn u vo ( SASE 4458) - Khi phn chia cc u ra OSA 5530 - Khi gim st cnh bo LAU 5570 - B i ngun DC/DC OSA 5590 - B cp ngun AC/DC ng h PRC ti H ni v Tp H Ch Minh bao gm cc khi chc nng sau y: - B to tn s mu Ceasium OSA 3210 - Oscilloquartz SA & Tracking Oscillator OSA 5540 - Khi gim st OSA 5570.50 - B pht 5 MHz OSA 5545.34 - B x l 2048 MHz OSA 5525.14 - Khi phn chia cc u ra OSA 5530 - B i ngun DC/DC OSA 5590 - B cp ngun AC/DC 2. ng h th cp : Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit nam trang b mt s ng h th cp SASE 5548 (Stand Alone Synchronisation Element). SASE 5548 c kch thc tng i gn : 399 x 535 x 265 mm, khi lng 15 kg. 3. Chc nng tip nhn v cp tn hiu ng b ca cc h thng tng i Cc tng i quc t ( Gateway) v cc tng i chuyn tip quc gia (Toll) nhn tn hiu ng b t ng h ch PRC. Cc tng i cp tnh (Host), cc tng i c trung k vi tng i chuyn tip quc gia nhn tn hiu ng b t cc ng h th cp hoc t cc tng i chuyn tip quc gia (Toll). Cc tng i cp huyn, tng i v tinh, tng i c trung k ni vi cc Host nhn tn hiu ng b t cc Host hoc ng h cp trn k n. Mi tng i cn c cp tn hiu ng b t cc ngun ng b cp cao hn (t nht l t 2 ngun ng b cp cao hn) v phi xc nh th t u tin i vi cc tn hiu ng b cp cho mi tng i. - Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht l t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u tin th hai l t ng h H ni i vi nt thuc khu vc pha Bc.

137

- Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u tin th hai t ng h thnh ph H Ch Minh i vi nt thuc khu vc pha Nam - Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u tin th hai v th 3 t ng h ch thnh ph H Ch Minh v t ng h H ni i vi nt thuc khu vc min trung.

138

CU HI N TP CHNG
1. Bo hiu khng thc hin nhng chc nng no sau y: A. Chc nng chuyn mch kt ni cho cc cuc gi B. Chc nng gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k C. Chc nng tm chn D. Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng 2. Hin tng tc nghn trn cc ng trung k xy ra khi: A. Thu bao b gi bn B. Khng c ng trung k ri ni ti tng i i phng C. Mt s ng trung k ti tng i pha b gi b kho D. Mt s ng trung k ang thc hin o th E. C bn cu trn u ng 3. Trong nhng trng hp no th, thu bao ch gi nhn tn hiu bo bn A. Thu bao b gi ang thc hin cuc gi khc B. Thu bao b gi t knh my C. Ht trung k gia tng i ch gi v tng i pha b gi D. C 3 trng hp trn u ng 4. Thng thng bo hiu c chia thnh nhng loi no? A. Bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu knh chung B. Bo hiu knh lin kt v bo hiu knh chung C. Bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu lin i D. Bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i 5. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu c s dng A. Thc hin bo hiu gia cc tng i B. Thc hin bo hiu gia tng i ni ht v thu bao C. Thc hin bo hiu cho cc lin mng D. Tt c trn u sai 6. Bo hiu lin i c s dng A. Thc hin bo hiu gia cc tng i B. Thc hin bo hiu gia tng i ni ht v thu bao C. Thc hin bo hiu cho cc lin mng

139

D. Tt c trn u sai 7. Bo hiu knh lin kt CAS l vit tt ca cm t no sau y: A. Channel Associated System B. Circuit Associated System C. Channel Associated Signalling D. Circuit Associated Signalling 8. Vi bo hiu knh ring (bo hiu knh lin kt), cu ni no sau y l ng A. Tn hiu bo hiu c truyn trn knh ting hoc trn knh ring c lin quan rt cht ch vi knh ting. B. Tn hiu bo hiu c truyn i trn mt knh ring, c lp vi knh ting. C. Tn hiu bo hiu ca cc cuc gi khc nhau c truyn i trn cc knh ring r nhau. D. Tt c trn u sai. 9. Vi bo hiu knh ring, tn hiu bo hiu ng truyn trong khe thi gian no ca PCM32 A. TS#0 B. TS#1 C. TS#16 D. TS#31

10. Bo hiu knh chung CCS l vit tt ca cm t no sau y: A. Common Channel Signalling B. Common Channel System C. Channel Common Signalling D. Channel Common System 11. Trong bo hiu knh chung cu ni no sau y l ng A. Tn hiu bo hiu v tn hiu thoi u c truyn i chung trong mt knh. B. Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh ting v knh bo hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh ting. C. Tt c cc knh u dng chung mt bn tin bo hiu. D. Tt c trn u sai. 12. Trong bo hiu knh chung, bn tin IAM l bn tin A. Bn tin a ch khi to B. Bn tin hon thnh a ch C. Bn tin a ch k tip D. Bn tin gii ta

140

13. Trong bo hiu knh chung, bn tin ACM l bn tin A. Bn tin a ch khi to B. Bn tin hon thnh a ch C. Bn tin a ch k tip D. Bn tin gii ta 14. Trong phng php ng b mng theo Phng php cn ng b th A. Cc thnh phn trong mng khng cn ng b B. ng h ti mi nt mng l c lp vi nhau C. Mt ng h c chnh xc cao s chi phi cc ng h khc. D. Cc ng h tham kho ln nhau duy tr ng b 15. Trong phng php ng b mng theo Phng php ng b ch t th A. Cc thnh phn trong mng khng cn ng b B. ng h ti mi nt mng l c lp vi nhau C. Mt ng h c chnh xc cao s chi phi cc ng h khc. D. Cc ng h tham kho ln nhau duy tr ng b 16. Cu ni mi mng vin thng ch c s dng duy nht mt phng php ng b trnh cc nh hng mt ng b do c nhiu tn hiu ng b khc nhau t nhiu ngun ng h ng hay sai? A. ng B. Sai

17. C bao nhiu loi ng b theo phng php ng b tng h: A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

18. Mng ng b ca Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam VNPT hot ng theo phng thc no? A. Phng thc cn ng b B. Phng thc tng h C. Phng thc ch t D. Phng thc ch t c d phng 19. Mng ng b ca VNPT c pht trin hnh thnh my cp A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

141

20. Hin nay, ngun ng h ch quc gia ca mng vin thng VNPT l A. H ni B. Nng C. TP. H Ch Minh 21. Ngy nay mng IP ch yu s dng k thut bo hiu knh chung s 7 CCS thc hin bo hiu cuc gi A. ng B. Sai 22. Bo hiu trong mng gi c thc hin thng qua phong thc no sau y A. Bo hiu knh ring CAS B. Bo hiu knh chung CCS C. Cc giao thc bo hiu D. Khng cn bo hiu 23. Trong ng b mng, khng th kt hp phng php ng b ch t v phng php ng b tng h A. ng B. Sai

142

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 6

[1] Understanding Telecommunications. Volume 1, Chapter 7: Signalling; Synchronisation Plan and synchronisation network (page 435-439). Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997. Digital Telecommunication Networks. Part 2.5: Network Synchronous Systems; Part 3.1 Signalling Systems. Fujitsu (FTS-T1070-E), 1996. Stefano Bregni. Synchronization of Digital Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley & Sons, 2002. P. K. Bhatnagar. Engineering networks for Synchronization, CCS7, and ISDN. IEEE Press, IEEE Telecommunications handbook series, 1997. Nguyn Th Thanh K, H thng bo hiu knh chung, Trung tm o to BCVT1, 1997 TS. V Tun Lm, KS. V Hong Sn Phng qun l nghin cu khoa hc RIPT. Cu trc mng ng b v phng php thit k, Ti liu hi ngh khao hc ln th 4 (11/2002) PTIT, trang 47-55. V Vn Thng. Ti liu tp hun v qun l mng ng b Vit Nam. 1997.

[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

[7]

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HNG DN TR LI CU HI
Chng 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. D C D A A C B, C, D A C Chng 2 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A,C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. B Chng 3 1. B 2. B, C 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. C 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. C Chng 4 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. A Chng 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. B B D A B B A A A B D C A C D B A A B A B Chng 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A B D D B A C A C

10. B

10. A 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. B 21. B 22. C 23. B

144

THUT NG VIT TT

A/D ADSL ANSI APD ARPA ARPANET ASK ATM AT&T BER B-ISDN BSC BSI BTS BW CAS CATV CBK CC CCIR CCITT

Analog-Digital Converter Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

B chuyn i tng t-s ng dy thu bao s khng i xng Hoa K

American National Standards Institute Vin cc tiu chun quc gia Avalanche PhotoDiode Advanced Reseach Project Agency Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Amplitude Shift Keying Asynchronous Trasport Module American Telephone & Telegraph Bit Error Rate Broadband ISDN Base Station Controler British Standazation Institute Base Transceiver Station Band Width Chanel Associated Signalling CAble TeleVision Clear Back Central Control Council Committee International for Radio Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony Common Channel Signalling Common Channel Signal System-7 Code Division Multiplex Access Diode quang thc Cc cc d n nghin cu cp cao Mng d n nghin cu cp cao Kho dch bin Module truyn ti d b Cng ty in thoi v in bo M T s li bit ISDN bng rng B iu khin trm gc Vin chun ho Anh Trm thu pht gc rng bng tn Bo hiu knh kt hp Truyn hnh cp Xo hng v iu khin trung tm U ban t vn quc t v v tuyn in y ban t vn v in thoi v in bo quc t Bo hiu knh chung H thng bo hiu knh chung s 7 a truy nhp phn chia theo m

CCS CCS CCS-7 CDMA

Common Channel Signalling System H thng bo hiu knh chung

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CH CLF C-Mem CRC CS CSMA/CD CSPDN DCN DHCP DIN DNS DQDB EIA ELED EMI ETSI FCC FDM FDMA FP LD FTP GAN GPS GSM HDSL HDTV HLR HTTP HTTT ISI

Channel Clear Forward Control Memory Cyclic Redundancy Check Circuit Switch Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Circuited Switched Public Data Network Data Communication Network Deutche Industrie-Normen Domain Name System Distributed queue dual bus Electronic Industry Association Edge - emitting LED ElectroMechanical Interference European Telecommunications Standards Institude Federal Communication Commission Frequency Division Multiplexing Fabry Perot Laser Diode File Transfer Protocol Global Area Network Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communication

Knh Xa hng v B nh iu khin Kim tra d chu trnh Chuyn mch knh a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang/pht hin va chm Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch knh Mng truyn s liu Vin chun ha cng nghip H Lan H thng tn min Bus kp hng i phn tn Hi cng nghip in t LED pht x cnh Nhiu in t Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u y ban truyn thng lin bang Ghp phn chia theo tn s Laser diode c khoang cng hng FP Giao thc truyn tp Mng ton cu H thng nh v ton cu Thng tin di ng t bo s

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Giao thc cu hnh trm ng

Frequency Division Multiplex Access a truy nhp chia tn s

High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s tc cao High Density Television Home Location Register Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Inter Symbol Interference Truyn hnh phn gii cao B ng k nh v thu bao nh Giao thc truyn siu vn bn H thng truyn thng tin Nhiu giao thoa du hiu

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IAM IEEE IETF IP ISDN ISO ISP IT ITU ITU-R ITU-T LAN LASER LCN LD LED LLC MAC MAN MM MOS MS MSC NFS NGN N-ISDN NP OSI PC PCM

Initial Address Message Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network International Oganization for Standarrdization Internet Service Provider Information Technologies International Telecommunication Union ITU Radiocommunication Sector ITU Telecommunication Standadization Sector Local Area Network Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Logic Channel Number Laser diode Light Emitting Diode Logical Link Control Media Access Control Metropolitan Area Network MultiMode Mean Opinion Score Mobile Station Mobile Switch Center Network File System Next Generation Network Narrowband ISDN Network Performance Open System Interconnection Personal Computer Pulse Code Modulation

Bn tin a ch khi to Vin nghin cu k thut in v in t Lc lng c nhim v k thut Internet Giao thc Internet Mng s a dch v tch hp T chc chun ha quc t Nh cung cp dch v Internet Cng ngh thng tin Lin minh vin thng quc t Lin minh vin thng quc tTiu ban v tuyn Lin minh vin thng quc tTiu ban chun ha vin thng Mng cc b Khuch i nh sng bc x kch thch S ca knh logic it Laze Diode pht quang iu khin lin kt logic iu khin truy nhp phng tin, cn gi l a ch MAC Mng th a mode kin khch hng Trm di ng Tng i thng tin di ng H thng tp mng Mng th h sau ISDN bng hp Hiu nng mng M hnh lin kt cc h thng m My tnh c nhn iu ch xung m

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PD PIN PRC PS PSPDN PSTN QAM QoS QPSK RAM RWSR SDH S-Mem SMS SMTP SNMP SNR SONET SPC SWRR TBC TCP TDM TDMA TFTP TS TV UDP UHF UNI USDOD VHF

Photodiode Detector Positive Intrinsic Negative PReference Clock Packet Switch

Diode tch quang Cu trc PIN Ngun ng h tham kho Chuyn mch gi

Packet Switched Public Data Network Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi Public Switched Telephone Network Quadrature Modulation Quality Of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Random Access Memory Random Write Serial Read Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Speak Memory Short Message Service Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Simple Network Managament Protocol Signal - to - Noise Ratio Synchronous Optical NETwork Storage Programme Control Serial Write Random Read Transmission Control Protocol Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplex Access Trivial File Transfer Protocol Time Slot Television User Datagram Protocol Ultra High Frequency User Network Interface United State Department Of Defense Very High Frequency Mng in thoi cng cng iu ch bin cu phng Cht lng dch v Kho dch pha cu phng B nh truy cp ngu nhin Ghi ngu nhin c tun t Phn cp s ng b B nh tin Dch v nhn tin ngn Giao thc truyn th n gin Giao thc qun l mng n gin T s tn hiu trn tp m Mng quang ng b Chng trnh lu tr Ghi tun t c ngu nhin Thit b u cui Giao thc iu khin truyn dn Ghp knh theo thi gian a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian Giao thc truyn tp thng thng Khe thi gian Truyn hnh Giao thc d liu ngi s dng Siu cao tn Giao din ngi - mng B quc phng M Tn s rt cao

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VLR VNPT VoIP VPN WAN WAP WDM WWW

Visitor Location Register Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group Voice over Internet Protocol Virtual Private Network Wide Area Network Wireless Application Protocol Wave Division Multiplexing World Wide Web

B ng k nh v thu bao khch Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam Thoi da trn IP Mng ring o Mng din rng Giao thc ng dng khng dy Ghp knh theo bc sng Dch v Web trn ton th gii

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PH LC: LCH S PHT TRIN VIN THNG

1800-1837 Nhng pht trin ban u: Volta khm ph ra chic pin u tin; Fourier v Laplace trnh by nhng lun thuyt ton hc; Ampere, Faraday v Henry thc hin nhng thc nghim trn in v t trng; nh lut m (Ohm, 1826); Gauss, Weber v Wheatstone pht trin nhng h thng in bo u tin. 1838-1866 in bo (telegraph): Samuel Morse hon thin h thng in bo ca chnh mnh; Steinhill pht hin l tri t c th c s dng lm ng dn in; in bo l dch v vin thng u tin xut hin nm 1844; sng ch cc k thut ghp knh ; William Thomson tnh ton c p ng xung ca ng dy in bo (1855); Cc ng cp xuyn i ty dng c lp t. H thng in bo i trc in thoi hn 30 nm. 1845 1864 Lut Kirchoff. Phng trnh Maxwell d on bc x in t.

1876-1899 in thoi (telephony): Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi (1876); xut hin tng i in thoi u tin vi 8 ng dy; Edison pht minh ra b chuyn i nm cc-bon; cc mch cp c a vo s dng; Almond Strowger sng ch ra tng i c in kiu tng nc (step by step, 1887). Trong tng i tng nc ny mt cuc gi c thit lp v c to tuyn da trn hng lot cc thao tc c in lin tip, c iu khin bi cc thao tc ca ngi s dng ti my ch gi. 1887-1907 in bo khng dy (wireless telegraphy): Heinrich Hertz xc minh l thuyt Maxwell; nhng gii thch ca Marconi v Popov; Marconi sng ch h thng in bo khng dy hon chnh (1897); bt u nhng dch v thng mi, gm c cc h thng xuyn i ty dng. 1904-1920 in t truyn thng (Communication electronics) : Lee De Forest sng ch ra Audion (ba cc) da trn diode Fleming; pht minh ra cc b lc c bn; thc nghim qung b radio AM; Bell System hon thin ng dy in thoi xuyn lc a vi cc b lp in t (1915) ; a vo dch v in thoi sng mang ghp knh ; H.C. Armstrong hon thin b thu radio siu to phch (superheterodyne, 1918) ; trm qung b thng mi u tin. 1920-1928 Carson, Nyquist, Johnson v Hartley gii thiu l thuyt truyn dn. 1923-1938 Truyn hnh (Television): H thng c hnh nh c thc hin ; nhng phn tch l thuyt v yu cu bng thng ; DuMont v nhng ngi khc hon thin cc ng tia catt chn khng ; bt u nhng th nghim v thc nghim qung b. 1931 1934 1936 1937 Bt u dch v nh my t xa (teletypewriter). H.S. Black pht trin b khuch i hi tip m. Bi bo ca Amstrong ch r trng hp radio iu tn (FM). Alec Reeves hnh thnh khi nim iu xung m (PCM).

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1938-1945 Cc h thng radar v viba pht trin trong i chin th gii ln th 2 ; FM c s dng rng khp trong truyn thng qun s ; cc phn cng, in t v l thuyt c ci thin trn tt c cc lnh vc. 1944-1947 Biu din ton hc ca nhiu ; pht trin cc phng php thng k tch tn hiu. 1948-1950 C.E. Shannon pht hnh cc bi bo nn tng v l thuyt thng tin. 1948-1951 Sng ch ra cc thit b transistor. 1950 1953 1955 1958 1960 1961 1962 Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) c p dng vo in thoi. Hamming trnh by m pht hin li u tin. Cc chun Tivi mu c cng b M. J. R. Pierce xut cc h thng truyn thng v tinh. H thng truyn d liu ng di c pht trin cho mc ch qun s. Maiman trnh by laser u tin. Cc mch tch hp c ng dng trong sn xut thng mi. Truyn thng v tinh bt u cng Telstar 1.

1962-1966 Dch v truyn d liu c thng mi; PCM chng t s thch hp cho truyn thoi v TV; l thuyt truyn dn s c pht trin; Viterbi trnh by nhng c cu sa li mi; cn bng thch nghi c pht trin. 1964 1965 H thng chuyn mch in thoi in t hon ton c a vo cung cp dch v. Mariner IV truyn nhng bc nh t Sao Ha v Tri t.

1966-1975 Chuyn tip v tinh c thng mi ha; cc lin kt quang s dng laser v si quang c a vo s dng; ARPANET c to ra (1969) theo sau l cc mng my tnh quc t.
1976 Ethernet LAN do Metcalfe v Broggs (Xerox) sng ch.

19681969 Bt u s ha mng in thoi. 19701975 Chun PCM c CCITT trin khai. 19751985 Pht trin cc h thng quang dung lng cao; s pht trin mnh ca cng ngh quang v cc h thng chuyn mch tch hp hon ton; x l s tn hiu bng vi x l. 19801983 Khi ng ca Internet ton cu da trn giao thc TCP/IP. 19801985 Cc mng di ng t bo hin i cung cp dch v; NMT Bc u, AMPS M, m hnh tham chiu OSI c T chc chun ha quc t (ISO) nh ngha. Bt u chun ha h thng di ng t bo s th h hai. 19851990 S pht trin mnh ca LAN; Hon thnh chun ha Mng s a dch v tch hp (ISDN); cung cp cc dch v truyn thng d liu cng cng rng khp; cc h thng truyn quang thay th cc h thng cp ng trong truyn dn di rng ng di; SONET c pht trin. Hon thnh chun ha GSM v SDH. 1989 Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) c ban u cho vn kin kt ni Web trn WWW (World Wide Web).

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19901997 H thng t bo s u tin, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), c thng mi v pht trin mnh trn ton th gii; s xa b quy nh ca vin thng bt u Chu u v cc h thng truyn hnh v tinh tr nn thng dng; S dng Internet v dch v m rng nhanh chng nh c WWW. 19972001 Cng ng vin thng c bi b quy nh v kinh doanh pht trin nhanh chng; cc mng t bo s, c bit l GSM m rng trn ton th gii; nhng ng dng thng mi ca Internet m rng v mt phn truyn thng thoi truyn thng c chuyn t mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) sang Internet; cht lng LAN c ci thin vi cng ngh Ethernet tin tin c tc ln ti tm Gigabit/s 20012005 Truyn hnh s bt u thay th truyn hnh qung b tng t; cc h thng truy nhp bng rng m rng kh nng cung cp dch v Internet a phng tin ti mi ngi; dch v thoi tr thnh dch v truyn thng c nhn khi s xm nhp ca cc h thng t bo v PCS tng ln; cc h thng di ng t bo th h th hai c nng cp cung cp c dch v d liu chuyn mch gi nhanh tc cao hn. 2005 Truyn hnh s s thay th dch v tng t v bt u cung cp cc dch v tng tc ngoi dch v qung b; cc h thng di ng t bo th h th 3 v cc cng ngh WLAN s cung cp cc dch v d liu tin tin cho ngi s dng di ng; cc dch v di ng ni ht s m rng, ng dng cho nhng cng ngh khng dy khong cch ngn trong nh v cng s s tng ln; mng vin thng ton cu s tin trin hng ti mt bng mng chuyn mch gi chung cho tt c cc loi dch v.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

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Warren Hioki. Telecommunications. 2nd ed, Prentice Hall, Inc, 1995. Joel Mambretti and Andrew Schmidt. Next-Generation Internet: Creating Advanced Networks and Services. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1999. Robert G. Winch. Telecommunication Transmission Systems. McGraw-Hill, Inc, ISBN 0-07-113768-8, 1993. Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn. C s k thut thng tin quang - Ti liu gio dc i hc cng ngh. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, H Ni, 6/2000.

[10] Dng Vn Thnh. Bi ging cng ngh chuyn mch s. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT.1999. [11] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Thng tin di ng 3G. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2004. [12] Nguyn Thc Hi. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m. NXB Gio Dc, 1997. [13] TS. Phng Vn Vn, TS. Trn Hng Qun, TS. Nguyn Qu Minh Hin. Mng vin thng v xu hng pht trin. NXB Bu in, H Ni, 2002.

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